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On October 23, 2018, the Government of Ontario has put forward legislation, titled the Making Ontario Open for Business Act, 2018 (Bill 47), through which it intends to repeal several of the major changes made to the Employment Standards Act, 2000 (“ESA”) by the Fair Workplaces, Better Jobs Act, 2017 (Bill 148).
McMillan and McMillan Vantage published a summary of the new legislation’s key provisions shortly after the province announced the new legislation. Changes proposed to the ESA, specifically, are set out in greater detail below:
Minimum wage
The province’s standard minimum wage will remain at $14 per hour, rather than increasing to $15 per hour on January 1, 2019. The minimum wage will remain at $14 per hour until 2020, when it will once again be indexed to inflation, as it was prior to Bill 148.
Scheduling
The new legislation proposes to reverse several Bill 148 scheduling obligations that were due to take effect on January 1, 2019. These include:
- Scheduling requests – Under Bill 148, Ontario employees with greater than three months’ service would have been permitted to request that their employer decrease or increase their work hours, provide a more flexible schedule, or alter their work location. Employers would have, in turn, been required to discuss any such requests and provide written reasons justifying any denial.
Under the new legislation, employers will not face the obligation to justify a scheduling decision, in writing, after receiving an employee complaint. However, employers should remain mindful of the possible obligation to accommodate scheduling and work location requests where such an accommodation request is made in connection with a ground protected by the Human Rights Code (such as family status or religion). Employers should also consider whether their current policies address such requests and how they will be handled when they are made.
- On-call pay – In addition, as of January 1, 2019, Bill 148 would have required employers to pay employees for 3 hours of on-call time, whether or not the employee was called into work, for every 24 hour period that the employee was on call. This change will no longer proceed. Employers will still be obligated to compensate employees for a minimum of 3 hours’ work time when the employee was called into work, but there will not be an on-call pay requirement if the employee is not called in or remaining at a place of employment ready to work.
- Cancelled shifts – Bill 148 would also have obligated employers who cancel a shift or scheduled on-call period within 48 hours of the shift’s start time to compensate employees for at least 3 hours of work. Under the new legislation, employers will be able to cancel shifts and on-call periods without facing the minimum payment requirement, unless the employee has already attended his or her regular shift and the employer cancels the shift.
- Notice of extra work – The new legislation will remove the requirement to provide employees with at least 96 hours’ notice of a scheduled shift. Under Bill 148, employees would have been permitted to refuse a scheduling request without penalty if their employer did not provide 96 hours’ notice.
- Record-keeping – Ontario is also doing away with Bill 148’s record-keeping requirements in respect of the above provisions.
The new legislation is adding a requirement (under a new Part VII.1 of the ESA) that, with exceptions for certain causes beyond an employer’s control, an employee who regularly works more than 3 hours per day and who reports to work but works for less than 3 hours, despite being available to work longer, shall be paid the greater of either:
- The sum of (1) the amount earned for time actually work, and (2) wages equal to the employee’s regular rate for the remainder of the 3-hour period, or
- Wages equal to the employee’s regular rate for 3 hours’ work.
This is an increase from the pre-Bill 148 legislation, which only required the calculation to be done based on the minimum wage. While it is an increase, most employers won’t see any impact as the practice is generally to pay the three hours at the employee’s regular rate.
Three leaves of absence to replace personal emergency leave
The Ontario government has elected to replace (paid and unpaid) personal emergency leave under the ESA with three separate leaves without pay for all employees with at least two weeks’ service:
- Sick leave: 3 days per calendar year, to be taken because of a personal illness, injury or medical emergency;
- Family responsibility leave: 3 days per calendar year, to be taken because of a family illness/injury/medical emergency or another urgent family matter; and
- Bereavement leave: 2 days per calendar year, to be taken because of the death of a prescribed individual.
Previously, and as a result of Bill 148, Ontario employees were entitled 10 personal emergency leave days per year, the first two of which had to be paid. Employers are reminded that employees continue to be entitled to personal emergency leave until the new legislation takes effect.
In addition, employers will be permitted to request “evidence reasonable in the circumstances” in support of a leave request. This may include a doctor’s note.
Lastly, in a change that will be helpful to employers that provide for sick or personal leave in their employment contracts, the new legislation provides that where an employee takes paid or unpaid leave under an employment contract in circumstances for which the employee would have been entitled to sick, family responsibility or bereavement under the ESA, the employee will be deemed to have taken his/her statutory sick leave.
These changes will cause consternation for employers who already have adjusted their time off programs to meet the 10 emergency leave days that were provided to employees. Employers will have to carefully consider whether moving to the new legislation will cause employee relations issues as both the reduction in the number of days as well as segregating them for different purposes will challenge employees who have become used to the previous entitlement.
Pay equity
Bill 148 amended the ESA to require, as of April 2018, employers to provide equal pay to workers performing “substantially the same” type of work, where that work required substantially the same skill, effort and responsibility and where the work was performed under similar working conditions. The new legislation will permit employers to compensate employees of various statuses, as well as assignment employees, at different rates.
In addition, employers will no longer be required to either adjust an employee’s pay or provide a written response setting our reasons for disagreement with a pay equity request, even where that request is based on alleged different pay because of the employee’s sex.
Employers’ obligations respecting pay equity on the basis of sex or gender will remain in place.
Public holiday pay
The ESA will revert to the pre-Bill 148 formula for calculating public holiday pay, with pay calculated based on the total amount of regular wages and vacation pay payable to the employee in the 4-week period prior to the week in which the holiday occurred, divided by 20.
Penalties for contravention
Ontario will revert to the administrative monetary penalty levels for ESA contraventions that were in place prior to Bill 148, with maximum penalties for failure to display the required ESA poster or for several record-keeping violations decreasing from $350 (first offence), $700 (second offence), and $1500 (third offence) to $250, $500, and $1000.
What is staying:
Several notable changes to the ESA made through Bill 148 will remain in place, including:
- The standard minimum wage increase to $14 per hour;
- The availability of domestic and sexual violence leaves of absence, the first five days of which must be paid;
- Vacation time and pay for employees with more than 5 years’ service will remain at 3 weeks per year and 6% of wages, respectively.
Considerations for employers
Bill 47 (the Making Ontario Open for Business Act, 2018) has, thus far, only passed first reading in the provincial legislature. While the legislation is all but certain to pass, there could still be changes to some of the Bill’s specifics since specific changes to a Bill’s initial provisions are often made at the committee stage between second and third reading.
We will keep you updated on any new changes made.
Though the legislation is set to take effect on the day it receives Royal Assent, we remind employers that until that time the ESA remains in effect in its present form. Employers must continue to comply with all amendments made through Bill 148 that have already taken effect until such time as they are legally repealed.
A Cautionary Note
The foregoing provides only an overview and does not constitute legal advice. Readers are cautioned against making any decisions based on this material alone. Rather, specific legal advice should be obtained.
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the staff of the Ridgewood blog
Cherry Hill NJ, In a victory for common sense and fiscal prudence on Tuesday, December 11th, voters in Cherry Hill, Manalapan, Englishtown, Plumsted, Ringwood and Wanaque voted down $257.2 million in new spending for the four school districts representing those towns.
In Princeton, the measure to spend $27 million did pass a greatly reduced amount from the $130 million originally sought .
Perhaps New Jersey Voters and Taxpayers are starting to wake up? | http://theridgewoodblog.net/nj/plumsted/ |
A fable is a short story that teaches a lesson. The most famous fables are from Aesop, but due to the age of these stories, the language in the retelling is often hard to understand. Ask students to read some of Aesop's fables and then retell or adapt them to make them easier for kids today to understand.
Read the The Hare and the Tortoise from the Library of Congress, to your students. Ask your students if they have heard this story before.
Share with students that we call a story that teaches a lesson a fable. Ask students if they can name other fables. They may be familiar with ones like: The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, The Lion and the Mouse, or The Crow and the Pitcher. Many fables are told using animals and most specifically spell out the moral at the end.
The moral of The Hare and the Tortoise from the Library of Congress is “The race is not always to the swift.” Ask your students if they know how to say this moral a different way, such as “Slow and steady wins the race.”
Tell your students that Aesop's fables were written by a Greek slave over 2500 hundred years ago! The version of the story from the Library of Congress was written in 1919, almost one hundred years ago.
Find another version of the story online, or watch the animated adaptation of the “Velociraptor and the Apatosaurus” below. Is the lesson, or moral, the same?
Have a discussion about which version the students like and why. Talk about how a story can be told different ways and still contain the same, or at least a similar, message.
Tell students that they will be reading different Aesop's fables and creating new versions using Wixie or Pixie with the goal of making the lesson in the story easier for kids today to understand. The version they create can be a straightforward retelling, or adaption of the story.
Divide students into small teams and have them choose a fable to retell. You can provide them with a list, or assign fables to different groups, based on the reading level of versions you have available from your school or classroom library.
Teams should begin the process by reading the story as a group. Have each member complete a Beginning Middle, and End organizer to break the story into pieces making it easier to retell. Then, have them discuss with their team how each of them split up the story.
You can also use a Parts of a Story organizer to help students identify character, plot, and setting. This is especially useful if teams are working on adaptations of the story that go a bit beyond a straight retelling.
Teams should use the details from their organizers to write a rough draft of their retelling. Teams can work together to edit their versions or trade with another team for feedback.
Before they begin building their story in Wixie, teams should submit their edited draft to you for review. Work with students to continue editing as necessary.
If your access to technology is somewhat restricted, have each group further plan their project using a printed storyboard that includes both text and pictures. This will help them move forward more quickly when they do have access to the tools to create the story.
As they begin creating their story in Wixie, they can use the paint tools and images from the library to enhance their text with pictures to support their writing. They should record narration to each page, so that viewers will be able to hear the story as well as read it.
Because you have been creating in Wixie, electronic versions of the book already exist online. You can simply share the URL to the student versions, or export the stories as PDF or ePub files and share them via email or in your media center's eBook library.
You can also print stories in different ways. If stories have been structured to include a title, beginning, middle, and end, print from Wixie or Pixie as a four-page booklet. The simply folder and share the resulting booklets. If you export the pages as images, you can upload the pages as images to a site like Shutterfly and publish printed books that include all the stories from your class.
Use the whole group activity around the reading of the Tortoise and the Hare to evaluate students grasp of what makes a story a fable. You can evaluate prior knowledge as you ask students to share examples of other fables and morals they have heard.
Use individual student's work on beginning, middle, and end to help evaluate their ability to identify key details and structure the story in their minds for retelling. Monitor the team's discussions to identify misconceptions and work with individuals and groups who need more support before they begin writing their retelling and working on the computer to publish.
Jerry Pinkney. The Tortoise and the Hare ISBN: 0316183563
Aesop and Harrison Weir. Aesop's Fables: 240 Short Stories for Children. ISBN: 1450502954
Library of Congress: The Aesop for Children
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.2.2
Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.2.3
Write narratives in which they recount a well-elaborated event or short sequence of events, include details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings, use temporal words to signal event order, and provide a sense of closure.
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.SL.2.5
Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add drawings or other visual displays to stories or recounts of experiences when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.
6. Creative Communicator
Students communicate clearly and express themselves creatively for a variety of purposes using the platforms, tools, styles, formats and digital media appropriate to their goals. Students:
a. choose the appropriate platforms and tools for meeting the desired objectives of their creation or communication.
b. create original works or responsibly repurpose or remix digital resources into new creations.
d. publish or present content that customizes the message and medium for their intended audiences.
New approaches to building literacy through creative technology in elementary schools.
Get this FREE guide that includes:
What can your students create?
Rubric Maker
Create custom rubrics for your classroom.
Graphic Organizer Maker
Create custom graphic organizers for your classroom.
Pics4Learning
A curated, copyright-friendly image library that is safe and free for education. | https://creativeeducator.tech4learning.com/2015/lessons/fabulous-fables |
A very simple recipe, these croutons are good for a Caesar's Salad or any tossed green salad.
Provided by Cathy Hofmann
Categories Side Dish Sauces and Condiments Recipes Crouton Recipes
Time 25m
Yield 6
Number Of Ingredients 3
Ingredients:
- 4 tablespoons butter
- 1 clove garlic, minced
- 3 (3/4 inch thick) slices French bread, cut into cubes
Steps:
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C).
- In a large saute pan, melt butter over medium heat. Stir in garlic; cook and stir for 1 minute. Add bread cubes, and toss to coat. Spread on a baking sheet.
- Bake for 15 minutes, or until crisp and dry. Check frequently to prevent burning. Cool.
Nutrition Facts : Calories 89.1 calories, Carbohydrate 4.2 g, Cholesterol 20.4 mg, Fat 7.8 g, Fiber 0.2 g, Protein 0.9 g, SaturatedFat 4.9 g, Sodium 100.8 mg, Sugar 0.2 g
GARLICKY GRILLED CAESAR SALAD WITH CANNELLINI HERB CROUTONS
Grilled wedges of romaine lettuce are dressed with a tangy Dijon-lemon dressing and topped with garlic-herb cannellini 'croutons'.
Provided by So Delicious® Dairy Free
Categories Trusted Brands: Recipes and Tips So Delicious® Dairy Free
Yield 4
Number Of Ingredients 21
Ingredients:
- 1 ½ cups cauliflower, cooked, finely chopped
- 1 ½ tablespoons arame sea vegetable, reconstituted
- ½ cup So Delicious® Dairy Free Unsweetened Coconut Milk
- 1 tablespoon Dijon mustard
- 2 teaspoons red wine vinegar
- 2 teaspoons balsamic vinegar
- 1 tablespoon dry nutritional yeast
- 3 tablespoons lemon juice
- 4 dashes hot pepper sauce (such as Tabasco®)
- 3 cloves garlic
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon cracked black pepper
- ½ cup olive oil
- 2 heads romaine lettuce
- 1 (15 ounce) can cannellini beans, drained and rinsed
- ¼ cup finely chopped Italian parsley
- 1 ½ teaspoons fresh lemon juice
- 4 ½ teaspoons olive oil
- 1 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1 teaspoon nutritional yeast
- ½ teaspoon salt
Steps:
- Boil the chopped cauliflower in a large pot until it is tender enough to mash with the back of the spoon, about 10-15 minutes. Drain the cauliflower well then use a salad spinner or paper towels to blot excess water. Set aside.
- Reconstitute the arame sea vegetable in water for five minutes. Drain and set aside.
- In a blender or food processor, add the cauliflower, coconut milk, arame, mustard, red wine and balsamic vinegars, nutritional yeast, lemon juice, hot sauce, garlic, salt and pepper. Puree for 1 minute then drizzle in the olive oil as it purees until it comes together like dressing. Season to taste, adding more or less acidity with the lemon juice, or cheese flavor with the nutritional yeast.
- Croutons: Preheat oven to 375 degrees.
- Combine all crouton ingredients and place on baking sheet in a single layer.
- Roast beans for 20-25 minutes until the beans have split open. Cool before serving.
- Salad assembly: Wash and quarter lengthwise two heads of romaine lettuce, taking care to dry well with a paper towel. Brush cut sides with a little olive oil and place on a warm grill. Grill for about 5 minutes per side until outermost leaves are slightly wilted.
- Serve with a generous amount of Caesar dressing on top and finish with croutons. Serve extra lemon wedges on the side.
Nutrition Facts : Calories 453.1 calories, Carbohydrate 31 g, Fat 34.1 g, Fiber 13.3 g, Protein 9.3 g, SaturatedFat 5.2 g, Sodium 1284.9 mg, Sugar 3.8 g
CAESAR SALAD WITH HERBED CROUTONS
Ingredients:
- For dressing
- 1/2 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese (about 1 1/2 ounces)
- 8 anchovy fillets
- 3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
- 3 garlic cloves
- 2 tablespoons Dijon mustard
- 3/4 cup olive oil
- For croutons and salad
- 3 tablespoons olive oil
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- 2 teaspoons chopped fresh thyme
- 1 teaspoon chopped fresh rosemary
- 3 3/4-inch-thick country bread slices, crusts cut off, bread cut into 3/4-inch cubes (about 4 cups total)
- 12 cups coarsely torn hearts of romaine (about 9 ounces)
- 1/2 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese
- Cracked black pepper
Steps:
- Make dressing:
- Combine 1/2 cup Parmesan, anchovies, lemon juice, 3 garlic cloves, and mustard in processor; blend well. With processor running, slowly add olive oil. Season with salt and pepper.
- Make croutons and salad:
- Preheat oven to 325°F. Heat 3 tablespoons oil in heavy medium skillet over medium heat. Add garlic, thyme and rosemary; saut until fragrant, about 1 minute. Remove from heat. Add bread cubes to skillet with garlic-herb oil and toss to coat. Spread out bread cubes on rimmed baking sheet. Sprinkle with salt and pepper. Bake just until croutons are golden, stirring occasionally, about 15 minutes.
- Place romaine in large bowl. Add 2/3 cup dressing and 1/4 cup grated Parmesan cheese and toss to coat. Add croutons and toss well. Serve, passing remaining dressing, Parmesan cheese and cracked black pepper separately.
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CAESAR CROUTONS - EASY RECIPE! - RACHEL COOKS®
From rachelcooks.com
Ratings 60Calories 139 per servingCategory Salads
- In a large bowl, combine the olive oil, Parmesan cheese, parsley, garlic powder, oregano, salt, pepper, thyme.
- Spread the bread cubes into an even layer on a sheet pan. Don’t crowd the pan. Bake for 10 minutes, or until golden brown and crisp, stirring once to ensure even toasting. If you’re using super fresh bread, they’ll take a little longer to become golden brown. If the bread is stale and dry, it may brown faster, so keep an eye on it!
CAESAR SALAD WITH HERB-ROASTED CHICKPEAS - VEGAN RECIPE
From recipes.vegkit.com
5/5 (28)Category Soups ‘N’ SaladsServings 4Total Time 55 mins
- To prepare the chickpeas, drain the tin of chickpeas, reserving the liquid for the salad dressing. Toss the chickpeas in a mixing bowl with the olive oil, lemon juice, dried herbs and spices. Pour into a large glass baking dish and roast for 25-35 minutes, or until the chickpeas are crunchy, stirring every 7-8 minutes so they toast evenly. Remove from oven and leave to cool.
- Wash all the veggies and dry them thoroughly.* Chop the lettuce and kale into bite-sized pieces and place in a large salad bowl. Slice the cucumber into rounds, cut the cherry tomatoes and add to the salad bowl.
- Near serving time, place all the dressing ingredients, except the olive oil, in a blender. Add 1/3 cup water and blend on high until smooth. With the motor running, slowly drizzle the olive oil into the mixture. Blend for about 1 minute, until all the ingredients are incorporated and the dressing is smooth and creamy. Taste test and add more salt and pepper as desired.
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Each Thursday, ASAP’s programs take you behind the scenes of their work. This week, our Local Food Research Center presents some of the responses they’ve gathered to this important question: When the challenges are so numerous and the stakes so high, what is it that keeps farming families in the business?
From ASAP’s Local Food Research Center
As part of our research to better understand and support the local food system in the Southern Appalachians, the Local Food Research Center has looked into the reasons farmers choose to farm. When the challenges are so numerous and the stakes so high, what is it that keeps farming families in the business? A Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) grant is allowing our team to conduct interviews over the next two years with farmers in Western North Carolina to find out why local producers farm. We’ve just analyzed the results from our first round of interviews, and right away we’re learning that our farmers choose farming—as opposed to some other money-making vocation—because they have a passion for it.
Many of the farmers we recently talked to spoke about the relationship they have developed with the land and how that relationship has become an important piece of their identity. One farmer noted: “You’re accustomed to working on the land and with nature, with the seasons…it becomes something [that’s] more a part of you than anything else.”
Our participants also remarked on the sense of independence and satisfaction that comes from producing something from start to finish, and the gratification that comes from being your own boss. They enjoy being part of a productive process and experience great satisfaction in seeing the fruits of their labor. One farmer said: “I enjoy being my own boss. I enjoy working for myself and seeing a return in the work that I do.”
And still others spoke about the way farming connects them to their community by allowing them to be stewards of the the land, a precious resource. This feeling of connection can especially be seen in the words of one farmer who said: “I think a word that a lot farmers identify with is steward…because we’re stewards of the land. [There is that] connection with the land and that connection to the community and that kind of dynamic relationship, and I feel like [my work] really falls into that.”
In analyzing the interviews, it’s clear that income and financial benefits are far from being the only reasons that farmers farm. Instead, our sampling revealed a group of people who choose to cultivate the land because farming is their calling; it connects them to life and to the world in a way that a simple “job” never could.
We look forward to talking with our farmers again this fall! | https://fromhere.org/connecting-with-asap/program-post-why-do-farmers-farm/ |
Q. Who is Mr. Smarty Plants?
A: There are those who suspect Wildflower Center volunteers are the culpable and capable culprits. Yet, others think staff members play some, albeit small, role. You can torture us with your plant questions, but we will never reveal the Green Guru's secret identity.
Did you know you can access the Native Plant Information Network with your web-enabled smartphone?
Ask Mr. Smarty Plants is a free service provided by the staff and volunteers at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
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Friday - April 10, 2009
From: Schertz, TX
Region: Southwest
Topic: Trees
Title: Young oak tree with dead branches
Answered by: Nan Hampton
QUESTION:I purchased my home new a year ago and we have three young oak trees that came with the house. Two of the trees are doing great and their new leaves have grown in. One tree however still has dead leaves on it. The branches appear to be dead but there are new shoots growing from the trunk. It's about 7 1/2 feet tall amd the trunk is about 6 inches in diameter. What should we do? Thank you for your time.
ANSWER:If the branches are really dead, there isn't any way to revive them. However, it sounds as if there is at least some life left in the tree. You can wait a bit to see if it continues to leaf out further up the trunk and onto any of the branches or parts of the branches. This is probably not likely, but you don't really have anything to lose by waiting a few weeks. When you are convinced that you know what part is dead, prune it away and let the rest grow out as it will. This may give you a strange-shaped tree. I would give it a good soaking periodically until you determine how much is dead. If you are convinced it is mostly dead, you might want to start over with another young tree.
If you do decide to prune, you should consider carefully what time of year you do it. Oak wilt is a serious disease of several species of oaks that occur in or adjacent to Guadalupe County—Quercus buckleyi (Buckley oak), Quercus marilandica (blackjack oak), Quercus fusiformis (plateau live oak), Quercus shumardii (Shumard's oak), and Quercus virginiana (live oak). Other oaks in your area—Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), Quercus stellata (post oak) and Quercus muehlenbergii (chinkapin oak)—are less susceptible to the fungus that causes oak wilt.
To help prevent oak wilt the Texas Forest Service recommends NOT pruning oak trees from February through June—the period of the year when the beetles that transfer the fungus to the tree are most active. Additionally, no matter what time of year it is, you should paint cuts and wounds with tree wound paint as soon as they are made.
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Date:
Monday, February 14, 2022
Professor J. Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux was awarded the 2021 International Partnership Prize for Young Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This award is bestowed annually to a scientist under 45 years of age outside of China who, in collaboration with a partner in China, has made substantial contributions to research and innovation in any scientific field.
Prof. Ochoa-Ricoux’s co-recipient of this award is Dr. Miao He of the Institute of High-Energy Physics in Beijing. The two scientists made key contributions to the installation, commissioning, and data analysis of the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment, which studies the neutrinos emitted by six nuclear reactors in China. Their contributions helped pave the way for Daya Bay's discovery of a third type of neutrino oscillation, which was rewarded with the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics 2016, among other recognitions.
In addition to their ongoing leadership in the Daya Bay experiment, which continues to produce some of the world’s leading results in reactor neutrino physics, the two scientists are playing a very prominent role in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory. This is a multi-purpose observatory under construction in China involving over 650 collaborators from all around the world that will study neutrinos from nuclear reactors, the Sun, the Earth, Supernovae, and the atmosphere, among others. Both scientists co-lead one of the major subsystems of this project, consisting of 25,600 photomultiplier tubes as well as all the associated electronics, and co-convene a group tasked with assessing the experiment’s sensitivity to one of its most important measurements. Moreover, Prof. Ochoa-Ricoux currently serves in the experiment’s executive board, to which he has been elected three times, and is the co-chair of the speakers committee.
Visit the URL below for the Chinese version of the announcement: | https://www.physics.uci.edu/node/14215 |
Im so sorry for you!
While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Im so sorry for you! crossword clue.This crossword clue was last seen on September 26 2021 New York Times Crossword puzzle. The solution we have for Im so sorry for you! has a total of 8 letters.
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Here is a list of other crossword clues from the daily NY Times Crossword puzzle. | https://nytsolver.com/clue/im-so-sorry-for-you-crossword-clue |
The King sisters from Britain packed a box of things to take to the post office and send to friends. All the manipulations were closely watched by Ken, a cat living with the sisters.
Their pet has a special love for boxes of all shapes and sizes. Noticing the pet’s constant gaze on them, one of the sisters decided that it would be fun to repeat her actions and climb into the box, since its size allowed.
Ken did not find the idea of sisters funny, she was very surprised. The expression on the face of the animal was so unexpected and funny that the girls could not help laughing. To apologize to the offended cat, the sisters allowed her to jump into the box.
The surprise of the girl’s pet was filmed and shared on social networks, many commentators wrote that it was a real surprise for the cat that people can also climb into boxes. | https://coiffure-tendance.com/celebrities/the-girl-climbed-into-the-cat-box-the-cats-reaction-is-priceless/ |
A fast-food restaurant makes hamburgers on a grill. At any given time, only four hamburgers can fit on the grill. If there is no room on the grill, the customers are asked to order a different item. Assume that the time between hamburger orders and the cook time of hamburgers are both exponentially distributed. Furthermore suppose that, on average, one customer asks for a hamburger every five minutes, and it takes an average of 8 minutes to cook a hamburger.Construct the rate diagram for this CTMC. Make sure to clearly define your states.
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My wife and two young kids stayed at the Hampton Inn by Hilton in Sudbury from Thursday, July 31 to Monday, August 4. It was a good hotel and we were supposed to leave on the Sunday but we enjoyed our trip in Sudbury so much that we extended our vacation one day. The hotel has the essentials of what we were looking for: it was clean, close proximity to the attractions we came to see, the cost was reasonable, it had a pool, and there was breakfast included. It met our expectations – didn’t fall below or really exceed.
THE STAFF:
I found the staff friendly. The front desk staff checked us in quickly and later accommodated us with ease when we wanted to extend our stay. There was coffee, tea and fruit at the front desk and it was always stocked.
THE ROOM:
Our room was nice and with the exception of the toilet, it was clean. The chamber maid missed a spot when cleaning the toilet. Anyway, it was more of a “spot” and it wasn’t a big deal. The rest of the room was clean and the beds were comfortable.
BREAKFAST:
Our stay included a buffet breakfast. There was eggs and depending on the day, either ham, bacon or sausage. There was cereal, hard boiled eggs, and a waffle maker with all the yummy add-ons. Let’s say the waffle was the best part. Aside from the waffles, the quality of food was OK. Not bad and not spectacular. Keep in mind, you’re in Sudbury and not Toronto or New York. I’m sorry if this offends anyone from Sudbury but I believe in managing my expectations. Breakfast was served in the lounge area across from reception. The lounge was nice, with a tall table that stretched down the middle and high bar type chairs on both sides. There were nice tables and comfy chairs and couches along the sides. Keep in mind, the lounge looks nice and fancy. However, the food was served on disposable plates, cups and utensils. I thought this was odd as it was at odds with the nice lounge. OK, I figure – disposable plates, cups and utensils? Not fancy but it will do. On our first morning, we had a hard time finding a table as the hotel was busy. Many guests got up and left their disposable plates, cups and utensils at their table – along with their mess – and left. I noticed the staff were on hand to ensure there was enough food but weren’t cleaning up the tables. OK, to be fair, I did see the staff clean up twice when it got really messy. However, I reasoned that it was the guests’ responsibility to clean up and there were garbage bins in the food area. Many guests didn’t get that and left quite the mess.
POOL:
There is an indoor pool that we swam in twice. There were towels off to the side but no place to change. We ended up using the washroom across the hall. It was either that or change in our room and head to the pool in our swim suites. I saw a few families who did that and left a wet trail all the way to the elevator.
Would I return? Sure. Aside from the oddities of breakfast, the hotel had the essentials of what our family needed. There wasn’t the wow factor but there also wasn’t any deal breakers. It met our expectations.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Hampton Inn by Hilton, situated at the Gateway to the City of Sudbury with warm furnishings, comfortable surroundings and meaningful extras...We love having you here! ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Travel Republic (UK), Hotels.com, Expedia, Hilton Hotels Direct, TripOnline SA, Ebookers, HotelsClick, Cancelon, getaroom.com, Evoline ltd, HotelQuickly and 5viajes2012 S.L. so you can book your Hampton Inn Sudbury reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As: | https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/ShowUserReviews-g155016-d1175913-r224193051-Hampton_Inn_Sudbury-Sudbury_Northeastern_Ontario_Ontario.html |
Melt the chocolate in a bowl in the microwave (or stovetop if you prefer).
2
Add the coconut and mix well.
3
Scoop mixture (I used an ice cream scoop) into piles on a silicone mat.
4
Form each pile into a nest.
5
Let harden until set. (I placed mine in the fridge).
6
Once set, remove from mat. Place on serving tray.
7
Fill with your choice of Easter treats. (Eggs, Smarties, Jelly Beans etc.)
8
ENJOY!!
.
About
Easy No Bake Chocolate Coconut Nests require just 2 ingredients! Melt, mix, shape, set and then fill with your favourite Easter treats.
Yield:
14 servings
Added: | http://www.foodista.com/node/427581 |
Most beautiful waterfalls in the world
Some waterfalls form in mountain environments where the erosive water force is high and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change. In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as landslides, faults or volcanic action.
Waterfalls may also be artificial, and they are sometimes created as garden and landscape ornaments. See below some of the most interesting waterfalls of the world.
1. Angel Fall, Venezuela, world’s biggest waterfall! 973 metres fall.
Angel Falls or Salto Ángel is the Most beautiful waterfalls in the world, dropping a total of 978m from the summit of the Auyan Tepuy, and with an 807m uninterrupted drop.
In 1937 pilot Jimmy Angel landed on the Auyan Tepuy in search of gold. Unfortunately his plane got stuck and he wasn’t able to take off. After 11 days he made it to Kamarata. His plane was later recovered and can be seen in front of the airport at Ciudad Bolivar.
Angel Falls is situated in the Gran Sabana region of Venezuela. The area is filled with grasslands, with some dense jungle along the course of the rivers and at the base of the numerous tepuis, or flat-topped mountains. Angel falls is located on the side of the largest of the Venezuela’s tepuis known as Auyan-tepui.
There is an incredible variety of tropical wildlife in the area, including monkeys, poison arrow frogs and hundreds of species of orchids. Aside from the monkeys, mammals in the area are generally difficult to spot but include giant anteaters, armadillos, porcupines, three-toed sloths, otters, jaguars, pumas, tapirs and capybaras.
Tropical, with frequent rainstorms. The driest time of year – when the Falls may be just a trickle – is from December to April.
It is possible to charter a plane to Canaima from Caracas, Margarita Island, or Ciudad Bolivar airports , and then organize a tour to the falls on your own. In practice, the simplest thing to do is sign up for a tour that takes care of the details. If you book a tour from your home country, it will be more expensive. Similarly, booking a tour from Caracas will cost more. It is cheapest to book a tour from the airport in Bolivar. Nearly all the Angel Falls tours operate out of this city, and their prices include the cost of a plane that flies from Ciudad Bolivar to Canaima. Expect to pay between Bs. 500,000 and 600,000 (approximately US$ 250) for a three-day. two-night tour that brings you to the falls. Most tours booked on your own from Ciudad Bolivar airport will include a fly-by of the falls on the way to Canaima camp.
A typical tour will include the flight to Canaima, and then three days of meals and (very basic) accommodation at the various campsites along the river towards the falls. The trip involves several hours in a dugout canoe and a few hours hiking through gallery forest to the main viewpoint below
2. Iguacu Waterfalls
Geography
The waterfall system consists of 275 falls along 2.7 kilometres (1.67 miles) of the Iguazu River. Some of the individual falls are up to 82 metres (269 feet) in height, though the majority are about 64 metres (210 feet). The Garganta del Diablo or Devil’s Throat (Garganta do Diabo in Portuguese), a U-shaped 150-metre-wide and 700-metre-long (490 by 2300 feet) cliff, is the most impressive of all, and marks the border between Argentina and Brazil. Most of the falls are within Argentine territory. About 900 metres of the 2.7-kilometre length does not have water flowing over it. The edge of the basalt cap recedes only 3 mm per year.
The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Rio Parana in Argentina.
Iguacu Falls
The falls are easily reached from the two main towns on either side of the falls: Foz de Iguacu in the Brazilian state of Parana, and Puerto Iguazu in the Argentine province of Missiones as well as from Ciudad del Este (Paraguay) on the other side of the Parana river from Foz do Iguaçu . The falls are shared by the Iguacu National Park (Argentina) and Iguacu National Park (Brazil). These parks were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
On the Brazilian side there is a long walkway along the canyon with an extension to the lower base of the “Garganta del Diablo”. The Argentian access is facilitated by a train (“Tren a las Cataratas”) (in early August 2007 the name for the free train operated in the National Park is “Tren ecologico de la selva”) that brings visitors to different walkways. The “Paseo Garganta del Diablo” is a one kilometer long way to bring the visitor directly over the falls of the “Garganta del Diablo”. Other walkways allow access to the elongated stretch of falls on the Argentinian side and to the ferry that connects to the San Martin island.
The fall area provides opportunities for water sports and rock climbing.
Iguaçu Falls Panoramic view.
Upon seeing Iguaçu, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt reportedly exclaimed “Poor Niagara!” Vastly larger than North America’s Niagara falls, Iguaçu is rivalled only by Southern Africa’s Victoria Falls which separates Zambia and Zimbabwe (this is excluding extremely large rapid-like falls such as the Boyoma Falls). Whilst Iguazu is wider because it is split into about 270 discrete falls and large islands, Victoria is the largest curtain of water in the world, at over a mile wide and over 350 feet (108 meters) in height (in low flow Victoria is split into five by islands; in high flow it can be uninterrupted).
Air view, from the Argentinian side
The water falling over Iguazu in peak flow has a surface area of about 400,000 square metres (1.3 million square feet) whilst Victoria in peak flow has a surface area of over 550,000 square metres (1.8 million square feet). By comparison, Niagara has a surface area of under 183,000 square metres (600,000 square feet). Victoria’s annual peak flow is also greater than Iguazu’s annual peak—9.1 million litres per second versus 6.5 million—though in times of extreme flood the two have recorded very similar maximum water discharge (well in excess of 12 million litres per second). Niagara’s annual peak flow is about 2.8 million litres per second, although an all-time peak of 6.8 million has been recorded. Iguazu and Victoria fluctuate more greatly in their flow rate. Mist rises between 30 and 150 metres (100 and 500 feet) from Iguazu’s Garganta do Diabo, and over 300 metres (1,000 feet) above Victoria (sometimes over 600 metres).
Iguazu, however, affords better views and walkways and its shape allows for spectacular vistas. At one point a person can stand and be surrounded by 260 degrees of waterfalls. The Garganta do Diabo has water pouring into it from three sides, which makes for an exceptional sight. Likewise, because Iguazu is split into many relatively small falls, one can view these a portion at a time. Victoria does not allow this, as it is essentially one waterfall that falls into a canyon and is too immense to appreciate at once (except from the air). Iguazu and Victoria are generally regarded as the world’s most spectacular waterfalls, with people divided as to which is the more impressive.
3. Victoria Falls – a real super star
Mosi-oa-Tunya is the name used by the local people and Victoria Falls is the later name given by Europeans (see pre-colonial history).
Although Victoria Falls constitute neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, the claim it is the largest is based on a width of 1.7 km (1 mile) and height of 108 m (360 ft), forming the largest sheet of falling water in the world. The falls’ maximum flow rate compares well with that of other major waterfalls (see table below).
The unusual form of Victoria Falls enables virtually the whole width of the falls to be viewed face-on, at the same level as the top, from as close as 60 m (200 ft), because the whole Zambesi River drops into a deep, narrow slotlike chasm, connected to a long series of gorges. Few other waterfalls allow such a close approach on foot.
Many of Africa’s animals and birds can be seen in the immediate vicinity of Victoria Falls, and the continent’s range of river fish is also well represented in the Zambezi, enabling wildlife viewing and sport fishing to be combined with sightseeing.
Victoria Falls are one of Africa’s major tourist attractions, and are a UNESCO world’ heritage site. The Falls are shared between Zambia and Zimbabwe, and each country has a national park to protect them and a town serving as a tourism centre: Mosi oa Tunya and Livingstone in Zambia, and Victoria Falls national park and the town of Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe.(Latitude/longitude -17.925292 25.857611)
The Eastern Cataract, on the Zambian side.
For a considerable distance above the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river’s course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, or deep valleys which might be expected to create a waterfall, only flat plateau extending hundreds of kilometres in all directions.
The falls are formed as the full width of the river plummets in a single vertical drop into a chasm 60–120 m (200–400 ft) wide, carved by its waters along a fracture zone in the basalt plateau. The depth of the chasm, called the First Gorge, varies from 80 m (262 ft) at its western end to 108 m (360 ft) in the centre. The only outlet to the First Gorge is a 110 m (360 ft) wide gap about two-thirds of the way across the width of the falls from the western end, through which the whole volume of the river pours into the Victoria Falls gorges.
There are two islands on the crest of the falls that are large enough to divide the curtain of water even at full flood: Boaruka Island (or Cataract Island) near the western bank, and Livingstone Island near the middle. At less than full flood, additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams. The main streams are named, in order from Zimbabwe (west) to Zambia (east): Leaping Water (called Devil’s Cataract by some), Main Falls, Rainbow Falls (the highest) and the Eastern Cataract.
The Zambezi basin above the falls experiences a rainy season from late November to early April, and a dry season the rest of the year. The river’s annual flood season is February to May with a peak in April, The spray from the falls typically rises to a height of over 400 metres (1,300 ft), and sometimes even twice as high, and is visible from up to 50 km (30 miles) away. At full moon, a “moonbow” can be seen in the spray instead of the usual daylight rainbow. During the flood season, however, it is impossible to see the foot of the falls and most of its face, and the walks along the cliff opposite it are in a constant shower and shrouded in mist. Close to the edge of the cliff, spray shoots upward like inverted rain, especially at Zambia’s Knife-Edge Bridge.
As the dry season takes effect, the islets on the crest become wider and more numerous, and in September to January up to half of the rocky face of the falls may become dry and the bottom of the First Gorge can be seen along most of its length. At this time it becomes possible (though not necessarily safe) to walk across some stretches of the river at the crest. It is also possible to walk to the bottom of the First Gorge at the Zimbabwean side. The minimum flow, which occurs in November, is around a tenth of the April figure; this variation in flow is greater than that of other major falls, and causes Victoria Falls’ annual average flow rate to be lower than might be expected based on the maximum flow.
Victoria Falls are roughly twice the height of North America’s Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by South America’s Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons.
Satellite image showing the broad Zambezi falling into the narrow cleft and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges (top of picture is north).
Victoria Falls Bridge spanning the Second Gorge.
The whole volume of the Zambezi River pours through the First Gorge’s 110 m (360 ft) wide exit for a distance of about 150 m (500 ft), then enters a zigzagging series of gorges designated by the order in which the river reaches them. Water entering the Second Gorge makes a sharp right turn and has carved out a deep pool there called the Boiling Pot. Reached via a steep footpath from the Zambian side, it is about 150 m (500 ft) across. Its surface is smooth at low water, but at high water is marked by enormous, slow swirls and heavy boiling turbulence.Objects that are swept over the falls, including the occasional hippo or even human, are frequently found swirling about here or washed up at the north-east end of the Second Gorge. This is where the bodies of Mrs Moss and Mr Orchard, mutilated by crocodiles, were found in 1910 after two canoes were capsized by a hippo at Long Island above the falls.
The principal gorges are (see reference for note about these measurements):
The walls of the gorges are nearly vertical and generally about 120 m (400 ft) high, but the level of the river in them varies by up to 20 metres (65 ft) between wet and dry seasons. | https://www.tourmini.com/travel-destinations/most-beautiful-waterfalls-in-the-world/ |
At Search Engine Strategies in San Jose this August, I had the good fortune of being able to share a panel with Nico Brooks from Atlas. I’ve always admired Nico as one of the more strategic thinkers in this space and feel a kindredship, both through our love of research and curiosity about user behavior. Nico brought up what he called a “Big Idea.” The concept was fascinating and I followed up with Nico after to pick his brain a little bit more and to do some further research into the topic. I still hope to work with Nico on a more thorough exploration of this topic, but I wouldn’t mind covering it at a high level in today’s column.
Landscape knowledge
When it comes to how humans navigate a physical space, there are three types of knowledge we acquire along the way (for more, check out the academic paper that Nico brought to my attention). The first of these is landscape knowledge. We look for those reference points in the landscape that stand out from the surroundings and are quite often found at forks in the path. These landmarks sit at potential junctures in our route and we can draw our bearings from them. We turn left at the big yellow house with the white veranda in front. We hang a right at the McDonald’s on the corner. Landmarks help us get our bearings in unfamiliar space, and we use them as navigational points of reference. The first thing we do when we enter unfamiliar territory is look for landmarks.
Route knowledge
The second level of knowledge is route knowledge. As we begin to navigate from landmark to landmark, we begin to memorize the routes we take. How often have you been in an unfamiliar city but you’ve memorized the route to get from point a to point b? Undoubtedly there are shorter paths to get there, but you stick to the route you’ve become familiar with. We memorize the steps we need to take to get to our destination. We know if we stay on this road until we see the Denny’s on the corner, then all we need to do is turn right, follow another road past the Exxon station and eventually, in this manner, we’ll get to where we want to go. Nico uses the example of taking his daughter for a walk in the stroller. The end destination was a playground not far from their house. But Nico, thinking he could work in a bit of a longer walk, took the indirect route that took them past several interesting points on the way. Eventually they went in almost a complete circle and ended up at the playground that was a few steps from the Brooks residence. The strategy worked well until Nico’s daughter started to acquire both landmark and route knowledge. Eventually, enroute, she recognized a landmark that she could see from her home and realized that Nico was trying to pull the wool over her eyes. The jig was up.
Survey knowledge
The third level of knowledge is survey knowledge. As we become more familiar with our online environment, we begin to create an abstract representation of both the routes and the landmarks. We use these to form a cognitive map. This cognitive map allows us to calculate the best route from several options. We have a rough idea of where roads go and how the grid of a city might be laid out. We become more adventurous in our navigation, knowing that even if we go astray, in our minds we have a relatively reliable mental representation of the landscape and sooner or later will get to either a recognizable route or landmark.
Is there a virtual translation?
Nico and I had a chance to chat about how this may translate to the online world. The difference is, of course, our online world doesn’t have physical dimensions. The idea of “space” has no place on the Internet. The distance from my desktop to a website for the realtor’s office I can see across the street from my office is no different than the distance from my desktop to a website for a hotel in Beijing, or a lawyer in Kraków, Poland. So, if we have no dimensions to interpret, how do we navigate online?
I think the first two levels of knowledge still apply. We still identify landmarks, and we still memorize routes. It’s at the third level, survey knowledge, where the analogy doesn’t translate particularly well.
Search megaliths
Consider this. As we navigate unfamiliar territory online, the first thing we look for is landmarks. And often, these landmarks serve as navigational hubs in the online space. Of course, our favorite landmarks tend to be our preferred engine. Google, Yahoo, and other search engines stand as virtual megaliths in the online landscape. These landmarks are ingrained in us as the jumping off point for almost all our online navigation. And they act as the ultimate navigational hub. From here we can jump practically anywhere on the web. And we use these super-landmarks to find other landmarks.
If we’re venturing into unfamiliar territory, the first place we go is our favorite search engine. We launch a query that we believe will give us the best odds for identifying navigational landmarks in this new online landscape. Then, we scour the results page to see which landmarks our search engine has brought back for us. In some cases they could be vertical directories or search engines. It could be a well-known vendor in the space. It could be a recognized online publication. Our landmarks will vary somewhat depending on our intent, but the common characteristic is that we want our landmarks to be authoritative, authentic, recognizable, and, more often than not, a comprehensive navigational hub. It’s the last of these characteristics, comprehensiveness, which is the goal of blended search results currently being seen on Google (Universal search) and Ask (3D Search).
The search shortcut
Even if we’re treading down a familiar path, we’ll often use our search engine as a navigational shortcut to get there. Navigational searches are becoming a more and more common user behavior. If we need to navigate to a particular page deep within a website, most often it’s a lot easier to use a search engine to get there. We become more specific with our query, we scan the results for the URL we’re looking for, and we hope the link provided will take us to the right page within the website. We don’t have to worry about misspelling the URL, we don’t have to fight with an unfamiliar navigation scheme, and we can qualify our decision before we click by looking at the title and the description provided by the search engine to determine if this is actually the page we want to go to. In our recent B to B survey, we asked respondents how they would navigate online when they were beginning research into a particular business purchase. Slightly over half indicated the first place they turn would be a major search engine, with the lion’s share of this traffic going to Google. With all the rest of the answers, we then reframed the question and asked them how they would navigate to their other destinations, whether it be a vendor’s website, a directory they were familiar with, a vertical search engine, or other site. Once the question was reframed, it turned out that a full 25% of these people would actually navigate to their site of choice through a major search engine.
So, in almost all instances, we navigate online spaces by identifying and using landmarks. We don’t use them to get our physical bearings in this virtual environment, like we do in the real world. Bearings have no meaning if there is no physical space. We use these landmarks to get closer to the information we’re looking for. This brings us to another key difference between an online and off-line landscape, informational proximity rather than physical proximity, but I’ll get to this in a minute.
Remembering online routes
In thinking about this, I realized that we also acquire route knowledge online. It may not be done as consistently as it’s done in the off-line world, but often I get back to a site I visited previously by retracing the steps I took to get there. For example, I may not remember the URL of the site I visited or the page I was on, but I often remember the query I launched to get there, the approximate place on the search results page where I clicked, and enough other details to allow me to start with my favorite landmark, my search engine, and relaunch the search and follow my virtual trail of breadcrumbs to get back to where I wanted to be. I suspect this type of activity is more common than we might think. Some time ago, comScore did a study looking at search behavior as people progress through the buying funnel. Somewhat to their surprise, they found that often queries didn’t change, even as people moved down the buying funnel closer and closer to a purchase. Common sense seems to indicate that as we move through the consideration set and start focusing on a few key brands, our searches should become longer and more specific. In fact, comScore found that quite often exactly the same query is used through the buying cycle, right from early awareness through to purchase. Perhaps one of the reasons for this is this retracing of steps based on the route knowledge we acquire as we do our online research.
The n dimensions of online
So, if we use landmarks and memorize routes to navigate online, how come we never create a cognitive map? How come we never move to the highest level of spatial cognition, survey knowledge? As I said before, it’s hard to create a cognitive map when there’s no physical framework used from which to develop that map. One of the ongoing challenges of trying to graphically represent the Internet is how to map it. The most realistic representation of the Internet probably sits within the algorithms of the search engines. Whether you’re looking at Google’s concept of PageRank and the linking structure of the web, or one of the other engines variations, the structure of the web hangs on the concept of relevance. And this brings us to the key difference between our online and off-line worlds. The Internet is n-dimensional. There is no width or breadth or depth. Even if you consider time the fourth dimension, time has little meaning online. The only dimension that matters online is how relevant content is to our need at that time. This is why search engines have emerged as such a powerful force online. Search engines act as the connector between our need, our intent, and all the relevant information that may be out there. The more successful the search engine is in fulfilling this role, the more successful the user experience is. While physical proximity is an important concept in real-world navigation, online it’s all about informational proximity. We give the search engine a clue about what we’re looking for and the search engine goes out and pulls dozens or hundreds or thousands of threads together for us, hoping that at the end of each of those threads is just the content we’re looking for. We can navigate down any of these threads with a simple click of our mouse.
Informational proximity
But it’s not just on search engines that informational proximity is important. This fundamental online navigational behavior provides us a clue about what many sites should strive to achieve online. If a site can become a recognizable landmark in one particular online environment, it can virtually guarantee success in many different ways. It will become a navigational hub and a trusted source of informational proximity. The challenge for these landmarks is to be able to identify user intent and respond to it by pulling together threads, much as a search engine does, giving users the opportunity to navigate quickly to just the information they’re looking for. These threads may come from other pages within the site or from external resources. The key is to provide informational proximity and successfully interpret the need or desire of the user, bringing valuable navigation options together in an easily identifiable way, rich with information scent, and establishing the site’s place as a prominent landmark within its online environment.
This brings into sharper focus the need for user research and usability testing. First, we need to have a deep understanding of what it is our target user wants to do. The better the landmark site fills this need, the more it will be used as a hub. Google excelled as a quick, stripped down, task-focused search tool, with “get in and get out” functionality. It didn’t need to be sticky, because that didn’t match the intent of the user. But that leaves large areas of search undeserved; areas like discovery search, where we’re looking for a stickier landmark, or vertical search, where we need more functionality to interact and compare the results. Right now, I think users are looking for better alternatives in both these areas. Success will come from understanding how to be a better navigational landmark by giving users what they’re looking for.
Gord Hotchkiss is CEO of Enquiro, a search marketing firm that produces search engine user eye tracking studies and other research. The Just Behave column appears Fridays at Search Engine Land.
Opinions expressed in this article are those of the guest author and not necessarily Search Engine Land. Staff authors are listed here. | https://searchengineland.com/how-we-navigate-our-online-landscape-12350 |
The universe is a mysterious place. Planets, stars, galaxies – they all have their mysteries, still unexplained by science. But nothing is stranger and more amazing than black holes. They were first “formulated” in a hurried way, without much detail, but Einstein himself did not believe in such things, even though they were predicted by his theories. Many physicists have expressed skepticism about the reality of black holes. Here’s the incredible story behind the discovery of black holes; the incredible story of how the understanding and interpretation of black holes improved and how black holes affect the fundamental structure of the universe.
Nowadays, most of us have heard of black holes. We are talking about cosmic objects which are billions of times as massive as the Sun, with masses billions of times that of the sun. They are physical objects that have infinite density. They attract the matter around them and have the power to bend the light. Time itself changes near a black hole, time slowing down when gravity is strong.
Today we know more than ever about the black holes, although there is still much to learn. They are the most exotic objects in the universe, but we still don’t have the theoretical device to describe them. Although black holes are referred to as “cosmic objects”, they are in fact true holes in the space-time fabric, a place in the universe where a tremendous gravity is all we have.
- Gravity
The most important thing we need to know when talking about black holes is that they are related to gravity. But what is gravity?
Newton was fascinated by gravity. He invented the laws of motion, applied even today, precisely explaining the movement of the celestial bodies but also the movement of planets in the solar system. But although Newton’s laws describe the effects of gravitational force, they don’t explain gravity. Here comes Einstein, with his contributions.
Einstein was also fascinated by gravity. Imagine the following scenario: take an apple and let it fall. There’s no mystery… if you are on Earth, it will fall on the ground.
But what if we move the earth apart from the fall of the apple, when we let the apple fall, so that the apple doesn’t touch the ground? Einstein realized that gravity was related to the fall.
But what if, instead of letting the apple fall, we throw it to the horizon, with 27,358 km/h? The apple will move into the Earth’s orbit, as does the International Space Station, for example.
According to Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, the apple and the International Space Station are in a free fall along a curved trajectory in space. What caused this curve trajectory? Earth mass.
So Einstein came up with this simple idea: space and time are curved by the masses in the Universe, the Earth, the Sun, and all celestial bodies that have a mass. Gravity is no longer a force, as in Newton’s conception, but it’s the incarnation of how the masses of the universe curve space-time. Cosmic objects moving through the Universe follow the shortest path in this warped space-time distorted by the masses.
Graphical representation of space curved by gravity
- Papers on black holes. Karl Schwarzschild’s idea
The idea that objects bend space-time leads directly to black holes. It’s not Einstein, but a German astronomer who makes the first link between gravity and black holes. This is Karl Schwarzschild, director of the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam (AOP), Germany.
Karl Schwarzschild
He was preoccupied with planetary orbits. When Einstein presented his theory of general relativity, in 1915, Schwarzschild was in the German army, calculating artillery trajectories during World War I. A few weeks after the publication of Einstein’s theory, the German astronomer also receives the work, somewhere on the Russian front. He starts drawing the map of the gravitational field around a star.
Schwarzschild identifies exact solutions to the Einstein’s equations and sent Einstein a manuscript, in which he derived his exact solution of Einstein’s field equations. Einstein was astonished because he hadn’t imagined his equations could be solved so precisely (he only had made some approximations).
In his calculations, Schwarzschild discovers something Einstein didn’t anticipate. He concentrated the whole mass of a star in a single point (mathematically, of course). Then he calculated how the mass will curve the space-time as well as the nearby light rays. Schwarzschild identified a border area (nowadays referred to as an event horizon) around the point where the light particles will disappear. Time stops.
Schwarzschild found that a mass concentrated in a single point will curve the space-time so dramatically, that a region would be created around that point; a region from which the return outside of it is impossible. Nothing, not even light, can escape from inside this area. Although his own theory predicted this phenomenon, Einstein did not believe that such strange manifestations are taking place in nature. He didn’t like the idea.
In 1916, Schwarzschild became ill and died. His ideas on the effects of an enormous gravity seem destined to be forgotten.
- From the birth of a star to the appearance of a black hole
In the coming decades after Schwarzschild’s death, physicists improve their understanding of the atom as well as how the atomic or nuclear fusion is the energy fuel of a star.
Stars are born of cosmic gas; they come in many different sizes. They have a lifecycle, which is different depending on the mass of the star. Stars primarily fuse hydrogen atoms (the simplest and lightest of all the elements) together in a series of stages to form helium. More-massive stars can fuse heavier atoms. The more massive the star, the hotter its core, so it can create heavier elements by fusion.
Gravity inside the star tends to collapse the star itself, but the energy generated by fusion processes counterbalances this tendency.
Small stars can’t fusion elements heavier than helium, but very massive stars are able to fuse all the way to iron. The iron is such a massive element, that after its formation the energy to counterbalance the force of gravity is no longer generated. So from a certain perspective, iron is the ultimate state for stars.
What happens now? Gravity defeats. The star collapses. Trillions of tons of matter collapse into the core of the star, then bounce back off the core to the star’s outer layers, causing a tremendous explosion called a “supernova”.
Graphical representation of supernova 1993J
Source: wikipedia.org
The greater the mass, the stronger the gravitational field. There is no force to prevent the collapse of the star until it reaches a point – a black hole.
Skepticism of physicists lasted until the ’70s of the last century. The idea of black holes was too eccentric to be taken seriously.
In 1967, Jocelyn Bell made a surprising discovery. She observed a strange star emitting small, rapid pulses of radiation – a neutron star. The cooled remains of a collapsed star give astronomers the hope that perhaps the idea of a black hole is not so extravagant. Maybe they really exist as a result of the collapse of big stars.
So, half a century after Schwarzschild’s idea, who mathematically showed that black holes are possible, physicists have identified a natural process that generates black holes: death of massive stars. These spectacular supernovae create black holes.
American physicist John Wheeler, who was initially skeptical about the reality of these extreme astronomical phenomena, coined the concept of “black hole”.
- What influence or effect does a black hole have on its surroundings?
He couldn’t see a black hole directly, as the gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
Two discoveries made before the WW II changed astronomy. First, the discovery by the engineer Karl Jansky, of some mysterious radio waves coming from deep space. Second: the Universe is full of X-rays; this was made using a German rocket carrying Geiger counters.
The electromagnetic spectrum is much wider than the visible region that the human eye can perceive.
Using radio waves or X rays, astronomers have discovered a new way of understanding the universe. X-rays come from the most energetic part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the universe seems to abound in X-ray sources. X-rays are generated by cosmic objects with temperatures in millions or even tens of millions of degrees.
- Cygnus X-1 – the first object considered to be a black hole
One of the first X-ray sources to catch the attention of astronomers is named Cygnus X-1. Cygnus because it was in the constellation Cygnus, X because it was an x-ray source and 1 because it was the first identified source.
In 1970, Paul Murdin, working at the Royal Observatory in the UK, decides to hunt pairs of stars or binaries (stars that are gravitationally coupled, moving around each other).
Murdin wonders if it’s possible to discover binaries where only one of the stars is visible; a star emitting light and another star that emits x-rays. He spots a star whose orbit around an unidentified object lasts for 5.6 days. Could this unidentified x-rays-emitting object be a black hole? It depends on its mass.
In order to be classified as a black hole, this unidentified x-rays-emitting object must have at least 3 times the mass of the Sun. Murdin estimated that the mass of Cygnus X-1 is 6 times the mass of the Sun, so it’s a black hole!
Murdin and his fellow scientist, Louise Webster published their findings, the result of their study, in September 1971. They were modest about the claim that thay were making. The paper they published just mentions the word “black hole” once, right at the end, in the last sentence of the article, “We think this object might be a black hole.”
Theorist Kip Thorne and the noted British physicist Stephen Hawking made a wager, a bet, as to whether Cygnus X-1 really was a black hole or not. Thorne claims that Cygnus X-1 is a black hole, and Hawking claims it’s not a black hole. In june 1990, Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet.
It took another 20 years before Murdin’s estimate of the mass of Cygnus X-1 was confirmed by another astronomer. The new, more accurate measurements made by Mark Reid have shown that Cygnus X-1 is 6,000 light-years away from Earth; Reid’s team was also able to determine that the mass is about 15 solar masses, or 15 times the mass of the sun. Cygnus X-1 officially becomes a black hole.
Cygnus X-1 is surrounded by an accretion disk, a disk-shaped cloud of gas and dust outside its event horizon, the point of no return.
As gravity pulls matter toward the black hole, the cloud of gas and dust starts rotating. Within the accretion disk, particles whip around at half the speed of light. These particles collide, which heats them up to millions of degrees. When they get that hot, particles blast out X-rays. These X-rays were discovered by Paul Murdin while investigating the binaries in the Cygnus galaxy.
Cygnus X-1 (right) and its companion star (left)
Cygnus X-1 devours its companion star. The star orbits so close to Cygnus X-1 that it’s slowly devoured by the black hole. Some of the star material gets into the black hole, but some of it actually comes back out before ever entering the black hole.
Jets of Cygnus X-1. One of the most striking features of Cygnus X-1 is its enormous jets at the two poles. There’s still a lot we do not know about these jets. They are tightly focused and extremely powerful rejecting matter far beyond the limits of the Cygnus galaxy. When gas gets to these high temperatures, there’s a magnetic field that forms around them. We don’t understand exactly how, but this magnetic field is what seems to be generating these extremely powerful jets.
- The discovery of quasars – black holes in disguise
By the 1950s astronomers began to discover sources of radio waves (spots emitting radio energy) in the Universe, but it was not clear whether the source of this energy was a star or not. So astronomers name them “quasi-stellar radio sources” – quasars – in 1964.
Astronomers have tried to analyze the electromagnetic energy they emit, the electromagnetic spectrum of radio waves, given that any element has a unique spectral fingerprint.
In 1963, astronomer Maarten Schmidt discovers the fingerprint of hydrogen buried in the quasar’s spectrum. The quasar is moving away from us at fantastic speed. The reason? It’s the result of Big Bang, the beginning of our Universe.
But the mystery remains: an object that is two billion light years away, putting out the energy of a trillion suns each second. What could possibly create that? It can’t be chemical energy. It couldn’t be nuclear energy. There’s no way a quasar could be a star. No star can generate such an amount of energy.
The only source that can generate this energy is gravity. Although we can easily “overcome” gravity on Earth, gravity is an incredible force when concentrated into a black hole.
So astronomers start wondering: what if the energy blasting out from quasars is coming from bright accretion disks around black holes? But not just any black hole. Supermassives, unlike Cygnus X-1.
- Sagittarius A*, the black hole with a mass 4 million times the mass of the Sun, in the direction of the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy
The center of our galaxy is in the direction of the Sagittarius galaxy. The Milky Way is only 100,000 light years in diameter, but it’s relatively thin, only about 1000 light years thick. Our solar system is about 26000 light-years from the center of the galaxy.
In the 1990s, astronomers began looking for a possible black hole in center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Andrea Ghez is one of them. She tried to track individual stars orbiting the center of the galaxy.
Using new technologies declassified by the US Army, Andrea begins recording the positions of stars in the central area of ??the galaxy in 1995. And every year since then, they have taken an image. Putting those annual snapshots together, creating a movie, the result was astounding: the stars are whipping around the center of the Milky Way at phenomenal speeds, up to 10000 kilometers per second.
Many body dynamics in an extreme gravitational potential: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5jTfn3K_Ek
To go that fast, the stars must be orbiting something extremely massive, probably an object four million times the mass of the sun. What could be so massive, yet be completely invisible? Nothing but a black hole!
The first focalied picture of Sagittarius A*, the black hole in the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way, took by the space-based X-ray telescope NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array)
- A supermassive black hole at the center of any galaxy
At the center of our galaxy there is a massive black hole. In the Milky Way, at least 20 black holes like Cygnus X-1 have been identified. There are probably millions of black holes in our galaxy. But what about other galaxies? Are there black holes at the centers of galaxies?
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990, which would take another innovation in astronomy. The Hubble Space Telescope starts delivering clear images of distant galaxies.
A team of astronomers began studying the centers of galaxies. Images delivered by The Hubble Space Telescope show where the stars in the galaxy are, as well as the structure of the galaxy. But the other galaxies are much too far away to measure the speed of individual stars around the galactic center. But by analyzing the way light is shifted from blue to red at different points in the galaxy, astronomers can estimate an average speed of stars orbiting the center, which is accurate enough to create a replica in a computer, to create a computer simulation of the galaxy.
The second step is to try to make a computerized simulation based on observations of a galaxy; building models of galaxies in the computer. It’s known as the “Schwarzschild method” (developed by Martin Schwarzschild, son of Karl Schwarzschild). Computer simulation is a success when observations of the model match the observations taken with the Hubble Space Telescope.
The model match the Hubble observations only when they add a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. Of over 35 galaxies studied by the group of astronomers, they all seem to have a supermassive black hole at the center.
- How are supermassive black holes possible? How are quasars possible?
Cygnus X-1 is 15 times as big as our sun. Sagittarius A*, the supermassive at the center of our Milky Way is 4 million times as big as our sun. The black hole in the Andromeda galaxy is 100 million times as big as our sun. There are supermassives ten, even 20 million times the mass of our sun. How is it possible to make such monsters, such gigantic black holes?
Could supermassives have came from collapsed stars? Very unlikely, as we don’t know any stars billions of times bigger, more massive than the sun.
We believe that black holes are devouring anything that comes within their sphere of influence. They form that accretion disk around their events horizon. The cosmic gas in the center of the galaxy coagulates, under the pressure of gravity, in order to form the acretic disk.
The accretion disk is made up of hydrogen, helium and other elements in a gaseous form. The black hole pulls the gas in toward it; as it swirls around, it orbits closer and closer to the black hole and the feeding begins. The black hole is continuously absorbing cosmic gas, so it actually adds to its mass, becoming more and more massive. And a black hole that “feeds”, it blasts vout X-rays, a process that can be captured by astronomers. Another way for black holes to gain weight mass is “devouring” of nearby stars.
But how are quasars possible? Quasars are extremely far away, which means that they’re part of the very early universe. Very bright quasars, 600 million years after the Bing Bang. So how did early supermassives, quasars, get so big, so fast? The answer, some astronomers believe, is to create a black hole directly from a cloud of gas. Under some astronomical conditions, enormous clouds of cosmic gas can collapse directly into a supermassive black hole.
Supermassive black holes don’t exist in isolation. They are integrated into galaxies: the bigger the galaxy is, the more massive the black hole in the center of the galaxy.
Galaxies grow by creating new stars from clouds of hydrogen gas. Gas is essentially the fuel for star formation. So if a galaxy runs out of gas, it stagnates, it cannot create new stars.
Supermassive black holes are interfering with star formation. When a black hole is growing, a huge amount of energy is being liberated into space. Some of that energy heats the cosmic gas, and one of the consequencea is that heated gas will not form stars anymore. So this radiation generated by the supermassive black holes blocks the formation of new stars in their proximity. But black holes have eating or growing phases and then quiescent phases. So they seem to be involved with the formation of galaxies.
James Webb Space Telescope. In the next two years, NASA will launch the most powerful telescope, James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope is designed to look in the infrared. Hopes are high that the James Webb Space Telescope will facilitate important advances in understanding the early Universe and will help solve many of the remaining mysteries around the supermassive black holes.
A daring science project, called the Event Horizon Telescope, is now attempting the impossible: to take a picture of a black hole. The primary target of group of scientists is Sagittarius A*, the suppermasive in the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. The astronomers hope to photograph what is visible of a black hole. In our situation, the “shadow”; as the gas around the back hole hits the event horizon, it leaves a defined shadow on the surrounding light. That’s the picture they are trying to take.
A graphical view, using the Milky Way as background, of what might be the first image of a black hole
- detection, by the LIGO project, of gravitational waves generated by the union of two black holes
Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that when an object moves, it can create distortions of space-time. One of the most important goals for physicists of the twentieth century was to detect these gravitational waves.
The detection of gravitational waves comes with several benefits: it would confirm Einstein’s prediction, it might prove the existence of black holes and solves the problem of supermassive black holes.
But how to detect gravitational waves? The technological challenge was immense, as an extraordinarily sensitive instrument was needed. Here comes physicist Rai Weiss, who has been involved for a long time in the study of sound waves. Rai’s idea was to use light to detect gravitational waves: “send a beam of light from one place to another and measure the time it takes get there.”
That’s how the distance to the moon was calculated with great precision: bouncing a laser beam from the Earth of a mirror left behind by Apollo 11 astronauts.
Rai Weiss’ suggestion was to detect gravitational waves using a tool called a laser interferometer. It works by firing a laser into a splitter. Half of the emitted light continues straight ahead towards a mirror, while the other half is reflected to another mirror. As the distances are exactly the same, the system is designed so that the two beams cancel each other out, so the photo detector sees nothing. What happens if space is distorted by gravitational waves? The light beams no longer arrive back at the same time to cancel each other out, and the detector (on the right in the picture below) receives light.
But how much do the electromagnetic waves distort the space? Of course, we need incredibly sensitive instruments to detect them. How big is the difference in length between the two arms of the interferometer? One hundredth the size of the atomic nucleus! So it cannot be measured with the ruler…
So the technological challenge was enormous. Many have thought that such a sensitive instrument is impossible to achieve. It took 40 years and hundreds of millions of dollars, but LIGO (The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) has become a reality and its implementation has fundamentally changed physics!
LIGO
September 14, 2015
On September 14, 2015, at 4 a.m., researcher Robert Schofield from the interferometer in Louisiana (two interferometers were built to confirm any gravitational wave detection without any suspicion of interference or technical errors), decided to stop calibrating the equipment, given that he was tired, although he still had another hour of work to do, so he could have worked and keep the interferometer inoperative.
40 minutes later, with the instruments still in test mode, a signal that had been on its way for 1.3 billion years reaches the two gravitational detectors in Louisiana and Washington, changing the way we understand the Universe…
What have interferometers detected? Oscillations of the mirrors that were slow at first and became faster and faster. And this is exactly what is happening if two massive black holes merge. Two massive black holes, one 29 times the mass of the sun, and the other 36 times the mass of the sun.
The generation of gravitational waves by the mutual orbit of two black holes.
Graphical representation
The violent merger has released an enormous amount of energy that has left its mark on space-time and has traveled in the form of gravitational waves along the Universe over 1 billion years.
The signal received by the two interferometers
After detecting this collision, LIGO has detected several more collisions of other black holes. In October 2017, Rai Weiss, Kip Thorne (who worked with Weiss) and LIGO’s former director, Barry Barisch, received the Nobel Prize.
The LIGO discoveries prove that black holes can grow bigger by merging two black holes.
On the other hand, LIGO opens a new chapter in astronomy: gravitational astronomy. | https://ufosviews.com/complete-history-of-black-holes-from-schwarzschilds-calculations-to-the-discovery-of-gravitational-waves/ |
Ruby sample code to RSA public-key encrypt and decrypt strings using public and private keys.
require 'chilkat' # This example assumes the Chilkat API to have been previously unlocked. # See Global Unlock Sample for sample code. rsa = Chilkat::CkRsa.new() # This example also generates the public and private # keys to be used in the RSA encryption. # Normally, you would generate a key pair once, # and distribute the public key to your partner. # Anything encrypted with the public key can be # decrypted with the private key. The reverse is # also true: anything encrypted using the private # key can be decrypted using the public key. # Generate a 1024-bit key. Chilkat RSA supports # key sizes ranging from 512 bits to 4096 bits. success = rsa.GenerateKey(1024) if (success != true) print rsa.lastErrorText() + "\n"; exit end # Keys are exported in XML format: publicKey = rsa.exportPublicKey() privateKey = rsa.exportPrivateKey() plainText = "Encrypting and decrypting should be easy!" # Start with a new RSA object to demonstrate that all we # need are the keys previously exported: rsaEncryptor = Chilkat::CkRsa.new() # Encrypted output is always binary. In this case, we want # to encode the encrypted bytes in a printable string. # Our choices are "hex", "base64", "url", "quoted-printable". rsaEncryptor.put_EncodingMode("hex") # We'll encrypt with the public key and decrypt with the private # key. It's also possible to do the reverse. success = rsaEncryptor.ImportPublicKey(publicKey) usePrivateKey = false encryptedStr = rsaEncryptor.encryptStringENC(plainText,usePrivateKey) print encryptedStr + "\n"; # Now decrypt: rsaDecryptor = Chilkat::CkRsa.new() rsaDecryptor.put_EncodingMode("hex") success = rsaDecryptor.ImportPrivateKey(privateKey) usePrivateKey = true decryptedStr = rsaDecryptor.decryptStringENC(encryptedStr,usePrivateKey) print decryptedStr + "\n";
© 2000-2020 Chilkat Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | https://example-code.com/ruby/rsa_encryptStrings.asp |
Donations sites have been overwhelmed, but there are other ways to help wildfire evacuees
While the unprecedented wildfires have affected many lives, it also has brought out the best in humanity’s charitable side.
This giving, however, has overwhelmed some donor groups.
“Right now, the volume of donations is hindering the ability of community organizations to distribute needed goods to people,” Lane County tweeted on Tuesday. “Once community organizations have gotten a handle on the donations so far, they can help put out the call for specific items that are still needed.”
But there are other ways to help:
United Way of Lane County
The United Way’s wildfire fund is concentrating on raising money in support of nonprofit organizations in areas most impacted by the fire.
“Blue River is experiencing the greatest need, right now,” said Jared Pruch, assistant director of impact for United Way. “Financial contributions are really our lane and we’re really trying to focus on that right now.”
As of Monday, United Way has invested $200,000 in organizations serving the McKenzie River Valley communities.
This includes: $50,000 to the McKenzie Community Development Corporation to provide support to multiple community building efforts in the McKenzie River Valley; $20,000 to the McKenzie Education Foundation to provide support for the local school district; $20,000 to the Blue River Health Clinic/Orchid Health Clinic for patient health care services; $10,000 to the McKenzie River Food Pantry to supply food and other services to pantry clients; and $100,000 to Catholic Community Services to provide direct financial support to individuals and families impacted by the fires.
American Red Cross
The Red Cross and its partners by Monday had provided support to nearly 9,000 people, serving more than 212,000 meals and snacks and distributing more than 20,000 relief items, according to redcross.org/local/oregon.
Red Cross volunteers are supporting temporary evacuation points as well, with more than 1,000 Red Cross disaster workers helping evacuees cope with medical, emotional and spiritual needs on the ground and online. Several of these Red Cross volunteers have themselves been evacuated and are coping with an uncertain future.
Anyone affected by fires in Lane County is welcome to stop by a shelter to get a hot meal or access other support; go to facebook.com/RedCrossCascades.
Lane County 2020 Fire Relief
With community contributions overwhelming local businesses, food and supply needs are centralizing at the Eugene Masonic Lodge, 2777 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. A rolling list of items needed and volunteer opportunities can be found at Lane County Fire Relief 2020’s Facebook page, facebook.com/Lane-County-2020-Fire-Relief.
Bloodworks Northwest
According to Bloodworks Northwest, these devastating fires are disrupting local blood supplies. Because of increased usage of the universally-accepted type O-negative blood by hospitals, appointment slots are being reserved for O-negative donors. Check schedule.bloodworksnw.org/DonorPortal for needs and donation location information. | |
The sixth-grade students at St. Mary’s Academy Charter School won first place with the electric race car they built this year, but it comes with a caveat.
“We were the only middle school that showed up,” said Ken Nagle, who headed the building of this race car by the students. “There are nine or 10 middle schools that have race cars that could have entered.”
The race was at the Texas Greenpower F24 Series at the Motor Speedway Resort Houston in Angleton Nov. 17 and 18. Three students were competing in the intermediate category.
Without competition in their own age group, these students took the track to compete with the high school students.
“We didn’t finish last,” Nagle said. Out of nine, they came in eighth.
The school’s fourth and fifth grade was also brought to the event but did not race. These students were given the opportunity for an exhibition run on the track.
These cars are part of the science, technology engineering and math initiatives at SMACS.
“There has a been a huge effort to get kids interested in STEM,” Nagel said. “Generally speaking, students don’t enroll in engineering and computer science.
“One of the primary reasons is they don’t feel like they are smart enough.”
There is a way to combat that trend, and it is with projects like this which also teaches them ways to apply the concepts being learned in real world applications.
There were hurdles, or challenges, to the project. Primarily, the students had to first learn to use ratchets, sockets and wrenches.
Then it was down to learning conversion methods for measurements, angles and physics to improve the aerodynamics (another point of discussion) of the car.
“This year we had close to 60 kids in fourth, fifth and sixth grades participating,” Nagle said.
Design and construction began at the start of this year with students meeting twice a week for an hour each time.
Two cars are being used for the three grade levels, with a third on the way and a fourth possible next year as the program expands.
“Nationwide there are 19 races every year,” Nagle said. “We can only feasibly go to the ones in Texas. That is two.”
Their next race is in Brownsville this April.
“Most of the cars are stock,” he said. “They all go the same speed.”
This means that the winners are the ones able to shave weight and wind resistance off their designs along with better driving techniques.
“On average, we were about two seconds a lap behind the high schoolers,” Nagle said.
This past race was 90 minutes long with students earning points for each lap they completed in that time.
Five sixth-grade SMACS students went but only three wanted to drive. Those drivers average about 22 mph on the 7/10-mile long track.
Nagle hopes to expand the program to the lower grades to begin the basics earlier, allowing for more advanced learning in the upper grade levels.
The other goal is to expand this program into the classrooms of the other county schools as well.
“The school is working on a grant to bring these race cars to other schools in the area,” he said. “Then maybe we can have races here.”
Jason Collins is the editor at the Bee-Picayune and can be reached at 343-5221, or at [email protected]. | |
Reading tip: "How Stackfield works with Stackfield".
Simply click on the plus icon to the left of the text input field in the communication module before selecting the option "Task".
Of course, you can also create a task within the tasks module. To do so, click on the blue plus icon in the upper right corner.
Through email integration automatic forwarding of emails to rooms as tasks can be created. The task then carries the subject as title and the content of the e-mail as description.
Only the title of a task is a mandatory field. If necessary, all other fields can be left blank. However, we recommend you fill in as many fields as possible, as this will make your work clearer and more efficient. In order to create clear responsibilities, each task should be assigned to someone (yourself or other people) and provided with a due date. You can further add user-defined fields (e. g. interim dates, order number, cost center number and contact person) to all task cards of a room.
In order to avoid that the tasks get lost, it is always advisable to agree on a time by which the respective task should be completed. If no deadline has been set, an estimate can also be entered. The due date can be set for a certain point in time ("Date & Time") or a period of time ("From - To"), and can be entered either as a one-time occurrence or as a recurring task. A reminder for the start of the period can also be set.
You can set a recurrence as well as the frequency by selecting the following buttons in succession: "Due" -> "Date & Time" or "From - Until" -> "Recurring".
Only the next due date of the recurring task will be created within the task module for the first status column (by default with the status: Todo). As soon as the current task is ‘done’ (status column Done), Stackfield will automatically create a new task for the next due date.
However, within the Calendar you can see all due dates of your recurring tasks. You can recognize them by the recurring symbol.
You can activate an additional reminder for the task, resp. the start of the due date, by clicking on the following buttons selected in successively: "Due" -> "Date & Time" or "From - Until" -> "Reminder". See also: Reminder for a task in My Week. In the various display options, the symbol of a bell indicates an existing reminder.
If the due date is changed (using the "Due" or "Reschedule" buttons), the settings for the "Reminder" and "Recurring" options are also reset or adjusted to the new date.
The status of a task is located in the upper left corner of an open task. In order that other colleagues also know what the current status is, it should be updated regularly.
It is possible to only allow certain status changes and also to set rules that approvals will be triggered (standard workflow for the status For approval or individual Workflows for any status).
The sender forwards the completed task to the person responsible for approval (by changing the status). The recipient (person entered for approval) receives a notification in My Week where he or she can manage the approval centrally. A task that is up for approval can no longer be edited by the sender (or other users) in the meantime. If changes to the task are still necessary, the sender must "withdraw" the task and, as soon as the changes are complete, place a new order.
When a task is open, the first button in the upper right corner can be used to create several lists of subtasks (symbol: list). Each list is specified with a name when it is created. As soon as the list has been created and entries have been made, the subtasks can be sorted and moved between the lists using drag and drop.
In addition, subtasks can be assigned to individual users, a due date / description / comments can be added and files can be attached. The self-assigned subtasks are highlighted in yellow.
Via My Week all assigned subtasks can be displayed collectively and refined with filters.
Tip: Make changes to multiple tasks at once
See: Working with multiple elements
By holding down the control key, you can select multiple tasks on Stackfield and archive, delete, or edit them all together.
You can add dependencies to other tasks or set the task as milestone via the more button (symbol: three dots) right within the open task. Within the timeline module you can view the tasks in relation to each other with their dependencies.
See: Working with labels
Alternative: User-defined fields
Labels are directly visible in the kanban and list view. They can be added within the opened task by clicking the label symbol or in the overview by right-clicking the label symbol and using the quick selection. Alternatively, they can be added in the list view by clicking on the Labels column.
*Note: To receive a reminder, an assignment and a due date must be stored with the (sub)tasks.
Tasks can be visualized as list or board (Kanban), as well as in the calendar or a timeline (Gantt). The respective view can be modified and saved according to your requirements (Keyword: filter). Sometimes the view also needs to be updated (notifications in the room).
Change the display in the task module in the upper right corner by clicking on the "List" button. The list displays all tasks, organized by status or due date. By default, only the title and subtasks are displayed. However, you can also display additional information, such as labels or responsibilities, using the "MORE2 button.
The display can be changed in the task module on the top right by clicking on the "Cards" button. In the Kanban board, individual tasks are displayed as cards (with title, assignment, due date and label). The board is divided into several columns/lists according. By default, the columns show the processing status though, it this can be switched to a view that shows columns according to the due date of tasks ("Group by").
The tasks run through these from left to right, e. g. from Todo via Doing to Done. Within the column, the individual tasks are processed from top to bottom in sequence. The order of the tasks and the associated prioritization can be changed by various criteria ("Sort by").
Tasks are represented in the calendar module by a check mark symbol and are of course displayed according to their due date. The view shows the title and the time, and, p.r.n., a note for recurring tasks (symbol: recurring sign) and/or an activated reminder (symbol: bell). The view can be further refined by members and labels using the various filtering options. Stackfield's calendar can also be integrated into other calendars (subscribe to calendar).
Within the timeline module, tasks can be illustrated per week/month/year, taking into account their dependencies to other tasks. Dependencies can easily be defined by drag & drop and the time periods can be extended / shortened or moved. In addition, milestones can be used to mark important intermediate results and completion of certain project phases.
A room admin can adjust the settings (name, sequence, and color) for the fields for all tasks in a room. This is possible via the Room Settings in the tab Modules with the option "Settings" or in the task overview via the more button (symbol: three dots) with the option "Customize Fields".
The order of the parameters can be changed by drag & drop and the name/color can be changed by clicking on it.
Note: Within the Kanban board, they can change the order by drag & drop, delete or change the name by clicking on the more button next to the list name and extend the list by clicking on the "New list..." option on the very right.
You can also add your own input fields, so-called "Custom Fields".
You can choose from additional dating and text fields, checkboxes, drop-down lists and number fields. These can be used, for example, for important interim appointments, further details about a contact person (direct dial number), priorities, or team assignments. | https://www.stackfield.com/help/working-with-tasks-2010 |
I was once terrified to tackle a soufflé thinking it was too difficult. When I decided to tackle it, I was thrilled and delighted to see a beautiful light dish appear. Just follow the simple steps outlined here without peaking during baking which can cause the oven temperature to drop, with adverse results!
When baked in a hot oven it allows it to rise quickly and with a moist center and will fall quickly after it leaves the oven. When a soufflé is baked in medium oven in a * bain marie (souffle dish is place in another pan of warm water) it takes longer to cook and not collapse as quickly.
During the cooking of a soufflé — if there is a delay, reduce the oven heat to 250°F (120°C) without opening the oven door, increase the heat to 450° (230°C) so soufflé takes 10 to 15 minutes less to bake.
If the eggs are cold, place them in a bowl of warm water for 5 minutes to give more volume when beaten.
If the egg whites contain any particles of yolk, they won’t whip properly so use half an eggshell to remove any yolk. If the whites are over-beaten, they break into clumps when folded into the yolk mixture and lose their elasticity and ability to expand in the oven, reducing the height of the soufflé.
The ovenproof soufflé dish should be circular, highly glazed with straight sides so the soufflé stays up and rises to its maximum height.
Feta, Chedder or Swiss Cheese Soufflé
Makes 4 to 6 servings
Nutmeg or mustard enhances the flavor of any cheese soufflé.
- 4 tbsp/ 50 ml butter
- 6 tbsp/75 ml unbleached all-purpose flour
- 1 1/2 cups/ 375 ml milk
- Salt and pepper to taste
- 2 tsp/10 ml Dijon mustard, or freshly grated nutmeg
- 1 cup/ 250 ml Grated Feta, Cheddar or Swiss cheese
- 6 eggs, at room temperature
In a medium-sized saucepan over medium heat, melt the butter and stir in the flour with a wooden spoon, creating a *roux. Cook the roux for 1 minute. Add the milk, whisking until the mixture is smooth. Cook gently for 5 minutes, whisking several times to prevent burning; the sauce should be thick and smooth. Add the mustard or nutmeg and season with salt and pepper. Remove the sauce from the heat. Cool for 3 or 4 minutes.
Choose a pan large enough to comfortably hold a 6-cup (1 1/2 L) soufflé dish and half-fill pan with water. Place on the middle rack of the oven. Preheat the oven to 375°F (190°C).
Stir the cheese into the white sauce until well blended, then add the yolks. In an electric mixer with whisk attachment, or by hand, beat the whites at medium speed until shiny and soft peaks form. Use a rubber spatula to gently fold half the cheese mixture into the beaten whites. To fold the mixture, move the spatula around the side of the bowl, then dip it under the mixture and back up over the top. Continue to fold in the remaining cheese mixture. Turn mixture into a buttered 6-cup (1 1/2 L) soufflé dish and smooth the surface. Using your finger, make a trench around the surface about 1 inch (2.5 cm) from the edge of the dish to help the soufflé rise evenly. Bake for 35 to 40 minutes until the surface is firm to the touch. Serve immediately. | https://millstonenews.com/gay-cooks-cheese-souffle/ |
Not the textbook you were looking for? Pick another one here.
Ch.1 - LIFE: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations
Characteristics of Life
Ch.2 - The Molecules of Life
Atoms
Bonding
Properties of Water
Acids and Bases
Carbon
Polymers
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Ch.3 - Nucleic Acids and Transcription
Gene Expression and the Genetic Code
Transcription
RNA Processing
Ch.4 - Translation and Protein Structure
Translation
Proteins
Ch.5 - Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments
Fluid Mosaic Model
Osmosis and Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Cells
Nucleus
Endomembrane System
Endosymbionts
Ch.6 - Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy
Metabolism
Thermochemistry
ATP
Enzymes
Ch.7 - Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy from Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
Ch.8 - Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates
Photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Calvin Cycle
The Need for CO2
Ch.9 - Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling
Reception
Transduction and Response
Ch.10 - Cell and Tissue Architecture
Cytoskeleton
Cell Junctions
Ch.11 - Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer
Cell Division
Mitosis
Cell Cycle Regulation
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Ch.12 - DNA Replication and Manipulation
History of Genetic Research
DNA Replication
Ch.13 - Genomes
Genomes
Ch.14 - Mutation and DNA Repair
Mutation
Repair Mechanisms and Telomeres
Ch.16 - Mendelian Inheritance
Mendel's Experiment
Independent Assortment
Extensions to Mendel
Genetic Counseling
Ch.17 - Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Chromosome Abnormalities and Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Ch.19 - Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation
Bacterial Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Ch.20 - Genes and Development
Developmental Biology
Ch.21 - Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time
Hardy-Weinberg Model
Genetic Variation
Ch.22 - Species and Speciation
Species
History of Life on Earth
Ch.23 - Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils
Phylogeny
Ch.26 - Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryote Cell Structures
Prokaryote Reproduction and Gene Exchange
Prokaryote Metabolism and Ecology
Prokaryote Lineages
Ch.27 - Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity
Protist Cells
Protist Life Cycles
Protist Lineages
Ch.29 - Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis onto Land
Roots and Shoots
Tissues
Water Potential
Soil and Nutrients
Nitrogen Fixation
Ch.30 - Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young
Flowers
Seeds
Ch.31 - Plant Growth and Development
Growth
Plant Development
Ch.32 - Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green
Plant Defenses
Ch.33 - Plant Diversity
Land Plants
Nonvascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seed Plants
Ch.34 - FUNGI: Structure, Function, and Diversity
Fungi
Fungi Reproduction
Ch.35 - Animal Nervous Systems
Neurons and Action Potentials
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Ch.36 - Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function
Sensory System
Ch.37 - Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons
Musculoskeletal System
Ch.38 - Animal Endocrine Systems
Endocrine System
Ch.39 - Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy
Heart Physiology
Gas Exchange
Ch.40 - Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion
Metabolism and Homeostasis
Thermoregulation
Digestion
Blood Sugar Homeostasis
Ch.41 - Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Ch.42 - Animal Reproduction and Development
Animal Reproduction
Developmental Biology
Animal Development
Ch.43 - Animal Immune Systems
Immune System
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Ch.44 - Animal Diversity
Porifera and Cnideria
Lophotrochozoans
Ecdysozoans
Echinoderms
Chordates
Aminotes
Primates and Homonids
Ch.45 - Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior
Ch.46 - Population Ecology
Ecology
Population Ecology
Ch.47 - Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems
Community Interactions
Community Structure
Ch.48 - Biomes and Global Ecology
Biomes
Ecosystems
Ch.49 - The Anthropocene: Humans as a Planetary Force
Conservation Biology
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. | https://www.clutchprep.com/biology/textbooks/morris-2nd-edition-9781464126093 |
---
abstract: 'In this paper we apply a finite difference lattice Boltzmann model to study the phase separation in a two-dimensional liquid-vapor system. Spurious numerical effects in macroscopic equations are discussed and an appropriate numerical scheme involving flux limiter techniques is proposed to minimize them and guarantee a better numerical stability at very low viscosity. The phase separation kinetics is investigated and we find evidence of two different growth regimes depending on the value of the fluid viscosity as well as on the liquid-vapor ratio.'
author:
- 'V. Sofonea'
- 'A. Lamura'
- 'G. Gonnella'
- 'A. Cristea'
bibliography:
- 'lamuraetal\_2.bib'
title: 'Finite difference lattice Boltzmann model with flux limiters for liquid-vapor systems'
---
Introduction
============
Lattice Boltzmann (LB) models approach physical phenomena in fluid systems using a phase-space discretized form of the Boltzmann equation [@benzi1992; @rotzal; @chopardroz; @gladrow; @succibook]. Conservation equations are derived by calculating moments of various order of this equation [@grad; @chapmancowling; @vincenti; @burgers; @huang; @gombosi; @sosek2001]. After the publication of the first LB model which exhibits phase separation [@shanchen1993; @shanchen1994], LB models were widely used to investigate the complex behavior of single- or multi-component/phase fluid systems [@chopardroz; @succibook] and refer mainly to isothermal systems [@succi; @gunstensen1991; @swift1995; @orlandini1995; @swift1996; @doolen; @heshandoolen1998; @lamura; @rector; @kalarakis; @theofanous2003]. This limitation comes from the constant value of the lattice speed $c_l$ which in LB models is related to the temperature $T$, the lattice spacing $\delta s$ and the time step $\delta t$ through two separate relations $$\begin{aligned}
c_l & = & \frac{c_s}{\sqrt{\chi}} =
\sqrt{\,\frac{\,k_B T\,}{\,\chi m}\,} \label{cthermal}\\
c_l & = & \frac{\,\delta s\,}{\,\delta t\,} \rule{0mm}{8mm} \label{clattice}\end{aligned}$$ where $c_s = \sqrt{k_B T / m}$ is the isothermal speed of sound for an ideal fluid, $m$ is the mass of fluid particles, $\chi$ is a constant depending on the geometry of the lattice, and $k_B$ is Boltzmann’s constant [@succibook; @heluo].
According to the “collide and stream” philosophy of LB models, fluid collides in the lattice nodes and thereafter moves along the lattice links in a lapse $\delta t$ towards neighboring nodes with the speed $c_l$ given by Eq. (\[clattice\]) [@rotzal; @chopardroz; @gladrow; @succibook]. Such a relationship is no longer considered in finite difference lattice Boltzmann (FDLB) models [@cao; @weishyy; @seta; @leelin; @sosek2003] which start directly from the Boltzmann equation and have a better numerical stability. In such models there is more freedom to choose the discrete velocity set, as done recently in the thermal FDLB model of Watari and Tsutahara [@watari] where the possibility of having different sets of velocities allows to release the constraint of constant temperature. Also, the use of FDLB models is promising, e.g., when considering LB models for multicomponent fluid systems, where the masses of the components are not identical and Eq. (\[cthermal\]) would lead to different lattice speeds. In this context, FDLB models may be viewed as a convenient alternative to interpolation supplemented LB models [@he1996; @he1997; @hipc2003].
FDLB models, as well as LB models, are known to introduce spurious terms in the mass and momentum conservation equations, which are dependent on the lattice spacing $\delta s$ and the time step $\delta t$ [@sosek2003]. The behavior of an isothermal fluid system subjected to FDLB simulation is governed by the apparent values of the viscosity and/or diffusivity. The expression of these quantities with respect to $\delta s$ and $\delta t$ depends on the finite difference scheme used in the FDLB model. Consequently, the choice of the numerical scheme may alter significantly the macroscopic behavior of the fluid system observed during simulations as well as the numerical stability. This problem still lacks necessary clarification and should be always considered in order to recover the correct physical interpretation of simulation results.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate these numerical aspects by using a FDLB model addressing the phase separation kinetics in a van der Waals fluid. Phase separation in liquid-vapor systems has not received as much attention as in binary fluids [@yeom]. Under the hypothesis of dynamical scaling the late time kinetics can be characterized in terms of a single length scale $R(t)$ which grows according to the power law $R(t) \sim t^{\alpha}$, where $\alpha$ is the growth exponent [@bray]. The late time growth, when hydrodynamics is neglected, is expected to be described by the Allen-Cahn theory which gives a growth exponent $\alpha = 1/2$ [@allen]. When hydrodynamics comes into play, the liquid-vapor system behaves similarly to binary fluids so that a growth exponent $\alpha= 2/3$ is expected [@yeom]. Previous numerical studies used molecular dynamics simulations [@yama1; @yama2] and a LB model based on a free energy functional [@osborn; @mecke1; @mecke2]. In molecular dynamics simulations it was found evidence for the growth exponent $1/2$ [@yama1; @yama2]. By using the free-energy LB model, Osborn [*et al.*]{} [@osborn] found the growth exponents $2/3$ and $1/2$ at low and high viscosity, respectively, independently on the system composition. Mecke and Sofonea [@mecke1; @mecke2], using the same algorithm for an off-symmetric system, found a crossover from $2/3$ to $1/2$ at low viscosity, and $1/3$ at high viscosity. We will compare results of our model with the aforementioned ones.
To model the liquid-vapor system, a standard force term [@shanchen1993; @shanchen1994; @theofanous2003] is added to the discretized Boltzmann equations. The resulting FDLB model is described in Section \[secdescription\]. In Section \[secfdschemes\] we introduce two numerical schemes, namely, the first order upwind finite difference scheme and a higher order one which uses flux limiters [@leveque; @toro]. There we show the difference between FDLB, “collide and stream” LB and volumetric LB models [@chen1998; @chen2001]. We thereafter discuss the spurious numerical effects these schemes introduce in the fluid equations. Section \[secresults\] reports the simulation results, where special attention was given to the effects of the numerical schemes on estimation of the growth exponent. In order to clarify the phenomenology and estimate accurately the exponent $\alpha$, we monitored the size of domains $R(t)$ by using three independent measures. A discussion about the method and results ends the paper.
\[secdescription\]The model
===========================
The $2D$ FDLB model follows the LB model for non-ideal fluids [@shanchen1993; @shanchen1994; @heshandoolen1998; @luoprl98; @luopre00]. The starting point is provided by the set of ${\mathcal{N}}$ partial derivatives equations resulting from the discretization of the Boltzmann equation on a square lattice ${\mathcal{L}}$ when the collision term is linearized using the BGK approximation [@bgk]. In non-dimensional form, this set reads $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_{t}f_i+e_{i\beta}\partial_{\beta}f_i & = &
\frac{1}{\chi c^2}f_{i}^{eq}(e_{i\beta}-u_{\beta})F_{\beta}
-\frac{1}{\tau}(f_{i}-f_{i}^{eq})
\nonumber\\
& & i = 0,1,\ldots {\mathcal{N}}\label{lbeqs}\end{aligned}$$ Since we will deal with a van der Waals fluid, we used the following reference quantities for particle number density, temperature and speed to get the non-dimensional form (\[lbeqs\]) of the discretized Boltzmann equations: $n_{R}=N_{A}/V_{mc}$, $T_{R}=T_{c}$, $c_{R}=\sqrt{k_{B}T_{c}/m}$. Here $N_{A}$ is Avogadro’s number, $V_{mc}$ is the molar volume at the critical point and $T_{c}$ is the critical temperature. With this choice of reference quantities, the dimensionless speed is [@ijmpc03] $$c=c_l/c_R=\sqrt{\theta/\chi}
\label{cdef}$$ where $\theta=T/T_R$ is the dimensionless temperature and the constant $\chi$ equals $1/3$ for the square lattice we use (see later for details on the lattice) [@sosek2003]. If we take the system size as the reference length $l_{R}$, we get the reference time $t_{R}$ from the condition $t_{R}c_{R}=l_{R}$. The non-dimensionalized lattice spacing is defined by the number of lattice nodes $N$ we choose along the non-dimensionalized system length $L$ $$\delta s = \frac{L}{N}
\label{deltasdef}$$
The particle distribution functions $f_{i}\equiv f_{i}({\bm{x}},t)$ are defined in the nodes ${\bm{x}}$ of the square lattice ${\mathcal{L}}$. In the $D2Q9$ model we use in this paper, ${\mathcal{N}}=8$ and the velocities ${\bm{e}}_{i}$ are [@rotzal; @chopardroz; @gladrow; @succibook] $$\begin{aligned}
{\bm{e}}_{0} & = & 0 \nonumber\\
{\bm{e}}_{i} & = & \left[\,\cos\frac{\pi(i-1)}{2}\, ,\,\sin\frac{\pi(i-1)}{2}\,
\right] c \rule{0mm}{8mm}
\label{eidef} \\ & & (i\,=\,1,\dots 4) \rule{0mm}{5mm}\nonumber \\
{\bm{e}}_{i} & = &
\left[\,\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\,+\,\frac{\pi(i-5)}{2}\right)\,
,\,\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\,+\,\frac{\pi(i-5)}{2}\right)
\right] c\sqrt{2} \rule{0mm}{8mm}\nonumber \\* & & (i\,=\,5,\dots 8)
\rule{0mm}{5mm} \nonumber\end{aligned}$$
The equilibrium distribution functions $f_{i}^{eq}=f_i^{eq}({\bm{x}},t)$ are expressed as series expansions of the Maxwellian distribution function, up to second order with respect to the local velocity ${\bm{u}}={\bm{u}}({\bm{x}},t)$, whose Cartesian components are $u_{\beta}$ [@qian]: $$f_{i}^{eq} = w_i\,n \left[ 1 + \frac{ {\bm{e}}_{i}\cdot
{\bm{u}}}{\chi c^2} + \frac{({\bm{e}}_{i}\cdot{\bm{u}})^2}{2{\chi}^2 c^4} -
\frac{({\bm{u}})^2}{2{\chi} c^2} \right]
\label{feqdef}$$ The weight coefficients are: $$\label{weights}
w_i\,=\,\left\{\,\begin{array}{ll}
\frac{\,4\,}{\,9\,} & (i\,=\,0)\\
\frac{\,1\,}{\,9\,} & (i\,=\,1,\dots 4) \rule{0mm}{7mm}\\
\frac{\,1\,}{\,36\,} & (i\,=\,5,\dots 8)\rule{0mm}{7mm}
\end{array}\right.$$ The local density $n=n({\bm{x}},t)$, as well as the components of the local velocity ${\bm{u}}$ which enter Eq. (\[feqdef\]), are calculated from the distribution functions as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
n & = & \sum_{i} f_{i} = \sum_{i} f_{i}^{eq} \\
u_{\beta} & = & \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i} f_{i}e_{i\beta} =
\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i} f_{i}^{eq} e_{i\beta}\end{aligned}$$
The force term in Eqs. (\[lbeqs\]) is given by [@luoprl98; @luopre00] $$F_{\beta} = \frac{1}{n}\partial_\beta (p^{i} - p^{w}) +
\kappa\partial_\beta (\nabla^2 n)
\label{forcedef}$$ where $$p^{i} = \theta n$$ and $$p^{w} = \frac{3\theta n}{3-n}-\frac{9}{8}n^2
\label{vdw}$$ are the non-dimensionalized pressures of the ideal and the van der Waals fluid, respectively [@ijmpc03]. With the equation of state in the form (\[vdw\]), the critical point is located at $\theta=1$ and $n=1$. The parameter $\kappa$ controls the surface tension [@theofanous2003]. The mass and momentum equations are recovered from Eqs. (\[lbeqs\]) after using the standard Chapman - Enskog procedure up to second order with respect to Knudsen number $Kn = c \tau / L$. These equations read [@gladrow; @succibook; @theofanous2003] $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_t n + \partial_{\beta}(nu_{\beta}) & = & 0
\label{physmass}\\
\partial_t(nu_{\alpha}) + \partial_{\beta}(nu_{\alpha}u_{\beta}) & = &
-\partial_{\alpha}p^w + \kappa n\partial_{\alpha}(\nabla^2 n)
\rule{0mm}{5mm}\label{physmom} \\
& + & \nu\partial_{\beta}\left[n\left(\partial_{\alpha}u_{\beta}+
\partial_{\beta}u_{\alpha}\right)\right] \rule{0mm}{5mm} \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $$\nu = \chi c^2\tau
\label{physnu}$$ is the [*physical value*]{} of the kinematic viscosity [@sosek2003]. The particular numerical scheme used to solve Eqs. (\[lbeqs\]) may introduce a spurious viscosity term that adds to the physical value, as seen in the next section. Finally, we note that the force term (\[forcedef\]) allows to recover the Navier - Stokes equation (\[physmom\]) where the pressure $p^w$ appearing on the r.h.s. is subjected to the van der Waals equation of state (\[vdw\]).
\[secfdschemes\]Finite difference schemes
=========================================
First-order upwind scheme
-------------------------
The set of phase space discretized equations (\[lbeqs\]) may be solved numerically by using an appropriate finite difference scheme defined on the lattice ${\mathcal{L}}$. Simple second-order schemes like the centered one or the Lax - Wendroff scheme [@leveque; @toro; @leveque2002] are unstable because of large values of the density gradient which may occur in the interface regions separating the liquid and vapor phases of the van der Waals fluid. The first-order upwind scheme, which is also used in LB models [@rotzal; @chopardroz; @gladrow; @succibook], is a good candidate because of its stability. When associated to the forward time stepping rule, this scheme gives the following updating rule for the distribution functions defined in node ${\bm{x}}\in{\mathcal{L}}$ [@sosek2003] $$\begin{aligned}
& & f_i({\bm{x}},t+\delta t) \, = \, f_i({\bm{x}},t) - \label{uprule}\\
& & \frac{c\delta t}{\delta s}
\left[f_i({\bm{x}},t)-f_i({\bm{x}}-\delta s{\bm{e}}_i/c,t)\right] +
\delta t Q_{i}({\bm{x}},t) \rule{0mm}{7mm}\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
& & Q_{i} = Q_{i}({\bm{x}},t) = \frac{1}{\theta}\times \rule{0mm}{7mm}\\
& & \left\{\frac{1}{n({\bm{x}},t)}
\partial_{\beta}\left[p^i({\bm{x}},t)-p^w({\bm{x}},t)\right]+
\kappa\partial_{\beta}\left[\nabla^{2} n({\bm{x}},t)\right]\right\}
\rule{0mm}{7mm}\nonumber\\
& & \times f_{i}^{eq}({\bm{x}},t)
\left[e_{i\beta}-u_{\beta}({\bm{x}},t)\right] - \frac{1}{\tau}
\left[f_{i}({\bm{x}},t)-f_{i}^{eq}({\bm{x}},t)\right] ,
\rule{0mm}{7mm}\nonumber\\
& & i = 0,1,\ldots {\mathcal{N}} \rule{0mm}{6mm}\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
As discussed in Ref. [@sosek2003], finite difference schemes introduce spurious numerical terms in the conservation equations. This happens because the [*real*]{} evolution equations recovered (up to second order in space and time) from the updating rules (\[uprule\]) are $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_{t}f_i+\phi\partial_{t}^2 f_{i}+e_{i\beta}\partial_{\beta}f_i
-\psi\partial_{\beta}\partial_{\gamma}e_{i\beta}e_{i\gamma}f_{i} & = &
Q_{i} ,\nonumber\\
i = 0,1,\ldots {\mathcal{N}} & & \rule{0mm}{5mm}
\label{lbeqsreal}\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\phi & = & \frac{\delta t}{2} \label{phidef}\\
\psi & = & \frac{\delta s}{2c} \rule{0mm}{6mm}\label{psidef}\end{aligned}$$ We get the following form of the conservation equations up to second order in the Knudsen number: $$\partial_t n + \partial_{\beta}(nu_{\beta}) =
(\psi - \phi) \partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\beta}
\left [ \chi c^2 n \delta_{\alpha \beta} + n u_{\alpha} u_{\beta}
\right ]
\label{apmass}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_t(n u_{\alpha}) & + & \partial_{\beta}(n u_{\alpha} u_{\beta}) =
-\partial_{\alpha}p^w + \kappa n \partial_{\alpha}(\nabla^2 n)
\rule{0mm}{7mm}\label{apmom} \\
& + & \nu_{ap}
\partial_{\beta}\left[n\left(\partial_{\alpha}u_{\beta}+
\partial_{\beta}u_{\alpha}\right)\right]
\rule{0mm}{6mm}\nonumber\\
& + & \chi c^2 (\psi - \phi)
\partial_{\beta}
\left[ \partial_{\alpha} (n u_{\beta}) + u_{\beta} \partial_{\alpha} n
+ u_{\alpha} \partial_{\beta} n
\right]
\rule{0mm}{6mm}\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Thus, the finite difference scheme introduces spurious terms, depending on the quantity $(\psi - \phi)$, in both the conservation equations (compare with Eqs. (\[physmass\])-(\[physmom\])), while the physical value (\[physnu\]) of the kinematic viscosity is replaced by the [*apparent value*]{} [@sosek2003] $$\nu_{ap} = \chi c^2 (\tau+\psi)
\label{apnu}$$ One could use $\delta s$, $\delta t$, and $c$ such that $\psi=\phi
\Leftrightarrow \delta s = c \delta t$ and remove spurious terms in the Eqs. (\[apmass\])-(\[apmom\]). In this case it would be $\nu_{ap} = \chi c^2 (\tau + \delta t / 2)$. In order to maintain the apparent value of the viscosity close to the physical one and allow very small values of $\nu$, one should require $\delta t \ll \tau$. Since the condition $\psi=\phi$ is equivalent to ask $N = L / c \delta t$, one should have $N \stackrel{>}{\sim} 10^{4}$ when $\tau \stackrel{<}{\sim} 10^{-3}$, being $ c \simeq L \simeq 1$. This would require a huge computational effort when doing $2D$ or $3D$ simulations using the first order upwind FDLB model. Higher order flux limiter schemes provide a possibility to overcome this problem giving a better stability. As we will see further, these schemes improve the accuracy of the FDLB simulations with respect to the upwind scheme, for the same value of the number $N$ of lattice nodes.
As a matter of comparison we recall that the “collide and stream” LB model is equivalent to an upwind FDLB model, when also the relaxation term is calculated on the characteristics line [@sosek2003] and the choice $\delta s = c \delta t$ is adopted. The resulting apparent value of the viscosity is $\nu_{ap} = \chi c^2 (\tau - \delta t / 2)$. For this reason the “collide and stream” LB model suffers mainly from the lack of stability when $\tau \simeq \delta t / 2$ so that very low values of viscosity cannot be accessed [@theofanous2003].
Flux limiter schemes
--------------------
Figure \[fchar\] shows two characteristics lines on the square lattice involving the distribution functions $f_{1}({\bm{x}},t)$ and $f_{5}({\bm{x}},t)$, respectively. For convenience, we denote $g_{i,j}^{k}$ the value of the quantity $g_{i}$ in node $j$ at time $t=k\delta t$. According to the general procedure to construct high order Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) schemes using flux limiters [@leveque; @toro; @leveque2002] we rewrite the updating rule (\[uprule\]) in a conservative form using two fluxes [@teng; @prorom; @cejp]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![Characteristics lines on the square lattice, for the directions ${\bm{e}}_1$ (a) and ${\bm{e}}_5$ (b).\[fchar\]](fig1a.eps "fig:"){width="0.42\columnwidth"} ![Characteristics lines on the square lattice, for the directions ${\bm{e}}_1$ (a) and ${\bm{e}}_5$ (b).\[fchar\]](fig1b.eps "fig:"){width="0.42\columnwidth"}
(a) (b)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$$f_{i,j}^{k+1} = f_{i,j}^{k} - \frac{c\delta t}{\delta s}
\left[ F_{i,j+1/2}^{k} - F_{i,j-1/2}^{k} \right] + \delta t Q_{i,j}^{k}
\label{conser}$$
where $$F_{i,j+1/2}^{k} =
f_{i,j}^{k}\,+\,\frac{1}{2} \left[ 1 - \frac{c\delta t}{\delta s} \right]
\,\left[f_{i,j+1}^{k} - f_{i,j}^{k} \right]\,
\Psi(\Theta_{i,j}^{k})
\label{fluxdef}$$ and $$F_{i,j-1/2}^{n} = F_{i,(j-1)+1/2}^{n}$$ The flux limiter $\Psi(\Theta_{i,j}^{n})$ introduced in (\[fluxdef\]) is expressed as a function of the [*smoothness*]{} $$\Theta_{i,j}^{n} =
\frac{f_{i,j}^{n} - f_{i,j-1}^{n}}
{f_{i,j+1}^{n} - f_{i,j}^{n}}
\label{smoothness}$$ In particular, the second order Lax - Wendroff scheme is recovered for $\Psi(\Theta_{i,j}^{n})\,=\,1$. The upwind scheme, described in the previous subsection, is recovered as another particular case, when $\Psi(\Theta_{i,j}^{n})\,=\,0$. A wide choice of flux limiters are at our disposal in the literature [@leveque; @toro; @leveque2002]. LB simulations reported in this paper were done using the Monitorized Central Difference (MCD) limiter [@leveque] $$\Psi(\Theta_{i,j}^{n})\,=\,\left\{\begin{array}{ccl}
0 & , & \Theta_{i,j}^{n} \le 0 \\
2\Theta_{i,j}^{n} & , & 0 \le \Theta_{i,j}^{n} \le \frac{\,1\,}{\,3\,}
\rule{0mm}{10mm}\\
\frac{{\displaystyle{ 1 + \Theta_{i,j}^{n} }}}
{{\displaystyle{ 2 }}} & , &
\frac{1}{3} \le \Theta_{i,j}^{n} \le 3 \rule{0mm}{10mm} \\
2 & , & 3 \le \Theta_{i,j}^{n} \rule{0mm}{10mm}
\end{array}\right.
\label{mcd}$$ but other limiters give qualitatively similar results.
Eqs. (\[conser\]) satisfy the global particle and momentum conservation. When using the first order upwind scheme, the spurious terms introduced in the mass and momentum conservation equations are linearly dependent on the lattice spacing $\delta s$. Since flux limiter schemes are adapting themselves to the local smoothness (\[smoothness\]) of the distribution functions, it is rather cumbersome to derive analytical expressions of the spurious numerical term $\psi$ in these cases. LB simulations of diffusion phenomena done using flux limiter schemes suggest a second order dependence of the value $\psi$ on the lattice spacing $\delta s$ [@diffusivity] such that $\psi = (\delta s)^2 / 2 c L$ and the apparent value of the kinematic viscosity (\[apnu\]) becomes $$\nu_{ap\_flux}\,= \,\chi c^2 \left[\,\tau +
\frac{(\delta s)^2}{2cL}\,\right]
\label{apdif2}$$ When the lattice spacing is a small quantity, the use of flux limiter schemes is expected to improve the accuracy of FDLB simulations as well as the stability.
A different approach that allows to avoid spurious terms in the conservation equations is provided by the volumetric LB scheme introduced in Ref. [@chen1998] which satisfies detailed balance and achieves the desired order of accuracy. We will refer to the fractional version of the aforementioned scheme constructed in the case of a homogeneous fluid on a uniform mesh [@chen2001] since we are using a regular and uniform lattice. In the scheme proposed in Ref. [@chen2001] the value of the viscosity can be reduced with respect to the “collide and stream” LB and the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy number $CFL = c \delta t / \delta s$ can be smaller than 1. Moreover, some unphysical spurious invariants are removed. Our scheme can have very small values of viscosity since the numerical contribution to the value of viscosity, proportional to $\psi$, can be reduced and made much smaller than the physical term, proportional to $\tau$, without having stability problems. This depends on the fact the in finite difference schemes the values of $\delta s$ and $\delta t$ can be set independently from the value of $c$. Our choice of $\delta t$ and $\delta s$ is such to guarantee that the $CFL$ number is much less than 1 and that the unavoidable spurious terms, introduced by the numerical scheme and proportional to $(\psi - \phi)$, can be done as small as desired.
\[secresults\]Simulation results
================================
In this Section we report the results of our simulations. For all runs we used $N=1024$, $\delta s = 1/256$, and $\delta t = 10^{-5}$. In the following, lengths are expressed in units of lattice spacing and time is expressed as the product of algorithm steps by $\delta t$. All quenches below the critical temperature were to the temperature $\theta = 0.79$ where the coexisting densities are $n_{liquid} = 1.956$ and $n_{vapor} = 0.226$. Each simulation was started with small fluctuations ($0.1 \%$) in the density about a mean value ${\hat n}$ that was either symmetric (${\hat n} = 1.09$, liquid fraction $\beta=0.5$) or slightly off-symmetric (${\hat n} = 1.0$, $\beta=0.45$). The parameter $\kappa$ controlling the surface tension was set to $5 \times 10^{-6}$ to have an interface thickness of $ \sim 6 $ lattice spacings. The viscosity was varied by changing $\tau$. We fixed an upper bound of $\tau$ by the following argument. It is well known that the continuum hypothesis and the Navier - Stokes equation are valid only for small values of the Knudsen number $Kn$ [@beskok]. Since $Kn = c\tau / L$ and $c \simeq L \simeq 1$ in our simulations, this means $\tau \stackrel{<}{\sim} 10^{-2}$. We implemented the upwind and the flux limiter schemes and compared results when $\tau = 10^{-4}$. In this case the spurious numerical contribution of the upwind scheme is larger than the physical one. Numerical contributions get negligible when the flux limiter scheme is considered instead. Therefore one expects to observe qualitative and quantitative differences. We used also the value $\tau = 10^{-3}$ with the flux limiter scheme to access a higher viscosity regime.
In order to have different and independent tools to estimate the domains size we used the following quantities: $R_1(t)$, the inverse of the length of the interfaces of domains, measured by counting lattice points where the order parameter $\rho({\bm x},t) = n({\bm x},t) - {\hat n}$ is such that $\rho({\bm x},t) \rho({\bm x'},t)< 0$; $R_2(t)$, the inverse of the first moment of the spherically averaged structure factor $$R_2(t) = \pi \frac{\int C(k,t) dk}{\int k C(k,t) dk} ,$$ where $k = |{\bm k}|$ is the modulus of the wave vector in Fourier space, and $$C(k,t) = < {\tilde \rho}({\bm k},t) {\tilde \rho}(-{\bm k},t) >$$ with ${\tilde \rho}({\bm k},t)$ the spatial Fourier transform of the order parameter $\rho({\bm x},t)$. The angle brackets denote an average over a shell in ${\bm k}$ space at fixed $k$. The last quantity $R_3(t)$ is defined as the inverse of the first moment of the spherically averaged structure factor of the fluid velocity $$R_3(t) = \pi \frac{\int C_u(k,t) dk}{\int k C_u(k,t) dk}$$ with $C_u(k,t)=< |{\bm {\tilde u}}({\bm k})|^2 >$. In all the figures $R_1$ was multiplied by $4,000,000$ to be shown in the same plot with $R_2$ and $R_3$.
In Fig. \[figraggifllow\] we present the three measures of domains size as function of time for the case $\tau=10^{-4}$ with flux limiter scheme, and symmetric composition. It is interesting to note that $R_2$ and $R_3$ have the same trend, with a similar prefactor. This feature holds for all the runs we considered. This last point is not obvious [*a priori*]{}. After a swift initial growth the evolution of all quantities suggests the existence of the growth exponent $2/3$. This is in accordance with previous studies on symmetric liquid-vapor systems at low viscosity [@osborn] when hydrodynamic flow is operating. In this regime hydrodynamics is the mechanism to get domains circular since the flow is driven by the difference in Laplace pressure between points of different curvature on the boundary of domains.
![Evolution of domains size recovered for $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$ with the flux limiter scheme: $R_1$ ($\triangle$), $R_2$ ($\circ$), $R_3$ ($\bullet$). $R$’s are measured in lattice spacings and $R_1$ has been multiplied by 4,000,000 to be shown in the same plot. The straight line has slope $2/3$. []{data-label="figraggifllow"}](fig2.eps){width="0.9\columnwidth"}
This remark is confirmed when looking at configurations of the density $n$. In Fig. \[figplotfllow\] we show contour plots of a part of the whole system at consecutive times. The vapor bubble in the down left corner at $t=12$, while evaporating, is rounded by the flow as it can be seen by comparing it with the shape at $t=15$.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfllow"}](fig3a.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"} ![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfllow"}](fig3b.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"}
t=1 t=6
![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfllow"}](fig3c.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"} ![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfllow"}](fig3d.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"}
t=12 t=15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An indication about the velocity field comes from the structure factor $C_u(k,t)$. In Fig. \[figfattstrfllow\] we plot it at time $t=15$. It exhibits a structure at a scale comparable with system size. All velocity components decay becoming small at low wavelengths and contributing little to the overall dynamics. A small bump can be seen at wavelength $ \sim 8$ corresponding to capillary motion at interface length scale. A similar behavior was observed in binary fluids [@kendon].
![Velocity structure factor $C_u(k)$ at time $t=15$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. $C_u(k)$ is in arbitrary units and the wavelength is measured in lattice spacings.[]{data-label="figfattstrfllow"}](fig4.eps){width="0.9\columnwidth"}
In the case with the upwind scheme the estimation of the growth exponent is more difficult since data are noisy and none of the $R$’s shows a clear trend. From Fig. \[figraggiuwlow\] it seems the system enters a late regime characterized by an exponent consistent with the value $1/2$.
![Evolution of domains size in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$ and the upwind scheme: $R_1$ ($\triangle$), $R_2$ ($\circ$), $R_3$ ($\bullet$). $R$’s are measured in lattice spacings and $R_1$ as been rescaled by 4,000,000 to be shown in the same plot. The straight line has slope $1/2$.[]{data-label="figraggiuwlow"}](fig5.eps){width="0.9\columnwidth"}
We believe that this behavior is due to spurious terms in the macroscopic equations that are considerably larger when using the upwind scheme than in the case with flux limiter. These terms produce a numerical diffusivity when they are not negligible. This is confirmed by the analysis of the velocity fields in the two cases. In Fig. \[figvellow\] we plot the order parameter $\rho$ and velocity modulus $u$ along a horizontal cross section of the system taken at the same long time. Two comments are in order here. It is quite unavoidable to have spurious velocities at interfaces where density gradients are present with LB models (irrespectively of the particular model used [@houshan97]). And also the present model shows this unpleasant feature. Nonetheless it is evident that the flux limiter scheme allows to dump considerably these spurious contributions. Indeed, with flux limiter the maximum value of velocity at interface is $ 0.13$ ($Ma = u / c_s = 0.14$) while with the upwind it is about 2 times larger being $ 0.23$ ($Ma = 0.26$). The high value of the Mach number $Ma$ makes the expansions (\[feqdef\]) less reliable with the upwind scheme.
![Order parameter $\rho$ (dashed line) and velocity modulus $u$ (full line) profiles are shown along the line taken at $y=256$ lattice spacings from bottom at time $t=20$ for the upwind scheme (upper panel) and flux limiter scheme (lower panel) with $\tau=10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$.[]{data-label="figvellow"}](fig6a.eps "fig:"){width="0.95\columnwidth"}\
![Order parameter $\rho$ (dashed line) and velocity modulus $u$ (full line) profiles are shown along the line taken at $y=256$ lattice spacings from bottom at time $t=20$ for the upwind scheme (upper panel) and flux limiter scheme (lower panel) with $\tau=10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.5$.[]{data-label="figvellow"}](fig6b.eps "fig:"){width="0.95\columnwidth"}
Due to the better performance of the flux limiter scheme we decided to adopt it for further simulations. In Fig. \[figraggiflhigh\] we plot the three measures of domains size as function of time for the case $\tau=10^{-3}$ with symmetric composition. After initial growth all the quantities suggest the existence of the growth exponent $1/2$. This is in accordance with previous studies on liquid-vapor systems at high viscosity [@osborn] at symmetric composition when growth is expected to be described by the Allen-Cahn theory of interfaces dynamics which gives an exponent $1/2$ [@allen] and hydrodynamics is not operating. Due to limits imposed by system size we cannot access very long times to probe whether the hydrodynamic regime is the late regime as previously argued [@osborn].
![Evolution of domains size in the case with $\tau = 10^{-3}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme: $R_1$ ($\triangle$), $R_2$ ($\circ$), $R_3$ ($\bullet$). $R$’s are measured in lattice spacings and $R_1$ as been multiplied by 4,000,000 to be shown in the same plot. The straight line has slope $1/2$.[]{data-label="figraggiflhigh"}](fig7.eps){width="0.9\columnwidth"}
Fig. \[figplotflhigh\] shows density contour plots at consecutive times. Growth seems to be mainly driven by evaporation of vapor domains.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-3}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotflhigh"}](fig8a.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"} ![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-3}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotflhigh"}](fig8b.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"}
t=1 t=6
![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-3}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotflhigh"}](fig8c.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"} ![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-3}$, $\beta=0.5$ and flux limiter scheme. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotflhigh"}](fig8d.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"}
t=12 t=15
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, we considered the case of an off-symmetric system with a liquid fraction $\beta=0.45$. In Fig. \[figraggifloff\] we plot the three measures of domains size as function of time for the case $\tau=10^{-4}$. After the initial growth all the quantities suggest the existence of a growth exponent $2/3$ which quite soon changes to $1/2$. In previous studies with a free-energy LB model it was found the growth exponent to be $2/3$ with liquid fraction $\beta=0.31$ [@osborn] and $2/3$ crossing over to $1/2$ at $\beta=0.17$ [@mecke1]. The problem of off-symmetric liquid-vapor phase separation was recently addressed in Ref. [@warren]. There it was pointed out that in the case of a dispersion of liquid drops in vapor, the growth should proceed with an exponent $1/2$ and the result was proven in the case of highly asymmetric composition with $\beta=0.1$.
![Evolution of domains size in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.45$ and flux limiter scheme: $R_1$ ($\triangle$), $R_2$ ($\circ$), $R_3$ ($\bullet$). $R$’s are measured in lattice spacings and $R_1$ as been multiplied by 4,000,000 to be shown in the same plot. The straight lines have slopes $2/3$ and $1/2$.[]{data-label="figraggifloff"}](fig9.eps){width="0.9\columnwidth"}
We believe that we are probing a regime similar to that seen in two-dimensional binary fluids where, once hydrodynamics flow has made domains circular, Allen-Cahn growth takes over [@yeom]. This interpretation seems to be confirmed by configurations of the system, presented in Fig. \[figplotfloff\]. They show that liquid drops in the vapor matrix are almost circular at $t=6$ so that the hydrodynamic mechanism is no more effective.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.45$. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfloff"}](fig10a.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"} ![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.45$. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfloff"}](fig10b.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"}
t=1 t=3
![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.45$. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfloff"}](fig10c.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"} ![Contour plots of a portion $512 \times 512$ of the whole lattice of the density $n$ in the case with $\tau = 10^{-4}$, $\beta=0.45$. Color code: black/white $\rightarrow$ liquid/vapor.[]{data-label="figplotfloff"}](fig10d.eps "fig:"){width="0.43\columnwidth"}
t=6 t=10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusions
===========
The correct choice of the numerical scheme is essential to recover the real physics of a fluid system subjected to LB simulations. In the case of a liquid-vapor system we have seen that simulation results exhibit significant changes when the numerical contribution of the finite difference scheme to the apparent value of the transport coefficients becomes comparable with the expected physical value. The numerical contribution of the first order upwind scheme is linearly dependent on the lattice spacing $\delta s$ and switches to an higher order for the flux limiter scheme. Since $\delta s < 1$, the flux limiter scheme reduces the computing effort in terms of required lattice nodes and gives physical results which are more accurate for the same number of lattice nodes per unit length. Spurious velocities at interfaces can be considerably damped and very low viscosity systems can be simulated preserving numerical stability. The main limitation comes from the requirement of a small time step when very low values of viscosity are needed. To give an idea of the CPU time we report that our code takes 6 hours to perform $10^5$ algorithm steps by using 32 Xeon 3.055 GHz processors on the IBM Linux Cluster 1350 at CINECA [@cineca] with Myrinet IPC network and the Portable Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc 2.1.6) developed at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois [@petsc].
The model allowed to clarify the picture of phase separation in liquid-vapor system. We found that the growth exponent depends on either the fluid viscosity and the system composition. When liquid and vapor are present in the same amount, the growth exponent is $2/3$ and $1/2$ at low and high viscosity, respectively. When the liquid fraction is less abundant than the vapor one, we can access a late time regime at low viscosity. In this regime the hydrodynamic transport is no more effective so we are able to see the crossover from the exponent $2/3$ to $1/2$ which is characteristic of the Allen-Cahn growth mechanism.
Finally, we note that our results as well as previous ones have been obtained in the case of isothermal systems. It would be interesting to incorporate the energy conservation equation into the model to allow non uniform temperatures in the liquid-vapor system undergoing phase separation.
V.S. acknowledges financial support from the University of Bari and thanks the IAC - CNR, Sezione di Bari, for hospitality. Computer runs were done on the parallel computing clusters at the Department of Physics, University of Bari and at the CINECA Consortium for Supercomputing [@cineca] in Casalecchio di Reno (Bologna) under an INFM grant. This work has been partially supported by MIUR (PRIN-2002).
| |
Geometric String Art Designer (GSAD) is a tool to help you design string art creations. You can use this to:
- Create your own unique designs
- Analyse existing designs, without having to re-create it with pins and string
- Create drawing images or coloring images
Tutorial Overview
The tutorials for GSAD have been split into different topics:
- Overview and Design Approach (theory)
- Glossary of Shapes and Segments
- Overview of the GSAD software
- Adding Shapes to your design
- Adding Connections to your design
- Preview and Export Options
Overview and Design Approach
For Geometric String Art Designer, or GSAD, we developed a specific approach that will allow you a lot of flexibility when creating your design:
You can add different "shapes" to the canvas, such as squares, circles, polygons and lines.
Each shape has a number of "Segments", e.g. for a square you have the top, left, bottom and right.
In most cases each segment is split into two further (smaller) segments.
To add a string, you can add a connection between two segments. The following screenshot illustrates this:
In this image a square shape is used ("Square (1)"). Of this shape, the segments "Top" and "Left" are connected, resulting in the purple lines (the 'connection'). At the right of the screenshot you can see how the connection can be found in the list (or dropdown menu): "Square (1) Top - Square (1) Left".
Creating a design with GSAD means you have to add shapes, scale and position the shape, define the segments for each shape, and then add connections. These steps will be explained in detail in separate tutorials.
If you prefer to learn by doing, instead of reading, you can also:
- Click the "Demo" button and then look at the tabs for Shape and Connection, and make changes, or
- Go to the Shape tab, and click "New Shape", and add one or more shapes.
You can also go to Glossary of Shapes and Segments and read more about the shapes and segments. | https://help.bookpublishertools.com/faqs/geometric-string-art-designer-overview |
Just in time for the holidays… my friend Lisa brought the most delicious salty caramel Budino (Italian for pudding) to our party! The recipe comes from the restaurant, Barbuzzo in Philadelphia. Lisa found the cutest little jars at Sur la Table and presented these little gems… and they tasted better than they look! Even though I shouldn’t be eating dessert right now with holiday dresses to zipper and a vacation where I’ll need to don a bathing suit, I managed to eat it all up!
I loved it!!!!
Oh what fun.. After dessert we did a gift exchange!!!
CARAMEL BUDINO WITH SALTED CARAMEL SAUCE
INGREDIENTS
- Cookie Crust
- 1 cup finely ground chocolate cookie crumbs (such as Nabisco Famous Chocolate Wafers; about 20 cookies)
- 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
- 1/8 teaspoon kosher salt
- Budino:
- 3 cups whole milk, divided
- 1/4 cup cornstarch
- 3/4 cup (packed) dark brown sugar
- 5 large egg yolks
- 3 tablespoons unsalted butter
- 2 teaspoons dark rum
- 1 teaspoon kosher salt Salted Caramel Sauce:
- 3/4 cup plus 2 tablespoons heavy cream
- 1/2 vanilla bean, split lengthwise
- 1/2 cup sugar
- 2 tablespoons light corn syrup
- 4 tablespoons (1/2 stick) chilled unsalted butter, cut into 1/2″ cubes:
- 1/4 teaspoon kosher salt
- Lightly sweetened whipped cream
PREPARATION
For Cookie Crust:
- Mix cookie crumbs, butter, and salt in a medium bowl. Place 2 tablespoons in a small bowl; cover and chill for garnish. Press 2 tablespoons cookie mixture onto the bottom of each of eight 8-ounce mason jars or ramekins.
- For Budino:
- Whisk 1/2 cup milk and cornstarch in a small bowl; set aside. Heat remaining 2 1/2 cups milk in a small saucepan just to a simmer; set aside. To make caramel stir sugar and 3/4 cup water in a heavy saucepan over medium heat until sugar dissolves. Increase heat; cook without stirring until thermometer reads 210°F-220°F.Line a sieve with a double layer of cheesecloth and set over a large pitcher. Whisk egg yolks in a large bowl. Gradually whisk in hot milk, then cornstarch mixture. Slowly whisk in caramel. Return mixture to saucepan. Whisk constantly over medium heat until mixture thickens and an instantread thermometer registers 175°F, about 3 minutes. Remove from heat; whisk in butter, rum, and salt. Pour through prepared sieve only if lumpy.
- Pour 1/2 cup budino over crust in each jar, Cover; chill until set, 4-5 hours. DO AHEAD: Can be made 1 day ahead. Keep chilled.
- For Salted Carmel: DO AHEAD: Can be made 1 day ahead. Keep chilled in glass jar and heat up in a pan of warm water on the stove before topping.
- Place cream in a small pitcher. Scrape in seeds from vanilla bean; add bean. Set aside.
- Stir in sugar, corn syrup, and 2 tablespoons water in a heavy saucepan over medium heat until sugar dissolves. Increase heat to medium-high; boil, occasionally swirling pan and brushing down sides with a wet pastry brush, until deep amber color forms, 5-6 minutes. Remove from heat; gradually add vanilla cream (mixture will bubble vigorously). Whisk over medium heat until smooth and thick, about 2 minutes. Remove fromheat; whisk in cold butter and salt. Strain ingto a heatproof measuring cup. Let cool slightly.
- Spoon 2 tablespoons caramel sauce over each budino. Sprinkle each budino with Maldon Finishing Salt. Top with whipped cream. Sprinkle some of reserved cookie crumbs over each.
Lisa told me about Maldon Finishing Salt, I don’t have this, it’s just for finishing and it’s beautifully flaky! You can buy it at William Sonoma. | http://creatingtheperfectexperience.com/3368-2/ |
A hotel room in Yibin will generally set you back around £35 per night. This figure is an average and prices will vary according to the facilities, location and room availability at your desired hotel.
The cheapest month to book a hotel in Yibin is November. The cost of your room could be as much as 20% cheaper than in peak months.
At the moment the cheapest day to stay in a hotel in Yibin is Thursday, with Sunday being the most expensive.
Hostels in Yibin (including hotels rated 2 stars and below) cost £16 per person, per night on average. This is £19 per night cheaper than the average cost of hotels in Yibin.
With an average temperature of 10 °C and expected precipitation of 20 mm, December is a great month to explore the outdoors near Yibin. | https://www.momondo.co.uk/hotels/yibin |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What exercise with weights develops the chest muscles?
(a) Lateral raise.
(b) Pushups.
(c) Bench press.
(d) Dorsal stretch.
2. What should anyone over age 25 have before beginning a weight lifting program?
(a) A general medical checkup.
(b) New equipment.
(c) More carbohydrates.
(d) A vitamin regimen.
3. What body parts should be developed equally in a bodybuilding training program?
(a) Upper body, lower body, and abdominal area.
(b) The arms and legs.
(c) The torso and trunk.
(d) The brain and head.
4. What ensures a high energy level for a workout?
(a) Eating something two hours before beginning.
(b) Having a snack.
(c) Eating nothing before beginning.
(d) Eating something one hour before beginning.
5. In a freehand exercise routine, what can provide resistance in addition to free weights?
(a) Expensive weights.
(b) The weight of the equipment.
(c) An individual's own weight.
(d) Extra weights.
6. If you sit for two minutes between each accelerated training set, what happens?
(a) You lose your motivation.
(b) Blood circulation increases and muscle growth occurs.
(c) Blood circulation diminishes and muscle growth does not occur.
(d) Muscle growth occurs.
7. How can limitations in body type be overcome with respect to bodybuilding?
(a) The power of the mind.
(b) More intense training.
(c) New equipment.
(d) The right vitamins.
8. What factors have influenced the rapid evolution of bodybuilding in the 1970's?
(a) The quality of the gym exercise.
(b) The champions of the sport.
(c) Modern training methods, innovations in equipment, and improved knowledge of nutrition.
(d) Degree programs in weight training.
9. Who does Arnold learn is competing in the 1970 Mr. Olympia contest?
(a) Franco Columbu.
(b) Joe Weider.
(c) Reg Park.
(d) Sergio Oliva.
10. On what days in Schwarzenegger's plan do we focus on the back, chest, and shoulders?
(a) Tuesday and Friday.
(b) Monday and Wednesday.
(c) Tuesday and Thursday.
(d) Sunday and Wednesday.
11. What is exhaled each time resistance is experienced?
(a) Bacteria.
(b) Spit.
(c) Water.
(d) Breath.
12. What helps you keep from becoming muscle bound?
(a) Swimming after your weight workout.
(b) Stretching.
(c) Massage.
(d) Working out more.
13. What weight training exercise is performed on Mondays and Thursdays in Schwarzenegger's plan?
(a) Chin-ups.
(b) Rowing with bar.
(c) The wrist curl.
(d) Lateral raises.
14. What does Arnold provide Joe Weider in exchange for a car, apartment, and weekly salary?
(a) A ticket home.
(b) A new gym.
(c) His training methods and the rights to use Arnold's photographs in his magazine.
(d) New poses.
15. To what problem can sport-specific training lead?
(a) Imbalances in muscles and physique.
(b) Overuse of muscles.
(c) Calf injuries.
(d) Lactic acid buildup.
Short Answer Questions
1. In what freehand exercise do you touch the floor only with the chest, hands, and feet?
2. What creates muscle awareness during weight training?
3. How many sets and repetitions should you perform when starting weight training?
4. In what year does Arnold fall in love with Barbara?
5. What type of squats are recommended during weight training? | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/arnold/test2.html |
IBM’s Natural Language Supercomputer Watson Was Named After?
Answer: IBM’s First CEO
One of the best known Watsons around is literary figure John H. Watson, better known as Dr. Watson, and even better known by Sherlock Holmes penchant for ending statements to his loyal companion with “my dear Watson.” As such, it’s hardly a surprise that most people assume that IBM’s natural language supercomputer and famed Jeopardy contestant Watson was named after the puzzle solving literary figure.
While the name might double as a pleasant allusion to the literary figure, the computer was in fact named after a very real person: IBM’s first CEO and successful industrialist Thomas J. Watson. Watson oversaw the company from 1914 to 1956 and was influential in growing IBM into an international powerhouse that dominated the computation industry for most of the 20th century.
Image by Clockready. | https://www.howtogeek.com/trivia/ibms-natural-language-supercomputer-watson-was-named-after/ |
Q:
Avoiding use of 'instanceof'
I'm struggling with how I might avoid using instanceof() in some of my code. This contrived example somewhat captures the problem.
Class Meat extends Food;
Class Plant extends Food;
Class Animal;
Class Herbivore extends Animal
{
void eat( Plant food);
}
Class Carnivore extends Animal
{
void eat( Meat food);
}
Class Omnivore extends Animal
{
void eat(Food food);
}
Class Zoo
{
List<Animals> animals;
void receiveFood( Food food)
{
// only feed Plants to Herbivores and Meat to Carnivores
// feed either to Omnivores
}
}
Herbivores are only interested in Plants, Carnivores only in Meat and Omnivores both. When the Zoo receives Food it only makes sense to try to feed food to animals that eat that type of food.
I've thought of a few solutions, but all seem to depend on the use of instanceof() somewhere and my various refactorings just seem to move it around.
(1) I could implement eat( Food food) in Animal and each subclass could choose to ignore food that it doesn't eat, but that is inefficient and would require that each Animal subclass use instanceof() to test the type of food.
(2) I could keep three collections of animals in the Zoo based on the type of food they eat, but would still have to use instanceOf() to test the type of food to see which collection to feed it to. At least this would be more efficient as I wouldn't be feeding food to Animals that won't eat it.
I've thought of some other approaches, but again, they just seem to pass the instanceof() buck.
Any suggestions? Or would this (2, at least) be an acceptable use of instanceof()?
A:
The visitor pattern solves your problem. Here's the code:
public abstract class Animal {
public abstract void accept(AnimalVisitor visitor);
}
public interface AnimalVisitor {
public void visit(Omnivore omnivore);
public void visit(Herbivore herbivore);
public void visit(Carnivore carnivore);
}
public class Carnivore extends Animal {
@Override
public void accept(AnimalVisitor visitor) {
visitor.visit(this);
}
public void eat(Meat meat) {
System.out.println("Carnivore eating Meat...");
}
}
public class Herbivore extends Animal {
@Override
public void accept(AnimalVisitor visitor) {
visitor.visit(this);
}
public void eat(Plant plant) {
System.out.println("Herbivore eating Plant...");
}
}
public class Omnivore extends Animal {
@Override
public void accept(AnimalVisitor visitor) {
visitor.visit(this);
}
public void eat(Food food) {
System.out.println("Omnivore eating " + food.getClass().getSimpleName() + "...");
}
}
public abstract class Food implements AnimalVisitor {
public void visit(Omnivore omnivore) {
omnivore.eat(this);
}
}
public class Meat extends Food {
@Override
public void visit(Carnivore carnivore) {
carnivore.eat(this);
}
@Override
public void visit(Herbivore herbivore) {
// do nothing
}
}
public class Plant extends Food {
@Override
public void visit(Carnivore carnivore) {
// do nothing
}
@Override
public void visit(Herbivore herbivore) {
herbivore.eat(this);
}
}
public class Zoo {
private List<Animal> animals = new ArrayList<Animal>();
public void addAnimal(Animal animal) {
animals.add(animal);
}
public void receiveFood(Food food) {
for (Animal animal : animals) {
animal.accept(food);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Zoo zoo = new Zoo();
zoo.addAnimal(new Herbivore());
zoo.addAnimal(new Carnivore());
zoo.addAnimal(new Omnivore());
zoo.receiveFood(new Plant());
zoo.receiveFood(new Meat());
}
}
Running the Zoo demo prints
Herbivore eating Plant...
Omnivore eating Plant...
Carnivore eating Meat...
Omnivore eating Meat...
A:
In your case, if the consumer of the object must know certain things about that object (e.g. is it meat), include a property in your base class isMeat() and have concrete subclasses override the implementation of the base class method to return an appropriate value.
Leave that knowledge in the class itself, rather than in consumers of the class.
A:
A simple solution is when using multiple custom classes interacting with one another, just create isFood(), isAnimal(), isCarnivore(), etc. methods that return a boolean depending on which class they're in. It's not the prettiest but it gets the job done 100% of the time.
| |
The Deschutes County Sheriff’s Office has found a 49-year-old Bend woman who left her house barefoot and without her cell phone, wallet or glasses Tuesday night.
Dawn R. Garcia was found on private property off Glacier View Drive Thursday afternoon, slightly west from her home in the 64800 block of Hunnell Road south of Tumalo, said Sgt. William Bailey, a spokesman for the sheriff’s office. Medics were evaluating her around 4 p.m.
Garcia was last seen near her home around 9 p.m. Tuesday, and the sheriff’s office heard of a possible sighting near the intersection of U.S. Highway 97 and Tumalo Road.
The office made a similar request in early March during the search for missing Bend woman Sara Gomez, who still has not been found. | https://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/6263162-151/search-for-bend-woman-enters-third-day?referrer=story&referrer=popular |
The story of Barney, an awkward middle-schooler and Ron, his new walking, talking, digitally-connected device. Ron's malfunctions set against the backdrop of the social media age launch them on a journey to learn about true friendship.
1h 46min
Release Date: 22.10.2021
1h 46min
Release Date 22.10.2021
From the twisted minds of producers Peter Farrelly ("Hall Pass," "Shallow Hal") and Charles Wessler ("There's Something About Mary," "Dumb & Dumber"), comes "Movie 43"-- the outrageous new ensemble comedy starring some of the biggest names in Hollywood. "Movie 43" is not for the easily-offended and contains jaw-dropping, sometimes shockingly disturbing, but always entertaining intertwined storylines you'll have to see to believe.
1h 37min
Release Date: 18.01.2013
1h 37min
Release Date 18.01.2013
Paul Blart (Kevin James) is a single suburban dad, trying to make ends meet as a security officer at a New Jersey mall. Though no one else takes his job seriously, Paul considers himself on the front lines of safety. When a heist shuts down the megaplex, Jersey's most formidable mall cop will have to become a real cop to save the day. Columbia Pictures presents in association with Relativity Media a Hilarious action comedy PAUL BLART: MALL COP stars Kevin James, Jayma Mays, Keir O’Donnell, Bobby Cannavale, Stephen Rannazzisi, and Shirley Knight. Steve Carr directs. | https://www.forumcinemas.ee/eng/search/?query=Steve+Carr |
Original NESTLE® TOLL HOUSE® Dark Chocolate Chip Cookies
This classic favorite chocolate chip cookie gets deep, rich chocolate flavor with Nestle® Toll House® Dark Chocolate Morsels.
Gallery
Recipe Summary test
Ingredients
48
Original recipe yields 48 servings
Directions
Tips
* If omitting nuts, add 1 to 2 tablespoons of all-purpose flour.
PAN COOKIE VARIATION: Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Grease 15 x 10-inch jelly-roll pan. Prepare dough as above. Spread into prepared pan. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes or until golden brown. Cool in pan on wire rack. Makes 4 dozen bars.
FOR HIGH ALTITUDE BAKING (5,200 feet): Increase flour to 2 1/2 cups. Add 2 tsp. water with flour and reduce both granulated sugar and brown sugar to 2/3 cup each. Bake drop cookies for 8 to 10 minutes and pan cookie for 17 to 19 minutes.
Nutrition Facts
Per Serving: | https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/219003/original-nestle-toll-house-dark-chocolate-chip-cookies/ |
Build on your knowledge of Tetum, and further engage with the society, culture and history of Timor-Leste. Expand your vocabulary and gain the ability to talk about daily life, including chatting about people, transport, and work.
$1,500 $1,500
Your upfront cost: $0
Duration
14 weeks
Study method
100% Online
Available loans
- FEE-HELP
Assessments
100% online
Prior study
Required
Start dates
- 25 Jul 2022
QS RANKING 2022
1
Times Higher Education Ranking 2022
2
Subject details
On satisfying the requirements of this subject, students will have the knowledge and skills at an Advanced Beginner level of Tetum to:
- Use an active vocabulary of about 2000 items.
- Recognise and produce phrase and sentence structures to conduct simple conversations and the reading, writing, and translation of texts on a wide range of topics.
- Communicate in speaking and writing on a range of everyday topics, including animals, hospitals, transport, health, meetings, cars and accidents, describing people, education systems, and jobs.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the culture and everyday life of Timor‐Leste, including such topics as interpersonal relationships, the education system, and work life.
In order to achieve these learning outcomes, each week students are expected to study for five hours as follows:
- 90 minutes, before online class, working on the written and audio materials for the week, and, memorising the written and spoken forms of that week’s vocabulary
- 120 minutes, participating in class in the virtual class room
- 60 minutes, completing online follow-up exercises regarding listening, speaking, reading and writing skills and vocabulary
- 30 minutes, completing weekly assessment and quiz.
It is also expected that students should spend at least 5 hours of individual study practising the week’s written and spoken language forms and vocabulary and reviewing feedback on their work.
-
- 1. Bathroom
- 2. Cooking
- 3. Transport
- 4. Health
- 5. Animals and Birds
- 6. Describing People
- 7. Education
- 8. Job roles
- 9. Violence
- 10. Traffic and accidents
- 11. Meetings
You are recommended to have completed the following subjects(s) or have equivalent knowledge before starting this subject:
Others
Completion of TETM1003 Tetum 1 or demonstration of equivalent level through completion of a placement test. Students with prior knowledge of the language will be required to take a placement test. Students are not permitted to enrol in a subject that is lower than the level they achieve in the placement test, or a lower level than a subject they have already completed. Students without the appropriate level of proficiency for ANU-TETM1003 (Tetum 2) will be withdrawn from this subject and we will recommend an alternative subject at the correct level.
Additional requirements
- Equipment requirements - To successfully engage in this subject students will need the following: • Laptop or computer • Computer camera (either inbuilt or webcam) • Headset or headphones with microphone • Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome browser • Reliable internet access • Access to a scanner or smartphone
- Other requirements -
This is a fast paced academic course at a University level.
Tetum is the language of Timor-Leste. The study of Tetum is essential for anyone wishing to understand Timor-Leste's diverse society, vibrant culture and dynamic history. Timor-Leste is a close neighbour of Australia and ties between these two countries are increasing through bilateral initiatives and international security, trade and development projects.
Tetum is a spoken language, because prior to independence in 2002 most Timorese did not have access to education and literacy rates was low. Reading and writing in Tetum are important of course, but mainly to give students a strong foundation in speaking skills, and the emphasis in the course will be developing oral skills because Tetum is primarily an oral language.
The ANU offers a rare opportunity to complete a minor in Tetum. Students completing a minor in Tetum will be uniquely placed to engage with the Timorese people, state, and society.
The four courses needed to complete the minor are only offered online so can be studied from any location, but classes will be delivered on a weekly basis throughout the semester comprising of three-hour session. Students who complete this language minor will reach an Intermediate level of Tetum skills and knowledge.
In this course, students will build on the skills learned in Tetum 1. As in the preceding course, student will gain a practical command of basic spoken Tetum and a capacity to read in Tetum. By the end of this course, students should have a vocabulary of around 2000 of the most frequently used and useful Tetum words. Students will deepen their command of the main features of Tetum grammar, and learn how to discuss topics such as animals, people, transport, work and traffic.
Via face-to-face video at a set time prescribed by the University. Please be aware of potential time zone differences.
- Any chosen topic (Oral presentation) (10%)
- The four tests are worth 5% each or a total of 20% of your final assessment (20%)
- Oral test: any topic from lessons in Tetum 2 (20%)
- A translation to be done over the mid semester break (10%)
- Oral test: any chosen topic (30%)
- Class participation and activities (10%)
Current study term: 24 Jul 22 to 28 Oct 22
Check the learning management system (LMS) of your university for textbook details. | https://www.open.edu.au/subjects/australian-national-university-tetum-2-anu-tetm1003 |
Many of our teacher friends refer to lesson planning in their reflections, and each offers a unique reaction to the process of lesson planning. Jin, for instance, has observed that his teacher is able to move effortlessly through his lesson with natural transitions and no sign of a lesson plan. Lily expresses that although she has done her planning, she does not seem to be making progress due to classroom disruptions. Planning is a complex yet essential part of the teaching process that changes over time as teachers gain more hands-on experience..
How can beginner teachers best prepare themselves for the complex task of planning? Is planning in the language classroom different from that in other classrooms? What might be different? In this section we will discuss the importance of planning and explore some strategies that can be used when lesson planning.
|
|
back to...
Erinn's case study
Jin's case study
Lily's case study
Marguerite's case study
Why is it important to plan?
Research has shown that student learning is correlated to teacher planning. Why do you think this might be the case? One major explanation is that when a plan is ready, teachers can focus on its implementation. When teachers do not have to think so much about what they need to do next, they are able to focus on other parts of the lesson. This is especially important in SL/FL teaching where a teacher not only has to concentrate on the content being taught and learner needs but also on the use of the second language as well. This concept relates to the idea of cognitive capacity and cognitive load. In short, when a plan is prepared the teachers cognitive load is less and they can pay more attention to other aspects of the learning process. For more information on Cognitive Capacity and Load click here.
|It is said that teachers make over 200 decisions a minute. What might some of these decisions be?|
How should I structure my lessons?
The structure of a lesson will not be exactly the same every time you plan but instead will vary according to multiple factors. These factors include:
- The age and ability of the students
- The time of day
- The duration of the class
- The gender distribution in the class
- The class or group interest in the subject
- Where the lesson falls in the larger unit
Although the structure will be influenced by these various factors, there is one thing that can be done in every case- developing a ROUTINE. By creating a routine, the students know what to expect and therefore feel safer in the class. This is especially important in the SL/FL classroom where students need to feel comfortable taking risks and making mistakes. A typical routine may look like the following:
- Transition into the TL. Greetings, agenda of the day’s activities, a “do now” and/or informal chat
- Learning Time. Instruction, activities, exercises, work time, etc.
- Homework summary. Discussion of the day’s work and any homework or upcoming projects.
- Closure and farewell.
Once a routine is established, lesson plans can be more easily developed for each day. This is where more detail may come in useful, especially for beginning teachers.
|In your opinion what should be included in a lesson plan?|
The more experienced a teacher becomes, the less they may need to include in a lesson plan. What may take a beginner teacher 2 pages to explain might be covered in a post-it note for an experienced teacher. Although time consuming, it is important for beginner teachers use detail in their lessons as it can help to see the lesson in its entirety. Details might include:
- What is being taught & how it will be presented (Giving It)
- What the students will be doing (Getting it & Using it)
- How the lesson meets the broader goal (Planning Backwards)
- How activities will be chosen and sequences to help support learning (Scaffolding)
|
|
Watch the presentations below to find out more about Lesson Planning from Dr. B! (Video 1: 7:47; Video 2: 9:45)
What might a detailed lesson plan look like?
Learning to plan is just like learning any other skill- it takes time and practice. At first, lesson planning may seem like a time-consuming process but by creating detailed lesson plans as a beginner teacher one is able to develop routines that can become more automatic over time. When first learning how to plan it is important to be as detailed as possible. Let’s look at the anatomy of a detailed lesson plan.
Another step in learning to plan is reflecting on what worked and what did not. One way in which this can be done is through a comparison of a Lesson as Planned (LAP) and a Lesson as Taught (LAT). Let's look at an example.
1. What types of changes did this teacher make during the lesson?
2. Look at the predicted and actual timing; what types of activities took longer than expected/shorter than expected? | https://sites.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.bilash/Best%20of%20Bilash/lessonplanning.html |
Susan Anderson begins her 11th season as head coach at Central Missouri with a 312-229 record. Anderson was the fastest UCM softball coach to reach 100 wins, doing it in only three seasons.
Anderson collected her 200th win at UCM on April 14, 2013 against Lincoln and surpassed the 300 win total in 2015 with a 15-0 win over Concordia-St. Paul on March 20.
She was voted into the UCM Athletic Hall of Fame in February 2009 for her career at UCM on the field.
Anderson has been named MIAA Coach of the Year three times in her career. She has coached 15 first team all-conference members, and 97 MIAA Academic Honor Roll selections. She has also coached one conference MVP, eight All-Regions, four Academic All-Americans, four Academic All-Districts, and two All-Americans. In 2016, Ali Jo Rogers became the first Jennie to be named MIAA Defensive Player of the Year.
In 2016, Anderson coached the Jennies to their fourth straight winning season and ninth in her 10-year tenure. At 28-27, the Jennies finished sixth in the MIAA and qualified for the MIAA Tournament where they went 1-2. The Jennies had five All-MIAA honorees and 16 Jennies were selected to the MIAA Academic Honor Roll. Freshman Emily Robinson was named both First Team All-MIAA as a utility/pitcher and was also awarded the MIAA Academic Excellence Award.
2015 was not only Anderson’s best of her 17 year career, but one of the best in UCM history. The Jennies won 49 games, tied for the most all-time and reached the NCAA Elite Eight for the first time since 1994. They ran away with the MIAA regular season and also won the MIAA Tournament for the first time since 1997. The Jennies hosted and won the NCAA Central Regional, and went on to sweep Augustana on the road at the NCAA Super Regional. Anderson won her third career MIAA Coach of the Year and, along with her staff, was recognized by the NFCA as the Central Region Coaching Staff of the Year. She coached two All-MIAA First Teamers in Lauren Mabe and Katie Shockley and Shockley also went on to receive Academic All-American honors by CoSIDA. Mabe hit .414 for the season, the first .400 hitter for the Jennies since 2010. Shockley had one of the finest seasons for a UCM pitcher, setting a single-season record with 27 wins and pitching to a 2.11 ERA with 141 strikeouts.
In 2014, the Jennies finished the season with a 27-23 record and an MIAA mark of 14-12, good for a fifth place, regular season finish. The Jennies qualified for the MIAA Postseason Tournament for the seventh time in Anderson’s eight years at the helm. She coached senior Alex Groeger who last year received the prestigious NCAA Post-Graduate Scholoship.
She led the Jennies to a 29-25 overall record and 12-8 MIAA mark in 2011, finishing in a tie for seventh in the MIAA Postseason Tournament. The Jennies also excelled in the classroom and were first in NCAA Division-II in GPA with a 3.53 team GPA.
In 2010 the Jennies finished 26-27 overall and 10-10 in the MIAA. UCM went into the postseason conference tournament as the No. 4 seed and finished fourth.
In 2009, Anderson led the Jennies to a 36-14 overall record and an 18-2 conference mark, finishing first in the regular season and fourth in the conference tournament. The Jennies qualified for their third straight NCAA-II South Central Region Tournament.
In 2008, Anderson led the Jennies to a 36-22 overall record and 12-6 in the MIAA, good for second place. The Jennies finished second in the MIAA Tournament and qualified for the NCAA-II North Central Region tournament for the second consecutive season.
In her first season, Anderson led the Jennies to a 30-23 record, including a 14-4 conference record and a second place finish in the MIAA. The team took fifth in the MIAA tournament and advanced to the NCAA-II North Central Region tournament for the first time since 1997.
Prior to coming to UCM, Anderson was at MIAA rival Northwest Missouri for four seasons where she went 124-96. In 2006, she led the Bearcats to their first NCAA Tournament appearance since 1984. Anderson set a school record for wins in two different seasons including the most for a first-year leader in Northwest Missouri’s softball history with 30 in 2003.
Anderson was the head coach at Dakota State (S.D.) from 2001-02, where she picked up a 36-36 mark. In her second season, she set a school record for the 25-13 record, while taking the team to its first ever NAIA Regional Tournament.
From 1999-2000, Anderson was the head coach at St. Mary’s College (Kan.) where she made a turnaround effort. Her team went 6-21 in her first season to 15-19 the next year.
Anderson was a graduate assistant coach at the University of Central Missouri in 1998, where she also was a student-athlete from 1994-1997. As a player at UCM, Anderson (formerly Punzo) was a two-time All-American and led the Jennies to three MIAA titles (1994, 1995, and 1997). She was also a three-time all-conference performer, earning second-team honors as a sophomore and first-team accolades as both a junior and senior. She also got the job done in the classroom, making the MIAA All-Academic Team all four years and Academic All-American in 1997. She was the first UCM Softball player to receive the prestigious NCAA Post-Graduate Scholarship, with Groeger being the second in 2014.
Anderson, and her husband, Chauncey, reside in Warrensburg with their two daughters, Teagan and Landy. | http://www.jenniessoftballcamps.com/head-coach-susan-anderson.cfm |
This page describes how to use the free modelling tool Blender to produce 3D models which look correct in realtime 3D software. Although the emphasis is on the VTP software built on OSG, most of these instructions are also relevant for other OSG users and even other 3D runtimes.
There are lots of Blender tutorials which teach you how to build models and apply materials. However, they assume you will be rendering your scene inside Blender, using the non-realtime raytracer. Applying materials for realtime use is very different! Hence, this page.
Let's say you want to make a blue cube. You select your cube, bring up the Material buttons, and see something like this:
See the OB and ME? If the OB button is highlighted, it's showing you the material that's mapped to the Cube Object. If the ME button is highlighted (as it is in the picture), it's showing you the material that's mapped to the Cube Mesh.
This is an important distinction. You must map colored materials to the mesh (ME). Anything mapped to the object is ignored when you export your object.
You may see Blender tutorials and documentation describing how to map more than one material to a mesh (that 1 Mat 1 up there). Don't do it. Stick to one material. For example, with one blue material linked to your mesh, it will look like this:
That goes for textures as well. Use no more than one texture per mesh! Which brings us to:
Making a textured object is surprisingly very different from a simple colored object. To start with, you do not make a material. Instead, you use a very different Blender method of applying a texture.
Here is an example of texturing a cube. Select your object and change your mode to UV Face Select:
In this mode, you will map a texture onto your object using UV coordinates. There are several good tutorials on how to do this operation in Blender (BioRust UV Mapping, Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/UV Map Basics). What's important is to use the UV/Image Editor to apply the texture, using the command Image: Open:
Once the image is open, and you've done some UV mapping, then the texture should appear on your object in the 3D View, when you choose Draw type: Textured:
If you want to change the texture image later, go back to UV Face Select mode and use the UV/Image Editor to open another image.
Removing a texture might seem as simple as pressing that little X in the UV/Image Editor while UV editing your object. But there is another step! Select your object and use the buttons for Editing (F9). In the Mesh area, you will see the word TexFace and a button next to it which says Delete. Press Delete. Now the texture is really gone:
Blender comes with lots of export options. I count export to 27 different file formats in the current version! However, only a few of these work well as a way to transfer models to realtime rendering systems. In my testing, the following work the best with OSG:
- Collada 1.4 (.dae)
- OpenSceneGraph (.osg)
- Wavefront (.obj)
If you don't see .osg listed on your File: Export menu, you can get it from the osgexport page. Unzip it into your
.blender/scriptsfolder, and the next time you run Blender it should be there.
Each of the three formats has pros and cons. Here are a few issues to consider with each format.
- .dae:
- It's a new and complex file format, so not much software supports it yet.
- Standard OSG 1.1 doesn't read it by default, but there is a Collada reader available as a separate project.
- It's an XML format, so the files are rather big.
- .osg:
- Naturally, it's OSG-specific, which is fine if OSG/VTP is your only destination.
- It's also quite a bulky text format, although you can use CManager (VTP) or osgconv (OSG) to convert your .osg to a smaller, binary .ive file.
- .obj:
- It's a simple, ancient format, fairly limited, but widely supported.
- It doesn't support scene hierarchy, so all your coordinates will be "flattened" into a single space.
- Blender (in which the Z axis points up, or Z-up for short) writes OBJ files which are Z-up. OSG (by default) assumes .obj files are Y-up, so unless you take steps to deal with it, they will be turned 90 degrees.
Blender was primarily designed for making detailed, non-realtime scenes, rendered with a raytracer. It has a different way of thinking about material properties and lights, which doesn't quite fit with OpenGL (and hence OSG/VTP). However, osgexport has some options you can set to compensate for the difference.
Here is a quick list of what to do:
- When creating a material (for any normal colored surface - remember, textures don't use materials), in Blender's Material controls, set the color to 2/3 of the fully illuminated color you want. For example, if an object should be pure blue (0.0 0.0 1.0) on its lit surface, use (0.0 0.0 0.666).
- In the osgexport UI, turn on Ambient and TexMats:
- You can leave the values at the default (Ambient ration 0.5, TexMats diffuse 0.7 and ambient 0.3)
- Export!
Why these values?
For those interested, here is an explanation of why the above values produce good results, and how ambient lighting works in OpenGL, and the VTP software in particular.
Sometimes you get a whole model from someone else instead of creating a model from scratch. In that case, see How to fix Blender models for use with OSG/VTP. | http://vterrain.org/Doc/Blender/ |
Foreign Students at UEP
Each year, more and more students from abroad are interested in studying at UEP. There are students from 49 countries studying at UEP this semester.
Internationalization is one of the long-term priorities of UEP. Foreign students study in the Czech language or in study programs held in foreign languages.
In 2006, there were 2 546 foreign students studying – in Czech – at UEP’s six faculties; 1 750 of those studied at the bachelor level, 720 at the masters level and 76 at the doctoral level. The percentage of foreign students at UEP exceeds 14 %. Most foreign students come from the Slovak Republic, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus and Vietnam. The majority of them study at the Faculty of International Relations, the Faculty of Business Administration and the Faculty of Finance and Accounting.
Those students who study in foreign languages come to UEP in terms of exchange programs, joint degree study programs or paid study programs. The acceptance of foreign students at UEP is a necessity in order to also send UEP’s Czech students abroad. The Exchange program is based on the principle of reciprocity and without increasing the number of specialized courses in foreign languages, these bilateral agreements could not be realized. Similar to Czech students, foreign students have to pass education to the extent of 30 ECTS credits. The credits earned are then accepted by their home universities. For autumn semester 2007, UEP accepted 155 exchange students. Thirteen of them are studying in the CEMS program – a Joint Degree – Master in International Management.
There are a similar number of foreign students studying in the paid programs, which are focused on the specifics of doing business in Central Europe. CESP (Central and East European Studies Program) is a one or two semester long study program. This semester, there are more than 100 CESP students – mostly from the USA, Canada and Italy. In the masters study program called International Business – Central European Business Realities, there are 21 students in the first year and 14 students in the second year. Participating students are really multicultural – among others, they come from the Philippines, Taiwan, the USA, Finland, Greece, Ghana, Turkey and Palestine. This program is conceived as a double degree – select students gain a diploma from UEP as well as a diploma from the partner university. At the moment, the double degree is being pursued by the first group of three French students.
Prof. Ing. Hana Machková, CSc. | https://www.vse.cz/english/bulletin/95/ |
Tesla boss Elon Musk held on to his reputation of being one of Twitter's most unpredictable characters even after turning down a seat on the social media company's board.
His first reaction after the announcement was an emoji for coy laughter that was soon deleted.
Musk is no longer joining the board of Twitter, the CEO of the social media company said late Sunday, in a reversal less than a week after announcing the Tesla chief would be appointed.
Musk was named to join the Twitter board after buying a major stake in the firm and becoming its largest shareholder.
"Elon has decided not to join our board," Twitter CEO Parag Agrawal tweeted.
"Elon's appointment to the board was to become officially effective 4/9, but Elon shared that same morning he will no longer be joining the board," Agrawal said.
"I believe this is for the best."
Currently the world's richest man and with more than 80 million followers on the microblogging platform, Musk last week disclosed a purchase of 73.5 million shares -- or 9.2 per cent -- of Twitter's common stock.
"Elon is our biggest shareholder and we will remain open to his input," Agrawal added.
Billionaire tech entrepreneur Musk is a frequent Twitter user, regularly mixing in inflammatory and controversial statements about issues or other public figures with remarks that are whimsical or business-focused.
He has also sparred repeatedly with federal securities regulators, who cracked down on his social media use after a purported effort to take Tesla private in 2018 fell apart. | https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/elon-musks-on-brand-reaction-after-turning-down-twitter-board-seat-2877044 |
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Embattled FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe will sit for a transcribed interview on Thursday with two House committees investigating the bureau's handling of the Clinton email investigation last year.
The Justice Department confirmed the interview in a letter after two top Republicans requested McCabe be made available. McCabe will not be permitted to discuss special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation.
The requests on Tuesday from House Judiciary Chairman Bob Goodlatte of Virginia and Oversight Committee Chairman Trey Gowdy of South Carolina followed McCabe's seven-hour grilling from the House Intelligence Committee. He also faces heightening calls for his ouster.
The lawmakers also requested interviews with FBI chief of staff Jim Rybicki and Lisa Page, the FBI lawyer whose texts calling Trump an "idiot" made headlines earlier in December.
"Among other things, the Committees are investigating the circumstances surrounding the FBI's decision to publicly announce the investigation into former Secretary Clinton's handling of classified information, but not to publicly announce the investigation into campaign associates of then-candidate Donald Trump," the congressmen wrote in their letter to Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein.
Gowdy has predicted that McCabe will soon be dismissed.
"I will be a little bit surprised if he's still an employee of the FBI this time next week," Gowdy said last week on Fox News.
The Judiciary and Oversight committees opened a joint investigation into the Justice Department in October. Goodlatte has repeatedly called for the appointment of a special counsel to look into the department's decisions during the 2016 election, including the probe of Hillary Clinton's email.
The revelation of anti-Trump text messages exchanged by Page and Peter Strzok provided new life to Republican criticisms of the Justice Department. Mueller removed Strzok from his probe of Russian meddling in the 2016 election and Page left before Mueller reported seeing the texts.
"These text messages prove what we all suspected: High-ranking FBI officials involved in the Clinton investigation were personally invested in the outcome of the election, and clearly let their strong political opinions cloud their professional judgment," Goodlatte said at a House hearing with Rosenstein in December.
President Donald Trump has long been suspicious of McCabe, an ally of former FBI Director James Comey, whom Trump fired in May.
In July, the president posted a message to his Twitter account suggesting that Sessions should have fired McCabe, "a Comey friend who was in charge of the Clinton investigation."
The president has also criticized McCabe over donations his wife received during a 2015 campaign for Virginia state senate.
Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe, a close friend of Hillary Clinton, donated almost half a million dollars to Jill McCabe through his political organization. Later, McCabe would help oversee the Clinton email investigation.
Reuters contributed to this article. | https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/20/republicans-want-fbis-mccabe-to-answer-questions-on-clinton-emails.html |
Brain-machine interface systems can restore movement to disabled patients by turning their thoughts into movement, for example allowing them to move computer cursors or operate robotic limbs. These systems implant an electrode array in the brain to collect the neural activity and use a mathematical algorithm to estimate the subject’s intended movement from this activity in real time.
“To make these systems clinically-viable, their performance—how fast and accurately they can be operated by subjects—needs to significantly improve,” says Maryam Shanechi, Viterbi Early Career Chair in the Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, who works at the intersection of neuroscience and electrical engineering to develop neurotechnologies for treatment of neurological disorders.
However, the performance of neuroprosthetic algorithms, has plateaued since 2010, says Shanechi. “This creates the need to investigate and develop new designs to break through the existing plateau,” she says.
A new study by USC Professor Maryam Shanechi and UC Berkeley Professor Jose Carmena, and colleagues offers a new mathematical algorithm that significantly improves the speed and accuracy by which subjects can move a neuroprosthetic compared to existing systems. The study, “Rapid Control and Feedback Rates Enhance Neuroprosthetic Control,” appearing this month in Nature Communications, puts forth a new state-of-the-art algorithm for the neuroprosthetic field and helps pave the way for clinical viability.
This new algorithm was inspired by ideas from control theory, a branch of electrical engineering that can be used to investigate how movements are optimally controlled. The researchers set out to study whether allowing the brain to send control commands to the prosthetic at rapid rates, i.e., every millisecond, could improve neuroprosthetic performance. In order to test their hypotheses, they developed a new algorithm that for the first time, enabled subjects to operate the neuroprosthetic at rapid millisecond-by-millisecond time-scales.
The researchers recorded the subjects’ brain activity consisting of the spikes of 15-33 neurons. The spikes from each neuron indicate the time-points at which that neuron fires an action potential. They then used concepts from control theory to train and build a point process filter algorithm that modeled the spikes as a time-series of zeros and ones. A ‘zero’ at a given time indicated the absence of an action potential at that time. Similarly, a ‘one’ at a given time indicated the presence of an action potential at that time. By modeling the spikes in this way, their new algorithm allowed the subjects to move the position of a cursor on a computer display every millisecond unlike prior designs based on Kalman filter algorithms that moved at much slower time-scales, i.e., only once every 50-100 milliseconds.
Using this new neuroprosthetic, the researchers tested whether the increased control rates could improve subjects’ speed and accuracy in performing various cursor movement tasks on a computer screen, e.g., moving from one target location to another or avoiding obstacles during movements. The hope was that their novel approach would account for the speed at which the brain could put out commands to move the cursor.
What they found was that increasing the control rate by allowing the brain to rapidly send control commands to the cursor enhanced neuroprosthetic performance—enabling subjects to perform the task faster and more accurately. Moreover, increasing the feedback rate by rapidly displaying the cursor movement to the subject further improved their performance. These results showed that the subjects’ brains did in fact have the ability to exploit a faster rate of control and a faster rate of feedback than existing neuroprosthetics were allowing. Comparing to the standard Kalman filter algorithm, they showed that their new algorithm increased performance by 32 percent on average across months of experiments.
This new neuroprosthetic presents a major departure from previous designs.
“Operating a computer interface faster will provide paralyzed or “locked-in” patients with an effective way to communicate with the outside world, for example to surf the web or to type,” Shanechi says.
“This could significantly improve the quality of life and autonomy for millions of disabled patients.” she adds..
The research could also have implications for the control of higher-dimensional robotic arms. The next step forward is to move the research into human clinical trials.
“We are very excited about this research since it not only shows the possibility to improve neuroprosthetic performance over existing techniques, but also dissociates the reasons behind this performance improvement thus providing principled design guidelines for future neurotechnologies., says Shanechi.
This work was funded by National Science Foundation grant EFRI-M3C 1137267 (J.M.C.), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency contract N66001-10-C-2008 (J.M.C.) and National Science Foundation CAREER Award CCF-1453868 (M.M.S.).
For this study no testing of animals was conducted at USC. USC is a leader in the ethical and humane use of animals for research and teaching and is fully accredited by the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International (AAALAC) and has an animal welfare assurance on file with the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. | https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2017/01/novel-brain-machine-interface-design-sets-new-state-art-neuroprosthetics/ |
My girlfriend and I have been experimenting with making different flavors of chocolate truffles. One difficulty with this is that different flavorings have different amounts of sugar, meaning we need to adjust the amount of other sweetening in the truffle to keep it from being overly sweet or bitter (usually by changing the ratio of unsweetened to semisweet chocolate). Obviously getting the sweetness exactly right is going to take some experimentation, but we'd like to be able to start by making the total amount of sugar in each truffle the same, no matter what flavor it is.
We can figure out approximately how sweet most flavorings are are by using their "Nutrition Facts" labels. Unfortunately, alcoholic drinks don't come with these labels, which means we need a different strategy for liqueur-flavored truffles. Neither of us drinks very much alcohol, so we don't have a very good intuition for which potential flavors might be sweeter. Googling gives several sites with widely varying numbers, and I don't know which ones to trust. For example, this site claims an ounce of Kahlua has 11.2 g of sugar, while this site claims it's 15 g.
Is there a good way to determine how much sugar is in a given liqueur? Ideally, I would like either a pointer to a reliable source, or a simple experiment I could do myself to determine sugar content. | http://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/41757/determining-sugar-content-of-liqueurs/41768 |
This image taken Oct. 15 shows a roasted vegetable quiche.
Lemon pecan mousse cake is shown in Concord, N.H.
Vegetarians have long known a Thanksgiving secret the rest of us are reluctant to admit -- it's all about the side dishes.
Think about it. Once you've taken the obligatory slice of turkey, a dutiful spoonful of gravy and maybe haggled a bit over the dark meat, what you really want is more stuffing. More mashed anything. More syrupy sweet potatoes. And definitely more pie. Pie of any kind.
"Absence of turkey can be a very positive thing," says New York Times food columnist Mark Bittman, whose upcoming book, "VB6: Eat Vegan Before 6:00," is dedicated to learning to make do with less meat. "Most people have roughly 360 dinners a year that have 'absence of turkey.' We eat it on Thanksgiving because we're supposed to."
But if you take the bird off the table, is it still Thanksgiving? You could go with Bittman's preferred solution -- get an inflatable turkey as a mock centerpiece -- or follow the advice of chefs who have made vegetable cookery an art form. Approach the holiday as the celebration it is, they say, and turn all your creative juices onto the vegetables and grains.
Offer dishes that are rich in flavor and fat, and, if you really need an anchor for the meal, create another dish as a centerpiece.
"Choose one of the bigger vegetables and make something out of it," says Amanda Cohen, chef-owner of the New York City restaurant Dirt Candy, and author of the cookbook of the same name. "Take cauliflower and spend a moment. Smoke it, season it, batter and deep fry it. Bigger pieces of vegetable are really going to replicate the idea of a centerpiece."
Acorn squash or sugar pumpkins stuffed with wild rice or other grains, carrots, celery, onions, nuts, dried cranberries and a tiny dice of hickory smoked tofu also make a flavorful, celebratory main dish, says Diane Morgan, author of two books on Thanksgiving and a new volume on root vegetables called "Roots" (Chronicle Books, 2012).
A lasagna of sliced sugar pumpkin layered with ricotta and crumbled fried sage, she says, also offers an impressive make-ahead dish that will have you forgetting there ever was talk of a turkey.
With the centerpiece nailed, proceed as usual. Surround that dish with all the traditional sides -- stuffing, mashed potatoes, those gooey sweet potatoes and roasted Brussels sprouts. You want gravy? Make it with a stock of roasted root vegetables, Morgan says, and pour it all over your potatoes. Use as much butter, salt and cream as you normally would on Thanksgiving, knowing that those are the elements that put the "comfort" in "comfort food."
"Fat is the operative word," Bittman says. "You can make a really great stuffing with a lot of butter. Creamed onions, creamed spinach. Of the things people think of when they think of Thanksgiving food, only the turkey is really meat."
Colors and textures also add interest to the meal. Vary these. If you're making traditional mashed potatoes, Morgan says, maybe cut your sweet potatoes into spears and roast them. Use a number of different techniques -- roasting, braising, stir-frying -- to cook your green vegetables. Instead of puréeing the squash, cut it in half and roast it for a more dramatic presentation.
"Then it's a large canoe shape on the plate," Morgan says. "That makes for more interest than these piles of things on the plate that all appear as side dishes."
And, of course, pull out all the creative stops, exploring the different textures and properties you can coax from each vegetable. At her restaurant, Cohen often incorporates different components of a vegetable in a single dish. She adds corn and whipped corn to corn grits, makes pasta out of puréed broccoli then tops it with stir-fried broccoli, and tops a carrot risotto with carrot chips. "You get a flavor explosion on your plate with this one vegetable," Cohen says.
And finally, don't for a minute think a vegetarian Thanksgiving somehow breaks tradition. When the settlers and the Native Americans met back at the start of all this, it was to celebrate a bountiful harvest, the crops that had been successfully grown.
"It's overwhelming how many great things are in season now that we can use for a beautiful vegetarian meal," Morgan says. "That's what we're celebrating. It's that same celebration of the harvest of all these things that have been underground for a while."
Heat the oven to 350 degrees. Lightly coat a 9-inch springform pan with baking spray.
In a food processor, combine the pecans, cake flour and 1/4 cup of the sugar. Process until finely ground. Transfer to a large bowl and set aside.
In a medium bowl, use an electric mixer to beat together the egg yolks and another 1/4 cup sugar until thick and pale. Set aside.
In another very clean bowl with a clean whisk, beat together the egg whites, salt and the remaining 1/4 cup sugar until thick and glossy stiff peaks form.
Gently fold the egg yolks and half of the egg whites into the pecan flour. Fold the remaining egg whites in to the mixture until thoroughly but gently combined. Spoon the mixture into the prepared pan and bake for 30 to 40 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted at the center comes out clean. Set aside, in the pan, to cool completely.
While the cake is baking, begin the mousse. In a medium saucepan, whisk together the cornstarch and sugar, then add the eggs and whisk until smooth. Add the lemon juice and zest, then set over medium heat. Whisking constantly, bring the mixture to a boil; cook until it thickens. If there are any lumps, strain the mixture. Transfer to a large bowl and set aside to cool.
Once the cake and mousse base are both cool, in a large bowl use an electric mixer to whip the heavy cream to medium peaks. Fold half the cream into the mousse base. When thoroughly combined, fold in the remaining whipped cream. Spoon or pipe the mixture onto the cake. Garnish with toasted pecans and refrigerate at least 2 hours.
When ready to serve, run a paring knife around the edge of the pan and loosen the sides. Remove the sides of the springform pan and serve.
In a large bowl, combine both bell peppers, the carrots, celery, apple and pomegranate seeds. In a small bowl, whisk together the orange zest and juice, vinegar, salt, olive oil, mustard and red pepper flakes. Pour over the slaw mixture and toss to thoroughly coat.
In a large bowl, toss together the red pepper, red onion, sweet potato and zucchini. Add the olive oil, rosemary, salt and pepper, then stir to coat. Spread the mixture on a rimmed baking sheet and roast for 30 minutes, or until the vegetables are tender and beginning to brown. Remove the vegetables from the oven.Reduce the heat to 350 degrees.
If it isn't already, fit the pie crust into a pie pan, crimping the edges as needed. Place the pie shell on a baking sheet and add the roasted vegetables.Top with the cheese.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the eggs and the half-and-half. Pour over the cheese and vegetables. Bake for 45 minutes, or until slightly puffed and set in the middle. Allow to cool slightly before serving. | https://www.cdispatch.com/lifestyles/article.asp?aid=20132 |
---
abstract: 'We prove the Hasse-Weil inequality for genus $2$ curves given by an equation of the form $y^2=f(x)$ with $f$ a polynomial of degree $5$, using arguments that mimic the elementary proof of the genus $1$ case obtained by Yu. I. Manin in 1956.'
address: 'Bernoulli Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands'
author:
- Eduardo Ruíz Duarteand Jaap Top
title: 'A proof of the Hasse-Weil inequality for genus $2$ *à la* Manin'
---
Hasse-Weil inequality ,Hyperelliptic curve ,Genus two curve
Manin’s proof of the Hasse inequality for genus one {#S:1}
===================================================
Recall the following theorem:
Let $C$ be an algebraic curve of genus $g$ over ${\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ then $$|\#C({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)-(q+1)|\leq 2g\sqrt{q}.$$
The Hasse-Weil inequality for an elliptic curve $E/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ (so the case of genus one, due to Hasse in a series of papers [@Hasse1933], [@Hasse1934], [@hasse1936]) was obtained in an elementary way by Manin for $\text{char}\;{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q\neq 2,3$ in [@manin1956oncubic] (see [@manin1960oncubic] for an English translation). Adjustments of these elementary arguments to the remaining genus one cases are presented in [@chahal2014supplement] and [@ACOFF]. Our goal is to extend these ideas to the case of genus $2$ curves. To facilitate this, we very briefly summarize in this first section Manin’s argument in the genus one situation. Throughout the paper, we restrict to finite fields of odd characteristic.\
Let $E/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be an elliptic curve given by an equation $y^2=f(x)$ where $f$ is a polynomial of degree $3$. Consider $\phi,[n]\in\text{\rm End}_{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q}(E)$ where $\phi$ is the $q$-[th]{} Frobenius and $[n]$ the multiplication by $n$. Consider $\psi_n:=\phi+[n]\in \text{\rm End}_{\mathbb{F}_q}(E)$. If $\psi_n$ is non-trivial then it is of the form $(x,y)\mapsto \big(\frac{u_{1,n}(x)}{u_{2,n}(x)}, y\frac{v_1(x)}{v_2(x)}\big)$, with $u_{1,n},u_{2,n},v_1,v_2\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q[x]$ such that $\text{gcd}(u_{1,n},u_{2,n})=1$ (see [@wash §2.9]). The Hasse-Weil inequality for $E$ follows from the claim that $d_n:=\deg(\psi_n)$ satisfies $$\label{hassedeg}
0\leq d_n=
\left\{\begin{array}{lr}\deg(u_{1,n})&(\mbox{if}\;\;\psi_n\neq 0)\\0&(\mbox{if}\;\;\psi_n=0)\end{array}\right.
=n^2 + (q+1-\#E({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q))n + q.$$ Here for $\psi_n\neq 0$ by definition $\deg(\psi_n)=[{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(E):\psi_n^*{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(E)]$, and $\deg(u_{1,n})$ is the degree of the polynomial $u_{1,n}\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q[x]$ (and $\deg(0):=0$).\
\
The leftmost equality in (\[hassedeg\]) for $\psi_n\neq 0$ follows from the elementary observation $\deg(\psi_n)=[{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x):{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(\frac{u_1,n(x)}{u_2,n(x)})]=\max\{\deg (u_{1,n}(x)),\deg(u_{2,n}(x))\}$ (see [@wash §2.9]) or [@Soeten Lemma 6.2]), together with $\deg(u_{1,n}(x))>\deg(u_{2,n}(x))$. The latter follows from $\psi_n(\infty)=\infty$, implying $v_\infty(\tfrac{u_{1,n}(x)}{u_{2,n}(x)})< 0$. The rightmost equality in (\[hassedeg\]) is shown by induction on $n$ using the *basic identity* $d_{n-1} + d_{n+1} = 2d_n + 2$ (see [@chahal1988equations Lemma 8.5]).
Finally the non-negativity of $d_n=n^2+(q+1-\#E({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q))n+q$ yields that the discriminant of this quadratic polynomial in $n$ is non-positive, implying the Hasse inequality.\
In order to extend these ideas to genus $2$ curves, we introduce an analogous $\delta_n$ which also satisfies a *basic identity*, namely $\delta_{n-1}+\delta_{n+1}=2\delta_n+4$, in the genus $2$ case.
An analogous $\delta_n$ for genus $2$
=====================================
Let $k:={\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a finite field of odd cardinality $q$, and let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$ over $k$. Throughout, we assume that ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ is given by the equation $Y^2=X^5 +a_4X^4+a_3X^3+a_2X^2+a_1X+a_0$. By ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ we denote the Jacobian variety associated to ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$. The points of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ correspond to divisor classes $[D]\in\text{Pic}^0({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}})$.
Fix the point $\infty\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ and consider the Abel-Jacobi map $\iota\in \text{Mor}_k({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ given by $P\mapsto [P-\infty]$. We have that $\Theta:=\text{Im}\;\iota$ is the *theta divisor* of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ and $\Theta\cong{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$. Consider the $q$-th power Frobenius map $\phi\in\text{End}_{k}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ and the morphism $\Phi:=\phi\circ\iota\in\text{Mor}_{k}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$. Since $\text{Mor}_k({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})\cong {\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}(k({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}))$ is an Abelian group, we define $\Psi_n:=\Phi+n\cdot\iota\in\text{Mor}_k({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ and $\Theta_n:=\text{Im}\;\Psi_n\subset{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$.\
Similar to $d_n=\deg(\psi_n)$ in (\[hassedeg\]), we will define the ‘complexity’ (height) of $\Psi_n$ and denote this by $\delta_n$.
Consider the generic point of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ given by $\mathfrak{g}:=[(x_1,y_1)+(x_2,y_2)-2\infty]$ and the function field of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ denoted by $k({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})\cong k(x_1+x_2,x_1x_2,\tfrac{y_1-y_2}{x_1-x_2},\tfrac{x_2y_1-x_1y_2}{x_1-x_2})$. The Riemann-Roch space $\mathcal{L}(2\Theta)\subset k({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ has dimension $4$; a basis is given by $\{\kappa_1,\kappa_2,\kappa_3,\kappa_4\}$ with $\kappa_1:=1, \kappa_2:=x_1+x_2, \kappa_3:=x_1x_2, \kappa_4:=\tfrac{F_0(x_1+x_2,x_1x_2)-2y_1y_2}{(x_1-x_2)^2}$ where $F_0(A,B):= 2a_0 + a_1A+2a_2B+a_3AB+2a_4B^2 + AB^2$ (see [@PROLEGOMENA Chapter 2] and [@FLYNNJAC Page 5]). This basis is used to define a singular surface $\mathcal{K}\!\subset\!\mathbb{P}^3$ birational to the Kummer surface associated to ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$, as the closure of the image of $$\begin{aligned}
\kappa:{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}\setminus \Theta &\to \mathbb{P}^3,\\
D&\mapsto [\kappa_1(D):\kappa_2(D):\kappa_3(D):\kappa_4(D)].\end{aligned}$$ As a **remark**, let $[-1]\in\text{Aut}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ be the involution on ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ given by $[-1]\mathfrak{g}=[(x_1,-y_1)+(x_2,-y_2)-2\infty]=-\mathfrak{g}$. Note that $[-1]^*:k({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})\to k({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ is the trivial map on $\mathcal{L}(2\Theta)\subset k({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$. Particularly for all $D\in{\mathcal{J}}\setminus\Theta$ we have that $\kappa_i(D)=\kappa_i(-D)$.
Using the previous remark, suppose that $\Theta_n:=\text{Im}\;\Psi_n\not\subset \Theta$ and $\Theta_n$ is not a zero of $\kappa_4$. Let $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ be generic, then we have that $\psi_n(x,y):=(\kappa_4\circ\Psi_n)(x,y)=(\kappa_4\circ\Psi_n)(x,-y)$. Hence $\psi_n(x,y)\in k(x)$, that is, $\psi_n(x,y)=:\tfrac{\mu_{1,n}(x)}{\mu_{2,n}(x)}$ is a rational function in one variable $x$, which is the one that we will use to define $\delta_n$.\
Our geometric situation is described in the following diagram:
$$\label{g2diag2}
\xymatrix{
&{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}\ar[dr]^{\phi+[n]}\\
{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}\ar[ur]^{\iota} \ar[ddrr]_{\psi_n} \ar[rr]^{\Psi_n} && {\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}\ar@{.>}[d]^{\kappa}_{2:1} \ar@{.>}@/^2pc/[dd]^{\kappa_4}& \\
&&\mathcal{K} \ar@{.>}[d]^{\pi}\\
&&\mathbb{P}^1
}$$
Here $\pi$ is a projection and $\kappa_4=\pi\circ\kappa$. Since $\Theta_n$ is not a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$, we define $\delta_n:=\deg\mu_{1,n}$.\
There are two situations left to define $\delta_n$ for every $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$. The first is when $\Psi_n$ is constant (hence equal to the zero map). In this case $\Theta_n\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ is a point and we define $\delta_n:=0$. The second is when $\{0\}\neq \Theta_n$ is a curve which is a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$, that is $\Theta_n\in \text{Supp div}(\kappa_4)$. In the following section (Formula (\[deltan\])) we will define $\delta_n$ for this special situation. We show that if $\Psi_n$ is non-constant but $\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))=c$ is constant then $c$ can only be $0$ or $\infty$, that is, the curve $\Theta_n=\text{Im}\Psi_n$ is a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$ respectively (see Lemma \[k4constant\]).\
Further, if $\Theta_n$ is not a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$, we show in the next section that $\tfrac{\deg \psi_n}{2}=\max\{\deg\mu_{1,n},\deg\mu_{2,n}\}$. In the case $\Theta_n$ is a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$, a similar equality will be shown taking a translation of $\Theta_n$ by a $2$-torsion point of ${\mathcal{J}}$ in order to avoid the pole and zero divisor of ${\mathcal{J}}$.\
Finally, we show the *basic identity* $\delta_{n-1}+\delta_{n+1}=2\delta_n+4$. The same strategy also employed by Manin for genus one will then lead to a proof of the Hasse-Weil inequality in this case.
Proof of the Hasse-Weil inequality for genus $2$
================================================
We use the notations ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$, $\Theta,\Theta_n$ etc. introduced in the previous section.
\[maxpsi\] Let $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be generic. Suppose that $\Theta_n\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ is a curve that is not a zero nor a pole of $\kappa_4$. Then $\psi_n(x,y)=\tfrac{\mu_{1,n}(x)}{\mu_{2,n}(x)}$ for some coprime polynomials $\mu_{1,n},\mu_{2,n}$.\
Moreover $\tfrac{\deg\psi_n}{2}=\max\{\deg\mu_{1,n}(x),\deg\mu_{2,n}(x)\}$.
Since $\Theta_n$ is not a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$ and $\kappa_4\in\mathcal{L}(2\Theta)$, the function $\psi_n(x,y)=\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))$ is defined and non-zero. In the previous section we saw that $\psi_n(x,y)=\psi_n(x,-y)$, and hence $\psi_n(x,y)\in {\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)$. This shows the existence of the coprime $\mu_{1,n},\mu_{2,n}\in {\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q[x]$.
Now, $$\deg(\psi_n)=[{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x,y):{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(\tfrac{\mu_{1,n}(x)}{\mu_{2,n}(x)})]=
[{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x,y):{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)]\cdot [{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x):{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(\tfrac{\mu_{1,n}(x)}{\mu_{2,n}(x)})]$$ and the lemma follows.
It can happen that $\Psi_n$ is the zero map, which implies $\Theta_n=\text{Im}\Psi_n$ is a point. For example consider the hyperelliptic curve $Y^2 = X^5 + 5X$ over ${\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{49}$. An explicit MAGMA computation shows that $\psi_7:=\Phi+7\iota\in\text{\rm Mor}_{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{49}}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})\cong{\mathcal{J}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{49}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}))$ is the zero map:
``` {fontsize="\scriptsize"}
> p := 7; q := p^2; F := FiniteField(q);
> P<x> := PolynomialRing(F);
> H := HyperellipticCurve(x^5+5*x);
> FH<X,Y> := FunctionField(H); HE := BaseExtend(H,FH);
> JE := Jacobian(HE); M<t> := PolynomialRing(FH);
> Phi := JE![t-X^q, Y^q];
> GPt := JE![t-X, Y];
> -7*GPt;
(x + 6*X^49, (X^120 + X^116 + 5*X^112 + 6*X^108 + X^92 + X^88 + 5*X^84 + 6*X^80 + 5*X^64 +
5*X^60 + 4*X^56 + 2*X^52 + 6*X^36 + 6*X^32 + 2*X^28 + X^24)*Y, 1)
> Phi;
(x + 6*X^49, (X^120 + X^116 + 5*X^112 + 6*X^108 + X^92 + X^88 + 5*X^84 + 6*X^80 + 5*X^64 +
5*X^60 + 4*X^56 + 2*X^52 + 6*X^36 + 6*X^32 + 2*X^28 + X^24)*Y, 1)
> Phi+7*GPt;
(1, 0, 0)
```
In this example ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ is isogenous to the square of a supersingular elliptic curve and the ground field has $p^2=49$ elements. The characteristic polynomial of Frobenius $\phi\in\text{\rm End}_{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{49}}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ is given by $\chi_\phi(X):=({X}+7)^4$ which is the main reason of this behavior.\
A general construction of curves having Jacobian isogenous to a square of a supersingular elliptic curve was achieved by Moret-Bailly in [@moretcurves].\
The following proposition and lemma isolates a special case for our final proof of the Hasse-Weil inequality for genus $2$. Note that the example discussed above illustrates this special case.
\[exceptional\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$, given by an equation $y^2=f(x)$ with $f$ of degree $5$. Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ be the Jacobian of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ and $\iota\colon {\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}\to{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ the map $P\mapsto [P-\infty]$. Suppose that there is an $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$ such that $\Psi_n=(\phi+[n])\circ\iota\in\text{\rm Mor}_{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ is constant. Then $q$ is a perfect square and $\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)=q+1+4n=q+1\pm 4\sqrt{q}$.
First, we show that if $\Psi_n=(\phi+[n])\circ\iota$ is constant, then $\phi=-[n]$.\
We have that $\Psi_n=(\phi+[n])\circ\iota$ is constant and $0\in\text{Im}\Psi_n$, hence $\Psi_n=0$; this is equivalent to $(\phi+[n])(\Theta)=0$ since $\Theta=\iota({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}})$. Moreover, $\Theta$ generates ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$, that is ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}=\{D_1+D_2: D_1,D_2\in\Theta\}$. So if any $\varphi\in\mbox{End}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ is zero on $\Theta$ then it is the zero map. Hence $\phi=-[n]\in\text{End}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$.\
Note that $\phi=-[n]$ implies $q^2=\deg(\phi)=\deg([-n])=n^4$. Hence $q=n^2$ is a perfect square and $n=\pm \sqrt{q}$.\
\
Now we proceed to count $\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$. Using that $\phi=-[n]$ we have that: $$\label{ptsexc}
\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)=\#\text{Ker}(\phi-[1])=\#\text{Ker}(-[n+1])=(n+1)^{4}.$$ (Here we used that $n+1$ is not a multiple of $\mbox{char}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$). Moreover, an easy counting argument (see [@PROLEGOMENA Chapter 8, §2]) shows: $$\label{countjac}
\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)=\displaystyle\frac{\left(\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)\right)^2 + \#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q^2})}{2}-q.$$ Consider the quadratic twist of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ denoted by ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}^{\texttt{\tiny{TW}}}$ and its Jacobian ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}^{{\texttt{\tiny{TW}}}}$, then: $$\label{ptsexctw}
\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}^{{\texttt{\tiny{TW}}}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)=\#\text{Ker}(\phi+[1])=\#\text{Ker}(-[n]+1)=(n-1)^4.$$ Similarly as in (\[countjac\]) and using that $\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)+\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}^{\texttt{\tiny{TW}}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)=2q+2=2n^2+2$ and ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}^{{\texttt{\tiny{TW}}}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q^2})\cong {\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q^2})$, we have that: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{countjactw}
\begin{split}
\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}^{{\texttt{\tiny{TW}}}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)&=\displaystyle\frac{\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}^{{\texttt{\tiny{TW}}}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)^2 + \#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q^2})}{2}-q\\
&=\displaystyle\frac{(2n^2+2-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q))^2 + \#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q^2})}{2}-q=(n-1)^4
\end{split}\end{aligned}$$
Subtracting (\[countjactw\]) from (\[countjac\]) yields: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{finalexc}
\begin{split}
\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)^2 - (2n^2+2-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q))^2&=2\big((n+1)^4 - (n-1)^4\big)\\
&=16n(n^2+1),
\end{split}\end{aligned}$$ which can be rewritten as $\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)=n^2+4n+1=q+1\pm 4\sqrt{q}$.
\[constantmap\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$ given by an equation $Y^2 = f(X)$ with $f$ of degree $5$. Let ${\mathcal{J}}$ be its Jacobian and suppose that $\Psi_n=(\phi+[n])\circ\iota$ is constant. Then $\text{\rm Im}\;\Psi_{n-1}=\text{\rm Im}\;\Psi_{n+1}=\Theta\in\text{\rm Div}({\mathcal{J}})$.
By the Proposition (\[exceptional\]) $\phi=-[n]$, hence $\Psi_{n\pm 1}=\pm [1]\circ\iota=\pm \iota\in\text{Mor}_{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$. Further, $\text{Im}\;\iota=\text{Im}-\!\iota=\Theta$ since $\Theta\cong{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ (here we used that $\Theta$ is symmetric with respect of the hyperelliptic involution under $\iota$).
\[invfi\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$ given by $Y^2=f(X)$ with $\deg f(X)=5$ and let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ be the Jacobian of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$. Let $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ be generic, then $-\Psi_n(x,y)=\Psi_n(x,-y)$.
Using $[(a,b)-\infty]=[\infty-(a,-b)]$ for any $(a,b)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ one finds $$\begin{aligned}
-\Psi_n(x,y)&=-\phi([(x,y)-\infty])-n[(x,y)-\infty]\\
&=[\infty-(x^q,y^q)]+ n[\infty-(x,y)]\\
&=[(x^q,-y^q)-\infty]+n[(x,-y)-\infty]=\Psi_n(x,-y).\end{aligned}$$
Now we calculate some values of $\delta_n$.
\[k41-1\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q:\;Y^2=X^5+a_4X^4 + a_3X^3+a_2X^2+a_1X+a_0=:f(X)$ be a genus $2$ curve ($q$ odd). Then $\delta_{-1}=\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)+q+1$.
For $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ generic, $\Psi_{-1}(x,y)=[(x^q,yf(x)^{\frac{q-1}{2}})+(x,-y)-2\infty]$. Lemma \[maxpsi\] shows that $\delta_{-1}$ equals the degree of $\psi_{-1}(x,y)=\kappa_4(\Psi_{-1}(x,y))\in {\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)$. This degree is the maximum of the polynomial degrees of the numerator and the denominator, assuming these are coprime. Here $$\label{k4fi}
\psi_{-1}(x,y)=
\tfrac{x^{3q+2}+x^{2q+3}+2a_4x^{2q+2}+a_3(x^{2q+1}+x^{q+2})+2a_2x^{q+1}+a_1(x^q+x)+2a_0+
2f(x)^{\frac{q+1}{2}} }{(x^q-x)^2}.$$ Let $\nu(x)$ and $\eta(x)$ be respectively the numerator and denominator of $(\ref{k4fi})$ before cancellation of common factors. Note that $\deg(\eta)=2q$ and that every $\alpha\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ is a double root of $\eta(x)$. Furthermore, $\deg(\nu(x))=3q+2>2q$, hence $\delta_{-1}=3q+2-\deg(\gcd(\nu(x),\eta(x)))$.\
Since $\psi_{-1}(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}})$, the common factors $(x-\alpha)$ of $\nu$ and $\eta$ occur at the points $(\alpha,\beta)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ such that $\alpha\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ and $\beta\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q^*$ or $\beta\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q^2}^*\setminus{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q}^*$ or $\beta=0$. Hence, we have three possibilities for cancellations:\
\
**Case $\beta\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q}^*$:**\
In this case $(\alpha,\beta)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$ and therefore $f(\alpha)$ is a square in ${\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q^*$. Hence $f(\alpha)^{\frac{q-1}{2}}=1$. Moreover, $\alpha^q=\alpha$. Using this, the last term of $\nu(\alpha)$ is $2f(\alpha)^{\frac{q+1}{2}}=2f(\alpha)f(\alpha)^{\frac{q-1}{2}}=2f(\alpha)$ and $$\nu(\alpha)
=4f(\alpha).$$ Since $\beta\neq 0$ there is no cancellation of a factor $(x-\alpha)$ in this case.\
\
**Case $\beta=0$:**\
We have that $f(\alpha)=0$ and $\alpha^q=\alpha$, so the numerator of (\[k4fi\]) is $2f(\alpha)=0$. Therefore $\nu(x)$ and $\eta(x)$ share the linear factor $x-\alpha$ with multiplicity one or two. The multiplicity in fact equals one since $\frac{d}{dx}\nu(x)\mid_\alpha=4f'(\alpha)\neq 0$ as $f(x)$ does not have repeated zeros.\
\
**Case $\beta\not\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q}$:**\
In this case $f(\alpha)$ is nonzero and is not a square in ${\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q^*$. Therefore $f(\alpha)^{\frac{q-1}{2}}=-1$ by Euler’s criterion. Moreover $\alpha^q=\alpha$ and $\nu(\alpha)$ is in this case $$2(\alpha^5+a_4\alpha^4+a_3\alpha^3+a_2\alpha^2+a_1\alpha+a_0)-2f(\alpha)
=0.$$ To find the multiplicity of $\alpha$ as a zero of $\nu(x)$, note that $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{d}{dx}\nu(x)\mid_\alpha&=2\alpha^{3q+1}\!+\!3\alpha^{2q+2}\!+\!4a_4\alpha^{2q+1}\!+\!a_3(\alpha^{2q}\!+\!2\alpha^{q+1})\!+\!2a_2\alpha^q\!+\!a_1\!-\!f'(\alpha)\\
&=5\alpha^4+ 4a_4\alpha^3+3a_3\alpha^2 + 2a_2\alpha+a_1-f'(\alpha)\\
&=f'(\alpha)-f'(\alpha).\\
&=0.\end{aligned}$$ This tells us that the factor $(x-\alpha)^2$ appears in $\nu$ and then it cancels with the denominator.
Combining the cases, one concludes $\deg(\gcd(\nu(x),\eta(x)))=2q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$ and therefore $\deg(\kappa_4(\Psi_{-1}(x,y)))=
q+1+\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)
$.
\[corok41\] With notations as in Proposition \[k41-1\] one has $$\delta_1=3(q+1)-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q).$$
Note that $$\label{k4tw}
\kappa_4(\Psi_1(x,y))=\tfrac{x^{3q+2}+x^{2q+3}+2a_4x^{2q+2}+a_3(x^{2q+1}+x^{q+2})+2a_2x^{q+1}+a_1(x^q+x)+2a_0-2f(x)^{\frac{q+1}{2}} }{(x^q-x)^2}.$$ This expression differs from (\[k4fi\]) only at the sign of the last term of the numerator, namely $2f(x)^{\frac{q+1}{2}}$. An analogous argument as the one given in Proposition \[k41-1\] proves the proposition.
We will use the following definition in order to interpret $\delta_n$ in the case where $\Theta_n$ is a curve that is a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$. The case $\Theta_n=\Theta$ (which is a pole of $\kappa_4$) occurs, e.g., for $n=0$.
Let $D_1, D_2\in\text{\rm Div}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$. By $D_1\bullet D_2$ we denote the intersection number of the divisors $D_1$ and $D_2$ on the surface ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$.
For details and properties of this see, e.g., [@HARTSHORNE Appendix C or Chapter V].
\[degintersection\] Suppose that $\text{\rm Im}\Psi_n=\Theta_n\not\subset\Theta$ and that $\psi_n=\kappa_4\circ \Phi_n\circ\iota\colon {\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}\to\mathbb{P}^1$ is nonconstant, where $\Phi_n:=\phi+[n]\in\text{\rm End}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$. Then $$2\Theta\bullet\Theta_n={\deg\psi_n}=2\Phi_n^*\Theta\bullet\Theta.$$
Let $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ be generic. Since $\text{Im}\Psi_n=\Theta_n\not\subset\Theta$ and since $\kappa_4\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ has divisor $D-2\Theta$ for some effective divisor $D\in\text{Div}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$, we have that $\psi_n(x,y)=\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)$ by Lemma \[maxpsi\]. Moreover by assumption this rational function is nonconstant. Therefore $\deg\psi_n=
\deg\left(({\kappa_4}_{\mid{\Theta_n}})^*\infty\right)
=2\Theta\bullet \Theta_n$ which shows the first equality.
For the second, note that $\Phi_n^{-1}(\Theta)=\{D\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}: \Phi_n(D)\in\Theta\}$ and $\Theta$ is the locus where $\kappa_4$ has a pole (in fact a double pole). Since $\deg(\psi_n)=\deg({\kappa_4\circ \Phi_n}_{\mid\Theta})$ we conclude $\deg\psi_n=2\Phi_n^{-1}(\Theta)\bullet\Theta$. Applying [@intfulton Lemma 1.7.1] this equals $2\Phi_n^*\Theta\bullet\Theta$.
We will deal with the cases where $\Theta_n=\Theta$ by using a linear equivalent divisor $\Theta_n'\in\text{Div}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ and Lemma \[degintersection\].\
First we show that $\Theta\bullet\Theta=2$ using the pole divisor of $\kappa_4$. To achieve this we use (see [@HARTSHORNE Chapter V. Theorem 1.1]) that if $\Theta\sim\Theta'$ as divisors ($\sim$ denoting linear equivalence), then $\Theta\bullet\Theta=\Theta\bullet\Theta'$. A suitable divisor $\Theta'$ will be constructed as a symmetric translation of $\Theta\subset{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ (with respect of $[-1]\in\text{Aut}({\mathcal{J}})$).
\[remtrans\] [The following lemmas use that for divisors $D,D'$ on ${\mathcal{J}}$ and any point $\xi\in{\mathcal{J}}$, denoting by $t_\xi$ the translation over $\xi$, we have $D\bullet D'=D\bullet t_\xi^*D'$. Indeed, the fact that $D'$ and $t_\xi^*D'$ are algebraically equivalent is a special case of [@Lang I §[2]{} Proposition 2], and the fact that algebraically equivalent cycles are numerically equivalent can be found in [@intfulton 19.3.1]. ]{}
\[selftheta\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$ given by $Y^2=X^5 + a_4X^4 + a_3X^3 + a_2X^2 + a_1X + a_0=:f(X)$ and consider its Jacobian ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$.\
Then $\Theta=\iota({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}})\subset{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ satisfies $\Theta\bullet\Theta=2$.
Let $(w,0)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}(\overline{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_q)$ be a Weierstrass point and consider $\iota_w\in\text{Mor}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ given by $P\mapsto [P+(w,0)-2\infty]$. Let $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ be the generic point. We have that $\Theta':=\text{Im}\;\iota_w\subset{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ is a translation of $\Theta$, and therefore $\Theta'\sim\Theta$ in $\text{Div}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$. Since $\kappa_4\circ [-1]=\kappa_4$ and $[(x,-y)+(w,0)-2\infty]=2\infty-(x,y)-(w,0)]$ it follows that $\kappa_4(\iota_w(x,y))\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)$. Analogous to the proof of Lemma \[degintersection\] one obtains $\Theta\bullet\Theta=\Theta'\bullet\Theta=\deg\kappa_4(\iota_w(x,y))$ where deg denotes the degree of the given element of ${\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)$ (which is half the degree of the map $\kappa_4\circ\iota_w\colon {\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}\to \mathbb{P}^1$). Note that $$\label{selfwithkappa}
\kappa_4(\iota_w(x,y))=\tfrac{2a_0+a_1(x+w)+2a_2xw+a_3(x+w)xw+2a_4(xw)^2+(x+w)(xw)^2}{(x-w)^2}$$ One observes that both the numerator and denominator here are divisible by $(x-w)$ and the derivative w.r.t. $x$ of the numerator, evaluated at $x=w$, equals $f'(w)\neq 0$. Hence $\deg\kappa_4(\iota_w(x,y))=2$ which proves the lemma.
Lemma \[selftheta\] also follows using the *adjunction formula* ([@HARTSHORNE Chapter V, 1.5]).\
Let $\Phi_n:=\phi+[n]\in\text{End}({\mathcal{J}})$. Using an analogous argument, we calculate $(\Phi_0)_*\Theta\bullet\Theta
=\Theta\bullet\Phi_0^*\Theta$; the equality of these intersection numbers is a consequence of the ‘projection formula’ [@intfulton Proposition 2.3(c)]. In fact, in the present case equality is also established by computing both numbers directly.
\[selfthetafrob\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$ given by $Y^2=X^5 + a_4X^4 + a_3X^3 + a_2X^2 + a_1X + a_0=:f(X)$ and consider its Jacobian ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$. With notations as before, we have $(\Phi_0)_*\Theta\bullet\Theta= 2q=\Theta\bullet\Phi_0^*\Theta$.
As $\Phi_0\colon {\mathcal{J}}\to{\mathcal{J}}$ is the $q$th power Frobenius morphism, its restriction to $\Theta$ maps $\Theta$ to itself and has degree $q$. As a consequence $(\Phi_0)_*\Theta=q\Theta$ and therefore Lemma \[selftheta\] implies the first equality. For the second equality, let $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ be generic. By a similar argument the one presented in Lemma \[selftheta\] we translate $\Psi_0\in\text{Mor}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\mathcal{J}})$ by $\iota(w,0)\in {\mathcal{J}}(\overline{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_q)$, namely $\Psi_{0,w}(x,y)=[(x^q,yf(x)^{\tfrac{q-1}{2}})+[(w,0)-2\infty]$. Then, since $\text{Im}\Psi_0=\Phi_0(\Theta)$ we define $\Phi_{0,w}:=\Phi_0+\iota(w,0)$ and we have that $\Theta\bullet\Phi_0^*\Theta=\Theta\bullet\Phi_{0,w}^*\Theta$. The latter intersection number equals the degree of $$\label{selfwithkappafrob}
\kappa_4(\Psi_{0,w}(x,y))=\tfrac{2a_0+a_1(x^q+w)+2a_2x^q w+a_3(x^q+w)x^qw+2a_4(x^qw)^2+(x^q+w)(x^qw)^2}{(x^q-w)^2}$$ (considered as a morphism $\mathbb{P}^1\to\mathbb{P}^1$). Take $v\in\overline{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_q$ with $v^q=w$, then the denominator in the right-hand-side of (\[selfwithkappafrob\]) equals $(x-v)^{2q}$. The numerator equals $(2a_0+a_1(x+v)+2a_2xv+a_3(x+v)xv+2a_4(xv)^2 + (x+v)xv)^q$. Evaluating the numerator at $x=v$ yields $(2f(v))^q=0$, hence the numerator is divisible by $(x - v)^q$. Since the derivative of $2a_0+a_1(x+v)+2a_2xv+a_3(x+v)xv+2a_4(xv)^2 + (x+v)xv$ evaluated at $x=v$ equals $f'(v)\neq 0$ it follows that the rational function (\[selfwithkappafrob\]) has degree $2q$.
\[k4constant\] Suppose that $\Theta_n\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ is a curve. If $\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))=c$ is constant then $c\in \{0,\infty\}$.
Let $\Theta_n=\text{Im}\Psi_n\in \text{Supp}\text{ div}(\kappa_4)$ then $\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))\in\{0,\infty\}$ depending on $\Theta_n$ being a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$.\
Suppose that $\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))=c\in {{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_q^*$. Since $\kappa_4\in\mathcal{L}(2\Theta)$ and $\deg \kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))=\Theta_n\bullet\Theta=0$ (note that here we use $c\neq 0,\infty$), this contradicts the fact that the curves $\Theta_n$ and $\Theta$ intersect in $0\in{\mathcal{J}}$. With this we have that $c\in\{0,\infty\}$.
Lemma \[k4constant\] (rather, its proof) provides a geometric reason for the fact that $\kappa_4\in\mathcal{L}(2\Theta)$ cannot be constant $\neq 0,\infty$ when restricted to the curves $\Theta_n$: these curves will always intersect $\Theta$ and therefore they will have a positive intersection number (degree of $\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y)$). However, if the curve $\Theta_n$ equals $\Theta$ or is contained in the zero-locus of $\kappa_4$, then of course $\kappa_4|_{\Theta_n}$ is the constant map $\infty$ or $0$, respectively.
Note that when $\Theta_n$ has dimension zero, then $\Theta_n=\{0\}\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ (compare the proof of Proposition \[exceptional\]). This case is treated separately in the definition of $\delta_n$ given below.
Using Lemma \[k4constant\], it follows that the only cases where $\delta_n$ is not defined yet, is the situation where $\Theta_n$ is a pole or a zero of $\kappa_4$. The following property of $\kappa_4$ will be useful.\
\[zeroeskappa4\_fix\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve given by an equation $Y^2=f(X)$ where $f$ has degree $5$ and consider its Jacobian ${\mathcal{J}}$. Then the function $\kappa_4$ on ${\mathcal{J}}$ has a divisor of zeros $D_0=\textrm{ \rm div}_0(\kappa_4)$ such that its support consists of at most four irreducible curves.
Let $\text{div}(\kappa_4)=D_0-2\Theta$ with $D_0$ effective. We have that $D_0=\sum C_i$ where the $C_i\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ are irreducible curves. Then $$4=2\Theta\bullet\Theta=
\left(\sum C_i\right)\bullet\Theta=\sum(C_i\bullet\Theta).$$ As $\Theta$ is ample, $C_i\bullet\Theta>0$ (see [@HARTSHORNE Chapter V, Theorem 1.10]) which implies that the support of the zero divisor of $\kappa_4$ consists of four or less irreducible curves in ${\mathcal{J}}$.
\[thetanintheta\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$ given by $Y^2=X^5 + a_4X^4 + a_3X^3 + a_2X^2 + a_1X + a_0=f(X)$ and let ${\mathcal{J}}$ be its Jacobian. Assume $\text{\rm Im}\;\Psi_n=\Theta_n\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ is a curve that is a zero or a pole of $\kappa_4$. Let $(w,0)\in {\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}(\overline{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_{q})$ be some Weierstrass point. Define $\Phi_{n,w}:=\Phi_n+\iota(w,0)$ where $\Phi_n=\phi+[n]\in\mbox{End}({\mathcal{J}})$ and consider $\Psi_{n,w}:=\Psi_n + \iota(w,0)\in\text{\rm Mor}_{\overline{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_{q}}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\mathcal{J}})$. Take the generic point $(x,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$, then $\kappa_4(\Psi_{n,w}(x,y))=:\tfrac{\mu_{1,n}^w(x)}{\mu_{2,n}^w(x)}\in\overline{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_{q}(x)^*$ for coprime $\mu_{1,n}^w,\mu_{2,n}^w\in\overline{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}}_{q}[x]$ and ${\Phi_{n,w}}^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=\max\{\deg\mu_{1,n}^w,\deg \mu_{2,n}^w\}$.
Suppose that $\Psi_n({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}})=\Theta_n=\Theta$ (is a pole of $\kappa_4$), it follows that $\Theta_n^w:=\text{Im}\Psi_{n,w}\not\subset\Theta$. We want $\Theta_n^w$ to avoid the support of $\kappa_4$. We do this in order to have a well defined degree of $\kappa_4$ restricted to the symmetric divisor $\Theta_n^w$ (see Remark \[remtrans\]).
If the curve $\Theta_n^w\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ would be a zero of $\kappa_4$, then by Lemma \[zeroeskappa4\_fix\] there are at most four possible curves $\{C_1,C_2,C_3,C_4\}$ in the zero locus $\kappa_4$. Further, there are exactly five affine Weierstrass points in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$, and then for at least one of them say $(\hat w,0)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ we have that $\Theta_n^{\hat w }\not\in\{C_1,C_2,C_3,C_4\}$.\
As a result, $\kappa_4(\Psi_{n,{\hat w}}(x,y))$ is well defined and non-constant since $\Theta_n^{\hat w}\not\in\text{Supp}\text{ div}(\kappa_4)$ (see Lemma \[k4constant\]). Further, $\text{Im}\Psi_{n,\hat w}$ is symmetric with respect to $[-1]\in\text{Aut}({\mathcal{J}})$ since $\Psi_n(x,y)+\iota( {\hat w},0)$ is. Hence $\kappa_4(\Psi_{n,{\hat w}}(x,y))=\kappa_4(\Psi_{n, {\hat w}}(x,-y))\in\overline {\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_{q}(x)^*$.
By Remark \[remtrans\] and Lemma \[degintersection\], as in the previous lemmas, $$\Phi_{n, w}^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=\deg\kappa_4(\Psi_{n, w}(x,y))=\max\{\deg \mu_{1,n}^{ w},\deg\mu_{2,n}^{ w}\},$$ which proves the lemma for $\Theta_n$ a pole of $\kappa_4$. Similarly if $\Theta_n$ is a zero of $\kappa_4$ one can translate $\Theta_n$ by some Weierstrass point of ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ in order to avoid the zero or the pole divisor of $\kappa_4$. Therefore the degree of $\kappa_4(\Psi_{n}^{ w}(x,y))$ is well defined.
Using the previous Lemmas, we know that there is always a $(w,0)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ such that the value $\Theta_n\bullet\Theta$ can be obtained using the degree of the rational function $\kappa_4$ restricted to the generic point of $\Theta_n^w$. Further, we know that if $\Psi_n$ is non-constant but $\kappa_4(\Psi_n(x,y))$ is constant then it must be $0$ or $\infty$ and $\Theta_n=\text{Im}\Psi_n\in\text{Supp}\text{ div}(\kappa_4)$ by Lemma \[k4constant\]. Hence we have a definition of $\delta_n$ for all $n\in {\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$: $$\label{deltan}
\delta_n := \Bigg\{\begin{array}{lr}
0 & \text{if } \Psi_n:{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}\to{\mathcal{J}}\text{ is constant};\\
\max\{\deg(\mu_{1,n}^w),\deg(\mu_{2,n}^w)\}& \text{if } \Theta_n\in\text{Supp div}(\kappa_4); \\
\max\{\deg(\mu_{1,n}),\deg(\mu_{2,n})\} & \text{otherwise.}
\end{array}$$ Before proving our *basic identity* for genus $2$, namely $\delta_{n-1}+\delta_{n+1}=2\delta_n+4$ to obtain the Hasse-Weil inequality in this case *à la* Manin, we recall an additional result.
\[fundcor\] Let ${\mathcal{A}}$ be an Abelian variety, $\alpha,\beta,\gamma\in\text{\rm End}_{k}({\mathcal{A}})$ and $D\in\text{Div}({\mathcal{A}})$, then $$(\alpha+\beta+\gamma)^*D-(\alpha+\beta)^*D-(\alpha+\gamma)^*D-(\beta+\gamma)^*D+\alpha^*D+\beta^*D+\gamma^*D\sim 0$$ where $\sim$ denotes linear equivalence.
See [@milneAV Corollary 5.3].
\[nmapbundle\] Let $\Theta\in\text{\rm Div}({\mathcal{J}})$ and consider the multiplication-by-$n$ map $[n]\in\text{\rm End}({\mathcal{J}})$. Then $[n]^*\Theta\sim n^2\Theta\in\text{\rm Div}({\mathcal{J}})$.
This is an application of Theorem \[fundcor\] with $\alpha=[1],\beta=[-1]$ and $\gamma=[n]$ together with induction w.r.t. $n$. For details, see [@milneAV Corollary 5.4] and use that in the present case $[-1]^*\Theta=\Theta$.
The next proposition (see also [@milneAV Cor. 6.6]) will be used in the final induction process for our *basic identity*.
\[npullprop\] Let ${\mathcal{A}}$ be an Abelian variety and $[n]\in\text{\rm End}_{k}({\mathcal{A}})$. If $\mathcal{L}\in\text{Div}({\mathcal{A}})$ then $$[n]^*\mathcal{L}\sim \tfrac{n^2+n}{2}\mathcal{L}+[-1]^*\tfrac{n^2-n}{2}\mathcal{L}$$
See [@milneAV]
In particular, let ${\mathcal{A}}={\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}$ and $\mathcal{L}=\Theta$. Take $\mathfrak{t}\in\text{\rm Aut}_{k}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}})$ the hyperelliptic involution. We have that $\mathfrak{t}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}})={\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}\cong\Theta=\iota(\mathfrak{t}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}))$, hence $\Theta$ is symmetric, i.e., $[-1]^*\Theta=\Theta$. Applying Corollary \[npullprop\] yields $[n]^*\Theta\sim n^2\Theta\in\text{Div}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$.\
\[recu2\] Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ be a hyperelliptic curve of genus $2$ over ${\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ with one rational point at infinity, then: $$\label{recurrenceg2}
\delta_{n-1}+\delta_{n+1}=2\delta_{n}+4.$$ Moreover, $\delta_n=2n^2 + n(q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q))+2q$.
As before, we denote $\Phi_{m}:=\phi+[m]\in\text{End}({\mathcal{J}})$ where $\phi$ is the $q$-th Frobenius map. We begin with some cases when either $\Psi_{n}$ or $\Psi_{n\pm 1}$ is constant.\
Suppose that $\Psi_n$ is constant, then by definition (\[deltan\]) we have that $\delta_n=0$. By Corollary \[constantmap\] we have that $\Theta_{n\pm 1}=\Theta$ and $\Psi_{n\pm 1}=\pm [1]\circ\iota$. It follows by Lemma \[selftheta\] and the symmetry of $\Theta$ with respect to $[-1]$ that $\delta_{n\pm 1}=[\pm1]^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=\Theta\bullet\Theta=2$ and the lemma follows.\
Now suppose that $\Psi_{n-1}$ is constant. Then $\delta_{n-1}=0$ and by Corollary \[constantmap\] we have that $\Theta_{n}=\Theta$ and $\Psi_n=\iota$. An analogous argument as in the previous case shows that $\delta_n=2$.\
To prove that $\delta_{n+1}=8$, note that by Proposition \[exceptional\] we have that $\phi=-[n-1]\in\text{End}({\mathcal{J}})$. Therefore $\Phi_{n+1}:=\phi+[n+1]=[2]$ which means that $\Psi_{n+1}=\Phi_{n+1}\circ\iota=[2]\circ\iota$. Hence by Corollary \[nmapbundle\] and Lemma \[degintersection\] we obtain $\delta_{n+1}=\Phi_{n+1}^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=[2]^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=4\Theta\bullet\Theta=8$.\
The case that $\Psi_{n+1}$ is constant is similar to the previous case: one uses the symmetry of $\Theta$ with respect to $[-1]\in\text{End}({\mathcal{J}})$ to obtain $\delta_{n-1}=[-2]^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=[2]^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=8$.\
Now we assume that $\Psi_{n\pm 1}$ and $\Psi_n$ are non-constant. In the case that $\Theta_n\in\text{Supp}\text{ div}(\kappa_4)$, by Lemma \[thetanintheta\] there is a $(w,0)\in{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}$ such that $\delta_n=\Phi_{n,w}^*\Theta\bullet\Theta=\deg\kappa_4(\Psi_n^w(x,y))$. Using Remark \[remtrans\] and Lemma \[degintersection\], the latter integer equals $\Phi_{n}^*\Theta\bullet\Theta$. Note that also in the case that $\Theta_n\not\in\text{Supp}\text{ div}(\kappa_4)$ we have $\delta_n=\Phi_n^*\Theta\bullet\Theta$ (see Lemma \[degintersection\]). We will finish the proof by studying these intersection numbers.\
Using Theorem \[fundcor\], let $D:=\Theta\in\text{Div}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ and take $\alpha:=\phi+[n], \beta=[1],\gamma:=-[1]\in\text{\rm End}_{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q}({\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$. The Theorem of the cube (\[fundcor\]) implies: $$2\Phi_{n}^*\Theta- \Phi_{n+1}^*\Theta-\Phi_{n-1}^*\Theta + 2\Theta\sim 0,$$ or equivalently: $$\label{recthetapull}
2 \Phi_{n}^*\Theta + 2\Theta\sim \Phi_{n-1}^*\Theta + \Phi_{n+1}^*\Theta.$$ Intersecting both sides of the equivalence with $\Theta$ proves the first part of the theorem. To be more precise, we use Lemma \[degintersection\] together with Lemma \[selftheta\] to deduce $2\delta_{n}+4=\delta_{n-1}+\delta_{n+1}$.\
The explicit formula for $\delta_n$ now follows by induction, noting (Proposition \[corok41\]) that $\delta_{1}=3(q+1)-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$ and (Lemma \[selfthetafrob\]) that $\delta_0=2q$.
Let ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ be a hyperelliptic curve with one rational point at infinity and $\mbox{char}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)\neq 2$, then: $$|q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q})|\leq 4\sqrt{q}.$$
Consider the polynomial in $n$ appearing in the previous Theorem \[recu2\]. The polynomial has the form $\delta(x):=2x^2+Tx+2q$ with $T:=q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$. Its discriminant is $$\Delta_\delta:=T^2-16q.$$ We want to prove that $\Delta_\delta\leq 0$ since that would imply that $|T|\leq 4\sqrt{q}$, which is exactly the statement of the Hasse-Weil inequality for $g=2$.\
\
We already proved in Proposition \[exceptional\] that if $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$ exists such that $\Psi_n\in\text{Mor}_{{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q}({\ensuremath{\mathcal H}},{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}})$ is constant, then $\Psi_n=0$, $q=n^2$ is a perfect square and $\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)=q+1\pm 4\sqrt{q}$. Hence from the existence of such $n$, the Hasse-Weil inequality over ${\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q$ for the curve in question follows. So from now on we will suppose that $\Psi_n$ is non-constant for every $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$. By Theorem \[recu2\] this implies that $\delta_n=\Phi_n^*\Theta\bullet\Theta$ for all $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$.\
\
It is clear that $\delta_n>0$ for all $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$ by definition. This is since $\Psi_n$ is non-constant, hence $\Theta_n\subset{\mathcal{J}}$ is a curve, implying that $\delta_n$ is the degree of the rational function $\kappa_4(\Psi_{n,w}(x,y))\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)^*$ or $\kappa_4(\Psi_{n}(x,y))\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q(x)^*$ depending on $\Theta_n$ being in $\text{Supp div}(\kappa_4)$ or not.
Another fast and not very elementary argument for this uses that the divisor $\Theta$ is ample, hence by the Nakai-Moishezon criterion for ampleness on surfaces (see [@HARTSHORNE Chapter V, Theorem 1.10]), its intersection number with any curve is positive.\
Now from Theorem \[recu2\] we have that $\delta_n=2n^2 + (q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q))n+2q$. Consider $\delta(x)=2x^2 + (q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q))x + 2q$. We claim that $\delta(x)$ is non-negative for all $x\in\mathbb{R}$, hence it has non-positive discriminant $\Delta_\delta$. This will imply the Hasse-Weil inequality for this case.\
Suppose that the Hasse-Weil inequality for genus $2$ is false. This is equivalent to the statement $\Delta_\delta>0$. In this case $\delta(x)$ has two different real zeros $\alpha<\beta$. We have that $\Delta_\delta$ in terms of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ is given by: $$\Delta_\delta=4(\alpha-\beta)^2=T^2-16q.$$ The integer $\Delta_\delta$ is assumed to be positive, so we conclude $4(\alpha-\beta)^2\geq 1$. Moreover, recall $\delta(n)>0$ for every $n\in\mathbb{Z}$. Since for any $x_0\in (\alpha,\beta)$ we have that $\delta(x_0)<0$, it follows that $(\alpha,\beta)$ contains no integers. This implies that $\beta-\alpha < 1$ and then $1\leq 4(\alpha-\beta)^2< 4$.\
So we have just three situations for positive discriminant: $T^2-16q\in\{1,2,3\}$. Each of these possibilities results in a contradiction as we will see below.\
\
**Case $T^2-16q=3$:** There are no integers $(T,q)$ satisfying this, as one checks by reducing modulo $4$.\
\
**Case $T^2-16q=2$:** Again reducing modulo $4$ implies that no integral solutions $(T,q)$ exist.\
\
**Case $T^2-16q=1$:** Then
**Subcase (i): $T=8w+1=q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$, $q=4w^2+w=p^n$**.
Since $p$ is the only prime dividing $q=w(4w+1)$ and since $\text{gcd}(w,4w+1)=1$, it follows that $w=\pm 1$ or $4w+1=\pm 1$. We proceed to check all possibilities.\
\
If $4w+1=+1$ then $w=0$ and $q=0$ which is not possible.\
If $4w+1=-1$ then $w=-\tfrac{1}{2}$ which is absurd since $w$ is an integer.\
If $w=+1$ then $q=5$ and $T=9$. However $9=5+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_5)$ is impossible.\
If $w=-1$ then $q=3$ and $T=-7$. However ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_3)$ has at most $2\cdot 3+2$ rational points, hence $T\geq 3+1-8=-4$.\
**Subcase (ii): $T=8w+7=q+1-\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_q)$, $q=4w^2+7w+3=p^n$**.
Again $p$ is the only prime dividing $q=4w^2+7w+3=(w+1)(4w+3)$. Moreover these two factors are coprime since $4(w+1)-(4w+3)=1$. Therefore one of the factors must be $\pm 1$. Again we check all possibilities.\
If $w+1=1$ then $q=3$ and $T=7$. However any curve $C/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_3$ has at least $0$ rational points, hence $T=3+1-\#C({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_3)\leq 4$.\
If $w+1=-1$ then $q=5$ and $T=-9$. Any hyperelliptic ${\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}/{\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_5$ satisfies $\#{\ensuremath{\mathcal H}}({\ensuremath{\mathbb F}}_5)\leq 2\cdot(5+1)$, hence $T\geq 6-12=-6$.\
The case $4w+3=1$ is impossible since $w$ is assumed to be an integer.\
Finally, $4w+3=-1$ leads to $q=0$ which is absurd.\
\
This shows that assuming $\Delta_\delta=T^2-16q> 0$ leads to a contradiction. Therefore $|T|\leq 4\sqrt{q}$ which is the Hasse-Weil inequality for this case.
[**Remark**]{}. Note that our [*definition*]{} of the integers $\delta_n$ is elementary and completely analogous to the definition by Manin of the integers $d_n$. However, whereas Manin also succeeded in presenting a completely elementary proof of the basic identity for the $d_n$, we used the interpretation of the $\delta_n$ as intersection numbers in order to show an analogous basic identity in the genus two case. To obtain a fully elementary proof also in genus two, it therefore suffices to replace this intersection theory argument by a calculation in the spirit of what Manin did. We do not know whether this is a feasible task.
| |
Assume that we have two perspective images with known intrinsic parameters except for an unknown common focal length. It is a minimally constrained problem to find the relative orientation between the two images given six corresponding points. To this problem which to the best of our knowledge was unsolved we present an efficient solver. Through numerical experiments we demonstrate that the algorithm is correct, numerically stable and useful. The solutions are found through eigen-decomposition of a 15 x 15 matrix. The matrix itself is generated in closed form. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/e945d3af-79bc-485e-86f8-3ff49ef9ba51 |
We all have dreams and desires we would like to manifest—new cars, soul mates, fit and trim bodies, perfect health, rewarding jobs, increased wealth, abundant free time to pursue our interests, but we don’t always do what it takes to create these things in our lives. On December 31st or January 1, we may come up with New Year’s resolutions and goals, but most of us rarely follow through with them. Indeed, it’s not uncommon for our good intentions to fade after only a few weeks or days and for December 31st of the next year to roll around without even one resolution carried out or one goal achieved.
Does this sound familiar?
In large part, accomplishment of New Year’s goals and resolutions depends not only upon your intention but upon how determined you are to manifest what you want in your life. And your level of determination is gauged on how much you really want what you say you want. If you truly desire what you say you want to create, then your determination level rises. If you are attached to the “why,” the purpose or reason for accomplishing that goal or making the change, you are more likely to find success.
Do You Have a Process?
If you possess intention and a strong “why,” you then need is a good manifestation process to help you create what you desire. Couple this process with your determination and intention and you readily take action towards the goals and resolutions you set. In fact, you are more likely to use the process on a regular basis. That means you cannot help but make great strides towards manifestation of your dreams and desires and achievement of your goals and resolutions.
Many manifestation processes exist; most of them work if used on a regular basis. Many people use the Law of Attraction, for example. Interestingly, Kabbalah, the Jewish mystical tradition, offers a process for creating what we want that that parallels the Law of Attraction. To know how to use this “technology,” you first must understand the mystical creation story.
The Kabbalistic Creation Story
According to the Kabbalists, or Jewish mystics, in the beginning God was the only thing that existed, and the Divine Presence existed everywhere. Then God began to feel the desire to create something besides Itself. Because God was everywhere and without end, there was no space for anything other than God to exist. So, God had to pull back, or contract, to create space for something other than Itself. In other words, God created a void within Itself so something new could come into being. Into this void God then sent a beam of Divine energy, or light. This energy went through four phases of creation, which the Kabbalists called “worlds,” that resulted in the physical realm as we know it.
The Kabbalistic Conscious Creation Process
By following this creation process through these same four phases, or worlds, you can consciously create in a similar fashion. Here are the seven steps of the process:
Step #1: Clear a space in your mind.
Even practiced meditators know it is hard to rid our minds of thoughts, but you can visualize creating a space—a void —in your mind. Just as God created a space, this is the basic idea: Make room for something new to enter as you get quite and try to connect with the Divine within and without.
Step #2: Visualize a beam of Divine energy or light entering the space in your mind and beginning to move through the four worlds.
This beam of Divine energy is filled with the inspiration and creative energy. The beam represents your desire or what you want to manifest. It enters the void, or space, you create, and begins the manifestation process.
Step #3: Get clear about what it is you want to create.
The beam of energy moves downward and enters the world of Atzilut, or the World of Being, where you are connected to the Divine. There you feel desire begin to stir and come into focus. This is the place meditators try to reach—a place where they can connect to Source and to their spiritual core. In this world, inspiration and desire are born. This is where you feel the impulse to have or to create something new. This is where you feel the stirring of change. You begin at this stage to know or to feel the desire to create something.
Step #4: Put your desire to create something into words that form clear thoughts upon which you can focus.
Now the beam of energy moves into the second world, Briah, which is the World of Thought. Here, your desire for something new manifests as thought. Your impulse to change turns into a words that express what you desire. You get clear about what you want and express it in words. Spend time focused upon these thoughts. They have a creative energy begin the manifestation process.
Step #5: Combine the thought of what you want with the feeling of having it by imagining it already manifest.
Next, the beam travels into the world of Yetzirah, or the World of Feeling. Just as the Divine energy moved into this world and combined the thought of something new with the feeling of something new, here you combine the thought of what you want with the positive feelings of having what you want. You also begin to sense what you need to do to help manifest your desire; you see a vision of the next right step to take or of the inspired action required to bring your desire into physical reality.
Step #6: Take action to help create your desire.
Last, the beam of energy enters the physical World of Action, called Assiyah. In this fourth world, God’s desire for something other than Itself manifested as the world we know—the physical plane. At this phase, we lend physical energy to the energy of thought and feeling. We take action to aide manifestation. This is where you take that inspired action or that next right or best step that you sensed in Yetzirah. Now you see clearly what you must do, and you do it. As you take action, you move towards your goals. You help bring our dreams into physical reality. You start achieving your resolutions. As you do, the energy of the previous steps lines up to help you create what you desire.
Step #7: Create what you want with a desire to give to others, to allow yourself to pursue a spiritual path and to draw closer to God.
The Jewish mystics caution that Kabbalah should not be used for our own practical purposes. The ultimate goal of all Kabbalah revolves around connecting with God. Yet, some Jewish mystics taught that we should ask for what we want and need as long as it helps us to share what we receive with others and to pursue a path of spiritual development.
In this last phase, you focus on how to give what you have created, or will create, with others. It’s that simple. You receive for the sake of giving or serving.
Amazingly, when you approach creation of anything you want with a true desire to receive your desires, achieve your goals or follow through on your resolutions so you can give to others, pursue a spiritual path and get closer to God, the things you want manifest more easily and quickly. You remove the blocks you might have to receiving what you desire and open yourself to the Divine flow of abundance. You synchronize yourself with the original energy of creation—and what better time to try and use that energy than at the beginning of a brand new year?
Give this process a try! I created it, use it personally and offer it to some of my coaching clients (especially those enrolled in Inspired Results Coaching). Let me know what results you achieve!
If you would like to learn more about this topic, purchase a copy of my e-book and/or e-workbook, The Kabbalah of Conscious Creation. | https://ninaamir.com/7-kabbalistic-steps-for-achieving-goals-and-keeping-resolutions/ |
BACKGROUND ART
DISCLOSURE
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The present invention relates to a fluidic device.
In liquid chromatography, a fluidic analyt may be pumped through a column comprising a material which is capable of separating different components of the fluidic analyt. Such a material, so-called beads which may comprise silica gel, may be filled into a column tube which may be connected to other elements (like a control unit, containers including sample and/or buffers) using fitting elements. In liquid chromatography, the mobile phase containing the dissolved analyte may be moved through a stationary phase which is capable of separating different components of the analyt. The movement of the liquid may be enforced by physical forces as gravitation or through pressure. The stationary phase may comprise separate particles e.g. silica gel or porous monolithic structures, it may be contained in a separate tube, capillary or microfluidic structure. The relation of the affinities of the analytes between the surface of the solid phase and the solved state in the mobile phase determines its retention in the solvent stream. A liquid chromatography setup may then be connected to other elements like sampling unit, detection unit, sample and solvent reservoirs and control unit.
More precisely, the fluidic (for instance dissolved) analyt may first be pumped through a first column (which may be denoted as an enrichment-column) and may then be pumped through a second column (which may be denoted as an analytical column). More precisely, the chromatographic setup may contain one or more functional sections as chemical reactor, mixer, extractor, enrichment column, online-SPE (solid phase extraction) and analytical separation column (which may be denoted as an analytical column).
US 5,908,552
discloses a column for capillary chromatographic separations, for example high performance liquid chromatography, including a column bed of packing material arranged in the inner bore of a column.
US 2004/0156753 A1
by the same applicant Agilent Technologies discloses a PAEK-based microfluidic device comprising two separate substrates which are bonded together to form channels where gases or liquids may move to accomplish applications of the microfluidic device. Thus, an internal cavity may be formed as a lumen or a channel of the microfluidic device.
WO 2005/094981
by the same applicant Agilent Technologies discloses a cyclic reactor system for amplifying nucleic acids using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process, wherein the reaction chamber is partitioned in reaction chamber portions. The entity of all reactor chamber portions is arranged in a cyclic manner thereby providing a circular fluid flow path, which permits a continuous and circulating processing of the amplification. This reactor system is operatively connected to an analysis device and allows nearly real-time analysis without interrupting the synthesis process. Furthermore, an embodiment of the cyclic reactor system is chip sized and therefore can be integrated with a plurality of cyclic reactor systems on a PCR reactor chip, which provides additionally an analysis device in an analysis level, and fluid support sources in a support level. A method for amplifying DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is conducted by the use in this reactor system.
US 6,386,050 B1
by the same applicant Agilent Technologies discloses measuring a flow rate within a fluid-containing passageway including introducing heat fluctuations into the flow and then non-invasively monitoring the effects of the heat fluctuations propagating to or from one or more interrogation regions. The non-invasive monitoring may detect fluctuations in the refractive index of the flowing fluid as a result of variations in the temperature of the fluid. Electrical conductivity of the fluid may be monitored.
US 2005/0006372 A1
US 7,015,030 B1
US 6,572,830 B1
US 2005/0142036 A1
US 2002/0122747 A1
US 2004/0164068 A1
DE 10321472 A1
Microfluidic devices with heating elements external to the microfluidic devices are known e.g. from or . Microfluidic devices with internal electrical heating elements are described e.g. in , , , or . describes a microfluidic module having a secondary fluid circuit for temperature control of the (main) fluid channel.
It is an object of the invention to provide an efficient fluidic device. The object is solved by the independent claims. Further embodiments are shown by the dependent claims.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a fluidic device (for instance a liquid chromatography device) adapted for processing a fluidic sample is provided, the fluidic device comprising an electromagnetic radiation source (for instance an infrared laser) adapted for generating electromagnetic radiation for selectively exciting hydroxyl-groups (that is OH-groups) of the fluidic sample.
According to another exemplary embodiment, a method of processing a fluidic sample is provided, wherein the fluidic sample is to be conducted through a fluidic device, the method comprising generating electromagnetic radiation for selectively exciting hydroxyl-groups of the fluidic sample.
The term "fluidic device" may particularly denote a device for processing a fluid (including a gas, a liquid, and mixtures thereof). A fluidic chip device may at least partially be provided in and/or on a (plastic) chip as a substrate. Use of a quartz capillary is possible as well.
The term "electromagnetic radiation for selectively exciting hydroxyl-groups" may particularly denote photons having an appropriate wavelength to be capable to specifically excite OH-group containing substances by photon-matter interaction. Such specific photon-matter interactions may include resonance phenomena like resonance absorption of infrared light, particularly excitation of vibrational modes in the substance. For this purpose, infrared light in the wavelength range between essentially 2700 nm and essentially 3400 nm may be used.
The term "infrared radiation" may particularly denote light that has longer wavelengths than red light so that humans can not see it. The term may describe a band of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible range and the microwave range. Photons of infrared light are less energetic than photons of visible light. Infrared radiation may particularly span three orders of magnitude and may include wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm. The term infrared radiation may denote light above the red perception limit of the human eye.
The term "substrate" may particularly denote any single layer or multiple layer arrangement serving as a carrier element of a fluidic (chip) device. In and/or on a substrate, one or more functional components of the fluidic device may be provided.
The term "processing element" may particularly denote any component which may influence a fluidic sample flowing through the device. It may particularly fulfill one of the functions of separating, purifying, mixing, heating, cooling, and chemically modifying the fluidic sample.
The term "beads" (or particles) may particularly denote a filling material of columns, for example balls with diameters in the range of micrometers, employed for chromatographically purposes.
According to an exemplary embodiment, fluidic devices may be provided, in which a mobile phase (and/or a stationary phase and/or parts of a device component) can be excited selectively by absorption of electromagnetic radiation of an adjusted frequency specifically by OH-groups of a fluidic sample. By using a relatively narrow wavelength band, it is possible to excite specific (particularly vibrational) modes of the hydroxyl-groups, so that (all) other components remain uninfluenced. Therefore, the heat transfer in the system may be kept as small as possible and a very specific and accurate heating and/or exciting scheme may be made possible.
An electromagnetic source adapted for this purpose, particularly a narrow-band infrared source, can be included in a fluidic chip device or externally thereof as a part of a larger apparatus in which the chip can be one component. In otherwords, one exemplary embodiment is directed to an infrared source integrated within a chip. Another embodiment is directed to an apparatus comprising an infrared source and a chip or another microfluidic device provided in the apparatus separately from the chip.
Therefore, selectively tempering a mobile phase in a fluidic device may be made possible. Exemplary embodiments are based on the recognition that in the infrared regime (for instance in the range of wave numbers between 3000 and 4000) absorption characteristics are found in which many common solvents (particularly water and alcohol) have strong electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities. Therefore, a selective excitation of a mobile phase is possible using specifically such radiation as an energy source. For this purpose, LEDs or lasers may be used which specifically emit electromagnetic radiation in this range. Such electromagnetic radiation sources are available, for instance, from the company "LASER 2000", see Bulletin number 1009 or www.laser2000.de.
Particularly in a temperature range between 20°C and 200°C, a temperature of a mobile phase may be accurately controlled (for instance for heating purposes) by a selective absorption of electromagnetic waves. According to another embodiment, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) processes may be excited or triggered.
US 2004/0156753 A1
Therefore, particularly the combination of small dimensioned fluidic devices (like microfluidic devices or microfluidic chips as disclosed as such, for instance, in ), the use of water or other OH-containing solvents, and the selective excitation with infrared radiation generated by very small dimensioned electromagnetic sources may allow for a selective excitation of vibrational modes (rotations and/or oscillations) of the OH-groups, thereby allowing to accurately and precisely control the temperature conditions within a sample of a very small volume (like milliliters, microliters, or nanoliters).
Exemplary fields of application of exemplary embodiments are sample heating, sample mixing, activating reactions (for instance hydrolysis of proteins) in a sample, sample detection, and/or flow measurement. Another exemplary field of application of exemplary embodiments is a pre-heating of an electrospray so as to generate a burst for further analysis in a mass spectroscopy device. An example for such an embodiment is the implementation of a selective OH-excitation system in an apparatus of the 1100 or 1200 Series LC/MSD of Agilent Technologies.
It may be particularly advantageous that appropriate materials for housings or substrates for a fluidic device, for example polyamide or glass, have excitation bands apart from the infrared range, so that a selective excitation of OH groups may be made possible only in the sample, essentially without influencing other components of a fluidic device.
According to an exemplary embodiment, it is also possible to alter the excitation characteristics in a fluidic path within a device in a spatially manner (for instance by performing a relative motion between the electromagnetic radiation source and a fluid channel through which the fluidic sample is conducted) and/or a time-dependent adjustment (for instance by generating a gradient) of the temperature characteristic.
According to an exemplary embodiment, a microfluidic device with a narrowband absorbing electromagnetic radiation source is provided for selectively exciting an OH band of a mobile phase using resonance phenomena. Such a microfluidic device may be integrated in the context of electrophoresis, gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, etc.
Embodiments of the invention make use of the fact that many microchips use water as a solvent (most micro chip applications are of biological nature and therefore mainly use aqueous buffers). Water has an intense absorption band in the infrared range, so that water or other OH-containing solvents (like methanol or ethanol) can be selectively excited by the electromagnetic radiation generated in the fluidic device.
A device according to an exemplary embodiment may be adapted for a low volume processing, like 300 nl/min. A diameter of the capillary may be in the order of magnitude between 15 and 150 µm. For instance, in a multilayer chip arrangement of a fluidic device, a channel formed in an intermediate layer may have a height of 50 µm and a length of 75 µm. For instance, a power of the electromagnetic radiation source may be in the order of magnitude of microwatts. The excitation may be a narrowband excitation so that a specific chemical group may be excited. For instance, an appropriate narrow band may be 3 µm ± 0,5 µm.
Infrared radiation may be, for microfluidic applications, an ideal wavelength range, since less Rayleigh scattering occurs as compared to an optical excitation. Therefore, when small sample/solvent volumes including OH-groups like water shall be processed, a selective heating by an excitation via the absorption of infrared radiation may be made possible. Vibrations may be selectively excited.
The excitation may be used to move sample material, to trigger or catalyze chemical reactions (for instance the hydrolysis of proteins), to vary elusion properties of a chromatographic column or any other processing unit, for heating, for modifying viscosity, or for any other application particularly in the field of life sciences.
Next, further exemplary embodiments of the fluidic device will be explained. However, these embodiments also apply for the method of processing a fluidic sample.
The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for generating infrared radiation. Such an electromagnetic radiation source may be a light emitting diode (LED) or a laser. The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for generating electromagnetic radiation selectively in a range between essentially 2000 nm and essentially 4000 nm, particularly in a range between essentially 2700 nm and essentially 3400 nm, more particularly around essentially 3100 nm. Specifically the range between 2700 nm and 3400 nm fits properly to the absorption band of many OH-containing chemicals. Thus, these wavelength ranges allow to selectively excite the mobile phase, whereas other components remain essentially unexcited.
The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for generating electromagnetic radiation for selectively exciting hydroxyl-groups (that is to say OH-groups) of water, an alcohol (like methanol, ethanol), a carbonic acid, and a combination thereof. The exemplary list given clearly shows that the resonance excitation using infrared radiation fits particularly well with many conventional solvents, since all these examples include an OH-group.
The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for generating electromagnetic radiation for selectively exciting vibrational modes of hydroxyl-groups of the fluidic sample. Therefore, the excitation band may be adjusted so as to excite vibrational modes of the OH-groups.
The electromagnetic radiation source may further be adapted for generating electromagnetic radiation for selectively exciting resonance modes of hydroxyl-groups of the fluidic sample. By using resonance phenomena, an intense absorption in a specific wavelength band may be used for a very efficient heat transfer.
The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for generating a narrow-band electromagnetic radiation. The term narrow-band may denote that the bandwidth of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is much smaller than the wavelength itself. For instance, the bandwidth δλ may be less than 20% of a center wavelength λ, more particularly may be less than 10%. This allows a specific excitation, and the energetic losses and unspecific heat impact can be kept small.
The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for heating the fluidic sample. Therefore, the system may be used as an integrated heating system allowing to selectively introduce energy to heat the OH-containing substance.
The electromagnetic radiation source may further be adapted to provide energy for initiating a chemical reaction between different components of the fluidic sample. Therefore, when the fluidic device is used as a lab-on-chip, two or more components can be brought in interaction, and the reaction may be triggered catalytically by providing heat or light.
The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for initiating a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the fluidic sample. The term polymerase chain reaction may denote a technique for amplifying DNA, making it easier to isolate, clone and sequence samples. For a PCR, multiple copies of a DNA may be made, and this may require energy. The selective excitation according to an exemplary embodiment may help to initiate or trigger a polymerase chain reaction. Requirements for efficiently performing PCR are quickly alterable temperature phases, both in the time domain and spatially.
The device may comprise a first conduit (like a channel or a capillary) in which a first component of the fluidic sample is conducted, may comprise a second conduit (like a channel or a capillary) in which a second component of the fluidic sample is conducted and may comprise a mixing portion in which the first conduit intersects the second conduit for mixing the first component with the second component. When the electromagnetic radiation source is adapted for generating the electromagnetic radiation in the mixing portion, particularly exclusively in the mixing portion (for instance by focusing a spot there), then an interaction of the two components may be promoted with a high spatial resolution. Only this portion is heated, and remaining portions of the device may remain essentially uninfluenced.
The mixing portion may be positioned upstream of a chromatography column. Therefore, after having mixed the components, a chromatographic analysis of the reaction product can be carried out.
Alternatively (e.g. for post-column derivatisation), the mixing portion may be positioned downstream of a chromatography column. In such a scenario, a sample may first be separated, so that the components are known. Afterwards, a mixing of components may be carried out.
The fluidic device may comprise a moving mechanism adapted for selectively moving the electromagnetic radiation source relative to a conduit through which the fluidic sample is conducted. Therefore, a spatially dependent and varying heat introduction is made possible, so that the moving mechanism just moves the electromagnetic radiation source to a specific portion of the fluidic device in which a hydroxyl-group containing fluidic sample shall be heated. This may increase the flexibility and the user-friendliness of the device. According to one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is moved and a substrate including a fluidic conduit may remain fixed (with regard to a lab system). According to another embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source remains fixed and a substrate including a fluidic conduit may be moved (with regard to a lab system).
The fluidic device may comprise an electromagnetic radiation detector adapted for detecting electromagnetic radiation generated by the electromagnetic radiation source after interaction with the fluidic sample. Therefore, additionally or alternatively to the heating effect, the electromagnetic radiation altered by the fluidic sample may be used for detection purposes. The specific absorption in the infrared range may therefore be an indicator of the presence of OH-containing material.
The interaction may comprise a transmission of the generated electromagnetic radiation through the fluidic sample (that is to say a transmission measurement in which a damping can be indirectly measured), a reflection of the generated electromagnetic radiation at the fluidic sample, a scattering of the generated electromagnetic radiation in the fluidic sample (with constructive or destructive interference behind the device), and/or a fluorescence of the fluidic sample in response to the generated electromagnetic radiation (so that components of the fluidic sample first absorb electromagnetic radiation and then emit usually lower energies of electromagnetic radiation subsequently). It is also possible that an absorption of the generated electromagnetic radiation by the fluidic sample is measured. In such a scenario, the measurement detects how much energy or how many photons have been absorbed by the material.
The substrate may comprise a plurality of layers. For instance, three or five layers may form a laminated structure of the fluidic device which may allow for providing all the required components of the fluidic device within the layered structure.
Therefore, according to one embodiment, the substrate may comprise a top layer and a bottom layer. Furthermore, at least one intermediate layer may be provided which may be sandwiched between the top layer and the bottom layer. The at least one intermediate layer may comprise a conduit through which the fluidic sample is to be conducted, and at least one of the at least one intermediate layer(s) may comprise the electromagnetic radiation source. This may allow to provide a highly integrated system. The electromagnetic radiation source and the fluidic sample may be located in the same intermediate layer, or in different intermediate layers, or outside the substrate.
The fluidic device may comprise a processing element adapted for interacting with the fluidic sample for retaining the fluidic sample of a mobile phase and for allowing other components of the mobile phase to pass the processing element. The processing element may be adapted for retaining the fluidic sample (that is to say to trap selectively a fluidic sample of interest, for instance a special protein of a multi-component biological sample) and for allowing other components of the mobile phase to pass the processing element. This may be achieved due to different chemical properties of different components of the mobile phase, resulting in different ways of interacting between the components of the mobile phase and the stationary phase located fixed in enrichment-column. Therefore, a pre-separation may be performed in this processing element.
A further processing element may be located downstream the processing element and may be adapted for interacting with the fluidic sample and adapted to be supplied with the fluidic sample released from the processing element and to further separate the fluidic sample from other components of the mobile phase. This may be achieved due to different chemical properties of different components of the mobile phase, resulting in different ways of interacting between the components of the mobile phase and the stationary phase located fixed in the analytical column. Therefore, in combination with the processing element, a two-stage fluid separation system may be provided in which, after pre-separating the sample in the first processing element, a further processing in the second processing element may be performed to further increase the separation performance or degree of purity of the separated component.
The fluidic device may comprise a tip coupled to an outlet of the further processing element and adapted to be coupled to a mass spectroscopy unit. In other words, the fluidic device may comprise a tip emitting a spray (electro spray) of the separated fluidic sample and coupled to an outlet of the further processing element. The fluidic device may be implemented as a plastic microfluidic chip which has a tip at an outlet which tip may be coupled to a mass spectrometer unit for further processing. At such a tip, a microspray may be emitted which may be further analyzed by the mass spectroscopy unit.
The electromagnetic radiation source may be adapted for affecting the temperature of the fluidic sample at the tip. By influencing the temperature of the tip, also the temperature of the emitted spray may be set so as to prepare the sample for further processing in the mass spectroscopy unit.
The substrate of the fluidic device may comprise a plastic, a polymer, a glass, a metal, a semiconductor or a ceramic. Materials of the substrate may be selected in accordance with the required thermal properties, absorption properties, and fluid conducting properties.
The substrate may have an essentially rectangular (or another shape like a trapezoid) cross section. Furthermore, the substrate may have a plate-like shape. Typical dimensions of the substrate are a thickness of 0.3 mm, and a dimension of several cm in length and in width.
The fluidic device may comprise a conduit formed in the substrate, wherein the fluidic device may be conductible through the conduit. The fluidic sample may be brought in thermal contact with a gas or liquid flow which may be thermally coupled or physically coupled to the fluidic sample.
At least a part of the processing element and at least a part of the further processing element may be filled with a fluid separating material. Such a fluid separating material which may also be denoted as a stationary phase may be any material which allows an adjustable degree of interaction with a sample so as to be capable of separating different components of such a sample. The fluid separating material may be a liquid chromatography column filling material or packing material comprising at least one of the group consisting of polystyrene, cellulite, polyvinylalcohol, polytetrafluoroethylene, glass, polymeric powder, silicon dioxide and other suitable metal oxides. However, any packing material can be used which has material properties allowing an analyt passing through this material to be separated into different components, for instance due to different kinds of interactions or affinities between the packing material and fractions of the analyt.
At least a part of the processing element and at least a part of the further processing element may be filled with a fluid separating material, wherein the fluid separating material may comprise beads having a size in the range of essentially 1 µm to essentially 50 µm. Thus, these beads may be small particles which may be filled inside the separation columns. The beads may have pores having a size in the range of essentially 0.02 µm to essentially 0.03 µm. The fluidic sample may be passed through the pores, wherein an interaction may occur between the fluidic sample and the pores. By such effects, separation of the fluid may occur.
The processing element may have a size which differs from a size of the further processing element. Particularly, the processing element (enrichment-column) may be significantly smaller than the further processing element (main column). This different size may result in a different volume capability and in different fluid separation probabilities of the two processing elements, which may be adjusted or adapted to one another by the irradiation system according to an exemplary embodiment.
At least a part of components of the fluidic chip device may be integrated in a plastic chip. Therefore, exemplary embodiments may be implemented as well in a chip-like architecture in which an arrangement of multiple layers has integrated therein the components for the fluid processing.
The fluidic chip device may be adapted as a fluid separation system for separating components of the mobile phase. When a mobile phase including a fluidic sample is pumped through the fluidic chip device, for instance with a high pressure, the interaction between a filling of the column and the fluidic sample may allow for separating different components of the sample, as performed in a liquid chromatography device or in a gel electrophoresis device.
However, the fluidic device may also be adapted as a fluid purification system for purifying the fluidic sample. By spatially separating different fractions of the fluidic sample, a multi-component sample may be purified, for instance a protein solution. When a protein solution has been prepared in a biochemical lab, it may still comprise a plurality of components. If, for instance, only a single protein of this multi-component liquid is of interest, the sample may be forced to pass the columns. Due to the different interaction of the different protein fractions with the filling of the column (for instance using a gel electrophoresis device or a liquid chromatography device), the different samples may be distinguished, and one sample or a band of material may be selectively isolated as a purified sample.
The fluidic device may be adapted to analyze at least one physical, chemical and/or biological parameter of at least one component of the mobile phase. The term "physical parameter" may particularly denote a size or a temperature of the fluid. The term "chemical parameter" may particularly denote a concentration of a fraction of the analyt, an affinity parameter, or the like. The term "biological parameter" may particularly be a concentration of a protein, a gene or the like in a biochemical solution, a biological activity of a component, etc.
The fluidic device may be or may be implemented in different technical environments, like a sensor device, a test device for testing a device under test or a substance, a device for chemical, biological and/or pharmaceutical analysis, a capillary electrophoresis device, a liquid chromatography device, a gas chromatography device, an electronic measurement device, or a mass spectroscopy device. Particularly, the fluidic chip device may be a high performance liquid chromatography device (HPLC) by which different fractions of an analyt may be separated, examined and analyzed.
The processing element and the further processing element may be chromatographic columns for separating components of the fluidic sample. Therefore, exemplary embodiments may be particularly implemented in the context of a liquid chromatography apparatus.
The fluidic device may be adapted to conduct a liquid mobile phase through the first processing element and a second processing element. As an alternative to a liquid mobile phase, a gaseous mobile phase or a mobile phase including solid particles may be processed using the fluidic device. Also materials being mixtures of different phases (solid, liquid, gases) may be analyzed using exemplary embodiments.
The fluidic device may be adapted to conduct the mobile phase through the first processing element and the second processing element with a high pressure, particularly of at least 100 bar, more particularly of at least 500 bar. In the context of such a high pressure application, the temperature control of the mobile phase may be particularly of interest.
The fluidic chip device may be adapted as a microfluidic chip device. The term "microfluidic chip device" may particularly denote a fluidic chip device as described herein which allows to convey fluid through microconduits (like microchannels) having a dimension in the order of magnitude of µm or less.
Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of embodiments of the present invention will be readily appreciated and become better understood by reference to the following more detailed description of embodiments in connection with the accompanied drawings. Features that are substantially or functionally equal or similar will be referred to by the same reference signs.
Fig. 1
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig 12 and Fig 13
, , , show diagrams illustrating a function of fluidic devices according to exemplary embodiments.
Fig. 2 to Fig. 7
Fig. 10, Fig. 11
, illustrate fluidic devices according to exemplary embodiments.
The illustration in the drawing is schematically.
In the following, the selective infrared excitation of water and water containing solvents will be explained.
A selective excitation of fundamental vibrational modes of an OH-group in OH-containing solvents (for instance water, alcohols, carbonic acids and water containing liquids) may be possible in the "fingerprint band" of the mid infrared in the wavelength range of essentially 2700 nm to essentially 3400 nm with dedicated infrared sources, for example infrared LEDs or infrared laser diodes. Such a procedure may be used for applications like heating, mixing, reaction activation and/or liquid detection particularly in the field of life science.
Fig. 1
shows a diagram 100 illustrating an infrared spectrum of methanol with a wavelength range 103 indicative of an absorption of the OH-group.
-1
-1
3
Fig. 1
Along an abscissa 101 of the diagram 100, wave numbers are plotted in cm. Along an ordinate 102 of the diagram 100, a transmittance is plotted in percent. A selective excited wavelength range of OH-groups is indicated by reference numeral 103. Furthermore, a maximum absorption for methanol (CHOH) at 3345 cm is indicated as well in .
When using infrared excitation in the range 103 for exciting OH-containing solvents in a fluidic device, it is possible to efficiently prevent environment heating (for instance heating of glass, quartz, polyimide, polyethylene). Therefore, a low heat capacity may be obtained by only heating an OH-containing target substance which has to be excited. Furthermore, a precise positioning is possible, since only the targeted focus will be heated. A highly time-resolved performance may be made possible. Very fast rise and cooling times may be obtained, since the environment of OH-containing solvents has not to be heated. Pulse, sinus, temperature gradients or any other temperature patterns are possible.
Exemplary fields of applications are low liquid volume applications, for instance in capillaries, for microfluidic applications, in on-chip devices, etc. Exemplary measurement units including such systems are capillary liquid chromatography systems, or capillary EC devices.
Fig. 2
In the following, referring to , a fluidic device 200 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention will be explained.
Fig. 2
The fluidic device 200 is adapted for processing a fluidic sample 203 flowing in a direction perpendicular to the paper plane of . The fluidic sample 203 may be an aqueous solution including biological components, like a mixture of proteins or DNA molecules.
An electromagnetic radiation source 201, namely an infrared LED (light emitting diode) or an infrared laser emitting around a wavelength of 3100 nm is provided which is adapted for generating infrared radiation 202 for selectively exciting OH-groups of the fluidic sample 203.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
shows a bottom layer 204, a top layer 206 which may be a glass or plastic carrier. Furthermore, a patterned intermediate layer 205 is shown which includes a channel or conduit through which the OH-group containing liquid 203 can flow. An activated zone 207 is shown in as well.
Fig. 1
The IR laser 201 selectively generates infrared radiation around a wavelength of 3100 nm. As can be seen in , in this wavelength regime 103, OH-groups may selectively absorb the energy to excite vibrational modes. The laser 201 is capable of producing a narrow-band electromagnetic radiation, since a laser almost generates monochromatic radiation. When the infrared photons 202 impinge on the fluidic sample 203, at least a part of them will be absorbed for heating the fluidic sample 203.
In the following, referring to the next figures, further microchip applications will be explained, that is to say fluidic chip devices.
Fig. 3
A fluidic chip device 300 shown in comprises a substrate 304.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
On the substrate 304, an enrichment-column 301 for a chromatographic analysis of the fluidic sample is provided. shows a heated/activated spot 305 which corresponds to a portion of the chip 300 which can be selectively heated by irradiation with infrared radiation. Although not shown in the schematic drawing of , when the fluidic sample has retained from the enrichment-column 301, it may be transported (by a pump or the like) to an inlet of a main column 302 which is a further liquid chromatography column. After having passed the main column 302, separated sample portions can be transported to a tip 303 of the fluidic chip device 300. Although not shown in , when being emitted as a spray at the tip 303, the sample may be further analyzed in a mass spectrometer device (for instance in the context of an apparatus of the 1100 or 1200 Series LC/MSD of Agilent Technologies).
Fig. 3
In the embodiment of , a selective desorption of an analyt from the trapping (i.e. enrichment) column 301 by a solvent radiation in the range of approximately 3000 nm may be made possible.
Fig. 4
,
Referring to the fluidic chip device 400 shown in a first fluidic component may flow through a first conduit 401, and a second fluidic component may flow through a second conduit 402. In a mixing portion 403, both components can be brought in interaction with one another. For instance, a chemical reaction may be triggered to occur in the mixing portion 403. The mixing portion 403 may be a heated activated spot. In other words, when the two components are mixed, they are provided with thermal energy by the infrared laser 201 in the mixing portion 403.
Fig. 4
After the mixing has occurred, and the chemical reaction has been carried out, the product substances may be conveyed to an analytical column 404 for a liquid chromatography analysis. Afterwards, the separated components are emitted as a spray via the tip 303 to a connected mass spectrometer. Thus, the embodiment of relates to an enrichment-column reaction/derivatization system.
Fig. 5
,
Next, referring to a post-column reaction/derivatization system in the form of a fluidic chip device 500 will be explained.
Along a first conduit 401, a reagent is supplied to the system. Along a second fluid conduit 402, an analyt is transported. The analyt may be analyzed in an analytical column 404 before being brought in interaction with the reagent in a heated/activated spot 403. The spot 403 equals to a mixing portion for mixing the reagent with the analyt and may be irradiated with a narrow band of infrared radiation.
Fig. 6
A fluidic chip device 600 shown in relates to a controlled position resolved heating/activation system.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
As can be taken from , a moving or movable heating/activating spot 601 is shown. As indicated by a double arrow in , the laser 201 may be moved with respect to the analytical column 404 so as to supply energy in a spatially dependent manner with a high spatial resolution.
Fig. 7
shows a fluidic chip device 700 according to another exemplary embodiment.
The fluidic chip device 700 allows for a controlled time heating/activation pattern/gradient system. Any desired time pattern may be used for the excitation, for instance a gradient scheme, a pulse scheme, a sine scheme, a triangle scheme, etc. This is indicated schematically in a diagram 710 in which a temperature is plotted along an ordinate 712 depending on a time plotted along an abscissa 711.
Fig. 8
shows a diagram 800.
Along an abscissa 801 of the diagram 800, the time is plotted in seconds. Along an ordinate 802 of the diagram 800, the temperature is plotted in degrees Celsius.
Fig. 8
The diagram 800 relates to an on-chip PCR (polymerase chain reaction) system. By applying different temperatures using spatial or timing patterns of infrared radiation, it is possible to perform repetitive PCR cycles, with fast heating and cooling portions, as indicated in a curve 803 of .
Fig. 9
Fig. 8
shows a diagram 900 which is similar to the diagram 800 of .
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Fig. 8
A fast cooling portion 901 is indicated in . Thus, also shows a PCR cycle, whereas shows a fast and accurate temperature control.
Fig. 10
,
In the following, referring to a fluidic device 1000 will be explained which relates to a solvent and bubble detection (level sensing).
Fig. 10
Fig. 2
Fig. 10
The system shown in essentially differs from the system 200 shown in in that, additionally, a photodiode 1001 is provided as a photosensor. The photodiode 1001 is arranged to oppose the infrared laser 201 with respect to the laminar structure 204 to 206. When infrared radiation 202 is emitted by the laser 201, it traverses the fluidic sample 203 (containing hydroxyl-groups) and impinges on the photodiode 1001. In case that an air bubble 1002 which is indicated schematically in passes the activated zone 207, this can be detected by a change in the transmission properties detected by the photodiode 1001.
Fig. 11
shows a fluidic device 1100 according to an exemplary embodiment which may be used for flow metering.
Fig. 11
The device 1100 differs from the device 200 essentially in that a temperature measurement unit 1101 is provided. When a specific portion (located in the heated zone 207) of the fluidic sample 203 is selectively heated by the infrared radiation 202, and if the fluidic sample 203 flows along a direction is indicated with an arrow in , a time interval Δt can be detected and can be used to determine the flow speed of the fluidic sample 203, since the moved activated fluid drop can be measured at the temperature measurement unit 1101. Therefore, on the basis of a known distance between the heated zone 207 and the temperature measurement unit 1101 and on the basis of the measured time Δt, the flow speed can be calculated or evaluated.
Fig. 12
In the following, a diagram 1200 shown in will be used to explain some background topics.
Fig. 12
Along an abscissa 1201 the wavelength is plotted in nm. Along an ordinate 1202 an intensity 1202 is plotted. shows the thermal black body radiation, that is to say the radiation spectrum of a black body at a specific temperature of, for instance, 3000 K, 6000 K or 12.000 K. The visible spectrum is indicated by reference numeral 1203.
Conventionally, the term infrared in relation to thermal heating refers to the radiation of the so-called black body. This may be generated by glowing physical bodies, like the heating wire of a lamp. This means a broad wavelength distribution according to Planck's Law with mid wavelength usually between 700 nm and 1000 nm, causing a broad, relatively unspecific thermal excitation of the target molecules.
In the described applications of exemplary embodiments, a selective wavelength range is employed, taking advantage of the absorption coefficient of water (or other OH-containing solvents) around 3000 nm, which may be at least four magnitudes higher than ranges used with standard thermal infrared, and which are specifically exciting distinct molecular groups (OH).
Fig. 13
-1
shows a diagram 1300. An ordinate 1301 shows an absorption coefficient (in cm). The thermal infrared between 600 nm and 1000 nm is indicated with reference numeral 1302. The selective excitation between 2700 nm and 3400 nm is indicated with reference numeral 1303.
It should be noted that the term "comprising" does not exclude other elements or features and the "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. Also elements described in association with different embodiments may be combined. It should also be noted that reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims. | |
Eoin O’Callaghan is Elma Orkestra. The Derry-based composer creates beautiful cinematic soundscapes that explore Northern Irish culture. In partnership with Ryan Vail, Eoin released the album Borders in 2019, a magnificent collection of atmospheric arrangements, and winner of the 'Northern Ireland - Album of the Year Music Prize'. Borders challenges geographic and internal divides - The accompanying visuals explore the concept of borders, borders which are invisible to nature, and therefore the beauty of nature spills over these lines.
Now, using Northern Ireland Screen's Digital Film Archive, Eoin has reinterpreted ‘Arrival’, one of the standout tracks from the Borders album. Looking anew at his own work, through the lens of the films within the archive, this is an exciting visual reimagining.
Eoin spoke about his experience on the project -
‘When you're handed hours and hours of archive footage that has been lovingly digitised by the folks at Northern Ireland Screen… it’s kind of hard to know where to start. | https://digitalfilmarchive.net/news/the-looking-glass-anthology-arrival-1275 |
If you enjoy growing pinto beans but don't have a garden, you can grow them indoors. Growing pinto beans is a practical idea, partly because these beans can be used in many culinary applications, but also because they have a long shelf life. Here are 7 steps you can follow to successfully grow pinto beans.
TIP: Our seasoned horticultural consultant Susan Patterson adds: "Store dry beans in the freezer for four hours to kill any insects or larvae before placing them in glass jars for dry storage."
How to Easily Create an Automated Supply of the Freshest, High-quality organic foods in backyards and Make the best, DELICIOUS, protein-rich, Vitamin-packed Food Every Day in Backyard
Step 1 - Choose your preferred seedbed
Use a flower box, an old chest of drawers filled with garden soil, a hydroponic growing box, or build a simple shallow box and fill it with 4 or 5 inches of potting soil or topsoil.
Step 2 - preparing the soil for planting
If you are using topsoil outdoors, make sure it warms up to at least 50 degrees before planting seeds. Leave the soil slightly moist. Pinto beans can rot before germination if the soil they are planted in is moist. Before planting, find a spot near a window where the beans will be exposed to direct daylight. Add 2-3 inches of mulch between rows. This will help control weeds and retain moisture.
Learn More:How To Grow Pinto Beans: Planting, Care, Varieties and Types
Step 3 - prepare pinto beans for planting
Prepare the beans for planting by placing them in a damp paper towel, then place the towel in a plastic sandwich bag and keep in a dark, warm place until some of them begin to sprout. This should take 5 to 7 days. Or soak them overnight in warm water before planting.
Step 4 - plant pinto beans
To plant the beans, dig a narrow furrow 1½ to 2 inches deep. Throw the beans into the furrow 4 inches apart. If using a planter box 24 ”or less, create 1 row of seeds in the center of the planter box. This distance will allow you to work and aerate the soil. To help you remember where the beans are planted, run the string along the top of the furrow. After planting, lightly spray the planted soil with water to keep the surface moist without disturbing the planted seeds.
Step 5 - fertilize the soil
When the beans are 4-6 inches tall, apply 4-10-10 fertilizers to the soil, being careful not to damage the young plant roots.
How to Success on Herb Selling Business a success story
Step 6 - Till the seed drill
As the plants grow, cultivate the soil where there are no roots or bean sprouts, such as between rows. This loosening of the soil will prevent soil compaction and help prevent weed growth. If the weeds do grow, pull them out by hand. Be careful not to disturb the growing roots or sprouts.
Step 7 - water the plants
Pinto bean seedlings should be given a minimum amount of water. This means that you should only water them when the soil in the planter box has only recently dried out.
TIP: Susan suggests, "Stick your finger in the ground up to the joint, and if you're drying, then water the beans."
Step 8 - Harvest the beans
Harvest pinto beans that you want to eat fresh when the pods are 3 inches long, or leave them on the vine to dry.
Learn With Video
Harvesting Organically Grown Beans From Our Indoor Garden! | https://www.backyardgardenusa.com/2021/04/8-way-to-grow-pinto-beans-indoors-in.html?m=1 |
Step 1: Preheat oven to 350°F and spray 12 muffin tins with non-stick cooking spray. Combine dry ingredients in a medium bowl, reserving 1 tbsp brown sugar; mix well and set aside.
Step 2: Stir together cream cheese and the reserved 1 tbsp brown sugar. When well blended, fold in 1/4 cup peaches. Add milk, oil, vanilla and egg to dry ingredients, mixing just until dry ingredients are moistened. Lightly stir in remaining peaches and walnuts.
Step 3: Spoon 3/4 of the mixture into prepared muffin tins. Place a tsp of the cream cheese mixture in the centre of each then spoon remaining batter over the top. Bake for 20-25 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the centre comes out clean.
Reprinted with permission from the California Tree Fruit Agreement. | https://houseandhome.com/recipe/healthy-oat-peaches-cream-muffins-recipe/ |
Attitudes Toward Work Changing attitudes toward work help explain the changing demographic profile of the American work force. With a college degree increasingly seen as a necessity for the good life, many young people ages 16 to 24 report they are staying out of the labor force to concentrate full time on their education. At the other end of the work life cycle, older adults are healthier, living longer 17 and more inclined than any time in recent decades to work past the traditional retirement age of A majority of those who do so say they keep working mainly for the intangible rather than the economic rewards, according to the Pew Research Center survey.
Fundamentals[ edit ] Attitudes and their connection with industrial mental health are related to Abraham Maslow 's theory of motivation. His findings have had a considerable theoretical, as well as a practical, influence on attitudes toward administration.
Rather, individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself.
This appears to parallel Maslow's theory of a need hierarchy. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work.
Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. This theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivityadministrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction leads to decrease in dissatisfaction.
The two-factor theory developed from data collected by Herzberg from interviews with engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area, chosen because of their professions' growing importance in the business world.
Regarding the collection process: Each respondent gave as many "sequences of events" as he could that met certain criteria— including a marked change in feeling, a beginning, and an end, and contained some substantive description other than feelings and interpretations The proposed hypothesis appears verified.
The factors on the right that led to satisfaction achievement, intrinsic interest in the work, responsibility, and advancement are mostly unipolar; that is, they contribute very little to job dissatisfaction.
Conversely, the dis-satisfiers company policy and administrative practices, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, and salary contribute very little to job satisfaction.
However, the absence of such gratifying job characteristics does not appear to lead to unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Instead, dissatisfaction results from unfavorable assessments of such job-related factors as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions.
Thus, if management wishes to increase satisfaction on the job, it should be concerned with the nature of the work itself — the opportunities it presents for gaining status, assuming responsibility, and for achieving self-realization.
If, on the other hand, management wishes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the job environment — policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions.
Two-factor theory distinguishes between: The term "hygiene" is used in the sense that these are maintenance factors. According to Herzberg, hygiene factors are what causes dissatisfaction among employees in the workplace. In order to remove dissatisfaction in a work environment, these hygiene factors must be eliminated.
There are several ways that this can be done but some of the most important ways to decrease dissatisfaction would be to pay reasonable wages, ensure employees job security, and to create a positive culture in the workplace.
Herzberg considered the following hygiene factors from highest to lowest importance: The other half would be to increase satisfaction in the workplace. This can be done by improving on motivating factors. Herzberg also further classified our actions and how and why we do them, for example, if you perform a work related action because you have to then that is classed as "movement", but if you perform a work related action because you want to then that is classed as "motivation".
Herzberg thought it was important to eliminate job dissatisfaction before going onto creating conditions for job satisfaction because it would work against each other.
The ideal situation where employees are highly motivated and have few complaints. Employees have few complaints but are not highly motivated. The job is viewed as a paycheck. Employees are motivated but have a lot of complaints.
A situation where the job is exciting and challenging but salaries and work conditions are not up to par. This is the worst situation where employees are not motivated and have many complaints. Unlike Maslowwho offered little data to support his ideas, Herzberg and others have presented considerable empirical evidence to confirm the motivation-hygiene theory, although their work has been criticized on methodological grounds.
Workarounds[ edit ] Herzberg's theory concentrates on the importance of internal job factors as motivating forces for employees. He designed it to increase job enrichment for employees.Abstract.
This article identifies three major gaps between HR practice and the scientific research in the area of employee attitudes in general and the most focal employee attitude in particular—job satisfaction: (1) the causes of employee attitudes, (2) the results of positive or negative job satisfaction, and (3) how to measure and influence employee attitudes.
Attitude & Job Satisfaction 1. ATTITUDES and JOB SATISFACTION Prepared by: r-bridal.comnan (25) r-bridal.comshankar (18) Balashakthivel. “Motivation is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get desired course of action, to push right button to get desired reactions.” The following are the features of motivation.
Chapter 3: Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. 1. Contrast the three components of an attitude 2. Compare and contrast the major job attitudes 4. Define job satisfaction and show how we can measure it 5. Summarize the main causes of job satisfaction 6. Identify four employee responses to dissatisfaction.
STUDY. PLAY. Summary: Managers.
The full results of our literature survey into how to predict job satisfaction. Job satisfaction employee satisfaction is a measure of workers' contentedness with their job, whether or not they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. | https://pisizopexuforeku.r-bridal.com/attitudes-and-job-satisfaction-summary-654rv.html |
Scientists are using systematic approaches to identify non-oncology drugs that can be used to treat cancer, but access to drugs and commercial challenges are hindering progress.
Source: istockphoto.com Not all the biological targets of a drug are determined when a drug is first developed
In his laboratory at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard professor Vikas Sukhatme has identified several surface markers found on a type of immune cell called a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC). These cells cause immunosuppression in cancer patients and can counteract the effects of many of the recently approved immunotherapies to treat cancer. Sukhatme is currently working with a pharmaceutical company to develop an antibody against one of these markers in an attempt to deplete the population of MDSCs.
However, developing such a therapy is likely to take many years and success is far from certain. It has been estimated that it takes 13.5 years to bring a new molecular entity to market and, between 2003 and 2011, the success rate for taking oncology drugs from phase I to approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was only around 7%.
When an oncology drug does make it to market, companies commonly charge more than US$100,000 for a year’s supply, even though the drugs often provide only modest survival benefits. Oncologists often talk about using combinations of new drugs, but the potentially prohibitive cost of such combinations is much less commonly discussed.
So while Sukhatme continues his research that could lead to novel cancer therapies, he is also considering another option: that some already approved drugs, including generic drugs, that are currently used to treat non-cancer conditions, may also show efficacy in cancer, and do so more quickly, safely and at a much lower cost than new drugs. In many cases, investigators involved in such drug repositioning have been able to jump straight to phase IIa studies, saving at least three to five years, as well as the substantial costs associated with previous attrition, says Aris Persidis, President of Biovista, a drug repositioning company based in Charlottesville, Virginia. This time saving is enabled in the United States by the FDA’s 505(b)(2) regulatory approval pathway, which allows some safety data required for the new indication to come from an approved drug product. Europe has a similar regulatory approval route, the hybrid application based on Article 10 of Directive 2001/83/EC.
Show Fullscreen Source: Nature
New targets
One reason why a non-cancer drug may prove effective against cancer is that not all of its biological targets may have been identified when the drug was originally developed. The concept of ‘polypharmacology’ has only recently been recognised, says Stephen Naylor, chief executive of MaiHealth, a diagnostics company based in Indianapolis, Indiana. “One [small molecule] drug is likely to have an average of six to seven targets — this is why repurposing is so powerful,” he says. A second reason for the success of non-cancer drugs is the rapidly developing understanding of cancer biology, as scientists discover new targets for cancer therapy.
At the University of New Mexico School of Medicine in Albuquerque, biomedical data scientist Tudor Oprea has been identifying new targets for existing drugs by analysing the similarities in binding sites between different proteins. For example, he noticed that the HIV integrase enzyme and the DNA repair component Metnase have some important similarities in their binding sites. He therefore hypothesised that the HIV integrase inhibitor raltegravir, which has already been approved by the FDA, may also inhibit Metnase. Further analysis, including in silico docking, confirmed this[1] and led to a pilot study in head and neck cancer in which Metnase inhibition was used to potentiate DNA-damaging chemotherapy[2].
One important factor to consider when repositioning drugs is whether efficacy is observed for the new indication at the drug’s previously approved range of dosing levels. “In general, the activity against the newly discovered target is not as high as against the primary, known target,” says Oprea.
Other researchers are also looking for new targets for existing drugs. Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy, an interdisciplinary scientist at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, DC, for example, has developed a virtual screening method called RepurposeVS. This platform considers the physical, chemical and thermodynamic properties of both the drug and the target, and can predict which drugs will bind to a selected protein target more accurately than existing in silico docking approaches. “By reducing the false-positive rate, we save time and costs,” he says.
RepurposeVS has identified that mebendazole, an old anti-hookworm medication, is a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor. Mebendazole could be useful if it proves to have a better side effect profile than approved kinase inhibitors that are currently used to treat cancer, or it could be combined with them if it targets additional pathways, says Dakshanamurthy.
Targeting the microenvironment
Until recently, the focus in oncology drug development has been on the tumour cell — first with traditional chemotherapy and then with more ‘targeted’ agents. But much of the focus has now shifted to targeting the tumour’s microenvironment.
“We missed drugs that target the microenvironment because we weren’t looking for them before,” says Pan Pantziarka, a scientist working for the Anticancer Fund, a medical charity based in Belgium. One of the first examples of a successfully repurposed agent in oncology was thalidomide, after it was hypothesised that an anti-angiogenic treatment might show efficacy in the treatment of multiple myeloma by reducing the blood supply to the tumour.
A number of older, approved drugs also target the MDSCs being studied by Sukhatme. These drugs include the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil (Pfizer’s Viagra) — itself the prototypical example of a repurposed agent — which downregulates the activity of two enzymes that are needed for their inhibitory function. A phase II clinical trial with another PDE5 inhibitor, tadalafil (Lilly’s Cialis), is currently recruiting people with head and neck cancer[3].
It would be a shame if just for lack of economic incentive, we don’t give a shot to the dozen or so approved drugs that are also affecting the immune system
Whether these older drugs will be as effective as those being developed specifically to target MDSCs is uncertain. “If you ask most people, they would say the targeted immunotherapy drugs will be more effective,” says Sukhatme. “But it would be a shame if just for lack of economic incentive, we don’t give a shot to the dozen or so approved drugs that are also affecting the immune system. These drugs are relatively inexpensive, and their safety profile, at least for their original indication, is already established. They can immediately be combined with other therapies to assess efficacy, keeping an eye on toxicity.”
Source: Vikas Sukhatme
Vikas Sukhatme and his wife Vidula founded GlobalCures, a not-for-profit organisation that promotes research to find drugs treatments for cancer by repurposing approved medicines
For this reason, Sukhatme and his wife Vidula Sukhatme founded the not-for-profit organisation GlobalCures, based in Newton, Massachusetts, which promotes clinical research to find promising, readily available and cost-effective treatments for cancer by repurposing drugs that are currently overlooked, often because of a lack of financial incentive. In 2014, GlobalCures and the Anticancer Fund together launched a project called Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO). The aim is to highlight some of the most promising of these drugs, based on in vitro, preclinical and some preliminary clinical evidence in cancer, as well as their plausible mechanisms of action, low toxicity and evidence of efficacy at physiological doses.
So far, ReDO has published papers on the evidence available for a number of drugs and has suggested possibilities for further research. In many cases, the drugs — which include the antifungal itraconazole[4], the antibiotic clarithromycin[5] and the dyspepsia drug cimetidine[6] — seem to affect aspects of the tumour’s microenvironment. It therefore makes sense to test them in combination with standard-of-care therapies that target the cancer cell. “Maybe we can make a difference by targeting the tumour and the tumour microenvironment at the same time,” says Pantziarka.
Repositioned agents may also be used to target the cancer cell directly — particularly the resistance pathways that limit the effectiveness of targeted therapies in metastatic disease, says Persidis. These pathways may be dysregulated in response to the targeted therapy, or may be intrinsic to the cancer cell. For example, it was recently found that one adaptive mechanism of resistance to BRAF inhibitors in BRAF-mutated melanoma is through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-autophagy pathway, and targeting components of this pathway can overcome resistance to BRAF inhibitors. The antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine, which is an inhibitor of autophagy, is currently being tested in combination with a BRAF inhibitor in a phase I trial in patients with melanoma.
Systematic approaches
In order to identify the most important targets in the cancer cell, and to find the best drugs to target them, many researchers are using approaches developed in computational systems biology and systems pharmacology. The ‘brute force’ method of screening large libraries consisting of hundreds of thousands of compounds in vitro to determine which ones cause the death of cancer cells, for example, is costly, often ineffective and unscalable, says Stephen Wong, a systems biologist at the Houston Methodist Research Institute in Texas. “In most cancers, we do combination therapy, and we can’t screen effectively for that,” he says. “A computational approach can guide us towards a much smaller subset of compounds to analyse.”
A computational approach can guide us towards a much smaller subset of compounds to analyse
Additionally, most researchers are seeking more than a single drug–protein interaction. “We are not looking for a single pathway to target, but involving all the relevant pathways and discovering the novel crosstalks between them,” says Wong. Naylor agrees: “Cancer is a system with a whole slew of molecular processes going on, so we need to attack the tumour network, inhibiting several processes at the same time that are vital for the tumour to sustain itself.”
A systems-based and data-driven approach may start with a simple statistical correlation of disease and drug-induced changes in gene expression. “Then it becomes a matching game to identify drugs that may reverse the disease transcriptome or the expression of genes involved in clinically relevant hallmarks of cancer, such as metastasis,” says Craig Webb, chief scientific officer at NuMedii, a company based in Palo Alto, California, that was set up to use this systems-based approach, originally developed by scientists at Stanford University. “This approach is agnostic to our current knowledge of the drug’s target, and we may uncover unexpected but beneficial off-target effects of existing drugs,” he adds.
NuMedii is using this approach to identify drugs to treat the distinct molecular subsets of ovarian cancer. “We have identified some drugs that are predicted to work in specific molecular subsets of epithelial ovarian cancer, which now need to be tested in relevant in vitro or in vivo models,” he says. Wong, meanwhile, has used another ‘knowledge-based’ computational model to identify unique protein signalling networks for three types of breast-cancer metastasis — brain, lung and bone — and has repositioned different drug candidates for each[7].
The knowledge-based approach used by NuMedii involves taking a knowledge map of more than 0.5 million highly curated protein–protein interactions, and overlaying the gene-expression profile of the cancer subtype of interest, together with known epigenetic and mutational changes, to identify which proteins are likely to be driving the transcriptional changes observed in the tumour. “Drugs known to target these driver nodes become lead candidates to test further,” says Webb.
Another computational platform, CureHunter, incorporates data on clinical outcomes from more than 1 billion patients taking different drugs to treat different conditions. The data are obtained from clinical trials published in the US National Library of Medicine by using a language processor to ‘read’ all of the library’s 22 million manuscripts. “Unless you connect basic research with clinical outcomes, you are still guessing,” says Naylor, who advises the company. The massive database is an attempt to reveal the connectivity of the entire human disease network across more than 11,000 diseases, he says. It might show, for example, that a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis has frequently affected three different protein targets in HER2-positive breast cancer.
The various computational approaches are also being used to discover new drugs, but “repositioning provides an anchor to start with, a known compound with known properties, giving us a head start in the game”, says Naylor. The approaches are too new to have had any success in phase III trials, but it is only a matter of time, says Persidis. “If accidental repositioning has had the significant success it has enjoyed to date, imagine if we apply some science and deploy systematic approaches.”
Accessing compounds
However, in many cases, science may not be the biggest hurdle facing drug repositioning. The first challenge is gaining access to the compounds. One possibility is to access deprioritised compounds that are buried somewhere deep in pharmaceutical companies’ freezers. The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), part of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), has developed the New Therapeutic Uses (NTU) initiative, which seeks to make this happen on a wide scale without relying on personal connections between academic researchers and companies. In a successful pilot round in 2012, eight pharmaceutical companies made a total of 58 compounds and their accompanying data available to academic researchers, and NCATS spent US$12m on funding nine projects, mostly phase Ib/IIa trials.
Commercial aspects pose some of the greatest difficulties for drug repositioning because someone else, usually a pharmaceutical company, holds the ‘composition of matter’ patent, giving it the sole right to manufacture the drug for a specific indication or indications. “We typically deprioritise greater than 90% of repositioning candidates for commercial, rather than scientific, reasons,” says Webb.
We typically deprioritise greater than 90% of repositioning candidates for commercial, rather than scientific, reasons
In one common model, the academic investigator or second company will file a new method-of-use patent, negotiate a fee to in-license the compound, conduct early phase II studies, and then give the original company the first right to license the compound back for further development in the new indication.
Financial orphans
There is another, perhaps even greater, challenge if the drug is a low-cost generic or, in Sukhatme’s words, “a financial orphan”. Gaining access to such drugs can be relatively straightforward, but funding costly late-stage, pivotal trials becomes a major issue because drug companies do not anticipate a return on their investment. With no financial incentive to take the drug forward for the new indication, any development initiated by academic investigators often comes to a grinding halt in phase II.
In some cases, achieving the necessary response in the new indication requires a novel formulation of the drug or a new route of delivery, and a new patent may be obtained. Scott Weir, a drug-development specialist at the University of Kansas Medical Center, used his team’s previous industry experience to develop a patented, injectable prodrug of an old topical antifungal agent called ciclopirox, which is selectively delivered to the urinary tract, where it seems to have anticancer activity in bladder cancer. Efforts are now underway to establish a new company to develop the drug. If it is successful, the drug could become the first systemic treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
However, in some cases, an old drug found on pharmacy shelves might work perfectly well in a new indication without being modified. This may be the case for auranofin, an off-patent oral rheumatoid-arthritis drug. Weir, in partnership with NCATS and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, discovered that auranofin kills chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells. In just 11 months, the partnership, called The Learning Collaborative, took auranofin from laboratory experiments to the clinic. “It definitely would be a great shame if drugs that are very cheap are reformulated and made expensive but are not much more effective,” says Pantziarka.
It definitely would be a great shame if drugs that are very cheap are reformulated and made expensive but are not much more effective
The Illinois-based repurposing-focused charity Cures Within Reach has started connecting funders with researchers in an open, online marketplace called CureAccelerator. The charity’s president, Bruce Bloom, has come up with the idea of a ‘social finance’ initiative — a scheme already in development in the UK — which involves raising money from private investors to fund repurposing trials. The investors are then paid back from the savings in healthcare costs to the government when the repurposed therapies are used.
The government, perhaps working with charities, could fund large drug-repurposing trials where there is no private incentive, especially where there is a chance that the government will make substantial cost savings. In oncology, this may be particularly true for therapies that can reduce the recurrence rate of localised tumours removed by surgery. “It is in the perioperative setting that we can make probably the biggest impact, if we can stop the disease from becoming metastatic,” says Pantziarka.
Perioperative and adjuvant settings
One such example is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac, which was found to decrease breast-cancer recurrence from 17% to 6% in a retrospective analysis of 327 women with localised disease when it was given to about half of the patients before surgery to reduce pain[8]. Ketorolac is being tested in a prospective 200-patient breast-cancer trial in Belgium, supported by the Anticancer Fund, and if a similar risk reduction is observed, the drug could potentially save the lives of 10,000 breast-cancer patients each year in the United States alone, according to GlobalCures. Similar data have also come from a retrospective analysis of non-small-cell lung-cancer patients. One reason why ketorolac might work in the perioperative setting for multiple cancers is that cancer surgery can lead to an inflammatory, wound-healing response, which could potentially result in the metastatic spread of existing cancer cells.
Successful postoperative, or adjuvant, therapy could also save both money and lives by preventing the recurrence of an initially localised tumour. A Cochrane review found that the antacid cimetidine seemed to confer a survival benefit in this setting in colorectal cancer[9]. But ketorolac and cimetidine are just two of many agents that deserve a proper evaluation in confirmatory studies in the perioperative and adjuvant settings, says Gauthier Bouche, medical director of the Anticancer Fund.
But it is far from clear whether government or large cancer charities will step in to fund such studies, which tend to be large, especially in the adjuvant setting. “Repurposing generic drugs is not typically considered to be exciting or innovative by study sections that peer-review grant applications,” says Weir, who is a member of the NCATS advisory council. “We owe it to patients who lack effective treatments to create a different funding mechanism to identify and advance repurposing opportunities.”
“Generics are an area we need to consider, as it is less likely that the pharmaceutical industry will invest, and it may result in savings for the whole healthcare system,” says Christine Colvis, director of the NTU program at NCATS. However, she adds: “If our sister institutes supported a lot of phase III trials, it would greatly limit the other research they could do.”
One study that has obtained government backing is a randomised, international phase III trial involving more than 3,600 patients that will test whether the old, low-cost diabetes drug metformin can reduce the chance of breast cancer recurrence in those with early-stage breast cancer when given in addition to standard adjuvant therapy[10]. The US National Cancer Institute is contributing about half of the clinical trial costs of this US$25m trial.
“It became hard to say no [to the trial],” says lead investigator Pamela Goodwin of the NCIC Trials Group in Canada, who worked hard for a decade with colleagues to put together a substantial body of supporting evidence. “The trial would have moved forward ten years earlier if we had a company behind us, but because metformin is a generic drug it took a long time to line everything up to get the study done,” says Goodwin, who also secured funding from charities and philanthropists.
The trial would have moved forward ten years earlier if we had a company behind us
Aspirin is another low-cost, generic drug for which the evidence has built up over many years — particularly with regards to cancer prevention — until it became almost impossible to ignore. The UK National Institute for Health Research, the charity Cancer Research UK and the Medical Research Council’s Clinical Trials Unit have teamed up to spend more than £7m on the 11,000-patient, randomised, controlled Add-Aspirin Trial. In the trial, aspirin is taken after standard adjuvant therapy for early-stage cancers in four different tumour types — breast, colorectal, prostate and gastro-oesophageal — to reduce the rate of recurrence.
If the trials of generic drugs in new indications are successful, one remaining question is whether to go through the costly regulatory process of amending the drugs’ labels, something that is usually done by companies. Many expect that a positive outcome will lead to the revision of major guidelines, such as those of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, which could lead to a change in clinical practice with the drugs being prescribed or used off-label. Pantziarka, however, is concerned that “even good phase III results may go nowhere” without formal regulatory approval.
In the UK, the Off-patent Drugs Bill would have required the secretary of state for health to secure licences for off-patent drugs in new indications, followed by an appraisal by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, but the bill stalled in parliament. Pantziarka hopes that it will be brought forward again: “The campaign for the bill continues, and there is every reason to believe that it will go to parliament again.”
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DMFC uses methanol as fuel because it is liquid at room temperatures and is the only fuel, other than hydrogen, that can be used directly in a low-temperature fuel cell. Methanol is safe, easy to... Methanol is an alternative fuel for internal combustion and other engines, either in combination with gasoline or directly ("neat"). It is used in racing cars in many countries.
(PDF) Hydrogen in the Methanol Production Process
In a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), methanol is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the anode and protons cross the electrolyte membrane and combine with oxygen at the cathode to form water. experian extended fraud alert pdf methanol fuel cell was developed to describe electrochemical reactions on anode and cathode electrodes, and transport phenomena (Guo & Ma, 2004). Bennett et al. (2012) developed an analytical model to determine the oxygen concentration profile in the cathode backing layer and flow channel along a one-dimensional cross-section of the DMFC. The model was then applied to examine the effects of
GCE in Chemistry Fuel Cells nhehs.org.uk
Essentially, a fuel cell uses the reverse process: hydrogen and oxygen are combined to form water, and electricity is produced. Technically, the two chemicals do not have to be hydrogen and oxygen; the redox reaction requires molecular biology of the cell 7th edition pdf oxygen polymer electrolyte fuel cell operated at standard conditions, the reversible cell emf is 1.23 V. The standard free energy change (∆G o) of the overall reaction of the fuel cell is given by ∆G o = –nFE o,cell where n is the number of electrons transferred and F is Faraday’s constant (96,475 C/equiv). Because n, F, and E o,cell are positive numbers, the standard free energy
How long can it take?
Proton Exchange Membranes and Membrane Electrode
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(b) Comparison of polarization curves of a direct methanol fuel cell operating with oxygen with Pd/C and commercial Pt/C from E-tek as cathode catalyst at 60°C and 3, 5, and 7 M methanol.
- Direct Methanol Fuel Cells When providing current, methanol is electrochemically oxidized at the anode electrocatalyst to produce electrons which travel through the external circuit to the cathode electrocatalyst where they are consumed together with oxygen in a reduction reaction.
- Technology of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Progress and Future Prospects Vol. 2. 217 solid oxide electrolytes, operating at temperatures in the range 700 to 1000 oC require
- Another advantage is the use of methanol in the fuel cell; because methanol is a liquid at room temperature, it is easy to store and refill as a fuel source as opposed to hydrogen. | http://miisami.net/queensland/methanol-oxygen-fuel-cell-pdf.php |
Q:
Segmentation fault - Two functions don't run simultaneously
I have the following code for my program
int main(void)
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int i,size;
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printf("Enter the diffusion coefficient and viscosity: \t \t");
scanf("%f\t%f",&fdparam_1.diff, &fdparam_1.mu);
printf("The parameters are N=%d, MAXIT=%d, t_domain=%f, Dt=%f, diff=%e, mu=%e, dens=%f \n",fdparam_1.N, fdparam_1.MAXIT, fdparam_1.t_domain, fdparam_1.Dt, fdparam_1.diff, fdparam_1.mu, fdparam_1.dens);
size=(fdparam_1.N+2)*(fdparam_1.N+2);
printf("The size is %d \n",size );
r = (float*) calloc (size,sizeof(float));
r0 = (float*) calloc (size,sizeof(float));
ux = (float*) calloc (size,sizeof(float));
vy = (float*) calloc (size,sizeof(float));
ux0 = (float*)calloc (size,sizeof(float));
vy0 = (float*)calloc (size,sizeof(float));
var_init(fdparam_1.N,r0,ux0,vy0,fdparam_1.dens);
// t=0;
// Solver functions
// while (t<fdparam_1.t_domain){
velocity_solve(fdparam_1.N,ux,vy,ux0,vy0,fdparam_1.Dt,fdparam_1.mu,fdparam_1.MAXIT); //calculates ux and vy to be used in the density solver
density_solve(fdparam_1.N,r,r0,ux,vy,fdparam_1.Dt,fdparam_1.diff,fdparam_1.MAXIT); //uses ux and vy calculated from Navier Stokes in the velocity solver to calculate density r
// t+=fdparam_1.Dt
// }
}
//velocity solver function
void velocity_solve(int n, float *u, float *v, float *u0, float *v0, float dt, float m, int MAXITER)
{
int i,j;
add_source(n,u,u0,dt); add_source(n,v,v0,dt);
swap(u0,u); swap(v0,v);
diffusion(n,u,u0,dt,m,MAXITER); diffusion(n,v,v0,dt,m,MAXITER);
projection(n,u,v,u0,v0,MAXITER);
swap(u0,u); swap(v0,v);
advection(n,u,u0,u0,v0,dt); advection(n,v,v0,u0,v0,dt);
projection(n,u,v,u0,v0,MAXITER);
printf("Printing velocities now \n");
for (i=0; i<=n+1; i++){
for (j=0;j<=n+1;j++){
printf("%f \t %f \n",u[ix(i,j)],v[ix(i,j)]);
}
}
}
// density solver function
void density_solve(int n, float *x, float *x0, float *u, float *v, float dt, float diff, int MAXITER)
{
int i,j;
add_source(n,x,x0,dt);
swap(x0,x);
diffusion(n,x,x0,dt,diff,MAXITER);
swap(x0,x);
advection(n,x,x0,u,v,dt);
printf("Printing density now \n");
for (i=0;i<=n+1;i++){
for (j=0; j<=n+1;j++){
printf("%f \t",x[ix(i,j)]);
}
}
printf("\n");
}
The main problem that I am facing while executing this code is that I get a segmentation fault when I try to run both the functions velocity_solve and density_solve together. The two functions are executed properly when they are run individually i.e. when I comment velocity_solve, density_solve runs fine and vice-versa.
I am pretty sure there is nothing wrong with the functions being used in the velocity_solve and density_solve routines because neither of the two routines would give individual outputs. I suspect there is something going wrong when the two functions are supposed to interact, i.e the output of velocity_solve needs to be used in density_solve.
I tried initializing the size variable but then it doesn't make a difference at all. But then I realized that I do not use the arrays that are defined so I commented them out, instead I use the pointers for which I have already allocated memory, then why does it still give a segmentation fault when I try to call both the functions together in main function?
Can someone suggest what is going wrong in the code?
A:
You don't initialize size, therefore its value will be indeterminate and you will have undefined behavior when you use it to create your arrays.
Undefined behavior makes your whole program ill-formed.
A:
In your code, size is a local variable of type auto storage. Unless initialized explicitly, it will have garbage or indeterminate value, making use of which like
float vel_x[size];
invokes undefined behaviour.
Related : From C11 standard, chapter 6.2.4, "Storage durations of objects",
Paragraph 5:
An object whose identifier is declared with no linkage and without the storage-class specifier static has automatic storage duration, ...
and Paragraph 6:
...The initial value of the object is indeterminate. ...
Also, from the same document, chapter §6.7.9, "Initialization", paragraph 10
If an object that has automatic storage duration is not initialized explicitly, its value is indeterminate.
and finally, from appendix J.2, "Undefined behavior"
The value of an object with automatic storage duration is used while it is
indeterminate
| |
Many readers have never before heard that there is no such thing as moral progress – so I am not surprised that I have been asked to write in more depth on the topic. I will start by focusing on the question of sin itself. If we rightly understand the nature of sin and its true character, the notion of moral progress will be seen more clearly. I will begin by clarifying the difference between the notion of morality and the theological understanding of sin. They are two very different worlds.
Morality (as I use the word) is a broad term that generally describes the adherence (or lack of adherence) to a set of standards or norms for behavior. In that understanding, everybody practices some form of morality. An atheist may not believe in God, but will still have an internalized sense of right or wrong as well as a set of expectations for himself and others. There has never been a universally agreed set of moral standards. Different people, different cultures have a variety of moral understandings and ways of discussing what it means to be “moral.”
I have observed and written that most people will not progress morally. This is to say that we do not generally get better at observing whatever standards and practices we consider to be morally correct. On the whole, we are about as morally correct as we ever will be.
This differs fundamentally with what is called “sin” in theological terms. The failure to adhere to certain moral standards may have certain aspects of “sin” beneath it, but moral failings are not the same thing as sin. In the same manner, moral correctness is not at all the same thing as “righteousness.” A person could have been morally correct throughout the whole of their lifetime (theoretically) and still be mired in sin. Understanding sin will make this clear.
“Sin” is a word that is used frequently in a wrong manner. Popularly it is used either to denote moral infractions (breaking the rules), or, religiously, breaking God’s rules. Thus when someone asks, “Is it a sin to do x,y, z?” what they mean is, “Is it against God’s rules to do x,y, z?” But this is incorrect. Properly, sin is something quite distinct from the breaking of rules – St. Paul speaks of it in quite a different manner:
For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh) nothing good dwells; for to will is present with me, but how to perform what is good I do not find. For the good that I will to do, I do not do; but the evil I will not to do, that I practice. Now if I do what I will not to do, it is no longer I who do it, but sin that dwells in me. (Rom 7:18-20)
“Sin that dwells in me?” Obviously “breaking the rules” is not a meaning that fits this use in any possible way. Sin has a completely different meaning. We can take its meaning again from St. Paul:
For when you were slaves of sin, you were free in regard to righteousness. What fruit did you have then in the things of which you are now ashamed? For the end of those things is death. But now having been set free from sin, and having become slaves of God, you have your fruit to holiness, and the end, everlasting life. For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Rom 6:20-23)
Here sin is something to which we can be in bondage, and whose end is death. So what is sin?
Sin is a word that describes a state of being – or, more properly, a state or process of non-being. It is a movement away from our proper existence – God’s gift to His creation. God alone has True Being – He alone is self-existing. Everything else that exists is contingent – it is utterly dependent at every moment upon God for is existence. When God created us, according to the Fathers, He gave us existence. As we grow in communion with Him we move towards well-being. His final gift for us, and that union towards which we properly move, is eternal being.
But there is an opposite to this life of grace. This is a movement towards non-existence, a movement away from God and a rejection of well-being. It is this movement that is called “sin.” We can be in bondage to it, like a leaf trapped in an eddy of water. Sin is not anything itself (for non-being has no existence). But it is described in Scripture by words such as “death” and “corruption.” Corruption or “rot” (φθορά) is an excellent word for describing sin. For it is the gradual dissolution (a dynamic movement or process) of a formerly living thing – its gradual decay into dust.
This differs strikingly from the idea of sin as the breaking of moral rules. The breaking of a rule implies only an outward error, a merely legal or forensic infraction. Nothing of substance is changed. But the Scriptures treat sin far more profoundly – it is itself a change in substance, a decay of our very being.
And here is where some creative re-thinking becomes necessary. The habits of our culture are to think of sin in moral terms. It is simple, takes very little effort, and agrees with what everyone around you thinks. But it is theologically incorrect. That is not to say that you can’t find such moralistic treatments within the writings of the Church – particularly from writings over the past several centuries. But the capture of the Church’s theology by moralism is a true captivity and not an expression of the Orthodox mind.
So how do we think of right and wrong, of spiritual growth, of salvation itself if sin is not a moral problem? We do not ignore our false choices and disordered passions (habits of behavior). But we see them as symptoms, as manifestations of a deeper process at work. The smell of a corpse is not the real problem and treating the smell is not at all the same thing as resurrection.
The work of Christ is the work of resurrection. Our life in Christ is not a matter of moral improvement – it is life from the dead. We are buried into His death – and it is a real death – complete with all that death means. But His death was not unto corruption. He destroyed corruption. Our Baptism into Christ’s death is a Baptism into incorruption, the healing of the fundamental break in our communion with God.
So what does that healing look like? Is it wrong to expect some kind of progress to be taking place?
My life experience (34 years as a priest) and reading of the Fathers and the Tradition suggest that such expectations are indeed misplaced. I puzzled over this for many years. I have come to think of our salvation as similar to the reality of the sacraments. What do you see in the Eucharist? Does the Bread and the Wine go through a progressive change? Do we see a transformation before our very eyes?
What seems to be true is that our salvation is largely hidden – sometimes even from ourselves. The Christian faith is “apocalyptic” in its very nature – it is a “revealing of that which is hidden.” The parables of filled with images of surprise: a treasure discovered, etc. Salvation has a way of just appearing. I often think of the liturgical drama in an Orthodox liturgy as imaging this very thing – thus the doors and the curtain and the “now you see it – now you don’t – now you really see it” flow of the service.
Finding our salvation means turning away from the appearance of things. It requires a deep and fundamental inward re-orientation of our lives. It requires the inward work of repentance. The moral life is lived on the surface – even atheists behave in a moral manner. When we turn towards Christ-in-us, we move beneath the surface. We begin to see how ephemeral and confused our actions are.
These actions are mostly the work of a false self, an ego that is broken and shamed and struggles frantically “to be better.” But the heart of the Christian spiritual life is not through this path of an improved ego, but through the path of “death to self,” in which we lose an existence that is not our true self, and learn an existence that is ours in Christ. But what we see is often something else. For while we are finding the truth, the other still clings to its false existence – and this is primarily what we see and what others see. The hidden work of salvation remains unseen.
It is not at all unusual in the lives of the saints for the sanctity of an individual to remain hidden until their death. This was the case for St. Nectarios of Aegina. He was dismissed by many, though seen truly by a few. But at his death, miracles began to flow from him, and suddenly the stories began to surface.
And mysteriously, it seems this hidden life is often just as hidden from the saint themselves (just as our own true life is hidden from us). I think God preserves us from the burden of this knowledge for the sake of our salvation.
Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth. For you are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God. When Christ, who is our life, shall appear, then shall you also appear with him in glory. (Col 3:2-4)
This is, again, the apocalyptic character of the Christian life. We are dead and our true lives are hid with Christ in God – and they will appear when He appears. | https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/glory2godforallthings/2014/12/08/sin-not-moral-problem/ |
A wave of UK protests were held outside branches of HSBC bank over shares in an Israeli arms company accused of manufacturing internationally banned weapons.
Protestors directed their anger against the bank's $4.7 million worth of shares in a number of Israeli arms manufactures, including Elbit system, calling on the bank to sever ties with the firms accused of abetting Israel's crimes against Palestinians.
Read: UK protest calls for stopping arms trade with Israel
Elbit Systems manufactures and supplies the Israeli military with drones, which are used regularly in attacks on Palestinian civilians, especially in Gaza Strip. It was recently revealed that an Elbit Hermes 450 drone was used during a 2014 attack in which four Palestinian children were killed on a Gaza beach while playing football.
Demonstrations were staged at more than 30 different UK branches. HSBC is a major shareholder in other arms companies supplying Israel's military including BAE Systems, Boeing and Raytheon. HSBC holds over a billion dollars' worth of shares in companies selling weapons to Israel.
The bank is also accused of arranging syndicated loans worth at least $25 billion to companies like Caterpillar and United Technologies which provide equipment used by Israel's military in human rights violations, and even war crimes, against Palestinians.
Huda Ammori, campaigns officer at the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, said: "Israel's racist discrimination and brutal violence against Palestinians is clear for all to see."
Read: NATO awards new contract to Israel firm accused of war crimes
"More and more of HSBC's customer are deeply unhappy about the bank's involvement in the arms trade with Israel which enables these daily violations. Until HSBC stops making a killing from Israel's deadly attacks on Palestinians, these protests will continue to grow."
Ryvka Barnard from War on Want said: "HSBC is a major shareholder in companies selling weapons and military technology to Israel including Elbit Systems, which manufactures drones and surveillance technology, and has recently sold the Israeli military an artillery system specifically chosen for its ability to be used for cluster munitions."
"HSBC claims to have a strict policy against doing business with companies involved in cluster munitions production, but as of 2017, it held £3.6 million worth of shares in Elbit Systems. HSBC must divest from Elbit, and all other companies complicit in grave human rights abuses," Barnard continued.
The coordinated protests – planned in Manchester, Birmingham, several London branches and multiple other UK locations – form part of an ongoing campaign which has seen over 20,000 people email HSBC Group Chief Executive John Flint on the issue.
Branches of the bank in over 20 UK locations have been targeted for regular protests and pickets since the campaign was launched in July 2017. In April this year, shareholders at the bank's AGM also called on the HSBC board to divest from Elbit Systems and other companies supplying weapons to Israel. | https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180917-protests-target-hsbc-over-shares-in-israel-weapons-company/ |
MOUNT DESERT — A special committee is likely to be formed to study options for reducing or eliminating gaps in broadband Internet service throughout the town.
Town Manager Durlin Lunt said he has been asked to place the question of creating such a committee on the agenda for the Board of Selectmen’s Nov. 2 meeting.
More than 50 people attended an informational meeting last week on a report prepared by Tilson Technology Management of Portland, which assessed the current state of broadband coverage in Mount Desert and outlined several options for extending service.
The findings of the report had been summarized by Aaron Paul, one of the Tilson consultants who conducted the study, at the Sept. 21 selectmen’s meeting.
One option that Tilson identified would be to build a network that could provide high-speed Internet access to every residence in town. The estimated cost of that ranges from $7.2 million to $13.3 million
Far less expensive options are what Paul called “patchwork solutions.” Two of those, he said, would be aimed at “plugging gaps in Otter Creek and Pretty Marsh, getting people something now to get them out of dial-up.”
Lunt said he thinks the town’s proposed broadband study committee will be looking at both short-term and long-term solutions.
“There are two issues here,” he said. “One is what is the long-term future of broadband service in the town of Mount Desert. But what do we do in the interim to plug the gaps? Because the long-range solution is just that.”
Lunt said that, given all of the variables and unknowns at this point, “a lot of heavy lifting and work needs to be done” before voters can be asked to support any one solution, especially if it comes with a big price tag. | https://www.mdislander.com/maine-news/broadband-study-panel-eyed |
The local community is an important stakeholder in rural tourism. However the rural tourism positioning strategies have been developed from the perspective of a single stakeholder tourist, and have overlooked at local community's perspective. It is important to include community's perspective because rural tourism cannot be successful without community support. There is lack of approach to highlight the issues hindering the active participation of communities in tourism planning and implications. The aim of this research is to develop a framework for repositioning of rural tourism, by addressing community approach rather than just a tourist industry. The proposed framework, developed on the indicators from literature, will help to explore local community's perspective on current positioning and will identify the gaps for a potential repositioning. The study will provide insights to local communities, government, policymakers and other stakeholders and help them to develop effective rural tourism strategies. | https://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14283/ |
Abstract :
The aim of the study was to compare creativity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and without.
Place and Duration: Study was conducted in the Psychiatry department of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi for one-year duration from 1st May 2019 to 30th April 2020.
Method: It was an analytical and descriptive study. The participants were 33 children aged 7-12, selected from the psychiatric department for children and adolescents in who were diagnosed with ADHD by psychiatrist. They met the DSM-IV ADHD diagnostic criteria and showed no comorbidities according to K-SADS (Kiddi-Scadule for Affective disorder and Schizophrenia). They were asked not to take any medications. After using the drugs, they passed the Figural TTCT (Torrance Test of Creativity Thinking) and the Raven Intelligence test. Thirty-three children matched for age and sex, selected from regional schools, were selected for the control group. According to K-SADS, they had no mental health problems. Figural TTCT and Raven Intelligence tests were also performed for controls.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the intelligence scale and the mean ± SD of the total creativity score between children with ADHD (125.2 ± 42.6) and the control group (130.6 ± 47.5) (p-value = 0.49). Children with ADHD had poorer functioning in positions of fluency and flexibility and did not differ in originality and design.
Conclusion: The creativity of ADHD children does not differ from the creativity of the control group.
Keywords : attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd), children, creativity.
Cite This Article:
Please cite this article in press Hafiz Osama Mehboob et al, A Case Control Study Comparing Children’s Creativity With And Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2021; 08(1).
Number of Downloads : 10
References : | https://www.iajps.com/volumes/volume08-jan-2021/11.issue-01-january-21/ |
Evaluation of Relationship Between Occlusal Pattern and TMJ Sounds on Patients with Bruxism Although temporomandibular joint sounds are considered to be the main physical symptoms of pathological conditions, they may also exist in healthy joints. Several authors mentioned that bruxism is a causative factor for temporomandibular joint disorders, but the data is insufficient. Similarly, the connection between bruxism and occlusion remains controversial. Some studies reported that mediotrusive tooth contacts provoke bruxism and are involved in generation of joint sounds. The aim of this study is to compare joint sounds of asymptomatic and bruxist patients with different types of occlusal relationships. Ninety patients (18-46 years old) with symptoms of bruxism participated in this study as the experimental group. Another 90 patients (18-43 years old) without symptoms of bruxism served as controls. Patients in each group were further subdivided into 4 groups as canine guidance (CG), group function (GG), canine guidance with mediotrusive contact (CG+MG) and group function with mediotrusive contact (GG+MG) due to their occlusal relationships identified by BruxChecker appliance. Joint sounds were recorded with JVA. TMJ vibration data were evaluated according to five parameters. These parameters were total integral (Ti), integral ratio (IR), peak amplitude (PA), peak frequency (PF) and median frequency (MF). The significance of variance between the groups were evaluated with Mann Whitney U test, while Wilcoxon sign test were used to determine the difference between right and left sides within the groups. According to the results of this study, Ti value of the control CG group, IR value of the control CG+MG group, IR value of the experimental GG+MG group, PA value of the control CG group and MF value of control GG and experimental GG+MG groups were found to be significantly higher on the right side comparing to left. Furthermore, in the experimental groups, PA values recorded were higher in left joint of patients with CG than those of CG+MG group, and also higher in both joints of CG+MG patients than those of GG+MG group. PF values were found statistically similar between the two side joints. Results obtained by all the patients were distributed in normal limits. The results of this research showed that there was no correlation between varying occlusal relationships and bruxism. For the most of the parameters, right joint showed higher sounds when compared to the left. Patients with bruxism and CG occlusion showed increased vibration in the presence of mediotrusive contacts. Considering the evaluation method, we may conclude that JVA technique may give reliable results in evaluating TMJ's of bruxist patients when it is used in combination with other methods. | https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12575/83252 |
Adapt Community Network provides programs and services to persons with disabilities. The persons served are provided person centered services of their choice, which enriches their livelihoods, and supports them in their goals. They are supported in their goals and desires with innovative solutions and technologies. I am requesting volunteer opportunities and partnerships for persons who are highly capable, ambulatory, and can express themselves verbally. They enjoy being of service, and want to help those in need, learn new skills, as well as apply what they have, and participate in community projects. We are reliable, and a committed group. We look forward to hearing from you in the start of building our partnership.
Yolande Gooden
http://www.adaptcommunitynetwork.org
AHRC NYC
I am looking for volunteer opportunities for the people that we support at AHRC NYC. We support adults with intellectual disabilities and they would like to expand opportunities to give back to their communities. They are looking for ongoing opportunities in areas such as food pantries, soup kitchen, working with seniors within activities such as crocheting, knitting , card making and others.Please let me know if this is possible. I will be happy to meet with the representatives and elaborate more on previous and possible future opportunities. Thank you.
darinka vlahek
www.ahrcnyc.org
AHRCNYCBronxEBS
We are a Group Day Habilitation program for a non profit agency, who serves Adults with Disabilities. We are geared towards employment skills and meaningful life experiences. We have experience in food delivery, serving food to seniors, doing janitorial services. We are open to finding new and meaningful volunteer opportunities for the people we support.
Melissa Stokes
http://ahrcnyc.org
American Cancer Society
American Cancer Society provides free cancer services to the community, free wigs, education and support. We fuel our mission by hosting signature events such as Relay for Life and Making Strides Against Breast Cancer. events which are led by staff and committee members and staffed by wonderful volunteers from the Bronx Community.
Lizzette Dorado
http://www.cancer.org/
American Red Cross
Mission Statement The American Red Cross prevents and alleviates human suffering in the face of emergencies by mobilizing the power of volunteers and the generosity of donors. Vision Statement The American Red Cross, through its strong network of volunteers, donors and partners, is always there in times of need. We aspire to turn compassion into action so that... ...all people affected by disaster across the country and around the world receive care, shelter and hope; ...our communities are ready and prepared for disasters; ...everyone in our country has access to safe, lifesaving blood and blood products; ...all members of our armed services and their families find support and comfort whenever needed; and ...in an emergency, there are always trained individuals nearby, ready to use their Red Cross skills to save lives. We are looking to recruit volunteers in the Bronx to assist at local blood drives, provide disaster response support to the borough and more! We also install free smoke alarms for residents with volunteer support!
Andrew Sindell
https://www.redcross.org/local/new-york/greater-new-york.html
American Red Cross at Hunter College
The American Red Cross at Hunter College serves as an extension of the the Greater New York chapter of the American Red Cross. We have about 200 members of college students who have an interest in working in various fields of volunteer service. Most recently we have done food service for the homeless, food service for the elderly, and art sorting for children.
Hiram Caraballo
http://redcross.org
Ariva
Ariva serves hard working New Yorkers of modest income. We do this by helping them save money, pursue their financial goals and achieve their dreams. Each year, we assist more than 10,000 people through our free income tax program and our counselors provide comprehensive financial counseling and coaching to more than 2,000 people. All of our services are always free.
Ambernicole Misserello
http://ariva.org
Artsmith
Artsmith is non-profit organization that provides quality arts-centered programming to underserved Bronx youth. We use the arts as a tool for social change - to counter the widening gap between the socioeconomically elite and the disadvantaged. The programming we provide to the young people that we serve will enable them to learn about themselves, others, and the world around them; explore topics and issues that affect them as they age and mature; and inspire them to dream beyond the image that is often presented to them about who they will and can become.
Tricia Smith
http://www.artsmith.org
Back on My Feet
Back on My Feet NYC is a part of national organization that uses running and community support as catalysts for personal change for men and women living in transitional housing and treatment programs. Back on My Feet delivers results not only in terms of employment, housing and education, but also in providing those we serve with improved health and fitness, renewed self-esteem, and a sense of belonging and confidence that enables them to overcome major life challenges. We have teams that run every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings in West Harlem, East Harlem, Midtown, Alphabet City, and Prospect Park area of Brooklyn.
Rachael Sparks
http://nyc.backonmyfeet.org/
Behind the Book
Join the volunteer team at Behind the Book (www.behindthebook.org), a non-profit literacy organization that inspires New York City public school students to explore stories and empower their voices. We bring accomplished authors into high-needs Pre-K-12th-grade classrooms, where they guide students in creating their own writing projects based on the theme of the author's book. Our rich, innovative programs, which are part of the class curricula and meet Common Core Learning Standards, have a successful record of building literacy skills and motivating engaged readers at schools in the Bronx and other boroughs. You need no experience or training to volunteer as a writing, research or art coach to support students in the classroom. We provide advance information on your role, and hold a brief orientation right before a workshop begins. Workshops run an average of 90 minutes on a weekday. You may volunteer for any number of dates in a program series, which are scheduled over a few weeks. To join our team and receive announcements of new volunteer opportunities starting every fall, please complete our brief questionnaire at www.behindthebook.org/join-us/volunteer/.
Emily Rosenberg
http://behindthebook.org
Bi Habawalk
Bi-Habawalk, Inc’s (Bhwin’) mission is to enhance the well-being of economically disadvantaged young people. We seek to discourage negative behaviors such as substance abuse, teen pregnancy and dropping out of school. Bhwin actively promotes academic excellence, the development of interpersonal skills, and recognition of personal responsibility. Many express pessimism about poverty in this country and the plight of youth in cities such as New York. While it is true that the needs of our youth are great, our vision is also great—and that is to make a difference. Bi-Habawalk, Inc’s aim is to enrich the lives of young people and in so doing strengthen communities. It is a vision to which we are committed heart and soul. Through mentoring and inspiring programs we seek to teach skills and instill realistic hope.
Suzy Akrofi
http://www.bhwalk.org/
Big Apple Greeter
Gail Morse
http://bigapplegreeter.org
Big Brothers Big Sisters NYC
Our mission is to provide children facing adversity in New York City with strong and enduring, professionally supported 1-to-1 mentoring relationships with adults that change their lives for the better, forever. We partner with families, volunteers, organizations and the community to inspire positive change in all.
Alize Beal
http://www.bigsnyc.org
BJCC
Bronx Jewish Community Council, is a non-sectarian, community based, social service organization that is available to all low-income individuals in the Bronx. Serving 12,000 individuals each year, BJCC specializes in addressing senior needs, particularly those aging in place. Services range from emergency cash assistance, connections to benefits and entitlements, care management, mental health outreach and other life-sustaining support services. BJCC’s offices house one of largest food pantries in the Bronx, with 2,400 individuals frequenting the pantry each month.
Lance Nation
http://www.bjcconline.org
Braven (at Lehman College)
THE PROBLEM Only 25% of about 1.2 million low-income, first-generation college enrollees will attain a quality first job or go to graduate school. That’s nearly one million college students every single year who are not on a path to maximize their potential. OUR MISSION The mission of Braven is to empower promising, underrepresented young people—first-generation college students, students from low-income backgrounds, and students of color—with the skills, confidence, experiences and networks necessary to transition from college to strong first jobs, which lead to meaningful careers and lives of impact. A SOLUTION EMBEDDED WITHIN HIGHER EDUCATION By partnering with large public universities who are working to innovate, Braven: - Builds cutting-edge career education into the undergraduate experience for low-income and first-generation college students - Provides students, who often feel disconnected from campus, with a network of supporters and sense of belonging - Becomes a systemic solution within and across universities to fuel a generation of leaders as diverse as our future demands Volunteer Opportunities LEADERSHIP COACH The principal facilitators of the Braven Accelerator course are our extraordinary Leadership Coaches. As a Leadership Coach, you will guide and motivate a team of 5-8 promising college students weekly as they prepare to make their first steps into the professional world. At the same time, you’ll get real-world practice in leading a diverse team of rising talent. REQUIRED COMMITMENT: You can give at least 3 hours per week over the course of a semester, including a regular 2-hour meeting Tuesday or Wednesday evenings with your team. As a mock interviewer, once per semester, you will simulate one-on-one job interview experiences that will prepare college students for success. REQUIRED COMMITMENT: One evening for 2-3 hours; virtual or in-person.
Danielle Hayman
http://www.bebraven.org
Bronx Bee Hive Inc.
Bronx Bee Hive’s purpose is to provide academic aid for students in underserved schools with an after-school homework help program; to support students who lack access to constructive extra-curricular activities all revolving around the fundamentals in the Afro-Brazilian Martial Art of Capoeira; to inspire through song, increase awareness through movement, and develop minds and bodies through mastery of Capoeira concepts. It is also to educate the public, especially communities of color, about the roots of this aboriginal, Afro-Brazilian martial art of Capoeira, in hopes to build a stronger community as well as practice an age old traditions in the new age.
Feng Chen
Bronx Community Health Network
Bronx Community Health Network, Inc. (BCHN) is a not-for-profit organization and Federally Funded Health Center that sponsors 17 community and school-based health centers in the Bronx. At BCHN health centers, we offer high-quality medical care and related health services for free or at low cost for the entire family, at all stages of life. Bronx Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) CHAMPS, led by BCHN in collaboration with its partners, aims to reduce obesity and improve the overall health and wellness of the Bronx's culturally and ethnically diverse population. REACH CHAMPS plans to implement a number of nutrition and physical activity interventions that have shown great promise in changing policies, systems and environments that support access to affordable fresh fruits and vegetables and options for active living. REACH CHAMPS hopes to reverse the borough's overall health standing, currently ranked last--the sixth year in a row--out of 62 New York State counties, according to a yearly Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and University of Wisconsin study.
Paulette Spencer
http://www.bchnhealth.org
Bronx Community Solutions
Bronx Community Solutions is a project of the Center for Court Innovation. Bronx Community Solutions seeks to reduce the use of short-term jail sentences and build public confidence in justice. The project builds on ideas and practices tested in community courts in Red Hook, Midtown, and Harlem, which have been documented to reduce local crime and incarceration.
Jayvon Harper
http://https://www.courtinnovation.org/programs/bronx-community-solutions
Bronx Connect
Since 2000, BronxConnect has served 1,900+ youth and young adults in its alternative programs for court-involved high-risk youth. It is the only Bronx-based, faith-based, community-based Alternative-to-Incarceration (ATI) and Alternative-to-Detention (ATD) program serving our community for over 15 years. WE ARE SEEKING MENTORS! Passionate hearts to love on our youth and young adults while guiding them onto the right track.. the track called life.
Tyza Perdomo
http://bronxconnect.org
Bronx Debate League
In 2011,only a handful of Bronx schools had competitive debate teams. This was an educational travesty because the Bronx, if counted as a city, would be the 9th largest city and school system in the United States. The Bronx Debate League believes that every school in the Bronx should have a debate team and every student should have access to the best debate education opportunities. We started with one school in the Bronx and today we work with over 20 schools. Thanks to support from the New York City Department of Education and the New York City Council, our program is free for Title I schools in the Bronx.
Neonne Ameer
http://www.debate.nyc
Bronx Health Reach
Bronx Health REACH was formed in 1999 to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes in diabetes and heart disease in African American and Latino communities in the southwest Bronx. Since then, the Bronx Health REACH coalition, led by the Institute for Family Health, has grown to include over 70 community-based organizations, health care providers, faith-based institutions, housing, and social service agencies. In 2007, Bronx Health REACH was recognized as a Center of Excellence in the Elimination of Disparities by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and began providing Legacy Project grants to other community coalitions working to eliminate disparities in healthcare. Building on the progress made over the last decade, Bronx Health REACH will continue to work with community members, coalition members, partners, and funders to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes once and for all.
Liner Nunez
Bronx Long Term Recovery Group
From September 11th to Superstorm Sandy, volunteers have played a critical role in helping people through their darkest hour. As the Bronx blooms through its cultural and economic renaissance, it is incumbent upon us to protect our hard-earned progress from future disasters. The Bronx Long Term Recovery Group (BLTRG) is a coalition of Bronx community organizations, faith-based organizations, small businesses, government and city agencies that work in collaboration to promote community resilience in the face of natural and human-made disasters.
Jonathan Soto
www.bronxprepared.org
Bronx Museum of the Arts
The Bronx Museum of the Arts is a contemporary art museum that connects diverse audiences to the urban experience through its permanent collection, special exhibitions, and education programs. Reflecting the borough’s dynamic communities, the Museum is the crossroad where artists, local residents, national and international visitors meet. The flagship cultural institution of the Bronx, founded in 1971, The Bronx Museum of the Arts focuses on 20th-century and contemporary art, while serving the culturally diverse populations of the Bronx and the greater New York metropolitan area. The museum’s home on the Grand Concourse is a distinctive contemporary landmark designed by the internationally-renowned firm Arquitectonica. The Bronx Museum of the Arts maintains a permanent collection of 20th and 21st-century works by artists of African, Asian, and Latin American ancestry. Additionally, the Museum collects works by artists for whom the Bronx has been critical to their artistic practice and development. The Museum’s educational offerings spring from these central programs with outreach to children and families as well as adult audiences.
Miriam Tabb
http://www.bronxmuseum.org
Bronx NHS
ABOUT BRONX NHS The Bronx Neighborhood Housing Services has been in operation for over 35 years, providing counseling, education and financial assistance to potential and existing homeowners. Our mission is to revitalize communities and address emerging needs by helping low to middle income families become self-sufficient through homeownership. We are a non-profit counseling agency approved by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). We receive grants through housing assistance programs from the New York City Department of Housing Preservation & Development (HPD) and the New York State Affordable Housing Corporation (NYSAHC). Bronx NHS partners with government agencies, corporations and community organizations whose goals are in alignment with our organization’s mission. VOLUNTEERS NEEDED: We are currently seeking volunteers to assist with a housing fair we have coming up on Saturday July 8, 2017. We need 4-6 people to help distribute informational literature, register/check-in participants and direct people to where they should go. Please contact Melodine Williams at 718-732-8155 or send an email to [email protected].
Melodine Williams
http://www.bronxnhs.org
BRONX NIGHT MARKET
The Bronx Night Market is the largest event series in Uptown, The Bronx, and Westchester County. It attracts thousands every Saturday, September through November, to Fordham Plaza. The series, celebrating culture and cuisine, represents the city’s diverse offerings and support up-and-coming food concepts, all the while encouraging visitors from the greater New York area and beyond to explore our borough. As a small business, we operate with the assistance of dedicated volunteers, they are essential in making sure the Bronx Night Market runs smoothly. We seek to support not only the love to eat community, small & micro-businesses but also YOU, by providing opportunities to develop experience in the event space industry. Many of our volunteers have become full-time employees of our organization ranging from producing, social media, operations, and sales. By volunteering with us you will be supporting a small business and other small businesses in the market, engaging with the Bronx community, and of course, having a blast while doing it! The Bronx Night Market will run as follows: -Every Saturday, April 3 - November 12 -12-7 p.m. Operations: -Set-up 10:30 a.m. -Breakdown 7 p.m. Volunteers must adhere to the following: -Follow all DOH, DOT and BXNM guidelines -Must participate in a mandatory safety workshop Volunteers opportunities will range from: - physical set-up and breakdown - social media - \"street\" team - retail sales - maintaining queues Compensation will be in the form of a Bronx Night Market staff t-shirt, food & drink vouchers. *Our re-opening is contingent on NYC\'s phase reopening timeline dictated by the Governor and Mayor\'s guidelines while following the DOT & DOH restrictions.
Y. Malik Hodges
http:/www.thebronxnightmarket.com
Bronx River Alliance
The Bronx River Alliance depends on your support, through eco-friendly, recreational & community activities and programs, to help restore and beautify the Bronx River and its parks. The volunteer programs benefit not only the natural environment of the local Bronx community, but you as a Bronx resident. Bronx River Alliance offers a variety of volunteer opportunities for both teens and adults, indoor & outdoor activities.
Joseph Sanchez
http://www.bronxriver.org
Bronx Youth Center – The Door
The Bronx Youth Center, the first satellite location run by The Door, provides comprehensive employment and education programming to 500 young people every year. Located in the Mott Haven section of the South Bronx at 412 East 147th Street, the Center provides career, education, and supportive services to youth. Career preparation services include job readiness instruction, internships, career awareness, and job placement. Educational programs includes basic skills instruction, High School Equivalency (HSE) exam preparation, and college transition services. Supportive services help set goals and overcome any obstacles to success.
Justin Richardson
http://www.door.org/programs-services/bronx-youth-center
BronxWorks
This particular BronxWorks sites assits members with employment and Training opportunities
Hassan Hagins
http://www.bronxworks.org
BUILD: NYC
BUILD is an innovative, college preparatory program, that equips students for high school, college and career success through the process of planning, launching and running their own small business. We are working with 10 under-resourced high schools throughout the city and are in need of amazing mentors. Our mentors support our 9th graders in launching their very own businesses and allows them to connect with passionate, caring adults in their city. Mentoring is a great way to share one's professional background with students while inspiring them to stay on the path to college success. BUILD mentors are placed with a student team and coach students through starting and launching their own businesses. Here are some details on what a mentoring commitment looks like: · Location: Bronx · Time commitment: 60 Min, once a week · Session runs: October 2016 – May 2017 (with winter and spring breaks) · 2 mentors assigned per team (1:4 mentor to student ratio)
April Williams
http://build.org
BUILD: NYC
BUILD ignites the potential of youth in under-resourced communities and equips them for high school, college and career success through entrepreneurship-based, experiential learning. Students work in teams to design and launch a real business through a “learning by doing” approach. As a result of their BUILD experiences, students develop their confidence and graduate with critical social and emotional skills. Volunteers are a driving force behind the success of the program, with mentors meeting with the students weekly providing additional support.
Miranda Bellizia
build.org
Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of NY
Catholic Charities helps solve the problems of New Yorkers in need – non-Catholics and Catholics alike. The neglected child, the homeless family, and the hungry senior are among those for whom we provide help and create hope. We rebuild lives and touch almost every human need promptly, locally, day in and day out, always with compassion and dignity. We help your neighbors as you would like to be helped if your family were in need.
Staci-Jo Bruce
http://www.catholiccharitiesny.org
Catholic Guardians Services
We provide a combination of individual and family services, case managent, and advocay.
ALBERTO MARRERO
http://[email protected]
Center for Independence of the Disabled, NY-Long Term Care Ombudsman Program
The Long Term Care Ombudsman Program (or LTCOP) is a federal advocacy program dedicated to protecting people living in long term care facilities. In New York State, the Office for the Aging operates LTCOP through its Office of the State Long Term Care Ombudsman. The heart of the Long Term Care Ombudsman Program is its corps of specially trained and certified citizen-volunteer ombudsmen. Many volunteers are professionals from various fields. These dedicated Ombudsmen spend an average of four hours a week in each of their assigned facilities, advocating for the residents. The New York State Long Term Care Ombudsman has chosen CIDNY-Center for Independence of the Disabled, NY to manage the program for New York City. CIDNY was chosen because it had over 35 years of success advocating for people with disabilities.
Mary Jane Wolper
http://http://www.cidny.org/
Center for Independence of the Disabled, NY-Long Term Care Ombudsman Program
The Long Term Care Ombudsman Program (or LTCOP) is a federal advocacy program dedicated to protecting people living in long term care facilities. In New York State, the Office for the Aging operates LTCOP through its Office of the State Long Term Care Ombudsman. The heart of the Long Term Care Ombudsman Program is its corps of specially trained and certified citizen-volunteer ombudsmen. Many volunteers are professionals from various fields. These dedicated Ombudsmen spend an average of four hours a week in each of their assigned facilities, advocating for the residents. The New York State Long Term Care Ombudsman has chosen CIDNY-Center for Independence of the Disabled, NY to manage the program for New York City. CIDNY was chosen because it had over 35 years of success advocating for people with disabilities.
Mary Jane Wolper
http://www.cidny.org/
Christ Disciples International Ministries, Inc
Christ Disciples International Ministries Inc., (CDIM) is a 501 (C) (3) faith-based organization. Aside from caring for the spiritual needs of our community, we also pay a significant attention to their health and social needs through our vibrant social service activities. Our services are open to everyone regardless of religion, sexual orientation or national origin. Our mission is to end hunger and related illness in the Bronx by providing short and long-term helpful activities that empower families to overcome obstacles that could have prevented them from living a fully healthy and independent life and be respected as effective contributors to their communities. Our social service programs are: community health and wellness project, Food services, immigrant and citizenship services, School Dropout and Truancy Prevention, After-school Literacy and Recreation Programs, Elder Abuse/Crime Prevention Outreach, Seniors Computer Literacy Program, including Inter-generational Program.
Emaeyak Ekanem
http://christdisciples.org/
Cienfuegos Foundation
We are an educational non-profit that runs a mobile food pantry in the Bronx, Manhattan and Queens. We serve the poorest families and individuals in our communities. Primarily, Mott Haven and Long Island City. We give food, coats and toys to the communities in need.
Bethania Perkins
Citizen Schools
Citizen Schools is a non-profit organization that partners with public middle schools in low income areas to extend the learning day, providing students with more time, guidance, and motivation to succeed in middle school and beyond. One of our most exciting program elements at Citizen Schools are our "apprenticeships." Apprenticeships mobilize volunteers to participate in the educational process by sharing their expertise and passion, teaching hands-on, skill-building projects to small groups of middle school youth. We recruit volunteers to teach apprenticeships in the fall and spring semesters and seek talented professionals excited to share their expertise with our students.
Allison Smeck
http://www.citizenschools.org/volunteer/
City Harvest
City Harvest is and always has been the New York City community's response to hunger. We link the food industry and countless organizations, foundations, corporations and private citizens together to help feed their hungry neighbors. City Harvest helps feed the more than one million New Yorkers who face hunger each year.
http://cityharvest.org
CitySquash
CitySquash is a not-for-profit after-school enrichment program based in the Bronx at Fordham University. The organization helps motivated and talented young people from economically disadvantaged households in the Bronx fulfill their academic, athletic and personal potential. Founded in 2002, CitySquash serves 140 elementary, middle, high school and college students. For our participants, CitySquash is an intensive, year-round commitment that includes squash, tutoring, mentoring, community service, travel, culture, high school placement, employment training and college prep. CitySquash begins working with students in third grade and serves them through college graduation.
Erin Jayes
http://citysquash.org
COMMUNITY TAX AID, INC
COMMUNITY TAX AID, INC. (CTA) is the country\'s oldest all-volunteer tax preparation services. Our mission is to help the qualifying low-income taxpayer navigate the complexities of the US Tax Code and various state laws to prepare a complete an accurate tax return. This includes taking stock of any and all tax credits that our clientele qualify for. We do not charge a fee for our services and no one at CTA is compensated for his/her services. It is volunteerism is the truest sense pof the word.
EMIL GOMEZ
http://communitytaxaidnyc.org
COMMUNITY TAX AID, INC.
Community Tax Aid, Inc. (CTA) is an all volunteer organization that prepares tax returns, free of charge, for qualifying low-income individuals in NYC. No one at CTA is compensated for their services. It is volunteerism in the truest sense of the word. We are seeking volunteers on a short term basis (February to April) who would like to help these individuals. CTA provides free training (in January) in the pertinent areas of the US Tax Code that affect low-income taxpayers. Emphasis is placed on certain tax credits, such as the Earned Income Credit, that taxpayers may qualify for. PLEASE NOTE: CTA has 10 storefronts, locations where we provide our services (from February to April). These locations are in the 4 boroughs (Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn).
EMIL GOMEZ
www.communitytaxaidnyc.org
COMTO-NY
COMTO was founded in 1971 in Washington, D.C. and now has 39 chapters all over the United States. The true measure of how far COMTO has come is revealed by the talent, tenacity and accomplishments of the members who have supported our efforts to chart the direction of the future. COMTO’s vision is to see the diverse faces of America reflected in all levels of the transportation industry. As part of our mission, we provide education, training, and professional development. To that end, we introduce young people to the idea of working in or doing business with the transportation industry. We are working to ensure that future CEOs in transportation are not only more diverse but more sophisticated in order to develop and lead new infrastructure and technological initiatives. The next generation cannot do it alone. Eighty percent of CEOs in transportation agencies who were surveyed had a mentor who helped them navigate the path to CEO. It is our intent to provide that mentorship to young people beginning in middle school and to continue that throughout high school and into college. Though the focus of our group is to encourage participation in the transportation industry, the values that we teach will be universal.
Traci Wheelwright
http://www.comto-ny.org
Creative LifeStyles, Inc
Creative LifeStyles is an organization dedicated to empowering individuals with developmental disabilities to live a meaningful life within the community.
KRISTA DIGIROLAMO
http://http://www.creativelifestyles.org/
Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
We are holding the 11th annual Runyon 5K for cancer research at Yankee Stadium on Saturday, May 11. We are low in sign-ups for volunteers this year, so we were hoping we might be able to share it on the Bronx Volunteer Coalition website to see if we might get any last minute interest! Volunteer activities for the Runyon 5K take place on the day of the event, May 11, 2019, from 7:00 am until around 12:30pm - breakfast and lunch will be provided. We're looking for enthusiastic and reliable volunteers to help out with everything from set-up and breakdown to cheering on participants as they run or walk a unique 5K through Yankee Stadium. Volunteers will also have the opportunity to do their own lap around the warning track of the field once all of the participants have completed their run/walk! 100% of the donations raised at the Runyon 5K will support innovative cancer research by today’s best young scientists, funded by the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. To learn more about the event and our organization, you can visit runyon5k.org and/or damonrunyon.org. Please let me know if you might be able to share this volunteer opportunity on your website, and feel free to let me know if you have any questions. Thank you in advance! Joanna Herrick Events & Marketing Manager | Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation One Exchange Plaza, 55 Broadway, Suite 302, New York, NY 10006 T: 212.455.0503 | [email protected]
Joanna Herrick
http://runyon5k.org
Directions for Our Youth, Inc.
Directions for Our Youth, Inc. (DFOY) is a non-profit community-based youth development organization providing out-of-school-time programing in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Harlem for young people enrolled in grades K-12. Our mission is to engage young people as active partners in their own development as they seek to become thriving, self-sufficient adults and agents of change within their local and global communities. DFOY provides over 1,200 students with high-quality content-drive programs encouraging educational enrichment, career awareness, civic engagement, and personal development.
Dezmond Rivera
http://www.dfoy.org
Eat nYc The Bronx Food And Wine Festival
EAT NYC THE BRONX FOOD AND WINE FESTIVAL IS A charitable event held to benefit the food bank of ny and without volunteers we would not be able to pull off such a large event to combat hunger
john denizard
Food Bank for New York City
This is our city and ending hunger here takes us all. Did you know we need 800 volunteers every week at Food Bank For New York City? Volunteers are vital to the work Food Bank does throughout the five boroughs. Whether it is repacking food for our network, serving breakfast to seniors, or helping prepare meals for the community, you can make a difference many ways. Organizing a Group Volunteer Opportunity? Volunteering builds team spirit, fosters a community of giving and ensures Food Bank For New York City can have maximum impact distributing food, serving meals and ending hunger. If you have general questions, please email [email protected]. General Inquiries: [email protected] Phone: 212.566.7855 Dial 5
A Pedtke
https://volunteer.foodbanknyc.org/
FOR MY PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT
For My People Empowerment was established out of a fear of what was happening in our nation. September 11, 2001 was a wake-up call for a number of New York residents and the country as a hold. New Yorkers live in a complacent city were we never thought that we would have planes plowing into buildings wanting to hurt and kill Americans. Brenda M. Francis, President and Founder of the organization began her quest to give back to the city that has offered so much. She began her quest as a consultant for a community base organization that was providing financial and relief assistance to over 1000 victims of the September 11th World Trade Center terrorist attack. Not only did Ms. Francis have that need to give back to her community/City her son Bryant Dukes at age nine wanted to have a part in this recovery. It was not until the lights went out across the Northeast section of the United States that we realized that our city and communities were not prepared. Commuters in New York City and elsewhere had to sleep on steps, hitchhike or walk home as trains were rendered powerless and gas pumps stopped working. As food spoiled in refrigerators and freezers thawed, jugs of water sold out as supply plants lost their ability to supply consumers. Minds were set to wandering about terrorism fears less than two years after 9/11. Starting with their own home working their way from neighbors to buildings to blocks they began to spread the word about being prepared for emergencies. They took a number of courses in order to gain the necessary knowledge to perform the task that they would face. Although Bryant was too young to officially obtain certification he was still committed and traveled everywhere with his mother to every class and training course. It was then that The Empowerment Institute recognized how serious and committed Bryant was, that he was with presented certification at age 11 by Joseph Bruno, Commissioner of the Office of Emergency Management. Continuing their knowledge they took a course entitled “Creating vigilant, prepared and resilient communities for homeland security given by the Western Community Policing Institute which was sponsored by the Office of Emergency Management. Still wanting to learn more Brenda took the training course in order to become a member of “CERT” Community Emergency Response Team after this 10 week course Ms. Francis became the Team Chief of the Bronx 12 CERT Team where she served for 3 years. February 7, 2008 For My People Empowerment, Inc. was incorporated as a not for profit corporation, and received federal exemption not long after. For My People Empowerment is a volunteer base emergency preparedness program that provides a leadership training program for the New York community to understand how easy and important it is to be ready and prepared for any type of emergency that one might encounter these emergency include blackouts, terrorist incident and natural disasters and thanks to the volunteers who assist us, communities are able to plan and be prepared with the knowledge needed to know what to do, how to be prepared for the possibility of blackouts, terrorist incidents and natural disasters. We have established information meetings in order to prepared individuals and empower their communities to be prepared. On Bryant’s eighteenth birthday he was appointed as the Executive Director of For My People Empowerment, Inc. We give much thanks to David Gershon of The Empowerment Institute for all the information and knowledge we have gained over the years in order to move forward and start our organization. For My People Empowerment, Inc. is a not-for-profit community based volunteer organization committed to assisting New York residents on how to be prepared for any type of emergency. September 11th was a wake-up call for a number of New Yorkers, and when Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans it was then that we decided to focus on educating our community on the importance of being prepared and making sure that everyone at the building and block levels were prepared for any emergency. According to a 2013 national survey conducted by the Ad Council, sixty percent of Americans self-reported that they currently do not have a family emergency plan in case of a natural disaster, or other emergencies. It is our hope that we will be able to lend a hand in making members of our community safer and better prepared to assist themselves and to provide themselves with the skills that it takes to withstand and survive emergency situations, and to hopefully assist other with their community. Emergency Preparedness Leader Recruitment program design principles: Risk Assessment: We witnessed with Hurricane Katrina and Sandy that individuals who were not prepared for emergencies and natural disasters risk injury, dislocation and loss of life. Communities that are not prepared risk social disorder. Our program is designed around these major threats. Behavior Change: Awareness about disaster preparedness is significantly different from actually taking preparedness action, which is much harder to accomplish and requires behavioral change. The program is designed to achieve individual and building/block level behavior change. Peer Support: Taking preparedness actions is far more likely to occur within a group setting where neighbors support and encourage each other. This group becomes a critical resource to support one another during a crisis. These actions will restore the kind of personal and community resiliency to our lives that we never intended to give up. What could be more important in today's world than to live in a building or on a block where the residents are working together to create a strong and resilient social fabric. Living in a disaster resilient building or block represents the new quality of life indicator for New Yorkers. This is not only the ultimate defense against disaster, but a great way to build relationship rich buildings and blocks that can improve our quality of life right now. This is a vital and much needed program that we offer to the Bronx community and we believe that you care just as much about this community, and about the security of all Americans. Helping others change behavior: In broad terms our work is helping people in the community to prepare for an emergency. What this really means is helping them to adopt a set of new behaviors and practices. Social Science Research: Social science research tells us that information leads to awareness, however, it's rarely sufficient to change behavior. Look at all that we know about diet and exercise and how many of us actually do not make wise dietary and exercise choices. For My People Vision: Neighbors helping neighbors create a resilient New York City household by household, building by building, and block by block. Our goal is to create a culture of resiliency in New York City and lead the way for America. Personal Satisfaction: Helping protect the safety and security of our family and neighbors and improving their quality of life through greater social connection and cooperation. Professional Development: For My People Empowerment's proven team leadership, coaching, group facilitation, community organizing and project management is valued at hundreds of dollars. Recognition: An enhanced position of leadership in their building or on their block will be deeply appreciated by neighbors and the city.
BRENDA FRANCIS
http://FORMYPEOPLEEMPOWERMENT.WS
For My People Empowerment Inc.
For My People Empowerment, Inc. a not-for-profit community basis organization providing New York City residents on how to prepare for any type of emergency. Providing Emergency Preparedness training and teaching the about the importance of being prepared and making sure that everyone within the community is working together to create disaster resilient community at the building and block level. The program premise was simple, taking prudent precautions against blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism and emergencies is nothing more that a form of insurance. This program reflects the belief that by far the best insurance is the group insurance you get from teamwork, because our neighbors security is tied to our own. We believe that it is better to have a plan for an emergency that does not happen than to have no plan. Living in a disaster resilient building or block represents the new quality of life indicator for New Yorkers. This is not only the ultimate defense against disaster, but a great way to build relationship rich buildings and blocks that can improve our quality of life right now.
Brenda M. Francis
Fostering Progressive Advocacy Foundation Inc
we service families impacted by the child welfare. we educate them about their rights and how to navigate the child welfare system.
Dorin Matthews
http://fpafoundation.org
FPA-Foundation
we are a human rights organization for communities of color. we service the 5 boroughs and we have a program inside the Bronx Mott haven Library at 321 east 140 for 3 years now. we need volunteer for our Toy drive. we give out 300 toys and coats. during the year we need volunteer outreach workers to distribute flyers to educate the community about their rights in the child welfare system. next year we need the 25 volunteers.for the bronx mott haven district
Dorin matthews
http://fpafoundation.org
Friends of Pelham Parkway
We do parkway cleanup as well as tabling, raking leaves, building garden, and beautify our parkway. We have our last event for the year on Dec 16th and would love some volunteers. Thank you kindly
Roxanne Delgado
https://www.facebook.com/Friends-of-Pelham-Parkway-1164268037051793/
G.I.V.E. Getting Involved Virginia Avenue Efforts Inc.
Our mission is to create a new culture of environmentally conscious people in the Bronx through block beautification projects, tree stewardship, plantings, artistic activities, activism and hands-on volunteer opportunities.
Nilka Martell
http://www.facebook.com/GIVE.Inc
GallopNYC
GallopNYC is a non-profit organization that offers therapeutic horseback riding for children and adults with disabilities, and veterans. We are seeking volunteers that will be sidewalkers, who are responsible for the safety of our riders. We have 5 locations, but during the winter only 3 operate. Our locations are in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx. If you're interested in being part of our team please sign up at volunteer.gallopnyc.org.
James Wilson
volunteer.gallopnyc.org
Gamma Nu Delta
Maya Gillis
Good Counsel Homes
Good Counsel is a nationally recognized nonprofit leader and innovator in creating supportive residential care and community-based services for homeless, expectant, and new mothers and their children in the context of the Catholic social tradition. Pregnant and expectant mothers, with or without other born children, including mothers with mental health or addiction challenges, from any location, are able to receive help in a Good Counsel home. Many of our mothers come from broken or dysfunctional homes and benefit from learning positive and practical aspects of parenting. From prenatal care to learning how to bathe a newborn, a great deal of emphasis is placed on empowering each woman to be the best mother for her child. Each mom learns different stages of a child’s growth and looks to recognize the development of motor skills. An emphasis of loving and caring discipline is also taught so that a mother may not repeat family patterns of abusive behavior. As a goal, each mother is encouraged to save one-third of any income she earns. This helps budget for eventual permanent housing. Good Counsel staff guide each mother on good spending practices and identify needs versus wants purchasing. Additionally, trained staff and volunteers meet with every resident upon admission and assists her with enrollment in an assessment program that identifies her interests, abilities, and employment opportunities. Resume and job interview counseling, including proper dress codes, provide our mothers with an opportunity to succeed.
ELBIA CABRAL
http://www.goodcounselhomes.org/
GreenThumb-NYC Parks
GreenThumb is a division of NYC Parks and provides resources and support to 500 community gardens throughout the five boroughs. It is the largest gardening program in the country. The GreenTumb Youth Leadership Council (YLC) provides high school youth ages 14–21 with the opportunity to volunteer at a community garden from May to July in New York City. Through YLC, students have the opportunity to learn firsthand from community gardeners how to maintain and grow a healthy garden, covering topics such as botany, agriculture, horticulture, composting, and community development. All program participants are required to volunteer at a garden at least twice a month, accumulating a minimum of 20 service hours. It’s a great way to earn volunteer hours, give back to the community, learn new skills, and have fun!
Diana Pedi
http://http://www.greenthumbnyc.org/
GRID Alternatives
A non-profit solar installer, GRID Alternatives leads teams of volunteers and job trainees to install solar electric systems exclusively for low-income homeowners, providing needed savings for families struggling to make ends meet, preparing workers for jobs in the fast-growing solar industry and reducing carbon emissions. By taking a broader approach to solar as not just an environmental good but also a real-world solution to a real-world economic problem in these communities, GRID Alternatives is helping to set the stage for large-scale solar adoption nationwide. Since 2004, we have installed more than 12 MW of clean, renewable power for over 4,200 families, preventing the release of 340,000 tons of greenhouse gasses over the systems’ lifetimes and providing more than $110 million in energy cost savings. More than 17,000 volunteers and job trainees have also received hands-on solar installation experience to-date. GRID Alternatives is based in Oakland, California and currently has nine regional offices. GRID Alternatives Tri-State, covering New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, recently opening in February 2014, with plans of setting up office space in the Bronx.
Grace Tamble
www.gridalternatives.org
GrowNYC, Greenmarket
About GrowNYC GrowNYC is the sustainability resource for New Yorkers: providing free tools and services anyone can use in order to improve our City and environment. Our mission is to improve New York City's quality of life through environmental programs that transform communities block by block and empower all New Yorkers to secure a clean and healthy environment for future generations. GrowNYC was originally created in 1970 as the Council on the Environment of New York City (CENYC). Born out of the spirit of the first Earth Day, CENYC was initially a policy-based organization, writing comprehensive reports about quality of life issues like air quality, traffic, and noise. Over the past 45 years we've become a service organization: whether it's operating the world famous Union Square Greenmarket, building a new community garden, teaching young people about the environment, or improving recycling awareness, if you're a New Yorker, GrowNYC is working near you! Our Programs Greenmarket - our network of Greenmarket farmers markets, Youthmarkets, fresh food box pick-ups and Greenmarket Co. ensures that all New Yorkers have access to the freshest, healthiest local food. Recycle - We blanket the five boroughs with resources like textile and food scrap collection, Stop 'N' Swaps, and free training to make waste reduction easy for all. Garden - We build and support community and school gardens through tool loans, volunteer days, technical assistance, training, school garden grants and more. Education - We foster future environmental stewards by providing 30,000 children each year with programs that provide meaningful interactions with the natural environment.
Rishma Lucknauth
http://www.grownyc.org
Harlem RBI
Harlem RBI provides inner-city youth with opportunities to Play, Learn and Grow. We use the power of teams to Coach, Teach and Inspire youth to recognize their potential and realize their dreams. Harlem RBI, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization, is a unique, year-round youth development program based in East Harlem and the South Bronx, New York. Since its founding in 1991, Harlem RBI has grown to serve more than 1,500 boys and girls annually, ages 5-22, providing them with year-round sports, educational and enrichment activities.
Kate Malekoff
http://www.harlemrbi.org
Harvest Home Farmer\’s Market
Harvest Home Farmer's Market is a New York City-based, 501(c)3, non-profit organization dedicated to increasing access to local, farm-fresh produce in low-income neighborhoods. Founded in 1993, our markets create community gathering places that educate the public about health and nutrition,supports regional agriculture and provides job opportunities. Our farmer's markets are open six days a week during the farmer's market season; serving all members of each community. Harvest Home operates markets in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens. We accept Cash, Credit/Debit, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (Food Stamp)/ EBT cards, Women Infant and Children checks (WIC), Farmer's Market Nutrition Coupons (FMNP), Health Bucks and Health Senior Healthy Shoppers coupons (H2S2).
Mecca Jackson
http://www.harvesthomefm.org
Help On The way inc
We are an agency without walls. We provide services to individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities.
Annette Stone
http://hotwny.org
Homes for the Homeless NYC
Homes for the Homeless is dedicated to improving the lives of the 512 families that we serve by targeting the various causes of homelessness. We provide programs and services based in education in order to give parents and children the resources they need to become independent. Interested volunteers should expect to act as support for our early childhood education centers, afterschool, and recreation programs. We ask that volunteers wishing to work with us are able to make an ongoing commitment, in an attempt to provide consistency in children’s lives that are often erratic.
Margaret Menghini
http://www.hfhnyc.org
iMentor
iMentor builds mentoring relationships that empower students from low-income communities to graduate high school, succeed in college, and achieve their ambitions. We partner with high schools where a majority of students will be first-generation college students. We match every student in a school with a college-educated mentor. This year (2017-2018), we are partnered with five Bronx high schools in the South Bronx, Mott Haven, Concourse, Belmont, Marble Hill, and Fordham Heights.
Steven Joseph
http://imentor.org
J&S Caring Food Pantry
J&S Food Pantry provides food at no cost for low-income families, senior citizens and individuals in need throughout the Bronx, NY. We are a non-profit, 501c3 approved organization. We distribute much needed food, clothes, & toiletries to families in need of help. We pop up in different areas of New York when we are requested, but mainly in the Bronx.
Jennifer Garib
https://www.facebook.com/jsfoodpantrybx/
JASA
Founded in 1968, JASA's mission is to sustain and enrich the lives of the aging in the New York metropolitan area so that they can remain in the community with dignity and autonomy. JASA is one of New York's largest and most trusted agencies serving older adults in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Long Island.
Blaise McNair
http://www.jasa.org
Joshua and Caleb Ministries, Inc.
Joshua and Caleb Ministries Inc.- Promise land Church Outreach is a ministry that has been hosting a weekly food pantry on Saturday mornings (11:00 am -12:00 pm) in the community that has grown tremendously. Our population is a mix of low income Hispanic/Latino, African & American elderly, couples and single mothers with large families. We are in need of volunteers to assist with packing and handing out food items, managing patron registration and physically securing the operation. If you have anyone interested in assisting us, please contact us. Thank you.
Edwidge Michel
Jumpstart
Jumpstart is a national early education organization that recruits and trains college students and community volunteers to work with preschool children in low-income neighborhoods. Through a proven curriculum, these children develop the language and literacy skills they need to be ready for school, setting them on a path to close the achievement gap before it is too late. Join us to work toward the day every child in America enters school prepared to succeed. Learn more at www.jstart.org.
Barbara Alicea
http://www.jstart.org
Kingsbridge Heights Community Center
KHCC was founded in 1974 and celebrating its 35th anniversary. KHCC is a growing organization that assists more than 8,000 residents each year with services and programs for all ages. Our expanded geographic area includes Community Districts 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the North and Central Bronx, with some programs offered borough-wide. Our programs are guided by the settlement house model of community development and involvement. We believe that, despite the challenges of poverty and unemployment, residents have the ability to create a brighter future. KHCC remains a truly community-based organization, with programs anchored in a detailed knowledge of the people and issues of the Bronx. Likewise, the community retains a high level of ownership and involvement in our work.
Anahi Naranjo
http://www.khcc-nyc.org
La Fuente
La Fuente is a not-for-profit organization that brings together organized labor members and their neighbors to develop projects that educate and promote civic participation in new immigrant communities. La Fuente was founded in 2002 through its first project, the New York Civic Participation Project (NYCPP), when labor and community partners met to identify how they could proactively address anti-immigrant backlash and needs of immigrant communities in post-9/11 NYC. In addition to focusing on traditional “immigrant” issues, like immigration reform, we have expanded the immigrants’ rights movement by engaging on local campaigns, such as park renovation and access to local Community Boards. Since 2007, we have worked deeply on educational equity issues and have achieved significant improvements to local schools. La Fuente empowers immigrants, workers, and their communities to action through civic participation, grassroots organizing, and leadership development. We work in collaboration with labor unions, faith institutions, and community organizations to build a movement of a just society. La Fuente envisions a world where communities are organized, value diversity, and uphold the dignity of all.
Luis Feliz
http://http://www.lafuenteinc.org/
Ladies About Community Elevation
Our organization serves to mentor and empower young women ages 13-19 in our community. Our curriculum includes, self love, financial literacy, and civic engagement. We work together to gather resources to support members academically, socially and emotionally.
Ravin Joseph
http://www.lacenyc.org
Lantern Community Services
Founded in 1996, Lantern Community Services champions the independence and well-being of New Yorkers who are impacted by or threatened with homelessness. Lantern provides innovative services to help New Yorkers who are formerly homeless or have recently aged out of foster care recreate their lives. Our programs with proven results in health, employment, education and life skills are delivered inside our residences and tailored to each person’s needs. We provide our clients – many of whom live with mental illness, addiction, disability, HIV or other chronic illnesses – with the tools they need to integrate successfully into the greater community with dignity and independence. Lantern delivers comprehensive services for the residents of 14 supportive housing sites developed by our affiliate, the Lantern Organization, which provides permanent affordable housing for high-need populations. These sites are located in the Bronx, Brooklyn and Upper Manhattan. Lantern Community Services’ teams of experienced social workers and program specialists deliver programming directly within each apartment building, resulting in excellent rates of engagement with our clients. As one of New York’s largest providers of supportive housing for youth, our portfolio of programs includes 83 apartments designated for young people who have aged out of foster care.
Jessica Rosado
http://lanterncommunity.org
Learning Leaders
Learning Leaders’ mission is to help New York City public school students succeed by training volunteers to provide individualized instructional support and other school based support, and by equipping parents to foster their children’s educational development.
Richard Lopez
http://www.learningleaders.org
Legal Hand
Legal Hand is a non-profit program run under The Center for Court Innovation. What we aim to do at Legal Hand is to prevent problems from turning into legal action by providing free information. Legal Hand trains volunteers from the communities it serves to provide free legal information, assistance, and referrals to help people in the community resolve issues that affect their lives. The program provides assistance in areas like housing, family, immigration, divorce, domestic violence, and public benefits. Volunteers operate out of easy to find, neighborhood storefront centers, and are supervised by attorneys from partnering legal services organizations.
Erica Maldonado
http://www.legalhand.org
Legal Hand Highbridge
Legal Hand is a non-profit program run under The Center for Court Innovation. What we aim to do at Legal Hand is to prevent problems from turning into legal action by providing free information. Legal Hand trains volunteers from the communities it serves to provide free legal information, assistance, and referrals to help people in the community resolve issues that affect their lives. The program provides assistance in areas like housing, family, immigration, divorce, domestic violence, and public benefits. Volunteers operate out of easy to find, neighborhood storefront centers, and are supervised by attorneys from partnering legal services organizations
James Coger
http://www.legalhand.org
LIFT the Bronx
LIFT’s mission is to help community members achieve economic stability and well-being. We are working to establish a new standard for holistic and enduring solutions in our country’s fight against poverty. Our Organization-LIFT currently runs centers staffed by trained volunteers/interns in Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC, Los Angeles, to serve low-income individuals and families. LIFT clients and volunteers work one-on-one to find jobs, secure safe and stable housing, make ends meet through public benefits and tax credits, and obtain quality referrals for services like childcare and healthcare. Simultaneously, the LIFT experience pushes volunteers to grapple with our country’s most challenging issues related to poverty, race, inequality, and policy. Since LIFT’s founding, over 6,000 volunteers and interns have served more than 40,000 individuals and families.
Tiffany Jackson
http://www.liftcommunities.org/new-york
Literacy INC
In 1996, Mimi Lieber, a former member of the New York State Board of Regents, founded Literacy Inc. (LINC) in order to encourage a culture of reading in marginalized communities. LINC envisions its children immersed in a population of readers. Just as a subway rider will see other commuters on their Kindles or a coffee-shop patron will see other customers reading at the tables, a child participating in a LINC program will see his or her peers reading in an apartment lobby, at the local deli or at the neighborhood park. LINC’s means for realizing its vision straddles the divide between education and community development. LINC’s signature program, Reading Everywhere, invites children to everyday community venues, such as restaurants, banks and parks, where LINC staff run reading events. Because these venues are public, Reading Everywhere sets an example for communities to imitate in the education of their children. LINC’s parent-engagement programs help these communities develop their own programs toward the end that these communities will inspire other communities to continue LINC’s mission. This contagious inspiration LINC calls the “multiplier effect.”
Barhynn Johnson
http://www.linc.org
Literacy Inc.
Throughout New York City’s five boroughs, our programs connect Family, School and Community and ensure that books are available and that children have access to reading and reading support. It has been proven that children who read more have a higher level of achievement. Our volunteers help us carry out programs as well as hold book drives for us. They can come help us bring donated books and help us count and sticker them so we can give them back out to the community.
Reachelle Ramirez
lincnyc.org
LiveonNY
our Mission Save lives, provide comfort, and strengthen legacies through organ, eye and tissue donation. our Vision A world in which the power of organ, eye and tissue donation is fully realized. LiveOnNY is a nonprofit, federally designated organ procurement organization (OPO) dedicated to the recovery of organs and tissue for transplant in the greater New York metropolitan area. Established in 1978, LiveOnNY serves a culturally and ethnically diverse population of 13 million. We work closely with 10 transplant centers and more than 90 hospitals in the region to facilitate donation. Additionally, we strive to raise awareness for organ, eye, and tissue donation and transplantation, educate the public, and encourage residents to enroll in the New York State Donate Life Registry. LiveOnNY is accredited by the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations (AOPO) and a member of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), which oversees the organ transplant waiting list in the U.S.
Ruvi Lopez
http://liveonny.org/
Make-A-Wish Metro NY
Make-A-Wish® Metro New York and Western New York touches the life of a child diagnosed with a life-threatening medical condition every 10 hours. We believe that a wish experience can be a game-changer. This one belief guides us in everything we do. It inspires us to grant wishes that change the lives of the kids we serve.
Amanda Lantz
http://http://metrony.wish.org/ways-to-help/volunteering
Masa
The mission of Masa is to promote educational attainment, committed leadership and civic engagement among underserved students living in New York City with a particular focus on those of Mexican descent. Through a variety of civic and educational partnerships, Masa provides positive guidance and support for underserved youth and their families. We encourage program participants to strive to their fullest potential by setting and achieving academic goals in our tutoring and mentoring program. Furthermore, by fostering cultural and civic awareness, we empower a future generation of active and involved citizens.
Christina Noland
http://www.masany.org
Mentoring USA
Mentoring USA's mission is to create sustained and supportive mentor relationships for children in need ages 7-21. The program matches youth with adult mentors who can guide them in developing better self-esteem, creating healthy relationships, and making positive life choices. Through the Mentoring USA site based model mentors and mentees meet in a supervised environment at a set time and location. Mentoring USA partners with schools, community centers, foster care agencies, and other non-profits. All sites are supported by Program Managers who work directly with Site Supervisors at each location to ensure that the programs run smoothly.
Jane Levy
http://www.mentoringusa.org/
MJHS Hospice and Palliative Care
Hospice provides a specialized program of care and services for end-of-life adult patients in their homes, nursing homes, assisted living communities, inpatient facilities and hospitals. Volunteers are an invaluable resource in responding to the needs of our hospice patients and families. MJHS Hospice volunteers provide companion services for patients in several Bronx facilities. Office/clerical support is also needed. Volunteers choose weekend or weekday support services. https://www.mjhs.org/contact-us/volunteer/
Tiara Moultrie
http://mjhshospice.org
My Own Book Fund
My Own Book Fund's mission is to improve children's literacy through book ownership. Third graders from Title 1 schools are brought to bookstores where they're allowed to pick out $50 worth of books of their choosing to start their own home libraries. We're looking for volunteers to work with our partner schools - 13 of which are in the Bronx. Volunteers meet with staff to explain the program, meet with students to go over how to find a book that's right for them, accompany the classes on their shopping trips, and return to the school about a month later to hear all about what everyone's been reading. It requires a time commitment of 6-8 mornings over a two-month period. For those who love books and kids, it's a wonderful experience.
Jennifer Stark
http://www.mobf.org
National Psoriasis Foundation
The National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF) is a non-profit organization with a mission to drive efforts to cure psoriatic disease and improve the lives of those affected. Founded in 1966 from a tiny classified ad in a Portland, Oregon, newspaper, NPF has evolved to become the leading patient advocacy group for the more than 8 million Americans living with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. As emerging research continues to demonstrate the serious, systemic effects of these chronic autoimmune diseases, our highest priority is to find a cure.
Marlene Medina
http://psoriasis.org
Neighborhood Charter School
My name is Derrica Newman, I am currently an operations associate at the Neighborhood Charter School. I am reaching out because my organization will be opening a new charter school in District 7 of the Bronx in 2019. We thought it would be great for us to set up a coat drive to give back to the community. We would like to host this coat drive in January or early February. We wanted to know if it would be possible for us to hold this coat drive at one of the Bronx Work locations. Please let me know if you need any additional information from us! I look forward to hearing from you. Best Regards, Derrica Newman
Derrica Newman
http://ncschools.org
Neighborhood Initiative Development Corporation
We started a new Senior Safety Outreach and Socialization (Senior S.O.S) program conducting Wellness calls to the Seniors in this community. We want to ensure seniors are receiving help and support during the Pandemic and beyond. We are looking for volunteers to make the wellness calls to these Seniors and also volunteers who would be able to assist with supermarket and pharmacy runs to pick up groceries or medications for some of these seniors.
Jessica Toro
http://http://www.nidcny.org/
Neighborhood SHOPP, Inc.
Mission Statement: As a strength-based organization, Neighborhood Self-Help by Older Persons Project's (SHOPP) mission is based on the philosophy of self-help and mutual assistance. We believe that older people are resilient, that they are capable of helping themselves and others improve their capacity to deal with the physical, emotional, social and financial challenges they face as they age. We are currently looking for volunteers to enhance the lives of homebound seniors known to our Case Management program and assist with the Friendly Visiting program initiative. Organization Description: Founded in 1980 and incorporated in 1981, Neighborhood Self Help by Older Persons Project, Inc. (SHOPP) is a non-profit multi service agency, serving over 5,000 Hispanic, African-American and West Indian-Caribbean and other older Bronx residents a year. While our central office is located in Bronx Community Board District 2, we have 35 off site service locations in almost every community board district in the Bronx. Our main programs are: SHOPP Senior Network Group Work Program; three SHOPP Senior Centers- Casa Boricua (Innovative Senior Center), Leon and Guess; SHOPP Case Management Program; SHOPP Senior Network Access Program; SHOPP VIP Elder Abuse and Crime Victims Program; NY Connects; SHOPP- NORC Supportive Services and Transportation. For a full description of our programs please visit: nshopp.org Our funding partners are as follows: NYC DFTA, NYC DYCD, Office of the Bronx Borough President, NYC Council Local Initiatives, NYS OVS and NY SOFA.
Katherine Figueroa
http://nshopp.org
New Settlement Apartments
New Settlement’s Bronx Helpers is a free academic enrichment, leadership and community service program for middle and high school youth with the aim to support the overall health and well-being of young people in the Bronx. The program empowers youth to be part of positive community change and community strengthening. Themes of service are based on the social issues that are important to Bronx Helpers and are selected through a variety of activities that explore their own strengths and interests while supporting academic enrichment and leadership development.
Petronia Harrison
New York Cares
New York Cares is the city's leading volunteer management organization. Our programs address urban poverty, with two overarching goals: (1) to meet immediate needs, such as providing meals to the hungry, and (2) to provide longer-term education services and other support to help individuals break the cycle of poverty. Through our year-round programming, we plan and offer 1,500 projects per month, across 12 focus areas: Youth Education; Youth Nutrition and Fitness; Youth Arts and Culture; Youth Service; Adult Education and Career Preparation; Services for Children and Adults With Special Needs; Support for Senior Citizens; Health and Wellness; Hunger; Community Revitalization; Animal Care; and Disaster Response and Recovery.
Philip Grantham
http://www.newyorkcares.org
New York City Coalition Against Hunger
The New York City Coalition Against Hunger is a non-profit that represents and is the voice for the more than 1,100 nonprofit soup kitchens and food pantries in New York City and the 1.4 million low-income New Yorkers who live in households that can’t afford enough food. The coalition works not only to meet these residents’ immediate food needs but also to enact innovative solutions to help society move “beyond the soup kitchen” to ensure economic and food self-sufficiency for all Americans.
Rosalee Washington
http://nyccah.org
New York Common Pantry
New York Common Pantry is dedicated to reducing hunger throughout New York City while promoting dignity and self-sufficiency.
Stacy Gonzalez
http://nycommonpantry.org/
New York Restoration Project
NYRP is an environmental non-profit organization with 12 community gardens in the Bronx. We organize community volunteer events in the South Bronx cleaning and greening areas of need. In the summer of 2013 we began our community volunteer series with the monthly Jerome Slope cleanups in the Highbridge neighborhood. In 2014 we plan to expand on that and have cleanup projects in other areas of the Bronx.
Charlie Reynoso
http://www.nyrp.org
NYC Parks Stewardship
NYC Parks Stewardship supports the restoration and protection of New York City’s forest and wetlands through volunteerism and training. Sign up for an event below.
Jannelle McCoy
http://http://www.nycgovparks.org/registration/nav/
Opportunity Youth Network
Hello. We are chartering a school in the Bronx and are in need of 2 to 3 volunteers to help us hand out informational flyers to the community in the South Bronx on Saturday, November 17th from 9am to 12pm. Please contact Luis Jimenez directly at (201) 341-0299 for further details. Thank you.
Luis Jimenez
http://newark-oyn.org/
Organizing for Action
Organizing for Action is a national issue-advocacy group. Using a nationwide grassroots structure, we work to pass legislative issues such as Immigration Reform, Gun Violence Prevention, Raising Minimum Wage, Healthcare and more.
Randy Yang
http://www.barackobama.com
Part of the Solution
POTS mission is to be a loving community in the Bronx that nourishes the basic needs and hungers of all who come to our door. For more than 30 years, POTS has been a mainstay of the Bronx, providing emergency food, social services and legal representation to low-income families and individuals. POTS’ unique ‘one-stop shop’ model offers a comprehensive mix of interrelated programming to help people achieve self-sufficiency. The services and staff work in concert to help clients move towards greater stability in the areas of food security, housing, monetary assets, education, health, and access to daily necessities.
Kimberly Roginski
http://www.potsbronx.org
PATHHSEO
Our mission is to \"Heal the Hurt of Hunger close the Health Disparities Gap as a consequences of Poverty\" Clothing closet pantry Soup kitchen Community Garden Primary Care by Morris Heights Medical Van Holiday meal baskets
Sandra Reyes
http://pathhseo.org
People for Cory Moore
Campaign team for Cory Moore Democrat for Assembly. The campaign is seeking for many volunteers to help the team elect Cory Moore for South Bronx residents.
Cory Moore
http://cm2018.com
Phipps Community Development Corporation
Phipps Community Development Corporation provides a comprehensive network of education, work-readiness, and community development programs to connect individuals with opportunities to help them attain economic stability, fulfill their potential, and strengthen communities. We serve over 9,000 children, teens, and adults in more than 30 quality programs across the Bronx and Manhattan. On-site and neighborhood-based services include: Education, Academic Enrichment and Recreation, Work Readiness, Economic Supports, Residential Services, and Case Management. These programs are funded by government grants and contributions from foundations, corporations, and individuals. Founded in 1972, Phipps CDC is the social services affiliate of Phipps Houses, New York City's oldest and largest non-profit developer of affordable housing.
Jin Woo Chung
http://phippsny.org
Pre K For All- DoE
We are spreading the word on the Pre-K for all campaign. We are trying to make sure that enrollment into Pre-K is where it needs to be for the Bronx. We want to have all 53,000 citywide seats successfully filled by September. We want to help parents who have not yet applied and troubleshoot for those who have.
Josiris Urena
www.nyc.gov/prek
Princess for a lifetime
We cater to Children/Families battling an illness in the Hospital & our Communities giving days of Happiness by uplifting their spirits and granting their wish as whatever they wish to be for a day always being crowned as a Prince or Princess. Their is an undeniable bound between make believe & children battling an illness need to have smile for a day memories to last a lifetime doing creative arts & Crafts with the community.
Tynesha Hendricks
http://princessforalifetime.org
Princess Janae Place Inc.
Princess Janae Place provides referrals to housing for chronically homeless LGBTQ adults in the New York Tri-state area, with direct emphasis on Trans/GNC people of color. We also have support and social networking groups, GED and job readiness program. Lastly we assist our clients with housing referrals, housing assistance, vouchers, and applications for public housing.
Jevon Martin
http://princessjanaeplace.org
PSS (Presbyterian Senior Services)
PSS is a multi-service non-profit organization that enhances the quality of life for older adults, caregivers and families. We have 9 senior centers and 2 senior residences, one of which is exclusively for grandparents raising their grandchildren. In addition, we offer several support groups, classes, mentors, and individual case management for our members. PSS also provides real work experience for post-graduate and under-graduate college students through internships and we have a multitude of volunteer opportunities for those looking to give back. Volunteers are a crucial part of any nonprofit organization. PSS is committed to working within a culture of volunteerism: utilizing the skills and talents, and appreciating the work and feedback of all volunteers.
KaTrina Dinham
http://pssusa.org
R.A.I.N. Inc.
MISSION: To enhance the well-being and quality of life for all New Yorkers by meeting the interim needs of people of all ages. R.A.I.N., Inc. is a multi-social service agency offering a myriad of services with a focus on the provision of a continuum of care that includes a range of services for seniors and people with disabilities. R.A.I.N. has ten Bronx based and one Manhattan based full-service neighborhood senior centers, home-delivered meals, transportation services, assistance with benefits and entitlements, case management, and a community-based mobile meals program for homeless and hungry persons. R.A.I.N.’s commitment to the elderly also includes the sponsorship of two residential housing projects providing apartments for low-income seniors. R.A.I.N.’s affiliated Home Health Care Program provides in-home attendant and personal care services for elderly, disabled and homebound individuals of any age.
Jeff Lucas
http://www.raininc.org/
Reach Out and Read Morris Heights Health Center
Reach Out and Read is an evidence-based nonprofit organization that promotes early literacy and school readiness in pediatric exam rooms nationwide by giving new books to children and advice to parents about the importance of reading aloud.
Raul Hernandez
http://www.mhhc.org
Read Ahead
Read Ahead ignites a love of reading in young students through mentoring, improving their confidence as well as their odds for success in school and life. Read Ahead builds students’ social-emotional skills that are essential for success. Mentors must be available for one lunch hour (between 10:30 am – 2 pm) per week or every other week to build a relationship with an individual student (grades K–5, ages 5–12) throughout the duration of the school year. Mentors commit to one school year at a time, and many come back year after year, typically working with the same student. All mentors receive training, resources, and ongoing supervision and support. Expanding in the Bronx is a key Read Ahead goal, and we need Bronx volunteers to make it possible! Please contact [email protected] with any questions or to learn more about getting involved!
Courtney Wong
http://readahead.org
Reading Partners
Reading Partners is a nonprofit literacy organization that recruits and trains community volunteers to provide one-on-one reading tutoring to students in under-resourced schools across the country. Our highly effective program has helped thousands of children master the fundamental reading skills they need to succeed in school and beyond. Tutors work with Reading Partners’ structured, research-based, and easy-to-follow literacy curriculum, with the training, support, and coaching of on-site Reading Partners staff. We are recruiting for the 2018-2019 School Year! How can you volunteer? • Tutoring with Reading Partners requires absolutely no experience and can take as little as 45 minutes per week. • Reading Centers are open Monday – Thursday during the school day and after school. Reading Partners is located at 17 sites throughout New York City, including 2 in the Bronx. • Before you get started, you will meet the Site Coordinator at the school of your choice for preliminary training and a chance to observe the program in action. • You will get matched with one student, for whom you will serve as tutor, mentor and friend. • If you are unable to commit weekly, you can also sign up as a substitute tutor, volunteering less frequently with a range of students that require make-up sessions. • Reading Partners can host group recruitment or training sessions at your workplace or a school site.
Rohan Kumar
http://www.readingpartners.org
Regional Aid for Interim Needs (R.A.I.N) Friendly Visiting Program
R.A.I.N.'s mission is to enhance the well-being and quality of life for those in need of help by meeting the interim needs of people of all ages. The friendly visiting program aims to provide support to homebound seniors experiencing social isolation and loneliness but pairing them with compassionate volunteers for socialization. Volunteers visit with a Senior once a week, to chat, play cards or take a walk through the neighborhood to really make a difference. Hours could go towards internship requirements (Social Work, CNA, etc.) A community of volunteers and seniors R.A.I.N., Inc is contracted through The Department for the Aging (DFTA) to operate a Friendly Visiting Program. Requirements: Application & background check 18 and over Able to make a 6 month commitment
Tiontay Castillo
http://www.raininc.org
Rocking the Boat
Rocking the Boat empowers young people from the South Bronx to develop the self-confidence to set ambitious goals and gain the skills necessary to achieve them. Students work together to build wooden boats, learn to row and sail, and restore local urban waterways, revitalizing their community while creating better lives for themselves. Kids don't just build boats at Rocking the Boat, boats build kids.
Liz Lindgren
www.rockingtheboat.org
Sapna NYC
Sapna NYC transforms the lives of South Asian immigrant women by improving physical and mental health, expanding economic opportunities and building a collective voice for change.
Tehmina Brohi
www.sapnanyc.org
Shoebox Project for Women
The Shoebox Project for Shelters is a 501(c)(3) public charity that collects and distributes gift-filled Shoeboxes to women who are homeless or at-risk of homelessness in communities across the US and Canada. Each thoughtfully created and decorated Shoebox is filled with items valued at $50 that can help enhance self-esteem and reduce feelings of isolation for women in crisis.
Lana De Meo
http://https://www.shoeboxprojectusa.org/about.html
South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation (SoBRO)
SoBRO was founded in 1972 by a group of business executives and community leaders. Our mission was urgent: reverse the flight of businesses and jobs from the South Bronx. It was the first and most fundamental step toward rebuilding a community whose name evoked images of burned out buildings, crime, poverty, and drugs. But as SoBRO began to evolve, it became clearer that community revitalization required a multi-faceted effort. Today we address all aspects of community development: assisting businesses to get started and grow, training residents according to the needs of employers, offering opportunities for youth to learn and develop, and creating affordable housing and commercial space that reverses blight in the community. Since our founding in 1972, SoBRO has served over 20,000 students, helped to create and retain more than 40,000 jobs for area residents, and created the climate for hundreds of million dollars of capital investment into the South Bronx. We are looking to establish a new organization-wide volunteer program.
Dennis Marion
http://www.sobro.org
South Bronx United
South Bronx United uses soccer as a vehicle for social change, aiming to help youth build character, teamwork, and leadership so that they can succeed in high school, college, careers, their community and beyond. South Bronx United strives to promote educational achievement, health and wellness, and character development through activities on and off the soccer field and to UNITE a diverse group of individuals and an incredibly diverse community toward common positive goals. South Bronx United succeeds because of nearly 200 volunteers annually dedicated to working with youth through education and soccer in the South Bronx community. We are always looking for individuals interested and dedicated to serving South Bronx youth. If you would like to join our staff, please contact us.
http://www.southbronxunited.org
Special Citizens Futures Unlimited
Special Citizens Futures Unlimited is a nonprofit organization that provides comprehensive and integrated services to adults and children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in New York. We provide an array of services including specialized Residential Programs, Day Habilitation, Community Habilitation, Respite, Medicaid Service Coordination, Life Skills Programs, Recreation, Pre-Vocational Training, and Supported Employment.
Katrina Potter
http://www.specialcitizens.org
St. Mary’s Development Center for Children and Families, Inc.
Reaching for Success’ comprehensive after-school approach includes: academic support through small group tutoring and literacy activities linked to spelling bees, storytelling and career exploration events. Youth development occurs through project-based music and sports clubs, field trips, group counseling, and service-learning projects. Family engagement is provided through free educational programs such as GED and ESL classes, college prep, job readiness, healthy living, as well as, student-led performances. The program is designed to meet its families’ needs while supplementing the school curricula without replicating. Reaching for Success's goals: To decrease absenteeism and improve academic performance. To engage students in community projects. To reduce risky and delinquent behaviors. To offer arts and sports activities that do not exist during the regular school day. To expose students to various colleges and careers. To provide families with educational resources. To leverage the resources of its community partners.
Oswald Thomas
St. Peter’s Deliverance Center
We are a faith based organization and we service our entire commnuity.
Sarah Berrios
Sustainable South Bronx
Founded in 2001, Sustainable South Bronx (SSBx) began out of a desire to advocate for parks and green development in the South Bronx and to promote environmental justice in a neighborhood that has borne, and continues to bear, a heavy environmental burden for the rest of the city. SSBx’s earliest efforts played a major role in the development of the South Bronx Greenway, a significant effort to increase recreation, expand waterfront access, and improve transportation safety in the South Bronx. SSBx’s work has evolved over the past decade and now reflects the belief that the environmental challenges facing the South Bronx cannot be separated from the neighborhood’s economic and social concerns. Today, the mission of SSBx is to address economic and environmental issues in the South Bronx – and throughout New York City – through a combination of green job training, community greening programs, and social enterprise. Over the last ten years, SSBx has broadened its focus by linking environmental restoration to the economic needs of low-income New Yorkers who are seeking a fresh start.
Angela Tovar
http://www.ssbx.org
The Bronx Museum of the Arts
The Bronx Museum of the Arts is an internationally recognized cultural destination that presents innovative contemporary art exhibitions and education programs and is committed to promoting cross-cultural dialogues for diverse audiences. Since its founding in 1971, the Museum has played a vital role in the Bronx by helping to make art accessible to the entire community and connecting with local schools, artists, teens, and families through its robust education initiatives and public programs. In celebration of its 40th anniversary, the Museum implemented a universal free admission policy, supporting its mission to make arts experiences available to all audiences.
LaToya Wilcox
http://bronxmuseum.org
The Children’s Aid Society
The Children’s Aid Society helps children in poverty to succeed and thrive. We do this by providing comprehensive supports to children and their families in targeted high-needs New York City neighborhoods.
Maria Panora
http://www.childrensaidsociety.org
The City Tutors
The City Tutors is a volunteer tutoring organization (sponsored by CCNY) that leverages the incredible academic talent and enthusiasm to serve within the tri-state area to enhance and expand academic support for programs on CUNY campuses and in the surrounding communities in an effort to support increasing retention and graduation of New York City students across all academic levels. CT provides academic support for students of all academic levels: those experiencing difficulty in particular courses, those with specific skill development goals, and those enrolled in courses with high overall withdrawal and failure rates. Portfolio of programs, departments, institutions currently partnered with The City Tutors: CCNY's College Now, RAPSI, and Continuing Professional Studies Programs, Urban Scholars CCNY's Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership Youth Action Youth Build, Harlem RBI, and Sugar Hill Apartment Complex, Childrens Aid Society, South Bronx Charter High School CUNY Hostos Community College and CUNY City Tech Each City Tutor receives personal professional support that starts with the creation of resumes and cover letters and advances to preparation for short and long term career goals. Tutors are linked to a wide network of students and professionals, and are supported in the application to jobs, internships and scholarships. Guided by professional staff, tutors are encouraged to take ownership over improving programming. They perform program administration duties and are treated as collaborators entrusted to help improve the core tutoring services of CT. Tutors are selected to improve materials, create and revise training manuals, and better integrate material into the training curriculum; tutors inform the program of problems in sessions, challenges integrating methodology and complications with the learning assistance structure. At all stages, they are the beta-testers of the services and help to strengthen, revise and develop new programming each semester.
Garri Rivkin
http://thecitytutors.com
The Colored Girls Empowerment Project
My name is Angelique and I am the Founder and Executive Director of The Colored Girls Empowerment Project, a mentoring program for young women of color in The Bronx. This mentoring program is a curriculum based program that provides sex education, social justice and financial literacy training and college admissions preparation to young women of color. We are currently recruiting for Empowerment Facilitators! Empowerment facilitators are college aged folks who will help facilitate trainings to young women in high school and mentor students throughout the year. This program will launch at Bronx High School for Law & Community Service and will provide food/snacks/supplies for all participants. Please see below for the description of the program: The Colored Girls Empowerment Project: The Colored Girls Empowerment Project (C.G.E.P.) is a mentoring program for young women of color in The Bronx that provides intersectional, inclusive and comprehensive sex education, social justice and financial literacy training and college admissions preparation. CGEP pairs students with college aged mentors and aims to equip students with life skills that will set them up for success in their futures. CGEP will empower young women of color to make educated and healthy choices through its intersectional, inclusive and comprehensive sex education curriculum based on the National Sexuality Education Standards. CGEP's curriculum is unique in that it begins with training in social justice (power, privilege and oppression) to provide context for CGEP's very integrated sexual health education curriculum. The program will then educate students on mental health & stress management and train students in financial literacy. Lastly, this program will improve college accessibility by providing workshops on financial aid, the college application process, the personal essay and studying habits for mentees. Each mentee will work with their mentor to understand the college application process, edit their personal essay and answer all questions related to the college admissions process. To launch the program, CGEP will host a mixer for mentees to meet their mentors. There will be raffle prizes, food and games. At the end of the year, there will be a CGEP get together for mentors and mentees to share their stories and experiences of their success. ---- Here are some of the responsibilities of an empowerment facilitator: Facilitate trainings to young women of color in area of expertise/interest Mentor young women of color throughout the year by participating in activities with mentees Guide mentees in college admissions process through editing personal statements, assisting with the college search and more Choose area of focus: Fundraising, Communications or Recruitment and receive specialized projects to assist in the development of the organization
Angelique Beluso
The HopeLine
At The HopeLine we work hard at uplifting families of the South Bronx through our Family Assistance program and Adult Learning classes. We alleviate poverty by providing basic necessities such as food and diapers while building resilience and self sustainability through Computer training, ESL, and Citizenship classes.
Maria Cintron
www.thehopeline.org
The Women Worldwide Initiative
The Women Worldwide Initiative (TWWI) has the mission to empower women and girls to strengthen their own capacities as decision-makers. TWWI's programming is dedicated to poverty eradication through youth development, and social and economic empowerment of women and girls in low-income communities in New York City and developing countries. TWWI's mentorship program, Young Women Rock!, is dedicated to strengthening the lives and communities of young women in the South Bronx and Brooklyn through a sustainable curriculum-based, group and one-on-one mentorship program. The program has the mission to empower girls through mentorship, building their self-confidence and challenging them to discover and fulfill their potential. As a mentor, we provide a stable, positive, and safe relationship for our mentees. This relationship encourages their ambition, self-confidence and growth, allows them to trust and shows them that they are supported and have someone to come to for guidance. Mentors dedicate Saturdays from 1:00-3:30PM for one full academic year
Jessica Forrester
http://www.womenworldwideinitiative.org
The Women’s Housing & Economic Development Corporation
The Women’s Housing and Economic Development Corporation (WHEDco) is a community development organization founded on the radically simple idea that all people deserve healthy, vibrant communities. We build award-winning, sustainable, affordable homes – but our work is not over when our buildings are complete. WHEDco believes that to be successful, affordable housing must be anchored in strong communities that residents can be proud of. WHEDco’s mission is to give the South Bronx access to all the resources that create thriving neighborhoods – from high-quality early education and after-school programs, to fresh, healthy food, cultural programming, and economic opportunity. See www.whedco.org for more information.
Angela Ortiz
http://whedco.org
Transportation Alternatives
Transportation Alternatives is New York City's leading biking, walking, and public transportation advocacy organization. Our mission is to reclaim the streets from the car and to advocate for bicycling, walking and public transit as the best transportation alternatives. Our goal is to achieve Vision Zero - the elimination of traffic deaths and serious injuries on New York City's streets.
Evan Feldman
http://www.transalt.org
TriLatino Triathlon Club Inc
In collaboration with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Health Center (MLK) and The Bronx Academy of Letters (BAL), TriLatino has designed a program to increase physical activity, promote healthy lifestyles, and raise awareness around health and nutrition education among youth in the South Bronx.
Jerusha Ramos
http://www.trilatino.org/about-us/trilatino-juniors
United By Blue
FOR EVERY PRODUCT SOLD, UNITED BY BLUE REMOVES ONE POUND OF TRASH FROM OUR WORLD'S OCEANS AND WATERWAYS We created United By Blue with the idea that a successful outdoor brand can do serious conservation work. This means everyone here at United By Blue is rolling up their sleeves and removing plastic bottles, styrofoam, tires, old appliances, you name it from creeks, rivers, beaches, and streams. We organize and host cleanups to make a measurable impact on the most pressing of environmental problems: ocean trash and plastics pollution.
Cara Hertneky
http://unitedbyblue.com/cleanups
University Neighborhood Housing Program (UNHP)
The mission of University Neighborhood Housing Program (UNHP) is to create, preserve, and improve affordable housing and bring needed resources to the Northwest Bronx. The UNHP Northwest Bronx Resource Center serves our community with free and professional services around financial education, benefit screening, income tax preparation, foreclosure prevention, and home-buying assistance. For our tax program we recruit and train volunteers as greeters, translators, tax filers and credit coaches. Volunteer opportunities are available annually, mainly during the income tax season (January - April) on Wednesdays (1pm-6pm) and Saturdays (10am-4pm).
Jumelia Abrahamson
http://www.unhp.org
Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy
Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy (VCPC), a 501(c)3 organization, was established in 2009 as a public/private partnership with New York City Parks Department. Modeled after the successful non-profit organizations that have shepherded the transformation and quality maintenance of Central Park and Prospect Park, VCPC’s goal is to support, educational and cultural programming as well as staffing to maintain and enhance the Park’s woodlands, fields, playgrounds, and ball fields. The Conservancy’s mission is to sustain and enhance the park as a vibrant destination for recreation, leisure and the enjoyment of its natural landscapes. The Conservancy has a history of offering four major FREE programs for families: Barefoot Dancing for families and Summer Stage Kids to children and families, weekly Bird Walks in coordination with the Urban Park Rangers and NYC Audubon Society, and Green Jobs for Youth: Cultivating Green Careers. • Barefoot Dancing is hosted every Thursday night in July. A wide variety of ethnic performance groups instruct and educate participants on their traditional dance forms, including their historical and cultural roots. This year’s lineup was Filipino, Irish, Trinidadian, and Afro-Puerto Rican. We have offered this series for five years. • Summer Stage Kids is a twice weekly program that exposes children to a wide range of performing arts. Interactive sessions have included everything from juggling and acrobatics, to puppeteering, storytelling, Capoeira martial arts and tap dancing. Camp groups and families interact with performers in playgrounds and other locations around the park each Tuesday and Thursday morning during the summer to enjoy high-quality, educational entertainment. We have offered this series for four years. • Our Birding programs feature Saturday morning bird walks led by Urban Park Rangers and NYC Audubon experts. Each weekend participants are exposed to new areas of the park where they can spot any of the 200+ species of birds that reside, nest or rest in Van Cortlandt Park. We have offered this series for three years. • Green Jobs for Youth, proved to be a great success for the past two years. After receiving over 100 applicants in 2013, 25 were chosen to gain valuable experience and education that will aid in their career choices and educational pursuits.
Paulina Mohamed
http://www.vcpark.org
VIP Community Services
As a non-profit partner to the Bronx community, VIP provides a full continuum of social service care to the most vulnerable and underserved. VIP serves approximately 25,000 clients & patients per year through residential care, outpatient counseling, shelter care, medical services, medically supervised intervention programs, housing, and employment services. Our organization continues to expand, and has been awarded as a Federally Qualified Health Center.
Arlene Conyers
http://vipservices.org
Visiting Nurse Service of New York – Hospice Program
Background: Established in 1893, Visiting Nurse Service of New York (VNSNY) is the nation’s largest not-for-profit community-based health system in the United States, providing home health care services in the five boroughs of New York City and Nassau and Westchester counties. The VNSNY Hospice Care volunteer’s role is to be a supportive, caring person to the patient, their caregiver and family. Our goal is to provide comfort, care and choice to our patients and their families during this difficult time in their lives. Some of the ways that volunteers help includes visiting to ease social isolation, calling caregivers and families to offer emotional support, reading, listening to music, playing games, knitting, helping patients write memoirs and more. Volunteers with special skills, such as singing, massage or hairstyling are also needed. Bilingual Volunteers are also needed in all boroughs. VNSNY Hospice Care provides expert, compassionate care for individuals and families living with progressive, serious illness at the end of life. We are the resource of choice for hospice and palliative care information, education and service for every resident and health care provider in Metropolitan New York. For more information, go to our VNSNY Hospice Volunteering website at http://www.vnsny.org/community/support-vnsny/hospice-volunteer-opportunities/
Alison Reynoso
http://vnsny.org
Wave Hill
Often called “one of the greatest living works of art,” Wave Hill is a spectacular public garden and cultural center overlooking the majestic Hudson River and Palisades in the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx. This gem of a destination evokes the sense of a private country estate, while the artistry of the gardens, the range of programs that complement it and the vibrant exhibitions mounted spring, summer and fall in Glyndor Gallery, encourage visitors to explore this serene setting. Historic Wave Hill House, recently renovated, is a focal point for visitors, and houses The Café. Wave Hill offers an ideal and serene respite from the energy and distractions of the workday world. Wave Hill, Inc. is an independent, non-profit cultural institution governed by a volunteer Board of Directors whose buildings and grounds are owned by the City of New York.
Nancy Kelly
http://www.wavehill.org
Westchester Square Art Center
We are a Bronx based not-for-profit organization, dedicated to exposing our students to the world of professional art and increasing their artistic skills. Specializing in traditional art training for both adults and children, our goal is to elevate artists to new levels of learning and creativity. We not only guide our students through the creation of art (drawing, painting, design), but offer an extensive background in historic and contemporary art. As we are community-based, exposing our students to the cultural richness of the Bronx and the visual opportunities it may inspire, is at the heart of W2AC. The mission of the Westchester Square Art Center is to engage the large creative population of youth residing in the Bronx, in negotiating, competing and achieving success in the field of visual arts. The Westchester Square Art Center provides a state of the art, multi-discipline visual arts academy experience to those artists residing in the community of the Bronx. W2AC offers a total art experience encountered only by those in the profession. The target customer is the serious secondary, high school and college student with artistic potential seeking an introduction into the field of art. An established artist may require a daily studio space to complete a project or a senior artist may require professional training to improve their skills. The Westchester Square Art Center will provide unique and personal attention to each of these groups.
Lenward Snead
http://w2ac.org
Westchester Square Partnership
Westchester Square Partnership is a Bronx-based non-profit organization which promotes the health, social, and economic empowerment of New York City’s South Asian community through a learning-based partnership between families, health professionals and other stakeholders. WSP responds to the priorities of under-served immigrant communities by providing health education and social services, developing economic opportunities, and promoting social justice through participatory action research, outreach, and advocacy.
Tehmina Brohi
http://www.wspnyc.org
WHEDco
The Women’s Housing and Economic Development Corporation (WHEDco) has worked for twenty years to build a more beautiful, equitable and economically vibrant Bronx. We reach over 35,000 people annually through energy-efficient, healthy and affordable homes; early childhood education and youth development; home-based childcare microenterprise and food business incubation; and family support.
Katherine Taveras
http://www.whedco.org
Willdlife Conservation Society: Future Leaders Program
WCS saves wildlife and wild places worldwide through science, conservation action, education, and inspiring people to value nature.
SaDia Chance
http://www.wcs.org
Williamsbridge Oval Recreation Center
Williamsbridge Oval Recreation Center is dedicated to providing programming for all members of the family. We have fitness, education, and engaging activities that the community can take part of for free or at a low cost.
Sarah Bishow-Semevolos
http://http://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/recreationcenters/X104
Women’s Housing and Economic Development Corporation
The Women’s Housing and Economic Development Corporation (WHEDco) is a community development organization founded on the radically simple idea that all people deserve healthy, vibrant communities. We build award-winning, sustainable, affordable homes – but our work is not over when our buildings are complete. WHEDco believes that to be successful, affordable housing must be anchored in strong communities that residents can be proud of. WHEDco’s mission is to give the South Bronx access to all the resources that create thriving neighborhoods – from high-quality early education and after-school programs, to fresh, healthy food, cultural programming, and economic opportunity.
Angelique Beluso
http://whedco.org
World Cares Center
World Cares Center is a non-profit organization that provides free disaster preparedness and volunteer safety training to the Public for 12 or more individuals. World Cares Center has been active in disaster preparedness since its inception after the events of 9/11. We have been empowering people around the world by delivering lifesaving training in hazard prevention, disaster preparedness, response and recovery. During Superstorm Sandy, we worked in Staten Island, Far Rockaway and Brooklyn training 22,000 volunteers and leading them in mucking out over 1,400 homes preparing them for rebuild. World Cares Center delivers value-added training to equip individuals with the skills and tools needed for preparedness, collaboration, and community responsibility.
David Rosas
http://worldcares.org/
World Vision Greater New York
World Vision Greater New York is a resource center for organizations and schools that are serving underserved populations in the South Bronx and Washington Heights. Through our strategic partnerships, we are able to impact 500,000 New Yorkers a year.
Eric Hoke
http://www.worldvisionusprograms.org/new_york.php
Young Women on the Rize Inc.,
Our organization Young Women on the Rize empowers young women ages 16-25 in the Bronx by adopting a unique blend of entrepreneurial workshops and programs. Our organization will ensure they pursue a sense of understanding the process of becoming a business owner through our entrepreneurial training/ leadership programs. This will allow the young women to understand how becoming self-employed can be most rewarding even starting from everyday hobbies such as hair,cooking,swimming,sports,writing,reading which can lead to a path of independence and also revitalization in there own communities. Ultimately our organization serves the public while YWR will partner with Senior Citizen establishments, Children&Women Shelters and group homes. As these young women graduate from the program they will begin to have immeasurable options for themselves and those after them as well.
Ellen Jones
http://www.youngwomenontherize.org
Youth Advocate Programs, Inc.
Youth Advocate Programs is a nationally recognized, nonprofit organization exclusively committed to the provision of community-based alternatives to out-of-home care through direct service, advocacy and policy change. | http://www.bxvc.org/member-agencies/members/ |
Atelier Loos van Vliet was invited by UNStudio to join the design team in a competition for the Art Museum in Nanjing. The new museum will be located in the heart of the newly developed urban area of Nanjing. The building plot will face from the north-west side a linear wetland park called “The Green Dragon”. From the south-east side it will border a cultural node of the new district. This specific urban setting influenced the landscape design concept. The park side of the plot has a green character. Lawns intended for various events are proposed at the park side entrances. Meadows of ornamental grasses refer to the natural planting of The Green Dragon Park. Only five species of trees are used; each marking a particular entrance. In contrast to the park side the urban side of the plot is more paved and equipped with interactive art and light installations. The linear pavement pattern inspired by the skin of the building consists of two colors of nature stone. Similarly to other design elements it helps in wayfinding. The combination of artificial and natural landscape refers to the Chinese understanding of mountain and water. The building can be seen as a mountain in contrast to the river of The Green Dragon Park. Another design inspiration taken from the Chinese culture is the endless knot. It stands for luck and prosperity. The endlessness is represented by the ongoing form of paths that always return to the Central Plaza. This idea is also depicted by the system of waterways that guide the visitors as well as collect and transport the rainwater from the building towards the wetlands of the park. Each of the entrances is marked with a special water feature. Also various program elements are focused around plazas. Proposed functions like amphitheater with a stage, art pavilion or art installations bring the art outside the museum walls directly into the public space. | https://loosvanvliet.nl/en/project/166/public-space-art-museum-nanjing |
Russian oil company Lukoil completed a deal to acquire an additional 9.99% interest in Shah Deniz gas project for $1.45 billion, the company announced on Friday.
The Shah Deniz gas field is located in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea, 70 kilometers southeast of capital Baku.
Lukoil bought the shares from Malaysian oil and gas giant Petronas.
After the completion of the deal, Lukoil's share in the project increased to 19.99% from 10%.
Other parties to the project include bp with 29.99% as operator, Turkish Petroleum with 19% and Azerbaijan's national oil company SOCAR with 14.35%.
Iran's Naftiran Intertrade Company (NICO) and SOCAR's subsidiary SGC hold 10% and 6.67% shares respectively.
Last year, Shah Deniz consortium extracted 22.7 billion cubic meters of gas and 4.2 million tonnes of oil and gas condensate.
The gas is sold to Georgia and Turkey as well as national consumption in Azerbaijan. Since December 2020, it is also delivered to Europe. | https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/energy-projects/lukoil-increases-its-share-in-shah-deniz-gas-field/34658 |
The Art Gallery at the UNE Biddeford Campus Ketchum Library presented the collaborative artistic project “Elemental Changes,” a visualization of the climatic changes possible in the era of the Anthropocene.
Artist’s Statement
Artists, like scientists, engage in research and scholarship. Their lab is the studio. Working with base materials they work at creating visions through close observation molded towards a specific expression, ineffable conglomerations of materials/pigments/papers gathered together for visual effect. The research behind visual literacy is largely taken for granted by many even though it is intrinsically interlinked with good communication and the presentation of information, particularly in the sciences. The arts are an essential and irreplaceable part of conveying knowledge whether it is quantitative data in the form of a graph or picturing the forces and movements present in adverse weather conditions.
The drawings here are my visualization of catastrophic alterations to our environment occurring and forecast due to climate change. These changes that would normally occur over many years have been compressed into single connected images using the Greek elements Earth, Air, Fire, and Water as an organizing principle. The simplicity of these categories allowed me the liberty to explore climate change visually without having to illustrate the vast complexities of the physical science involved. Lines and color represent both the seemingly solid edges of forms and also illustrate lines of force and motion that cannot usually be seen.
Special thanks are due to the Departments of Marine Science, Biology, and Environmental Studies and the Dean’s Office of the College of Arts and Sciences at UNE, all have contributed funds to sponsor this exhibit. This exhibition would not have been possible without the enthusiastic collaboration and input of Charles Tilburg Ph.D., professor of Marine Sciences and associate lecturer Bethany Woodworth Ph.D., Coordinator of the Interdisciplinary Minor in Climate Change Studies in the Department of Environmental Studies and Cally Gurley M.L.I.S., Special Collections Librarian and Kris Olson (Environmental Studies ’19), who created a large-scale Tree of Life upon which students and visitors affix paper ‘leaves’ with their thoughts and pledges addressing climate change. Students Jillian Spero, Ally Karriker, Abby Rusling-Flynn, Kady Winsor, Alex Geisser created paintings and drawings to adorn the tree. | https://library.une.edu/art-galleries/2018/01/31/elemental-changes/ |
From hot 40°C to cool 23°C, Tricity Chandigarh witnesses wettest July since 2010
However, temperatures are likely to rise as the clouds clear up. According to the meteorological department, although more rain is likely, it may be sparse with no major rainfall activity from July 19.
Daily showers have not only made this the wettest July in the Tricity since 2010, but have also cooled the temperatures, with the mercury hovering between a high of 40 degree Celsius and a low of 23 degree Celsius.
This month saw the temperature go from a blistering 40.5 degree Celsius on July 2 to a pleasantly cool 23 degree on July 16.
The temperature difference recorded in July last year was 37.7 degree Celsius on 9th with the lowest being 23 degree Celsius on 4th. 2017 saw a highest temperature of 37.6 degree Celsius on 10th and lowest on 6th and 12th of 24.7 degree Celsius.
However, temperatures are likely to rise as the clouds clear up. According to the meteorological department, although more rain is likely, it may be sparse with no major rainfall activity from July 19.
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MeT director Surinder Paul said this should not be worrying as the Tricity has already received more rainfall than it did this month last year. “The last time we had normal rainfall was in 2010. After that it has been on the wane.’’ In 2010 July, the city witnessed a record 365.6 mm of rainfall, while the city has already received 269 mm by the middle of this month.
Explaining how this July has been so wet, he said, “The monsoonal trough was close to the foothills of the city. This coupled with the western disturbances, and the low level of monsoonal winds created a confluence, resulting in heavy rains. Other than this, climate change is a broader reason as it changes the intensity and duration of rainfall, etc.”
Though pleased with the rainfall, Surinder Paul worries about the Tricity’s inability to harness it.
“We need to manage the rain we get. We shouldn’t be having waterlogging problems and we should avoid irrigating on the days rain is forecast. It is imperative that we use this rain optimally as water shortage is staring us in the face,” he says.
Despite the fact that the highest rainfall recorded in July last year is more than that of this year, the total amount of rainfall that the city has received this month up until now is greater. In 2018, July 3 saw 64.8 mm of rainfall and July 2017 saw 120.8 mm of rainfall on 28th. Until now, the highest rainfall this month has been 50.5 mm on the 10th. | |
Three volunteer projects in Kranj deliver results
The Goodyear employees in Kranj contribute to the society with various socially responsible actions across Gorenjska region. Volunteers of “A Goodyear Better Future” program helped in organizing a basketball tournament for the elementary school pupils in fourth and fifth grade, built a garden shed at the Živ Žav kindergarten in Stražišče and started to revitalize the Kokra river canyon.
Goodyear in Kranj is implementing a socially responsible campaign called “A Goodyear Better Future” program again this year in order to be actively involved in local communities. The main goal of the company is that its employees, in cooperation with external organizations, help in creating a better living and working environment. Therefore, more than 120 volunteers will participate in 13 actions in the area of environmental sustainability, safe mobility and the promotion of children and adults to achieve their full potential.
The Goodyear employees in Kranj, brought together by shared love of sports and in cooperation with the Kranj Elementary School Basketball Association, organized a second basketball tournament for the fourth and fifth grade pupils. Goodyear’s team provided snacks and drinks, helped with the refereeing and writing of minutes, and entertained free teams between the matches. They ensured for 120 children from 10 schools to receive their earned diplomas, medals and cups at the end of the tournament.
The team of volunteers also took care of the safe shelter of the outdoor toys in Živ Žav kindergarten in Stražišče, Kranj. They built, installed and protected a new garden shed, and also took care of an older shed with a fresh layer of paint. The children will now be able to put away their outdoor toys in order to serve them for a long time to come.
Another volunteer project was executed to preserve the natural heritage of Kranj, where a group of Goodyear employees, in cooperation with the representatives of the Center for Sustainable Rural Development Kranj and the regional units of Slovenian Forest Service, started landscaping in the Kokra river canyon. In the first part of the action, the canyon was cleared of waste, while some of the overgrown hills will be settled in autumn in order to restore the autochthonous tree species there. This voluntary action is actually an introduction to a long-term project to revitalize the Kokra river canyon in partnership with the Municipality of Kranj and the Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation, in order to strengthen the river banks and to restore individual parts of the walking routes. | https://propiar.com/en/social-responsibility/three-volunteer-projects-in-kranj-deliver-results/ |
Wall, S., 2018. Finding ways to engage with a healthy tourism "offer": evaluating potential synergies between wellbeing, public health, and tourism at a local destination. Doctoral Thesis (Doctoral). Bournemouth University.
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Abstract
This study explores and explains how the concept of wellbeing can promote synergies between public health and tourism communities of practice at a local destination level. In this context, the concept of wellbeing provides an example of a boundary object which can promote knowledge sharing across boundaries between communities of practice. Eudaimonic and integrated wellbeing theories offer alternative activity pathways to that of mass tourism and the promotion of hedonic wellbeing and may encourage collaboration between local public health and tourism departments. This study focuses on a local authority in the south of England during the transfer of many public health functions to local government. Literature acknowledges an increasing concern about wellbeing within both public health and tourism planning agendas, which considers overall societal health rooted in the wellbeing of communities. Within this context, there is an opportunity to develop a community culture that supports health creation and presents a rebranding opportunity within the destination management approach. The literature does not currently offer a theory to explain how wellbeing may contribute to a strategic alliance between public health and tourism at the local destination level. A constructivist grounded theory approach was adopted, using methods of participant observation and interviews. Participant observation was conducted within the primary care trust, prior to the move of the public health agenda to the local authorities. Semi- structured interviews were conducted with public health and tourism team members working with the local authority. Observational and interview data was deconstructed using open coding then reconstructed into category themes and sub-themes during phases of axial and focused coding. The constant comparative approach, and theoretical sampling methods, were both used in the construction of the substantive theory. Findings indicated that the process of change, the role of wellbeing, the context of place and engagement strategies each contribute to the development of a strategic alliance between public health and tourism communities of practice. The process of change presents a condition which may reveal opportunities for interdepartmental collaborations. Wellbeing is identified as playing a potential role in health promotion through meanings and use underpinned by community wellbeing. Place offers a context where a healthy offer can be developed for locals and tourism through greater local involvement in the planning process. Strategies to engage public health and tourism communities of practice co-locate agendas through foci on health, lifestyles and rebranding. Previous research has not connected these concepts to building a local strategic alliance between public health and tourism. The emergent theory drawn from study findings revealed that if strategies to involve and connect residents, promote healthy lifestyles and wellbeing, and rebrand the destination are adopted, then participants from local public health and tourism communities of practice will discover ways to engage with a healthy tourism offer. Study findings also indicate that the consequences of engaging with a healthy tourism offer include knowledge transformation, organisational efficiency and innovation, the promotion of healthy lifestyles and community wellbeing, and an alternative destination branding opportunity. | https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31065/ |
- Dusk/Dawn – Mosquitoes carrying West Nile Virus usually bite at dusk and dawn, so avoid or limit outdoor activity at these times.
- Dress – Wear loose-fitting, long sleeved shirts and pants to reduce the amount of exposed skin.
- DEET – Cover exposed skin with an insect repellent containing DEET, which is the most effective repellent against mosquito bites.
- Drain – Empty any containers holding standing water because they can be excellent breeding grounds for virus-carrying mosquitoes.
- Doors – Make sure doors and windows are in good repair and fit tightly, and fix torn or damaged screens to keep mosquitoes out of the house.
“Since mosquitoes are capable of transmitting diseases such as the WNV, Chikungunya, encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue, and malaria, it is extremely important to eliminate their breeding areas and take measures to protect yourself from their bites,” said Chris Hutcheson, Director, Center for Environmental Health, Cobb & Douglas Public Health. “Following “The Five D’s” is the best advice for anyone trying to avoid contact with mosquitoes.”
For more information, visit cdc.gov. | https://cobbanddouglaspublichealth.com/2014/08/3888/ |
The Chinese government has been paying close attention to ecological and environmental issues for many years. It has highlighted Ecological Civilization (or Eco-civilization for short) and environmental protection as a long-term strategy vital to the country’s modernization and its people’s well-being.
China started framing environmental protection as a fundamental national policy in the 1980s and established sustainable development as a national strategy in the 1990s. At the beginning of the 21st century, the government proposed a “Scientific Outlook on Development” that is people-centered, fully coordinated, and environmentally sustainable. In particularly, since late 2012, the government has incorporated Eco-civilization into the “Five-in-One” blueprint of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which outlines a commitment to “innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development”.
This blueprint has given great impetus to the implementation of Eco-civilization with environmental quality at its core aiming at “making the skies bluer, mountains greener, water cleaner, and the ecological environment better”
President Xi Jinping has pointed out that “green is gold” and that moving towards a new era of Ecocivilization and building a “Beautiful China” are key to realizing the “Chinese Dream” of rejuvenating the nation. Since its reform and opening-up thirty years ago, the country has seen its economy grow at an annual average of 9.8% (NBS, 2016). It has successfully transitionedfrom a low-income to a highmiddle-income country with significant economic achievements, almost having reached levels of industrialization and urbanization that took one to two hundred years in developed countries. At the same time, however, after an extended period of extensive and high-speed economic growth, China has paid a heavy environmental price, with the emergence of problems such as soot pollution, ozone depletion, fine particulate matters (PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Pollution from different sources – production and households, urban and rural, industry and transport - appear to be intertwined with each other. To address the dilemmas between economic development and resource/environmental constraints, the government has most recently proposed a policy of pursuing green development and building an Eco-civilization, which involves management of the relationship between humans and nature in a comprehensive, scientific, and systematic manner. It embodies the “green is gold” perspective of values, development, and governance. It goes beyond and does away with the traditional development patterns and models, guiding the transformation of the production methods and the lifestyle of the entire society.
As China firmly supports and actively implements the concept and actions of sustainable development at the global level, its effort to build an Eco-civilization will make a significant contribution to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The country’s practices and experiments to promote an Ecocivilization will not only contribute to addressing its own resource and environmental challenges but also serve as demonstrations for other developing countries that may wish to avoid the dependence on, and the lock-in effect of traditional development pathways. This is conducive to promoting the establishment of a new global environmental governance system and benefitting the noble course of sustainable development for all people, men and women. | https://reliefweb.int/report/china/green-gold-strategy-and-actions-chinas-ecological-civilization |
The rapid development of CMOS scaling into nanometer regime generates broad interests on novel device architectures as well as involvement of new materials. These interests eventually lead to a variety of modeling approaches, analytical, explicit, or computational intensive, which is crucial for simulating the behavior of those new nanostructures as well as predicting the performance of future nanodevices. The importance of more sophisticated transport phenomena with quantum effect also adds to the requirement as it is closely associated with the proper explanation of low dimensional structures.
We invite authors to submit original research findings as well as review articles in the modeling and simulation area that will enhance the understanding of nanoscale device behavior. We are specifically interested in papers elaborating the modeling approaches for nanostructures and materials for prolonging the device scaling to the next decade, both for silicon and nonsilicon-based devices. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:
- Theoretical frameworks for low-dimensional nanostructure-based devices
- Compact modeling for nanodevices (silicon and nonsilicon)
- Modeling of mechanical, optical, and electrical properties of nanostructures
- Nanoscale thermal transport phenomena of nanodevices and nanostructures
- Reliability modeling of novel devices
- Simulation and characterization methods of nanomaterials
Before submission authors should carefully read over the journal’s Author Guidelines, which are located at http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/guidelines/. Prospective authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript through the journal Manuscript Tracking System at http://mts.hindawi.com/submit/journals/jnm/mona/ according to the following timetable: | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/si/181674/cfp/ |
The Null Hypothesis of an F Test states that the variances of the two groups are the same. The p Value shown in the Excel F Test output equals 0.345. This is much larger than the Alpha (0.05) that is typically used for an F Test so the Null Hypothesis cannot be rejected.
We therefore conclude as a result of the F Test that the variances are the same. The F Test is sensitive to non-normality of data. The sample variances can also be compared using the nonparametric Levene’s Test and also the nonparametric Brown-Forsythe Test.
Levene’s Test is a hypothesis test commonly used to test for the equality of variances of two or more sample groups. Levene’s Test is more robust against non-normality of data than the F Test.
The Null Hypothesis of Levene’s Test states that the average distance to the mean for the two groups are the same. Acceptance of this Null Hypothesis would imply that the sample groups have the same variances. The p Value shown in the Excel ANOVA output equals 0.6472. This is much larger than the Alpha (0.05) that is typically used for an ANOVA Test so the Null Hypothesis cannot be rejected. | http://blog.excelmasterseries.com/2014/05/excel-variance-tests-levenes-brown.html |
Introduction
============
Potentially heptadentate (N~4~O~3~) Schiff-base ligands, derived from condensation reactions of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) with various ring substituted salicylaldehydes, have been prepared, and their coordination chemistry with a number of metal ions has been extensively investigated \[[@B1-molecules-07-00140],[@B2-molecules-07-00140],[@B3-molecules-07-00140],[@B4-molecules-07-00140],[@B5-molecules-07-00140]\]. The amine phenol ligands, which have been prepared from the reduction of the corresponding Schiff-base ligands, have been also reported \[[@B6-molecules-07-00140]\]. We and other workers have prepared complexes of fully condensed potentially heptadentate (N~7~) Schiff-base ligands derived from the condensation of tripodal tetraamines with either 2-acetylpyridine or 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde \[[@B7-molecules-07-00140],[@B8-molecules-07-00140],[@B9-molecules-07-00140],[@B10-molecules-07-00140]\]. However, herein we report the synthesis of the two potentially heptadentate (N~4~O~3~) Schiff-base ligands, H~3~L1 and H~3~L2 ([Figure1](#molecules-07-00140-f001){ref-type="fig"}) together with the synthesis of nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of H~3~L1.
{#molecules-07-00140-f001}
Results and discussion
======================
Ligands
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Two potentially heptadentate Schiff-base ligands were easily prepared by reaction of tris(3-amino-propyl)amine with 3 equivalent of salicylaldehyde or its 4-substituted derivative, as shown in [Figure1](#molecules-07-00140-f001){ref-type="fig"}. They are both sensitive to moisture and must be kept under vacuum. Complete condensation of all primary amino groups is confirmed by the lack of N-H stretching bands in the IR 3150-3450 cm^-1^ region and the presence of strong C=N stretching bands for both H~3~L1 and H~3~L2 ligands. This conclusion is also supported by the ^1^H-NMR data which shows not only the absence of N-H hydrogen resonances but also the presence of CH=N Hydrogen resonances at about 8 ppm.1H- and 13C-NMR spectra, mass spectral and infrared data for both ligands are completely consistent with the formulations indicated in [Figure 1](#molecules-07-00140-f001){ref-type="fig"}.
Complexes
---------
Both complexes were investigated by elemental analysis, IR and FAB mass spectrometry. The lack of N-H stretching bands in the IR 3150-3450 cm^-1^ region and the presence of very strong C=N (Schiff-base) stretching bands at about 1630 cm^-1^ for both compounds show that the expected complexes were synthesized. The mass spectral data for complexes **1** and **2** are consistent with deprotonation of two of the three hydroxyl groups of the ligand, giving neutral complexes ([Figure 2](#molecules-07-00140-f002){ref-type="fig"}). The latter conclusion is also supported by the insolubility of these complexes in water. In both complexes the bridgehead nitrogen atom may be coordinated to the metal ions, as we have observed for the corresponding complexes derived from 2-acetylpyridine \[[@B7-molecules-07-00140], [@B10-molecules-07-00140]\].
{#molecules-07-00140-f002}
Experimental
============
General
-------
Salicylaldehyde and 4-hydroxysalicylaldehyde were obtained from Aldrich and were used without further purification. The tripodal tetraamine ligand tpt was synthesized according to the literature method \[[@B11-molecules-07-00140]\]. IR and NMR spectra were measured on Shimadzu IR-435 and Bruker DPX 300 spectrometers respectively.
Ligand synthesis
----------------
*Tris(3-(salicylideneimino)propyl)amine (H~3~L1):* To a solution of salicylaldehyde (1.46 g, 12mmol) in diethyl ether (12mL) was added tpt ( 0.75g, 4mmol) in absolute ethanol (12mL). After the addition of additional diethyl ether (20 mL) and cooling in an ice bath for 30 min, the yellow precipitate formed was filtered off, washed with diethylether and dried *in vacuo*. Yield, 1.7g (85%); mp 100-102 ºC; Found: C, 64.0%; H, 7.6%; N, 10.1%. C~30~H~36~N~4~O~3~·3H~2~O requires: C, 65.0%; H, 7.6%; N, 10.1%; ^1^H-NMR (CDCl~3~, ppm, 300 MHz, Ar = Aromatic ring): δ 2.17 (m, 6H, 2-H), 3.06 (t, 6H, 1-H), 3.66 (t, 6H, 3-H), 6.85 (m, 6H, Ar H), 7.24 (m, 6H, Ar H), 8.33 (s, 3H, 4-H), 12.80 (bs, 3H, OH); ^13^C-NMR (CDCl~3~, ppm, 300 MHz): δ 25.92 (C-2), 51.82 (C-1), 56.33 (C-3), 119.64 (C-5), 117.67, 119.30, 132.94, 133.67 (C-7 to C-10), 162.36 (C-6), 167.96 (C-4); IR (Nujol mull) cm^-1^: 3000-2300 (b, ν~O-H~), 1633.6, 1614.2 (sh), 1580, 1496.6 (s, ν~C=N~ and ν~C=C~); FAB MS (positive FAB in nitrobenzyl alcohol): m/z 501 (MH^+^, \[C~30~H~37~N~4~O~3~\]^+^, 80%).
*Tris(3-((4\'-hydroxysalicylidene)imino)propyl)amine (H~3~L2):* This compound was prepared analogously using 4-hydroxysalicylaldeyhde. Yield, 1.75g (80%); mp \>170 ºC (decom.); ^1^H-NMR (DMSO, ppm, 300MHz, Ar = Aromatic ring) δ: 1.05 (t, *CH~3~*-CH~2~OH), 1.69 (m, 6H, 2-H), 2.43 (t, 6H, 1-H), 3.4 (q, CH~3~-*CH~2~*OH), 3.5 (t, 6H, 3-H), 6.13 (m, 3H, Ar H), 6.21 (m, 3H, Ar H), 7.13 (m, 3H, Ar H), 8.30 (s, 3H, 4-H), 12.80 (bs, 6H, OH); ^13^C-NMR (DMSO, ppm, 300 MHz) δ: 28.41 (C-2), 51.08 (C-1), 54.97 (C-3), 111.43 (C-5), 103.02, 106.98, 133.62 (C-7, C-9, C-10), 162.11, 165.76 (C-6, C-8), 164.95 (C-4); IR (Nujol mull) cm^-1^: 3500-2500 (broad weak band,ν~O-H~), 1636.8, 1607 sh (vs, ν~C=N~); FAB MS (positive FAB in nitrobenzyl alcohol): m/z 549 (MH^+^, \[C~30~H~37~N~4~O~6~\]^+^, 20%).
Complex Synthesis
-----------------
Both complexes were readily prepared by addition of H~3~L1(0.5mmol in 50mL methanol) to a solution of the appropriate metal nitrate (0.5 mmol in the same solvent). After the addition of NaOH (3mmol in 10 mL methanol-water), the reaction mixture was heated for 30 min. Evaporation of the solvent yielded the product as a green powder.
*Ni(HL1)·2H~2~O* (**1**). Yield (0.18gr, 65%); Found: C, 60.5%; H, 5.6%; N, 9.1%. C~30~H~38~N~4~O~5~Ni requires: C, 60.7%; H, 6.4%; N, 9.4%; FAB MS (positive FAB in nitrobenzyl alcohol): m/z 557 (MH+, \[C30H35N4O3Ni\]+, 62%). IR (Nujol mull) cm-1: 3345 (w, νO-H), 1629.5 s, 1610, 1590, 1533 (ν~C=N~ and ν~C=C~).
*Cu(HL1)* (**2**). Yield (0.17gr, 60%); FAB MS (positive FAB in nitrobenzyl alcohol): m/z 562 (MH^+^, \[C~30~H~35~N~4~O~3~Cu\]^+^, 55%). IR (Nujol mull) cm^-1^: 3300 (w, ν~O-H~), 1619, 1599, 1536.5 (ν~C=N~ and ν~C=C~).
*Sample Availability:* Available from the authors.
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Build a high performing team / task force, characterised by discipline, delivery, outcome and excellence to realise the strategic plans.
work collaboratively across the Faculties and Divisions to develop enabling strategies and integrated plans that support the University-wide Vision 2030 Strategy.
Identify opportunities for the University to increase impact, revenue and funding opportunities to support strategies.
Monitor and evaluate the progress of key initiatives against the University’s objectives.
Assess departmental strategic plans and Annual Performance Plans to ensure alignment with long term and short term plans
Carry out evaluations
Promote good planning and M&E practices in government. | https://skuastkashmir.ac.in/DisplayDivision.aspx?id=9 |
Despite the ongoing disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the popularity of international arbitration continues to grow. Many of the leading arbitration centres have seen steady increases in referrals in recent years, with both the London Court of International Arbitration (‘LCIA’) and the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (‘SIAC’) reporting record numbers of cases in 2020. In this article, we provide a brief introduction to the benefits of using arbitration to resolve construction disputes and consider how technology is playing an increasingly important role within the international arbitration community.
Arbitration is a form of ‘alternative dispute resolution’, i.e., a way of resolving disputes without having to resort to litigation. Instead of using the traditional courts system, parties to an arbitration submit their dispute to an arbitral ‘tribunal’. Commonly, this tribunal is formed of 1 – 3 arbitrators, who have the power to issue a final and binding decision on the dispute in question. Unlike litigation, arbitration is usually based on terms that are negotiated between the parties themselves. Crucially, these negotiations will generally take place during the formation of the contract, as opposed to after a dispute has arisen. The resulting rights and obligations are set out in an ‘arbitration agreement’, which will form the basis on which the arbitration is conducted. However, in the context of an international arbitration, the arbitration agreement will often direct that the rules of a particular arbitration centre, such as the LCIA or SIAC, are followed.
Arbitration is often seen as a faster and more cost-effective way of resolving disputes when compared to litigation. This is because the consensual nature of arbitration means that the parties have a level of flexibility over how proceedings are conducted – each party will have had an input into the formation of the arbitration agreement. This is in contrast to litigation, where the courts decide the formalities governing the proceedings. In practice, where the rules of an arbitration centre are adopted the discretion of the parties will have its limits. However, any restrictions are unlikely to be more stringent than those that would otherwise be imposed by the courts system. From a construction industry standpoint, this flexibility can be particularly useful where it gives the parties the opportunity to take part in the selection of the arbitrator(s). This is because construction disputes are often complex and require detailed technical knowledge, so it is clearly beneficial if the parties can select an arbitrator (or arbitrators) that has expertise in the relevant area. This such choice is not usually available to parties that decide to pursue litigation, with decisions as to the presiding judge made by the courts. Construction companies may also prefer arbitration over litigation because it is generally a confidential process. This can help to protect commercial relationships, with disputes resolved away from public view.
However, arbitration is not without its downsides. Whilst arbitration might traditionally have been seen as a cheaper way to resolve disputes than litigation, that is not always the case in practice. Parties will often still face hefty legal bills for on-going support and representation at the arbitration, as well as potentially having to shoulder the burden of the arbitrator(s) fees. There are also ancillary costs, such as travel to and from the proceedings and the hiring of a venue. These costs can mount up quickly, particularly where parties are travelling from overseas to attend. In addition, arbitration doesn’t always lend itself to multi-party disputes, where there might be many different contracts to consider. These contracts could each have their own bespoke arbitration agreements within, or even no arbitration agreement at all. Untangling this contractual web to determine whether a particular party can be arbitrated against, as well as the limits of that arbitration, could require detailed analysis of the contract, as well as the rules of any relevant arbitration centre. This can bring added complexity to a dispute, and again impact on a party’s exposure to costs. Careful analysis will therefore be necessary to determine whether arbitration is right for the dispute in question.
As with almost every industry, arbitration has had to adapt due to the Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on international travel. However, it has shown itself to be particularly resilient in this regard, with many arbitration centres embracing the use of technology to ensure that disruption to both new and on-going proceedings is kept to a minimum. In some cases, arbitration centres have even updated their rules to help bring these changes into effect, with the LCIA adding new provisions to its rules to allow arbitral tribunals to determine that hearings can be conducted remotely and to enable the delivery of awards by electronic means. In addition to helping to ensure that proceedings can continue, these changes have the added benefit of cutting down on the need for parties to travel to / from arbitration centres. This can help to save time and money, particularly where proceedings are being conducted outside of the parties’ home jurisdiction(s). There is also the added benefit that this approach has for the environment, with less international travel helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As lawyers and clients become increasingly technologically savvy and the climate continues to be an important part of corporate agendas, we therefore expect that the use of virtual hearings will continue to grow. | https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=1d61e1da-a6e4-49bc-8c5a-bc666b7d1628 |
(CNS News) – Explaining the Catholic Church’s teaching on receiving the COVID vaccine, which the church encourages, Archbishop for the Military Services Timothy P. Broglio said a soldier may reject the vaccine, if he feels it violates his conscience.
“No one should be forced to receive a COVID-19 vaccine if it would violate the sanctity of his or her conscience,” said Archbishop Broglio in a statement released on Oct. 12.
Broglio explained that the church has issued a document on the morality of using some of the COVID vaccines, which were tested and/produced using abortion-derived cell lines. The church said it is morally okay to receive the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, but the Johnson & Johnson vaccine should be avoided, unless no other vaccine is available.
However, in late August, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin issued a memorandum requiring vaccination of all service members against COVID.
“Since then, some service members have refused to take the vaccine and have requested a religious accommodation through the Religious Freedom Restoration Act,” said Broglio. Although the vaccines are considered morally permissible, this does not override a soldier’s “sincerely held religious belief that receiving the vaccine would violate his conscience,” he added.
“The Church treasures her teaching on the sanctity of conscience,” said the archbishop. Quoting Pope St. Paul VI, he wrote, “In all his activity a man is bound to follow his conscience in order that he may come to God, the end and purpose of life. It follows that he is not to be forced to act in a manner contrary to his conscience. Nor, on the other hand, is he to be restrained from acting in accordance with his conscience, especially in matters religious.”
“Accordingly, no one should be forced to receive a COVID-19 vaccine if it would violate the sanctity of his or her conscience,” said the archbishop.
“Even if an individual’s decision seems erroneous or inconsistent to others, conscience does not lose its dignity,” said Broglio. “This belief permeates Catholic moral theology as well as First Amendment jurisprudence. As stated by the United States Supreme Court, ‘[R]eligious beliefs need not be acceptable, logical, consistent, or comprehensible to others in order to merit First Amendment protection.’”
“The denial of religious accommodations, or punitive or adverse personnel actions taken against those who raise earnest, conscience-based objections, would be contrary to federal law and morally reprehensible,” he wrote.
If a Catholic soldier requests a religious exemption, they must continue to wear masks, social distance, undergo COVID testing, and remain open to receiving a vaccine that did not use an abortion-derived cell line for testing, if it became available, Broglio concluded. | https://cnsnews.com/article/national/megan-williams/military-archbishop-catholic-soldiers-may-follow-their-conscience |
How to Stay Away From Drama And Negativity In 3 Ways
Do you typically end up caught in uncomfortable and dangerous conditions? Do you discover that you simply are inclined to land squarely in the midst of drama? Or do the folks round you at all times appear to have some new destructive subject each day? When you’ve mentioned “sure” to any of these questions, you may be surrounded and be in search of a option to avoid drama and negativity!
There’s no option to keep away from all negativity in your life completely, and you’ll’t management whether or not or not folks have drama, both. However there’s an enormous distinction between a relentless barrage of drama and simply coping with the occasional uncomfortable occasion. When you’re in dire circumstances far more typically than impartial and optimistic ones, you would possibly must reevaluate your life.
So how will you preserve your self clear of these kinds of conditions? Is it even attainable if you’re surrounded by individuals who appear to draw them? Listed here are three sensible methods to avoid drama and negativity.
1. Keep Away From Drama By Taking Inventory Of Your self and Your Life
When you discover it difficult to avoid negativity or drama, likelihood is you’re one among its elements. This doesn’t imply you’re beginning or fueling drama. As an alternative, this solely means that parts of your life and surroundings put you susceptible to that negativity. To struggle this, you’ll need to take trustworthy inventory of your life and your self. So take an excellent, lengthy have a look at your self within the following methods:
· Assess The Conditions You Discover Your self In
If you’re continually caught in conditions full of negativity and drama, it is advisable to handle these occasions. What was it about them that made you’re feeling such as you have been embroiled in drama? Did you’re feeling threatened? When you have been concerned, how did you react, and what triggered that response? You’ll must course of your ideas and experiences in a approach that permits you to attain your roots. Transcend simply wanting on the signs and discover their causes as an alternative.
· Decide Your Boundaries and Limits
Always being embroiled in drama towards your will can imply that you simply didn’t set up clear boundaries. Everybody has completely different limits, and also you’ll must know what yours are to stave off negativity. Be extra conscious of the belongings you’re uncomfortable with and the restrictions in your life.
Psychology At present notes that you simply dwell a fuller life when you discover ways to avoid drama.
You’ll then want to speak these boundaries to others and guarantee penalties for crossing them. Be trustworthy about how you’re feeling and implement limits and take care of those that ignore them rapidly. This additionally contains making and sustaining lifelike commitments.
· Assess The Relationships You Have
If these in your life are sometimes concerned in some type of drama or different, assess your relationships with them. Are there these you’re near that are inclined to create or gas drama? Are there folks in your life who’re beacons of negativity? Do your relationships really feel optimistic? Have you ever surrounded your self with optimistic folks or destructive ones? You’ll wish to domesticate relationships that really feel balanced, trustworthy, and supportive. If these phrases don’t describe your relationships, it might be time to begin discovering higher folks to be round.
· Think about Your Unresolved Issues
Do you typically discover that you simply’re a vital element within the drama taking part in out round you? On the similar time, are you unsure why or the way you wind up in that cycle? There’s an opportunity that there are unresolved points or emotional baggage that you simply’re not correctly managing. These issues can crop up in associated and unrelated conflicts, resulting in much more drama—the factors you will have have to be resolved accurately and with solely the related folks. Being conscious of them might help you cease being led by these points in different separated conflicts.
2. Modify Your Interactions With Others to Keep Away From Drama
Drama not often ever will get stirred up with out the presence of a couple of particular person. Because of this the way in which you work together with different folks could be a catalyst in negativity and drama. You’ll must be taught to raised handle your relationships – whether or not they’re platonic, romantic, or familial – to maintain the peace. It may be fairly a balancing act, however making a number of minor changes already goes a great distance. Right here’s how you can begin:
· Begin With The Profit Of The Doubt
It may be tempting to roll your eyes and assume that somebody is beginning drama. However typically, such an assumption solely creates extra issues! It’s greatest to present folks the advantage of the doubt first to cut back the chance of drama. It will preserve the optimistic considering going and may open the door for higher communication and interactions.
· Be Current and Conscious
Begin being alert and totally current if you work together with those that have a tendency to begin drama and convey negativity. It will assist you to catch warning indicators and word triggers which will spell an upcoming catastrophe. You’ll additionally get higher at determining when it’s greatest to carry your tongue and keep quiet. As well as, your elevated presence in your interactions with others could also be sufficient to diffuse drama. For many who wish to be heard or validated, being genuinely aware with out distractions when interacting with them can fill that want.
· Lose The Urge To Please
Individuals-pleasing is exhausting, particularly when it’s an impulse you will have for nearly everybody. The extra you attempt to please others, the extra others will count on, and the more serious the drama will likely be. This type of habits additionally tends to draw destructive individuals who search to reap the benefits of you. And that’s not even stepping into the resentment that may construct up if you people-please excessively!
· Be Sincere
Keep in mind these boundaries we mentioned? Nicely, you’ll have to be upfront with somebody whose interactions are inclined to violate yours. Be trustworthy about how a lot you’re keen to present to a relationship of any form with them. Be truthful about your emotional bandwidth and what you’re capable of do for and with them. When you can’t give them sufficient, that’s okay! You possibly can go your separate methods. Typically, folks simply aren’t meant to be mates or develop any relationship. It’s not one thing that ought to replicate negatively on both of you, and that’s the way you formulate optimistic circles.
· Thoughts Your Personal Enterprise
A whole lot of occasions, you possibly can keep out of drama by staying in your lane. Concentrate on your self and your life, and don’t poke your nostril the place it doesn’t belong. You’ll discover that your interactions with others are a lot much less tense if you haven’t pressured your approach into them. So don’t give unsolicited recommendation, don’t add to gossip, and don’t present your enter the place it’s not requested for or wished. Plus, the much less time you spend in different folks’s beeswax, the much less concerned you’ll be in no matter drama they’ve happening!
3. Be taught To Decrease The Severity Of Automated Reactions
If you face a troublesome state of affairs, your thoughts routinely begins racing to seek out options. This distraction means you can simply fall into the entice of counting on reflex when responding to unfavorable circumstances. The automated reactions you will have, whereas sometimes helpful, will typically not be probably the most suited to your state of affairs. This provides extra gas to the fireplace!
The objective when confronted with a troublesome state of affairs involving negativity, drama, or the chance of both, is to reply mindfully. As an alternative of reacting on a reflex, you’ll need to pause, be current, and take into account your choices earlier than taking the following step. In spite of everything, reactions are the way you wind up saying or doing belongings you’ll remorse, particularly within the warmth of the second. To attenuate the severity of your automated reactions, strive doing the next:
· Suppose Earlier than You Act To Keep Away From Drama
It ought to go with out saying that it is advisable to look earlier than you leap. However in heated moments of excessive feelings, it may be robust to recollect how vital that’s. As an alternative of instantly pouncing on the very first thing you assume and really feel, cease and take a deep breath first. Think about the explanations you’re feeling upset and in case your response is rational or useful. Ask your self questions and reply them actually to determine the roots of your emotions. It may additionally be smart to ask for a couple of minutes to breathe or course of a state of affairs if you’re in battle. This gives you, and the opposite folks concerned the prospect to come back down from the emotional excessive.
· Be Sort And Empathetic
When somebody involves you and appears to be inciting drama or bringing drama to you, pause. Think about if that’s the case. A whole lot of occasions, folks aren’t essentially bringing negativity to you. They might be attempting to vent, so that they categorical frustration as a result of they belief you with their feelings. Lending them a listening ear can create a positive state of affairs and strengthen your relationship with that particular person. In fact, you’re not obligated to offer that listening ear. You need to implement the boundaries we point out earlier than when you can’t provide emotional help in the intervening time. Simply bear in mind to strategy the state of affairs with compassion and understanding as an alternative of negatively reacting to perceived drama!
· Know When To Stroll Away
You possibly can’t at all times be a hero, and you’ll’t at all times be an opponent. Typically, you’re only a one who doesn’t wish to take care of different folks’s negativity. At that time, it is advisable to perceive that it’s okay to rise up and stroll away to take care of your optimistic considering. If somebody is poisonous or extremely dramatic, you don’t want to have interaction with their shenanigans. The choice of merely eradicating your self from a given state of affairs may be the best weapon you will have towards negativity. Giving somebody dramatic much more consideration gained’t assist issues and may typically solely make the state of affairs worse for you in the long term. So underestimate the ability of offering no response in any respect by simply strolling away!
Remaining Ideas On Discovering Efficient Methods To Keep Away From Drama And Negativity
Life isn’t at all times sunshine and butterflies. There are occasions when dangerous incidents will happen, and drama will likely be introduced into your life. The trick is studying to avoid their most excessive varieties so you possibly can focus your power on managing their unavoidable cases! | https://thenewspig.com/how-to-stay-away-from-drama-and-negativity-in-3-ways/ |
- prepared by licensed professionals when so required by the Chief Inspector.
The Chief Inspector may also refer the application to a Regional Mine Development Review Committee (“RMDRC”) or to other ministries and agencies.102 The RMDRC is composed of representatives from federal and provincial government agencies that may be affected by the proposed mine plan.103 For projects that do not exceed BC’s Environmental Assessment Act thresholds (see discussion on thresholds in Chapter 6: Environmental Assessments for Mining Activities), potentially affected First Nations may also be invited to participate as standing members on a project-specific basis for mines proposed within their traditional territories.104 However, for proposals that exceed the Environmental Assessment Act thresholds and where First Nations have already participated in the environmental assessment process with the Environmental Assessment Office, First Nations are not given the opportunity to be members of the RMDRC.
The RMDRC is charged with reviewing the mine permit applications and making a recommendation to the Chief Inspector as to whether or not the mine permit should be granted. In making its recommendation, the RMDRC first provides all government agencies with a statutory interest in mine development proposals 60 days to review the application.105 When deciding whether to grant the mine permit, the Chief Inspector must take into consideration written representations submitted by affected or interested persons, recommendations from the RMDRC, and any written representations from other government ministries and agencies.106
Issue
Although proponents are required to provide significant detail in their mine permit applications, BC laws fail to specify which factors must be taken into account in deciding whether to issue the permit and what factors will necessarily lead to a denial of the mine permit application.
Recommended Solutions: Consultation Criteria
Consider First Nations’ interests in reviewing mine permit application
[Tags: Mine Plan; Decision-Making; First Nations]
Although the Chief Inspector must take into consideration written representations submitted by affected or interested persons, there is no explicit statutory requirement that the Chief Inspector consider First Nations’ interests when reviewing a mine permit application. Conversely, many other jurisdictions clearly mandate that the regulatory authority take into account Indigenous peoples’ interests when reviewing mine permit applications. For example:
- In New South Wales (Australia), the regulatory authority must take into account the need to conserve and protect the features of Aboriginal, architectural, archaeological, historical or geological interest in or on the land on which the application is sought when deciding whether or not to grant the licence.107
- In Sweden, the Sami right of reindeer husbandry must be taken into consideration in the award of permits under the mining law.108
- Under Columbia’s Constitution, the state is bound to take measures to protect against detrimental effects brought to their attention by the community during the consultation period.109 This constitutional article provides that the exploitation of natural resources in Indigenous peoples’ territories must not be carried out so as to derogate from the cultural, social, and economic integrity of the Indigenous communities.110
Recommended Solutions: Land and Resource Management Criteria
Consider whether Mine Permit Application complies with Land Use Plan
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Criteria; Land Use Plan]
In BC, the mine plan is not required to comply with (or even acknowledge) any other land use planning instrument that may exist for the particular area. As such, the mine plan is developed and assessed in isolation from provincial, municipal or First Nations’ land use plans.
Conversely, in Ontario, the Far North Act explicitly recognizes First Nations’ rights to “contribute their traditional knowledge and perspectives on protection and conservation for the purposes of land-use planning”.111 Under this legislation, a joint body can be established between interested First Nations and the provincial government.112 This joint body is empowered to make recommendations regarding First Nation participation funding and dispute resolution processes. 113
Under Ontario’s Far North Act, there must also be a community land-use plan before a new mine can be opened.114 The community land-use plan must be reviewed at a minimum of once every ten years.115 The objectives of the land-use planning are: 116
- a significant role for First Nations in the planning;
- the protection of areas of cultural value in the Far North and the protection of ecological systems in the Far North by including at least 225,000 square kilometres of the Far North in an interconnected network of protected areas designated in community based land-use plans;
- the maintenance of biological diversity, ecological processes and ecological functions, including the storage and sequestration of carbon in the Far North; and
- enabling sustainable economic development that benefits First Nations.
Another approach adopted has been adopted in Sweden, where legal provisions that apply to mineral exploitation mandate that in determining priorities with regards to conflicting land-uses, “priority shall be given to the purpose or purposes that are most likely to promote sustainable management of land, water and the physical environment in general”.117
Consider and evaluate potential post-mining uses of mine-related facilities
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Decision-Making; Criteria; Post-Mine Use]
Early consideration of post-closure land uses can help guide the selection of appropriate mine facilities. This is recognized in Montana where an assessment of the potential post-mining use of mine-related facilities for other industrial purposes must be included in the mine permit application. This must be accompanied by evidence of consultation with local government authorities, which ensures that post-closure mining activities reflect the wishes of local communities.118
Deny mine permit application for lands unsuitable for mining
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Decision-Making; Criteria; Land Use; No Go Zone]
Some jurisdictions have clear legal provisions that identify land as being unsuitable for mining –mine permit applications will not be approved on those lands. For example, in South Dakota, mine permits will not be issued for operations proposed on “unsuitable land”, which is defined as land on which the following conditions cannot be satisfactorily mitigated:119
- reclamation is not physically or economically feasible;
- substantial deposition of sediment in stream or lake beds, landslides, or water pollution cannot feasibly be prevented;
- loss or reduction of long-range productivity of aquifer, public and domestic water wells; watershed lands, aquifer recharge areas, or significant agricultural areas;
- loss of biological productivity of the land would jeopardize threatened or endangered species of wildlife indigenous to the area;
- any probable adverse socio-economic impacts of the proposed mining operation outweigh the probable beneficial impacts of the operation; or
- affected land is special, exceptional, critical, or unique.
On the latter point, land is deemed special, exceptional, critical or unique if it possesses one or more of the following characteristics:120
- it is so ecologically fragile that, once it is adversely affected, it could not return to its former ecological role in the reasonably foreseeable future;
- it has such a strong influence on the total ecosystem of which it is a part that even temporary effects felt by it could precipitate a system-wide ecological reaction of unpredictable scope or dimension; or
- it has scenic, historic, archaeological, topographic, geologic, ethnologic, scientific, cultural, or recreational significance.
Montana has adopted a similar approach. There, mining and prospecting is prohibited where it would adversely affect the use, enjoyment and fundamental character of the land itself or of neighbouring lands where these have special, exceptional, critical, or unique characteristics.121 Montana law explicitly states that when assessing lands for their historic, archaeological, ethnologic, and cultural significance, “particular attention should be paid to the inadequate preservation previously accorded Plains Indian history and culture”.122 This important provision explicitly attempts to recognize and overcome challenges posed by the cumulative loss of cultural sites.
Consider nature of mineral reserve in reviewing mine permit application
[Tags: Mine Plan; Decision-Making; Mineral Reserve]
Another important consideration in reviewing mine permit applications is whether the mineral deposit is sufficient to justify commercial exploitation: the lower the grade of deposit, the higher the risk of early mine abandonment. As discussed above, BC mine permit applications must include a mine plan that outlines projected volumes of ore and waste. However, there are no requirements as to how this data must be considered when deciding whether to approve the application. By contrast, in Zambia, the regulatory authority must consider “whether or not there are sufficient deposits or reserves of minerals to justify their commercial exploitation” when reviewing large-scale mining applications.123
Consideration of mineral reserves should also be made in light of the needs of future generations. New Zealand’s resource management law requires all persons making decisions under the law to have particular regard to the finite characteristics of natural resources such as mining ores.124
Recommended Solutions: Environmental Criteria
Conduct independent environmental studies and site inspections during reviews of mine permit applications
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Criteria; Environment; Inspection]
Adequate environmental information must be obtained before a decision can be made on whether to approve a mine permit application. This need is recognized in New South Wales (Australia), where the regulatory body may require environmental impact studies to be carried out before making a decision on a mine permit application.125 In addition, a preliminary site visit may be required before the regulatory authority can make a sound decision or when setting permit terms and conditions. In Montana, the regulatory authority is legally required to inspect a site before issuing a permit. Where adverse weather conditions delay this site inspection, the set permit review timelines may be extended.126 Similar requirements are in place in South Dakota.127
In the Yukon, before a mine permit may be issued, a government engineer must order an inspection of the subject lands. Applicants must also provide information and data concerning the proposed land-use to enable the engineer to evaluate quantitative and qualitative effects of the proposed land-use operation.128 This information may result in the engineer imposing a variety of terms and conditions to the permit.129
Consider cumulative effects in reviewing mine permit application
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Criteria; Environment; Cumulative Effects; Cumulative Impacts]
In BC, there are no legal requirements to consider cumulative effects in the review of mine permit applications. In contrast, US federal law mandates that no permit application shall be approved until the application affirmatively demonstrates, and the regulatory authority concludes, that the proposed operation has been designed to prevent material damage to the hydrologic balance outside the permit area, based on an assessment of probable cumulative impacts of all anticipated mining in the area.130 Similarly in New Mexico, a mine permit application must include a cumulative impact assessment that outlines the: “probable hydrologic consequences of the mining and reclamation operations, both on and off the mine site, with respect to the hydrologic regime, quantity and quality of water in surface and ground water systems, including the dissolved and suspended solids under seasonal flow conditions, and the collection of sufficient data for the mine site and surrounding areas so that an assessment can be made by the director of the probable cumulative impacts of all anticipated mining in the area upon the hydrology of the area and particularly upon water availability”.131
Deny mine permit where cumulative impacts not sufficiently mitigated
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Criteria; Environment; Cumulative Effects; Cumulative Impacts]
In Montana, the probable cumulative impact of all anticipated mining in the area on the hydrologic balance must be also considered. A mine permit application will be denied if the applicant is unable to design the proposed operation in such a manner as to prevent material damage to the hydrologic balance outside the permit area.132
Deny application if site reclamation is unfeasible
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Criteria; Environment; Reclamation]
In Manitoba, the director must be satisfied with the proponent’s closure plan for site rehabilitation before approving an application.133 In Oregon, the regulatory authority must consult with local soil and water conservation districts regarding the feasibility of reclamation and give special attention to possible impacts to groundwater aquifers. Where reclamation is not achievable, the mine permit application will be denied.134 This legal provision ensures that mining is only carried out where reclamation is possible. Importantly, this determination is based on the input of scientists familiar with local ecosystems in the area of the proposed mine. Similarly, in Montana, a mine permit will be denied if reclamation of the affected land cannot be carried out.135
Recommended Solutions: Compliance and Capacity Criteria
Require proponent to have a local office before mine permit is granted
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Decision-Making; Criteria; Local Office]
In the current global mining market, many foreign mining companies operate in BC from abroad. Where foreign companies do not have a local office, it can make public access to them more difficult. This problem presents itself with foreign owned BC companies. BC’s former Company Act required that at least one director was a BC resident and that the majority of directors were Canadian residents.136 This requirement was eliminated in BC’s Business Corporations Act. Conversely, the importance of a local presence is still recognized in other jurisdictions. For example, in Zambia, mining rights will only be granted to companies who have an office established in the country.137
Consider proponent’s past mining practices and history of compliance, and deny permit if previously convicted
[Tags: Mine Permit Application; Decision-Making; Criteria; Compliance; Track Record]
Unlike other jurisdictions, BC law does not require the Chief Inspector to consider the applicant’s track record or history of compliance before issuing a mine permit. A similar ‘risk-based’ compliance and enforcement regime is used by the BC Oil and Gas Commission, which must ensure that the track records of oil and gas companies are taken into account for monitoring and enforcement activities.138
Not only is this a legal requirement elsewhere, but many jurisdictions prohibit the issuance of mining permits to applicants with a poor track record. For example: | https://www.fairmining.ca/code/permits-for-mine-development-and-operation-2/criteria-for-evaluating-mine-permit-applications/ |
Does Child-Centered Parenting Damage Kids Psychologically?
By: Joe Newman
I was excited to see not only Julie Gamberg’s article railing against my time-out blogs, but also the ensuing conversations. She did a good a job of capturing the sentiments of the child-centered parenting movement, and in so doing laid open its many fatal flaws.
Yes, time-outs ARE the new spanking! Parents are now giving children consequences without violence and judgment. Is this supposed to be a bad thing? It’s clear that Ms. Gamberg thinks it’s not enough to take the violence and judgment out of consequences, she thinks we need to take the consequence out of consequences. She attempts to take the conflict and struggle out of life –the effect out of cause and effect –which simply isn’t possible, even for children. Conflict and struggle are natural parts of life, without which children cannot develop into healthy adults.
The sentiment Ms. Gamberg conveys (and I must speak to the sentiment since she offers very little in terms of concrete solutions) is that parents must, at all costs, protect children from struggles and difficulty. I say, to do so is to create children who are psychologically feeble, have difficulty with intimacy, lack self-discipline, and grow up to be unhappy adults.
Words and compassionately given moral lectures are not the same as consequences. If the result of every behavior is the same warm, comfortable, loving talk, how will your child come to understand she can’t have everything she wants? That her needs and desires will often conflict with the needs and desires of others? Or even, where the child ends and you begin? In fact, these gentle lectures, with their subtle use of shame and guilt to influence behavior, are more coercive and manipulative than the non-judgmental, honest consequence and acknowledgment of the child’s independence that I advocate.
When did Ms. Gamberg lose all faith in her child’s abilities to survive even a minor difficulty, struggle, disappointment, or loss that comes with a one-minute time-out? Doesn’t she know that patronizing and the low expectation she communicates do more damage to her child’s self-identity than a thousand time-outs? Handle your children as if they have very little capacity to deal with life’s natural ups and downs–its causes and effects –and they will develop very little capacity.
Parents must learn to allow their children to experience the consequences of their actions, to coach them through difficulties, rather than work to remove them. Otherwise, they will learn this on the schoolyard, in the classroom, in relationships, and eventually in the workplace. And none of these will be as loving, wise, and nonjudgmental as the parent might have been.
Ms. Gamberg’s article shows a superficial, pop-psychology understanding of child development, offers no real solutions for parents with willful children, and ignores the mounting evidence that shows the dangerous results that come from the kind of child-centered parenting she advocates. And while she might be forgiven for reaching some of her conclusions based on the way time-outs are used on Supernanny or Nanny 911 (both of these programs pair the use of time-outs with moralizing lectures, shame, and guilt, i.e. “the naughty spot”), she’s negligent in not recognizing the big difference between those practices and the time-out method I advocate, which emphasizes the importance of recognizing the child’s power –without judging the behavior –while setting a firm limit.
It became clear to me while reading this tirade against consequences that the misunderstanding about child development and the methods I’m advocating runs deep. For this reason during the month of January my blog will focus on explaining child development in terms of the motivations and emerging self-identity of your child. My explanations will be grounded in intersubjective psychoanalytic theory (see Jessica Benjamin’s The Bonds of Love). Intersubjective psychoanalytic theory looks at child development with a focus on how the interactions between subjects (the child and mother, father, teacher, etc.) shape the psychology of the child.
Additionally, this month’s blog will explain how the sharp rise in behavior problems and psychiatric illness in our children can be understood as the consequence of a shift that has occurred in a crucial stage of their psychological development. This shift is a result of the fundamental change in how we raise children. How the shift affects the individual child depends on the innate characteristics of the child combined with the extent to which they are exposed to the shift.
The pendulum has swung from a priority of teaching children the importance of recognition and consideration of others to a priority of teaching them recognition and consideration of self –from an emphasis on self-discipline to an emphasis on self-expression.
The problem is, an imbalance in either direction causes unhappiness and suffering. Today’s imbalance is manifesting both in children who are harder to control as well as a sharp rise in psychological illness among our new generation. Mental illness one hundred years ago wasn’t nonexistent; rather, it manifested in various psychological “issues” that damaged a person’s ability to direct his life in an empowered and self-confident way. When the importance was placed on the connection and consideration of others, but not on recognition of one’s own needs, suffering/illness was directed inward. Today, with the importance being placed on the recognition of self and not connection or responsibility to others, people act out their suffering in their behavior, aloud, toward others.
I’m not suggesting a return to authoritarian parenting that raised children who recognized adults while they themselves were negated –far from it. Rather, it is time to demonstrate new models of interaction that can raise children with both a strong sense of their own power and a strong capacity for connection with others. Instead of child-centered parenting, let’s try relationship-based parenting. Let’s not swing from one extreme to the other; let’s move forward.
If you’re not sure of my conclusions about child-centered parenting you don’t have to take my word for it –the results are already in. Since the 1960’s our culture has moved closer and closer to child-centered parenting that attempts to replace actual consequences with self-esteem, talking, and moralizing –and look at the results…
In the last twenty years the number of children disabled with mental illness rose thirty-five fold. In the last ten years there has been a 4000% increase in the number of children diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a 400% increase in prescriptions written annually for stimulant drugs to increase attention, and a 333% increase in the use of antidepressant medications for children. The GAO, in its June 2008 report, concluded that one in every sixteen of this country’s young adults is now “seriously mentally ill.”
Add to these the startling statistics about the rise in narcissism (see Jeanne Twinge’s book Generation Me) and the freefall in our children’s academic capacities when compared to those of other first-world countries and the jury is in: child-centered parenting is a disaster!
While there are clearly a number of factors that contribute to the decline of our children’s well being (the economic shift that forced parents to work more and spend less time with their children comes to mind) I suggest that our parenting is the most significant and powerful tool to fight, or go with, this trend.
Why am I so passionate about this? Because I’m the guy who catches the casualties of this shift in parenting, teaching, and therapy. I work with the ADHD, the Bipolar, the Oppositional Defiant, the Autistic Spectrum and Emotionally Disturbed kids. After they have tried the popular parenting books on Ms. Gamberg’s list to no avail and doctors recommend their children be medicated with amphetamines, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants or SRI’s, parents come to me for real solutions.
I have too many clients already. I don’t need any more.
Joe Newman is the author of Raising Lions. | https://www.opposingviews.com/health/child-centered-parenting-is-dangerous |
This is a summary and does NOT have all possible information about this product. This information does not assure that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you. This information is not individual medical advice and does not substitute for the advice of your health care professional. Always ask your health care professional for complete information about this product and your specific health needs.
Warning
Tacrolimus lowers the body's ability to fight an infection/disease (immunosuppression). This effect may increase your risk of developing an infection or certain types of cancer (e.g., skin cancer, lymphoma). To reduce the risk of these serious side effects, your doctor will direct you to receive this medication at the lowest effective dose and monitor you closely. Keep all medical and laboratory appointments.
Tell your doctor right away if you develop any of the following signs: unusual skin changes, change in the appearance/size of moles, unusual growths/lumps, swollen glands, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, signs of infection (e.g., fever, persistent sore throat).
Uses
Tacrolimus is used with other medications to prevent rejection of a kidney, heart, or liver transplant. The injection form of the medication is used when you cannot take the medication by mouth. As soon possible, your doctor will switch you to the form of this medication that is taken by mouth. This medication belongs to a class of drugs known as immunosuppressants. It works by weakening your body's defense system (immune system) to help your body accept the new organ as if it were your own.
Other Uses
This section contains uses of this drug that are not listed in the approved professional labeling for the drug but that may be prescribed by your health care professional. Use this drug for a condition that is listed in this section only if it has been so prescribed by your health care professional.
This drug may also be used for a certain type of bowel condition (severe fulminant Crohn's disease) in people who have not been successfully treated by the usual treatment. This drug may also be used to reduce the risk of rejection of other types of transplant (such as lung).
How To Use
This medication is given by injection into a vein by a health care professional.
Dosage is based on your weight, medical condition, blood test results (e.g., tacrolimus trough levels), and response to treatment.
Tell your doctor if your condition worsens.
Side Effects
See also Warning section.
Shaking (tremor), headache, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, upset stomach, loss of appetite, trouble sleeping, or numbness/tingling hands/feet may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including:
- signs of kidney problems (such as change in the amount of urine)
- mental/mood changes (e.g., anxiety, agitation)
- pounding heartbeat
- symptoms of heart failure (such as shortness of breath, swelling ankles/feet, unusual tiredness, unusual/sudden weight gain)
- muscle spasm/weakness
- hearing problems (e.g., hearing loss, ringing in the ears)
- pain/redness/swelling at injection site or in the arms/legs
- dizziness
- easy bruising/bleeding
- yellowing skin/eyes
- persistent nausea/vomiting
- severe stomach/abdominal pain
- dark urine
- severe leg pain
This medication may also increase your risk of getting a rare but very serious (sometimes fatal) brain infection (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-PML). Get medical help right away if any of these rare but very serious side effects occur:
- clumsiness
- loss of coordination
- weakness
- sudden change in your thinking (such as confusion, difficulty concentrating)
- difficulty moving your muscles
- problems with speech
- seizure
- vision changes
Get medical help right away if any of these rare but very serious side effects occur:
- fainting
- fast/irregular heartbeat
- severe dizziness
- chest pain
- black stools
- vomit that looks like coffee grounds
- trouble breathing
This medication may raise your blood pressure. Check your blood pressure regularly and tell your doctor if the results are high. Your doctor may control your blood pressure with medication.
Tacrolimus may cause diabetes. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you experience any of the following symptoms of high blood sugar: increased thirst/hunger, frequent urination.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including:
- rash
- itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat)
- severe dizziness
- trouble breathing
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
In the US -
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.
In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
Precautions
Before receiving tacrolimus, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other macrolide medications (such as sirolimus); or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients (such as polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated castor oil), which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of:
- kidney disease
- liver disease
- high blood pressure
- diabetes
- mineral imbalances (such as high potassium)
- any recent/current infections
- cancer
Tacrolimus may cause a condition that affects the heart rhythm (QT prolongation). QT prolongation can rarely cause serious (rarely fatal) fast/irregular heartbeat and other symptoms (such as severe dizziness, fainting) that need medical attention right away.
The risk of QT prolongation may be increased if you have certain medical conditions or are taking other drugs that may cause QT prolongation. Before using tacrolimus, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the drugs you take and if you have any of the following conditions:
- certain heart problems (heart failure, slow heartbeat, QT prolongation in the EKG)
- family history of certain heart problems (QT prolongation in the EKG, sudden cardiac death)
Low levels of potassium or magnesium in the blood may also increase your risk of QT prolongation. This risk may increase if you use certain drugs (such as diuretics/"water pills") or if you have conditions such as severe sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting. Talk to your doctor about using tacrolimus safely.
This medication may increase your risk of developing skin cancer. Limit your time in the sun. Avoid tanning booths and sunlamps. Use sunscreen and wear protective clothing when outdoors.
Tacrolimus can make you more likely to get infections or may worsen any current infections. Therefore, wash your hands well to prevent the spread of infection. Avoid contact with people who have infections that may spread to others (such as chickenpox, measles, flu). Consult your doctor if you have been exposed to an infection or for more details.
Do not have immunizations/vaccinations without the consent of your doctor. Avoid contact with people who have recently received live vaccines (such as flu vaccine inhaled through the nose).
This drug may increase your potassium levels. Before using potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).
Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially QT prolongation (see above).
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. You should not become pregnant while using tacrolimus. Tacrolimus may harm an unborn baby. Men and women using this medication should ask about reliable forms of birth control before and while using this medication. If you or your partner become pregnant, talk to your doctor right away about the risks and benefits of this medication. Do not stop taking this medication unless directed by your doctor.
This drug passes into breast milk and the effect on a nursing infant is unknown. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor before breast-feeding.
Drug Interactions
Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.
Some products that may interact with this drug include:
- cyclosporine
- sirolimus
- temsirolimus
- ziprasidone
- other drugs that may increase the level of potassium in the blood (such as "water pills" including amiloride, spironolactone)
- other drugs that weaken the immune system/increase the risk of infection (such as natalizumab, rituximab)
Other medications can affect the removal of tacrolimus from your body, which may affect how tacrolimus works. Examples include cimetidine, danazol, nefazodone, ethinyl estradiol, methylprednisolone, St. John's wort, azole antifungals (such as itraconazole, voriconazole), HIV and HCV protease inhibitors (such as nelfinavir, ritonavir, boceprevir, telaprevir), rifamycins (such as rifampin, rifabutin), certain anti-seizure drugs (such as phenobarbital, phenytoin), among others.
Overdose
If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.
Notes
Laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., potassium levels, blood pressure, blood sugar, tacrolimus blood level, kidney/liver function) will be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.
If you have had an organ transplant, it is recommended that you attend a transplant education class or support group. Learn the signs of organ rejection such as tenderness/pain around the transplanted organ, a feeling of being ill, or fever. Tell your doctor right away if you notice any of these signs.
Missed Dose
For the best possible benefit, it is important to receive each scheduled dose of this medication as directed. If you miss a dose, contact your doctor to establish a new dosing schedule.
Medical Alert
Your condition can cause complications in a medical emergency. For information about enrolling in MedicAlert, call 1-888-633-4298 (US) or 1-800-668-1507 (Canada).
Information last revised June 2018.
Copyright(c) 2018 First Databank, Inc.
Conditions of use: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information in not intend to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects nor should it be construed in indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.
Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/medications/fdb7108 |
The Registrar of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), Engr. Prof. Adisa A. Bello, FNSE, who spoke on the topic Character and Integrity in Professional Practice’, described professional integrity as the practice of maintaining ethical behaviour, strong adherence to moral and ethical principles and values such as honesty, honour, dependability and trustworthiness.
He further outlined the importance of integrity in the work place to be beneficial to both the individual and the organisation, stating that the individual gains respect, trust and confidence of his peers and bosses, thus integrity in the workplace ultimately guarantees overall success.
He stated that some of the characteristics of a man of character and integrity includes valuing other peoples time, giving credit to where credit is due. They are always honest and never take advantage of others. They give most people the benefit of doubt, they believe in others and trust others.
Prof. Adisa A. Bello described the celebrant as an epitome of Character and Integrity. He went down memory to 1985 when he had his first contact with Engr. Ozigi who was his lecturer at ATBU Bauchi where he taught Strength of Materials.
He further described all the former students of ATBU Bauchi that were taught by Engr, Ozigi as being very fortunate. Engr. Ozigi took his time even outside his scheduled lecture hours to ensure that everyone understood the courses he taught, stating that Engr. Ozigi was however very strict with compliance to instructions, punctuality and thoroughness.
Engr. Ozigi has impacted positively on many peoples lives and he maintains his composure in virtually everywhere he is. He further described Engr. Ozigi as a gentle man a lot of youth still look up to and need to emulate his character and integrity.
In his remarks the President of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), Engr. Tasiu Gidari Saad-Wudil, FNSE stated that the celebrant was a lecturer at ATBU Bauchi in the 80s (when he was a student) and was noted for hard work and strictness.
He added that he was therefore not surprised that his children are doing excellently well in their academics. He further stated that as the Chief Examiner for the recruitment of new members into NSE Maitama chapter, he was very delighted to find out that the celebrant is a member of the chapter.
Maitama chapter has maintained a very good record in the recruitment of members without compromising experience and performance required for membership. Engr. Ozigi as an examiner contributed immensely to the enviable record of the branch in that regard. Engr. Wudil concluded by praying that may God Almighty reward the celebrant abundantly for the positive virtues he has impacted on the lives of some of his former students.
Pastor Joseph Seyi Malomo, Chaplain of the Aso Chapel gave Charge
titled ” God does not believe in RETIREMENT but in Completion of Life Call” drawing his texts from Exodus 7:7; Deuteronomy 34:7 and 2 Timothy 1:9. He remarked as follows: We gather to celebrate Engr Ozigi who has had a successful 35 years career as a civil servant; We should however, note that God does not believe in retirement amongst others. | https://patomabusinessonline.com/2022/06/01/friends-associates-celebrate-engr-david-ozigi-as-he-retires/ |
Monitoring and assessment of agricultural land degradation is of vital importance for better land and water management planning and reclamation. It requires setting baseline information and basic analysis at specific time and space. About 33 geo-referenced soil sampling spots were selected in two agricultural production locations in the Kingdom of Bahrain to assess the status and preliminary causes of land degradation. Soil samples were taken from 13 sites in Diraz location while 19 samples were taken from Budayyi location. The samples were taken to 90 cm depth at 30 cm intervals. Standard procedures were followed to determine soil physiochemical properties. In addition, field observations on farm condition, distance from the sea, method of irrigation and irrigation water source were taken. Some of the soil samples were deliberately taken from outside the irrigated basins among trees compared with samples taken from inside the actively growing area for comparison. The results indicated that the salinity level was significantly (P < 0.001) higher at the 0-30 cm soil depth compared with 30-60 cm or 60-90 cm depths in both locations. The distance from the sea did not show clear correlation with surface soil salinity in Budayyi area compared with Diraz. Both locations showed significantly higher salinity levels on samples taken outside the actively growing areas compared with those taken from within. The effect is more prominent at the 0-30 cm depth. The observed variability on salinity levels may be attributed to farm management practices and deteriorating quality of ground water. Thus, agricultural land degradation in Bahrain cannot be attributed to ground water deterioration alone. The use of tertiary treated sewage water (TSE) may ease the pressure on ground water, but the pH of the TSE should be carefully monitored and managed with proper studies on leaching requirements to avoid further salinity complications.
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Inability to balance on one leg for longer than 20 seconds was found to be associated with reduced cognitive function and an increased risk for small blood vessel damage in the brain in otherwise healthy people, according to new research published in the journal Stroke.
“Our study found that the ability to balance on one leg is an important test for brain health,” said lead study author Yasuharu Tabara, Ph.D., associate professor at the Center for Genomic Medicine at Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine in Kyoto, Japan.
“Individuals showing poor balance on one leg should receive increased attention, as this may indicate an increased risk for brain disease and cognitive decline.”
For the study, 841 women and 546 men (average age of 67) were timed to see how long they could stand on one leg with their eyes open. The maximum time for keeping the leg raised was 60 seconds.
Participants got two chances and the better of their two scores was used in the analysis. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect small vessel disease.
Researchers found that struggling to balance on one leg for more than 20 seconds was linked to cerebral small vessel disease, such as lacunar infarctions (a piece of tissue that is dying or dead because of a lack of blood supply) and microbleeds (tiny round hemorrhages). The researchers noted that:
five percent of those with more than two lacunar infarction lesions had trouble balancing;.
16 percent of those with one lacunar infarction lesion had trouble balancing;
30 percent of those with more than two microbleed lesions had trouble balancing;
three percent with one microbleed lesion had trouble balancing.
After adjusting for a variety of factors, people with more microbleeds and lacunar infarctions in the brain had shorter one-legged standing times. Also, people who had shorter one-legged standing times tended to have lower cognitive scores.
Although prior research has examined the connection between gait and physical abilities and the risk of stroke, this is one of the first studies to closely investigate how long a person can stand on one leg as a reflection of overall brain health.
“One-leg standing time is a simple measure of postural instability and might be a consequence of the presence of brain abnormalities,” said Tabara.
The researchers also found a strong link between struggling to stand on one leg and increased age, with significant shorter one-leg standing time in patients aged 60 and over. Small vessel disease typically increases with age.
Tabara noted that the one-leg standing test is an easy way to determine if there are early signs of being at risk for a stroke and cognitive impairment and whether these patients need additional evaluation.
Source: American Heart Association
One-Leg Balancing Test May Indicate Brain Health, Stroke Risk
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Calcium oxide (CaO), a.k.a. burnt lime, quicklime, pebble lime, and calcia, is an odorless gray or white-gray chemical compound primarily used in manufacturing appliions. Calcium oxide is typically produced via thermal decomposition of limestone or other materials containing calcium carbonate.
2018-8-31 · Calcium titanate (iO3) was coustion synthesized from a calcium source of waste duck eggshell, anatase titanium dioxide (A-TiO2), and magnesium (Mg). The eggshell and A-TiO2 were milled for 30 min in either a high-energy planetary mill or a conventional ball mill. These powders were then separately mixed with Mg in a ball mill. After synthesis, the coustion products were leached and …
2016-10-29 · Appliion of Eggshell Wastes as a Heterogeneous alyst for Biodiesel Production. alysts include alkaline earth metal oxides such as calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO) and wastes and simultaneously produced the heterogeneous alysts with …
Calcium oxide (CaO) was obtained after calcination of pulverized lime stone (CaCO 3) at 900 °C for 1.5 h in a helium gas flow. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) was prepared by hydration of CaO in a gas flow of moist helium.For these calcium compounds, basic properties were determined by the indior method.
2017-8-28 · Metal Binder Powder >> Iron Powder Nickel Powder Copper Powder Cobalt Powder Molybdenum Powder Philippine, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam Part 4
2019-5-9 · Tantalum is also produced in Thailand and Malaysia as a by-product of the tin mining there. During gravitational separation of the ores from placer deposits, not only is cassiterite (SnO 2) found, but a small percentage of tantalite also included. The slag from the tin smelters then contains economically useful amounts of tantalum, which is
2010-5-12 · In the following demonstration, a chunk of calcium metal is dropped into a beaker of distilled water. After a second or so, the calcium metal begins to bubble vigorously as it reacts with the water, producing hydrogen gas, and a cloudy white precipitate of calcium hydroxide.
2019-5-14 · Liquid carbon dioxide reaches end users through a network of highway tankers, resupply depots, and railcars. Carbon dioxide is also traded as dry ice in the solid state, with its main end use being transport refrigeration. As a result of these circumstances, …
Magnetic recycled calcium oxide hollow fibers were successfully prepared for the transesterifiion of rapeseed oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The hollow fiber alyst prepared from different molar ratios of metal ions, various annealing atmospheres and annealing temperatures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy
2013-11-13 · HISTORY OF ANTIMONY PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES • Antimony was mined in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s to produce metal for • hardening lead in bullets • storage batteries • Bearings • pluing fixtures • produce oxide used as a white pigment in paint • a flame retardant • variety of other compounds • Antimony is a “strategic metal” that was used in large
2013-2-9 · Consider that calcium metal reacts with oxygen gas in the air to form calcium oxide. Suppose we react 4.90 mol calcium with 4.00 mol oxygen gas. Determine the nuer of moles of calcium oxide produced after the reaction is complete.
2011-8-17 · Write and balance the following chemical equations. Determine the type of chemical reaction. 1. Decomposition of magnesium bicarbonate yields magnesium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide 2. Dissolving calcium oxide in water yields calcium hydroxide 3. Reaction of zinc iodide with sodium metal produced sodium iodide and zinc 4.
When calcium metal reacts with oxygen gas in the air to form calcium oxide suppose you react 6.55 mol calcium with 4.00 mol oxygen now determine the nuer of moles of calcium oxide produced?
Under optimum conditions (Ca 2+:Fe 3+ = 1:2, reducing atmosphere annealing at 1000°C), magnetic calcium oxide hollow fibers with average pore size around 6.3061 nm, the surface area of 15.28 m −1, and saturation magnetization of 136.564 Am 2 kg −1 were produced by organic gel-thermal decomposition. Then, their alytic activities were
Calcium hydroxide features a colorless crystal or white powder form, and is produced by coining calcium oxide with water. In a laboratory setting, calcium hydroxide is created by mixing calcium chloride with sodium hydroxide. Brenntag, N.A. is a top calcium hydroxide distributor.
2011-2-1 · calcium metal is produced by the electrolysis of a molten calcium compound such as calcium chloride, but why can calcium not be made by reduction of calcium oxide ? and why does the calcium compound used have to be molten rather than in a solution ?
Biodiesel production by methanolysis of soybean oil using calcium supported on mesoporous silica alyst. greater than 350,000 l/day of biodiesel is produced in Thailand causing the formation of at least 70,000 Calcium oxide,
2008-10-12 · Best Answer: Unfortunately there is no simple answer. It depends, as always, on a variety of variables -- solvent environment (if any), temperature, pressure, type of oxide, solubilty of any salt formed However, put simply, if we consider oxides of the more electropositive elements (metal …
2018-3-16 · Consumer exposure to products containing propylene oxide – Dow does not sell propylene oxide for consumer use, so direct consumer contact with this product is unlikely. However, propylene oxide is a raw material used to produce finished goods for consumers such as polyurethane foams, paints, cosmetics, and lubricants.
2012-1-24 · 18 ANTIMONY (Data in metric tons of antimony content unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: There was no antimony mine production in the United States in 2011. Primary antimony metal and oxide was produced by one company in Montana, using foreign feedstock.
2019-5-18 · Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime (calcium oxide mixed with water), hardens by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide, which is naturally present in the air.First calcium oxide (lime) is produced from calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) by calcination at temperatures above 825 °C (1,517 °F) for about 10 hours at atmospheric pressure:
How aluminium is produced. Aluminium oxide appears in the resulting slurry while all the admixtures settle to the bottom as red mud. The required properties are given to the metal by adding various admixtures such as silicon, copper or magnesium. These alloys are used in the manufacture of automobile and aviation engines and aluminium
2008-9-21 · How many grams of calcium oxide, CaO, can be produced from 4.20 g of calcium metal and 1.60 g of oxygen gas?
earth metal oxides, hydrotalcites/layered double hydroxides, alumina loaded with various compounds and zeolites (Sharma and Bhaskar, 2011). Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the well-researched heterogeneous alysts as it has a higher basicity, lower price, non-corrosive, …
The principal economic source of zirconium is the zirconium silie mineral, zircon (ZrSiO4). Zircon is the primary source of all hafnium. Zirconium and hafnium are contained in zircon at a ratio of about 50 to 1. Zircon is a coproduct or byproduct of the mining and processing of heavy-mineral sands for the titanium minerals, ilmenite and rutile, or tin minerals. | https://home-shop.be/Dec_07/metal-produced-by-calcium-oxide-in-thailand/ |
The M.S. Computer Information Science program provides students with a structured study of applied technical solutions to real-world problems. The program emphasizes the need to understand the program from definition, through implementation and review. The program uses real-world cases that develop problem solving techniques through the software engineering methodologies. The students also learn to manage the problem solution through the gathering of requirements, problem refinement, design modeling, implementation and user-testing. The curriculum emphasizes group interaction and problem solving skills through iterative processes and project management from problem definition through solution deployment.
The program emphasizes group work, presentation skills and collaboration through the use of technology. The M.S. Computer Information Science requires that students complete a capstone project to integrate core competencies with specific student goals based on the elective certificate. Examples of capstone projects are development and implementation of a new software solution or major extension to a completed software project; a research project on new trends or findings in software application development.
The M.S. Computer Information Science program is offered in an online format. It follows the traditional academic calendar of a fall and spring semester and a shorter summer semester. The fall and spring semesters are divided into two 8 week terms. A full-time graduate student carries a minimum of 6 semester credit hours. Some courses may require more hours per week in some areas of instruction. All courses are online and 3 credits in the length. The courses will meet both synchronously (optional) and asynchronously. Students are required to participate in chat sessions and/or discussion boards, which will take the place of classroom meetings. Synchronous sessions will be recorded for students who are not able to attend the actual session. Students who are not able to attend the synchronous sessions will be asked to complete a short assignment related to the recorded session. Depending on their personal schedules, students may elect to take courses every term or wait for the next term to continue studies. Courses in the summer are also 8 weeks in length. If a student decides to take two courses during the summer session, they will overlap in the time frame.
Mission
Graduate education in Computer Information Science will provide a forum for the study, investigation, discussion, and presentation of how technical solutions may be used to improve an individual’s productivity and to enhance departmental and corporate systems. In order to prepare computing professionals who will be able to keep pace with the dynamic nature of the discipline and contribute to its growth, this program will emphasize individual and group effort, as well as lecture and hands-on training. The approach will be consistent will the philosophy of graduate education at La Salle.
Program Goals
- Prepare students to create, implement, manage and review a technical solution to a real world problem through all phases of the problem resolution
- Prepare students to use problem solving techniques and skills to analyze, design, and develop technical solutions using software engineering methodologies.
- Manage the problem solution through the gathering of requirements, problem refinement, design modeling, implementation, and user testing
- Prepare students to collaborate on problem solutions
- Prepare students for professional workforce.
Student Learning Outcomes
- Create, plan, implement and test a technical problem solution.
- Develop problem definitions and solution designs.
- Create solutions specific to current technologies (such as mobiledevelopment, database services, and web services.)
- Create client side designs for problem solutions
- Create server side designs for problem solutions
Program Specific Information
Progression through the Program
Eleven courses (33 credits) are required for the degree. Each student is required to satisfy the all six required courses (which includes the capstone), a grouping of 5 additional courses.
The design of this program assumes that the student has either a background in computer science or a related discipline or professional training involving programming.
Five-Year Bachelor's in Computer Science to Master's in Computer Information Science
Students may earn both a B.A. in Computer Science and a M.S. in Computer Information Science or a B.S. in Computer Science and a M.S. in Computer Information Science by participating in the University’s Five-Year Program. Students would satisfy the undergraduate computer science major requirements during their first four years at the University, earning a minimum of 120 credits. A maximum of three undergraduate courses (9 credits) may be applied toward the graduate credits if the student maintains a GPA of 3.0 or better and the undergraduate course grade was B or better. Upon completion of a bachelor’s degree, students enter the M.S. in Computer Information Science program and complete the remaining 8 courses (24 credits).
Academic Requirements
Students complete at least 11 courses, six core courses (including a capstone project) and 5 additional courses from the grouings. Students are expected to have a foundation in computer programming.
Required Courses
The core courses provide the essential computing concepts and practical tools for the program. The courses provide a comprehensive study of current Web-centric, mobile-development, and data-driven computing concepts and emerging technologies.
- CIS 621 - Client Side Scripting
- CIS 626 - Web Services Development
- CIS 627 - Web Database Services Development
- CIS 629 - Mobile Development
- CIS 670-679 Special Topics
Students are required to complete a set of five courses selected from one of groups below..
Group 1
- CIS 615 Project Management
- CYB 644 Information Technology
- CYB 612 Ethics Issues and Gov Reg
- CYB 652 Leadership Eval and Assessment
- CIS 619 Crisis Mgt and Business Continuity
Group 2
- CIS 523 Database Mgt
- CIS 658 Data Mining
- CIS 633 Data Analysis w R (CIS 675)
- CIS 654 Artificial Intelligence
- ANA 615 Statistical Analysis
Students conclude their studies with a capstone project, completed in one course, under the supervision of a faculty adviser. Students may work on a capstone experience either individually or in a group. Some students partner with an external company or work on a project associated with their employer as a project deliverable for that company. Students may also complete research on new developments in Computer Information Science.
- CIS 685 - CIS Capstone
Course Sequence
Tentative Schedule
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Fall 1
CIS 621
CIS 626
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Spring 1
CIS 629
CIS 627
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Summer 1
CIS 627
Group 1 or 2 course
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Fall 2
Group 1 or 2 course
Group 1 or 2 course
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Spring 2
Group 1 or 2 course
Group 1 or 2 course
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Summer 2
CIS 685
Degree or Certificate Earned
M.S.
Number of Courses Required for Program Completion
11
Number of Credits Required for Program Completion
33
GPA Required for Program Completion
3.0
Program Contact Information
If you have any questions regarding the Computer Information Science program, please contact:
Staff Contact Information
Margaret McCoey, Program Director
Holroyd 129
[email protected]
(215)-951-1136
Faculty
Program Director: Margaret McCoey, M.S.
Associate Professors: Blum, Highley, Kirsch, Redmond, Wang
Assistant Professors: McCoey
Lecturers: Casey, Cerenzio, Crossen, McGinley, McManus, Monaghan
Course Descriptions
CIS 523 - Data Processing and Database Management
This course entails analysis and evaluation of database designs in relation to the strategic mission of the project. Topics include database systems, database architectures, and data-definition and data-manipulation languages. Also included are logical and physical database design, database models (e.g., entity-relationship, relational), normalization, integrity, query languages including SQL, and relational algebra, in addition to social and ethical considerations and privacy of data. This course incorporates case studies and a project using a relational DBMS.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 540 - Network Theory
Lecture/theory course considers the current methods, practices, and standards used to enable communication on computer and voice networks. This includes a study of the physical layers, architectural layers, design, operation, management, and ISO standards, with particular consideration given to many of the IEEE 802 standards, various protocols in the TCP/IP suite, and telephony technologies. Both local and wide area networks are examined.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 612 - Ethics, Issues, and Government Regulations
This course considers privacy both on- and off-line; legal background of intellectual property and e-mail; ethics and codes of ethics; effects of computers on work and society; and responsibilities and risks of computing, including topics such as accuracy of information, e-waste, and multitasking. This course includes an examination of government policies and regulations related to data security and information assurance.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 613 - Software Engineering
Software Engineering treats the technical and administrative issues of the software development life-cycle process. Models of the software development process, including structured analysis and design as well as object-oriented analysis and design methodologies, are presented.
Topics include software milestones, project planning, team management, requirements analysis, specification development, analysis and design, implementation, integration, testing, and maintenance. Software legal issues, including contractual ownership, copyrights, and intellectual property rights, are considered. Additional topics include ethical issues recommended by the IEEE and ACM Code of Ethics as well as ethical responsibility of accurate software. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) and tools will be utilized. This course requires the completion of a team project.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 615 - Project Management
This course entails standard Project Management (PM) concepts, principles, and practices for information technology (IT) and systems. It considers the various corporate organizational structures, politics, and external influences impacting effective PM for IT projects. It also covers systems development, product and PM life cycles, including the Project Management Institute’s (PMI) Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). The course incorporates exploration of project phases and processes and how they relate to the disciplines of PM—integration, scope, time, cost, procurement, risk, human resources, quality, and communications. Students will analyze, evaluate, and select appropriate PM systems, tools, and methodologies from a project leader point of view and develop understanding of PM practices through selected project work.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 617 - Software Project Development
This courses focuses on the implementation a software project. The students complete the implementation of a model that was constructed in a previous course or build a system that implements component services from an existing model. Students will use collaborative software development methods.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 619 - Crisis Management and Business Continuity
This course explores the area of Risk Management with particular emphasis on
Business Continuity Management. Risk Management involves assessing threats
which may lead to disastrous events, evaluating control alternatives and
implementing solutions. Potential threats include terrorist, criminal, industrial,
natural, technological, environmental, economic and political. Practical solutions
to enable an organization to protect assets, mitigate risk, manage crisis and
recover after a disaster will be discussed. The role of business and government
will be explored, as well as professional practices, standards and strategies. The
course is designed to expose the student to all aspects of a holistic Business
Continuity & Crisis Management program and to determine the most appropriate
requirements.
Number of Credits: 3
When Offered: Fall
How Offered: Online
CIS 621 - Client Interface Development
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 623 - Database Services Development Using Microsoft Tools
This course encompasses programming models that support database access, including ADO.NET. It covers client/server and multitiered architectures; use of components, including COM Class Libraries and .NET Framework; development of database applications using VB.NET and ASP.NET; Internet and intranet database design and implementation; database-driven Web sites; and use of XML syntax related to databases. It also considers privacy of data and data protection on servers.
Number of Credits: 3
Prerequisites: CIS 523, CIS 622
CIS 624 - Data Warehouses
This course covers the use of large-scale data stores to support decision making; critical success factors in designing and implementing a data warehouse and management of a data warehouse project; requirements analysis; design using the star schema; entire data warehouse integration; infrastructure needs; data staging process, including data cleansing and transformation; and data access, including On-line Analytic Processing (OLAP) tools. Also considered are introduction to data mining and analysis, evaluation, and selection of data warehousing tools, techniques, and methodologies.
Number of Credits: 3
Prerequisites: CIS 523
CIS 626 - Web Services Development
This course focuses on the development of Web services for use by many different types of Web applications. The course develops basic programming techniques to implement the server side function of the application. The course uses a non-Windows interface for the tools set.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 627 - Web Database Services Development
This course is an extension to CIS 623. It encompasses programming models that support database access, including ADO.NET. It covers client/server and multitiered architectures; development of database applications; Internet and intranet database design and implementation; database-driven Web sites; and use of XML syntax related to databases. Examples of the possible tool sets for this tool set are PHP and mySQL on either a Linux or Windows server. The course also considers privacy of data and data protection on servers.
Number of Credits: 3
Prerequisites: CIS 523, CIS 622, or CIS 626
CIS 629 - Mobile Development
This course covers development of mobile applications and integration with existing systems on the devices. Students will extend development of mobile solutions with enhancements to views, layouts, and intents including interaction with the location-based services, messaging services, multimedia interfaces, and sensors available on the mobile device. The applications will manage data sources, both locally and from database providers. The applications will be tested in an emulation environment and prepared for deployment in a mobile marketplace.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 633 - Data Analysis with R
This course will require students to learn the R programming language and assess how to use it and find interesting features in data. Students will learn about R and statistical best practices and how to display data in a manner that will help you explain your findings to those who do not have a technical background. Moreover, the course introduces students to modeling and simulation. Topics may include basic queueing theory, the role of random numbers in simulations, and the identification of input probability distributions.
Number of Credits: 3
When Offered: Fall
How Offered: Online
CIS 654 - Artificial Intelligence
This course introduces students to the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Students will learn
how big data and data mining techniques are utilized by machines to create the AI
models used by autonomous aircraft and automobiles, personal assistants, IT security
software, fraud investigations and credit bureaus. The course will review the history,
present day use, and future of artificial intelligence. Through case studies and current
events, students will examine the benefits and risks associated with AI. The course will
cover issues related to AI and privacy, ethics, and machine bias. Neuromorphic
computing, the Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX), and data analytics will also be
discussed.
Number of Credits: 3
When Offered: Spring
How Offered: Online
CIS 658 - Data Mining
This course introduces the field of data mining, with specific emphasis on its use for Machine Learning algorithms. Techniques covered may include conceptual clustering, learning decision rules and decision trees, case-based reasoning, Bayesian analysis, genetic algorithms, and neural networks. The course covers data preparation and analysis of results. Skills in Microsoft Excel are useful.
Number of Credits: 3
Prerequisites: CIS 523
CIS 670-679 - Special Topics in Computer Information Science
Specialized study in Computer Information Science. Topics vary according to interest of students and faculty.
Number of Credits: 3
CIS 685 - CIS Capstone (Every semester as needed)
Students will design and implement a project related to computer Information science for use by an external organization or department. The student is mentored by a faculty member, and his or her project proposal must be approved by the graduate director and the faculty member supervising the project. The project design will use a software engineering approach in place for its organization. The goal of the capstone is to use the analysis, design, management, and maintenance techniques to solve the organization’s problem. To complete the capstone project, the student must prepare and submit a paper or report on the project and the solution, provide an oral presentation, and provide and submit the software components for the solution. | https://www.lasalle.edu/catalog/graduate/masters/computer-information-science/ |
Messi vs Ronaldo Champions League stats in the knockout rounds shows that the Real Madrid star has a better strike rate than the Barcelona man.. Lionel Messi reached the landmark of 100 goals in the UEFA Champions League, joining Cristiano Ronaldo as the only footballer to achieve the feat. 2009: Headed goal in the Champions League Final... against Ronaldo. A headed goal? Lionel Messi? Surely not. Well, the 5ft 7in Barcelona forward defied the odds and leapt high to give his side an important lead over Manchester in the 2009 Champions League final in Rome.
In the club he scored 22 goals ( Champions League, Copa del Rey, La Liga). Lionel Messi this seasons has also noted 16 assists, played 2581 minutes, with 27 times he played game in first line. Lionel Messi shots an average of 0.71 goals per game in club competitions. Barcelona's Lionel Messi scored two goals and added two assists to lead his side through to the UEFA Champions League quarterfinals with a 5–1 win over Lyon on Wednesday. Over 600 career goals, 10 La Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League trophies, six Ballon d'Or awards – Lionel Messi's list of accomplishments seem never-ending.. Brazil legend Pele believes Lionel Messi is the most complete player on the planet and one of 'two or three' on par with the greats of previous eras.
Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini (Rosario (Argentinië),. Op woensdag 14 maart tijdens de terugwedstrijd van de 1/8 finale in de Champions League scoorde Messi 2 keer in de met 3-0 gewonnen wedstrijd tegen Chelsea, het 2e doelpunt was zijn 100e in de Champions League. Lionel Messi has run the least of all forwards in the Champions League this term Credit: Alamy Live News. After all, Lionel Messi has been on an absolute tear in this season's Champions League, scoring six goals at one every 115 minutes and he's barely broken a sweat. Barcelona star Lionel Messi snatched another record from Cristiano Ronaldo in Wednesday's victory over PSV. The Argentina international scored a fine goal to move one clear of Ronaldo as the most prolific goalscorer for a single club in Champions League history. Indeed, his 106th strike in the competition eclipsed Ronaldo's tally for Real.
All the latest UEFA Champions League statistics for Lionel Messi. First name Lionel Andrés Last name Messi Cuccittini Nationality Argentina Date of birth 24 June 1987 Age 32 Country of birth Argentina Place of birth Rosario
Toute l'actualité de Lionel Messi et de FC Barcelone, son palmarès, ses stats... sur L'ÉQUIPE. Toute l'actualité de Lionel Messi et de FC Barcelone, son palmarès, ses stats. Ligue des Champions Ligue 1 Ligue 2 les notes Ligue Europa. Lionel Messi has played all of his life for Barcelona and in all likelihood will also retire at the Catalan club. With the Spanish giants, he has made 135 appearances in the Champions League and won the competition 4 times. In contrast, Cristiano Ronaldo has featured in the contest with 3 different teams and won it 4 times as well. The Lionel Messi stat which will give Manchester United hope ahead of Barcelona Champions League fixture.. but now they must rise again to quell the threat of Lionel Messi.. For contrast Messi has scored 22 Champions League goals in 30 appearances against English teams – more than any other player in the history of the competition.
MessiStats brings you the amazing & dazzling statistics of one of the greatest footballers ever. It supplies unique and original insights for all kinds of football fans around the world. Check out Messi’s latest detailed stats including games, goals, assists and cards. MessiStats is powered by StarPlayerStats. Lionel Messi, parfois surnommé Leo Messi, né le 24 juin 1987 à Rosario, est un footballeur international argentin évoluant au poste d'attaquant au FC Barcelone. Seul footballeur sextuple Ballon d'Or et Soulier d'or européen, Messi est considéré comme l'un des meilleurs footballeurs de l'histoire.
The Stats Zone has some terrific information on the UEFA Champions League goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some snapshots of the information from Stats Zone: Messi has scored 81 of his 100 Champions League goals with his left foot; One in every six goals scored by Ronaldo has been from a header UEFA Champions League News Leipzig & Atalanta start strong in UCL last 16 Tottenham fail to take advantage at home and Valencia allow four goals in their respective first legs.
Latest on Barcelona forward Lionel Messi including latest updated stats on ESPN Cristiano Ronaldo führt die Rangliste unangefochten an, während Lionel Messi ebenfalls dreistellig getroffen hat und Robert Lewandowski auf Rang vier vorgerückt ist. World Cup Qualification CONMEBOL 1st round-0. 7
On 23 October, Messi scored his first Champions League goal of the season in a 2–1 away win over Slavia Prague, becoming the first player to score in 15 consecutive Champions League seasons (excluding qualifying rounds). He also equalled Raúl and Cristiano Ronaldo's shared record of the most sides scored against in the competition (33). Another La Liga season came to a close on Sunday and it was Lionel Messi who reigned supreme once again. Barcelona strolled to yet another league title, finishing a whopping 19 points clear of bitter rivals Real Madrid - who ended up in third. Mohamed Salah is closing in on Lionel Messi, while it was Groundhog Day for Manchester City. Meanwhile, there was a Premier League first in Bournemouth's game against Aston Villa while one player made history by scoring in three different decades for his club. Check out the best of the stats from
Check compare for players: Lionel Messi vs Cristiano Ronaldo. Full stats of both players in all time. Change league: All leagues Coppa Italia Champions League Serie A European Championship Champions Cup Friendlies World cup Confederations Cup World club championship World Football Challenge Peace Cup. Stats reveal that Lionel Messi has performed better than Cristiano Ronaldo in the past decade.. Ronaldo managed to top Messi in the Champion’s League. The 34-year-old has won the Champions League four times this decade while Messi only did it twice. Lionel Messi,. he is bound to complete a decade of 50+ goals scored per year.
Lionel Messi player profile.. Messi Champions League winners’ medals - 4: 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15 (all with Barcelona) Messi in 2018-19: 12 goals, 3 assists, 10 matches, 1 hat-trick; Fifa World Cup tournament records Cristiano Ronaldo World Cup goals. Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi both had been on four Champions League title teams–until Ronaldo's Real Madrid captured the 2018 title. Ronaldo won his first Champions League title with Manchester United in 2008. Lionel Messi 99 - live prices, in-game stats, comments and reviews for FIFA 19 Ultimate Team FUT. Join the discussion or compare with others!
See Lionel Messi stats and news. Get season stats, career statistics, game logs and injury updates on the Barcelona none. All eyes were on Cristiano Ronaldo last night as he started the game against Liverpool on the verge of equalling Raul’s 71 goal Champions League record. Unfortunately, he had a rare off night in which he rarely threatened and ultimately failed to score. Instead, it was Lionel Messi who tonight rose to the occasion, scoring twice away against
The world's greatest footballers - but who's the best? The battle of Messi vs Ronaldo has the world gripped. In this website, they go head to head in terms of goals, stats, achievements, abilities and much more. Stats via Barcelona's website. The lasting memory in many people’s eyes will be the defeats against Liverpool and Valencia, but Barcelona’s failures shouldn’t count against Messi. He was certainly not to blame. Having failed in their attempts to win the Champions League, the Copa del Rey provided an opportunity for Barcelona to redeem. Jurgen Klopp recently labelled Juventus as the favourites to succeed his Liverpool side as winners of the Champions League, and Lionel Messi has also talked up the Italians' chances, but they looked nothing like contenders to lift the trophy as Cristiano Ronaldo and his teammates fired blanks against Lyon on Wednesday....
This page contains information about a player's detailed stats. In the info box, you can filter by period, club, type of league and competition. The 'Detailed stats' tab shows a player's total appearances, goals, cards and cumulative minutes of play for each competition, and indicates the season in which it occurred. Lionel Messi. 6 6 2 16 10 4 10 6. Date of birth/Age: Jun 24, 1987 (32) Place of birth: Rosario. Stats. Market value; Transfers; Rumours; National team; News; Achievements; Career. 6x The Best FIFA Men's Player.. 4x Champions League winner: 14/15: UEFA Champions League: 10/11: UEFA Champions League: 08/09: UEFA Champions League: And in this season’s Champions League – Lionel Messi has produced that expression a again and again. The Barcelona superstar delivered a jaw-dropping free-kick to all but end Liverpool’s European hopes, complete a 3-0 victory and score his 600th goal for the club all in one outrageous moment this morning.
To be the best player in the world, you have to perform at the highest level and the biggest competitions. That's the world cup or the UEFA UCL Champions League. Ronaldo is known for being the king of the UCL. But I wanted to see if this claim is actually true. So I compared Lionel Messi, Zlatan Ibrahimovic, and many other greats. Although there are many facets to Lionel Messi's game, his goalscoring frequency is up there with the very best in the history of the game. His record in the Champions League is typically staggering, and over the last decade the Argentine and his chief rival Cristiano Ronaldo have consistently raised the bar by which others are measured.
Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi? The stats which tell us who really is the Champions League's best ever. We use some previously unseen Champions League stats to try and finally settle the great Messi v Ronaldo debate.. So, if we dig into their Champions League stats,. As Ronaldo hit 100 career headers against Real Betis on March 12, we break down stats proving that he’s more complete than rival Lionel Messi. Two of the world’s greatest players — Ronaldo and Messi — are evidently different in most aspects of their style of play but when it comes to completeness, the former is definitely your man.
UEFA Champions League - Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo goal for goal - News. Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo goal for goal. Thursday 13 February 2020. Article summary. Cristiano Ronaldo remains out in front of Lionel Messi as their goal race continues.. All stats are group stage to final only. Who is the all-time Champions League top scorer? As you can see from our table below, Cristiano Ronaldo is the top scorer in the history of the Champions League (including the European Cup) and the Real Madrid star is closely followed by his arch-rival, Barcelona's Lionel Messi . Lionel Messi 96 - live prices, in-game stats, comments and reviews for FIFA 20 Ultimate Team FUT. Join the discussion or compare with others! Lionel Messi 96. Lionel Messi FIFA 20 • Champions League TOTTGS Prices and Rating
The best highlights from Leo Messi for FC Barcelona during the 2011/12 season.. Lionel Messi 2011/12 Goals, Skills & Assists Henrik Lehmann. Loading. 2011-2018 UEFA Champions League Semi-Finals All Goals - English live commentary - Duration:. Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini, detto Leo (pronuncia spagnola [ljoˈnel ˈmesi]; Rosario, 24 giugno 1987), è un calciatore argentino, centrocampista o attaccante del Barcellona e della nazionale argentina, delle quali è capitano.
Ronaldo opened a gap in the 2015–16 season when he became the first player to score double figures in the group stage of the Champions League, setting the record at 11 goals. They are the first two players to score 100 goals in UEFA Champions League history. 'I don't know what went through his head to say that': Lionel Messi reopens his row with Eric Abidal as he admits Barcelona are not good enough to win the Champions League thanks to 'silly mistakes' Lionel Messi has reassured Barcelona fans that he won't be leaving the club; The Argentine also questioned Eric Abidal's comments over Valverde's. | http://online-med.info/top392.php |
This page is dedicated to provide information about our class. Notes, test information, and upcoming events will be posted on our Google Classroom page.
The STEM course is an exploratory class that provides students with an engaging and motivating introduction to science, technology, engineering and math, including the history of engineering and technology. Students will explore careers in engineering, create technical drawings and develop life skills while solving real-world challenges.
Units to be covered:
Unit 1: Introduction to Engineering
This unit will introduce you to the exciting field of engineering.
Engineering, in its broadest sense, has been around since humans first started solving problems. Now, with the continually accelerating pace of development in the 21st Century, engineering has evolved to include dozens of areas of specialization, such as electrical engineering, civil engineering, bio-medical engineering and more.
Unit 2: Introduction to Industrial Design
Welcome to the Intro to Industrial Design unit. In this unit, you will be introduced to what industrial designers do. You will redesign a simple office supply product, learn and practice technical drawing techniques, and be introduced to how products are made.
Unit 3: Mechanisms
Welcome to the Mechanisms unit. In this unit, you will examine various components of mechanisms including gears, pulleys, levers, and more. You will create several of these simple machines to observe their operation first-hand. The course also instructs you on the calculation of mechanical advantage, force, friction, work, and other measurements associated with mechanisms. | https://www.lcsnc.org/Page/3389 |
(30.87%) Fortune 500 firms and 229 (38.55%) S&P 600 firms do not follow a random walk.
The weekly stock prices of Fortune 500 firms are significantly different from those of S&P 600
firms with respect to the proportions of random walk, MA pattern, and mixed ARMA pattern.
The proportion of the AR patterns does not differ significantly between Fortune 500 firms and
S&P 600 firms. | http://www.ojbe.org/oj/index.php/journals/article/view/116 |
Having a soulmate seems like an impossible fairytale. However much we deny the existence of soulmates, there is something about them that continues to haunt our minds. They seem like fairy tale character who appears just when the protagonist needs them most.
But what if there was a way to see your soulmate in your dreams every night? Here are 13 tricks on how to dream about your soulmate every night.
1) Write down everything you know about your soulmate
Here’s an interesting fact:
The more you write something down, the more you tend to remember it.
What this means is that if you write down everything you know about your soulmate, chances are you’ll be able to remember it all night.
This way, when you dream about your soulmate, there will be many things associated with them in your mind. This will make the dreams feel more vivid.
So the question here is: “How can you know everything about your soulmate?”
First, you’re going to have to look at the world through their eyes. Imagine how they see the world and how they think. What is their first impression of a piece of news? How do they interpret it?
What are their feelings on love, relationships, or life in general? Write them all down and then take a look at the traits you’ve written down.
Do any particular traits stick out significantly more than others? Pick that trait as your soulmate’s trait and use it as your dream trigger.
2) Turn on soft music while falling asleep
Another tip to get to see your soulmate in your dreams is to turn on soft music while you are falling asleep.
There are two benefits to this:
Firstly, the music causes a slight shift in your brain waves. This will make it easier for you to dream.
Secondly, softer music such as instrumental music will allow your mind to wander into more creative and vivid dreams. Soft instrumental music has been proven to be calming and relaxing which will allow you to let go of the stress and fear of the day.
When you let go of those things, it becomes easier for you to fall asleep and have vivid dreams about your soulmate.
You can pick any instrumental music but some good options include:
- Piano music such as Moonlight Sonata
- Piano music from Philip Glass’ “The Hours” OST
- Classical piano music by C.P.E Bach
- Celtic harp pieces such as “The Snowdrop” by Karen Matheson
- Celtic violin instrumental music such as “Tears of Stone” by Loreena McKennitt
- The Black Mages, a rock/orchestra ensemble band made up of Nobuo Uematsu (Final Fantasy composer) and members from the band The Seatbelts (who composed the soundtrack for Cowboy Bebop)
These are just a few examples of soft music to help you get some ideas for what to listen to.
3) Meditate every night before bed
According to the ancient Indian philosophy of Tantra, meditation is a tool for developing psychic powers such as telepathy, clairvoyance, and telekinesis. This is said to be the reason why monks are able to communicate with the dead (telepathy).
There are various types of meditation but I would suggest that you start off with general meditation, like transcendental meditation or mantra meditation.
The key here is to meditate every night before bed. This helps to clear your mind of any worries or stresses from the day and will help you focus on your dreams about your soulmate.
You can meditate before bed by just sitting still with your thoughts. In addition to meditating, you can also try visualization or visualization and autosuggestion.
4) Get help from a real psychic
The tips above and below will give you a good idea about dreaming about your soulmate every night.
But a surefire way to know for sure is to speak with a gifted advisor.
They can answer questions like, “Do I have a soulmate?” “Is he/she still alive?” and “How can I dream about him/her every night?”
The problem is finding someone you can trust.
That’s why I recommend Psychic Source. When I signed up for a reading, they provided me with a unique insight into where my life was going, including who I am meant to be with.
Having tried several online advisors, I think they’re the most caring, compassionate, and helpful network of gifted advisors out there.
Click here to get your own personalized reading.
Not only will a genuine advisor tell you what you want to know, but they can reveal all your love possibilities.
5) Use lucid dreaming techniques to meet him/her in your dreams
Have you ever heard of lucid dreaming?
It is a very interesting and powerful sleeping phenomenon that can be used to have vivid and useful dreams without the aid of drugs or alcohol.
Lucid dreaming allows you to control your dream, which in turn allows you to interact with your soulmate. This can be used by having them interact with you in a real-life scenario, or even just their appearance.
There are many factors that are involved in lucid dreaming and I will mention them below:
- The first is the state of your mind. If you are distracted, it will be harder for you to have lucid dreams.
- The second is the state of your current physical body. If you are experiencing pain or illness, it can impair your ability to lucid dream.
- The third is the state of your environment (or everything around you). You must be aware that in order for you to lucid dream, you must be able to see and interact with lower-dimensional entities (such as astral beings or ghosts).
So how can you increase your chances of lucid dreaming?
- Keep a dream journal that includes all types of dreams you recall with vivid detail, especially those related to soulmates
- Try using dream herbs, such as valerian root or catnip.
- Wear a sleep mask to prevent light from penetrating your eyes (this will help you enter the lucid dream world)
- Do yoga in order to achieve the right mindset, and meditate (calms your body and mind) before bed.
- Also, the book “Waking Up” is a helpful tool to help improve lucid dreaming techniques.
6) Light an aromatherapy candle
This is a very effective way to repel negative energy in your room and attract positive energy. If your room has a negative vibe, it can affect your ability to lucid dream. By placing an aromatherapy candle in the middle of the room, you will calm down, which will help induce sleep.
Below are some possibilities:
- Lavender – used to have a calming effect on most people, helps relieve stress and tension
- Rose – love, and passion
- Patchouli – uplifts one’s spirit and gives the courage to overcome obstacles along life’s path.
- Frankincense – love, peace, solace
- Sandalwood – empowers the wearer with a heightened sense of intuitive insight and understanding. Give yourself some relief and a feeling of serenity with sandalwood.
- Ylang Ylang – bring loving forces into your life.
Just pick your favorite scent, and place a small candle in the middle of your bedroom. After a few hours of burning the candle, your bedroom will have the perfect ambiance to induce lucid dreams.
7) Read a self-help book combined with visualization
One of the ways to successfully dream about your soulmate is by reading self-help books, especially those that can help you connect with your higher self or soulmate. The books will help you in emotional and spiritual growth, which is something that can greatly improve your chances to meet your soulmate.
Many people who go through reading self-help books find their spiritual purpose or the meaning of life. Reading self-help books combined with visualization techniques will help you connect with spirit guides more easily.
Below are some books recommended for you to read along with visualization (especially for those who want to meet their soulmate):
- “The Power of Your Subconscious Mind” by Dr. Joseph Murphy
- “The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment” by Eckhart Tolle
- “Finding Your Own North Star: A Lakota Girl’s Search for Purpose” by LaDonna Brave Bird (for Native American readers)
- “The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists” by Neil Strauss (You can learn how to manipulate the mind)
- The book “Wishcraft: The Ultimate Guide on How to Make Wishes Come True “by Caroline Myss (for those who want confident and positive results).
8) Keep a dream journal by your bedside every day
Whenever you fall asleep, write down your dreams in a dream journal. You can make a dream journal at home or buy one from a book store.
The idea of keeping your dream journal will encourage you to consciously experience and remember your dreams. In addition, the process of recording your dreams will help you understand them better and recall them upon waking up in the future.
Writing down all kinds of dreams (especially supernatural experiences) will help you understand that it is only your mind that creates these dreams.
If this technique works for you, consider using this technique frequently every night before sleep to integrate these new insights into your subconscious mind.
9) Focus on your breathing
The breathing exercise is the best exercise I have ever learned. It helps to calm your mind by focusing on your breathing.
The exercise is effective in controlling stress and reaching a state of deep thinking and concentration. However, you must learn how to focus on your breathing deeply and quickly, which takes practice and a bit of time.
You can do the following exercise while sitting or standing:
Sit down (if standing, cross your legs) and close your eyes. Do not make any noise or movements when you practice this technique because it will distract you from practicing deep breathing.
Start to breathe deeply inhaling through your nose for about five seconds, then exhaling loudly for about four seconds.
Repeat this step three times. Then pause for a moment before starting again.
Repeat this for about five minutes every day until you reach deep concentration or meditation (without losing concentration). Or begin by practicing every day for half an hour each night before sleep.
10) Imagine your soulmate when you fall asleep
Trust me, this is an effective way to meet the one person in your life who you have always wanted to be with.
If you are trying to meet your soulmate, imagine that you are dreaming about him/her.
Let your mind run wild and decide on a suitable place in the dream world where you think that the person would like to meet you (i.e. in a park, at a cafe with coffee, etc.). Then visualize the person as if he/she is real and move toward him/her slowly to establish a connection.
It’s very easy if you know who is your soulmate, but what if you do not know who your soulmate is?
Let’s face it:
We often waste a lot of time and emotion on people we’re not suited for. Recognizing your soulmate isn’t always straightforward.
But what if there was a way to remove all the guesswork?
I’ve just stumbled upon a way to do this… a professional psychic artist who can draw a sketch of what your soulmate looks like.
Even though I wasn’t sure at first, my friend convinced me to try it out a few weeks ago.
Now I know exactly what my soulmate looks like. The crazy thing is I’ve known them for years.
If you’re ready to find out what your soulmate looks like, get your own sketch drawn here.
11) Be in a good mental state
It is very important to be in a good mental state before trying any techniques.
One way you can be in a good mental state is by meditating and doing deep breathing exercises as I’ve mentioned above.
The goal of meditation is to clear the mind of all thoughts and connect with your spiritual essence.
Deep breathing exercises improve the activity of your body’s natural healing mechanisms, which helps you and your soulmate feel more relaxed.
If you are tired, hungry, and/or feeling sick, do not try to meditate and do deep breathing exercises.
Wait for a better mental state and try the techniques when you’re feeling healthy. If you feel any adverse effects from meditation or deep breathing exercises, consult with your doctor first.
You don’t have to meditate every day but it’s a good habit to start if you want to sense more of your spirit guides and soulmates.
12) Develop a habit of paying attention to small moments of synchronicity in your daily life
Synchronicity is the experience of two separate events happening at the same time that seem to be meaningfully related.
This is one of the signs that you are in the right direction. You are on the right path to meeting your soulmate if you believe in the power of synchronicity.
And this also leads to dreaming of your soulmate, because you are opening up your mind to the Universe.
13) Try astral projection
Astral projection is a state of consciousness (out-of-body experience) where the astral body leaves the physical body and travels outside of it.
People who are trained or have a knack for astral projection can use this technique to travel and explore other areas in their minds, such as their dreams.
When you want to dream, imagine yourself flying above your physical body and the world. From this point of view, you can visit places, meet people and learn new things without being constrained by the physical body.
As a result, your soulmate appears and you can remember your dream for a long period after it has happened.
Try to meditate or sleep to reach an astral projection state by imagining yourself flying outside of the physical body. While you are floating above the sky, let your mind explore the great unknown.
Final thoughts
Dreaming about your soulmate might seem silly, but you are really on the right track if you are constantly dreaming about your soulmate and seeing their face everywhere in your life.
You will be able to recognize your soulmate when he/she comes into your life. If not, you might be searching for someone who is not even real at all.
Keep trying out these techniques and I hope they help make a positive change in your life.
But if there’s a part of you that still wants to know more, I recommend speaking to a genuine advisor.
And there’s one company that I always end up recommending, Psychic Source. Not only did they blow me away with their accurate reading, but they were also kind and understanding of my situation.
So if you’re tired of wondering about how to dream about your soulmate, get in touch with a gifted advisor and take your future into your own hands. I did, and I’ve never looked back since.
Click here to get your own professional love reading.
Confused about what to do next?
A weird, new way to figure out what to do next is to get advice from the Psychic Love Robot.
This is a very sophisticated tool using advanced artificial intelligence and neural network modeling.
You ask a question and then share additional information about your situation.
The Psychic Robot then tells you exactly what to do.
It’s honestly mind-blowing. And it’s free for a limited time.
Check out the Psychic Love Robot here.
It may tell you exactly what you need to know. | https://nomadrs.com/how-to-dream-about-your-soulmate/ |
How Will I Recognize The One???
A. in Ernakulam, India asks the question: ‘When will I see my true soul mate and what is his first letter name starts from. ya what is his zodiac sign ya what is his profession?’
Dr. Lesley’s Free Card Reading On Love
Okay, I agree with one of the most common questions I receive from my followers, when will I find my true love or a slight variation when will I meet my life partner. These are all people looking for a romantic love that will fill that gap in their hearts. A great relationship is better than a so so one and a so so one is better than no relationship at all (because it can be healed). However, when will I meet my true love is not the same as when will I meet my soulmate. When you try to find your soulmate your in essence looking for yourself. Your soul mate is someone you actually share the same soul with. I explain this further in my reading and on some of my podcasts.
One listener is wondering if I can answer “when will I see my true soul mate?” Watch the entire video for more information that may help you.
Worried About Being Alone!
“I have a question from someone in India whose name begins with A when will I see my true soul mate, what is the first letter of his name, what is his zodiac sign, and what is his profession. Okay well, I pulled a card. I’ll share it with you and then we will address the question. I’m going to just tune in and see where the question coming from and what we can say to be helpful. First of all, what is a soul mate? A soul mate is another human body that is projected from the same soul that you are projected from. When you’re a soul mate with someone you share the same soul. This often gets confused with a soulmate being a love match. Soul mates are not always loving matches because, from the soul’s perspective, the soul wants maximum expansion and maximum growth. Often a soulmate relationship can be intense because the goal is to grow. So you’re not really asking about a soulmate. Of course, there’s not one soul mate there can be thousands of them at different points in time and space in earth plane reality. What you’re really asking who is my love match. Well, there’s not just one person that you can have a relationship with…”‘Watch the video and learn more about this issue.
You can receive your own Free Reading
If you enjoyed the response to the question When Will I See My True Soul Mate, or any of the other questions you can hear more, live on air, on Unlocking Your Truth which is my weekly radio show where we discuss all things metaphysical. The show airs on CIVL 101.7 FM at 7-8 PM (Pacific Time) every Tuesday evening or live-stream the show at CIVL.ca. During each of our Unlocking Your Truth episodes, we also answer email questions from our listeners (click here to submit a query). We do readings live on air for our call-in guests. You can also join us on simultaneous Facebook Live broadcasts of Unlocking Your Truth with Dr. Lesley or Youtube https://www.youtube.com/c/LesleyPhillips and ask your questions. You can ask anything you want, any topic.
You can also receive an inspirational card reading every week delivered right to your inbox.
A Weekly Video Card Reading
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If you enjoyed this question When Will I See My True Soul Mateor any of my other podcasts please let me know… Reviews on iTunes are extremely helpful & much appreciated! Or simply send us a Review by email
You can subscribe to my Youtube Channel for much more info!
For UYT episodes to be sent directly to your device, subscribe on iTunes, Player FM, Blubrry, or Stitcher! And lastly, if you have a topic or question for the show fill out the intuitive insight form on the right. Thanks so much! | https://drlesleyphillips.com/free-card-readings/when-will-i-see-my-true-soul-mate/ |
have chosen to pursue a degree in theatre because I have spent a large portion of my high school career in the theater, I have had relative success in being involved in it, and I simply enjoy being a part of it, especially my experience as an assistant stage manager and stage manager. This experience has improved my communication skills, positive attitude, perseverance, and patience when working with directors, technical staff, actors, and stage crew members.
I am passionate about technical theatre because it embraces all of the art that I love doing. Last Spring when I worked as a theater tech on our school production of “Black Broadway”, I discovered that I loved building, painting sets, working with costumes, and creating props for our production. That experience let me see that I can use my art in a professional way and not just for fun. Although I have acted on stage in several community and school plays for the past six years, I am discovering
I found my passion to be a journalist in the first grade. Most individuals don’t even know what they want to be at that age. However, I knew from a young age that I loved to read and write. In my free time I would mostly read novels and write stories about the supernatural. Having that passion in my life to read and write was a big influence. I never felt that I was forced to do this. I loved what I was doing, and that was a big motivator for me. Although elementary was one of the main beginning
What College is Really Worth? Today, when someone graduates from high school, it is pretty much expected that they will go to college. In fact, there is more of an emphasis on college education in America today than any other time in history. However, it is also the most expensive time in history to attend college, and with student debt now approaching one trillion dollars and tuition continuing to rise, it leaves the question (Owen and Sawhill 212). What is college truly worth anyway? Nowadays, | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/My-Technical-Theater-Experience-PCCJHES5ERT |
A Pitot tube is used to measure the local velocity at a given point in the flow stress. A Pitot tube of standard design made of copper / SS is supplied and is fixed below Vernier scale. The Vernier scale is capable to measure the position of Pitot tube in transparent pipe section. The pipe has a flow control valve to regulate the flow. A U-tube manometer is provided to determine the velocity head. Present Set-up is self-contained water re-circulating unit, provided with a sump tank and a centrifugal pump etc. Flow control valve and by-pass valve are fitted in water line to conduct the experiment on different flow rates. Flow rate of water is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch.
EXPERIMENTS:-
Ø To find the point velocity at the center of a tube for different flow rates of water and calibrate the Pitot tube
Ø To plot velocity profile across the cross section of pipe
UTILITIES: –
Ø Water Supply & Drain
Ø Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 0.5 kW
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: –
Ø Pitot Tube : Material Copper/SS of compatible size fitted with Vernier Scale
Ø Test Section : Material Clear Acrylic, Compatible to 1” Dia. Pipe
Ø Water Circulation : FHP Pump, Crompton / Sharp make
Ø Flow Measurement : Using Measuring Tank, Capacity 40 Ltrs.
Ø Sump Tank : Capacity 70 Ltrs.
Ø Stop Watch : Electronic
Ø Control Panel : On / Off Switch, Mains Indicator etc. | http://www.ambrosindia.com/fluid/pilot-static-tube-set-up-2/ |
Bobbie Schaeperkoetter makes her home in Jefferson City, Missouri, with her high school sweetheart-turned hubby and her two handsome boys. Bobbie felt a strong calling as a young Christian wife and mother to make her home her main ministry. Bobbie is an avid supporter of her husband, his career and home-schooling her boys. Being a wife and mother will always be her most cherished ministry.
As her children grew, Bobbie became involved in ministry outside of her home. God placed a desire on her heart to love on women and walk alongside them as they grow and mature in their faith. Bobbie is on the leadership team of Inspire, a local women’s ministry dedicated to uniting women in heart and purpose. She is passionate about building relationships and intimate connections among the body of women believers. As a way to build those relationships, Bobbie regularly leads small groups and book studies for Inspire.
Bobbie is a blogger at bobbieschae.com. She is passionate about sharing God in a way that is genuine and authentic through writing. Her stylistic way of conversational writing will give you a feeling of camaraderie, as if the two of you were chatting over a cup of coffee.
Bobbie’s heart is one of service. Her belief is that God’s love should be not only be talked about but walked out in daily living. Some of her greatest joy comes when she is actively serving others through various volunteer organizations such as her local food pantry or the Gary Sinise Foundation for veterans.
Bobbie is the Director of Ministry and Creative Branding for The Women In My World working closely with The Genesis Project Development Group’s production team to create brand identity and ministry outreaches for specific content. She is thrilled about the opportunity to be a part the growing a community of women dedicated to being the salt and light with their identities rooted in Christ, and their reach stretching across the world to love one another and to honor God with their individual giftings and talents. | http://moaifilms.com/team/bobbie-schaeperkoetter/ |
The Lord of the Flies During the course of William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, there were three significant symbols that influenced the overall outcome of the novel. The storyline revolves around a group of young boys that were stranded on a deserted island and must figure out ways of adapting to their surroundings and surviving. The first symbol that was introduced and affected the entire novel was the conch that represented power and order on the island. The following symbol was an older kid known as Roger who was portrayed by the author as evil and brutality. The final symbol is the signal fire since measured the connection that was left to the real world and would be the kids’ only way to be rescued off the island.
This shows that, Ralph takes the conch seriously, and the conch is a big deal to him. The conch is the only thing that they have to call the boys together in a whole. In addition, during the meeting whoever held the conch had the right to speak. This shows that, they have rules and the boys are all organized. Also, the conch, keeps them from doing crazy things, and also keeps them civilized.
2/6/10 English 9 Honors Lord of the Flies Thesis The Truth In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies a group of school boys from England are stranded on a deserted island where they learn about the evil of man’s heart. Simon, although very shy, is the symbol of light and truth, a Christ- figure. Even though he has a medical condition involving periodic fainting, he gives the others hope in the darkest of times and always tells the truth. Simon overcomes many terrors while on the island, but the things he cannot conquer is his periodic fainting, shyness, and the perceptions the others have about him. Simon is asked if he believes in the beast at the meeting that was called after Samneric see the beast: “You, Simon?
Lord of the flies’ essay In the book lord of the flies by William Golding Ralph changes from being mindful to becoming a failure, to end up being determined. In the beginning of the book Ralph is mindful because he tries to avoid conflict and keep everything organized. The boys elect a leader they choose Ralph and Ralph sees how jack wanted to be the leader and asks him to be a hunter to try and avoid further conflict. It shows that Ralph does not want to fight over who leads and just gives jack the chance to be a hunter and lead a small group. Ralph and piggy came up with the idea that when they blow the conch shell that means a meeting is about to start, also whoever has the conch has permission to speak.
The reason why the conch shell represents order is because in the lord of flies ralph used it to call the first meeting to order. The conch shell also represents order in a different type of order just like in the book how ralph kept everything in order, everyone had a job and purpose, but as soon as the rules of the conch started to fade away so did the order on the island. The conch shell represents civilization because, when the boys first got on the island ralph and piggy knew they would need to keep everything in order to be able to survive. Then they spot the conch shell at the lagoon and they fish it out of the water. Then ralph and piggy come up with the idea that whoever holds the conch is the only one who is allowed to speak at the meetings.
Jack’s tribe of boys has degenerated completely into savages by killing and hunting their companions. The boys’ uncivilized ways of life lead them into degeneration into savaged men. The lord of the flies shows us what life would be like without rules & regulations being enforced. Even though Ralph tried really hard to stay organized and civilized the savage in the young boys had taken over their civilized mentality. What is this story really trying to tell us, if all these symbols mean something for
Piggy is sort of Ralph’s assistant because he sticks around Ralph and doesn’t really do anything. Piggy is also made fun of a lot because he has asthma and the others snatch his glasses right from him to start a fire. The twins, Sam and Eric or Samneric, have a less important role in the group. They help out with Ralph and Piggy. Theme is the lesson being taught in the story and it is always showing up in this book.
“Hereby it is a manifest, that during the time man live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war…” This quote, from the 16th century philosopher, Hobbes, states that mankind is naturally evil. Moreover, Hobbes believes that without a leader, everything would be chaos. For example, in William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, there are many prime examples of Hobbes’ theory. The novel’s plot involves a group of English school boys who become stranded on a deserted island, but arrive in a good state of mind. As the novel progresses, the boys become chaotic after not having a dependable leader. | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Lord-Of-The-Flies-Summary-680100.html |
PLH Group strives to be the contractor of choice for customers and employees in the electric and pipeline energy delivery infrastructure market in North America. We’re committed to conducting our business in an ethical, sustainable and safe way and delivering on our company values below:
Community Investment
PLH Group and our business units are committed to supporting and investing in the communities where we live and work. This includes hiring local personnel whenever possible, using local vendors and giving back through community outreach efforts and charitable contributions to local organizations.
In addition, we’re dedicated to understanding and managing ROW restrictions and special conditions where we work and ensuring all requirements are met to maintain good relationships with local land owners and community members.
Health & Safety
The health and safety of our employees, customers, contractors and the public is more than a priority; it’s a value that’s ingrained in the way we conduct our business and live our lives.
Protection of our people is at the core of our decision making. All field employees undergo rigorous and comprehensive safety training and are empowered with the responsibility to stop any unsafe act.
We maintain a staff of full-time safety professionals with a goal of ZERO accidents and history of surpassing industry averages for safety metrics.
Environmental Impact
PLH Group is committed to protection of the environment and strives to be an industry leader in environmental stewardship in all aspects of our operations.
Our dedicated team members work together with customer representatives to ensure we minimize our collective impact to the environment and maintain all protective measures.
Business Ethics & Transparency
PLH Group is committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity and business practices. We will conduct business in an open, honest and ethical manner.
We strive to build trust, deliver mutual value and demonstrate respect in all relationships including respect for cultures, customers and values of individuals and groups.
Employee Relations
PLH Group will ensure that employees are treated fairly and with dignity. We are committed to providing equal opportunity in all aspects of employment and will not engage in or tolerate unlawful workplace conduct, including discrimination, intimidation or harassment.
Diversity & Minority Owned Businesses
We are committed to promoting a culture of diversity, inclusion and belonging where everyone feels valued, respected and engaged. Over 50% of our employees represent ethnic or gender diversity, and we continue to prioritize growing diversity at all levels of our organization.
PLH Group has a history of using minority owned subcontractors and suppliers, and we are dedicated to continuing to make efforts to increase use of these businesses. We have implemented programs to identify and develop relationships with new minority owned partners and are collaborating with our customers to grow business with minority owned organizations. | https://plhgroupinc.com/corporate-social-responsibility/ |
(3) Data Set Description:
For what purpose(s) were the data collected? (e.g., tracking, research, or long-term monitoring.) - Long-term monitoring.
Which parameters were measured directly? N/A.
Which were obtained by calculation? Estimates of Chesapeake Bay watershed forest cover were developed for 1650, 1750, 1800, 1830, 1850, 1880, 1900, 1930, 1953, 1963, 1970, 1977 ,1980, 1990 and 2003 (The State of Chesapeake Forests, 2006, pp 14-17,http://www.na.fs.fed.us/watershed/socf.shtm).
(4) Source(s) of Data: The State of Chesapeake Forests, 2006, pp 14-17 (http://www.na.fs.fed.us/watershed/socf.shtm)
Is the complete data set accessible, including metadata, data-dictionaries and embedded definitions? If yes, please indicate where complete dataset can be obtained. The State of Chesapeake Forests, 2006, Appendix A (http://www.na.fs.fed.us/watershed/pd...hed%20Data.pdf) and Appendix B (http://www.na.fs.fed.us/watershed/pd...nty%20Data.pdf)
(5) Custodian of Source Data (and Indicator, if different): Sally Claggett 800-YOURBAY ext 706
(6) CBPO Contact: Sally Claggett 800-YOURBAY ext 706
B. Communication Questions
(complete either part 1, 2, or 3)
3. Factors Impacting Bay and Watershed Health indicators only
(7c) What is the long-term trend? (since start of data collection) In the 1600s, about 95 percent of the Chesapeake Bay watershed was forested. Forests now cover only 58 percent, or 24 million acres.
(8c) What is the short-term trend? (10-year trend) The Bay watershed loses forestland at the rate of approximately 100 acres each day.
(9c) What is the current status? Forests now cover only 58 percent, or 24 million acres.
(10c) What does this indicator tell us?
•Since 1650 nearly all of the forested land in the basin has been cut at one time or another. Isolated remnants of 'virgin' forest (never cut) exist in very small quantities. From 1750 to 1890 most land in the watershed was cleared for farming, timber and fuel. In the last 20 years, most deforestation has been due to urban sprawl and some agricultural conversion.
•More than 750,000 acres—equivalent to 20 Washington, DCs— have been developed since the early 1980s, and the Bay watershed now loses forestland at the rate of 100 acres each day. If current trends continue, an additional 9.5 million acres of Chesapeake forests will be threatened by conversion to residential development by 2030.
•Some areas facing rapid growth or supporting intense agricultural uses have lost 80 percent of their historic forest cover. Areas closest to the Bay have seen the most rapid forest loss. Recent findings suggest that fragmentation, created by urban sprawl and agriculture, can affect stream health, habitat quality and economic viability of forest patches.
(11c) Why is it important to report this information?
•As forests and wetlands are destroyed to make room for roads and buildings, their ability to hold back pollutants and the important habitat they offer are lost as well.
•Forests protect and filter drinking water for 75 percent of the Bay watershed’s residents and provide valuable ecological services and economic benefits including carbon sequestration, flood control, wildlife habitat and forest products.
•Retaining and expanding forests in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is critical to our success in restoring the Chesapeake Bay. Forests are the most beneficial land use for protecting water quality, due to their ability to capture, filter and retain water, as well as absorb pollution from the air. In fact, our watershed forests are excellent assimilators of air pollution, retaining up to 85 percent of the nitrogen they receive from air emission sources such as motor vehicles and electric utilities. Conversely, a reduction in forest area leads to a disproportionate increase in nitrogen loads to our waterways.
(12c) What detail and/or diagnostic indicators are related to this reporting level indicator? Bay Watershed Riparian Forest Buffer Cover
C. Temporal Considerations
(13) Data Collection Date(s): Estimates of watershed forest cover were developed for 1650, 1750, 1800, 1830, 1850, 1880, 1900, 1930, 1953, 1963, 1970, 1977 ,1980, 1990 and 2003 (The State of Chesapeake Forests, 2006, pp 14-17).
(14) Planned Update Frequency (e.g. - annual, bi-annual): every 5 years
(a) Source Data: high resolution imagery and semi-automated GIS tool (still in development)
(b) Indicator: forest cover
(15) For annual reporting, month spatial data is available for reporting: N/A
D. Spatial Considerations
(16) Type of Geography of Source Data (point, line polygon, other): imagery
(17) Acceptable Level of Spatial Aggregation (e.g. - county, state, major basin, tributary basin, HUC):
All of the above.
(18) Are there geographic areas with missing data? If so, where?
N/A
(19) The spatial extent of this indicator best described as:
(a) Chesapeake Bay (estuary)
(b) Chesapeake Bay Watershed
(c) Other (please describe): _______________________
Please submit any appropriate examples of how this information has been mapped or otherwise portrayed geographically in the past. Several maps are featured in The State of Chesapeake Forests, 2006 http://www.na.fs.fed.us/watershed/socf.shtm
(20) Can appropriate diagnostic indicators be represented geographically? yes
E. Data Analysis and Interpretation
(Please provide appropriate references and location of documentation if hard to find.)
(21) Is the conceptual model used to transform these measurements into an indicator widely accepted as a scientifically sound representation of the phenomenon it indicates? (i.e., how well do the data represent the phenomenon?) Yes, it is a indicator for forest cover and a partial indicator for forest health.
(22) What is the process by which the raw data is summarized for development and presentation of the indicator? Semi-automated GIS tool
(23) Are any tools required to generate the indicator data (e.g. - Interpolator, watershed model) yes
(24) Are the computations widely accepted as a scientifically sound? No computations are necessary--- this is a direct indicator
(25) Have appropriate statistical methods been used to generalize or portray data beyond the time or spatial locations where measurements were made (e.g., statistical survey inference, no generalization is possible)?
1) Historic interpretation of forest cover was taken from Grace Brush’s palenology work such as Reconstruction of Late Glacial and Holocene Forests in Middle Atlantic United States.
2) The past 40 years of data on forest cover were derived directly from Forest Inventory and Analysis, a research branch of the US Forest Service that uses fixed sampling plots on a grid. Appropriate statistical sampling was involved for the region, but somewhat specious at a resolution as fine as the county scale.
3) The new method to determine forest cover would be relevant at the county scale, and use high-resolution imagery as the source data.
(26) Are there established reference points, thresholds or ranges of values for this indicator that unambiguously reflect the desired state of the environment? (health/stressors only) It has been stated that the desired forest cover for a generic watershed is 70%.
F. Data Quality
(Please provide appropriate references and location of documentation if hard to find.)
(27) Were the data collected according to an EPA-approved Quality Assurance Plan?
If no, complete questions 28a – 28d:
No
(28a) Are the sampling design, monitoring plan and/or tracking system used to collect the data over time and space based on sound scientific principles? Yes
(28b) What documentation clearly and completely describes the underlying sampling and analytical procedures used? http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/
(28c) Are the sampling and analytical procedures widely accepted as scientifically and technically valid? Yes
(28d) To what extent are the procedures for quality assurance and quality control of the data documented and accessible? QA/QC are well-documented for data displayed up to this point.
(29) Are the descriptions of the study or survey design clear, complete and sufficient to enable the study or survey to be reproduced? Yes
(30) Were the sampling and analysis methods performed consistently throughout the data record? Yes
(31) If datasets from two or more agencies are merged, are their sampling designs and methods comparable? n/a
(32) Are uncertainty measurements or estimates available for the indicator and/or the underlying data set? Yes
(33) Do the uncertainty and variability impact the conclusions that can be inferred from the data and the utility of the indicator? No
(34) Are there noteworthy limitations or gaps in the data record? Please explain. Only with the historical data as documented by Brush et al.
G. Additional Information
(optional)
(35) Please provide any other information about this indicator you believe is necessary to aid communication and any prevent potential miss-representation.
References: | https://semanticommunity.info/Other/Chesapeake_Bay_Program/Indicators/Factors_Impacting_Bay_and_Watershed_Health/Land_Use/Chesapeake_Bay_Watershed_Forests |
The amount of electricity generated in the UK in 2018 fell to its lowest level in 25 years, new analysis from the Carbon Brief has revealed. According to the website, output in the UK was down to 335 terawatt hours (TWh) in 2018. This is 16 per cent lower than in 2005, despite the country’s population having increased by ten per cent in the some time frame.
What’s more, the share of generation made up by renewable sources reached its highest ever level last year. 33 per cent of the UK’s energy came from renewable sources, and when other low-carbon sources such as nuclear power are accounted for, over half (53 per cent) of the country’s electricity generation were produced from low-carbon sources.
Wind energy in particular witnessed strong growth in the UK, increasing by 16 per cent in just a year, and by over 100 per cent in the past five years.
The organisation noted that one of the reasons for falling electricity generation is improved energy efficiency. Carbon Brief found that the average amount of energy generated per person in the UK has fallen by 24 per cent since 2005, bringing it to its lowest level since 1984.
A number of factors have contributed to this improvement, including energy efficient lighting, energy efficiency standards in electrical products, economic restructuring and consumers becoming more environmentally conscious.
There seems to be no signs that the UK’s development of renewable power sources, particularly wind energy, is slowing down. Last month, RenewableUK revealed that a record amount of offshore wind capacity was installed in UK waters in 2018. In total, eight new offshore wind farms were opened last year, bringing the total energy this source generates each year to 2,121 megawatts (MW).
Among the sites to become operational in 2018 were the world’s largest offshore wind farm - Walney Extension - and the world’s second floating offshore wind farm, in Scotland’s Kincardine.
In 2019, Beatrice in Moray Firth is expected to start generating power, while in 2020 two more significant offshore wind farms will be up and running: East Anglia ONE and Hornsea Project ONE. Both will have a higher capacity than Walney Extension, with Hornsea Project ONE capable of generating 1,218 MW annually, considerably more than the 659 MW generated by Walney Extension.
Of course, with more and more offshore wind farms generating electricity, businesses that operate them will need to ensure that their health and safety standards and documented records are robust.
Investing in your team and ensuring your employees are GWO working at heights accredited and also receive specialist advanced offshore medical response training ensures they are competent and hold advanced capabilities.
Emma Pinchbeck, Executive Director of RenewableUK, said that 2018 marks the beginning of a “great shift to renewables”. “By 2030, offshore wind could be generating more than a third of the UK’s entire electricity needs, with 30 gigawatts up and running,” she stated.
Ms Pinchbeck also revealed that by this point it could be employing up to 27,000 people, as well as attracting significant investment.
“Offshore wind has brought the UK jobs, lower bills and renewable energy,” she asserted. | https://hfrsolutions.co.uk/news/renewables-rise-as-uk-electricity-generation-falls |
Britsafe is an independent, highly experienced Health and Safety consultancy providing a full range of training and consultancy services specifically to small and medium sized businesses who do not employ their own Health and Safety Officer.
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If you are looking for a specific service that isn’t listed on this website, please get in touch to discuss your needs with us.
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We were founded in 1990 by Britsafe’s Managing Director, Graham Meredith.
Graham has over 35 years’ experience in Health, Safety, Quality and Environmental Management (HSQE) in both the public and private sectors and includes 27 years in local authorities and the variety of his experience includes marine engineering, manufacturing and construction. Graham is highly experienced in developing, implementing, monitoring, and maintaining continual improvement of companies’ organisation for health and safety, quality and environmental management systems. You can rely on us for: | http://www.britsafe-hs.co.uk/about/ |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent illuminating light from being made incident on an eyepiece optical system so that the contrast reduction of an observed image may be suppressed.
SOLUTION: The illuminating light emitted from a light source unit 12 is converted to exciting light through an exciting filter 26A, then, reflected by a dichroic mirror 25A, and then, guided toward an objective lens 4. A part of exiting light LS not reflected by the dichroic mirror 25A but transmitted through the mirror 25A is absorbed by a 1st light absorbing member 29A, but, the light which is not absorbed, but reflected by the 1st light absorbing member 29A goes ahead along the optical path Q, then, the light is absorbed by a 2nd light absorbing member 29B.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2001,JPO | |
"Suprematist Composition" by Kazimir Malevich is displayed at the Sotheby's auction house in London, 2008Leon Neal/AFP
A native of Kazan and a student of Ilya Repin, Nikolai Fechin moved to the United States in 1923, where he is today considered a national artist. However, both in the USSR and in Russia his art works were highly valued, and a large collection of his works is kept in the Museum of Fine Arts of Tatarstan. According to the last will of the artist, who passed away in California, his ashes were reburied in his native Kazan in 1975. In 2010, “Little Cowboy” by Fechin was the most expensive lot of Russian art sold by Macdougall’s auction. A Russian collector anonymously bought the painting for $10.8 million.
Natalia Goncharova. Espagnole, 1914Private collection
One of the most famous female Russian artists and an “Amazon of the Avant-garde”, Natalia Goncharova was fond of many artistic styles, including Cubism, Rayonism and Primitivism. Participating in many art associations and exhibitions, she was inspired by iconography and Russian folk motifs. Together with her husband, the artist Mikhail Larionov, they lived in France for many years and worked on scenography and costumes for Sergei Diaghilev’s traveling ballet, Russian Seasons. In 2007, Goncharova’s painting “Picking Apples” sold at Christie’s in London for £4.9 million (nearly $10 million at the time), setting a record for a female artist. The following year another painting by Goncharova, “Flowers”, went under the hammer for £5.5 million ($10.9 million at the time). Also for more than $10 million (£6.4 million) her abstraction “Espagnole” sold in London in 2010.
Nicholas Roerich. Madonna Laboris, 1933Christie's
Nicholas Roerich is one of the most enigmatic and original Russian artists. He is best known for his Himalayan landscapes and interpretations of religious and, in particular, Biblical topics. Paintings by the prolific Roerich are often top hits at international auctions, with connoisseurs of Russian art ready to lay out hundreds of thousands of pounds, as well as millions of dollars. “The Greatest and Holiest of Tangla” from the “Shambhala” series sold at Christie's for $1.42 million; “Lao Tzu” sold for $1.9 million; and “The Signal Fires of Peace” for $2.5 million. The record at auction house Bonhams (and for Roerich himself) was the painting “Madonna Laboris”. In 2013 it sold for £7.9 million ($12 million at the time).
Valentin Serov. Portrait of Maria Tsetlin, 1910Christie's
Paintings by Russian realists and the Peredvizhniki artists who were prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries rarely appear at auctions, unlike those of the Russian Avant-garde. And they’re usually sold much cheaper (Ivan Aivazovsky, Arkhip Kuindzhi and Ivan Shishkin sold for a maximum of just over $3 million). In 2014, Christie’s in London got Serov’s “Portrait of Maria Tsetlin” almost by accident. It was transferred to the auction house by the Israeli Museum of Russian Art in Ramat Gan, where Maria bequeathed the work. The painting was sold for £ 9.27 million ($14.5 million at the time), which was an absolute record for Russian art sold in London.
Chaïm Soutine. Man with Red Scarf, 1921Sotheby's
He is often referred to as a French artist and a master of the “Paris school,” but he was born to a Jewish family in the Russian Empire (in the Minsk region, in what is now the territory of Belarus). At the age of 20, the artist moved to Paris to study painting. There, of course, he met many famous artists and became friendly with Amedeo Modigliani (and painted several portraits of the Italian master). Soutine’s “Man with Red Scarf” sold at Sotheby's for $17.2 million in 2007; also, a year earlier the controversial “Carcass of Beef” went under the hammer for $15.2 million at Christie’s. In the 2010s, three paintings by Soutine were purchased by a Belarus bank, including “The Large Field in Chartres with Viaduct” ($400,000), “Eva” (for $1.8 million, and making it the most expensive painting in Belarus) and “Woman Asleep Over a Book” ($450,000).
Alexej von Jawlensky. Schokko With Wide-Brimmed Hat, 1910Sotheby's
Jawlensky is considered one of the first Russian Expressionists. He became acquainted with the artistic style in Germany, where he moved even before World War I, and he also became a member of Kandinsky’s art group, Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). Jawlensky was not well known in Russia until a major exhibition of his paintings was held at the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg in the 2000s. Increased interest in the artist came in 2003 when his painting “Schokko With Wide-Brimmed Hat” was sold at Sotheby’s for $8.3 million, and then again in 2008 for $18.6 million. In 2006, the “Dark Eyes” painting was sold for $5.5 million at Christie's.
Nicolas de Staël. Parc des Princes (“Les grands footballeurs”), 1952Christie's
This artist's real name was Nikolai Stael von Holstein, and he was the son of a Russian army general and a baron with distant German roots. After the 1917 Revolution, the family with the five-year-old Nikolai was forced to emigrate from Soviet Russia. Both parents passed away very soon, and Nikolai was adopted by a Belgian family. He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels and later lived in France, Italy and Spain. Of his contemporaries, he was greatly influenced by other Russian émigrés, Chaïm Soutine and Wassily Kandinsky.
Stael is considered a prominent proponent of Tachism, a form of Abstract Expressionism, which was the answer to Cubism. In 2011, Stael’s “Nu Couché” (Lying Nude) was sold at Artcurial in Paris for €7 million ($9.4 million at the time), in 2018, the painting “Flowers” went under the hammer at Christie's for €8.3 million ($9.7 million at the time) and “Standing Nude” for $12 million. In 2019, the nude’s record was broken by the large abstract work, Parc des Princes (“Les grands footballeurs”, or Big Footballers), which sold at Christie’s for $22 million.
Marc Chagall. Lovers, 1928Private collection
In 1990, just five years after the death of the artist, who had experienced terrible poverty in his life, his canvas “Jubilee” sold at Sotheby's for $14.85 million. The buyer was Japanese businessman Hironori Aoki, who already has in his collection about 30 Chagal paintings. Twice, Sotheby's sold the painting “The Big Circus” - in 2007 for $12 million, and then in 2017 for $16 million. In the same year the painting “The Three Candles” sold for $14.5 million, and “Lovers” sold for $28.45 million.
Wassily Kandinsky. Painting with White Lines, 1913Private collection
The abstractionist Kandinsky, with his unique style, is one of the world’s most famous Russian artists. In 1990, his painting “Fugue” was bought at Sotheby’s by collector Ernst Beiler for $38.2 million. In 2017, as many as two paintings scored records at Sotheby’s - “Murnau with Rainbow” sold for $26.7 million (and in a record 22 minutes); and “Painting with White Lines” went under the hammer for $42 million.
Kazimir Malevich. Suprematist Composition, 1916Private collection Brett Gorvy
Malevich is a real record-breaker. Many of his works have repeatedly appeared on lists of the most expensive paintings. So, in 2015 at Sotheby’s, his “Mystical Suprematism (Black Cross on Red Oval)” sold for $38 million, and “Suprematism, 18th Construction” sold for $34.1 million.
To date, the most expensive Russian painting of all time is “Suprematist Composition” by Malevich. In 2008, it went under the hammer at Sotheby’s for $60 million, and in 2018 it broke its own record. An unknown buyer bought it at Christie’s in New York for $85.8 million.
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Indeterminism is the concept that events (certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused deterministically (cf. causality) from prior events.
Generalized from this concept, indeterminism is also a philosophical position that maintains that any form of determinism is incorrect because it is ultimately metaphysical —ie. events in reality are not (according to total indeterminism) related by deterministic causality. Indeterminism argues that there are many events which do not correspond with any determinism (and therefore are either uncaused, or caused in a manner that the corresponding form of determinism does not allow). While metaphysical determinism rules out chance, theorizing that becoming is only by necessity, scientifical indeterminism sees alternating between chance and necessity, where the first is cause and change, and the second maintains the unchanged or static.
This form of indeterminism is in the thesis of the French biologist Jacques Monod (Nobel Prize 1965) and is exhibited in the essay "Chance and necessity". Others scientists, as Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Murray Gell-Mann, show the indeterminism also concerning physics, cosmology and theoretical philosophy. The physicist-chemist Ilya Prigogine (Nobel Prize 1977) demonstrated the indeterminism typical of evolutionary complex systems.
First in this book Order Out of Chaos (Man's new dialogue with nature) published in 1984 and wrote with Isabelle Stengers, and later in The End of Certainty (1997), Prigogine strengthened his theses running a radical indeterminism that means just “The end of (metaphysical) determinism”. Prigogine deals with some of the difficult questions that bedevil physicists trying to provide an explanation for the world we observe. How is it, for instance, that basic principles of quantum mechanics--which lack any differentiation between forward and backward directions in time--can explain a world with an "arrow of time" headed unambiguously forward? And how do we escape classical physics' assertion that the world is deterministic? Prigogine explores deeply deterministic chaos, not-equilibrium thermodynamics, and even cosmology and the origin of the universe. He gets so an explanation based on a new indeterministic horizon, that can reconcile physical laws with subjective reality, that is mainly depending on chance. | http://artandpopularculture.com/Chance_%28philosophy%29 |
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