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Submitted by the city of Gardner
With an annual base salary of $150,000 Jim Pruetting, city administrator, received more than $142,000 gross wages from his April date of hire thru Dec. 31, 2019.
According to Pruetting’s contract, he receives a base of $12,500 per month, plus a $500 car allowance. When he was hired to replace Cheryl Harrison-Lee, he was also provided a $3,000 “grossed up” one time down payment for a vehicle; plus tuition and book payment for education. Once his education is complete, he may receive a $15,000 bonus.
Also in his contract is an “annexation” bonus; and in the eight months as administrator this year, Pruetting will collect an additional $12,000 “grossed up” bonus.
“Grossed up” means rather than taxes being withheld from the paycheck, they are added to the base amount.
His 2019 annexation bonus, grossed up, cost city coffers $12,143; and the $3,000 auto down payment $4,083, according to the Gardner finance department. Monies paid to outside agencies on Pruetting’s behalf include: Travel/Conference $1,972.19 and Education/Tuition $3,411.50.
According to a Kansas Open Records Request, Pruetting grossed $142,030 in 2019.
If that same amount were averaged over 12 months, his annual salary would be $17,750 per month or $213,000.
Harrison-Lee’s final contract was $161,000 (with car allowance, $167,000.) She did not receive a stipend for books and tuition. Her salary was not “grossed up,” and her contract did not allow for an “annexation bonus.”
When her employment ended in September, 2018, she received a $300,000 payout. Under Harrison-Lee’s separation agreement there were possible other additional payments –- for 20 percent of her accrued, unused sick leave and 18 months of COBRA.
For the years 2018 and 2019, the city of Gardner paid more than $530,000 towards the city administrator position, not including seven months pay for the interim administrator, which was about $9,556 per month. | https://gardnernews.com/2020/01/24/bonuses-enhance-city-administrators-150k-base-salary/ |
The University has also provided your class with two components of its most recent financialstatements of its machine-shop that produces chairs. Prior to COVID-19, the machine-shopcontributed 4% to the University’s income; the trend appears to be falling since.The University is contemplating purchasing some additional equipment at an initial cost of$30 million, which they hope will turn around the earnings fortunes of the machine-shop.Statement of Income for the period ending December 31:2019 2018$000 $000Revenue 50,000 50,000Cost of sales 31,000 30,000Gross profit 19,000 20,000Distribution costs 1,000 750Administrative expenses 3,000 1,750Operating profit before interest & tax 15,000 17,500Interest 4,000 3,800Operating before tax 11,000 13,700Taxation 3,300 4,000Profit for the year 7,700 9,700Statement of Financial Position as at December 31:2019 2018Assets $000 $000Property, plant & equipment 65,000 64,000Current assetsInventories 11,700 10,000Receivables 8,500 9,000Cash & cash equivalents 1,300 1,000Total current assets 21,500 20,000Total assets 86,500 84,000Equity & liabilitiesOrdinary share capital $1 each 35,000 35,000Reserves 5,000 1,200Total equity 40,000 36,20010% Loan notes (2014) 35,000 35,000Current liabilities 11,500 12,800Total equity & liabilities 86,500 84,000The purchase of the equipment is expected to increase annual sales by 55,000 chairs.Investment in replacement equipment would be needed after five-years. The financial data onthe additional units to be sold is as follows:5Selling price per unit $5,000Cost of production $2,000 Variable administrative and distributive expenses are expected to increase by$2,200,000 per year as a result of the increase in capacity. In addition to the initial investment in new equipment, $4,000,000 would need to beinvested in working capital The full amount of the initial investment in new equipment of $30,000,000 will giverise to capital allowances on a 25% per years reducing balance method. The scrapvalue of the equipment after five years is expected to be negligible. Tax liabilities are in the year in which they arise and the University machine-shoppays tax at 30% of annual profits. The Finance Director of the machine-shop has proposed that the $30.4 millioninvestment should be financed by an issue of loan notes at a fixed rate of 8% perannum. The machine-shop uses the after tax discount rate of 12% to evaluate investmentproposals. Straight- line depreciation method is used over the expected life of fixedassets. Average data for chair-making industry is as follows:o Gearing 100%o Interest covers 4 timeso Current ratio 2:1o Inventory days 90 days.Required:a) Suggest alternative sources of finance that the University could use, outlining theadvantages and disadvantages of each.b) Analyse and comment on the recent performance of the University machine-shopc) Calculate the effect on the gearing and interest cover of the University machine-shop offinancing the proposed investment with an issue of loan notes and compare your resultswith the sector averages. | https://iconwritings.com/2021/04/27/the-university-has-also-provided-your-class-with-two-components-of-its-most-recent-financial-statements-of-its-machine-shop-that-produces-chairs-prior-to-covid-19-the-machine-shop-contributed-4-to/ |
Alimony is generally tax deductible to the payor and is treated as taxable income to the payee. To illustrate, if husband is paying alimony of $2000 per month to wife, the husband can take the $24,000 annual alimony payment as a tax deduction. The wife must include the $24,000 annual payment as income on her tax return.
With regard to calculating child support, alimony is included as income to the party receiving it, and the amount paid is deducted from the income available to the other party. For example, if wife earns $50,000 per year and husband earns $100,000 per year, and husband pays wife alimony of $16,500 per year ($317 per week) wife’s income for calculating the amount of child support that she will pay or receive is: $50,000 + $16,500 = $66,500 per year. Husband’s income for child support calculation purposes would be: $100,000 – $16,500 = $83,500.
The Case Information Statement (CIS) is a 9 page document which is prepared by each party in a contested case. The CIS is exchanged between the parties and filed with the court. With regard to alimony, the most important pages of the CIS are Pages 5 and 6, which list each parties joint marital expenses and each parties individual expenses (with or without the children). The expense numbers listed on the CIS are reviewed by the judge and they are the numerical basis for the award or denial of alimony.
For example, let’s say wife makes $60,000 per year ($5000 per month) and she lists individual CIS expenses of ($3200 per month). That means that after she covers her expenses she still has $1800 per month of disposable income. ($5000 – $3200 = $1800). The court may ask – does she need alimony in this situation?
The reality is that her $5000 per month income is taxed so that her net monthly income is closer to $3600 per month, leaving her $400 per month as disposable income. However, even analyzing wife’s income and expense numbers on an after tax basis, she still shows that she can maintain herself and have $400 per month in disposable income without alimony. Again, these numbers beg the question does she need alimony to maintain the marital lifestyle?
Over the last 10 years there has been informal adoption of a quick method to calculate a “ballpark” alimony figure. The method is to employ 1/3rd of the difference in the parties incomes as the metric to calculate the monthly alimony obligation. To illustrate, let’s say that husband earns $120,000 per year and wife earns $60,000 per year. The difference in their incomes is $60,000 per year. 1/3rd of the $60,000 difference is $20,000. The approximate annual alimony payment from husband to wife would be $20,000 per year, or roughly $1600 per month. ($1600 x 12 months = $19,200). After payment of alimony husband would have $100,000 and wife would have $80,000. So although the parties do not have equivalent incomes they have narrowed their income gap from $60,000 to $20,000 per year.
It should be noted that this informal calculation method is not based on the New Jersey statutes. The statutes require an analysis of the 14 factors set forth in NJSA 2A:34-23. The 1/3rd income difference method is a quick and useful tool to initiate discussions about the appropriate range for a reasonable alimony payment.
If you have any questions about alimony in New Jersey – how it is calculated, or when it is awarded, you can contact me at 201-731-3086 (toll-free 844-431-3380) or via e-mail using the contact form. I have been practicing family law for over 20 years, representing clients statewide – primarily in Bergen, Hudson, Essex, Passaic, and Union counties. The initial consultation is free of charge. | https://www.newjerseydivorcelawyersblog.com/alimony-in-new-jersey-an-overview/ |
In the face of impending global crises and stubborn conflicts, a conventional view of politics risks leaving us confused and fatalistic, feeling powerless because we are unaware of all that can be achieved by political means. By contrast, a variety of recent social movements, ranging from those of women, gays and lesbians and anti-racists, to environmentalists, the Occupy movement and the Arab Spring, demonstrate the enormous potential of political action beyond the institutional sphere of politics. At the same time, religious fundamentalists, racial supremacists and ultra-nationalists make clear that movements are not necessarily progressive and are often at odds with one another.
West highlights the many ways in which national and global institutions depend on a broader context of extra-institutional action or what is, in effect, the formative dimension of politics. He explores some of the major contributions of social movements: from the genealogy of liberal democratic nation-states, sixties’ radicalism and the ‘new social movements’ to the politics of sexuality, gender and identity, the politicization of nature and climate, and alter-globalization. The book also considers current theoretical approaches and sets out the basis for a critical theory of social movements. This is a fresh and original account of social movements in politics and will be essential reading for any students and scholars interested in the challenges and the unpredictable potential of political action.
Keywords: Political Sociology, Social movements, politics, global
- Author(s)
- West, David
- Publisher
- John Wiley and Sons, Inc. | https://www.ellibs.com/book/9780745678993/social-movements-in-global-politics |
Iceland is an island of 103.000 km2 (39,756 sq.miles), about one-third larger than Scotland or Ireland. Its highest peak, Hvannadalshnjúkur, rises to 2.119 m and over 11 per cent of the country is covered by glaciers, including Vatnajökull, the largest in Europe.
Energy
Situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland is a hot spot of volcanic and geothermal activity: 30 post-glacial volcanoes have erupted in the past two centuries, and natural hot water supplies much of the population with cheap, pollution-free heating. Rivers, too, are harnessed to provide inexpensive hydroelectric power.
People
Out of a population numbering more than 300.000, half live in the capital Reykjavík and its neighboring towns in the southwest. Keflavík International Airport is located about 50 km from the capital. The highland interior is uninhabited (and uninhabitable), and most centers of population are situated on the coast.
Language
Iceland was settled by Nordic people in the 9th century – tradition says that the first permanent settler was Ingólfur Arnarson, a Norwegian Viking who made his home where Reykjavík now stands. The Icelanders still speak the language of the Vikings, although modern Icelandic has undergone changes of pronunciation and, of course, of vocabulary! Iceland is alone in upholding another Norse tradition, i.e. the custom of using patronymics rather than surnames; and Icelander´s christian name is followed by his or her father´s name and the suffix -son or -dóttir, e.g. Guðrún Pétursdóttir (Guðrún, daughter of Pétur). Members of a family can therefore have many different “surnames”, which sometimes causes confusion to foreigners!
History
In 930, the Icelandic settlers founded one of the world´s first republican governments; the Old Commonwealth Age, described in the classic Icelandic Sagas, lasted until 1262, when Iceland lost its independence, and in 1944 the present republic was founded. The country is governed by the Althing (parliament), whose 63 members are elected every four years. Four-yearly elections are also held for the presidency; President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson was elected in June 1996 to succeed Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, and was re-elected in June 2000. The head of state plays no part in day-to-day politics. Follow this blog and get all from your Iceland travel guide.
Health
Life expectancy, at 81.3 years for women and 76.4 for men, is one of the highest in the world, and a comprehensive state health-care system aims to keep it that way.
Gambling
Casino and professional gambling in Iceland are illegal except their national lottery and slot machines. Luckily people from Iceland can still play on online casinos that are on neutral waters. You can find what are these casinos and get free bonus codes for them at onlinegamblingcasinobonus.com.
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Tallest mountains:
Hvannadalshnjúkur 2119 m
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Largest glaciers:
Vatnajökull 8300 km2
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Largest lakes:
Þórisvatn 83 km2
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Longest rivers:
Þjórsá 230 km
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Tallest waterfalls:
Glymur in Botnsá 190 m
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Largest islands: | https://www.icetourist.is/DiscoverIceland/FactsaboutIceland/ |
Lindsey Hays is licensed as a Nutritionist/Dietitian in the state of South Dakota. While she holds a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN or RD) credential which is nationally recognized by the Commission on Dietitian Registration, she is not licensed to practice as a nutritionist or dietitian in states other than South Dakota. She is a Certified Dietitian in the State of Washington. The information on blackhillsnutrition.com is not intended as medical advice. The content of this site is not intended to provide or replace medical advice, nor should it be used to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before changing your diet or medications. For full disclaimer statement click here. | https://www.blackhillsnutrition.com/about.html |
Naxos sees it as its mission to promote the appreciation and understanding of classical music and has produced a wide range of educational texts and recordings.
There are the lives and works of the great composers; analyses of the most important works of classical music; introductions to all the most popular operas; A–Z of Classical Music and A–Z of Opera; an introduction to the instruments of the orchestra; and many others.
Naxos Educational is charting new territory. Using the wealth of Naxos recordings combined with approachable, absorbing narrative, it aims to broaden the understanding of musicians and their music. | https://www.naxos.com/individuallabel?labelid=NPC&cat=NAXOSLABELIMPRINTS |
INTRODUCTION
============
Hospitals are the source of technology development for the health sector as they provide ideas based on clinical experiences and as the end-users of the developed technologies; they are at the center of the value chain for Health Technology (HT) industry development ([@B1]). Therefore, it is highly requested for competent hospitals to connect industrialization with medical services and to develop HT ([@B2]). Note, however, that active stimulation of medical personnel and hospital research is very important in view of the current income structure of the hospitals, which depends largely upon medical service provision. The improvement of the hospitals\' situation to encourage research by physicians is considered a matter of urgency, with regard to improving their own financial stability and further development.
This paper seeks to search for a method to shape research-based hospitals as a framework tool for Korea\'s research and development (R&D) capacity, a key factor in the health industry\'s development. In such a context, this paper aims to draw a model of research-based hospitals in Korea and to also propose suggestions for hospitals, industry, and policy-makers to accomplish such model. This paper intends to encourage the investment in the R&D of health and medical services by positioning the hospitals at the center of HT R&D within close coordination and strong connection between beds and benches. This paper tries to search for alternative suggestions concerning systems, human resource training and management structure, and the policy environment of many hospitals, in order to build a Korean-style research-based hospital model. This type of hospital model would allow many clinical service provision dominant hospitals with potentiality of HT R&D to possibly transfer to balanced hospitals in research and medical service provision.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
=====================
Subjects
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This paper targets approximately 30 experts including researchers at hospitals who have actively participated in R&D, CEOs of hospitals, and technology transfer organization directors to study whether Korea\'s hospitals have the capacity for HT R&D and play a pivotal role. For the questionnaire survey and analysis, a qualitative analysis method, applying the Delphi technique ([@B3]), is used in view of the small size of samples.
Study data
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To examine the recent research achievements of major research hospitals, this paper analyzes the amount of R&D investment in the health sector supported by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW) by classifying each hospital grant for the past three years (MOHW 2008; MOHW 2009), whose data was available and categorized based on the amount of R&D fund spent by each hospitals. Although a head of a research team of a single project posts the statistics of the total research expenses to his/her institution in general for large-scale projects, this paper examines which hospitals have executed research investment per detailed project for the analysis of the actual research investment amount.
Analysis
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Along with the analysis above, this study also investigated the papers, patents and technology transfer, and royalty amount produced by the recent MOHW research subsidies per hospital. Through this, the amount of research investment made for one paper and research investment made per patent were examined to measure each hospital\'s R&D efficiency. Note, however, that this study analyzed R&D achievements such as papers and patents in a quantitative method. Qualitative analysis such as the impact factor of an individual paper or a patent\'s industrial values has been excluded.
RESULTS
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Current status of hospital-based R&D in Korea
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To analyze Korean hospitals\' current research capacity, this study examines the status of research grants and performances (particularly examines papers, product commercialization cases, technology transfer cases, etc.) supported by MOHW for hospitals including medical colleges, colleges of dentistry, and colleges of Korean traditional medicine from MOHW\'s R&D budget for the past 5 yr, 2005-2009 ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The hospital-based R&D investment ratio among the total R&D fund of MOHW showed an upward trend from 45% in 2005 to 67% in 2009. The number of supported projects had risen as well, with 486 projects or 60% of the total projects as of 2009 ([@B4]). Hospitals and medical colleges located in Seoul and the Metropolitan Seoul Area received about 80% of total R&D grants for hospitals. This data showed the concentration of HT R&D grants by MOHW in the greater Seoul region.
Looking into the performances of hospital-based R&D funded by MOHW, the number of papers supported by R&D programs were higher than those not funded. However, the number of patents and product commercialization were comparatively low. Most probably, the reason for this less achievement of reaching patent attainment and commercialization was that these R&D projects aiming for commercialization mostly support pharmaceuticals or medical equipment companies. For patents and technology transfers, however, the interests of hospital researchers or hospital-based technology transfer organizations (TTOs) were estimated to be insufficient so far. The fact that paper achievements of hospitals are far more excellent than non-hospital institutions implies that the R&D potential of hospitals has already matured to some degree. Moreover, in the future, if proper support is offered for the insufficient parts, hospital R&D potential can be upgraded rapidly into an innovative level in order to boost HT-based industries in Korea.
To more specifically examine the status of HT R&D programs in hospitals in Korea, this study classifies R&D grants from MOHW for the past three years from 2007 to 2009 when data was available based on the actual amount spent by hospitals. Likewise, the produced papers, patents, product commercialization, and technology transfer cases have been investigated. For the past three years, a total of 45 hospitals carried out at least one project, subsidized by MOHW. The difference in research subsidies was a whopping 2.5 times that figures with KRW 63.8 billion as the largest subsidy given to a hospital for the past three years followed by KRW 26.0 billion. Five medical institutions received more than KRW 20 billion in subsidies for the past three years. At least 23 medical institutions were located in provincial areas. Of these provincial hospitals, the largest subsidy was KRW 8 billion over the past three years.
Outcome of the survey on RBH and case studies
---------------------------------------------
Based upon the collective opinion revealed by the experts\' surveys, several factors were recognized as crucial for an efficient and effective research-based hospital. Even though there are significant differences in terms of the financial environment, national health security system, educational structure and value and framework of the national economy, the case studies on advanced RBHs abroad also show that there should be universal key success factors that can be benchmarked into the Korean context. As a whole, the most significant factor is the hospital system. The system covers not only the operational management of the hospital but also the incentive system for all staff members, the structure of human resources management, the criteria of resources allocation and the networking capability of industrial and academic societies. The entire hospital system should be oriented for research and medical service provision equivalently.
The second factor is the goal of the hospital, which is to be research-oriented. As shown in the case study on the MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), the priority of the hospital\'s mission is research and development ([@B5]). This orientation is encouraged by an incentive system for staff members. Every employee is given a predictable incentive of income and status based upon research performance as well as provision of medical services. Even the physicians\' income and job security are determined both by research and performance of medical services. In MDACC, physicians with R&D grants are responsible for fewer patients while those without grants will be responsible for more medical services ([@B5]). In other words, there is no negative incentive for employees to devote themselves to research activities or reduce their amount of medical service ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
This research-oriented model also has been supported by the consensus of all the stakeholders in the hospital. From the CEO to medical doctors and technicians, there is a firm belief that their hospital should be developed through research and development as well as providing first-rate medical services, as shown in the case studies of MDACC and Johns Hopkins. Especially strong commitment and leadership of CEOs are present in all of the advanced research-oriented hospitals including MDACC, Johns Hopkins and Tokyo Women\'s University Hospital and Waseda Joint Institution for Biomedical Science (TWIns).
Another factor is a research-friendly arrangement of infrastructure. For example, inadequate space and equipment are frequently mentioned in the survey as an important barrier to overcome for an RBH. In the case study of the TWIns, a 22,000 m^2^ building is solely dedicated to this research institute ([@B6]). Also, this building has its own GMP facilities along with other relevant laboratories and equipments for research and development. Another crucial factor is human resources. The case study shows that all successful models have a proper combination of the following human resources: R&D program coordinators, technicians, research nurses, financial managers, intellectual property specialists, government relations experts, legal affairs managers, secretaries for R&D, and research-oriented scientists and medical doctors.
In addition, adequate investment of R&D funding is crucial in the achievement of a research-based hospital. For example, MD Anderson spent \$488,654,827 in 2008, which was more than double the amount of total R&D funding from MOHW Korea in the same fiscal year. The top-ranked hospitals in terms of receiving R&D grant from MOHW in 2009 received 27,141 million Won, and the average MOHW R&D grant to the top 5 hospitals was 6,140 million Won during 2007 to 2009. To maintain a hospital, R&D is a high-risk investment, considering that hospitals have an extremely low-risk investment in the provision of medical services. Thus, hospitals cannot invest in research activities if there is insufficient R&D grant money given by the government. Hospitals cannot bear uncertain high-risk investment in R&D, which should be sponsored by a government-backed risk pool.
The final factor is successful team collaboration, including interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. The Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CIPRIT) requires multidisciplinary collaboration as a prerequisite condition for application. The hospital of the University of California at San Francisco established an R&D building for hosting multidisciplinary research teams. Also, TWIns itself is an interdisciplinary R&D entity between Tokyo Women\'s Medical University and Waseda University, which does not have a medical college. TWIns is a joint team of a medical school and science department of two schools for HT R&D. This kind of team collaboration also requires experts of integrating diverse sectors. These experts are called integrators, translators, or coordinators, many of whom are medical doctor-scientists with deep understanding in pathology, biochemistry, and physiology.
Strong leadership for R&D, a reasonable incentive system for researchers, adequate resource allocation for R&D, capable human resources, appropriate R&D funds, and well-organized team collaboration are key success factors identified through the survey and case studies. Although there may be variations between hospitals, those key success factors can also be applied in Korea to establish successful RBHs.
DISCUSSION
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Some hospitals in Korea have high potentiality for HT R&D. With top-quality human resources including medical experts, state-of-the-art medical equipments in quantity, large numbers of patients groups, and digitalized information system, these hospitals could turn into research and development leaders in HT improvement. However, many experts replied that the Korean hospitals are not taking a leadership role in R&D despite their high potentiality of HT R&D innovation. In this regard, there are key factors to stimulate hospital-based research and to nurture hospitals to become the hub of HT R&D. Those key success factors can be identified as \"tipping points\", critically affecting and changing hospitals in the direction of R&D.
For the discussion on policy initiatives, it is required to define the concept of the RBH. The task force team on the RBH at the Ministry of Health and Welfare defines it as \"a world-class RBH which leads the development of health industry through research and business based development (R&BD) on the state-of-the-art health technology, based upon accumulated knowledge through clinical experiences within the hospital\" ([@B7]). This concept of a RBH has several elements: 1) world-class hospital, 2) leader of the health industry, 3) core of R&BD in HT, and 4) user of accumulated knowledge from clinical experiences.
In order to effectively establish RBHs in Korea, the systematic reform of the hospital is the most significant factor. A crucial point is that all staff members seriously regard R&D as a priority and that non-R&D staffs as well as researchers fully understand the value and the necessity of HT R&D in the hospital. This goal of the RBH model cannot be reached without multi-dimensional collaboration of the hospitals, the government, health industries, universities and research institutions. In this study, a set of policy initiatives, required for the strategic reform of the hospitals, is discussed. They are composed of systematic reform related to hospitals, reinforcement of infrastructure and human resources, and revision of government policies.
Leadership of a hospital is a critical factor in determining the management and performance of the hospital. However, CEOs of hospitals in Korea are usually evaluated on a comparatively short-term basis which is reported to affect their management direction of CEOs to focus on short-term outcomes especially in financial performance. In this regard, a policy is required to encourage selected hospitals to adopt a long-term basis evaluation system along with a revision of evaluation factors including bigger portions for research activities and strategic management of hospitals.
While strong leadership is essential, voluntary cooperation from all hospital employees is also critical for a successful RBH. A major problem is that the employees cannot find enough time and resources for R&D within the hospital. Furthermore, physicians are not motivated to devote themselves to R&D mainly due to a lack of incentives, which is oriented by the instant and reliable income of the hospital. Because R&D is a long-term and unpredictable investment, researchers are not appropriately motivated under the current incentive system, which significantly affects researchers\' income, organizational status and job security. On the other hand, it is inferred that many researchers see hence a burden medical treatment assignments and R&D activity as an extra work.
In order to guarantee continuous cooperation of all members of the hospitals for R&D, a strategic management system should be predictable and persistent, instead of counting on personal-based commitment. Regarding a salary arrangement system, the hospitals should apply a policy of equivalent treatment between profit from R&D and medical services. Thus, a physician can expect the same income incentive from R&D activities. Also, the other employees of the hospital may consider the R&D program as one of the main activities of the hospital under this policy.
In addition, a performance evaluation for employees should not only include medical service, but also outcomes of R&D. Based on this comprehensive evaluation system, a researcher may have incentives for promotion and tenure-track according to research performance. Economic incentives along with non-economic favors can encourage R&D activities of the hospitals, which is a primary factor in founding an RBH. Instead of relocating direct employees to research, this kind of indirect incentive policy may lead to becoming a research-oriented hospital.
One of the key success factors of a RBH is close team collaboration among related units of the hospitals. The multi-dimensional approach is essential because a competent R&D hospital not only needs the existence of specialized sub-units but also a framework for multi-disciplinary collaboration. To stimulate team collaboration, a hospital may impose incentives for multidisciplinary projects in an investment decision guideline. Also, a hospital should support this by providing regular meetings of diverse experts, financing multi-units training courses, and recruiting required staffs to aid the team approach.
Another cultural characteristic required for RBH is openness of the hospital system. Not only internal cooperation among sub-units of a hospital but also close collaboration with external resources, such as health industries and research institutions, are essential to RBHs. In Korea, the Seoul Asan Hospital works with a couple of bio-venture companies within its campus. In this setting, both hospital and the company enjoy mutual benefit through close collaboration between physicians and researchers of the two institutions.
Some of the hospital-based research projects may succeed in commercialization, which brings income to the hospitals. It is recommended to adopt an obligatory policy to re-invest a certain portion of the profit made from R&D outcome of the hospital, to ensure continuous investment in R&D. Also, it is meaningful to introduce this policy in the initial stage of RBH development, considering that the entire R&D fund of Korea is limited and the social recognition of hospital-based R&D is lacking.
It is essential to build a strong technology transfer organization (TTO) to support close and efficient communication between researchers of the hospitals and relevant companies. In-hospital researchers have knowledge, experience, and ideas for managing an R&D project; on the other hand, most of them require assistance from experts on how to apply their research outcomes into the industry. In addition, health industries and investment funds may not easily be able to identify R&D procedures in hospitals although they, as potential investors, are eager to discover appropriate items. Strong TTOs located in hospitals will contribute in bridging research and industry, which will result in building the concrete value chain of HT R&D.
As discussed, pertinent allocation of space and equipment for researchers is imperative for a successful RBH. A comprehensive and well-organized information system for all stakeholders of hospital-based R&D is recommended. For efficiency and effectiveness of R&D project management, an improved information system is necessary to provide all relevant information to researchers, assistants, and managers of the hospitals about real-time processes of research projects, potential resources such as government grants, non-government funds, and details on researchers.
Clinical trial research is increasingly important as the market size grows by 3% annually and globally. Reliable clinical trial research facilities must be established in order to ensure the implementation of successful research programs within hospitals. It will help the researchers of the hospitals conduct research more efficiently and health industry companies communicate successfully with researchers.
In an RBH, a dual-track career development system for physicians is recommended. In this system, a physician can choose his or her own major career track between research and medical service. Even though a physician can choose the research track, he or she is recommended to invest a certain portion of his or her time on medical service provision. Without clinical experience and knowledge, physicians cannot successfully carry out research projects because their main role is to direct and coordinate the whole project based upon clinical knowledge.
Training course exchanges are recommended to educate physicians and scientists. Exchanges between medical colleges and life science colleges will increase the understanding of each other, which will strengthen professional relationships and development of research projects of the hospitals. A career management program is required to encourage basic scientists and technicians to work in hospital-based research.
The most serious challenge is to advocate for the value of RBH in Korea. The value of health technology and industry should be recognized along with the role of RBH in HT R&D. In this regard, an accreditation of RBH can be developed as well as a social recognition system for renowned HT researchers. For systematic support of RBHs, legislation is required. It should prescribe the legal concept, elements, and authorization of diverse policy support for RBHs.
Deregulation is definitely required for fostering RBHs. Initially, the overhead cost allowed in government grants needs to be raised because hospitals will take a significant financial loss from investing in physicians for research activities instead of medical services. This policy will allow the government to share the burden of the economic loss of hospitals. In addition, more flexibility regarding the use of the R&D grant is required.
Another required deregulatory action concerns the National Health Insurance (NHI). If NHI allows temporary non-reimbursable coverage for drugs, medical equipment, or techniques newly developed by an RBH, the health industry will improve significantly through hospital-based researches. Since expensive costs are required for researchers to apply outcomes of R&D to the clinical practice, this kind of deregulation will help to nurture RBHs in Korea effectively.
Moreover, the restriction on the establishment of venture companies by an RBH for the commercialization of R&D outcomes is necessary. Under the current regulation, most hospitals that are non-for-profit entities cannot establish venture companies, which may be a barrier in the commercialization of R&D outcomes. Despite expected negative effects, carefully developed deregulation can boost R&BD in hospitals.
If a World-Class Research-based Hospital (WCRBH) project can be initiated by the government, the hospitals with R&D capacity will take more concrete actions towards RBH establishment. As shown in the case studies, a huge amount of funds have been invested to advanced research-oriented hospitals in the USA and Japan. Sharply increasing the investment in HT R&D by launching the \"WCRBH\" project, hospital-based HT research can be the core framework for HT R&D.
With regard to coordination of the government investment on HT R&D, the role of the health ministry should be enforced. Despite the small portion of MOHW in the whole government investment on HT R&D, MOHW should lead HT R&D mainly through an RBH project. As the final goal of HT R&D is to overcome diseases and to improve health, which is a major mission of MOHW, HT R&D needs to be coordinated according to the priorities of disease control targets and health promotion of the government, which is decided by MOHW. For this purpose, a governmental coordination body, or an HT R&D committee, is required for the increase of efficiency and effectiveness of HT R&D. It should be responsible for determining priorities of HT R&D target items, in collaboration with relevant experts and related government officials from MOHW, Ministry of Education Science and Technology, and Ministry of Knowledge Economy.
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R&D Support per Hospital (2007-2009) (unit: KRW million)
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Most runners experience calf pain at some point in their running career. Often new runners report feelings of tightness in their calf during or after running. Patients usually report feeling like they’ve been stabbed in their calf muscle if it is a more acute injury . Hopefully after reading this you’ll have a little bit of a better understanding on how to avoid calf injuries and what to do if you do hurt them.
Firstly what are the calf muscles?
The calf complex (at the back of the lower leg), is composed of three muscles: gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris. These muscles come together as the achilles tendon and all three muscles insert into the heel. Gastrocnemius provides primarily plantar flexion (pointing toes)of the ankle joint and flexion at the knee joint. This muscle provides the propelling force for locomotion. Although it spans over two joints, gastrocnemius is not able to exert its maximum power on both joints simultaneously. If the knee is flexed, gastrocnemius cannot produce maximum power at the ankle joint and vice versa.
Soleus is located beneath the gastrocnemius muscle in the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg. Its main function is plantar flexion of the ankle and stabilising the tibia on the calcaneus limiting forward sway.
Plantaris is located in the posterosuperficial compartment of the calf. Functionally, plantaris is not a major contributor and acts with gastrocnemius as both a flexor of the knee and a plantarflexor of the ankle.
When you run the calf muscles are loaded up to 1500 times every mile. They attach via the Achilles which acts like a spring to propel us forward with each stride. Often poor running style and over use lead to the calf muscles being injured.
One of the most common is a calf strain. This is when part of the muscle becomes damaged and the injury is graded depending on the severity
Grade 1 Calf Strain:
This is the least severe of calf injuries. A small number of muscle fibres have been damaged within the muscle. Signs and symptoms of this type of less serious strain may not be noticed until cessation of the activity. Tightness, cramping feelings and slight soreness are common when the muscle is stretched.
Grade 2 Calf Tear:
This is sometimes referred to as a partial calf tear. A greater number of muscle fibres have been torn, however the muscle remains largely intact. More immediate localised calf pain is present during activity, especially walking and running. Often the area is sore to touch.
Grade 3 Calf Rupture:
Total rupture. All the muscle fibres have been torn, losing continuity throughout the muscle. This is a serious injury and highly disabling. The athlete will be unable to walk pain free. Often bruising will appear below the tear site and there may well be a palpable bulge where the calf muscle has recoiled upon itself.
Recovery from a calf strain depends on the severity of the injury but usually it will take 3-6 weeks for even a grade 1 to start to feel better. You may not be abe to perform high intensity activity but you can still continue to train.
If you are experiencing tightness or stiffness in your calf muscles its often the muscles telling you they can’t tolerate the load you are placing them under. This may be due to poor running style or more often just too much running. Runners will often read this tightness as stiff musces and one of their go to treatments is to stretch the calf muscles. This may be detrimental to recovery as you could potentially be stretching muscle fibres that are trying to heal. Its important to get the right advice so you have a good rehab plan and the right advice to follow.
Treatment of calf injuries
1- Acute injuries- Rest, Ice, Comression, Elevation. This is fine for the first day or so but its also important that you begin gentle movement within what is tolerable. Avoid high impact loading and you may find that once the initial swelling has gone down then heat to the belly of the muscle helps. If its a more severe injury you may have to avoid weight bearing but its still important to keep the ankle moving to stimulate blood blow. The body is very good at healing but it needs time, rest and most importantly fuel to repair. Sleep and a good diet at this time of injury is paramount to the body healing optimally.
2- Work on range of movement (ROM) deficits. Poor hip movement or ankle movement can lead to poor movement chains which can load the calf muscles beyond what they are happy with. It can be really valuable to have your ROM assessed then you can work on the areas that may be lacking. At KHPhysiotherapy I do a full movement assessment so we are guided as to which areas to improve. Dynamic exercise is really imprtant to improve ROM where as static stretching has very little benefit. To find out more about which key areas you can improve have a look at my youtube videos.
3-Improve muscle strength- firstly you have to find out which muscles are weak. At KHPhysiotherapy the Gait analysis session involves checking the important running muscles for their strength. Once you know which ones need strengthening you can begin to target them. Strength building only comes from including weights into any training programme and this is such an important element for runners but sadly often lacking. As an S&C coach with a fully kitted gym I can work with the runner so they are getting the best out of their strength training. For 6 Key exercises that will benefit your running take a look at my youtube video
4- Improve running form- many runners overstride which causes excessive braking force when running. Your calf muscle then have to try and push the body up and over the foot instead of using the elastic energy that is already stored. Improving form and cadence can help reduce the force on the calf muscles, thus making their job easier. There are a few simple areas you can work on to improve your running form
5- Ease back into running gently. One of the biggest mistakes runners make is they go out to ‘test an injury’. I see runners who were doing 10k runs, get injured, rest a few days then go out for a 10 k run. At KHPhysiotherapy we will put together a return to running plan after a treadmill tolerance test. The idea is to run for a time that doesn’t increase symptoms, that may be 8 x 1min.
So if you are experiencing calf pain during or after running its really important to get the right advice so you can begin to work on improving all the areas that need it. It may seem daunting but running is a skill; one we often lose as we age, that needs developing and nurturing. Patience is a runners biggest challenge and virtue. The body takes time to recover, it takes time to improve strength and ROM and it takes time to change poor running style. If you need any help or advice or want to book an online assessment please get in touch. Due to COVID 19 I can only do initial consultations via Skype/Zoom. If you are not sure and just want some advice then please call me on the details on the web page. | https://www.khphysiotherapy.com/blogs/calf-pain/ |
Below is the stream related to your search. In the left-hand column are the references in the Research Portal that are in your search item. In the right-hand column are the citations that have referenced your search item. You can continue following this stream by clicking the “View stream” button on one of the Reference or Citation entries.
This study explores the influence of personal systems coaching on self-efficacy and goals achievement. A mixed-methods quasi-experimental research compared single mother degree students, and included interviews and focus groups with coaches and clients. Findings showed increased selfefficacy, goal achievements and well-being and a ...
The scholarly coaching literature has advanced considerably in the past decade. However, a review of the existing knowledge base suggests that coaching practice and research remains relatively uninformed by relevant psychological theory. In this paper it will be argued that Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985) presents as...
The purpose of this paper is to explore performance coaching in sport, music, and business. The paper begins by describing some of the popular, lay methods used by coaches in each field, many influenced by The Inner Game books of Timothy Gallwey. Next, the paper discusses the scientifically grounded theories, principles, and methods that ...
Organizations operate in times of unprecedented uncertainty, complexity and change. To meet these challenges, they are seeking out new and efficient ways of effecting change at the individual, team and organizational level. Drawing on Self Determination Theory, Positive Psychology and the Coaching Ripple Effect, this paper identifies ... | https://researchportal.coachingfederation.org/Document/StreamResult?documentId=1563 |
For Krumhansl, her “lifelong interest in music” and the interdisciplinary aspect of the research attracts her to the field of music perception and cognition. She hopes to understand the cognitive capacity of humans through our “immense ability to remember and perform music,” through studies of various aspects of music, including recognition, influence of visual input in performances, and differences in perceptiveness among different races. One of her many interests lie in music recognition. In one study, Krumhansl investigated how much music Cornell students need to hear before they recognize a song. The result was that within 400 milliseconds of a song starting, the students were able to name the artist and title more than 25% of the time. They were also able to judge which decade (from the 1960s to contemporary music), emotional content (happy, sad, anger, fearful, or tender), and style, suggesting that people have detailed memory for many songs. One of the study’s findings showed students preferred songs from earlier decades, like the ’60s and ’70s, despite previous research that shows people tend to prefer music that was released in early adulthood. Krumhansl planned a follow-up study to further investigate this question in detail. She hopes to study recognition of hit songs over the last five decades with listeners who were college age over those five decades. In another study, Krumhansl and Jennifer Huang ’10 researched the effect observing a musical performance has on listeners. She aimed to explore why people buy expensive concert tickets when they could easily get better quality recordings of the artist through digital media. Apparently, seeing the performance generally “enhances the appreciating of the structural features of music, the emotional content, and overall evaluation of the performance, but this depends on the style of the music and the degree of stage behavior” the performer shows, Krumhansl found. Even without watching the performance, in a study Krumhansl conducted in conjunction with Eastman School of Music, the participants judged a classical piano performance by Prof. Xak Bjerken, music, using the degree of “stage behavior” as minimal, normal or exaggerated. Stage behavior refers to the movement of the performer and its visual and auditory effects on the audience. Krumhansl conducted another study which aimed to correlate race with pitch. In order to see if Asians are more likely to have absolute pitch compared to other races she compared the performance of Asians and Caucasians on a pitch and rhythm learning test. The results showed that while Asians do indeed have an advantage on the pitch test, they did not for the rhythm test. Further experiments eliminated the possibility that the Asians’ pitch advantage is due to speaking a tone language (in which the meaning of words depends on the pitch pattern). From her varied and unique research, Krumhansl hopes to learn more about the human brain’s cognitive abilities. “Music psychology is a field that few people know exists,” she said. Still, she encourages students to pursue studying music psychology and cognition. | https://cornellsun.com/2011/05/03/music-psychology-songs-and-science/ |
PROJECT SUMMARY.
A Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) followed by the Final Environmental Impact and Record of Decision is required by the National Environmental Policy Act for large, federally-funded projects such as I-69 Ohio River Crossing (I-69-ORX). The detailed document included a full description of the affected environment, a range of reasonable alternatives and an analysis of the benefits and impacts of each alternative. The project area for the I-69 Ohio River Crossing (ORX) project extends from I-69 in Indiana on the south side of Evansville across the Ohio River to I-69 at the KY 425 interchange southeast of Henderson, KY. The project’s purpose is to: provide cross-river system linkage and connectivity between I-69 in Indiana and I-69 in Kentucky that is compatible with the national I-69 corridor, develop a solution to address long-term cross-river mobility, provide a cross-river connection that reduces traffic congestion and delay, and improve safety for cross-river traffic. Based on these needs, a range of alternatives was developed, evaluated and screened.
As part of the evaluation process, Taylor Siefker Williams Design Group led the creation of the Visual Impact Assessment (VIA), which helps federal agencies evaluate the reasonably foreseeable environmental effects, including the visual impacts, of their proposed actions prior to making decisions. The VIA establishes the visual environment for each alternative and how it is affected. It assesses the visual resources of the project area and identifies viewer response to those resources from both resource and user perspectives. Most importantly, it analyzes the visual impacts to the environment resulting from prosed development and investigates the means available to mitigate the effects of such proposals prior to implementation.
PROJECT CLIENT. | https://www.tswdesigngroup.com/projects-1/i-69-ohio-river-crossing-- |
The role of major mergers in galaxy and black hole formation is not well-constrained. To help address this, we develop an automated method to identify late-stage galaxy mergers before coalescence of the galactic cores. The resulting sample of mergers is distinct from those obtained using pair-finding and morphological indicators. Our method relies on median-filtering of high-resolution images to distinguish two concentrated galaxy nuclei at small separations. This method does not rely on low surface brightness features to identify mergers, and is therefore reliable to high redshift. Using mock images, we derive statistical contamination and incompleteness corrections for the fraction of late-stage mergers. The mock images show that our method returns an uncontaminated (<10%) sample of mergers with projected separations between 2.2 and 8 kpc out to z ~ 1. We apply our new method to a magnitude-limited (m_(FW 814) < 23) sample of 44,164 galaxies from the COSMOS HST/ACS catalog. Using a mass-complete sample with log M_* M_⊙ > 10.6 and 0.25 < z ⩽ 1.00, we find ~5% of systems are late-stage mergers. Correcting for incompleteness and contamination, the fractional merger rate increases strongly with redshift as Rmerge μ (1 + z)^(3.8±0.9), in agreement both with earlier studies and with dark matter halo merger rates. Separating the sample into star-forming and quiescent galaxies shows that the merger rate for star-forming galaxies increases strongly with redshift, (1 + z)^(4.5±1.3), while the merger rate for quiescent galaxies is consistent with no evolution, (1 + z)^(1.1±1.2). The merger rate also becomes steeper with decreasing stellar mass. Limiting our sample to galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts from zCOSMOS, we find that the star formation rates and X-ray selected active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in likely late-stage mergers are higher by factors of ~2 relative to those of a control sample. Combining our sample with more widely separated pairs, we find that 8 ± 5% of star formation and 20 ± 8% of AGN activity are triggered by close encounters (<143 kpc) or mergers, providing additional evidence that major mergers are not the only channels for star formation and black hole growth. | https://authors.library.caltech.edu/53041/ |
Following Seneca Falls there were significant divisions amongst suffragists, notably over the 15th Amendment which excluded women from voting and the use of racially divisive tactics by the National Woman Suffrage Association. In addition, there were multifaceted and nuanced ways in which suffragists were challenged, both by men and women, in their efforts to win the ballot. In this lesson, students will examine suffrage not just as an issue colored by gender, but by immigration status, race, and myriad other factors based on a close read of primary sources produced by those opposed to suffrage. This lesson will serve as an introduction to the concept of intersectionality and used as a lens to understand the world.
1. Students will create and test their own hypotheses for why some Americans opposed the 19th Amendment.
3. Students will produce a short response, based on what they have learned in class, to explain why opposition to the 19th Amendment existed, and assess the validity of their arguments.
Students should be introduced to female suffragist leaders, their arguments for suffrage, and the efforts of NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association). Students should also be familiar with the significance of Seneca Falls and the divisions within the suffrage movement.
Do Now: Create a hypothesis! Why did people, including women, oppose suffrage for women?
Class share out: Students will verbally respond to the Do Now. Expected responses include apathy for the cause, sexism, and the cult of domesticity.
Inform students that they are going to test their hypothesis today by closely examining primary sources created by Anti-Suffragists.
Students will complete graphic organizer (included) as they examine primary sources. Teacher should circulate, ask students what they think about primary sources and observe general reaction. The sources include a wide-range of opinions and are accessible for most groups of students.
Why did people oppose women’s suffrage?
Which arguments for the anti-suffragists do you find compelling, if any?
Do we still find these arguments or rhetoric about the role of women or other groups today? If so, where?
Based on what you learned today in your exploration of primary sources regarding opponents to suffrage as well as class discussion, juxtapose your hypotheses with what we have learned. What is similar? What is different? How does this relate to intersectionality?
You will incorporate one 19th or 20th century anti-suffrage song or political cartoon into your response. I recommend using the Library of Congress or National Archives for cartoons, and YouTube for music. Generally, a Google search can be fruitful as well, as long as you consider the reliability of your sources.
Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras. | https://www.womenshistory.org/resources/lesson-plan/anti-suffragists |
Drawing on two decades of affordable housing experience in urban and rural communities, Tessendorf Consulting provides communities, funders, and developers with customized services in the areas of:
- Delivering conference, workshop, and webinar housing presentations
- Creating and implementing innovative housing products
- Designing community-based housing development projects
- Housing Finance Products
- Grant writing and administration
- Housing advocacy
- Directing, leading, and managing housing organizations
- Evaluating housing projects
- Facilitating Coalitions
Notable Accomplishments:
- Managing the Lynmore Estates Neighborhood Revitalization Project from 2005-2016 resulting in an increase in the homeownership rate from 25% to 50% and a decrease in blight from 47% to 20%
- Securing over $8.5 million in housing development funding from government, corporate, and nonprofit funders including the Georgia Department of Community Affairs, Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, Wells Fargo Foundation and CAHEC.
- Creating third-party lending options to include zero-equivalent and low-interest mortgages.
- Receiving Habitat for Humanity International’s 2016 National Advocacy Aware for the “Blight Out of Sight” Campaign in Macon, GA which, along with other initiatives, resulted in $14 million in bond funding to address blight in Macon-Bibb County, GA.
- Founding member of Milledgeville Affordable Housing Task Force, Macon-Bibb Blight Task Force and Housing Chatham. | https://tessendorfconsulting.com/housing-development/ |
New Year’s day is upon us once again! This time of year is often seen as a good time to set new goals or intentions and have a fresh start (to clarify, I consider an intention to be a general direction and a goal to be a specific task-oriented step in that direction). We can be tempted to adopt lofty intentions for ourselves: better fitness, more time for friends, or giving more to the community in some way. We can also start to put pressure on ourselves to make big changes too quickly. We can get overwhelmed with not knowing where to start or become afraid of failing at our grand task and give up early. I’ve been there too! It can be a disheartening process especially when we start off with such great intentions for ourselves. I want to explore the value of setting goals for the New Year and offer an alternative perspective that I hope can bring some balance to our home practice.
Why do we set goals? We often make goals because there is a future state that we want to reach. We then think of steps that are aimed at getting us there. We assume that the current state needs changing AND we have the ability to change it. When we adopt the attitude that the current state is bad or undesirable, we can fall into the trap of judging ourselves and become afraid of failing. I also question how much power we have to change our own lives let alone greater society. We can make many plans but they can easily be changed by adverse weather, other people’s decisions, or surprising events. One may say that something we desire will happen if it is God’s will. What we certainly do have at least some control over, however, is our perspective and our minds.
Let’s consider an alternative perspective on goal setting: one that involves moving through life aimlessly with complete acceptance of all that is (including our bodies, families, work life, etc). For example, rather than setting a goal of losing weight we instead embrace the body as it is in its current state. Our attitude towards life is rather more like a jelly fish floating in the current than a shark hunting down its prey. We are no longer concerned about attaining a future state. We are instead focused on living in the present moment and being content with all that is. It is a drastic shift in perspective that zen practitioners would say can bring peace and happiness. Is that not what most human beings want in life, inner peace and happiness? I wonder if we would all become passive and unconcerned with the issues of the world if we adopted this attitude all of the time (which is not necessarily a bad thing).
As I reflect on my intentions for the New Year, I find myself taking an attitude towards setting goals that lands somewhere in the middle. Perhaps there are times of our lives that are suited to setting goals (more sharky) and other times of our lives that are suited to embracing all that is (more jelly-fishy). Or maybe there is a way to blend these perspectives. Picture a heron that sits patiently waiting for a fish. One of the merits of setting goals is that it helps to bring focus and a clear direction to our daily life. Otherwise we can so easily become swayed and distracted from what is important to us. Starting from a place of complete acceptance, we can evaluate what needs attention in our lives and in our community in the present moment. Then we can set goals to guide everyday actions that add goodness in the way of joy, love, and spiritual beauty. Setting goals in this way could help one to bring about positive changes that are good for all without becoming fearful of messing up and staying in a “bad state”.
How do we determine what changes are positive and what is good for all? The process of identifying what needs changing is informed by our world view. In a western (capitalist) cultural paradigm, common guideposts include wealth, security, sex/love life, health/appearance of the body, and happiness. Teachings from across spiritual/religious traditions can offer alternative guideposts, for example inner peace, connection with God, doing good in the community, and non-materialism. How we set our goals depends a lot on what it is that we value and what we consider to be positive change-making. How we achieve these goals depends on our approach to life: for example, do we pray for God’s help and ask for guidance or do we set off on our own and hope for the best?
Arriving in the year 2020 today, I want to set intentions that will help me to give more goodness to the world. In my view this includes finding a greater connection with God so that I can share more love and peace with others. I believe that the more loving and peaceful we are as individuals the more love and peace we will see in the world.
I have had a strong calling recently to dedicate more time to writing and relaxation. I’ve had a lot to process around my recent travels and I have been wanting to integrate what I have been learning. I have been trying hard to change some of my old habits (for example, overindulging in snacks!) but now I see that this attitude adds stress.
My intention for the New Year is to simply trust in goodness. For the first part of the year, my focus will be on sharing love and insights through writing. Here are my goals for January/February 2020:
- Writing 2 hours every day,
- Posting a new blog article once a week,
- Submitting two articles to journals by February 1st,
- Choosing one of my book ideas and making an outline,
- Finding or buying a well functioning laptop,
- Applying to at least one writing project on Upwork (website for freelancers).
I also want to focus on trusting and relaxing:
- Doing one hour of meditation, yoga, or qi gong every day,
- Exercising vigorously every 1-2 days,
- Renewing my intention to trust in the goodness of myself, others, and the universe/God/Great Spirit every day.
It may seem like a lot of goals but I actually pared it down from a longer list! I tend to be a bit of a high achiever… I know that if I don’t achieve all of these goals all will still be well. I like to think that I will probably add more goodness to the world with this approach than if I didn’t set any goals. We each need to find our own balance between focused discipline and relaxation, and between setting goals and accepting all that is. Regardless of what approach we take right now we can trust in the goodness of life.
Wishing you happy intention/goal setting (or blissful floating) and a prosperous 2020 :). | https://thecreativedragonfly.com/2020/01/01/setting-goals-for-goodness-in-2020/ |
Both Emballons-nous and Bones for Life share fundamental aspects of somatic education in focussing on the day to day movements of individuals in their environment.
Clients are invited to develop a greater awareness of what is going on at any time in their body and learn to move with less effort and more ease.
They are invited to explore a varied range of movements and by so doing differentiate between habitual ways of moving associated with tension and the development of bodily pain and new more fluid , freer ways of moving.
As I guide this exploration, I use a very precise sensory-based language and will tend to ask many questions to illicit a greater sense of awareness.
The teaching benefits from the recent dramatic advances made in the field of neurosciences and knowledge about brain plasticity.
There are few demonstrations in this approach which is more of a sensing practice to develop awareness from within as to what is the right and comfortable movement, rather than to imitate an external model.
Different mediator objects (balls, long strips of cloth , rods … ) are used to facilitate the learning towards greater freedom in an atmosphere that fosters joy in discovery.
2) finding an alternative t the « no pain, no gain », regain form and vitality without violence toward themselves.
3) to develop a positive body image inspite of imperfections and limitations.
4) regain confidence in their mobility after injury.
5) develop fluidity to support their activities at work, in sports or in their creative expression. | https://claudiepfeifer.com/en/overview/somatic-education/ |
For better use and better management. The UNOFFICIAL Website of Toronto's Outdoor Skating Rinks
To help figure out the question of costs, here are some recent rink season income numbers from Dufferin Rink's skate loan program, posted in the CELOS financial section:
2011/2012: $15,009
2012/2013: $10,604
2013/2014: $10,566
2014/2015: $11,319
2015/2016: $14,225
2016/2017: $10,877
[Source: the first three totals are from the CELOS Quickbooks accounting program, the second three totals are from PFR through Freedom of Information.]
In actual fact, the income for each of those years was higher, because this table only includes the three full months of rink operation, not the partial months of November or March when the rink was open.
The city's SAP book-keeping record does not specify which part-time hours were paid to the skate loan staff, but since the $2 skate loans earned an average of $120 to $166 a day, and most days need much less than 10 part-timer hours, it's clear that there is money left for skate upkeep after paying wages.
The variability from year to year is related partly to the weather, partly to organizational factors that can be addressed.
The economics of the "Dufferin Grove Park model," as it's often called, have shifted alarmingly since the city decided to transfer control from the on-site part-time city staff running the program, to an additional layer of off-site full-time community recreation programmers. Staffing costs have ballooned, and food income that formerly supported other programs has gone into the negative.
When Dufferin Grove is run in this way, it seems clear that the programs certainly cost too much and should be shut down. | http://www.cityrinks.ca/wiki/wiki.php?n=CityRinks.Economics |
Kids sometimes have trouble focusing just because they are kids. It’s hard to pay attention when other students are laughing during class. During chores, friends text you. It’s common for kids to have difficulty concentrating from time to time due to all the distractions.
The problem of being unable to focus can last a long time or be limited to a short period of time. In either case, it makes learning difficult. Its impact extends to everyday life as well. When the task they’re given isn’t fun, they get bored and quickly shift their attention to something more interesting — some of us adults may experience the same struggle to pay attention when the task or subject is boring.
The circumstances that make it hard to concentrate can’t always be changed. The good news is that there are ways to help your child cut through distractions and accomplish their goals. The ability to concentrate is like a muscle that needs to be exercised regularly to maintain its strength. All kids can improve their own ability to focus and sustain their attention by learning strategies and engaging in practices that help.
Signs Of Low Concentration In Children
These signs may indicate your child is having difficulty focusing and paying attention:
- Does not sit in one place and gets distracted easily
- Loses things often and cannot stay organized
- Has difficulty in learning and remembering
- Difficulty following instructions
- Cannot focus on homework
- Appears to be constantly daydreaming
- Poor handwriting compared to kids of the same age
- Sometimes aggressive or moody
- Lack of interest
- Inability to sit still and maintain a train of thought
- Inability to keep things organised
Causes For Lack Of Concentration In Kids
- Insufficient sleep. It is recommended for kids to sleep eight to ten hours a night. Sleep deprivation contributes to difficulty concentrating. One of the effective ways to manage attention difficulties is to pay attention to sleep patterns and the causes of sleep disruption.
- Stress from the family. Symptoms of inattention and distractibility can be exacerbated by undue pressure on children to perform well in their studies or hobbies and frequent arguments between their parents. Your child will appreciate it if you ease their pressure to perform well, and avoid arguments in front of them.
- Concentration is significantly affected by poor nutrition. Insufficient nutrition and a high-sugar and fatty diet can negatively affect a child’s concentration. Avoid caffeine and energy drinks, and junk food.
Relaxation, a balanced diet, and sleep can address the problem to an extent.
How To Improve Concentration In Children
Minimize distractions.
Set aside homework time and space. Some children have a hard time tuning out the noise. Provide your child with the right environment so that they can concentrate. For example, do homework at a designated desk or table in a quiet room with the TV off, the phone in another room, and the laptop shut unless it’s needed to complete a homework assignment. Be a good role model for your children. While your child is studying, have a ‘quiet time’ when you read a book or do an activity. This can motivate them to do a better job.
Reduce screen time.
Give your child traditional, physical games instead of electronic ones. Get them things that will stimulate their creativity and their ability to think while having fun. Set a daily time when your child can watch TV or surf the internet. This will keep screen time under control. Parental monitoring programs can automatically shut down Internet access after a set amount of use. Your child will learn from you, so model watching less television and using mobile devices less in front of them.
Set goals.
The goals need to be attainable. Set up a timetable for all their activities, such as playtime, study time, and special interests. As motivation, material rewards can be carefully used when they complete specific tasks within a week or month.
Break bigger tasks into smaller ones.
Kids sometimes find it overwhelming to complete a task all at once. Divvying up time-consuming or difficult tasks into smaller ones makes it easier for them. If your child is learning to tie her shoes, make the first goal to master the initial knot, then move on to making two loops with the strings until they know exactly how to do that, and so forth. In case they are struggling to read a chapter, ask them to read it in small sections or pages.
Set a timer.
Another strategy for building concentration is to use a timer to help kids organize themselves. Knowing there’s a limit to how long they have to stay focused can make it easier for kids to hang in there. Set a timer for how long your child needs to work before having a quick snack or taking a break. You can increase the amount of time little by little as your child gets better at focusing.
Appreciate and reward them.
Motivation is essential when children are performing a task. It is important for them to feel accomplished once they have completed a task. As a result, children remain motivated and focused on improving their performance. Praise your child when they improve and do things better.
Build in planned breaks.
Kids need to get up, move around, and do something different after spending some time concentrating. They will benefit from taking some time to rest and recharge, especially during after-school homework time. Younger children can take a snack or play break.
Practice being aware of what is happening in the moment.
Children can be distracted by “internal stimuli,” such as physical sensations or entertaining memories. While a child’s imagination is a wonderful thing, we also want them to be able to clear away distractions and build the ability to concentrate. You can play “I spy with my little eye…” and take turns making observations of various objects in the room, listen closely to the lyrics of a song together, or do some stretching and pay attention to how it feels in the body.
Practice simple breathing exercises.
An adequate amount of oxygen helps the brain function properly. Therefore, make your kid do some simple breathing exercises. Practice the exercises together. Ask your kid to lie on their back and place a toy on the tummy. Now, ask them to breathe in deeply and raise the toy as high as they can without touching it. If the toy moves high, it means their lungs are filled with air.
Take the help of school counsellors.
Seek help from school counsellors. Check if your child’s school counsellor and teachers to get more insight into their behaviour. Consider strategies they can help reinforce during class, that complements what you do at home.
Get a professional evaluation.
Book an appointment with a physician or therapist to evaluate the problem. Talking with a clinician can help you make sense of your child’s difficulties with attention and point you in the direction of solutions.
Keep them physically active.
Research shows that physical activities, such as running, cycling, and playing football, are not only good for their body but also for their mind. It helps children focus better.
Keep an open mind when it comes to what works. For some people, total silence is necessary to focus. Others thrive with a bit of white noise or music. That’s why it’s important to observe your child and talk to them to see what works best for them. Give their ideas a try and see how it goes.
Even when using these strategies, your child might still get distracted. That’s why they also need techniques to get back on task once they’ve drifted. Come up with a signal for when your child’s mind starts to wander. It might be putting a hand on your child’s shoulder or saying a specific word. Tell your child’s teacher you’re trying these strategies at home.
And remember to talk about your child’s strengths, not just challenges. Celebrate focus wins, big and small. When kids understand what they’re good at, it builds confidence and helps them stay motivated when things get tough.
Related: Activities and Games to Improve Concentration
Hope Channel Singapore’s articles are written after analyzing research works by expert authors and institutions. Among our references are resources established by authorities in their fields.
References: | https://hopechannel.sg/12-simple-strategies-to-improve-concentration-in-kids/ |
Foot & Ankle
What is the Normal Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle?
The foot and ankle form complex joints that are involved in movement and providing stability and balance to the body. The foot and ankle consist of 26 bones, 33 joints, and many muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Bones of the Ankle
The ankle joint connects the leg with the foot and is composed of three bones: the tibia, fibula, and talus. The tibia or shinbone and fibula or calf bone are bones of the lower leg, which articulate with the talus or ankle bone, enabling up and down movement of the foot.
Three bony bumps present on the ends of the tibia and fibula form parts of the ankle joint:
- The medial malleolus, formed by the tibia, is found on the inside of the ankle.
- The posterior malleolus, also formed by the tibia, is found at the back of the ankle.
- The lateral malleolus, formed by the fibula, is found on the outer aspect of the ankle.
Bones of the Feet
The foot acts as a single functional unit, but can be divided into three parts: the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot.
The hindfoot forms the ankle and heel, and is made up of the talus bone and calcaneus or heel bone. The heel bone is the largest bone in the foot.
The midfoot connects the hindfoot to the forefoot, and consists of one navicular bone, one cuboid bone, and three cuneiform bones. The navicular bone is found in front of the heel bone, and the cuneiform and cuboid bones are arranged in front of the navicular bone.
These bones are connected to five metatarsal bones of the forefoot that form the arch of the foot for shock absorption while walking or running. The forefoot is also made up of the toes or digits, formed by bones called phalanges - three in each toe, except the big toe, which has only two phalanges. The big toe has two additional tiny round sesamoid bones in the ball of the foot, which helps in upward and downward movements of the toe.
Ankle and Foot Joints
There are 33 joints in the ankle and foot. They include:
- Hinge joints in the ankle, which allow flexion (bending) and extension
- Gliding joints found in the hindfoot, which allow gliding movements
- Condyloid joints found in the forefoot and toes, which allow the flexion (bending) and extension, adduction, and abduction (sideward movement).
The joints of the foot and ankle provide stability and support the weight of your body, helping you to walk or run, and adapt to uneven grounds.
Soft Tissues of the Ankle and Foot
Our feet and ankle bones are held in place and supported by various soft tissues such as cartilage, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and bursae.
The joint surface of all the bones of the ankle and foot are lined by a thin, tough, flexible, and slippery surface called the articular cartilage, which acts as a shock absorber and cushion to reduce friction between the bones. The cartilage is lubricated by synovial fluid, which further enables smooth movement of the bones.
Ligaments are tough rope-like tissue that connect bones to other bones, and hold them in place, providing stability to the joints. The plantar fascia is the largest ligament in the foot, originating from the heel bone to the forefoot, it extends along the lower side of the foot and is involved in maintaining the arch of the foot. The plantar fascia ligament stretches and contracts to provide balance and strength to the foot. Lateral ligaments on the outside of the foot and medial ligaments on the inside of the foot provide stability and allow up and down movement of the foot.
The foot is made up of 20 muscles that help in movement. The main muscles include:
- Anterior tibial muscle, which allows up and down movement of the foot
- Posterior tibial muscle, which supports the arch
- Peroneal tibial muscle, which controls movement on the outside of the ankle
- Extensors, which enable the ankle to raise the toes just before stepping forward
- Flexors, which stabilize the toes against the floor
- Smaller muscles that help the toes to lift and curl
Tendons are soft tissues that connect muscles to bones. The largest and strongest tendon in the foot is the Achilles tendon, present at the back of the lower leg around the heel bone. Other tendons include peroneal and anterior and posterior tibialis.
Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs that decrease friction between tendons and bone or skin. They contain special cells called synovial cells that secrete a lubricating fluid.
Ankle Sprain
A sprain is the stretching or tearing of ligaments, which connect adjacent bones and provide stability to a joint. An ankle sprain is a common injury that occurs when you suddenly fall or twist the ankle joint or when you land your foot in an awkward position after a jump.
Ankle Fractures
Ankle injuries are very common in athletes and in people performing physical work, often resulting in severe pain and impaired mobility. Pain after ankle injuries can either be from a torn ligament and is called an ankle sprain or from a broken bone which is called an ankle fracture.
Achilles Tendon Rupture
The Achilles tendon is a strong, fibrous cord present behind the ankle that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. It is used when you walk, run and jump. The Achilles tendon ruptures most often in athletes participating in sports that involve running, pivoting and jumping.
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis refers to inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that is present at the bottom of the foot. It runs from the heel bone to the toe and forms the arch of your foot. Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common causes of heel pain.
Ankle Arthroscopy
Ankle arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an arthroscope, a small, soft, flexible tube with a light and video camera at the end, is inserted into the ankle joint to evaluate and treat a variety of conditions.
Achilles Tendon Repair
Tendons are the soft tissues connecting muscle to bone. The Achilles tendon is the longest tendon in the body and is present behind the ankle, joining the calf muscles with the heel bone. | https://losangelessportssurgeon.com/foot-and-ankle-orthopaedic-surgeon-losangeles-santa-monica-ca.html |
A mobile and versatile side table. The table is visually very light as the tabletop is only mounted on one leg and therefore seems to hover in the air. The slightly built tabletophas three different height settings regulated by a brass rod. This renders it suitable as a side table for a sofa or armchair, as a bedside table or simply as a freestanding table.
The development of the Stilk Side Table started with the idea of creating an extremely light construction that rests on a solid monolith. Our aim is to challenge the construction of a table and make something which seems to hover in the air. Through studying bent surfaces and counterweight we figured out the mold of the tabletop.
- Specifications
Materials: Solid European Ash or Oak . Raw Brass Detail
- Size Description
Dimensions: L: 37 cm, H: 72 cm, W: 35 cm, Table heights: 48, 54, 60 cm
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Herman StudioOriginality is something Herman Studio aspire to; there must be room for surprises and for something that has not been seen before. Herman Studio consists of the two designers, Helle Herman Mortensen and Jonas Herman Pedersen. Helle has a master in industrial design from Aalborg University and Jonas has a background from the School of Architecture in Aarhus, where he was educated in Furniture and Space in 2010. Jonas has also a solid experience with craftsmanship from collaborating with different workshops, which gives him a great understanding of the hands-on manufacturing processes. | https://www.questodesign.com/en/-form-refine-stilk-side-table.html |
A huge black screen, dated 1674 and made by skilled Chinese craftsmen, depicts the activities of an enclosed Chinese court. It is a lively scene, rich in decoration and colour, and shows a multitude of characters going about their daily tasks. In the extreme left of the screen are a small group of European merchants.
They are outside the court—on the periphery of Chinese affairs. This lavish object shows how, in the early period of European contact with Asia, Europe was not the dominant power it would later become.
In 1492 Columbus landed in the Americas in his search for a route to the East. Six years later Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama achieved this goal, landing on the Malabar coast of India, starting a period of rapid growth of encounters between Europe and Asia.
Prior to this, contact between the two continents was via the ancient and lengthy Silk Road. But with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453 the ability to trade via this overland route became increasingly difficult.
This exhibition explores the exchange between East and West through the goods traded between these continents. The Portuguese, followed by the Dutch, English and French, were all keen to establish trading links with Asia. What they found were not backward peoples but great, rich and sophisticated civilisations which could not be easily pleased with a few coloured beads.
When Vasco da Gama landed in India he presented the local ruler with 12 pieces of striped cloth, six hats, four strings of coral, a case of sugar, two casks of oil and two casks of honey. The local ruler was less than impressed—and most likely insulted.
The Europeans were able to impose their will on weaker areas—including parts of southern India and Indonesia.
But China, Japan and Mughal India were strong powers during most of this period, and were able to dictate the terms of the encounter and therefore of trade.
The Asian goods shipped back to Europe included commodities such as spices and tea, but also the products of highly skilled labour such as porcelain, silk garments and luxury goods made from precious metals.
Over 200 objects are included in the exhibition, many from Asia, which show the skill and artistry of the continent during this period. Europe had little to sell that the Asians wanted, and had to pay for these goods in silver.
Although Asia did not receive mass imports from Europe, there was fascination with its scientific and artistic developments. Technological goods such as guns, clocks, cartography and lenses were much admired and copied.
The exhibition shows that this was a period of cross-fertilisation of cultures.
For example, an Indian statue of Jesus as a child recalls similar statues of the Hindu god Krishna as a child. A rock crystal figure of Jesus from Ceylon resembles the Buddha with his reclining pose.
European paintings introduced Western-style perspective to Asian artists, and a number of Japanese and Chinese paintings in the exhibition display this new style.
However, relations were not always harmonious. The great Asian powers were worried about the influence of Europe and Christianity.
In the exhibition is a wooden edict made in 1683 which prohibits Christianity in Japan. It states that any individual turning in a missionary would receive 500 pieces of silver.
By the late 18th century the imbalance between Europe and Asia had disappeared. The British were flooding China with opium to destabilise its economy, leading to the Opium Wars. In India the Mughal Empire collapsed, allowing the East India Company to fill the void.
This, coupled with rapid industrialisation in Europe and the growth of naval and military power, allowed the imperialist domination of the Asian continent to reach its full might.
This exhibition shows that this process took centuries, and that this part of the globe was a thriving area. It helps to debunk the imperialist myth that Europe was the dominant power from the outset. | https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/3088/A%20cultural%20encounter%20between%20East%20and%20West |
Recent research has used typologies to classify rural households into categories such as “subsistence” versus “commercialized” as a means of targeting agricultural development interventions and tracking agricultural transformation. Following an approach proposed by Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, we examine patterns in two agricultural transformation hallmarks – commercialization of farm output, and diversification into non-farm income – among rural households in Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Tanzania from 2008-2015. We classify households into five smallholder farm categories based on commercialization and non-farm income levels (Subsistence, Pre-commercial, Transitioning, Specialized Commercial, and Diversified Commercial farms), as well as two non-smallholder categories (Largeholder farms and Non-farm households). We then summarize the share of households in each of these categories, examine geographic and demographic factors associated with different categories, and explore households’ movement across categories over time. We find a large amount of “churn” across categories, with most households moving to a different (more or less commercialized, more or less diversified) category across survey years. We also find many non-farm households become smallholder farmers – and vice versa – over time. Finally, we show that in many cases increases in farm household commercialization or diversification rates actually reflect decreased total farm production, or decreased total income (i.e., declines in the denominators of the agricultural transformation metrics), suggesting a potential loss of rural household welfare even in the presence of “positive” trends in transformation indicators. Findings underscore challenges with using common macro-level indicators to target development efforts and track progress at the household level in rural agrarian communities.
Donor countries and multilateral organizations may pursue multiple goals with foreign aid, including supporting low-income country development for strategic/security purposes (national security, regional political stability) and for short-and long-term economic interests (market development and access, local and regional market stability). While the literature on the effectiveness of aid in supporting progress on different indicators of country development is inconclusive, donors are interested in evidence that aid funding is not permanent but rather contributes to a process by which recipient countries develop to a point that they are economically self-sufficient. In this report, we review the literature on measures of country self-sufficiency and descriptive evidence from illustrative case studies to explore conditions associated with transitions toward self-sufficiency in certain contexts.
In this report, we analyze the evidence that improved and expanded access to financial services can be a pathway out of poverty in Bangladesh and Tanzania. A brief background review of finance and poverty reduction evidence at the country, household, and individual level emphasizes the importance of a functioning financial system and the need to remove individual and household barriers to capital accumulation. We follow with an in-depth literature review on studies that link poverty reduction in Bangladesh or Tanzania with one or more of five financial intervention categories: remittances; government subsidies; conditional and unconditional cash transfers; credit; and combination programs. The resulting empirical evidence from these sources reveal a high share (61%) of positive reported associations between a financial intervention and outcome measure related to our five chosen financial interventions. The remaining studies found insignificant or mixed associations, but very few (3 out of 56) indicate that access to a financial mechanism was associated with worsened poverty. The heterogeneity of study types and interventions makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the efficacy of one intervention over another, and more research is needed on whether such approaches constitute a durable, long-term exit from poverty.
Common aid allocation formulas incorporate measures of income per capita but not measures of poverty, likely based on the assumption that rising average incomes are associated with reduced poverty. If declining poverty is the outcome of interest, however, the case of Nigeria illustrates that such aid allocation formulas could lead to poorly targeted or inefficient aid disbursements. Using data from the World Bank and the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics, we find that while the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria varies depending on the time period studied, overall from 1992-2009 Nigeria’s poverty rate has only declined by 6% despite a 70% increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). A review of the literature indicates that income inequality, the prominence of the oil sector, unemployment, corruption, and poor education and health in Nigeria may help to explain the pattern of high ongoing poverty rates in the country even in the presence of economic growth. Our analysis is limited by substantial gaps in the availability of quality data on measures of poverty and economic growth in Nigeria, an issue also raised in the literature we reviewed, but our findings support arguments that economic growth should not be assumed to lead to poverty reduction and that the relationship between these outcomes likely depends on contextual factors.
Household survey data are a key source of information for policy-makers at all levels. In developing countries, household data are commonly used to target interventions and evaluate progress towards development goals. The World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) are a particularly rich source of nationally-representative panel data for six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. To help understand how these data are used, EPAR reviewed the existing literature referencing the LSMS-ISA and identified 415 publications, working papers, reports, and presentations with primary research based on LSMS-ISA data. We find that use of the LSMS-ISA has been increasing each year since the first survey waves were made available in 2009, with several universities, multilateral organizations, government offices, and research groups across the globe using the data to answer questions on agricultural productivity, farm management, poverty and welfare, nutrition, and several other topics.
This brief reviews the evidence of realized yield gains by smallholder farmers attributable to the use of high-quality seed and/or improved seed varieties. Our analysis suggests that in most cases, use of improved varieties and/or quality seed is associated with modest yield increases. In the sample of 395 trials reviewed, positive yield changes accompanied the use of improved variety or quality seed, on average, in 10 out of 12 crops, with rice and cassava as the two exceptions.
Donors and governments are increasingly seeking to implement development projects through self-help groups (SHGs) in the belief that such institutional arrangements will enhance development outcomes, encourage sustainability, and foster capacity in local civil society – all at lower cost to coffers. But little is known about the effectiveness of such institutional arrangements or the potential harm that might be caused by using SHGs as ‘vehicles’ for the delivery of development aid. This report synthesizes available evidence on the effectiveness of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in promoting health, finance, agriculture, and empowerment objectives in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings are intended to inform strategic decisions about how to best use scarce resources to leverage existing SHG interventions in various geographies and to better understand how local institutions such as SHGs can serve as platforms to enhance investments.
Suggested Citation:
Anderson, C. L., Gugerty, M. K., Biscaye, P., True, Z., Clark, C., & Harris, K. P. (2014). Self-Help Groups in Development: A Review of Evidence from South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. EPAR Technical Report #283. Evans School of Public Policy & Governance, University of Washington. Retrieved <Day Month Year> from https://epar.evans.uw.edu/sites/default/files/epar_283_shg_evidence_review_brief_10.23.20.pdf
The commercial alcohol industry in Africa may provide opportunities to increase market access and incomes for smallholder farmers by increasing access to agriculture-alcohol value chains. Despite the benefits of increased market opportunities, the high costs to human health and social welfare from increased alcohol use and alcoholism could contribute to a net loss for society. To better understand the tradeoffs between increased market access for smallholders and societal costs associated with harmful alcohol consumption, this paper provides an inventory of the societal costs of alcohol in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We examine direct costs associated with addressing harmful effects of alcohol and treating alcohol-related illnesses, as well as indirect costs associated with the goods and services that are not delivered as a consequence of drinking and its impact on personal productivity. We identified resources using Google Scholar and the University of Washington libraries, and utilized the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and the World Health Organization’s Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) database. We also utilized FAOSTAT to retrieve raw data on national-level alcohol production and export statistics. We find that hazardous alcohol use contributes to early mortality and morbidity, loss of productivity, property damage, and other social costs and harms for drinkers and those around them. Drinking also affects vulnerable segments of the population disproportionately. Policymakers, local authorities, and donor agencies can use the information presented in this paper to plan and prepare for the higher consumption levels and subsequent social costs that may follow through agricultural development and economic growth in the region.
This research brief provides an overview of the banana and plantain value chains in West Africa. Because of the greater production and consumption of plantains than bananas in the region, the brief focuses on plantains and concentrates on the major plantain-producing countries of Ghana, Cameroon, and Nigeria. The brief is divided into the following sections: Key Statistics (trends in banana and plantain production, consumption, and trade since 1990), Production, Post-Harvest Practices and Challenges, Marketing Systems, and Importance (including household consumption and nutrition). West Africa is one of the major plantain-producing regions of the world, accounting for approximately 32% of worldwide production. Plantains are an important staple crop in the region with a high nutritional content, variety of preparation methods, and a production cycle that is less labor-intensive than many other crops. In addition to plantains, bananas are also grown in West Africa, but they account for only 2.3% of worldwide production. Bananas are more likely than plantains to be grown for export rather than local consumption. Major constraints to banana and plantain production include pests and disease, short shelf life, and damage during transportation.
This desk study reports on the small-scale machinery sector in China and a selection of SSA countries: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Uganda. The report is organized into three sections. Section 1 discusses the current state of small-scale agricultural machinery in SSA for crop and livestock production in each of the SSA countries identified. It also seeks to identify major areas of need in terms of agricultural mechanization and major constraints to agricultural machinery adoption, dissemination and maintenance. Section 2 focuses on the agricultural machinery sector in China and Chinese Africa relationships in agricultural development. It also identifies the major government players in the Chinese agricultural machinery sector. Section 3 is a “directory” of small-scale agricultural machinery manufactured in China with potential relevance for SSA smallholder farmers. We divide machines by function (e.g. threshing) although many Chinese machines are multi-function and can serve multiple purposes. We also note applicable crops, if listed by the manufacturers, and technical specifications as available. | https://epar.evans.uw.edu/research?amp%3Bf%5B1%5D=field_epar_population%3A290&f%5B0%5D=field_epar_geographic_focus%3A280&f%5B1%5D=field_epar_research_topic%3A292&f%5B2%5D=field_epar_research_topic%3A308&f%5B3%5D=field_epar_geographic_focus%3A282&f%5B4%5D=field_epar_research_topic%3A296&f%5B5%5D=field_epar_type_of_research%3A324&f%5B6%5D=field_epar_research_topic%3A309&f%5B7%5D=field_epar_geographic_focus%3A284&f%5B8%5D=field_epar_type_of_research%3A323 |
Kaija Saariaho is the Toru Takemitsu Composition Award judge
Kaija Saariaho is the judge of the Toru Takemitsu Composition Award 2015. She has chosen the following 4 orchestral works out of 151 entries from 44 countries eligibly accepted by 30 September 2014. Screening was done with the anonymous scores having only their titles. These four nominated works will be performed on 31 May 2015 at the Tokyo Opera City Concert Hall: Takemitsu Memorial for Kaija Saariaho’s final judgement.
Thomas Wally (Austria)
loop-fantasy for orchestra
Fabià Santcovsky (Spain)
cuadro de presencia for orchestra
Sebastian Hilli (Finland)
Reachings for orchestra
Yiğit Kolat (Turkey)
[difeʁãs] for orchestra
“To study carefully 151 orchestral scores has been a tiring but stimulating process. It has been also intriguing to observe that several new, now globally accepted notation traditions and compositional methods have been installed in the works of the new generations. I was happy to learn that many young composers are actively looking for personal and fresh ways of musical expression.
Extended instrumental techniques are a common object of interest among these works, as are graphic notation and aleatoric possibilities. Another recurring aspect seems to be the aim to reorganize the orchestral instruments in several groups on the stage or in the hall, sometimes around the audience.
I could notice also that a large number of composers were interested in narrativity, and their works had as a source of inspiration, a story or legend, or at least a metaphor – and the resulting music was then more or less audibly connected to the program comment given by the composer.
After having read all the pieces through, I kept two different groups of scores for further study; nine pieces convinced me during the first reading, and I put them aside, being certain that some of them would remain in my final selection – and in the end three out of four final pieces come from this group.
Then I chose more possible candidates from the remaining scores, altogether 27, and studied them again. Among those I found some further candidates to be compared with the first selection.
To eliminate scores, as I have done now – most of them presenting much talent, hope and hard work – was the most difficult part of my task. I hope that many more than the four pieces I have chosen will be performed soon and shared with attentive audience, as there were many interesting works, even if the level of technical realization varied much.
The principles set by Tokyo Opera City, “Prayer, Hope and Peace”, were in my mind in an abstract sense; these principles reaffirmed my own convictions and guided me in finding works that mirror composer’s most sincere reflections on music, and more largely life.
The following four works stayed in the end on my table, for the reasons I’ll try explain shortly below. The pieces are here in alphabetical order concerning the titles.
cuadro de presencia
This is a project with plenty of intriguing, carefully considered details concerning micro tonality and extended instrumental techniques, here realistic what comes to the performance, unlike many other microtonal ideas. The instrumental writing is inventive, and the alteration of the orchestral families keeps the intensity of the music vivid. I also like the daring manner the composer introduces silence in the work, not to interrupt the music, but to continue it inaudibly, and I remain curious to hear the musical flow in a concert.
[difeʁãs]
Since the first reading, I am impressed by the poetry and unusual formal solution of this piece, both of which are touching and convincing. The piece is a sonic voyage, and the very slow tempo markings escape the usual sense of a measured musical time. This work is deeply original and has quiet, confident intensity. I admire the radical but logic formal solution, and feel that behind the rigorous score hides a multisensory universe, which I am looking forward to experience.
loop-fantasy
When reading this work I was captivated by the energy of the music. The piece has freshness and eagerness to move, and it has a target. Here operating in fast tempi – with markings like “poco piu mosso (if possible)” – testing the limits of the musicians – combined with a traditionally demanding instrumental writing create a presence of exciting physical energy.
Reachings
I got interested in this work because of its determined sense of formal plan and its realization. An intense concentration is carrying the music through the work. The music has an urge to advance, but it is done under a control so that the musical energy is well balanced, and the music breathes naturally. The orchestration is effective throughout and the score enjoyable to read in its clarity. | http://saariaho.org/2014/12/19/kaija-saariaho-is-the-toru-takemitsu-composition-award-judge/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
TECHNICAL FIELD
This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/CN2017/076578, filed on Mar. 14, 2017, which claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201610143420.4, filed on Mar. 14, 2016, The disclosures of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This application relates to the communications field, and more specifically, to a network flow control method and a network device.
BACKGROUND
A modern network is a shared network. A network resource is a distributed resource. The network resource is different from a computing resource and a storage resource. How to share a network is an existing problem. Widespread application of cloud technologies, massive construction of a cloud Internet, and emergence of network functions virtualization (Network Function Virtualization, NFV) technologies impose diversified service requirements for a wide area network (Wide Area Network, WAN). Therefore, requirements for WAN network quality are also increased.
The earliest research on quality of service (Quality of Service, QoS) technologies of a flow control network service began in the 1990s, and the most important technology is a Resource Reservation Protocol (Resource reservation Protocol, RSVP) technology. However, because the algorithm is complex, many parameters in the algorithm cannot be obtained, and consequently, the technology still remains in a theoretical phase. In addition, the RSVP algorithm is difficult to deploy or expand, and the algorithm is aimed at a guarantee service (Guarantee Service) that has low network utilization. Therefore, the technology is not used in a network in a large scale.
For a long time, both a data center (DataCenter, DC) network and a WAN network use high bandwidth and a differentiated service DiffServ manner to guarantee quality of service. This manner is simple without a need of sophisticated control, and therefore is popular. Because of this, bandwidth utilization is extremely low and bandwidth allocation is unbalanced in this manner, and therefore, quality of a high burstiness service, a low latency service, or the like cannot be well guaranteed.
In recent years, people realize that centralized and extensive network management is increasingly incapable of meeting various ever-increasing network requirements. With emergence of a software-defined networking (Software Defined Network, SDN) technology, there are many researches on a centralized flow control technology that is based on an SDN idea. A main idea of the technology is constructing a dynamic flow matrix by collecting flow directions of network flows; and adjusting a path in a network based on the flow matrix, so as to achieve optimal network performance and network utilization. However, in such a solution, there is a problem of collecting a large amount of actual flow information and making decisions in real time. Real-time quality and expansibility of the network cannot be well guaranteed.
2
2
In addition, there are many researches on innovation that is based on a Transmission Control Protocol (Transmission Control Protocol, TCP) TCP flow control mechanism, and the researches are mainly some detailed researches such as congestion control and sliding window adjustment. DTCP is used as an example. Specifically, a main idea of DTCP is that when congestion is detected, for a flow with a far deadline (far deadline), a transmit end greatly reduces a send window; and for a flow with a near deadline (near deadline), the transmit end slightly reduces a send window. This type of per-flow control mechanism provides an advantage of rapid response. However, different mechanisms affect each other in a network environment in which a plurality of services coexist. In addition, an application may enable more flows to occupy more bandwidth. This causes unfairness in network use.
In practice, in a network in which a plurality of services coexist, mutual interference is generated between multiple types of service flows, and performance requirements of service flows of different service types are difficult to balance.
SUMMARY
Embodiments of this application provide a network flow control method, so as to schedule, based on a bandwidth weight corresponding to each service type, a packet flow in a service pipeline corresponding to the service type.
According to a first aspect, a network flow control method is provided, including: receiving a packet flow; determining, based on a service type of the packet flow, a service pipeline used for transmitting the packet flow, where service types of all packet flows in the service pipeline are the same; and based on a bandwidth weight allocated to the service type, transferring the packet flow by using the service pipeline.
A bandwidth weight of a service type refers to a proportion of maximum allowed occupied bandwidth of the service type to maximum available bandwidth. The maximum available bandwidth is usually total bandwidth of one or more physical ports that can be used by the service type, or bandwidth of a virtual network physical port of the service type in a virtual network.
It should be understood that the method may be performed by a communications entity. The bandwidth weight allocated to the service type may be preset locally by the communications entity, or may be set based on a bandwidth weight sent by another device such as a mediation device. This application is not limited thereto. The communications entity may be a communications device such as a host, a customer terminal, a switch, a virtual switch, a router, or a virtual router. It should be understood that this application is not limited thereto.
In this embodiment of this application, packet flows are allocated to different service pipelines based on a service type, and bandwidth weights are allocated, in a centralized manner, to service pipelines that carry a same service type. Therefore, each service pipeline can schedule packet flows in the service pipeline based on a bandwidth weight allocated to a specific service type, so as to avoid mutual interference generated between packet flows of different service types, and meet performance requirements of service flows of different service types.
With reference to the first aspect, in a first possible implementation of the first aspect, before the transferring the packet flow by using the service pipeline, the method further includes: performing pipeline scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline based on the bandwidth weight allocated to the service pipeline corresponding to the service type.
That is, the communications entity may further separately allocate a bandwidth weight to each service pipeline. This may not only implement mutual isolation between packet flows of various service types, but also implement separate weight control on packet flows in various service pipelines, thereby implementing finer network flow control.
With reference to the first aspect and the foregoing implementation of the first aspect, in a second possible implementation of the first aspect, before the sending the packet flow in the service pipeline to a physical port, the method further includes: performing in-pipeline scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline based on the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline.
Each service pipeline carries a service flow that has a specific service type, and performance requirements of service flows of various service types are different. Therefore, personalized in-pipeline scheduling is performed on a packet flow in each service pipeline based on a packet type. This can meet service requirements of different service types and further improve network performance.
With reference to the first aspect and the foregoing implementations of the first aspect, in a third possible implementation of the first aspect, the performing in-pipeline scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline based on the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline includes one of the following: when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a throughput sensitive service, performing scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline in a first in first out queue scheduling manner; when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a deadline sensitive service, determining a priority of each packet flow based on a deadline of each service flow in the service pipeline, and scheduling each packet flow based on the priority of each packet flow, where a service flow with an earlier deadline is corresponding to a higher priority; when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a latency sensitive service, performing scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline in a first in first out queue scheduling manner on the premise of guaranteeing minimum bandwidth of the packet flows in the service pipeline; or when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a priority sensitive service, determining a priority of each packet flow in the service pipeline, and scheduling each packet flow based on the priority of each packet flow.
With reference to the first aspect and the foregoing implementations of the first aspect, in a fourth possible implementation of the first aspect, the method further includes: determining a transmission rate of the packet flow in the service pipeline based on a congestion status of the service pipeline and the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type.
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With reference to the first aspect and the foregoing implementations of the first aspect, in a fifth possible implementation of the first aspect, the determining a transmission rate of the packet flow in the service pipeline based on a congestion status of the service pipeline and the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type includes: when the service pipeline is in a non-congested state, determining a transmission rate R(t) of the packet flow in the service pipeline at a moment t by using the following formula:
()=min(()×(1+),), where
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a transmission rate of the service pipeline at a moment t−T is R(t−T), the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type is w, and maximum bandwidth that can be occupied by the iservice pipeline is R; or
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when the service pipeline is in a congested state, determining a transmission rate R(t) of the packet flow in the service pipeline at a moment t by using the following formula:
()=()×(1−α), where
a transmission rate of the service pipeline at a moment t−T is R(t−T), the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type is w, and a congestion degree of the service pipeline is α, where 0<α<1.
With reference to the first aspect and the foregoing implementations of the first aspect, in a sixth possible implementation of the first aspect, the weight notification message carries current usage bandwidth of each service type on the communications entity, or carries a current bandwidth weight; and a weight notification response fed back by the mediation device is received, where the weight notification response carries a target bandwidth weight of each service type. The current bandwidth weight refers to a proportion of the current usage bandwidth of each service type on the communications entity to total available bandwidth. It should be noted herein that there is a simple conversion relationship between the current usage bandwidth, the current bandwidth weight, and total bandwidth occupied by multiple current service types, and all related combinations in the weight notification message fall within the protection scope of this application.
Therefore, the mediation device may communicate with a plurality of communications entities, collect a weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities, intelligently determine a bandwidth bottleneck communications entity of each service type by using distribution information of each communications entity, and instruct each communications entity to update a network weight occupied by each service, so as to maximize network utilization.
With reference to the first aspect and the foregoing implementations of the first aspect, in a seventh possible implementation of the first aspect, the weight notification message further carries at least one piece of the following information: a physical port identifier of the communications entity, an identifier or an address of the communications entity, a destination communications entity identifier or address of each service packet flow on the communications entity, a pipeline identifier of each service pipeline on the communications entity, or a service type carried in each service pipeline on the communications entity.
With reference to the first aspect and the foregoing implementations of the first aspect, in an eighth possible implementation of the first aspect, the method further includes: receiving a weight update message sent by the mediation device, where the weight update message carries a bandwidth weight allocated to each service type on the communications entity, or carries maximum allowed bandwidth allocated to each service type on the communications entity.
That is, after receiving the weight update message sent by the mediation device, the communications entity updates the bandwidth weight that can be allocated to and used by each service type on the communications entity.
Therefore, this embodiment of this application can ensure network performance when applications of different service types coexist, ensure real-time adaptation to a network status change, meet network deployment scalability, and support large-scale network deployment.
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According to a second aspect, a network flow control method is provided, including: receiving a weight notification message of each communications entity in a plurality of communications entities, where a weight notification message if an icommunications entity in the plurality of communications entities carries current usage bandwidth of each service type on the icommunications entity; and determining target maximum allowed bandwidth of a jservice type on the icommunications entity based on the weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities.
On a communications entity, bandwidth may be wasted because a configuration of a service bandwidth weight does not match a network resource allocation actually used by a service, and consequently, resource utilization of an entire network is reduced.
In this embodiment of this application, a bandwidth weight of each service type can be dynamically determined based on an actual bandwidth occupation status of each service type, so as to achieve optimal utilization of an entire network, and a fair or commercial fair use of a network.
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With reference to the second aspect, in a first possible implementation of the second aspect, the determining maximum allowed bandwidth of a jservice type on the icommunications entity based on the weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities includes: determining a bottleneck communications entity with greatest current total usage bandwidth from the plurality of communications entities according to current usage bandwidth that is of each service type and that is carried in the weight notification message of each communications entity, where the jservice type exists on the bottleneck communications entity; based on a proportion of current usage bandwidth of each service type on the bottleneck communications entity in the current total usage bandwidth, determining maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity when maximum available bandwidth of the bottleneck communications entity is totally occupied; and determining the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the icommunications entity based on the maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity, and a proportion of current usage bandwidth of the jservice type on the icommunications entity to current usage bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity.
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With reference to the second aspect and the foregoing implementation of the second aspect, in a second possible implementation of the second aspect, the weight notification message of the icommunications entity in the plurality of communications entities carries current maximum allowed bandwidth of each service type on the icommunications entity, and the method further includes: when current maximum allowed bandwidth configured for the jservice type on the icommunications entity is different from the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type, sending the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the iservice type to the icommunications entity.
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With reference to the second aspect and the foregoing implementations of the second aspect, in a third possible implementation of the second aspect, the method further includes: determining a proportion of the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type to maximum total bandwidth of the icommunications entity as a maximum bandwidth weight of the jservice type.
According to a third aspect, a network entity is provided, including: a receiving unit, a determining unit, and a scheduling unit. The network entity is configured to perform the method in any one of the first aspect or the possible implementations of the first aspect.
According to a fourth aspect, a network device is provided, including: a receiving unit and a determining unit. The network entity is configured to perform the method in any one of the second aspect or the possible implementations of the second aspect.
According to a fifth aspect, an apparatus is provided, including: a processor, a receiver, a transmitter, and a memory. The processor and the memory are connected by using a bus system, the memory is configured to store an instruction, and the processor is configured to execute the instruction stored in the memory, to control the receiver to receive a signal, and control the transmitter to send a signal, so that the apparatus performs the method in any one of the first aspect or the possible implementations of the first aspect.
According to a sixth aspect, an apparatus is provided, including: a processor, a memory, a receiver, and a transmitter. The processor, the memory, and the receiver are connected by using a bus system, the memory is configured to store an instruction, and the processor is configured to execute the instruction stored in the memory, to control the receiver to receive a signal, and control the transmitter to send a signal, so that the apparatus performs the method in any one of the second aspect or the possible implementations of the second aspect.
According to a seventh aspect, a computer-readable medium is provided and is configured to store a computer program, and the computer program includes an instruction used to perform the method in any one of the first aspect or the possible implementations of the first aspect.
According to an eighth aspect, a computer-readable medium is provided and is configured to store a computer program, and the computer program includes an instruction used to perform the method in any one of the second aspect or the possible implementations of the second aspect.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram of a network flow control method according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram of a network flow control method according to another embodiment of this application;
FIG. 3
is a schematic diagram of a data plane according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 4
is a schematic structural diagram of a data plane according to another embodiment of this application;
FIG. 5
is a schematic diagram of flow control according to another embodiment of this application;
FIG. 6
is a schematic flowchart of flow control according to still another embodiment of this application;
FIG. 7
is a schematic diagram of network flow control according to another embodiment of this application;
FIG. 8
is a network entity according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 9
is a mediation device according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 10
is a network device according to another embodiment of this application; and
FIG. 11
is a network device according to another embodiment of this application.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
The following describes the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of this application.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram of a network flow control method according to an embodiment of this application. The method is performed by a communications entity. As shown in , the method includes:
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Step : Receive a packet flow.
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Step : Determine, based on a service type of the packet flow, a service pipeline used for transmitting the packet flow, where service types of all packet flows in the service pipeline are the same.
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Step : Based on a bandwidth weight allocated to the service type, transfer the packet flow by using the service pipeline.
The communications entity may be a communications device such as a host, a customer terminal, a switch, a virtual switch, a router, or a virtual router. It should be understood that this application is not limited thereto.
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Specifically, in step , the communications entity obtains one or more packet flows from a physical link. Packets in a same packet flow have same 5-tuple information. More specifically, the packets in a same packet flow have a same source address and destination address.
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In step , when obtaining a specific packet flow, the communications entity needs to determine, based on a service type of the flow, a service pipeline used for transmitting the packet flow.
Specifically, the communications entity may determine the service type of the packet flow in one of the following manners: When an application is deployed, a cloud management system or an SDN controller configures a service type on an edge channel entity, for example, the service type of the application may be determined by using a packet with a specific destination address and source address; an application type is inferred by using a common port number carried in a service packet, for example, an FTP signaling port number TCP 21, a DNS port number UDP 67, or an HTTP port number TCP 80; and the service type to which the packet flow belongs is identified by using a technology such as deep packet inspection DPI (Deep Packet Inspection). It should be understood that this application is not limited thereto, and another method that can be used to determine the service type of the packet flow falls within the scope of this application.
Specifically, that the communications entity determines the service pipeline used for transmitting the packet flow is allocating, based on the service type of the packet flow, the packet flow to a service pipeline corresponding to the packet flow. Packet flows in the service pipeline have a same service type. The service pipeline is a logical pipeline that has a specific pipeline source address and destination address. The logical pipeline carries a packet flow with a specific service type. Therefore, it can also be said that the service pipeline is a logical pipeline of the specific service type. In implementation, the service pipeline may be identified and differentiated by using a technology such as an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN identifier, a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) label, GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation), or VXLAN (Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network). It should be understood that determining the service pipeline of the packet flow may further need other information, for example, information such as a source address and a destination address of the packet flow, so that the service pipeline of the packet flow can be determined. This application is not limited thereto.
A specific example is used for description. After obtaining information about a source address and a destination address of a packet, the communications entity may determine a service pipeline of the packet by searching a pipeline table preset in the communications entity. The pipeline table includes the following entries: a packet source address, a packet destination address, a service type to which a packet belongs, a source address of a service pipeline, a destination address of the service pipeline, a pipeline number, and an output physical port number.
According to the pipeline table, the communications entity may determine a service type of a packet flow, corresponding service pipeline information, and corresponding output physical link information by obtaining information such as a source address and a destination address of the packet flow or the service type of the packet flow. After pipeline encapsulation is performed on a packet in the packet flow, that is, after a pipeline source address and destination address or pipeline identification information is added to a packet header, the encapsulated packet flow may be sent to a corresponding physical link by using a corresponding service pipeline. A best effort BE (Best Effort) packet or a packet whose service type cannot be identified is directly sent to an output physical link.
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Specifically, in step , the communications entity performs scheduling on the packet flow in the service pipeline based on the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type. All the packet flows carried in the service pipeline have a same service type. There may be one or more service pipelines that carry a same service type of packet flows. Service types of packet flows carried in each of these service pipelines are the same, but pipeline destination addresses or pipeline source addresses of the service pipelines are different. The communications entity allocates a bandwidth weight to each service type. The one or more service pipelines that carry a same service type of service flows share the partial bandwidth weight. The process of scheduling the packet flow by the service pipeline is essentially a process of sending a service packet to a physical port according to specific bandwidth.
It should be understood that the communications entity may further separately allocate a bandwidth weight to each service pipeline. This may not only implement mutual isolation between packet flows of different service types, but also implement mutual isolation between packet flows of different service pipelines, thereby implementing finer network flow control.
It should be further understood that the bandwidth weight configured by the communications entity for each service type may be preconfigured on the communications entity. Alternatively, the communications entity may receive configuration information sent by another communications entity such as a mediation device, and perform weight update configuration based on the received configuration message sent by that communications entity. A bandwidth weight configuration update period of each service type may be fixed or not fixed. This application is not limited thereto.
In this embodiment of this application, packet flows are allocated to different service pipelines based on a service type, and bandwidth weights are allocated, in a centralized manner, to service pipelines that carry a same service type. Therefore, the communications entity can schedule packet flows based on a bandwidth weight allocated to a specific service type, so as to avoid mutual interference generated between packet flows of different service types. Separate configuration may be performed to meet performance requirements of service flows of different service types.
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, before the packet flow in the service pipeline is sent to the physical port, the method further includes: performing in-pipeline scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline based on the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline.
Specifically, each service pipeline carries a service flow that has a specific service type, and performance requirements of service flows of various service types are different. Therefore, personalized in-pipeline scheduling is performed on a packet flow in each service pipeline based on a packet type. This can meet service requirements of different service types and further improve network performance.
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the performing in-pipeline scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline based on the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline includes one of the following: when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a throughput sensitive (Throughput Sensitive, TS) service, performing scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline in a first in first out (First in first out, FIFO) queue scheduling manner; when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a deadline sensitive (deadline sensitive, DS) service, determining a priority of each packet flow based on a deadline of each service flow in the service pipeline, and scheduling the packet flow based on the priority of each packet flow, where a service flow with an earlier deadline is corresponding to a higher priority; when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a latency sensitive (latency sensitive, LS) service, ensuring that total bandwidth of the service pipeline is greater than a sum of bandwidth of all packet flows in the pipeline, and performing scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline in a first in first out queue scheduling manner; or when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a priority sensitive (priority sensitive, PS) service, determining a priority of each packet flow in the service pipeline, and scheduling each packet flow based on the priority of each packet flow. It should be understood that this application is not limited to the enumerated service types.
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the method further includes: determining a transmission rate of the service pipeline based on a congestion status of the service pipeline and the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type.
It should be understood that the congestion status of the service pipeline may include two statuses: a congested state and a non-congested state. When the pipeline is in the congested state, there may further be a specific congestion degree. When the congestion status of the service pipeline is being determined, independent congestion detection is performed on a destination end of each service pipeline, and the congestion status of the service pipeline may be fed back to a source end. A specific congestion detection method includes one of the following:
(1) Explicit congestion notification (Explicit Congestion Notification, ECN): The method is specifically that a switch, a router, or the like in a network attaches a congestion mark to a congested packet after detecting congestion, and congestion information is fed back to the source end by the destination end.
(2) The source end adds a packet sequence number to a packet sent to the destination end by using the service pipeline, the destination end detects a lost sequence number to detect a congestion degree, and the destination end feeds back information about the congestion degree to the source end. Alternatively, a maximum link occupation rate of a passed physical link is carried in a packet sent to the destination end, and the destination end feeds back the maximum link occupation rate carried in the packet in the service pipeline to a source end corresponding to a logical pipeline, so as to implement congestion detection.
It should be understood that whether congestion is detected or the congestion degree is determined by specific parameters of different devices. This application is not limited thereto.
Specifically, a transmission rate of a packet in each service pipeline is bit/s (bit/s), or may be understood as usage bandwidth of a service pipeline. That is, each service pipeline can determine current usage bandwidth of the service pipeline by using an adaptive congestion detection manner. The current usage bandwidth does not exceed maximum bandwidth allowed to be used by the service pipeline, that is, a bandwidth weight that can be used by the service pipeline. In addition, usage bandwidth of each service pipeline is not less than minimum reserved bandwidth of the service pipeline.
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Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the determining a transmission rate of the packet flow in the service pipeline based on a congestion status of the service pipeline and the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type includes: when the service pipeline is in a non-congested state, increasing a transmission rate R(t) of the packet flow in the service pipeline at a moment t by using the following formula:
()=min(()×(1+),), where
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a transmission rate of the service pipeline at a moment t−T is R(t−T), the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type is w, and maximum bandwidth that can be occupied by the service pipeline is R; or
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when the service pipeline is in a congested state, determining a transmission rate R(t) of the packet flow in the service pipeline at a moment t by using the following formula:
()=()×(1), where
a transmission rate of the service pipeline at a moment t−T is R(t−T), the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type is w, and a congestion degree of the service pipeline is α, where 0<α<1. That is, when congestion occurs, each service pipeline decreases the current usage bandwidth based on a proportion of the service type to which the service pipeline belongs and a congestion degree.
Therefore, each service pipeline may implement independent rate adjustment and determine usage bandwidth of each service pipeline by using a congestion status and a service bandwidth weight of the service pipeline, so as to ensure real-time adaptation to a network status change.
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the method further includes: sending, by the communications entity, a weight notification message to a mediation device, where the weight notification message carries current usage bandwidth of each service type on the communications entity.
The mediation device may communicate with a plurality of communications entities, collect a weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities, intelligently determine a bandwidth bottleneck communications entity of each service type by using distribution information of each communications entity, and instruct each communications entity to update a bandwidth weight occupied by each service, so as to maximize network utilization.
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the weight notification message further carries at least one piece of the following information: a physical port identifier of the communications entity, an identifier or an address of the communications entity, a destination communications entity identifier or address of each service packet flow on the communications entity, a pipeline identifier of each service pipeline on the communications entity, or a service type carried in each service pipeline on the communications entity. In terms of implementation, the weight notification message carries physical port identifier information of the communications entity so that a central mediator conveniently obtains maximum bandwidth of a physical link corresponding to a physical port and path information related to the physical port. The weight notification message carries the identifier or the address of the communications entity to specify a communication source and destination, so as to facilitate finding a path corresponding to the source and the destination, and facilitate determining a related communications party, thereby implementing bandwidth weight calculation and update.
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the method further includes: receiving a weight update message sent by the mediation device, where the weight update message carries a bandwidth weight allocated to each service type on the communications entity.
It should be understood that, before the weight update message sent by the mediation device is received, the bandwidth weight allocated to each service type on the communications entity may be a preset initial value, and this application is not limited thereto.
That is, after receiving the weight update message sent by the mediation device, the communications entity updates the bandwidth weight that can be allocated to and used by each service type on the communications entity.
Therefore, this embodiment of this application can ensure network performance when applications of different service types coexist, ensure real-time adaptation to a network status change, meet network deployment scalability, and support large-scale network deployment.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram of a network flow control method according to another embodiment of this application. The method is performed by a mediation device. The mediation device may be a server, a router in a network, or a software process running in a network or a data center. This application is not limited thereto. As shown in , the method includes:
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Step : Receive a weight notification message of each communications entity in a plurality of communications entities, where a weight notification message of an icommunications entity in the plurality of communications entities carries current usage bandwidth of each service type on the icommunications entity.
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Step : Determine target maximum allowed bandwidth of a jservice type on the icommunications entity based on the weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities.
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In step , the weight notification message of the icommunications entity carries the current usage bandwidth of each service type on the icommunications entity. It should be understood that other information equivalent to the current usage bandwidth also falls within the scope of this application. This application is not limited thereto. For example, when the weight notification message carries a weight of the current usage bandwidth of each service in all current usage bandwidth, the current usage bandwidth of each service type may also be deduced.
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Specifically, in step , any two communications entities in the plurality of communications entities may communicate with each other. A weight notification message of each communications entity carries current usage bandwidth of each service type on the communications entity. That is, the iweight notification message corresponding to the icommunications entity carries the current usage bandwidth of each service type on the icommunications entity. It should be understood that the current usage bandwidth of any service type on the icommunications entity may be a sum of current occupation statuses of one or more service pipelines of the service type. It should be understood that when a plurality of service pipelines share current usage bandwidth of one service type, the plurality of service pipelines may perform dynamic adjustment based on a congestion status of a packet flow of each service pipeline, or the current usage bandwidth may be simply evenly allocated. This application is not limited thereto.
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In step , target maximum allowed bandwidth of each service type on each communications entity may be determined based on the weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities. That is, the mediation device may find a bottleneck communications entity in the plurality of communications entities by collecting a bandwidth usage status of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities, so as to determine the target maximum allowed bandwidth of each service on each communications entity.
On a communications entity, bandwidth may be wasted because a configuration of a service bandwidth weight does not match a network resource allocation actually used by a service, and consequently, resource utilization of an entire network is reduced.
In this embodiment of this application, a bandwidth weight of each service type can be dynamically determined based on an actual bandwidth occupation status of each service type, so as to achieve optimal utilization of an entire network, and a fair or commercial fair use of a network.
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FIG. 7
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the determining target maximum allowed bandwidth of a jservice type on the icommunications entity based on the weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities includes: determining a bottleneck communications entity with greatest current total usage bandwidth from the plurality of communications entities according to current usage bandwidth that is of each service type and that is carried in the weight notification message of each communications entity, where the jservice type exists on the bottleneck communications entity; based on a proportion of current usage bandwidth of each service type on the bottleneck communications entity in the current total usage bandwidth, determining maximum bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity when maximum available bandwidth of the bottleneck communications entity is totally occupied; and determining the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the jcommunications entity based on the maximum bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity, and a proportion of current usage bandwidth of the jservice type on the icommunications entity to current usage bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity. in the following describes specific steps of this embodiment of this application with reference to a specific example.
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Specifically, when the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the iservice type on the icommunications entity is being determined, the bottleneck communications entity with greatest current usage bandwidth needs to be found first. When the maximum available bandwidth of the bottleneck communications entity is totally occupied, the maximum bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity is determined. Further, for the jservice type, a proportional relationship exists between the current usage bandwidth of the bottleneck communications entity and the current usage bandwidth of the icommunications entity. For example, the proportion is 2:1. The maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the icommunications entity is determined based on the proportional relationship and the maximum bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity. In this way, if it is determined that the maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity is 4 Mbit/s, the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the icommunications entity is 2 Mbit/s.
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Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the weight notification message of the icommunications entity in the plurality of communications entities carries current maximum allowed bandwidth of each service type on the icommunications entity, and the method further includes: when current maximum allowed bandwidth configured for the jservice type on the icommunications entity is different from the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type, sending the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type to the icommunications entity.
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It should be understood that information that may be obtained by mutual deduction between the information and the maximum bandwidth of the jservice type falls within the scope of this application. For example, after the maximum bandwidth weight of the jservice type is determined, the maximum bandwidth of the jservice type can be determined.
The mediation device may compare a current service weight of a target communications entity with an updated service weight of the target communications entity in an instant update manner, in a manner of performing update after a weight difference is calculated to be greater than a preset range, or in a periodic update manner, so as to update the service weight of the target communications entity.
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Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the method further includes: determining a proportion of the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type to maximum total bandwidth of the icommunications entity as a bandwidth weight of the jservice type.
In this embodiment of this application, a bandwidth weight of each service type can be dynamically determined based on an actual bandwidth occupation status of each service type, so as to achieve optimal utilization of an entire network, and a fair or commercial fair use of a network.
FIG. 3
is a schematic diagram of a data plane according to an embodiment of this application.
FIG. 3
Based on a service type, packet flows may be classified into the following types: a throughput sensitive (throughput sensitive, TS) service, a deadline sensitive (deadline sensitive, DS) service, a latency sensitive (latency sensitive, LS) service, a priority sensitive (priority sensitive, PS) service, and a best effort (Best Effort, BE) service. Logical pipelines shown in are established between a destination address and a source address in a network. These logical pipelines are respectively corresponding to different service types, and are respectively a TS service pipeline, a DS service pipeline, an LS service pipeline, a PS service pipeline, and a BE service pipeline. Each service pipeline carries a service flow with a specific corresponding service performance requirement, for example, the TS service pipeline carries a TS service.
Specifically, in the TS service pipeline, the TS service is scheduled in a first in first out (First in first out, FIFO) queue scheduling manner.
In the DS service pipeline, for a DS service, a priority of each packet flow needs to be determined first. The packet flow in the service pipeline is scheduled based on the priority of each packet flow. A service flow with an earlier deadline is corresponding to a higher priority. A higher bandwidth weight may be allocated to a service with a higher priority in the service pipeline. For example, when two queues A and B are used for scheduling, a packet flow with a near deadline is scheduled to enter the queue A, and a remaining packet flow is scheduled to enter the queue B. A bandwidth weight of the queue A is set to 95%, and a bandwidth weight of the queue B is set to 5%. In this way, a packet with a near deadline obtains more bandwidth, thereby improving service performance.
In the LS service pipeline, an LS service is scheduled by using a FIFO queue. When a bandwidth weight of the LS service pipeline is set, bandwidth occupied by the LS service is set to two times a sum of bandwidth of all packet flows, considering that bandwidth for transmitting two packets in a round trip time (Round Trip Time, RTT) needs to be allocated to each packet flow. In addition, a specific burst of the TS service is guaranteed by using a token bucket.
In the PS service pipeline, for a PS service, a priority of each service flow is determined based on a length of each service flow. Generally, a longer length of a service flow leads to a higher priority, and a shorter length of a service flow leads to a lower priority. A higher bandwidth weight may be allocated to a service with a higher priority in the service pipeline.
Independent congestion detection is performed at a destination end of each service pipeline, and a congestion status of the service pipeline may be fed back to a source end. A specific congestion detection method is as follows:
(1) Explicit congestion notification (Explicit Congestion Notification, ECN): The method is specifically that a switch, a router, or the like in a network attaches a congestion mark to a congested packet after detecting congestion, and congestion information is fed back to the source end by the destination end.
(2) The source end adds a packet sequence number to a packet sent to the destination end by using the service pipeline, the destination end detects a lost sequence number to detect a congestion degree, and the destination end feeds back information about the congestion degree to the source end. Alternatively, a maximum link occupation rate of a passed physical link is carried in a packet sent to the destination end, and the destination end feeds back the maximum link occupation rate carried in the packet in the service pipeline to a source end corresponding to a logical pipeline, so as to implement congestion detection.
It should be understood that whether congestion is detected or the congestion degree is determined by specific parameters of different devices. This application is not limited thereto.
th
ij
ij
ij
ij
ij
max
i
R
t+T
R
t
w
R
×w
Further, the source end determines whether to adjust a transmission rate based on the congestion status fed back by the destination end. Specifically, if no congestion is detected, a higher rate is used tentatively for transmission. Adjustment is performed at an interval of a time period T. It is assumed that a current transmission rate of a jservice pipeline Pof a service i is R(t). A transmission rate R(t+T) of the pipeline at a next T is adjusted to:
()=min(()×(1+),), where
i
ij
i
max
th
wis a total bandwidth proportion value of a source end communications entity of the iservice to which the service pipeline Pbelongs, 0<w<1, and Ris maximum bandwidth of the source end communications entity.
The formula indicates that each pipeline tentatively increases a transmission rate when there is no congestion. An increased value is proportional to a weight of a service represented by each pipeline.
ij
If congestion is detected, the transmission rate is decreased. The transmission rate R(t+T) of the pipeline at a next T is adjusted to:
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>ij</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>ij</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>×</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo><mstyle><mtext></mtext></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>where</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>j</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>ij</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>≥</mo><mrow><mi>min</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
ij
i
α represents a congestion degree in the service pipeline P, greater α indicates more serious congestion, and 0<α<1. The formula indicates that each pipeline decreases transmission bandwidth based on a proportion of a service to which the pipeline belongs and the congestion degree when there is congestion, but minimum bandwidth min Rof the pipeline is reserved for each type of service.
FIG. 4
is a schematic structural diagram of a data plane according to another embodiment of this application.
FIG. 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
shows a packet flow , a packet flow , a packet flow , a packet flow , a packet flow , a packet flow , and a packet flow . The seven packet flows are sent from a same source end to a same destination end.
1
7
1
3
1
2
4
2
5
3
6
4
7
5
First, a flow route management module separately forwards the packet flow to the packet flow in the figure to corresponding service pipelines. Specifically, the packet flow and the packet flow are forwarded to a service pipeline , and a corresponding service type is a TS service type. The packet flow and the packet flow are forwarded to a service pipeline , and a corresponding service type is a DS service type. The packet flow is forwarded to a service pipeline , and a corresponding service type is an LS service type. The packet flow is forwarded to a service pipeline , and a corresponding service type is a PS service type. The packet flow is forwarded to a service pipeline , and a corresponding service type is a BE service type.
An in-pipeline scheduling module is configured to perform packet scheduling in each service pipeline. In a service pipeline, packet scheduling is performed by implementing a specific packet scheduling manner based on a service performance requirement. The manner includes but is not limited to the following manners: first in first out scheduling, recently-received first, shortest-flow-length first, high-priority first, and the like.
A pipeline status awareness module is configured to receive a congestion status notification message sent by a destination end of a pipeline, and notify a pipeline rate notification module of the message. Based on a specific rate control algorithm, the pipeline rate notification module increases or decreases a pipeline transmission rate according to pipeline congestion information provided by the pipeline status awareness module. Alternatively, the pipeline status awareness module is configured to calculate a new pipeline rate based on congestion information sent by the destination end of the pipeline, and adjust a related parameter of a pipeline rate control module based on the new pipeline rate, so that the pipeline rate control module adjusts a pipeline rate.
The pipeline rate control module is configured to increase or decrease, based on a specific rate control algorithm such as a leaky bucket (leaky bucket) algorithm, the pipeline transmission rate based on the pipeline congestion information provided by the pipeline status awareness module. This application is not limited thereto.
A service weight scheduling module is configured to implement network resource sharing according to preset service weight proportions. For example, the service weight scheduling module may set N queues for N services, and schedule the N queues in a weighted fair queuing manner. In a scheduling period, a quantity of scheduling times of each queue or a quantity of scheduled packet bytes of each queue is proportional to a service network weight corresponding to the queue.
FIG. 4
According to the schematic diagram of implementing a data plane shown in , a specific process of packet flow processing is as follows: The flow route module processes a service packet flow to search a pipeline table shown in Table 1 based on a packet source address and destination address, so as to obtain information about the service packet such as a pipeline source address, a pipeline destination address, a pipeline number, and a corresponding output physical port number. Pipeline encapsulation is performed on the service packet based on a table lookup result. That is, the pipeline source address, the pipeline destination address, and pipeline number information are added to a header of the packet, and the packet is sent to a corresponding physical link and a corresponding pipeline scheduling module.
A best effort packet or another packet whose service type cannot be identified is directly sent to a service weight scheduling module corresponding to an output physical link.
TABLE 1
Pipeline
Processing
Output
Channel
Pipeline
Pipeline
Physical
Number/
Source
Destination
Service
Source
Destination
Pipeline
Port
Instance
Address
Address
Type
Address
Address
Number
Number
Number
Flow1-s
Flow1-d
TS
A
B
100
p1
ins01
Flow2-s
Flow2-d
DS
A
B
101
p1
ins02
Flow3-s
Flow3-d
TS
A
B
100
p1
ins01
Flow4-s
Flow4-d
DS
A
B
101
p1
ins02
Flow5-s
Flow5-d
LS
A
B
102
p1
ins03
Flow6-s
Flow6-d
PS
A
B
103
p1
ins04
Flow7-s
Flow7-d
—
A
B
104
p1
ins90
It is assumed that communications entities A and B are two hosts, and from A to B, there are seven service flows shown in Table 1: a flow 1, a flow 2, . . . , and a flow 7. For example, specifically, a source address of a packet corresponding to the flow 1 is a virtual machine address flow 1-s of the host A, and a destination address of the packet corresponding to the flow 1 is a virtual machine address flow 1-d of the host B. A service type corresponding to the flow 1 is a TS type. The following may be obtained by searching Table 1: A pipeline source address is a communication address of the host A, a pipeline destination address is a communication address of the host B, a pipeline number of a corresponding service pipeline is 100, an output physical port number is p1, and a pipeline processing channel number is ins01.
Further, the flow route module encapsulates the packet in a service pipeline whose source address is A, destination address is B, and pipeline number is 100, and sends the packet to a channel whose pipeline processing channel number is ins01 for further processing. In Table 1, the pipeline processing channel number is mainly based on a channel in a hardware processing manner corresponding to an implementation, and the instance number is mainly based on a process, a central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU) core, or a resource scheduling fragment in a software processing manner corresponding to an implementation. It should be understood that processing manners of the flow 2 to the flow 6 are similar to the processing manner of the flow 1, and details are not described herein. For the flow 7, because there is no service type information of the flow in the table, a packet of the flow is processed based on the BE type, and is directly sent to the service weight scheduling module.
Specifically, a packet of the flow 1 enters the pipeline 100. In-pipeline scheduling is first performed in the channel whose channel number is ins01. The packet type is TS, and FIFO scheduling may be used. Then, rate control is performed in the pipeline rate control module. The packet of the flow 1 is sent to the service weight scheduling module to implement weight scheduling at a service level, and finally is sent to a physical link.
Specifically, a packet of the flow 2 enters a pipeline 101. In-pipeline scheduling is first performed in a channel whose channel number is ins02. The packet type is DS, and a double queue manner may be used. Weights with a relatively large difference are set for two queues, for example, a weight of one queue is set to 95%, and a weight of the other queue is set to 5%. A packet of a flow with a near deadline enters a queue with a large weight, and a packet of a flow with a far deadline enters a queue with a small weight. Alternatively, in another manner, two queues may use a scheduling manner with different priorities. A high priority is set for one queue, and a low priority is set for the other queue. A packet of a flow with a near deadline enters the queue with the high priority, and a packet of a flow with a far deadline enters the queue with the low priority.
For packets of the flow 3 to the flow 6, processing manners are similar to those of the flow 1 and the flow 2, and details are not described herein. Because the flow 7 does not belong to a specific service type, the flow 7 is directly sent to the service weight scheduling module in a best effort manner. That is, in ins90, the flow 7 is scheduled based on a weight occupied by the BE service type.
It should be understood that a plurality of service pipelines for a same type of service may assemble in the weight scheduling module, because service pipelines to different destination communications entities may exist in a same physical link. In this case, these packets from different service pipelines may receive, in a centralized manner, bandwidth weights allocated by the service weight scheduling module and share a network resource.
Service type information corresponding to a packet flow may be obtained by using the following methods:
1. When an application is deployed, a cloud management system or an SDN controller configures a service type on a channel entity.
2. An application type is inferred by using a common port number, for example, an FTP signaling port number TCP 21, a DNS port number UDP 67, or an HTTP port number TCP 80.
3. After a service type of a packet flow is identified by using a technology such as DPI, service type information of the packet flow is fed back to a communications entity.
FIG. 5
is a schematic diagram of flow control according to another embodiment of this application.
FIG. 5
As shown in , a communications entity A, a communications entity B, and a communications entity C may communicate with each other by using a network. The three communications entities may report network bandwidth occupation weights of their respective services to a mediator. The mediator collects network weight occupation rates of the services of the communications entities distributed on a network edge, uses distribution information of applications that are in the communications entities on the network edge to determine bandwidth bottleneck points of the applications and calculate optimal bandwidth weights of the services in the communications entities, and delivers bandwidth weight information of each service type on the communications entities to each corresponding communications entity, so as to maximize network utilization.
FIG. 6
is a schematic flowchart of flow control according to still another embodiment of this application.
FIG. 6
As shown in , first, a communications entity A, a communications entity B, and a communications entity C separately send a weight notification message to a mediator. Specifically, a weight notification message of the communications entity A includes at least: (current usage bandwidth of each service on the communications entity A includes current transmit bandwidth and current receive bandwidth) maximum bandwidth of the communications entity A and a current bandwidth weight configured for each service type on the communications entity A. The weight notification message of the communications entity A may further include the following information: a physical port identifier of the communications entity A, an identifier or an address of the communications entity A, a destination communications entity identifier or address of each service packet flow on the communications entity A, a service pipeline identifier of the communications entity A, and a service type carried in each service pipeline on the communications entity A.
Further, the mediator calculates target bandwidth weights of the communications entities based on the weight notification messages of the communications entity A, the communications entity B, and the communications entity C. For example, an application driven network sharing (Application Driven Network Sharing, ADNS) algorithm shown below may be used.
A bandwidth weight value of a service type S on a host host is calculated.
1)
int Weight(currh,S)
2)
{
3)
Host maxh=NULL;BW b=0;BW maxquota=0; SET hSet =Null;
4)
for each a:application (a.type==S and a.location==currh)
5)
set H=GetHosts (a); //obtain all hosts that run a
6)
for each h in H
7)
if B(h)>b then maxh=h;
8)
end for
9)
if maxh not in hSet {
10)
maxquota+= Bw(S, maxh)*Total(currh)/Total(maxh);
11)
hSet.push(maxh);
12)
}
13)
end for
14)
return ceil(maxquota/Total(currh)*100);
15)
}
Notes:
GetHosts(app): indicates a set of hosts that run an application.
B(host): indicates current total bandwidth occupied on a host.
Bw(S,host): indicates a current bandwidth value of an application type S on a host.
Total (host): indicates total physical bandwidth of a host.
In the third line, Host maxh=NULL indicates that a bottleneck host is undefined; BW b=0 indicates that an initial bandwidth value is set to 0; BW maxquota=0 indicates that an initial bandwidth weight value is set to 0; and SET hSet =Null maxh indicates that maximum allowed bandwidth is undefined.
In the fourth line, all applications that belong to the service type S and run on a current host host are determined, and hosts in which these applications are distributed are traversed.
In the fifth line, an application a is used as an example. The fifth line indicates that information about all hosts that run the application a is obtained by using deployment information or the like of the application. The application deployment information may be obtained from a cloud management software module. This application is not limited thereto.
In the sixth to the eighth lines, a host with greatest occupied bandwidth, referred to as a bottleneck host maxh, is found from hosts in which the current application a is distributed.
In the ninth to the tenth lines, first, target maximum allowed bandwidth of the application a on the bottleneck host is determined based on a bandwidth occupation proportion of the application a on the bottleneck host maxh and maximum total bandwidth of the bottleneck host maxh. Further, target maximum allowed bandwidth of the application a on the current host currh is calculated based on a ratio of occupied bandwidth of the application a on the bottleneck host maxh to occupied bandwidth of the application a on the current host currh. The current host is a target host on which target bandwidth is expected to be determined.
In the ninth to the twelfth lines, for all applications belonging to the service S, bandwidth values that are of the corresponding applications on the current host (target host) and that are calculated by using the foregoing method are added together, and target bandwidth of the service S on the current host (target host) may be finally calculated, that is, a bandwidth weight of the service S on the current host may be obtained.
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
b
FIG. 7()
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
2
3
is a schematic diagram of network flow control according to another embodiment of this application. As shown in , three hosts are respectively H, H, and H. The three hosts are connected by using a network. The three hosts are connected to the network with 10 Mbit/s physical bandwidth each. That is, maximum physical bandwidth of each of the three hosts is 10 Mbit/s. As shown in , it is assumed that there are two applications A and B. The two applications belong to different services. Virtual machines related to the application A are a and a, and virtual machines related to the application B are b, b, and b. For the application A, the virtual machine a is deployed on H, and the virtual machine a is deployed on H. For the application B, the three virtual machines b, b, and b are respectively deployed on H, H, and H. Communication relationships between the virtual machines are shown in the figure. Current occupied communication bandwidth from a to a is 4 Mbit/s, and current occupied communication bandwidth from b to b and current occupied communication bandwidth from b to b are separately 2 Mbit/s.
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
It is assumed that a target host is H. When a network weight value of a service type to which the application A of the host H belongs is calculated, the application a may be first found, and a is related to the two hosts H and H. In the two hosts, a host that occupies greatest bandwidth is H. A maximum possible occupied bandwidth of the application A on H is determined. For example, if bandwidth occupied by the application A and bandwidth occupied by the application B on H are respectively 4 Mbit/s and 4 Mbit/s, a proportion of the two service types is 1:1. If maximum physical bandwidth of H is 10 Mbit/s, when the maximum physical bandwidth of H is totally occupied, bandwidth occupied by the application A on H is 5 Mbit/s. Based on a current proportion of occupied bandwidth of the application A on H to occupied bandwidth of the application A on H (because bandwidth occupied by a on H is 4 Mbit/s, and bandwidth occupied by a on H is 4 Mbit/s, the proportion of occupied bandwidth of the application A on H to occupied bandwidth of the application A on H is 1:1), it can be deduced that bandwidth occupied by the application A on H is also 5 Mbit/s, that is, target bandwidth of the application A on H and target bandwidth of the application A on H are both 5 Mbit/s. Similarly, target bandwidth of the application B on H may be deduced to be 5 Mbit/s in a same manner, and target bandwidth of the application B on H is further determined to be 2.5 Mbit/s. Similarly, target bandwidth of the application B on H is 2.5 Mbit/s. On a communications entity, except for a service with a specific service type, a service whose service type cannot be determined may be referred to as a best effort BE service. Target bandwidth of BE is a difference between total bandwidth of the communications entity and target bandwidth of another specific service type. Therefore, the following may be finally obtained: On H, an occupation proportion of A, B, and BE is 0.5:0.25:0.25, and on H, an occupation proportion of A, B, and BE is 0.5:0.5:0. In practice, extremely small bandwidth min is reserved for a service type whose proportion is 0. It can be learned from the example that for H, because there is another bottle, a system may not allow the applications A and B on H to occupy full bandwidth, so as to reserve more resources for another application to use, thereby improving bandwidth utilization of the entire network.
FIG. 1
FIG. 7
FIG. 8
FIG. 11
The foregoing describes in detail the network flow control methods according to the embodiments of this application with reference to to , and the following describes in detail network devices according to embodiments of this application with reference to to .
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
800
is a network entity according to an embodiment of this application. As shown in , the network entity includes:
810
810
a receiving unit , where the receiving unit is configured to receive a packet flow;
820
820
a determining unit , where the determining unit is configured to determine, based on a service type of the packet flow, a service pipeline used for transmitting the packet flow, where service types of all packet flows in the service pipeline are the same; and
830
830
a scheduling unit , where the scheduling unit is configured to: based on a bandwidth weight allocated to the service type, send the packet flow in the service pipeline to a physical port.
In this embodiment of this application, packet flows are allocated to different service pipelines based on a service type, and bandwidth weights are allocated, in a centralized manner, to service pipelines that carry a same service type. Therefore, each service pipeline can schedule packet flows in the service pipeline based on a bandwidth weight allocated to a specific service type, so as to avoid mutual interference generated between packet flows of different service types. Separate configuration may be performed to meet performance requirements of service flows of different service types.
830
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the scheduling unit is further configured to: perform in-pipeline scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline based on the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline.
830
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the scheduling unit is specifically configured to: when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a throughput sensitive service, perform scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline in a first in first out queue scheduling manner; when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a deadline sensitive service, determine a priority of each packet flow based on a deadline of each service flow in the service pipeline, and schedule each packet flow based on the priority of each packet flow, where a service flow with an earlier deadline is corresponding to a higher priority; when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a latency sensitive service, perform scheduling on the packet flows in the service pipeline in a first in first out queue scheduling manner; or when the service type of the packet flow in the service pipeline is a priority sensitive service, determine a priority of each packet flow in the service pipeline, and schedule each packet flow based on the priority of each packet flow.
820
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the determining unit is further configured to: determine a transmission rate of the packet flow in the service pipeline based on a congestion status of the service pipeline and the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type.
820
R
t
R
t−T
w
R
×w
max
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the determining unit is specifically configured to: when the service pipeline is in a non-congested state, increase a transmission rate R(t) of the packet flow in the service pipeline at a moment t by using the following formula:
()=min(()×(1+),), where
max
a transmission rate of the service pipeline at a moment t−T is R(t−T), the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type is w, and maximum bandwidth that can be occupied by the service pipeline is R; or
R
t
R
t−T
−αw
when the service pipeline is in a congested state, determine a transmission rate R(t) of the packet flow in the service pipeline at a moment t by using the following formula:
()=()×(1), where
a transmission rate of the service pipeline at a moment t−T is R(t−T), the bandwidth weight allocated to the service type is w, and a congestion degree of the service pipeline is α, 0<α<1.
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the communications entity further includes: a sending unit, where the sending unit is configured to send a weight notification message to a mediation device, and the weight notification message carries current usage bandwidth of each service type on the communications entity.
800
100
800
FIG. 1
It should be understood that the communications entity in this embodiment of this application may be corresponding to the communications entity that performs the method in the embodiment of this application, and the foregoing and other operations and/or functions of the units in the communications entity are respectively used for implementing procedures corresponding to the communications entity device in the method in . For brevity, details are not described herein.
In this embodiment of this application, packet flows are allocated to different service pipelines based on a service type, and bandwidth weights are allocated, in a centralized manner, to service pipelines that carry a same service type. Therefore, each service pipeline can schedule packet flows in the service pipeline based on a bandwidth weight allocated to a specific service type, so as to avoid mutual interference generated between packet flows of different service types. Separate configuration may be performed to meet performance requirements of service flows of different service types.
FIG. 9
FIG. 9
900
is a mediation device according to an embodiment of this application. As shown in , the mediation device includes:
910
910
th
th
a receiving unit , where the receiving unit is configured to receive a weight notification message of each communications entity in a plurality of communications entities, and a weight notification message of an icommunications entity in the plurality of communications entities carries current usage bandwidth of each service type on the icommunications entity; and
920
920
920
th
th
th
th
th
th
th
th
th
th
a determining unit , where the determining unit is configured to determine target maximum allowed bandwidth of a jservice type on the icommunications entity based on the weight notification message of each communications entity in the plurality of communications entities. Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the determining unit is specifically configured to: determine a bottleneck communications entity with greatest current total usage bandwidth from the plurality of communications entities according to current usage bandwidth that is of each service type and that is carried in the weight notification message of each communications entity, where the jservice type exists on the bottleneck communications entity; based on a proportion of current usage bandwidth of each service type on the bottleneck communications entity in the current total usage bandwidth, determine maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity when maximum available bandwidth of the bottleneck communications entity is totally occupied; and determine the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type on the icommunications entity based on the maximum bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity, and a proportion of current usage bandwidth of the jservice type on the icommunications entity to current usage bandwidth of the jservice type on the bottleneck communications entity.
th
th
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the mediation device further includes: a sending unit, where the sending unit is configured to send the target maximum allowed bandwidth of the jservice type to the icommunications entity.
920
th
th
th
Optionally, in an embodiment of this application, the determining unit is further configured to determine a proportion of the target maximum bandwidth of the jservice type to maximum total bandwidth of the icommunications entity as a bandwidth weight of the iservice type.
900
200
900
FIG. 2
It should be understood that the mediation device in this embodiment of this application may be corresponding to the mediation device that performs the method in the embodiment of this application, and the foregoing and other operations and/or functions of the units in the mediation device are respectively used for implementing procedures corresponding to the communications entity device in the method in . For brevity, details are not described herein.
In this embodiment of this application, a bandwidth weight of each service type can be dynamically determined according to an actual bandwidth occupation status of each service type, so as to achieve optimal utilization of an entire network, and a fair or commercial fair use of a network.
FIG. 10
FIG. 10
1000
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1001
1002
1004
1003
1002
1001
1002
1004
1000
is a network device according to another embodiment of this application. As shown in , this embodiment of this application further provides a network device . The network device includes a processor , a memory , a bus system , and a receiver . The processor , the memory , and the receiver are connected by using the bus system . The memory is configured to store an instruction, and the processor is configured to execute the instruction stored in the memory , and control the receiver to receive information. The network device can implement a corresponding procedure in the foregoing method embodiment. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein.
1001
1001
It should be understood that in this embodiment of this application, the processor may be a central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU), or the processor may be another general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or another programmable logic device, a discrete gate or a transistor logic device, a discrete hardware component, or the like. The general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or the processor may be any normal processor, or the like.
1002
1001
1002
1002
The memory may include a read-only memory and a random access memory, and provides data and an instruction for the processor . A part of the memory may further include a nonvolatile random access memory. For example, the memory may further store information about a device type.
1003
1003
In addition to a data bus, the bus system may further include a power bus, a control bus, a status signal bus, and the like. However, for clarity of description, various buses are marked as the bus system in the figure.
1001
1002
1001
1002
1001
In an implementation process, the steps in the foregoing methods may be completed by means of an integrated logic circuit of hardware in the processor or an instruction in a form of software. The steps of the methods disclosed with reference to the embodiments of this application may be directly performed by a hardware processor, or may be performed by using a combination of hardware in the processor and a software module. A software module may be located in a mature storage medium in the art, such as a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, or a register. The storage medium is located in the memory . The processor reads information in the memory , and completes the steps of the foregoing methods in combination with hardware of the processor . To avoid repetition, details are not described herein.
FIG. 11
FIG. 11
1100
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1101
1102
1104
1103
1102
1101
1102
1104
1100
is a network device according to another embodiment of this application. As shown in , this embodiment of this application further provides a network device . The network device includes a processor , a memory , a bus system , and a receiver . The processor , the memory , and the receiver are connected by using the bus system . The memory is configured to store an instruction, and the processor is configured to execute the instruction stored in the memory , and control the receiver to receive information. The network device can implement a corresponding procedure in the foregoing method embodiment. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein.
1101
1101
It should be understood that in this embodiment of this application, the processor may be a central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU), or the processor may be another general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or another programmable logic device, a discrete gate or a transistor logic device, a discrete hardware component, or the like. The general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or the processor may be any normal processor, or the like.
1102
1101
1102
1102
The memory may include a read-only memory and a random access memory, and provides data and an instruction for the processor . A part of the memory may further include a nonvolatile random access memory. For example, the memory may further store information about a device type.
1103
1103
In addition to a data bus, the bus system may further include a power bus, a control bus, a status signal bus, and the like. However, for clarity of description, various buses are marked as the bus system in the figure.
1101
1102
1101
1102
1101
In an implementation process, the steps in the foregoing methods may be completed by means of an integrated logic circuit of hardware in the processor or an instruction in a form of software. The steps of the methods disclosed with reference to the embodiments of this application may be directly performed by a hardware processor, or may be performed by using a combination of hardware in the processor and a software module. A software module may be located in a mature storage medium in the art, such as a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, or a register. The storage medium is located in the memory . The processor reads information in the memory , and completes the steps of the foregoing methods in combination with hardware of the processor . To avoid repetition, details are not described herein.
A person of ordinary skill in the art may be aware that, in combination with the examples described in the embodiments disclosed in this specification, units and algorithm steps may be implemented by electronic hardware or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether the functions are performed by hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for each particular application, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this application.
It may be clearly understood by a person skilled in the art that, for the purpose of convenient and brief description, for a detailed working process of the foregoing system, apparatus, and unit, reference may be made to a corresponding process in the foregoing method embodiments, and details are not described herein again.
In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed system, apparatus, and method may be implemented in other manners. For example, the described apparatus embodiment is merely an example. For example, the unit division is merely logical function division and may be other division in actual implementation. For example, a plurality of units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not performed. In addition, the displayed or discussed mutual couplings or direct couplings or communication connections may be implemented by using some interfaces. The indirect couplings or communication connections between the apparatuses or units may be implemented in electronic, mechanical, or other forms.
The units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one position, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units may be selected according to actual requirements to achieve the objectives of the solutions of the embodiments.
In addition, functional units in the embodiments of this application may be integrated into one processing unit, or each of the units may exist alone physically, or two or more units are integrated into one unit.
When the functions are implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, the functions may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on such an understanding, the technical solutions of this application essentially, or the part contributing to the prior art, or some of the technical solutions may be implemented in a form of a software product. The software product is stored in a storage medium, and includes several instructions for instructing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to perform all or some of the steps of the methods described in the embodiments of this application. The foregoing storage medium includes: any medium that can store program code, such as a USB flash drive, a removable hard disk, a read-only memory (Read-Only Memory, ROM), a random access memory (Random Access Memory, RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disc.
The foregoing descriptions are merely specific implementations of this application, but are not intended to limit the protection scope of this application. Any variation or replacement readily figured out by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in this application shall fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims. | |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control method and a control apparatus for controlling both an output of a non-linear system (in which dynamic characteristics that vary corresponding to a control input) and dynamic characteristics (such as a viscous characteristic, an elastic characteristic, and mass (inertial force)) of the system at the same time and obtains a control input that simultaneously satisfies both target paths for the system output and the dynamic characteristics.
2. Description of the Related Art
A manipulator that is driven by artificial muscles is an example of a non-linear system.
Examples of the artificial muscles are pneumatic rubber type artificial muscles, wires, and so forth. The pneumatic rubber type artificial muscle is constructed of a rubber tube that is contracted by air pressure and thereby generates a tension. In the wire type artificial muscle, viscous and elastic characteristics are provided by feedback control. Since both types have variable viscous and elastic characteristics and produce only a tension, they are similar to natural muscles.
In a manipulator driven by artificial muscles, a pair of artificial muscles are disposed around each joint so that one artificial muscle is in contention with the other paired artificial muscle.
The difference of torques produced in the contended muscles becomes a resultant torque of the joint. In addition, when antagonistic muscles are operated at the same time, the viscous and elastic characteristics of a joint can be adjusted.
Thus, by controlling the viscous and elastic characteristics of each joint, the overall dynamic characteristics of the manipulator can be controlled. When a robot manipulator is operated, dynamic and mechanical interactions take place between the manipulator and its environment (for example, a workpiece). Examples of these interactions are deburring operations, part mounting operations, surface abrading operations.
The manipulator that performs such operations should have a compliant property to an external force applied from the environment so as to prevent the manipulator itself and the environment (workpiece) from being broken.
When the manipulator has compliance to an external force, it can be displaced while it produces a reactionary force against the force applied to it from the environment in the same manner that when force is applied to a spring, the length thereof varies.
The compliance of the manipulator can be represented by a mechanical impedance. The mechanical impedance can be represented by the apparent inertia, viscosity, and elasticity of an end-point (contacting edge) of the manipulator.
When a manipulator has a compliant property to the environment and the compliance thereof can be freely assigned, complicated operations such as parts mounting operations and human interfacing operations can be executed with simpler commands than those of conventional rigid type manipulators.
As means for providing manipulators with compliance, RCC (Remote Center Compliance) device, impedance control (including compliance control), manipulators driven by artificial muscles, and so forth have been proposed.
The RCC device is a hardware apparatus that provides a manipulator with compliance by mechanical elasticity such as springs. Since this apparatus uses springs, it is difficult to freely assign physical constants and positions of the springs. Thus, a dedicated hardware system should be provided corresponding to the operational environment.
In the impedance control method, a mechanical impedance is provided to the end-point (effector) of the manipulator by a controller.
In the impedance control method, since the compliance is accomplished by software, and although the compliance can be freely assigned, the control is difficult. This method has not been practically employed.
On the other hand, in the manipulator that is driven by artificial muscles, the compliance (dynamic characteristics) of the manipulator can be controlled by simultaneously operating antagonistic artificial muscles with variable viscosity and elasticity.
The artificial muscle type manipulator has the advantages of being flexible and light, and it is expected to be used for applications such as human interfacing operations (free from causing damage to human beings) and high place operations that cannot be performed by the conventional manipulators. However, the artificial muscle type manipulator has the following problems.
Firstly, since the artificial muscles only produce tension, they should be disposed around each joint so that they are in contention with each other. Thus, the number of the required artificial muscles is twice as many as the number of joints. Consequently, the control input to the artificial muscles has excessive degrees of freedom and thereby the control input becomes redundant.
Secondly, since the artificial muscles are sometimes non-linear systems, it is difficult to cause a required torque to be produced at a particular joint.
Thirdly, although the dynamic characteristics of the manipulator can be varied, a control method such as a calculation torque method using inverse dynamics (inverse model of an equation of motion) cannot be easily employed.
Because of such problems, the control of the artificial muscle type manipulator has been made only for a position control. The variability of the dynamic characteristics has just been verified. Practical methods for controlling and employing the artificial muscle type manipulators have not yet been proposed.
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To fully understand the relationship between climate change and water stress, you must first have a firm grasp on how the Hydrologic Cycle works. Whether you remember or not, most of us learned about this in grade school. However, it is not a concept we tend to frequently think about – sans those in a profession requiring them to. So, we will take a moment to remind ourselves how it all works. Water is evaporated from the surface of the ocean. As it cools, it condenses and becomes the clouds we see in the sky. Next, that moisture (in the form of clouds) travels around the world until it eventually falls in the form of precipitation. When the water hits the ground (if it is not rained directly back into the ocean), one of three things will happen. Some of the water on the ground will evaporate back into the atmosphere. Some water will penetrate the surface of the land and become groundwater. The groundwater will either make its way back to oceans, rivers, or streams, or evaporate through transpiration (by plants and trees). The remaining water that fell on the surface will remain on the surface and flow into lakes, rivers, and streams as runoff (note that runoff is not treated). Many people are more visual learners (myself included). If you are having trouble visualizing this process, look at the graphic below courtesy of http://www.conserve-energy-future.com.
How Warmer Temperatures Change the Cycle
Not all precipitation falls in the form of rain. Similarly, not all precipitation that falls to the surface as rain stays in a liquid form. Temperature plays an important role because it can change the properties of water. Depending on temperature, water may fall from the sky in the form of snow or ice, or it might even change once it hits the ground. The property the water is in significantly affects how quickly it moves through the Hydrological Cycle. Water on the surface (or in the ground) in the form of snow or ice can remain in the same place for months or even years. However, if the overall temperature of the air and surface of the Earth increases, we have less snow and ice, and more liquid water. WIth more liquid water, we will have more water running through the Cycle at a faster rate. The speed and quantity of water in the cycle will increase. As you may expect, this will result in larger amounts of rain, more often. The even more interesting part of this is that we will only see larger amounts of rain, more often in certain parts of the world. Other parts of the world will see the opposite – smaller amounts of rain, less often. Due to where increased evaporation happens and the movement of clouds, only certain places will see more rain, while other places will see less.
Too Much or Not Enough
When talking water, too much and not enough can both be dangerous. From a consumption standpoint, a human being can die by consuming too much water (hyperhydration) or, more commonly, by consuming too little (dehydration, loss of over 15-25% of total body water). From a groundwater standpoint, a human being can die or be significantly affected by too much water (flood; or contamination of freshwater from excessive runoff), or too little (crops will not grow leading to hunger; or no proper sanitation leading to disease). Like most things in this world, the human body needs a balance of water to be healthy.
Changes in the Hydrological Cycle and Water Availability
As climate change alters the Cycle, predictions say that we will see a significant increase of places with too much water and places with too little. As temperatures increase, we will see more water available for evaporation (in the form of surface water, oceans, and transpiration). There will be more condensed water in the clouds which will cause more water to fall in certain places in shorted amounts of time during bigger storm events. Stormwater systems in the fully-developed world will be overwhelmed and result is a significant amount of runoff back into lakes, streams, and rivers untreated. With enough frequency, the quality of water available for drinking and bathing will begin to degrade and further human intervention will need to be implemented. In other places, smaller amounts of water will fall at a decreasing rate during infrequent storm events. Over time, less and less water will be available for drinking and bathing and further human intervention will need to be implemented.
Conclusion
The price we are paying and will continue to pay related to water stress, both monetarily and in human capital, is too great to allow climate change to continue moving forward at the rate it is now. The developed world may be able to delay the repercussions for a period of time by throwing more money at the problem, but that is not a sustainable solution. The underdeveloped world does not have the resources to delay the repercussions and will likely see brisker consequences. | https://drinklocaldrinktap.org/2017/04/12/official-statement-climate-change-water-stress-locally-globally/ |
Adds the cells specified by a given criteria.
Function SumIf ( _
Arg1 As Range, _
Arg2 As Object, _
Arg3 As Object _
) As Double
Dim instance As WorksheetFunction
Dim Arg1 As Range
Dim Arg2 As Object
Dim Arg3 As Object
Dim returnValue As Double
returnValue = instance.SumIf(Arg1, Arg2, _
Arg3)
Range - the range of cells that you want evaluated by criteria.
Criteria - the criteria in the form of a number, expression, or text that defines which cells will be added. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", or "apples".
Sum_range - the actual cells to add if their corresponding cells in range match criteria. If sum_range is omitted, the cells in range are both evaluated by criteria and added if they match criteria.
Sum_range does not have to be the same size and shape as range. The actual cells that are added are determined by using the top, left cell in sum_range as the beginning cell, and then including cells that correspond in size and shape to range. For example:
If range is
And sum_range is
Then the actual cells are
A1:A5
B1:B5
B1:B3
A1:B4
C1:D4
C1:C2
You can use the wildcard characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in criteria. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~) preceding the character. | https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/subscriptions/downloads/microsoft.office.interop.excel.worksheetfunction.sumif(v=office.14).aspx |
what does it mean to observe and report
Kept the sabbath by refraining from work observe suggests marking the occasion by ceremonious performance.When calling your supervisor be prepared to give the following information:
A report on the peace conference;Observation skills for the job interview.The definition of report writing is creating an account or statement that describes in detail an event, situation or occurrence, usually as the result of observation or inquiry.
The first step is simply to write down what happens.When dealing with a data set (or multiple data sets), a mean will represent a central value of a specific set of numbers.
It does not require too much technical knowledge;It requires less training, which can lower costs, and creates fewer opportunities for claims of excessive force, which can also reduce a firm's liability.After students have committed their explanations to paper, discuss their ideas together.
Because observation skills are key to communication, one of the best ways you can showcase them in an interview is by actively listening, asking thoughtful questions and responding to the interviewer's queues.This means that they are able to observe your company or the area where you require security surveillance and can spot any activity which would be deemed suspicious or illegal.
Observing is obviously the act of looking and watching but in our profession we need to take that one step further.Keep, observe, celebrate, commemorate mean to notice or honor a day, occasion, or deed.The profile is a reflection of the ongoing observations.
The two most common forms of report writing are news report writing and academic report writing.Observation is a teachable and learnable skill that improves with practice.
Any behavior that occurs over and over is happening for a reason.Not all holidays are observed nationally celebrate suggests acknowledging an occasion by …He observed the passersby in the street.
What Does IYKYK Mean? Definition + How To Use It - In a sea of internet slang, things can get confusing quickly. Today we’re going to be looking at the IYKYK to find out what IYKYK means and how you use it correctly Even if you’re fairly au fait with .
Q&A on Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade: Which US states will make abortion illegal now that the landmark 1973 ruling has been overturned - and what does it . - The Supreme Court has struck down the right to abortion in the United States, according to a bombshell decision in that has overturned the landmark Roe v. Wade ruling.
What is inflation and what does it mean for your pension? - Inflation is currently rocketing, and is at 9.1 %, in the 12 months since April, making it the highest it’s been for 40 years since 1982. The increase matches what analysts had expected. The Office .
Summer Solstice 2022 - what does it mean, as 6,000 flock to Stonehenge - Solstice is here to mark the beginning of the summer - as revellers head out to historic sights including Glastonbury Tor and Stonehenge, where 6,000 are reported to have gathered overnight .
‘What does it mean to be freed?': How parents are teaching their children about Juneteenth - Amid Juneteenth celebrations, many children are asking probing questions about slavery. Here's how families are teaching their youth.
RCM Technologies, Inc. (RCMT) Upgraded to Buy: What Does It Mean for the Stock? - R CM Technologies, Inc. (RCMT) could be a solid choice for investors given its recent upgrade to a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). This upgrade is essentially a reflection of an upward trend . | https://hankamnews.com/20220428/what-does-it-mean-to-observe-and-report.html |
Hippuric acid in urine: reference values.
To establish reference values for hippuric acid (HA) excreted in the urine, and to evaluate the impact of age, gender, alcohol, and tobacco, on these levels in a population nonexposed to toluene. Reference values for hippuric acid in urine were determined in 115 toluene nonexposed healthy volunteers, from Alfenas city, Southeastern Brazil. A questionnaire was applied to each volunteer and data on occupational and personal habits were collected. Biochemical and hematological analyses were used to confirm the volunteers' good health condition. Reference values were expressed in g HA/g urine creatinine, as mean +/- standard deviation (x +/- SD), median, 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 95th percentile, and upper reference value (URV, mean +2 SD). Reference values of hippuric acid in urine were: mean +/- standard deviation =0.18+/-0.10; median =0.15; 95% confidence interval =0.16+/-0.20; 95th percentile = 0.36 and upper reference value (URV, mean +2 SD) =0.38. Statistically significant differences in urinary HA (Wilcoxon - Mann/Whitney, p<0.05) were observed for different genders and age groups. Alcohol ingestion and smoking habit did not significantly affect the results. The reference values of hippuric acid in urine can be used in biomonitoring programs of workers occupationally exposed to toluene, especially in the southern region of the state of Minas Gerais. Age and gender may affect the HA reference values.
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Ancient Indian History – Indus Valley Civilization, Mohenjo Daro, Harappan Culture
The past of India goes back several thousand years. We learn about it from the evidences which our ancestors have left behind. Even when the paper was not made.
Ancient Indian History - Indus Valley Civilization, Mohenjo Daro, Harappan Culture
- 1 Unique Feature of the Indus Valley Civilization
- 2 Indus Valley Civilization History
- 3 The lives of the people in Indus Valley Civilization
- 4 Indus Valley Civilization Notes
- 5 Nomenclature of Indus Valley Civilisation
- 6 Geographical Spread
- 7 Some New Discoveries
- 8 Who Built the Indus Valley Civilization
- 9 Indus Cities
- 10 Town Planning
- 11 Agriculture
- 12 Domestication of Animals
- 13 Trade
- 14 Towns Associated with Different Industries
- 15 Art and Craft
- 16 Religious Practices
- 17 Burial Practices
- 18 Script
- 19 Decline of the Cuvilisation
- 20 Important Harappan Sites
- 21 Possible Causes of Disappearance
- 22 Indus Valley Civilization PDF Download
Indus Valley Civilisation is a bronze age that was located in the north western region of Indian subcontinent. Since many of the Harppan settlement are found on the vast plane of river Saraswati which is dry today. It is also called as Indus-Saraswati Civilization. The Harrappan culture was spread over the many part of India like Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab & Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Jammu, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Northern Maharashtra. The important Harappan sites are Kotoji located on left bank of river Indus opposite Mohenjodaro, Harappa, KaliBanga, Mehrgarh, Mundigak, Damb Dadaat, Amri, Gumla, Rehman Dehri, Dolavira, Lothal.
The Harappan culture lasted for more than a thousand years. The world’s earliest urban civilization came to an end around 1300 BC. Natural calamities like floods, teriible epidemic diseases, and attack by wild animals are the suspected reasons for their decline. Although some aspects of the Harappan culture continued after their decline, those who succeeded Harappans knew nothing of city life. Thus decline of the Harappan culture was a negative event in the history of India.
Unique Feature of the Indus Valley Civilization
- The structure of the houses has toilet connected to a centralized system.
- Sanitation system is planned and organized by a centralized government.
- Unique size of bricks everywhere
- Town Planning
Indus Valley Civilization History
- Mature period began around 2700 BCE.
- Harappa was established around 3300 BCE.
- Farming and agriculture became the main economic activity due to scarce metal resources.
- Trading with Sumerian civilization have been progressed along the shore Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
- Most artifacts unearthed were toys indicating that they liked entertainment and loved to play.
- For a while, archaelogists thought that the cities of the Indus Valley Civilzation were populated by children.
- Their dissolution of IVC remains a mystry.
The lives of the people in Indus Valley Civilization
- AGRICULTURE was their main economic activity.
- They had irrigation systems.
- Pottery and Jewellery making
- Houses were made of clay bricks
- Their religion was animism and polytheism. They worshipped many gods some animal like revered BULL.
- Their social classes were lived inside the citadels; the farmer and trader lived outside of citadel.
Indus Valley Civilization Notes
- Indus Civilisation is one of the four earliest civilisations of the world along with the civilisations of Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euprates), Egypt (Nile) and China (Hwang Ho).
- The civilization forms part of the proto-history of India and belong to Bronze age.
- The most accepted period is 2500-1700 BC (by Carbon-14 dating).
- Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa in 1921.
- RD Banerjee discovered Mohenhodaro or Mound of the Dead in 1922.
Nomenclature of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Indus Valley Civilisation as it flourished along the Indus river.
- Harappan Civilisation named by John Marshall after the first discovered site, Harappa. Harappa comes in the Pakistan now.
- Saraswati-Sindhu Civilisation as most of the sites have been found at the Hakra-Ghaggar river.
Geographical Spread
- The civilisation covered parts of Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, West Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Maharashtra.
- Mundigak and Shortughai are two sites located in Afghanistan.
- West-Sutkagendor on Makran coast (Pak-Iran Border) East-Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh (River Hindon).
- North-Manda in Jammu (River Chinab). South-Daimabad in Maharashtra (River Pravara) are major sites.
Some New Discoveries
- Ganverivala in Pakistan by Rafeeq Mugal.
- Rakhigarhi in Sind (Haryana) by Rafeeq Mugal
- Dholavira on bank of river Luni in Gujarat excavated by RS Bist and JP Joshi is largest excavated site in India.
Who Built the Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Cities
|City||Province||River bank||Year
|
of
Dis.
|Archaelogists|
|Harappa||Pakistani Punjab||Ravi||1921||Daya Ram Sahni|
|Mohenjodaro||Sindh||Indus||1922||RD Banerjee|
|Ropar||Indian Punjab||Sutlej||1953||YD Sharma|
|Lothal||Gujarat||Bhogava||1957||SR Rao|
|Kalibangan||Rajasthan||Ghaggar||1959||BB Lal|
|Chanhudaro||Sind||Indus||1931||MG Majumdar|
|Alamgirpur||Uttar Pradesh||Hindon||1974||YD Sharma|
|Sutkagendor||Baluchistan||Dasht||1931||Aurel Stein|
|Banawali||Haryana||Ghaggar||1974||RS Bist|
|Rangpur||Gujarat||Bhadur||1931||MS Vats|
Town Planning
- Town planning was not uniform. A common feature was grid system i.e. streets cutting across one another at right angles, dividing the town into large rectangular blocks.
- The towns were divided into two parts : upper part or citadel and lower part.
- The fortified citadel on the Western side housed public buildings and members of ruling class. IN this, religious activities, public gatherings or important administrative activities.
- Below the citadel on the Eastern side lay the lower town inhabited by the common people. The streets are done in grid pattern.
- Underground Drainage System connected all houses to the street drains made of mortar, lime and gypsum. They were covered with either bricks or stone slabs and equipped with its ‘Manhole’. This shows developed sense of health and sanitization.
- The Great Bath or Swimming Pool (Mohenjodaro) It was used for religious bathing. Steps at either end lead to the surface. With inlet to the tank and outlet to the drain water. There were changing rooms alongside. No usage of stones.
- The Granaries (Harappa) 6 granaries in a row were found in the Citadel at Harappa.
- Houses were made up of burnt bricks. They were often two or more storeyed, varied in size, with a square courtyard around which number of rooms. Windows did not face the main streets. They had tiled bathroom.
- Lamposts were erected at regular intervals. It indicates the existence of street lightening.
Agriculture
- Agriculture was the backbone of the civilisation. The soil was fertile due to innundation in the river Indus and flooding.
- The Indus people sowed seeds in the flood plains in November, when the flood water receded and reaped their harvests of wheat and barley in April, before the advent of next flood.
- They used wooden plough share (ploughed field from Kalibangan) and stone sickles for harvesting.
- Gabarbanda or nalas enclosed by dam for storing water were a feature in parts of Baluchistan. Grains were stored in granaries.
- Crops Produced wheat, barley, dates, peas, sesamum, mustard, milet, ragi, bajra and jowar. At Lothal and Rangpur rice husks were found.
- They were first to produce cotton in the world, which Greek called as Sindon derived from Sind. A fragment of woven cotton cloth was found at Mohenjodaro.
- Well Irrigation is evident from Alladinho, dams and irrigation canals from Dholvira. Sugarcane was not known to Indus people.
Domestication of Animals
- Animal rearing was practiced mainly humped bull. They domesticated buffaloes, oxens, sheep, asses, goats, pigs, elephants, dogs, cats etc.
- Camel bones are reported at Kalibangan and remains of horse from Surkotada.
Trade
- Agriculture, industry and forest produce provided the basis for internal and external trade.
- Trade was based on barter system. Coins are not evident, bullock carts, pack animals and boats were used for transportation.
- Weights and measures were made of limestone, steatite etc. Generally in cubical shape. They were in multiple of 16.
- Several sticks inscribed with measure marks have been discovered. It points that linear system of measurement was in use.
- Foreign trade flourished with Mesopoyamia or Sumeria (Iraq), Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan and Bahrain.
- Sumerian text refers to trade with Meliha (Indus) while Dilmun (Bahrain) and Makan (Makran coast) were two intermediate stations.
Towns Associated with Different Industries
- Daimabad Bronze industry
- Lothal Factory for stone tools and metallic finished goods.
- Balakot Pearl finished goods, bangle and shell industry
- Chanhudaro Beads and bangles factory
- Lothal (artificial dockyard) – Surkotada, Sutkagendor, Prabspattan, Bhatrao, Kalibangan, Dholavira, Daimabad were coastal towns of the civilisation.
- Major Exports Agricultural products, cotton goods, terracotta figurines, pottery, stetite beads (from Chanhudro), conch-shell (from Lothal), ovory products, copper etc.
Major Imports
|Imports||From|
|Gold||Kolar (Karnataka),Afghanistan, Persia (Iran)|
|Silver||Afghanistan, Persia (Iran), South India|
|Copper||Khetri (Rajasthan), Baluchistan, Arabia|
|Tin||Afghanistan, Bihar|
|Lapis Lazuli and Sapphire||Badakhshan (Afghanistan)|
|Jade||Central Asia|
|Steatite||Shaher-i-Sokhta, Kirthar Hills|
|Turquoise||Iran|
|Amethyst||Maharashtra|
Art and Craft
- Harappans used stone tools and implements and were well acquainted with bronze. Bronze was made by mixing copper (from Khetri) with tin.
- Boat making, jewellery of gold, silver precious stone and bead making was practiced. Cotton fabrics were used in summer and woollen in winter.
- Both men and women were very fond of ornaments and dressing up.
- Pottery both plain (red) or painted (red and black) pottery was made. Pots were decorated with human figures, plants, animals and geometrical patterns and ochre was painted over it.
- Seals were made of steatite pictures of one horned bull (the most), buffalo, tiger, rhinocerous, goat and elephant are found on the seals. They marked ownership of property.
- Mesopotamian seals were found from Mohenjodaro and Kalibangan; Persian seal from Lothal. Most important one is Pasupati seal.
- Metal images Bronze image of nude woman dancer (identified as devdasi) and stone steatite image of a beared man (both obtained from Mohenjodaro).
- Terracotta figurines Fire baked clay was used to make toys, objects of worship, animals (monkey, dogs, sheep, cattle, humped and humpless bulls), cattle toys with movable head, toy-carts, whistles shaped like birds and both male and female figurines.
- They played dice games. Gambling was favourite time pass. No clear evidence of music.
Religious Practices
- Chief Female Diety A terracotta figure where a plant ishwon growing out of the embryo of a woman, represents Mother Goddess (Goddess of Earth).
- Chief Male Diety Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto-Shiva), represented in seals as sitting in a yogic posture on a low throne and having three faces and two horns. He is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhino and a buffalo and two dear appear at his feet.
- Lingam and yoni worship was prevalent. Trees (pipal), animals (bulls, birds, dove, pigeon) unicorn, and stones were worshipped. No temple has been found though idoltary was practised.
- Indus people believed in ghosts and evil forces and used amulets as protection against them. Fire altars are found at Lothal and Kalibangan.
- Evidence of snake worship is also found.
Burial Practices
- General practice was extended inhumation in North-South direction.
- Mohenjodaro Three forms of burial complete, fractional and post cremation.
- Kalibangan Two forms of burial-circular and rectangualr grave.
- Surkotada Pot-burial, Dholavira-Megalithic burial.
- Lothal Double burial
- Harappa East-West axis; R-37 and H cementary.
Script
- It was pictographic in anture. Fish symbol is most represented.
- Overlapping of the letters show that it was written from right to left in the first line and then left to right in the second line. the style is called Boustrophedon.
Decline of the Cuvilisation
The Harappan culture flourished about 1800 BC , then it began to decline. There is no unanimity among historians regarding reason fro the decline of this urban civilisation. there are many different theories that shows the decline of the Indus culture.
|Theory||Reasons for Decline|
|Gorden Childe HT, Lambrick Kur, Kendey Orell and AN Ghosh||External aggression, Unstable river systems, Natural calamity and Climate change|
|R Mortimer Wheeler, Robert Raiker, Sood & Aggarwal||Aryan invasion, Earthquake, Dryness of river and Ecological imbalance|
Important Harappan Sites
|City||Archaelogical Finds|
|Harappa (Gateway city)||2 row of granaries with brick platform, work men’s quarter, stone symbol of lingam and yoni, virgin-Goddess, clay figures of mother Goddess, wheat and barley in wooden mortar, copper scale and mirror, vanity box, dice. Sculpture Dogs chasing a deer (bronze), nude male and nude dancing female (stone), red sand stone male torso.|
|Mohenjodaro (Mound of the Dead)||The great bath, The great granary (largest building), multi-pillared assembly hall, college, proto-Shiva seal, clay figures of mother Goddess, Dice. Sculpture Bronze dancing girl, steatite image of bearded man.|
|Kalibangan (Black Bangle)||Decorated bricks, bangle factory, wheels of a toy cart, wells is every house. Remains of a massaive brick wall around both the citadel and lower town (lower town of Lothal is also fortified), bones of camel, tiled floor, Mother Goddess figurines are absent here.|
|Chanhudaro (lancashire of India)||Inkpot, lipstick, carts with seated driver, ikkas of bronze, imprint of dog’s paw on a brick. Only city without Citadel.|
|Daimabad||Bronze images of Charioteer with chariot, ox, elephants and rhinoceros.|
|Amri||Actual remains of Rhinoceros.|
|Alamgirpur||Impression of cloth on a trough|
|Lothal (Manchester of Indus Valley Civilisation)||Rice husk, fire altars, grinding machine, tusks of elephant, granomy, terracotta ship, houses with entrance on main streets, impressions of cloth on some seals, modern day chess, instrument for measuring 180 and 90 and 45 degree angles.|
|Ropar||Buildings made of stone and soil. Dog buried with human. One inscribed steatite seal with typical Indus pictographs, oval pit burials.|
|Banawali||Oval shaped settlement, only city with radial streets, lack of systematic drainage pattern. Toy plough, largest number of barley grains.|
|Surkotada||Both Citadel and lower town fortified with stone wall. First actual remains of horse bones. Cemetry with for pot burials.|
|Dholavira||Only site to be divided into 3 parts. Giant water reservoir, unique water harnessing system, dams and embankments, a stadium, rock-cut architecture.|
|Sutkagendor||Two fold division of township-Citadel and lower town.|
Possible Causes of Disappearance
- Famine, hunger, drought
- Ecological factors/ Natural disasters (flood, typhoon, earthquake, volcanic eruption etc.)
- Periodic flooding of indus leading to desertion of cities.
- Invasions by another civilization Aryans.
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Notes:
New York Sushi Ko just opened on Tuesday, June 11, 2013, and it consists of a sushi bar that can seat seven and a small table that can seat four. You make reservations by calling or texting the number listed. They have pretty late hours, and Chef Daley mentioned that he made the hours so late because he likes serving other people who also work in the restaurant industry. (I don’t know how truthful he was being when he said this, though!)
There are four main menu options: 3 courses, 5 courses, 7 courses, and an open-ended omakase (it generally comprises 9 to 12 courses). We went with the open-ended option, as we wanted to try as much of Daley’s food as possible.
The restaurant’s only two days old, so they’re still working out kinks. I liked what I saw, though! The staff was really friendly and unpretentious, and the atmosphere felt fun and exciting—the staff seemed to enjoy what they were doing, and the customers enjoyed the food. Chef Daley’s loud, relatively wild (at least for a chef), and fun to be around; he definitely made the meal both more lively and relaxing.
The major problem is that Chef Daley is pretty much the only guy preparing the dishes during service… and he has to prepare dishes for up to 11 people. Meals took longer than necessary for some people, but Chef Daley acknowledged this and thanked customers for their patience. We got lucky because we were seated at 9:15 p.m.—by 10:30 p.m., most of the customers had cleared out, so we received our food at an accelerated (or what should be normal?) pace.
Thoughts on the sushi:
The fish was very fresh, and most of it was flown in from Japan. A few things were from other countries; for instance, some of the uni was from Chile and California, and some of the Bluefin tuna was from Spain.
The sushi rice could have been slightly warmer and softer; the rice felt too hard/grainy at times. I wonder if it was because we were eating sushi so late—it was around 11:00 p.m. when we started eating sushi! Still, for a restaurant that was only in its second day of service, the rice was pretty solid.
In the end, I had an enjoyable meal with Chef Daley and the rest of the staff and customers, and there were truly some outstanding dishes and sushi pieces. I can’t say that the meal was perfect because I thought the sushi rice was slightly off. I’ll definitely come back in the future, though, to try new dishes and have more of the sushi! (The place is definitely worth checking out, and it’s still very new—you should go while reservations are relatively easy to make!)
Food:
Course 1:
Ikura (salmon roe) shoyu with Hokkaido uni (sea urchin).
Victor: The ikura shoyu was really strong, and it drowned out the uni a bit. I could really only taste the uni in the aftertaste. I enjoyed the taste of the ikura, but I kind of wish I could taste more of the uni. This wasn’t a great start for me :(.
Ken: I liked it a bit more than Victor, I guess. It was OK. I like the flavors, but I would have liked the broth to be lighter.
Course 2:
Chilean uni (sea urchin), ikura (salmon roe) marinated in dashi, and Hokkaido hotate (sea scallop). Topped with yuzu foam.
Ken: This has mostly the same ingredients as the first course, but it works better here without the broth to muddle the flavors. Uni + ikura is always a good combo, and the scallop adds a nice bit of sweetness to the dish.
Course 3:
Toro tartare with tuna chicharrón, sushi rice, and wasabi. Drizzled with tuna bacon fat (seared).
Victor: The toro tartare was delicious. I thought the sushi rice was a little too hard here, but overall it was delicious. The tuna chicharrón added a harder and welcome textural contrast to the softness of the tartare.
Ken: Toro served 3 ways – barely seared, raw, and seared to hell. One of the best dishes of the night.
Course 4:
Chawanmushi. Chinese-style pork belly inside Japanese egg custard, with sea salt and wasabi.
Ken: Not the best chawanmushi I’ve had, but not the worst. I don’t think it needed the wasabi. Not sure what it was there for.
Course 5:
“Mackerel Tribute”.
Front: Hot spoon–seared saba (Japanese mackerel).
Back: Mackerel tartare (several different types of mackerel) with ginger, shiso, miso paste, and green onion.
Victor: Sorry for the terrible pic. I didn’t check to see if the pic was focused or not :(. I have got to get a real camera…
Ken: Mackerel isn’t my favorite fish, but this course was delicious. I think Sushi Ko is at its best when it’s preparing classic flavors like this in a somewhat more modern way.
Course 6:
—There won’t be a pic/description of this dish “for [sushi] reasons” (to paraphrase David Stern). You’ll have to come here yourself to try it!—
Course 7:
Mirugai (giant clam) and aoyagi (surf clam) with ume, cucumber gelée, shiso, and ponzu foam.
Victor: He apparently made this dish up on the spot, and I thought this was one of the highlights of the evening. It wasn’t as delicious as some of the other things, but it’s hard to make mirugai/aoyagi as delicious as, for instance, ōtoro. (The toro steak dish and the three ōtoro sushi pieces win were by far the most delicious). However, the creativity and flavor combinations involved were outstanding. The harder, chewier aspects of the clams contrasted well with the soft jelliness of the cucumber gelée, and the acidity of the latter four ingredients balanced well with the clams, making the dish light and refreshing.
Ken: Not a big clam fan at sushi places, but this course was good. The flavors were really light and refreshing. Personally, shiso is always a bit overpowering for me, so I could’ve done with a little bit less of that.
Course 8:
Miso soup.
Course 9:
Toro steak with sushi rice.
Victor: You can’t really go wrong with seared ōtoro. You can probably tell how delicious this was just from knowing what it is.
Ken: Beautiful piece of toro. The best thing I had at Sushi Ko.
Course 10: Sushi!
Sushi 1:
Akami (lean tuna).
Sushi 2:
Chūtoro (medium-fatty tuna).
Sushi 3:
Seared kinmedai (golden eye snapper) with lemon and truffle sea salt.
Victor: I couldn’t quite taste the truffle in the sea salt, but the bitterness and saltiness of the lemon and salt complimented the kinmedai really well. (Personally, though, I think lemon, yuzu, and sea salt are three ingredients which can compliment quite a lot of fish well…)
Ken: This was the best piece of nigiri for me. Served without shoyu since the flavor of the fish was so delicate. Just a beautiful piece of fish.
Sushi 4:
Wild-caught and cured saba (mackerel).
Ken: Chef Daley sure loves his mackerel.
Sushi 5:
Uni (sea urchin) from Santa Barbara, California.
Victor: Chef Daley told me to eat this ASAP and didn’t let me take a picture, and I complied with his rather reasonable request. It was rich and creamy, just like how I like my Cali uni. Unfortunately, I was reveling too much in the taste of the uni to focus on how the seaweed quality was :(.
Sushi 6:
—There won’t be a pic/description of this piece “for [sushi] reasons” (to paraphrase David Stern). You’ll have to come here yourself to try it!—
Victor: At this point, Chef Daley ended the omakase and asked us if we wanted any more food (which we can order from the supplemental menu). I was still hungry (as usual, I guess… haha). I asked for some more sushi and the uni ramen, and he went to work!
Sushi 7:
Kama toro (tuna collar).
Victor: It’s been MONTHS since I’ve tried kama toro, and I am rather happy that I had the chance to once again have it. It’s only the second time that I’ve been able to try it in New York, as it’s incredibly rare. Apparently, though, 15 East has it if you ask for it…
Sushi 8:
Ōtoro engawa (fatty tuna belly).
Victor: MMMMmmmm… Ōtoro……
Sushi 9:
Ōtoro aburi (seared ōtoro).
Victor:
-MMmm…. Seared ōtoro…
-You can kind of get the point about how I feel about ōtoro, seared or raw. I really wouldn’t mind just getting a big slab of ōtoro and taking bites out of it. (TIME TO GO TO TSUKIJI MARKET!)
Ken: Personally, I like seared otoro a tiny bit more than raw. Searing it cuts down the richness by a bit and brings out the flavor a little bit more imo.
Course 11:
Ramen noodles with uni-and-dashi broth, ikura, and shiso leaf.
Victor:
-The dish was served cold, and it was a great summer dish. Chef Daley prepared the broth by using an immersion blender to mix uni and dashi; the thick broth that resulted had an intense uni flavor, which I enjoyed a LOT. The shiso leaf and ikura made everything seem rather refreshing. (The ramen and concentrated uni broth would have felt pretty heavy by themselves.) This was a wonderful end to the meal—it was like a big version of uni and ikura nigiri!
-(Of course, I still enjoy ramen from places like Ippudo and Shin-Sen-Gumi far more haha. There’s nothing like a hot bowl of Hakata ramen…)
Ken: Personally, I would’ve liked a heavier broth, though I guess that would defeat the purpose of a light, refreshing summer dish. Still, I was expecting a creamier broth if it’s made of uni.
-
June 20, 2013 at 9:31 am
Can you give some idea of what the cost was for the meal that you had? Looks like it was, on the whole, excellent. | https://happynoms.com/2013/06/13/nyc-new-york-sushi-ko-june-2013/ |
842 F.Supp. 1337 (1994)
Ludene BRANDI and Robert Brandi d/b/a Precision Systems Furniture Refurbishing, Plaintiffs,
v.
BELGER CARTAGE SERVICE, INC., Valley Transportation and Warehouse Co., Inc., d/b/a Valley North American, North American Van Lines, Inc., and Professional Transportation Brokers, Inc., Defendants.
Civ. A. No. 93-2134-GTV.
United States District Court, D. Kansas.
January 13, 1994.
*1338 Edward L. Bigus, Overland Park, KS, Lawrence W. Bigus, Kenneth E. Bigus, Kansas City, MO, for plaintiffs.
Kent M. Bevan, Frank W. Taylor, Patrick K. McMonigle, Brian Schmidt, Dysart, Taylor, Penner, Lay & Lewandoski, Kansas City, MO, for Belger Cartage Service, Inc.
Anthony F. Rupp, Charles J. Hyland, Shughart, Thomson & Kilroy, Overland Park, *1339 KS, for Valley Transp. and Warehouse Co., Inc., North American Van Lines, Inc.
Tim S. Haverty, Tamara Wilson Setser, Hillix, Brewer, Hoffhaus, Whittaker & Wright, Kansas City, MO, for Professional Transp. Brokers, Inc.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
VAN BEBBER, District Judge.
This case is before the court on the Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 31) filed by Defendant Professional Transportation Brokers [hereinafter Professional]. Plaintiffs have responded and oppose the motion. In its motion, defendant Professional moves the court to dismiss the complaint filed against it for lack of personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction. For the reasons stated in this memorandum and order, the motion is denied.
Professional contends that it would violate the limitations of due process for this court to exercise personal jurisdiction over it, as well as fail to comport with the provisions of the Kansas long-arm statute. Additionally, Professional contends that the court should decline to exercise its supplemental subject matter jurisdiction over Professional because plaintiffs' claims against Professional are based solely on state law and are not so related to the federal question claims asserted by plaintiffs against other defendants as to warrant the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction.
I. Personal Jurisdiction
The principles followed in evaluating a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction have often been restated by courts in this district. The plaintiff has the burden of establishing personal jurisdiction over a defendant, but the burden of proof varies depending upon the procedure used to determine the issue. The district court has discretion to consider a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction on the basis of affidavits and other written materials. See Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Oaklawn Apartments, 959 F.2d 170, 174 (10th Cir.1992) (citations omitted). If a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is submitted prior to trial on the basis of affidavits and other written materials, a plaintiff is initially required only to make a prima facie showing to avoid dismissal. Id.; Williams v. Bowman Livestock Equip. Co., 927 F.2d 1128, 1130 (10th Cir. 1991); Behagen v. Amateur Basketball Ass'n, 744 F.2d 731, 733 (10th Cir.1984) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1010, 105 S.Ct. 1879, 85 L.Ed.2d 171 (1985). In the present case, affidavits have been submitted to the court by all parties.
The allegations set forth in the complaint must be accepted as true to the extent they are not controverted by the defendant's affidavits. Williams v. Bowman Livestock Equip. Co., 927 F.2d at 1130-31 (quoting Behagen v. Amateur Basketball Ass'n, 744 F.2d at 733). "However, only the well-pled facts of plaintiff's complaint, as distinguished from mere conclusory allegations, must be accepted as true." Ten Mile High Indus. Park v. Western Plains Service Corp., 810 F.2d 1518, 1524 (10th Cir.1987) (citing Mitchell v. King, 537 F.2d 385, 386 (10th Cir.1976)). The plaintiff has the duty to support jurisdictional allegations in a complaint by competent proof of the supporting facts if the jurisdictional allegations are challenged by an appropriate pleading. Pytlik v. Professional Resources, Ltd., 887 F.2d 1371, 1376 (10th Cir.1989) (citing Becker v. Angle, 165 F.2d 140, 141 (10th Cir.1947)).
If the parties present conflicting affidavits, all factual disputes must be resolved in the plaintiff's favor, and the plaintiff's prima facie showing will withstand a contrary presentation by the party moving to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Williams, 927 F.2d at 1130-31; Behagen, 744 F.2d at 733. However, to be sufficient to put the contested facts in issue, affidavits submitted in support of or in opposition to motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction must comply with the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e), i.e., they must be made on personal knowledge, set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein. See Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Oaklawn Apartments, 959 F.2d at 175 & n. 6.; Thompson v. Chambers, 804 F.Supp. 188, 191 (D.Kan.1992).
*1340 As established by the affidavits, the context in which plaintiffs' claims against Professional arose and the critical jurisdictional facts, construed in favor of the plaintiffs, are as follows. Professional is a Colorado corporation with its principal place of business in Colorado. Professional is engaged in the business of arranging for the interstate shipment of property by motor carrier throughout the continental United States. Professional occasionally arranges for the shipment of freight to, from, and through the state of Kansas. However, Professional does not have an office in the state of Kansas, is not authorized to do business in the state of Kansas, owns no property in the state of Kansas, and does not advertise in the state of Kansas.
Professional was contacted by the plaintiffs concerning the transportation of some office furniture from the state of Missouri to the state of Colorado. The arrangements relating to the property were made between plaintiff Ludene Brandi and Thomas Paradis, president of Professional. Plaintiff requested that Professional obtain insurance for the full value of the freight, and Professional represented that it maintained such insurance.
As part of Professional's service to plaintiffs, Paradis contacted co-defendant Valley Transportation and Warehouse Co., Inc., in the state of Arizona to transport the freight in question. The freight was damaged during shipment and while in the state of Kansas. Professional had not secured appropriate insurance for the freight and plaintiffs filed the instant lawsuit.
A federal court in a diversity action[1] determines whether personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants is obtainable under the law of the forum state. Rambo v. American Southern Ins. Co., 839 F.2d 1415, 1416 (10th Cir.1988). In Kansas, the issue of personal jurisdiction is determined from a two-step analysis. First, the court assesses whether the defendant's conduct falls within one of the provisions of the Kansas long-arm statute, K.S.A. § 60-308(b). Second, it is decided whether the exercise of jurisdiction comports with due process requirements. Slawson v. Hair, 716 F.Supp. 1373, 1375 (D.Kan.1989).
The Kansas courts have liberally interpreted the Kansas long-arm statute to assert personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants to the full extent permitted by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Equifax Servs., Inc. v. Hitz, 905 F.2d 1355, 1357 (10th Cir.1990) (citing Volt Delta Resources, Inc. v. Devine, 241 Kan. 775, 777, 740 P.2d 1089 (1987)). Therefore, the inquiry into the applicability of the Kansas long-arm statute and due process requirements are essentially the same. For purposes of clarity, however, the court notes that sections (b)(1), (2), and (11) of the long-arm statute could provide for service of process on Professional in the present case. K.S.A. § 60-308(b).
The exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant will satisfy due process if the defendant had certain "minimum contacts" with the forum state such that the prosecution of the suit does not offend "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). In order to evaluate whether exercise of personal jurisdiction over Professional in the present case comports with due process, the court will engage in a two-part inquiry to determine (1) whether Professional has minimum contacts with the forum state of Kansas, and (2) whether the exercise of jurisdiction offends traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
*1341 To have minimum contacts, the defendant must have fair warning of being subject to jurisdiction that is, the defendant's activities are "purposefully directed at residents of the forum and the litigation arises from or relates to those activities." Burger King v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 2182, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985). A second aspect of minimum contacts is foreseeability. Courts generally express the foreseeability factor as whether the defendant's conduct and connection with the forum state is such that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into court in the forum state. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 567, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980).
Under the minimum contacts analysis, a court must look to the "quality and nature" of a defendant's activity to determine whether it is both "reasonable" and "fair" to require the defendant to conduct his or her defense in the forum state. Thermal Insulation Sys. v. Ark-Seal Corp., 508 F.Supp. 434, 442 (D.Kan.1980). In every case there must be some act by which the defendant purposefully avails himself or herself of the privilege of conducting business or other activities in the forum state, thus invoking the benefits and protections of the laws. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475, 105 S.Ct. at 2183; see Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 1239, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958). Actual physical contacts by a defendant with the forum state are not required, however. Pedi-Bares, Inc. v. P & C Food Markets, Inc., 567 F.2d 933 (10th Cir.1977); Rosedale State Bank & Trust Co. v. Stringer, 2 Kan. App.2d 331, 333, 579 P.2d 158 (1978).
In the present case, based upon the jurisdictional facts enumerated earlier in this memorandum and order, the court concludes that defendant Professional's relevant contacts with Kansas include: (1) contracting with plaintiff to arrange the transport of goods from Kansas City, Missouri to Colorado (across the state of Kansas); and (2) arranging, on other occasions, for the shipment of goods to, from, and through the state of Kansas. Because the court does not know the extent to which Professional arranged for the shipment of goods to, from, and through Kansas on occasions other than that involved in the present case, the court will address only (1) above. Jurisdiction may properly be based on a single transaction if that transaction gives rise to a cause of action. Brown v. American Broadcasting Co., 704 F.2d 1296, 1302 (4th Cir.1983).
Defendant argues that it has taken no steps to purposefully avail itself of the privilege of conducting any activities within the state of Kansas, and that it could not reasonably have foreseen that it would be called upon to litigate in the state of Kansas claims concerning its contract for shipment of freight from Missouri to Colorado. Further, Professional argues that plaintiffs are not Kansas residents and there thus exists no need for Kansas to provide a forum for this dispute. Finally, Professional contends that even if minimum contacts with Kansas exist, other factors such as the burden on Professional to litigate in Kansas direct a conclusion that the assertion of personal jurisdiction over Professional in this case would offend notions of fair play and substantial justice.
In response, plaintiffs contend that Professional should have reasonably foreseen that the goods in question might be damaged in the state of Kansas since the only direct route from Missouri to Colorado is across Kansas. Thus, Professional should have foreseen being haled into court in Kansas for litigation in connection with such damaged freight. Plaintiffs also contend that arranging for transport of freight through Kansas is a purposeful direction of Professional's activities into the state. Additionally, plaintiffs argue that any burden on Professional to litigate these claims in Kansas will be minimal, particularly in comparison to the burden plaintiff would face if it were forced to litigate two separate actions on its claims related to the freight that was damaged in Kansas.
The court concludes that Professional's contacts with the state of Kansas concerning the transport of plaintiff's freight are sufficient to meet the requirements of due process. The court is particularly cognizant of the fact that, given the nationwide nature of Professional's transportation brokerage service, *1342 it should certainly have foreseen the possibility of litigation arising in a state through which it had arranged for the shipment of goods. Professional must have been aware that goods being transported from Kansas City, Missouri to Colorado would travel through Kansas en route. That the goods might become damaged and result in litigation should have also been foreseen. As other courts have noted, foreseeability of being haled into court in a particular state is a touchstone of constitutional due process. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 474, 105 S.Ct. at 2183.
Moreover, the court concludes that given the nature of the transportation brokering business, it is fair and reasonable to require lesser contacts than might otherwise be required to comport with the requirements of due process. In Mississippi Interstate Express, Inc. v. Transpo, Inc., 681 F.2d 1003, 1010 (5th Cir.1982), the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit noted that "it is hardly surprising that the [broker] defendant's contacts with any single jurisdiction are comparatively fleeting and slight." The Fifth Circuit went on to conclude that to hold otherwise than that lesser contacts are required of an interstate trucking brokerage service would "tend to immunize from suit by anyone with whom they do business, in any but their home jurisdiction, those engaged in nationwide commercial activity in other jurisdictions primarily by telephone or through the mails." Id. When a business is engaged in brokering transportation services "[t]he expectation is far from unreasonable that such activity could lead to litigation in a distant forum...." Id. Knowingly arranging for the transport of goods through the state of Kansas is sufficient minimum contact with the state.
In its brief in support of the motion to dismiss, Professional argues that the claims asserted against Professional are based upon acts which bear no relationship to the state of Kansas. As they appear in the complaint, plaintiffs' claims appear to be for breach of contract and negligence, both of which arose from Professional's alleged failure to procure insurance on the freight that was damaged in Kansas. Although these claims are somewhat different in nature from plaintiffs' damage claims against the other defendants, the claims against Professional are connected with the same accident and are thus related to Professional's shipping of freight through Kansas. See Thompson v. Chambers, 804 F.Supp. 188, 195 (D.Kan.1992) (relief must arise from or be connected with an act or transaction in the forum state).
In addition to concluding that minimum contacts with Kansas exist, the court also determines that notions of fair play and substantial justice lead to a conclusion that the assertion of personal jurisdiction over Professional is not unjust. In deciding whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial justice, the court may consider such factors as the burden on the defendant to litigate in a distant forum, plaintiffs' interest in convenient and effective relief, and judicial efficiency. Equifax, 905 F.2d at 1359. The court finds the burden that Colorado resident Professional would face in litigating these claims in Kansas to be outweighed by the burden plaintiffs would face if they were forced to litigate two lawsuits one in Kansas and one in Colorado regarding the freight that was damaged in Kansas. The burden on this defendant to litigate in the neighboring state of Kansas is not unduly onerous given the national scope of defendant's business.
For the foregoing reasons, the court concludes that plaintiff has made a prima facie showing that personal jurisdiction over Professional is proper in the present case.
II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
In its motion to dismiss, defendant Professional also contends that this court should decline to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claims against Professional because they are not substantially related to plaintiffs' federal question claims against other defendants in this action. 28 U.S.C. § 1367 permits a federal court to exercise original jurisdiction over claims which are "so related to claims in the actions" within the court's original jurisdiction "that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III." 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). The exercise *1343 of supplemental jurisdiction lies within the court's discretion. Baker v. Board of Regents of the State of Kansas, 991 F.2d 628, 634 (10th Cir.1993).
Here, plaintiffs' claims for damage to its freight are brought against defendants Belger Cartage Services, Valley North American, and North American Van Lines are brought pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 11707 because these defendants are common carriers as defined by the statute. Plaintiffs claims against defendant Professional are state-law claims for negligence and breach of contract based upon Professional's alleged failure to secure insurance for that freight.
The court does not accept Professional's contention that the claims against it are unrelated to the claims against other defendants over which this court has federal question jurisdiction. All of plaintiffs' claims against the defendants accrued when plaintiffs' freight was damaged. Plaintiffs' claims against Professional for failure to procure insurance for the freight may be of a different nature than plaintiffs' claims against the other defendants for direct damage to the freight, but the court finds them sufficiently interrelated to warrant the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction. The claims arise from a "common nucleus of operative fact" and are such that a plaintiff "would ordinarily be expected to try them all in one judicial proceeding." United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 1138, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966). Defendant Professional's motion to dismiss based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction is denied.
IT IS, THEREFORE, BY THE COURT ORDERED that Defendant Professional Transportation Brokers, Inc.'s Motion to Dismiss (Doc 31) is denied.
Copies of this order shall be mailed to counsel of record for the parties.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] The present case is not a diversity jurisdiction case, but is instead a case which arises under the laws of the United States. Specifically, plaintiffs' claims against common carrier defendants Belger Cartage Services, Valley North American, and North American Van Lines are brought pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 11707. Plaintiffs claims against Professional are state-law based claims for negligence and breach of contract and are brought in this action pursuant to the court's supplemental jurisdiction. The court concludes that the principles used by courts to determine whether personal jurisdiction exists over nonresident defendants in a diversity case also apply to the present case where plaintiff and defendant are residents of the same state, but both are nonresidents of the forum state.
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Woodstock’s concerns, and its leadership role in addressing climate change, date back to George Perkins Marsh, whom many consider to be America’s first conservationist in the Western tradition, following millennia of Earth stewardship traditions practiced by Vermont’s Abenaki nation and other indigenous peoples. In fact, Marsh’s 1847 lecture to the Agricultural Society of Rutland may be the earliest direct reference to human-induced climate change:
“It is certain that climate itself has in many instances been gradually changed and ameliorated or deteriorated by human action. The draining of swamps and the clearing of forests perceptibly effect the evaporation from the earth, and of course the mean quantity of moisture suspended in the air… Within narrow limits too, domestic fires and artificial structures create and diffuse increased warmth, to an extent that may effect vegetation. The mean temperature of London is a degree or two higher than that of the surrounding country.”
With these early observations, Marsh touches on water vapor’s role as a greenhouse gas. He also observes an urban phenomenon now known as a “heat island,” in which the artificial surfaces in urban environments—such as concrete, asphalt and steel— absorb and radiate heat more readily than the leaves and other surfaces found in natural environments, raising the average temperature in cities and towns by 2-5°F above that of the surrounding countryside.
Fast-forward more than 170 years after Marsh’s prescient speech about climate change, to consider the ongoing initiative from 350Vermont called the Climate Solutions Resolution. 350Vermont is an offshoot of the global organization 350.org, which was founded by Bill McKibben of Middlebury College—another Vermont-based pioneer of climate change awareness and environmental stewardship. This resolution—which is being considered as Articles 10 and 11 in a floor vote at Woodstock’s Town Meeting on Saturday, March 2, 2019—proposes the following major actions:
- HALT any new or expanded fossil fuel infrastructure, like pipelines;
- Firmly COMMIT to at least 90% renewable energy for all people in Vermont, and;
- Ensure that the TRANSITION to renewable energy is fair and equitable for all, with no harm to marginalized groups or rural communities.
How is Vermont faring with its ongoing efforts to reduce carbon emissions? In 2005, Vermont lawmakers set the most ambitious goals of any New England state for reducing greenhouse gas emissions generated by the state’s by power plants, vehicles, homes and businesses. Using 1990 levels as the baseline, the State vowed to reduce emissions 25 percent by 2012, and 50 percent by 2028. For some years thereafter, Vermont’s greenhouse gas emissions decreased. Then our emissions began again to grow.
A report released by Vermont’s Department of Environmental Conservation in June of 2018, reveals that the state’s carbon emissions actually increased by 16 percent from 1990 to 2015. The primary culprits are vehicular exhaust, industrial emissions and increased energy use by drafty homes with inefficient heating systems. Vermont has since re-set its goals to source 90 percent of its power from renewable energy sources by 2050. It is also partnering with eight other states to reduce transportation emissions throughout the Northeast.
Sustainable Woodstock—in partnership with the Town of Woodstock and many of our local and regional partners—is working hard to promote climate change awareness. We are also addressing the critical issues of increasing our reliance on renewable energy, reducing home energy consumption and partnering with regional organizations to increase the options that residents of the Upper Valley region have for car-pooling and mass transit. (Details of these initiatives will be described in a forthcoming, two-part article in the Vermont Standard.)
One could conjecture that George Perkins Marsh would be pleased to see that we are addressing the root causes of climate change, albeit dismayed that it has taken us so bloody long to do something about it. The Climate Solutions Resolution is a critical opportunity to honor Marsh’s legacy by taking a step to hold the line on climate change for future generations. | https://www.sustainablewoodstock.org/vermonts-growing-climate-for-change/ |
Properties, potentials, and prospects of antifreeze proteins.
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a group of proteins that protect organisms from deep freezing temperatures and are expressed in vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, bacteria, and fungi. The nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray structure, and many spectroscopic studies with AFPs have been instrumental in determining the structure-function relationship. Mutational studies have indicated the importance of hydrophobic residues in ice binding. Various studies have pointed out that the mechanism of AFP action is through its adsorption on the ice surface, which leads to a curved surface, preventing further growth of ice by the "Kelvin effect." The AFPs have potential industrial, medical, and agricultural application in different fields, such as food technology, preservation of cell lines, organs, cryosurgery, and cold hardy transgenic plants and animals. However, the applications of AFPs are marred by high cost due to low yield. This review deals with the source and properties of AFPs from an angle of their application and their potential. The possibility of production using different molecular biological techniques, which will help increase the yield, is also dealt with.
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Both parties can agree on the length of a decision. However, CASA, the advisory, conciliation and arbitration service, recommends at least ten calendar days. If an employer puts undue pressure on a worker to sign a transaction contract, this may be considered inappropriate behaviour that may invalidate some of the terms of the transaction agreement. A transaction agreement can be used in a number of circumstances, including layoffs. As noted above, a transaction contract is a legally binding document and, once a transaction contract has been signed, a worker can no longer assert the rights mentioned in the agreement against the employer. Yes, an employee can apply for a billing contract. However, they are generally proposed by the employer and are not required to offer one to a worker who has applied for a settlement contract. CASA`s code of conduct for transaction agreements contains good practices for protected maintenance. Here is a link to the code of conduct.
www.acas.org.uk/code-of-practice-settlement-agreements/html Section 111A was included in the Labour Law Act in 2013 to extend the conditions under which transaction negotiations should be protected. Although Section 111A does not require an existing dispute, it only protects interviews in which the worker`s remedy in the event of dismissal would constitute a right to unfair dismissal. If, for example, an employer were to make redundancies for organizational reasons and wanted to propose transaction agreements instead of going through the formal redundancy process, Section 111A would protect those discussions. Billing agreements in the context of employment are formal contracts between the employer and the employee (or former employee) that prevent the worker from asserting his or her labour rights against his employer. The employer may wish to terminate the employment contract in circumstances where there is not sufficient grounds for fair dismissal. If the worker agrees to leave under the terms of a transaction contract, the employer will not be sued in an employment tribunal for unfair dismissal or anything else. In an ideal situation, both parties will be satisfied and the working relationship will have been broken by mutual agreement. You can negotiate the terms of your transaction if you feel you are able to do so and both parties agree. You don`t need a lawyer to negotiate your terms, but a lawyer can help you negotiate a better outcome. As a general rule, all trial costs for negotiations must be covered by the employee. While an employer can pay you for legal advice, it is unlikely that they will cover the costs of negotiating your transaction contract.
The labour lawyer is required to advise the worker on any rights that he may present if he does not sign the transaction contract. A staff member must fully understand what his rights and options are and what impact the transaction contract he is supposed to sign on those rights is. That doesn`t seem like a lot of content for your 83 pages. However, the standard billing agreement represents 17, and the editorial notes contain 9 others, and they contain nothing to worry any employer or worker with previous experience in compromise agreements. The worker must obtain legal advice before signing the transaction contract in order for the document to be legally binding. | http://g-combat.pl/111a-agreement/ |
Building upon learnings from the pilot, in this phase we focus on officially establishing and publishing the CC program in collaboration with the participants in the pilot.
Review. Review the status of Phase 1 goals and achievements.
Retro. Collect feedback and input in the form of a retrospective of the pilot program.
Rules. Co-establish rules for the future of the program.
Adjust. Based on learnings from the retro, make any adjustments to the program.
Selection. With the group, form a concrete proposal for the selection criteria of who can join as a CC.
Expectations. Establish what is reasonable to expect of CC members in the program.
Publish. Document and publish updates to the CC program, along with its updated rights, responsibilities, and selection process. When published, communicate that the program is still in its infancy and yet to be fully developed (to be scalable in phase 3).
Phase 2 Planning
Shared Board: https://miro.com/app/board/o9J_lfwFZFQ=/ (For the password, see the Nov 15th email.)
Review Phase 1 Outcomes
Retro Phase 1
Rules for Future
Format
Pre-determined peer-review assignments
Day 0 (Fri, Nov 13th)
Day 1 (Mon, Nov 16th)
Day 2 (Tue, Nov 17th)
Day 3 (Wed, Nov 18th)
Day 4 (Thu, Nov 19th)
Day 5 (Fri, Nov 20th)
Day 6 (Mon, Nov 23rd)
Day 7 (TBD)
Monday Agenda
(15mns) Review - Nimisha Asthagiri (Deactivated)
(3-5mns) Synthesis / Summary
(10mns) Discussion
(35mns) Retro - Xavier Antoviaque
(3mns) Synthesis / Summary
(30mns) Discussion
breakup by main topics
(5mns) Break
(60mns) Rules - Nimisha Asthagiri (Deactivated)
(5mns) Instructions
Choose which breakout room
Readout expectations
Will vote on the proposals afterward, becomes a talking-point
Group roles (choose within 2mns):
Note-taking: Could be one-person or shared
Spokesperson: Who’s going to do the readout
Facilitator: Optional
Proposal decision-making options (choose within 30secs):
Unanimous
Choose a decider
Majority ← default
(25mns) in breakout rooms
What
How
Who
(10mns x 3) Each group reads out and discusses with larger group
(2-3mns) Readout
Any decisions that they propose? → Capture and vote async on individual items
Open questions? → Follow-up activities/meetings/action-items
(7-8mns) Discuss
(30mns) Social
Rules
What outcomes can we expect of Core Committers in the future? Reflect on what CCs already accomplished in the Pilot. How far can we stretch ourselves for future wins?
How can we improve the program going forward? Reflect on the Retro board and consider what actions we should take.
Who (not looking for specific names) should be invited to the program, with what selection criteria? | https://openedx.atlassian.net/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2054521486 |
For Downloading the Fulltext of CIVILICA papers please visit the orginal Persian Section of website.
Authors Linkage between cancer and life styleGhazaleh Arabzadeh - nourdanesh
Abstract:AIM & INTRODUCTION:Cancer is seen in all countries whether developed or developing countries. It should be noticed cancer is a disease which both Genetic and Environmental factors are affecting.In fact, cancer is not a unique disease but a collection of different cells that arise in a similar way. This uncontrolled cell growth path is making a group of diseases and now we call it cancer.Environmental factor plays a major role in its creation and if a person has a family history of certain cancers still there is hope to comply environmental factors and avoid getting cancer. Most of cancers have a large number of gene alterations that are created by external factors and only small portion of cancers created by internal gene deviations. The first thing to accept is the fact that fully one hundred percent certain lifestyle away from cancer there But if they can make decisions that increased risk, strongly influenced and limited.Cancer is a disease of lifestyle! Living place, work, habits and occupational exposures are important while we talk about Life Style. Each cancer has own risk factor. After cardiovascular diseases, cancer is the second leading cause of death in developed countries and is the third leading cause of death in developing countries.Cancer is cause of 12% of all deaths reasons around the world. Cancer killed the people even more than tuberculosis, malaria and HIV.About 100 types of known cancer are existed and only some of them are solely genetic problem. In this review, some of cancers which are associated more with lifestyle will be explained in details.MATERIAL & METHOD:review of 50 researches which published since 2011 till 2016 from
Keywords:cancer, life style, risk factors
Perma Linkhttps://www.civilica.com/Paper-IPMCMED01-IPMCMED01_062.html
COI code: IPMCMED01_062
how to cite to this paper:If you want to refer to this article in your research, you can easily use the following in the resources and references section:
Arabzadeh, Ghazaleh, 2016, Linkage between cancer and life style, First Personal Medical Congress, تهران, دانشگاه علوم پزشكي ايران - پژوهشكده ملي مهندسي ژنتيك و زيست فناوري ايران، مركز همكاري هاي فناوري و نوآوري هاي رياست جمهوري, https://www.civilica.com/Paper-IPMCMED01-IPMCMED01_062.htmlInside the text, wherever referred to or an achievement of this article is mentioned, after mentioning the article, inside the parental, the following specifications are written.
First Time: (Arabzadeh, Ghazaleh, 2016)
Second and more: (Arabzadeh, 2016)
For a complete overview of how to citation please review the following CIVILICA Guide (Citation)
Research Info Management
Export Citation info of this paper to research management softwares
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WHAT IS COI?
COI is a national code dedicated to all Iranian Conference and Journal Papers. the COI of each paper can be verified online. | https://en.civilica.com/Paper-IPMCMED01-IPMCMED01_062=Linkage-between-cancer-and-life-style.html |
Work location: Ha Noi
Salary:
Industry: Banking , Executive management , Accounting / Auditing / Tax
Deadline to apply:
Level: Director
**Summary of Responsibilities:
- Reporting to the Regional Head of Global Business Internal Audit with geographical reporting line to Chief Executive Officer Vietnam, this role will plan, direct and implement the internal audit strategies and programs of Vietnam business. This includes:
1. Assess the control and governance processes of the Vietnam operations
2. Contribute to the attainment of business objectives by evaluating and providing management with a fair and objective assessment of their system of internal controls
This incumbent is critical in ensuring that all business activities are conducted in compliance with internal audit guidelines and regulatory requirements and minimize business and operational risks. The incumbent will act as a self-starter in planning and setting up strategies and policies relating to internal audit area.
**Principal Responsibilities:
1. Assume the role of Chief Internal Auditor
- Develop internal audit policies and procedures to ensure alignment with requirements and local rules & regulations
- Plan and execute audit process & regular checks on business activities to identify control weakness, identify key business implications and recommend remedial actions
- Produce reports to recommend business actions to maximize business performance & operational efficiency while balancing risks & control
- Partner with line management and work in collaboration with Compliance and Risk functions to ensure all significant business and regulatory risks are anticipated, and appropriately managed
2. Lead the local audit team to ensure excellent delivery of service
- Guide and coach the team to develop customer-centric service delivery
- Continuously review and update policies and procedures to ensure adherence to regulatory requirements and to ensure operation efficiency
- Continuously assess the operational risks of the operations and recommend appropriate remedial actions
3. Ensure that all operations and activities undertaken comply with regulatory requirements and direction
**Knowledge/Skills/Competencies Required: | https://talentnetwork.vn/head-of-internal-audit-en1621711.html |
Dine with us in our modern Tokyo apartment. You’ll experience six courses that draw inspiration and the freshest, seasonal ingredients from Japan, combine them with my culinary training in Istanbul and throw in techniques I developed in five star hotels and high quality restaurants in Canada, the US and Melbourne, Australia.
This is a unique opportunity to see and taste how these eastern and western culinary styles, flavours and techniques can work together in an intimate setting to provide a powerful sensory experience.
The menu changes with every passing week. Japan has some of the freshest and most amazing fruits, vegetables, meat and seafood anywhere, and each week new ingredients are at their very best. We will seek out the best produce to make sure the flavours will excite you.
Expect to find conventional dishes reinterpreted, traditional ingredients used in new ways, and unexpected flavour combinations. | https://www.eatwith.com/events/44768?date=2022-05-22 |
Dentists will often treat children who suffer from blood dyscrasias (Box 48.1). It is essential to have a knowledge of the commonly encountered conditions, their oral manifestations and the precautions required for their dental management.
Box 48.1 Classification of Blood Dyscrasias
I. Red blood cell disorders
a. Anaemia
i) iron deficiency
ii) glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
iii) sickle cell
iv) thalassaemia
b. Polycythaemia
II. White blood cell disorders
a. Leucocytosis
i) infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
ii) neoplasia
b. Leucopenia = neutropenia
i) congenital
ii) drug-induced
c. Leukaemias
i) acute lymphocytic (ALL)
ii) acute myeloid (AML)
iii) chronic
d. Lymphomas
i) Hodgkin’s
ii) Non-Hodgkin’s
iii) Burkitt’s
Anaemia
Anaemia is characterised by a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It is usually related to a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) or to an abnormality in the Hb contained within the RBCs.
Anaemia is not a disease but rather a symptom that may result from:
- decreased production of RBCs (iron deficiency, pernicious anaemia, folate deficiency);
- blood loss or increased rate of destruction of circulating RBCs that may cause haemolytic anaemia.
Haemolytic anaemias may result from many other causes including: | https://pocketdentistry.com/48-thalassaemia-and-other-blood-dyscrasias/ |
By Amir Idris
September 30, 2010 — The world has been watching with mounting fear the racialized public debate on the future of Sudan. The peoples of southern Sudan are expected to vote on whether they remain in a united Sudan or to opt for separation on January 9th 2011. In recent weeks, the tone of the public debate in the country in particular in the north has been colored by religious and racial tendencies that might endanger the future relations between the north and the south after the referendum. The recent public statement made by the NCP Minister of Information in the Government of National Unity threatening to strip southerners who live in the north of their social, economic and political rights if the result of the referendum confirms separation is a deliberate incitement for violent confrontation.
Proponents of both unity and separation have often emphasized race and religion as the sole criteria for making a choice between unity and separation. Invoking race and religion in the debate about the referendum shifts the focus from politics to issues of place of origin and the racial identity of individuals. This unfortunate mode of debate has been reflected on the rising language of fear, intimidation and discrimination which has the potential to plunge the entire country into uncontrollable communal violence with unimaginable consequences.
The right to self determination for the peoples of southern Sudan which was stipulated in the CPA is not a racialized right as many seem to believe. Rather it is a political right which was designed to address a political problem - the failure of the existing state in formulating an inclusive national project that would have embraced diversity and unity. The root causes of the Sudan’s multiple crises are political rather than racial and religious. The racialized discourse on referendum along North and South, African and Arab divides is indeed a recipe for unmanageable political disaster that might destroy the fabric of the entire society. In turn, the process of national reconciliation and rebuilding of both regions would become a difficult task in the post-referendum period.
It is undeniable that unity has not been made attractive to the peoples of southern Sudan. Those who advocate unity should accept that maintaining territorial unity without fundamental transformation of the existing state is unlikely to succeed. But the unity of the country can always be restored in the future if we view separation as one of the mechanisms that could be used to alter the nature and meaning of the state in order to make unity the more desirable option.
Whatever the peoples of southern Sudan choose to do, it should not be seen as a vote against a specific racial group. Rather, their choice should be respected and interpreted as a political choice informed by their own historical experiences against oppression, discrimination and exclusion. After all, the separation of southern Sudan is not the end of history as many in the north seem to interpret; rather it is the beginning of a long process of redefining their identities and polity. For the peoples of southern Sudan, separation could be seen as an opportunity for charting their own destiny and rebuilding their societies after many decades of civil wars, imposed upon them by a series of ruthless northern- based regimes. For northerners, it would be helpful and constructive to view separation as a process of purification and reflection on what has gone wrong. In other words, it is an opportunity to reconstruct a new vision of polity that could make unity a desirable choice in the future.
Of course, these processes of purification, self-reflection, and the remaking of identities and polity, will not be successful in an environment of fear, intimidation and hostility articulated through a language of race and religion. History has taught us that the use of violent language to spread fear and to intimidate those who are categorized by the ruling elites as the “other” in multiethnic societies only leads to political violence with far reaching human consequences. | https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable&id_article=36450 |
Painting stone, brickwork and rendering is usually to apply a decorative colour, the actual close-up finish does not normally need to be 'smooth as silk'; by the nature of the surface this is usually impractical.
The following apply to sound, dust free surfaces - if the surface is powdery or excessively dusty, the application of a stabilising solution to 'seal' the surface is recommended.
Clean surface with stiff brush.
Cement paints normally incorporate a fungicide so no further treatment is normally required.
Two coats of cement paint.
You may wish to treat the surface with a fungicide if the emulsion paint does not contain it.
Apply thinned emulsion (1 part paint to 3 parts water).
Two undercoats to cover a dark colour with a lighter one.
Wash off old paint and allow to dry.
Scrape or wire-brush flaking paint.
Two coats of exterior type emulsion.
Wash off old paint Two coats of paint. Use stippling brush.
Brush with dampened soft brush.
Use special sealer on new surfaces and damaged old paintwork. | https://www.diydata.com/decorating/painting/painting-brick-surfaces.php |
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in GeneralCourt assembled:
The undersigned legislators and/or citizens respectfully petition for the adoption of the accompanying bill:
An Act to establish a balanced health literate program state wide .
_______________
PETITION OF:
Name:
District/Address:
Gloria L. Fox
7th Suffolk
Cheryl A. Coakley-Rivera
10th Hampden
Cory Atkins
14th Middlesex
HOUSE DOCKET, NO. 3212 FILED ON: 1/18/2013
HOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 1957
By Ms. Fox of Boston, a petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 1957) of Gloria L. Fox, Cheryl A. Coakley-Rivera and Cory Atkins that the Department of Public Health be directed to implement a program for health literacy in healthcare facilities, pharmacies and health centers. Public Health.
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
_______________
In the Year Two Thousand Thirteen
_______________
An Act to establish a balanced health literate program state wide .
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
The Department of Public Health should seek avenues of training and implementing health literacy in all Healthcare facilities, Pharmacies, and Health Centers, possible look at the one organization (western MA) that is actively doing health literacy in MA and develop on it. The MA Community Health Workers and other such home care organizations also should make efforts to incorporate health literacy training into their fields.
Medically underserved patients may have particular difficulty communicating with their health care providers and pharmacists. For many reason we must focus on health literacy; Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. [Source: Healthy People 2010] According to the Institute of Medicine, ninety million adult Americans have limited health literacy. Health literacy is a complex phenomenon that involves individuals, families, communities and systems. The concept of health literacy extends to the materials, environments, and challenges specifically associated with disease prevention and health promotion. Health literacy incorporates a range of abilities: reading, comprehending, and analyzing information; decoding instructions, symbols, charts, and diagrams; weighing risks and benefits; and, ultimately, making decisions and taking action.
Plain language is a strategy for making written and oral information easier to understand. It is one important tool for improving health literacy. Key elements of Plain Language include:
Organizing information so that the most important points come first;
Breaking complex information into understandable chunks;
Using simple language and defining technical terms; and
Using the active voice.
Cultural Competency is a strategy that enables organizations to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. Developing and implementing a framework of cultural competence in health systems is an extended process that ultimately serves to reduce health disparities and improve access to high-quality health care. Cultural competence benefits consumers, stakeholders, and communities. Because a number of elements can influence health communication—including behaviors, language, customs, beliefs, and perspectives—cultural competence is also critical for achieving accuracy in medical research. NIH funds and works with researchers nationwide for the development and dissemination of resources designed to enhance cultural competence in health care systems.
The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. The General Court provides this information as a public service and while we endeavor to keep the data accurate and current to the best of our ability, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.
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Q:
Proof for quotient polynomial rings equivalent to field extension
I am predominantely looking for a proof, I have seen in my books and around but seem to have a hard time finding that if we let $\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_n$ be the roots of the minimal polynomial $f$, then we have that
$$\mathbb{Q}[x]/\langle f\rangle\cong \mathbb{Q}[\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n]$$
As said I am after finding the proof somewhere, I just have not been able to find it anywhere.
A:
This might not be true. See for instance $f(X)=X^3-2$ (irreducible by Eisenstein) then :
$$\dim_{\mathbb{Q}}(\mathbb{Q}[x]/(f(x))=\deg(f)=3 $$
However the roots of $f$ are $\sqrt[3]{2}$, $\sqrt[3]{2}j$ and $\sqrt[3]{2}j^2$. It is easy to see that $F:=\mathbb{Q}[{\sqrt[3]{2}},{\sqrt[3]{2}}j,{\sqrt[3]{2}}j^2]$ cannot be of dimension $3$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ because $F':=\mathbb{Q}[{\sqrt[3]{2}}]$ is a subfield of dimension $3$ of $F$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ and $F'$ is a proper subfield of $F$...
What is true is that $\mathbb{Q}[\alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_n]$ is always isomorphic to any splitting field of $f$ (i.e. minimal field such that $f$ is split in it).
What is true is that for any $1\leq i\leq n$ you will have :
$$\mathbb{Q}[x]/(f)\text{ is isomorphic to } \mathbb{Q}[\alpha_i] $$
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The intern will begin placement at an elementary school setting which will encompass a variety of students with and suspected of disabilities. The school houses multiple programs including inclusion, resource, comprehensive, and a classroom designed to address the needs of students with Autism. Adequate assessment, evaluation, communication, and programming skills will all be important.
Our district attempts to offer a continuum of services to our students and also a continuum of experiences to our school psychologists. Our goal is to not have our psychologists as just "testers" but truly believe in the importance of building relationships in the schools and the communities. The biggest draw to the area is it's scenery. Norris Lake State Park is gorgeous all year round. Proximity to Knoxville and the Great Smokey Mountains is also a great asset.
Blount County ([email protected])
School psychologist interns work a minimum of 1200 hours (i.e., full-time experience for one school year) and assist their supervisors with the full range of duties under direct training and supervision. Blount County Schools offer a culturally diversified training experience, services at all levels of the public school system, opportunities to attend professional development, and evaluations of the school psychologist intern's performance, competency, and readiness for entry-level practice. Supervision is tailored to individual needs and program requirements. Supervision will include ample direct (in person) supervision, in addition to other supervisory methods (e.g., email, phone) regularly provided. In addition to the minimum requirements of the university and/or NASP, interns in Blount County work closely with their supervisors to learn organizational and time management strategies, to become fully integrated members of their school teams, and to ensure best practices in the services provided. Supervision is typically extensive at the beginning of the internship and is gradually reduced as the intern becomes more independent (while maintaining the required minimum).
The support and supervision offered at Blount County Schools is truly exceptional! It is a wonderful place to work, and we have a great team of school psychologists. We are nestled right up against the Great Smoky Mountains, in the greater Knoxville area. Blount County offers affordable housing, safe, family friendly communities, a growing range of food and entertainment options, and a variety of outdoor activities (e.g., greenways, hiking trails, lake access). Blount County is also within short drives to surrounding cities (e.g., Knoxville, Sevierville, Pigeon Forge, Gatlinburg) that offer additional attractions and outdoor activities, including the following: McGhee Tyson Airport, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cades Cove, Indoor and outdoor waterparks, Dollywood, Sunsphere & Market Square, Neyland Stadium, Farmers Markets, etc.
Blount County Schools in beautiful East Tennessee currently has an opening for a school psychologist intern for the 2019-2020 school year. School psychologist interns will be provided mileage for travel within the district at the district’s standard rate each month. A $25,000 stipend will also be provided. For additional information, please refer to the Intern Application Packet and/or contact Nicole Webb at [email protected].
Link to the Intern Application Packet:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XHlOC7dNrcA7PUpZov3dF_A4s1YrAqkjP89y-Hgyh8U/edit?usp=sharing
Link to district website: http://www.blountk12.org/
Bradley County ([email protected])
Internships with Bradley County Schools would allow for an intern to serve at all levels of education (pre-school -high school). Interns are assigned to one school psychologist for the purposes of supervision and support. However, they are provided a vastly diversified experience and work with other school psychologists to ensure a variety of experiences. Initially, interns have limited autonomy however, with time and supported experience, they have greater autonomy based the supervisors recommendation and their level of comfort. School psychologists are responsible for:
Attending and providing support in general education team meetings, conducting evaluations for eligibility, determination/program planning, conducting screenings for suspected disabilities, completing FBA's and manifestation determinations, providing psychological support services on a routine basis for students with significant social/emotional needs, writing psycho-educational reports, academic achievement testing as well as a variety of other assessments, attend IEP meetings for eligibility and IEP development, attend parent/teacher meetings to discuss concerns regarding developmental, academic and/or social/emotional difficulties, interns are not assigned to specific schools but provided with opportunities among multiple levels to gain a varied experience.
Grainger County ([email protected])
Responsibilities would include conducting meetings, evaluations of all types, Edplan documentation and report writing, interpretation of RTI2 data and behavioral and/or academic consultation. Regarding the question about number of schools, it would depend on how much time an intern would be available to be in Grainger County, but it would probably range from 1-3 schools. There are 7 schools in Grainger County. The level of supervision/autonomy would depend greatly on the intern's level of training and expertise- we would need to know something about them to make such decisions.
Grainger County Schools is a small district and is an excellent area to begin a career. Being a smaller district, there is an opportunity to get a wide range of experiences. There is also the opportunity to build friendships and relationships and to be part of a community. Our current psychologists have many years of experience and have mentored interns in the past.
Hamilton County ([email protected])
Currently, we have our interns participating in a cohort that meets with one of the district's assessment facilitators (certified school psychologist that is assigned to district level support). Individually, the interns are assigned to a tenured psychologist serving two schools. This pairing includes 2 hours per week of direct, one-on-one supervision.
In an effort to ensure a well-rounded experience, each intern will have the opportunity to participate in a minimum of two Autism Peer Review presentations and two ED Peer Review presentations per semester. Each intern will have the opportunity to participate in system-wide Ex Ed PD events and school psychology staff meetings / PD. Each intern will have the opportunity to participate in the Southeast Communities of Practice. Each intern will have the opportunity to participate in the quarterly Coffee and Collaboration meetings with the Supervisor of Assessment.
Finally, each intern will have the opportunity to shadow the following psychologists in specialized settings: Wendy Davis, Private / Homeschool Assessment Team, Kristin Cobb, Preschool Assessment Team, and Linda Davis, Dawn School / Liaison to Psychiatric Hospitals.
We are thankful to have the UT Chattanooga program in our city. This has afforded us the opportunity to support and then employ a large number of interns throughout the years. In terms of our school district, we have a very diverse make-up allowing educators / practitioners the opportunity to grow in areas that may be less familiar to them. It also allows for one to try to match their internship / employment with areas of interest and personal strength. From PK to high school / collegiate hybrid programs (79 school in total), interns in HCDE can access a variety of learning environments.
As a city, Chattanooga is known as the Scenic City for good reason. From hiking the area mountains to paddle boarding the TN River; experiencing new musical acts at Riverbend to participating in art appreciation at the annual 4 Bridges Arts Festival; the city offers much to do!
Hawkins County([email protected])
The Special ed Department Staff meets weekly as a team with the Special Ed Supervisors. During the meeting, we determine which schools each staff member, including the school psychologists, would be assigned to that week. Our school psychologist performs the following job tasks: Testing, IEP Meetings, 4.5 meetings, assisting with conducting FBA meetings, and evaluations. We also provide annual training on CRT. They are also expected to work with students who exhibit aggressive behaviors, consult with teachers and principals as needed, and assist us in providing professional development for our teachers.
We all have a good working relationship. We respect each other as professionals. We are a team effort group of hard working adults. The area is beautiful. We are very close to Knoxville and Johnson City.
Knox County([email protected])
Interns would be exposed to the full array of psychological duties in 1-3 schools. They would share schools with a licensed psychologist, providing daily support as long as group and individual supervision on a weekly basis. By second semester, interns would serve a school independently with the same level of support offered but with an autonomous experience.
Knox Co has a staff of 40 psychologists allowing for expertise to develop in individuals. As such, there is exceptional supervision/support opportunities for interns. Further, Knox Co. is a geographically large district serving rural, urban, and suburban areas providing a rich experience for interns. Knoxville is a diverse city with a variety of activities to enjoy during off hours. It is less than an hour from the Smoky Mountains for those who enjoy outdoor recreation.
Kingsport City
Intern will work with 3 district school psychs and Director of Special Ed., office will be located at Admin. Support Center with other school psychs, Assessment exp. Prek - 12, various collaboratives, including one for just school psychs, professional learning, experience with Specialized Learning Environments - responsibilities include Testing, RTI data conferences, School level collaboratives, District level collaboratives, schools - 8 Elementary Schools (3 PreK - 5, 5 K - 5), 2 Middle School (6 - 8), 1 High School (off-site: blended learning site), 1 Alternative School (6 -12), and 1 PreK Center.
Kingsport is centered in the Tri-Cities, close to Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge (Smokey Mtn.), driving Distance of the many state parks and outdoor activities, minor league baseball team, ETSU within 40 min. drive, and driving distance of several state and national parks
Maryville City Schools
The intern would rotate between all 7 schools with the most time allotted for elementary (K-3). He/she would work directly with 3 of the district's psychologists. Interns would be given assessment caseloads to manage under the direct supervision of a licensed psychologist including social skills instruction. The amount of autonomy will depend upon the grade band with the greatest amount of autonomy occurring in 4-7 grades. Intern responsibilities will include social skills instruction, consultation for RTI/behavior, and assessment including report writing.
MCS' expectations of school psychologists are multi-faceted. We expect thorough assessments, well written reports, direct social skills instruction for students on the spectrum, and for psychologists to be members of our special education teams, not just consultants but active participants.
McMinn County ([email protected])
Direct supervision by Doctoral and Masters level school psychologists. School Psychologist will be assigned a caseload that they will be responsible for from the RTI2 process through IEP development and placement. Opportunity to work with Doctoral level BCBA in developing FBA's and BIP's. The School Psychologist will have the opportunity to work with students in a wide range of grade levels and disabilities. We utilize RTI2 in all grades. Individual schools utilize RTI-B. There will be several opportunities for professional development. Our psychologists attend several several conferences each year and are responsible for disseminating information to staff. They also are involved in leading trainings for staff. Involvement in district-wide planning for both general and special education services. Serve in a quasi-supervisory role with SPED teachers in the schools. Involvement in threat assessments when necessary.
We are a rural system but are blessed with access to resources which allow us to provide necessary services to our students. We are a very technologically advanced system and use those resources to provide educational opportunities to our students. We have 7 elementary schools (Pre-K - 8TH) and 2 high schools. Our schools are very community oriented with a lot of parental involvement. We serve about 6000 students, 1000+/- SPED students. There are many opportunities for outdoor activities such as The Smoky Mountains, Cherokee National Forest, Ocoee Whitewater Rafting, Hiwassee River Rafting, Watts Bar Lake (fishing/boating) and lots of areas to hike. Each of these are within a 1-2 hour drive from our location. We are less than a one hour drive to Knoxville or Chattanooga and within 3 hour drive of professional sports in Atlanta and Nashville. Small town environment that is close to big time entertainment.
Meigs County ([email protected])
Past interns have been very successful. Interns are provided with detailed and complete supervision., They receive a variety of situations in which to learn throughout the PK thru 12 grade range.
Rural small, but near major cities. Great support from administration and staff.
Monroe County
2-3 assigned schools. We prefer to provide direct oversight for a brief period of time then transition to the intern working autonomously to get a better feel of what a full-time School Psychology position would be like. We strive to provide a very well-rounded placement and include interns in all staff development trainings/conferences, etc. We pride ourselves on giving interns the most welcoming and most outstanding placement possible.
We are a small, rural district but have amazing resources available to support our students and staff. The Special Education Supervisor is a trained School Psychologist and understands the workload and decisions that must be made by School Psychologists. Our Central Office team (which includes our interns) is very team-oriented and provides a wealth of support to every team member. We enjoy having interns and have found that 100% of our previous interns report the internship with Monroe County as a wonderful learning opportunity and each has made it known that they would love the opportunity to work in Monroe County full-time.
Oak Ridge Schools ([email protected])
The scope of the internship would include experience in all of our schools, with an experienced school psychologist. From the preschool to the high school, new staff members need a wealth of experience to meet the needs of a future position. Availability to work in a confidential setting, or within the same space of current school psychs, is available. School psychs work closely with the RTI process, assess students, serve on the team for an IEP, and assist teachers with behavior concerns by conducting direct and indirect observations.
High expectations of students and schools from our parents and community. High achieving schools. Very competitive pay with top districts in the state. Great opportunity for professional growth, practical experience, and hands-on student experiences.
Polk County
Potential School Psychology interns would shadow an experienced school psychologist and at times, toward the end of the internship, be allowed to handle some cases independently with review from supervisor.
Lots of outdoor activities. Close proximity to Chattanooga and Knoxville
Rhea County ([email protected])
Internship in Rhea County would give the intern a variety of experiences at each tier (elementary, middle, and high school). There are 4 Elementary Schools, Two Middle Schools and one High School. Examples of experiences the intern would get: Participating in IEP team meetings, assessing students using a variety of instruments, help problem solve RTI data issues and interventions, assist with FBAs and BIPs, assist with Child Find activities - Fun Day for Pre-K students (county wide), and screen 4th grade students for giftedness, and learn how to use the I-Ready assessment and EasyCBM.
Rhea County is nestled at the foot of the Appalachian Mountains in the Tennessee River Valley. There are many outdoor activities to do in the county from boating on the Tennessee River, world class waterways for fishing, to hiking in Pocket Wilderness.
Rhea County Courthouse and Scopes Trial Museum:
The site of the 1925 Scopes Evolution Trial, the Rhea County Courthouse is now a National Historic Landmark housing the Scopes Trial Museum. Inside you'll find photos from the trial, information about its key players, creation vs. evolution and other local history. Courtroom tours are available. The Courthouse is at the intersection of Market Street and Hwy 30.
The sprawling 38,000-acre lake above Watts Bar Dam is one of the state's best sport fishing areas whether you like to fish a bobber for bluegill or bream, cast plugs for feisty bass or set your hook into giant rockfish. The area provides sport fishing, rustic camping, water sports, picnic facilities and hiking trails. Nestled near the majestic Cumberland Mountains, Watts Bar Lake features 783 miles of shoreline and provides the largest inland nesting population of ospreys in the Southeast. Ospreys nest May-July concentrated between the Euchee Boat Dock and Thief Neck Island. Concentrations of great blue herons, black-crowned night herons, and great egrets may be seen near Long Island. Waterfowl and bald eagles are common in winter and be sure to look for white-tailed deer, raccoon, woodchuck, muskrat, fox, mink, skunk and coyote.
A short drive east across the highway 60 bridge brings you to the historic Cherokee Removal Park, one of the main staging areas for the Trail of Tears. In 1938 approximately 9,000 Cherokees and Creeks camped here waiting to cross the Tennessee River at Blythe Ferry. In 1998 Joe Byrd, then Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, visited Hiwassee Refuge marking the initial dedication. Phase I including the boardwalk and wildlife overlooks at the top of the bluff are complete and open year-round. Phase II includes the Visitor's Center which is now open, though staffing fluctuates and the Cherokee Genealogical Library. Phase III is a granite Memorial Wall. The park is open from sunrise to sunset and admission is free.
Scott County ([email protected])
We have five PK-8, one 5-8 middle school and one high school in our district. The school psychologist would be ask to go to a PK-8 schools as needed and also the high school inorder to experience all grade levels. The intern would have total supervision at the beginning of internship to insure all the rules and procedures were followed and to see the routine of the school psychologist. Autonomy would be given to the intern as much as could be manage. The responsibilities of the School Psychologist in our district consist of evaluation/assessment, attending eligibility meeting, completing reevaluation paperwork, doing classroom observations, providing guidance to the RTI teams, data teams, and all teachers when needed. In the summer and staff development days, school psychologist are ask to participate in staff development training for regular and special education teachers.
We are a small community, very welcoming and friendly. We do have a very high percentage of our students that are socially economically disadvantaged. Everyone pulls together/supports each other when there is a need in our schools and/or community. We are nestled in the mountains with the Big South Park being in part of our county. There are many areas available for hiking and horseback riding. Our county is 75 miles north of Knoxville.
Sequatchie County ([email protected])
The intern would serve in 3 schools: 1 elementary, 1 middle, and 1 high school. WE currently have 2 school psychologists, an assistant, and an intern. The 2 school psychologists have broken their caseloads up where one handles behavior and the other address learning disabilities. The intern could choose who they would like to study up or do a rotation of the two sections.
We are only 40 minutes away from downtown Chattanooga and 2 hours away from Nashville. We have all of our schools on 1 campus and have the opportunity to give someone a look at a rural district.
Sevier County ([email protected])
Our school psychologists are primarily involved in evaluation activities. This includes initial evaluations and re-evaluations in the area of special education eligibility and programming. The school psychologists are part of the pre-referral process and the Response to Intervention process. Our school psychologists are also involved with daily consultation activities.
Sevier County has 28 schools offering a variety of settings including K-8, primary, intermediate, high school,one alternative school, a therapeutic based school and pre-school classes. We have 3 specialists who assist with children who have behavior difficulties or have been diagnosed with autism. There are also designated individuals to support behavioral and academic intervention, as well as student programming. As a department, we have established special education RTI-B and structured behavioral/emotional/social instruction. The schools in the system are participating in school-wide behavior support rograms specifically developed by each building.
In the area there is the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which offers many outdoor activities and sites to see. The Arts and Craft Community and the Arrowmont School of Arts are located in our school district. Arrowmont offers classes on various types of artistic pursuits. Also in the area, there are numerous restaurants and shopping experiences available. The Dollywood theme park is located in Sevier County. We also have several convention centers which hosts many conventions and exhibitions.
Sweetwater City ([email protected])
There are four schools serving students preK through 8th grade in the school district. The psychologist and/or intern would go to any of the schools depending on the need (evaluations, re-evaluations, parent/teacher meetings, behavior plans, and/or consultations). Typically, the school psychologist has regular and frequent (daily) contact with the intern at the beginning of the year. As the year progresses and the intern's skills improve, the school psychologist will continue regular supervision, but face to face contact will decrease. The intern will also have more autonomy (i.e. holding meetings independently). The intern's responsibilities will be similar to those carried out by a certified school psychologist.
The school system is a small rural district with only four schools. An intern is typically viewed as one of the regular staff members at the schools. the intern also becomes very familiar with many of the school system's staff. Since the system is small, the supervisor is also very familiar with many of the cases and families. This helps when situations arise and parents need to be contacted. | https://tasponline.org/East |
Decision makers are everywhere: educators, principals, families, policymakers, just to name a few. Data-based problem solving and decision-making is an essential component of high quality programs that foster a culture of data use and is defined as a consistent process used by stakeholder teams and applied at multiple levels to analyze and evaluate relevant information to plan and implement strategies that support sustainable improved student and system outcomes. Results Matter assessment information is used for:
- Planning individual and classroom instruction
- Partnering with families
- Informing classroom and program-wide improvement strategies
- Resource allocation
- Accountability and program evaluation
How Results Matter Data is Used
The Purpose of Early Childhood Assessment in Preschool Through 3rd Grade
Results Matter provides meaningful assessment data that can be used to make decisions at several levels. At higher levels, public reports are always aggregated and never reveal personally identifiable information. Of course, we know children don’t grow and learn in a vacuum. When analyzed with other important information such as program quality and long-term outcomes, early childhood assessment data can provide more context about educational environments. A potential benefit is that this information can be tied to specific schools and programs in order to support continuous quality improvement efforts, family outreach, and community systems work. Services and programs can also be evaluated and held accountable to taxpayers, funders, and communities. Ultimately, these systems can improve where they are lacking and celebrate where they are strong.
We all want to see great outcomes for children. To that end, we must measure and make decisions base on those outcomes.
Administrative Data Use Self-Assessment
Effective use of administrative data—that is, information about children, families, and providers collected and maintained as part of program operations—is important to administrators and educators in understanding children’s developmental progress, assessing program effectiveness, and making programmatic and operational decisions. Yet, even when programs see the benefits of data use, administrators and educators struggle with deciding how to use data.
The Early Childhood Data Use Self-Assessment Tool is designed to support early childhood program staff interested in building their capacity to use data to inform, plan, monitor, and make decisions for program improvement. The checklist is organized around three key elements: Planning for Data Use, Using and Communicating Data, and Self-Reflection and Monitoring.The tool also contains an appendix with a variety of resources linked to each indicator in order to help illustrate what each indicator looks like in practice and how administrators can support their staff in these areas.
Outcomes and Progress Monitoring
Data obtained through Results Matter are used to describe children's progress across specific developmental and educational domains. Preschool outcomes developed by the Early Childhood Technical Assistance Center and the U.S. Department of Education Office of Special Education Programs enable young children with disabilities to be active and successful participants during their early childhood years and in the future. These outcomes illustrate the integrated nature of early childhood development and allow programs and states to analyze and use data to measure individual child progress to improve systems and services. Find out more about:
For more information about early childhood assessment, go to the Early Childhood Assessment webpages.
Data and Accountability
CDE is required to publicly report annually on each special education administrative unit’s compliance and results Indicator data, including Indicator 7 (Preschool Outcomes). In addition, as of 2017, CDE is using compliance and results data to make determinations for each AU under section 616(d) of IDEA. The OSEP Preschool Outcomes data, derived from Results Matter assessment data, are used in both processes.
Special Education Data Reports
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2019 Statewide Data Quality Profile - OSEP Preschool Outcomes (Indicator 7) (PDF)
Colorado Preschool Program Legislative Reports
The annual Colorado Preschool Program (CPP) Legislative Report provides highlights of the implementation and effectiveness of the program. For previous years reports, please contact us. | http://www.cde.state.co.us/resultsmatter/rmassessmentdata |
Abstract: This Education Leadership Portfolio (ELP) explores the New Faculty Development (NFD) program at Delaware Technical Community College. The program has undergone a series of redesigns; this study considers the evolution of the program and examines the most recent updates in the initial implementation phase. I collected data from several sources to evaluate the program’s effectiveness. To inform the problem, I considered previous data on the program, professional literature, and the program process and proposal for the most recent redesign. Additional data derive from different environments for observation including a series of face-to-face colloquia and the online learning environment through a learning management system (LMS). As a participant-observer, I drew conclusions about the alignment of this program with evidence-based practices for professional development of in-service instructors as well as standards for professional learning. I also considered the perceptions of program alumni spanning the past six years. Finally, I conducted focus groups with current participants at the end of their first semester to gauge their satisfaction with the program. ☐ While various aspects of this program are sound, I offer recommendations to administrators and program leaders to further enhance the program. First, based upon a preliminary program evaluation, I determined that data was not a central component of shaping the program content nor was it used to evaluate program effectiveness. Secondly, although the program has evolved to focus on critical content, the analysis of data reveals that the new knowledge and skills are not applied to the participants’ respective classroom and students. They are practicing skills and reviewing resources as assignments in the courses, but do not transfer the knowledge. Since this is the ultimate goal of professional development, the program designers must find more opportunity for job-embedded, authentic learning. Likewise, the concept of job-embedded learning will address other concerns participants shared such as relevance and meaningfulness of the program content and time dedicated to the content. I presented these findings to the Vice President for Academic Affairs and the Vice President for Instruction and Technology in order to induce change and enhance the program for future semesters and participants. ☐ To maximize the program’s efficacy, given the dedication of College resources, I proposed four overarching recommendations. First, it is essential that the program leaders communicate with key stakeholders regarding the program’s latest iteration. Second, a focus on data would enhance the program. For example, the Center for Creative Instruction (CCIT) team should conduct a needs-based assessment for incoming faculty to determine their prior knowledge. The team should then consider this data when designing activities and selecting topics for colloquia. Likewise, program leaders should determine how they will measure the effectiveness of the program. Third, it is essential that participants move beyond learning about teaching to employing the techniques in their teaching. I propose a menu of job-embedded techniques based on the interactions I observed and feedback I received. Finally, by coupling data about participants and students’ needs with authentic learning, I hope to ensure enduring understandings about teaching and learning that impact student success. | https://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23786 |
“Karma” is a Sanskrit term that literally means “deed” or “act” in the Buddhist tradition, refers to action driven by intention which leads to future consequences. It is a concept in Hinduism which explains karma through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions and harmful effects from past harmful actions, creating a system of actions and reactions throughout one’s life. The Bible does not talk about karma in the eastern mysticism sense, but there is a sense in which our actions toward others affect our own lives. Islam believes in facing the consequences of your actions in this life or the hereafter. “Reaping what one sows”, or tasting the fruits of one’s actions whether good or bad, is definitely a concept in Islam. It’s a comforting thought that our choices control our destiny as our actions have direct repercussions. No good fortune is unpredictable, and no tragedy is undeserved. We are blessed to have four of the best religions in the world to follow to overcome our Karma.
National Government is chasing a policy of good governance and it is clear harmful effects of ‘karma’ inherited from the past regime; too many to cover in a single posting in Northern Breeze is pulling it down from all sides.
Some of the key harmful effects of karma that requires urgent resolution for good governance is listed below:
- Overcome the exaggerated fears expressed by dissent legislators and their supporters intended to preserve disunity in this country for their own political reasons and for their own political advantage.
- Need to promote mutual respect and amity between the various religious and linguistic groups in the country and acquire social justice and for educating the youth on the dangers of drugs and alcohol abuse.
- Bring solace to the several hundred thousands of displaced from their original places of residence in the North and the East during the period of the armed conflict that ended seven years ago.
- Release land occupied by the security forces as large numbers of families are prevented from returning to their own original homes still occupied by the forces in peace time.
- Release the Tamil prisoners discriminated and held under the Prevention of Terrorism Act continue to languish in prisons under law, while prisoners similarly held after southern uprisings have been released.
- Prepare a structured programme in consultation with the provincial councils to address the essential needs of the affected people to enable them to rebuild their lives by providing them with housing and livelihood support.
- Disengage the military from all economic activities that causes immense harm and deprivation to the civilian population in the North and East provinces.
- Remove and prejudice caused to the fishing community in the North and East Provinces indulging in their own livelihood activity by various extraneous factors, where fishermen from other districts and south India are engaging in unlawful fishing activity.
- Revise policies to recruit on merit to fill vacancies in government and other state agencies; for appointments to these positions are done purely on the basis of influence from political representatives at the center and as in the past local youth are continue to be ignored and discriminated against even to fill unskilled posts, when several thousands of locals remain unemployed.
- Mindset must be changed in the administration for there are several actions by the State and others with political influence, pertaining to civilian administration, land, to places of religious worship, to cultural places, to development activities and in other areas of importance to the affected Tamil people, harmful to genuine reconciliation and the future well-being of these people in territories which they have historically inhabited.
Karma refers to the totality of our actions and their related reactions, all of which determine our future. The conquest of karma lies in intelligent action and dispassionate reaction. Some karmas rebound immediately while others accumulate and return unexpectedly. We human accumulate karma in four ways:
- through thoughts
- through right attitude words
- through actions that we perform ourselves
- through actions others perform under our instructions
The karma is said to be applicable not only to the material world but also to our thoughts, words, actions and actions that others do under our instructions.
The best way to free ourselves from harmful effects from past harmful actions in accumulated Karma and retain only the beneficial effects derived from past beneficial actions is to as Swami Cinmayananda has said:
Born a Buddhist ————————be a Buddhist
Born a Christian ————————be a Christian
Born a Hindu —————————– be a Hindu
Born a Muslim —————————be a Muslim
By this follow the teachings of your own religion and you will then be the first to encourage good governance and automatically will herald the Nation to prosperity. | https://northernbreeze.blog/2016/06/16/karma-the-universal-principle-of-cause-and-effect/ |
Educational Qualification:
Please see the job requirements.
Experience:
Please see the job requirements.
Requirement:
Skills, knowledge and experience requirements:
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Demonstrable interest in radio production, ideally including some production experience.
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Instruction :
Interested applicants should carefully complete the BBC Media Action job application form by downloading from the link and email to [email protected] mentioning the position in the subject field. The deadline for submitting applications is September 9, 2017.
The BBC is an equal opportunity employer
Job Detail:
Job Title : Junior Assistant Producer (Radio)
Duty Station : Dhaka
Reports To : Radio Producer
Duration : Fixed term up to 31 December 2019
Positions : Two
Start Date : October 1, 2017
Context:
BBC Media Action is the BBC’s international development charity. We use media and communications to reduce poverty and promote human rights in developing countries. We partner with civil society, local media and others to produce creative programmes in multi-media formats which inform and engage audiences around key development issues, and strengthen the media sector through capacity building. Our work is built on insights from our research and engagement with communities, and is focused on three key themes: governance and human rights, health and resilience.
We’re now looking for two talented and skillful Junior Assistant Radio Producers to help develop and produce radio output for a project that aims to help create a supportive social environment that enables adolescents to progress towards their aspirations free from all forms of child marriage. The ideal candidate will have experience of recording and delivering high quality audio based productions and products.
Overall purpose:
Reporting to the Radio Producer, this position will take responsibility to produce allocated packages and programmes within the series, delivering high quality audio output. S/he will work within the production team to support that outputs are delivered on time, to budget and in accordance with BBC Media Action’s high creative standards and editorial requirements.
Main Duties & responsibilities:
Assist the Radio Producer and Assistant Producers in production of high quality radio programmes and Public Service Announcements, in consultation with the radio producer and senior project and creative staff.
Support script writing for allocated packages and programmes.
Assist in recording, mixing and delivering packages and complete programmes for radio broadcast.
Work within the audio production work flow, ensuring that production tasks take place on time and to the appropriate level of quality.
Assist the Radio Producer and Assistant Producers to professionally operate a range of audio equipment to the highest BBC standards.
Assist in ensuring production safety, including involvement in preparation of risk assessments and ensuring safety measures are upheld by all crews.
Work within the production team and alongside administration, finance and procurement staff to ensure all purchasing, hiring and contracting are completed in line with BBC Media Action policies and procedures.
Any other duties commensurate with the post as allocated by the line manager.
In general, normal office hours will apply but the nature of the role means that a flexible approach to working time will be necessary. | http://www.nayadigantajobs.com/jobsdetail/33285/Jr-Assistant-Producer-Radio |
On International Justice Day, we mark the anniversary of the adoption of the Rome Statute, the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court: the world’s first permanent international criminal tribunal.
In doing so, we pay tribute to the vision and commitment of all those individuals who have advocated, and continue to advocate, for justice to be more than an abstract ideal, for national and international courts to bring to trial those alleged to be responsible for serious violations of international law, and for States to protect their citizens.
We are also reminded of how truly revolutionary the notion of establishing an independent international criminal court sounded just a few decades ago. And we celebrate all international criminal courts and tribunals’ achievements in addressing impunity, promoting the development of international law, and bringing a measure of justice to victims.
As the first two international criminal tribunals established since World War II, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) have played a pioneering role in the field of international justice. Through hundreds of decisions and judgments rendered over the past two decades, the ICTY and ICTR have established the accountability of individuals for the most heinous acts imaginable and through adjudication clarified the contours of international humanitarian law. Among other things, the Tribunals have affirmed that rape and other forms of sexual violence can amount to genocide; that not only senior military leaders, but also civilians and political figures, can be held accountable for the actions of their subordinates; and that heads of State can be brought to justice for serious crimes allegedly committed under their authority.
The establishment of the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT), the successor institution for the ICTY and ICTR, demonstrates the international community’s continued commitment to principled accountability and its resolve to ensure that the closure of the first two ground-breaking Tribunals will not open the way for impunity to reign once more.
Finally, on this day, we are called upon to remember that international justice is not the responsibility of international courts alone. All those who are committed to justice and the rule of law – in local communities, in State governments, and around the world – have a vital part to play in ensuring that violations of international law are answered not with indifference but with determination, that principles of fairness and respect for human rights inform all efforts to secure accountability, and that the success of international justice depends on sustained support and cooperation today, and every day. | https://www.icty.org/en/press/statement-president-meron-occasion-international-justice-day |
This series of learning is a classroom training and personalized learning experience Everything DiSC Work of Leaders® is that connects unique leadership styles to real-world demands.
This application brings together best practices from 300 experts in over 150 organizations, the important work of prominent scholars, and over four years of additional research and development to provide participants with an actionable path toward more effective leadership. With one unified model of leadership—Vision, Alignment, and Execution—it helps leaders understand their own leadership styles and how their tendencies influence their effectiveness in specific leadership situations.
This session focuses on:
- A simple, compelling model of leadership
- Personalized insights to leverage strengths and overcome challenges
- A clear path for improvement
Each Leaders Profile provides detailed feedback based on the Vision, Alignment, and Execution framework and the three drivers associated with each step. In this 23-page profile, participants will:
- Craft a Vision through exploration, boldness, and testing assumptions
- Build Alignment through clarity, dialog, and inspiration
- Champion Execution through momentum, structure, and feedback
Course Information
This course consists of:
- Five 60–90-minute modules with live Online Facilitator
- A Pre-workshop Assessment
- 36 Individual podcast clips
- Learning takeaways
- Post-workshop coaching and support
Additional Information
To enhance your learning experience, additional coaching sessions are available upon request. | https://prioritydevelopment.ca/training/leadership-development/maintaining-vision-and-strategy-alignment/ |
Extreme environmental conditions, unusual loadings, and most importantly, the availability of novel construction techniques will likely dictate the form of any extraterrestrial habitat built on Mars. While a habitat could be constructed by astronauts, it is highly preferred for such a structure to already exist when the first humans land on the Martian surface. Thus, automated structure fabrication equipped with 3D-printing technologies that use in situ resources is an intriguing approach to consider. This paper presents an overview of the design and analysis of a dome-shaped Martian habitat that was designed at Northwestern University in collaboration with Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) as part of NASA's 3D-Printed Habitat Challenge. The structure has a novel composite hemispheric-parabolic dome that is optimized to sustain self-weight and environmental loads, and to be 3D-printed on an inflatable pressure vessel with Marscrete, a Martian concrete manufactured primarily with local Martian regolith and sulfur. This study examines the structural performance of such a habitat under expected Martian loading conditions, including wind, regolith deposition from storms, and gravity. Furthermore, the habitat performance is assessed under meteorite impact of varying masses and velocities. Finally, a construction scheme, potential internal layout, and functional usability of spaces are also envisioned for a four people unit. | https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/design-and-analysis-of-3d-printable-thin-shell-dome-structures-fo |
Why ARTIFEX?
ARTIFEX is a Latin noun meaning "artist, craftsman, maker or builder". It can also be used as an adjective to mean "skilled, creative”. The ARTIFEX project aims to strengthen the competences of educators to make learning effectively happen in innovative learning spaces. By doing so, the project will develop a tool that can be used by schools all over Europe to identify existing educational competences of educators and a professional development tool to improve these competences. These online tools pave the way to delivering profiles that are needed for the 21st century labour market.
STEM competences are essential for the 21st Century thinking
Scientific and technical developments have an undeniable impact on our daily lives. According to the European Union, STEM competences are essential for the 21st Century thinking and acting by paying more attention to inquiry-based learning and working, problem-solving learning, enhancing ‘out of the box’ thinking and collaboration. The report concludes, inter alia, that there is a still lot of untouched potential in young people. Additionally, the European labour market demands job profiles that are insufficiently met by contemporary education. We refer to the European Horizon 2020 priorities: more support for innovation and activities close to the market, leading to a direct economic stimulus; a strong focus on creating business opportunities out of our response to the major concerns common to people in Europe and beyond, i.e. ‘societal challenges.
http://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/pub_science_education/KI-NA-26-893-EN-N.pdf, consulted on the 12th of January 2016.
Bridging the gap between labour market and education
The ARTIFEX project is designed to bridge the gap between the (local) labour market and education by establishing a practical European framework for STEM education in innovative out-of-the-classroom learning environments. While currently the main focus of most of these spaces is on adult citizens, they present a unique opportunity to tackle the existing underachievement in STEM-literacy of students. Using these innovative and creative spaces as a learning environment for students presents specific challenges to teachers and educators. For the professional who is working in these spaces (the operators), the target group of students is very different from their usual user (motivated and engaged adult citizens); for teachers the spaces present and environment in which learning is radically different from learning in a classroom setting. The use of these open spaces in order to facilitate STEM-literacy, requires for both groups a specific set of competences.
An unique consortium with complementary competences
Building on above-mentioned findings, the ARTIFEX project develops resources to help teachers and educators to improve their own educational competences for improving the STEM literacy of their students. This will be done in a co-creation between teachers, FabLab educators, applied educational researchers, educational designers, and teacher trainers. Applied research, development and implementation are inextricably linked in the ARTIFEX project.
The ARTIFEX project brings together an unique consortium with complementary expertise. It is composed of partners that do research (universities), others that will be responsible for development (university colleges for teacher training) and others will be involved in the implementation of the tools (local school authority and schools) or dissemination (all). The consortium is geographically spread over Europe. The partners are situated in the North, Center, South and East of Europe. | http://artifexlab.eu/why_artifex.php?jazyk= |
‘Number sense’ is a term that is often used but is quite hard to define. In general, it refers to a student’s ability to work with numbers flexibly and fluidly. Number sense involves giving meaning to numbers – that is, knowing about how they relate to each other and their relative magnitudes. It is also about the effect of mathematical operations on numbers, such as whether multiplication of a given number by another would make the number bigger or smaller. Having a sense of number is vital for the understanding of numerical aspects of the world.
Learning and improving your sense of number is a lifelong activity that starts with children. In school it requires exploring and playing with numbers, and being encouraged to think about patterns and relationships between numbers. In school mathematics this element of playing and having fun with numbers often gets missed out. This unit aims to address this by giving ideas for identifying and using number games as activities that offer rich learning opportunities to help your students develop their sense of numbers.
This unit links to teaching requirements of the NCF (2005) and NCFTE (2009) and will help you to meet those requirements, outlined in Resource 1.
Pause for thought
Think back to when you were a child. Did you learn anything about numbers outside of school? For example, you might have learned to count prior to attending school, or you might have come to know about money, age or sharing things equally from your life outside of school. How did such learning happen?
Playing games is something children do from an early age. It is generally accepted that playing games stimulates the development of social interaction, logical and strategic thinking, sometimes competitiveness, or at other times teamwork and togetherness.
Games can give a sense of suspense, joy, frustration and fun. Research literature has shown that using games in teaching mathematics leads to an improved attitude towards mathematics, enhanced motivation and support for the development of children’s problem solving abilities (Ernest, 1986; Sullivan et al., 2009; Bragg, 2012). It is argued that the mathematical discussions that happen while playing mathematical games leads to the development of mathematical understanding (Skemp, 1993).
This unit gives examples of some tried and tested number games to help develop the number sense of students. It will also discuss how to spot good number games and learn to identify the learning opportunities the games can offer for students.
The first activity is an example of a game that helps to develop the understanding of number relationships. It uses a mathematical tool the students are already familiar with: the ‘hundred square’. Many such games are freely available in books and on the internet. The activities in this unit come from NRICH, a free mathematical resources website that is part of the University of Cambridge’s (UK) Millennium Mathematics Project.
Before attempting to use the activities in this unit with your students, it would be a good idea to complete all, or at least part, of the activities yourself. It would be even better if you could try them out with a colleague as that will help you when you reflect on the experience. Trying them for yourself will mean you get insights into a learner’s experiences which can, in turn, influence your teaching and your experiences as a teacher.
For this activity, students work in pairs or small groups. You can use Resource 2, ‘Managing groupwork’, to help you prepare for the activity.
Give students a printout or copy of a hundred square (Figure 1), or make them use one they already have in their books. Make sure they can all see the hundred square. It is also important not to tell them how to go about doing this task but to let them discover it for themselves so they have to think about strategies. This also keeps up the suspense.
Write the following on the blackboard:
Eight clues
Tell the students the following:
I have got a number in my mind that is on the hundred square but I am not going to tell you what it is. However, you can ask me four of the eight clues that are written on the blackboard and I will answer with yes or no.
There is something else I need to tell you: four of the given clues are true but do nothing to help in finding the number. Four of the clues are necessary for finding it.
Can you find out, in your group, the four clues that help and the four clues that do not help in finding the number I am thinking of? What is it that you need to know to find a chosen number from your hundred square?
This part is to test the students’ conjectures about what they found out in part 1 of the activity.
(Source: adapted from NRICH, http://nrich.maths.org/ 5950.)
Video: Using local resources
This is the account of a teacher who tried Activity 1 with her elementary students
I do agree that games are fun activities to do but I am always a bit sceptical when it is claimed they can offer rich opportunities for learning mathematics. I found it hard to believe that these number games could supplement the learning that happens in the normal traditional teaching I do in my classroom, when I explain mathematical ideas clearly to my students. But I decided to give it a go because I do find that even my younger students seem bored at times when doing mathematics, and that saddens me and makes me feel I have to try something else.
My class is large – about 80 students. Although they are supposed to be only from Classes III and IV, the attainment between the students varies a lot: some of the students seem to still struggle with early-year concepts of numbers, others are happy and able to do the work of higher classes. Finding activities that all of them can do and that challenge them all is very hard.
As I do not have access to resources such as a photocopier or large sheets of paper or scales for all students, in preparation for this activity I asked the students to draw a hundred square on the inside cover of their exercise books for homework. Most of the students had already done this, but some had not. I did not want to spend any time in the lesson letting those students draw one there and then so I made sure that when the students went into groups of four or five they were sat right next to someone who had done the homework so they could both look at the same hundred square. To move them into groups I simply asked the odd rows of students to turn around and work with the students sitting opposite them.
I was very uncomfortable with not giving the students precise instructions on how to go about finding out which clues were necessary or not, or to discuss this with the whole class first. I was really worried they would not know what to do. But I thought I would try and see if the activity would work and presented the task in the way it was described.
I decided that if the students still did not know how to proceed after four minutes, I would tell them. It did not take them that long. To make sure they were on-task I walked through the classroom and listened in on their discussions. I asked some of the groups ‘How will you find out?’ Their answers varied in the choice of numbers they would try the clues with, and their rationale for why to pick those. I noticed that neighbouring groups would listen to their replies as well, sometimes changing their approaches. In that way they all learned from each other without having to stop the whole class to discuss this.
I really liked the buzz in the class – there was excitement and engagement. The students were smiling a lot and developing their mathematical arguments to discuss, agree and disagree with each other. Everyone seemed to have a point to make and seemed to be included in the work of the groups.
After a while I told them they had three more minutes to decide on the clues, and that they had to make sure that everyone in their group knew and understood what the agreed clues were. I asked that because I wanted to make sure that all students in the group, whatever their attainment, would learn from this game. For this reason I also did not ask the ‘smartest’ student of the group the questions in the second part of the activity.
The discussion about why the clues were needed or not needed gave the students the opportunity to talk about their ideas. Sometimes, at the first go, they expressed themselves clumsily, but I then asked them to ‘say that again’, and I was amazed by how quickly most of them managed to express themselves more fluently the second time round. To make sure that not only the ‘smartest’ students answered I asked any student whether they agreed with what was said and insisted on them repeating the statement in their own words if they did. If they did not agree, they had to say why.
When you do such an exercise with your class, reflect afterwards on what went well and what went less well. Consider the questions that led to the students being interested and being able to progress, and those you needed to clarify. Such reflection always helps with finding a ‘script’ that helps you engage the students to find mathematics interesting and enjoyable. If they do not understand and cannot do something, they are less likely to become involved. Do this reflective exercise every time you undertake the activities, noting, as Mrs Bhatia did some of the smaller things that made a difference.
Pause for thought
Good questions to trigger reflection are:
There are plenty of number games to be found in books and on the internet, but are they all good and effective for learning mathematics? To help in deciding which games offer good mathematical learning for use in the classroom it is helpful to first think about the characteristics of good educational games in general. Gough (1999) identified that a good game needs:
Activity 2 presents some games that help to develop an understanding of number relationships. Many such games can be found freely in books and on the internet. Activities 1, 2 and 4 of this unit are adapted from the NRICH mathematical resources website.
This game asks the students to think about place value and is enjoyed by students of all ages. For younger students the size of the boxes can be reduced.
Several variations to the game set-up and scoring systems are suggested. Once the students understand the set-up you can also ask them to come up with more variations and scoring systems of their own, as these will also require mathematical thinking.
For this activity students will need six-, nine- or ten-sided dice (with numbers 1 to 6, 1 to 9 or 1 to 10) or spinners with ten segments numbered 1 to 10 or 0. You can find templates for spinners in Resource 3 These resources can be used again in Activity 4.
Game 1 below describes how to set up the basic game, and Games 2 to 6 describe variations and developments from Game 1.
This game is best played in pairs, or with two pairs playing against each other.
Each player draws a set of four boxes, as shown in Figure 2.
Instruct the students as follows:
Whoever has the larger four-digit number wins.
Here are two possible scoring systems:
The winner keeps this score. First to 10,000 wins.
Whoever makes the smaller four digit number wins.
You’ll probably want to change the scoring system from Game 1.
Set a target to aim for. Then the students throw the dice four times each and work out how far each of them is from the target number. Whoever is the closer to the target number wins.
Here are two possible scoring systems:
This game introduces a decimal point. The decimal point will take up one of the cells so this time the dice only needs to be thrown three times by each player. Choose a target number. The winner is the one closest to the target.
Two possible versions:
Again, different scoring systems are possible.
This game really requires strategic thinking and can be very competitive! Tell your students the following:
Play any of the games above. This time you can choose to keep your number and put it in one of your cells, or give it to your partner and tell them which cell to put it in. It’s really important to take turns to start each round if this game is going to be fair.
This variation of the game becomes even more challenging when you play it with more than two people.
This is a cooperative game rather than a competitive one – to be played by three or more people.
Tell your students the following:
(Source: adapted from NRICH, http://nrich.maths.org/ 6605.)
Video: Planning lessons
From reading through the instructions for this activity I could see some of the learning opportunities it could offer, but I was not sure to what extent this would be a ‘good’ game. I discussed this with a colleague and we decided to first try it out ourselves in the staff room. And oh my, is it fun to play! We could hardly stop, and other teachers had a go as well.
I was a little bit worried about making up teams of younger and older students as I teach mixed-age groups, so when we first played the game I made students of similar age play in pairs against each other. We played game 1 and then game 2, each one a couple of times. Since then we have used these and other games regularly, sometimes at the beginning of the lesson to energise the students (especially good after lunch), and sometimes at the end of the lesson. It also works well as a reward, telling the students if they finish their work quickly we can play ‘being number strategists’.
I have used game 6, the ‘cooperative’ version of the game, with mixed-age groups and it is lovely to see how most of the older students support the younger ones. I initially thought it would help the older ones in their learning because they would have to help and communicate their mathematical thoughts with the younger students, and that has indeed been the case. At the same time I realised I made the assumption that the younger ones would be reluctant to talk with the older students – but that has proved wrong! The younger students are very happy arguing with the older ones about the mathematics involved.
Because we do not have dice in the school, I made the spinners myself. I made them on cardboard and they have now been used often, so it was worth the effort. I would like to make one big dice that I can roll and then all the students would have to work with the same numbers – just as a variation on the game.
It was good to read about the characteristics of a ‘good’ game. I had never really thought about it in detail. From watching the students play I think that much of the excitement and thinking that happens comes from having ‘an element of choice and decision making about the next move throughout the game’. And the characteristic of ‘an element of interaction between the players in that the moves of one player affects the other players’ seems to trigger them into strategic thinking behaviour – thinking beyond the next step. This strategic thinking really helped them to develop their understanding of place value because they had to think very carefully about the value of each digit.
Pause for thought
In the case study, Mr Mehta was positive about the interaction between the older and younger students in his class. What strategies might he have used to support the students’ learning if the younger students had been more reluctant to talk or the older children had dominated the discussion?
Reflect about how your own lesson(s) went using some of these questions:
Make some notes of your thoughts and ideas in response to these questions and discuss them with the teachers in your school or at a cluster meeting.
As stated at the beginning of this unit, playing number games can be beneficial for developing good social interaction, thinking and problem-solving skills, and can provide motivation for learning.
The games used so far in this unit have offered mathematical learning opportunities – that is, the games helped the students to develop their understanding of specific mathematical concepts and ideas – in this case, number sense. This means that games are not only fun for the students but are also a valid way to learn mathematics.
For example, in Activity 2 the mathematical learning opportunities for the students can be described as:
Learning about these mathematical ideas is of considerable importance in the curriculum and essential for developing number sense.
The next activity builds on the game in Activity 2. The learning opportunities are extended to working with different operations, understanding number relationships and the effect of different mathematical operations on numbers.
This series of games follows on from the game ‘Being strategic about numbers’ in Activity 2.
Again there are several variations to choose from. These games are best played in pairs, or with two pairs playing against each other.
For this activity students will again need six-, nine- or ten-sided dice (with numbers 1 to 6, 1 to 9 or 1 to 10), or spinners with ten segments numbered 1 to 10 or 0. You can find templates for spinners in Resource 3.
Students take turns to throw the dice (or turn the spinner) and decide which of their cells on the grids to fill in.
This can be done in one of two ways: either fill in each cell as you throw the dice, or collect all your numbers and then decide where to place them.
Each of the students draws an addition grid like Figure 3.
Throw the dice nine times each until all the cells are full.
Whoever has the sum closest to 1,000 wins.
There are two possible scoring systems:
You can vary the target to make it easier or more difficult, or you can get the class to practise using negative numbers (above 1,000 positive, below 1,000 negative) and suggest that the team closest to zero after ten rounds wins.
Each of the students draws a subtraction grid like Figure 4.
Throw the dice eight times each until all the cells are full.
Whoever has the difference closest to 1,000 wins.
Here are two possible scoring systems:
You can vary the target to make it easier or more difficult, perhaps including negative numbers as your target.
Each of the students draws a multiplication grid like Figure 5.
Throw the dice four times each until all the cells are full.
Whoever has the product closest to 1,000 wins.
Here are two possible scoring systems:
You can vary the target to make it easier or more difficult.
Each of the students draws a multiplication grid like Figure 6.
Throw the dice five times each until all the cells are full.
Whoever has the difference closest to 1,000 wins.
Here are two possible scoring systems:
You can vary the target to make it easier or more difficult, perhaps including negative numbers as your target.
You could introduce a decimal point and play any of the games above. The decimal point could take up one of the cells, so the dice would only need to be thrown four times by each player. You will need to decide on an appropriate target.
(Source: adapted from NRICH, http://nrich.maths.org/ 6606.)
I have used these different games now in a number of lessons, and with various classes. What I like about them are that the students really get engaged with and practise their sums a lot. The competitiveness and rules of the game make them talk and think strategically. They really think about place value, the magnitude of numbers and the effect of different mathematical operations on numbers. It works for younger and older students.
Sometimes I tell the students which game or operation I want them to use, at other times I let them choose for themselves. Initially, I had thought that the younger or lower-attaining students would stick to what they felt comfortable with doing. But that has proved not to be the case: sometimes they do stay in their comfort zone, but often they really push themselves and go for sums which I would personally never have given them.
I also like that it is self-correcting. Of course mistakes in calculations are made, but they check each other and tell each other when they do not agree. I think playing in pairs against each other helps with that. On the other hand, sometimes I really do think they have to do it for themselves, so I let them play one against one.
I now use these kinds of number games regularly instead of doing lots of practice. I do think they make the students think more about what they are doing mathematically. I have not used these number games yet instead of my normal way of teaching, but I am slowly getting convinced that perhaps I should give that a go because I have realised that all the students have some knowledge of doing sums – no doubt also a lot of misconceptions – but perhaps by using games I might find out what these misconceptions are exactly, and then plan my teaching to address these.
Pause for thought
This unit has focused on developing number sense in the elementary classroom by using games that offer rich mathematical learning opportunities.
In studying this unit you have thought about how using number games as a teaching strategy can stimulate engagement, participation and mathematical reasoning. You have considered how to adapt activities to different age groups and levels of attainment by making small changes such as changing the numbers or using different groupings.
Pause for thought
Identify three opportunities in your lessons when you will use some of the ideas from this unit.
This unit links to the following teaching requirements of the NCF (2005) and NCFTE (2009) and will help you to meet those requirements:
You can set up routines and rules to manage good groupwork. When you use groupwork regularly, students will know what you expect and find it enjoyable. Initially it is a good idea to work with your class to identify the benefits of working together in teams and groups. You should discuss what makes good groupwork behaviour and possibly generate a list of ‘rules’ that might be displayed; for example, ‘Respect for each other’, ‘Listening’, ‘Helping each other’, ‘Trying more than one idea’, etc.
It is important to give clear verbal instructions about the groupwork that can also be written on the blackboard for reference. You need to:
During the lesson, move around to observe and check how the groups are doing. Offer advice where needed if they are deviating from the task or getting stuck.
At the end of the task, summarise what has been learnt and correct any misunderstandings that you have seen. You may want to hear feedback from each group, or ask just one or two groups who you think have some good ideas. Keep students’ reporting brief and encourage them to offer feedback on work from other groups by identifying what has been done well, what was interesting and what might be developed further.
Even if you want to adopt groupwork in your classroom, you may at times find it difficult to organize because some students:
To become effective at managing groupwork it is important to reflect on all the above points, in addition to considering how far the learning outcomes were met and how well your students responded (did they all benefit?). Consider and carefully plan any adjustments you might make to the group task, resources, timings or composition of the groups.
Except for third party materials and otherwise stated below, this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/). The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence for this project, and not subject to the Creative Commons Licence. This means that this material may only be used unadapted within the TESS-India project and not in any subsequent OER versions. This includes the use of the TESS-India, OU and UKAID logos.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce the material in this unit:
Activity 1 and Figure 1: adapted from NRICH, http://nrich.maths.org/ 5950.
Activity 2 and Figure 2: adapted from NRICH, http://nrich.maths.org/ 6605.
Activity 3 and Figures 3–6: adapted from NRICH, http://nrich.maths.org/ 6606.
Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Video (including video stills): thanks are extended to the teacher educators, headteachers, teachers and students across India who worked with The Open University in the productions. | https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=57300&printable=1 |
This model considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors. It allows us to understand the range of factors that put people at risk for violence or protect them from experiencing or perpetrating violence.
What are the advantages of the ecological model?
The model allows for there to be integration between behavioral and environmental change. It allows for attention to be given to the interaction between personal and environmental factors. The model also can assist those in need with education of how different factors can play a role in their overall health.
What is an ecological perspective?
a concept of community psychology in which a community (or any other social entity) is viewed in terms of the interrelations among people, roles, organizations, local events, resources, and problems. It accounts for complex reciprocal interactions of individuals and their environment.
Why is it important to develop health promotion programs in the context of an ecological model?
Why is it important to develop health promotion programs in the context of an ecological model? It is important to develop an ecological model of health promotions because our lives and behaviors are interdependent (it provides a framework of behaviors that play a role in a certain health outcome).
What is an ecological benefit?
EPA Definition. In the context of environmental policy and management, the term applies specifically to net improvements in social welfare that result from changes in the quantity or quality of ecosystem goods and services attributable to policy or environmental decisions.
What is the ecological model used for?
Ecological models are believed to provide comprehensive frameworks for understanding the multiple and interacting determinants of health behaviors. More importantly, ecological models can be used to develop comprehensive intervention approaches that systematically target mechanisms of change at each level of influence.
What are the three components of the ecological perspective?
Along with these integrative practice roles, three concepts have evolved that serve as an organizing theme for the ecological approach; these are the behavioral set- ting, ecosystem, and transaction.
Social ecology looks at the ever-changing relationship between all parts of our society, and how each one has an important role to play in keeping the system healthy and stable. Applying these principles, social workers get a better picture of how the system affects different groups of people.
What is a barrier of implementing ecological model interventions?
which is a barrier of implementing ecological model intervention? they are typically more expensive and time consuming compared to single-level interventions.
Why is it important that we take an ecological perspective of teaching?
The value of an ecological perspective is that it encourages us to see our learning and development as a process that connects us in a holistic and profound way to other people, to the material resources in our environment and the events and circumstances of our lives, and to the things we want or need to do and …
What does it mean to have an ecological perspective on learning and teaching?
An ecological perspective on learning allows for consideration of how learning spaces can emerge through the interactions of learners, resources and (digital) tools. … Learning spaces are principally immaterial in nature and are spaces of action, where learners’ goals, knowledge, doing and making emerge. | https://climatebuddies.org/ecology/what-are-the-benefits-to-using-an-ecological-perspective-in-your-research-planning-implementing-and-evaluating-of-programs.html |
Review of Lost Without Words at the National Theatre
It's a rare and somewhat unique experience to see an hour long improvisation workshop on the National Theatre stage, framed not as a Platform or rehearsal event but as a performance. A co-production with Improbable, Lost Without Words places six highly experienced stage actors in front of an audience without a script and invites them to create a variety of 'new' scenes, emerging from improvisation games, guided by directors and bolstered by a supportive audience. Described as an experiment it's certainly a treat to watch and inviting to be part of. At only an hour it feels a little too slight and inconsequential, but there's a richness in its delivery that is easy to embrace and leaves you with much to consider.
Improv shows are the staple of the fringe and festivals and there's much delight to be had as an audience member watching actors think on their feet, free, and perhaps 'lost', from their familial stage contexts of blocking, character and indeed words. Rather than feel frightening it's consistently warm and encouraging – as an audience you feel a huge sense of liberation for the performers, all of whom have no formal improvisation experience and come from highly accomplished stage backgrounds.
The group begin almost as in some form of nursing home, drawn together and quickly disbanded into small scenes – some include multiple characters, others are more intimate two-handers. The scenes that work best are those which are given 'rules' or as the directors Phelim McDermott and Lee Simpson call them, 'games' which set the boundaries for their interactions. Sat workshop style around the stage the directors intervene to navigate each of the scenes and help the actors find their way, sometimes by getting more lost as the situations unfold. With improvised lighting, sound effects and musical accompaniment a wide variety of different scenes are allowed to develop, often sprung from different furniture that at my performance created a domestic murder, a musical set in a hairdressers and a highly awkward family meeting in which the mother and father decided to switch roles.
As an experiment it's pleasant to watch and frequently entertaining. The nature of improvisation more often that not falls back on humour – actors find comfort in the support of the audience that spurs them on and situations often fall into the ridiculous or nonsensical. The nature of the piece means each audience will hopefully come away with a different performance experience, but each of the six actors are delightful to watch and inventive in the situation. In a wider sense the piece speaks about age and the slowing down of our mental faculties – I can only imagine the challenges posed to older actors in remembering lines and verse but the piece embraces its inherent emancipation from any text and enjoys the work actors can achieve when not shackled to specific words or blocking.
A rewarding piece to lose yourself in that leaves you considering not only an actor's role as a 'slave' to the text and director but also the freedom that comes from not exactly knowing where you're going and the endless possibilities available to you on the journey. | https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/reviews/review-of-lost-without-words-at-the-national-theatre |
Introduction The main topic of the article is the Western metaphilosophy of the last hundred years or so. But that topic is broached via a sketch of some earlier Western metaphilosophies. Once that sketch is in hand, the article defines the notion of metaphilosophy and distinguishes between explicit and implicit metaphilosophy.
It was first presented in Maslow tried to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation. His research was based upon his clinical experiences with humans, rather than prior psychology theories from authors such as Freud and B.
Skinner, which were largely theoretical or based upon animal behaviour.
Maslow presented five sets of human needs that drive human behaviour. These needs have been organized into hierarchy of relative dominance according to their appearance in human life. Such needs might be fulfilled by: The first in level of higher needs are social needs.
Social needs are those related to interaction with others and may include: External esteem needs are those such as reputation and recognition. Some examples of esteem needs are: Unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow.
According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization.
Maslow has separated these five needs into higher and lower orders. Lower-order needs are physiological and safety needs, while social, esteem and self-actualization are higher-order needs. Lower order needs are satisfied externally with salary, union contract etc.
Most criticism is focused on the fact that Maslow has conducted his research on US employees.
Motivation theories. Motivation is a hidden force to enable organizations to keep talent. Vaiman and Vance() claim that what people view as a motivation is grounded in their individual beliefs, values and attitudes. Maslow' hierarchy of needs. theory argues that more than one level of needs may be activated at the same time and. Criminological Theory and Legal Theory - Criminological Theory Rational Choice Rational choice is based on the presumption that crime is a personal choice and that people can freely choose to participate in such criminal activity based on the outcomes, whether it be negative or positive. Free Essay: 19 July Need Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and McClelland Most theories of motivation revolve around the idea an employee’s needs.
So hierarchy of needs is based on their preferences. Security needs are on the top of the hierarchy in countries where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong Japan, Greece, Mexico. There are important considerations for management including insights into the best way to motivate employees, vendors, clients and customers.
An important thing to understand is that everyone is not motivated by the same needs. For example, managers can harness the power of physiological needs by providing wages that are sufficient for employees to purchase their basic needs.
Safety needs can be addressed by providing job security, retirement benefits and a safe working environment. Social needs are addressed by developing a team atmosphere, making sure that employees know that they are a part of something bigger and they can count on their team members just as their team members should be able to count on them.
Companies can develop products to help satisfy particular needs and they can also focus on particular needs as a way to market and sell something.
For example, a clothing manufacturer can focus on physiological needs such as the need to be protected from the environment and to be warm.Published: Mon, 5 Dec Abstract (executive summary) One of the biggest challenges facing business entities is the recruitment and retaining employees especially in the 21st century where the interest of employees is not getting employed, but rather in getting satisfaction in their jobs.
Contemporary Metaphilosophy. What is philosophy? What is philosophy for?
How should philosophy be done? These are metaphilosophical questions, metaphilosophy being the study of the nature of philosophy. This paper is a highly intellectual and theoretical writing on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
I had to re-read certain parts, highlight, and take time to make practical associations so that I felt I understood. EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF GHANA COMMERCIAL BANK, KUMASI ZONE.
BY THOMAS OWUSU A Thesis submitted to the Institute of Distance Learning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of COMMONWEALTH EXECUTIVE OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Institute of .
You have reached a web page that was created by Professor Frank Pajares. Portions of his web site have been archived and others have been moved to homes not affiliated with Emory University.
However I aim to prove that motivation theory is a much broader topic than the principles of Maslow with the use of two content theories; ‘two-factor theory’ and ‘Theory X & Theory Y’, as well as process theories; Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory. | https://vidarim.metin2sell.com/motivation-theory-more-than-maslow-essay-28294li.html |
This article is about socialism as a historical evolutionary stage of development in Marxist theory. For broader definitions of socialism, see Socialism. For "socialism" meaning a method for analyzing socioeconomic development in Classical Marxism, see Scientific socialism.
In Marxist theory, socialism, also called lower-stage communism or the socialist mode of production, refers to a specific historical phase of economic development and its corresponding set of social relations that supersede capitalism in the schema of historical materialism. The Marxist definition of socialism is a mode of production where the sole criterion for production is use-value and therefore the law of value no longer directs economic activity. Marxist production for use is coordinated through conscious economic planning, while distribution of economic output is based on the principle of to each according to his contribution. The social relations of socialism are characterized by the working class effectively owning the means of production and the means of their livelihood, either through cooperative enterprises or by public ownership or private artisanal tools and self-management, so that the social surplus accrues to the working class and society as a whole.
This view is consistent with, and helped to inform, early conceptions of socialism where the law of value no longer directs economic activity, and thus monetary relations in the form of exchange-value, profit, interest and wage labor would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism.
The Marxian conception of socialism stands in contrast to other early conceptions of socialism, most notably early forms of market socialism based on classical economics such as Mutualism and Ricardian socialism. Unlike the Marxian conception, these conceptions of socialism retained commodity exchange (markets) for labor and the means of production, seeking to perfect the market process. The Marxist idea of socialism was also heavily opposed to utopian socialism.
Although Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote very little on socialism and neglected to provide any details on how it might be organized, numerous social scientists and neoclassical economists have used Marx's theory as a basis for developing their own models of socialist economic systems. The Marxist view of socialism served as a point of reference during the socialist calculation debate.
Socialism is a post-commodity economic system, meaning that production is carried out to directly produce use-value (to directly satisfy human needs, or economic demands) as opposed to being produced with a view to generating a profit. The stage in which the accumulation of capital was viable and effective is rendered insufficient at the socialist stage of social and economic development, leading to a situation where production is carried out independently of capital accumulation in a supposedly planned fashion. Although Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels understood planning to involve the input and decisions of the individuals involved at localized levels of production and consumption, planning has been interpreted to mean centralized planning by Marxist-Leninists during the 20th century. However, there have been other conceptions of economic planning, including decentralized-planning and participatory planning.
In contrast to capitalism, which relies upon the coercive market forces to compel capitalists to produce use-values as a byproduct of the pursuit of profit, socialist production is to be based on the rational planning of use-values and coordinated investment decisions to attain economic goals. As a result, the cyclical fluctuations that occur in a capitalist market economy will not be present in a socialist economy. The value of a good in socialism is its physical utility rather than its embodied labor, cost of production and exchange value as in a capitalist system.
Socialism would make use of incentive-based systems, and inequality would still exist but to a diminishing extent as all members of society would be worker-owners. This eliminates the severity of previous tendencies towards inequality and conflicts arising ownership of the means of production and property income accruing to a small class of owners. The method of compensation and reward in a socialist society would be based on an authentic meritocracy, along the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution".
The advanced stage of socialism, referred to as "upper-stage communism" in the Critique of the Gotha Programme, is based on the socialist mode of production but is differentiated from lower-stage socialism in a few fundamental ways. While socialism implies public ownership (by a state apparatus) or cooperative ownership (by a worker cooperative enterprise), communism would be based on common ownership of the means of production. Class distinctions based on ownership of capital cease to exist, along with the need for a state. A superabundance of goods and services are made possible by automated production that allow for goods to be distributed based on need rather than merit.
The period in which capitalism becomes increasingly insufficient as an economic system and immediately after the proletarian conquest of the state, an economic system that features elements of both socialism and capitalism will probably exist until both the productive forces of the economy and the cultural and social attitudes develop to a point where they satisfy the requirements for a full socialist society (one that has lost the need for monetary value, wage labor and capital accumulation). Specifically, market relations will still exist but economic units are either nationalized or re-organized into cooperatives. This transitional phase is sometimes described as "state capitalism" or "market socialism". China is officially in the primary stage of socialism.
The fundamental goal of socialism from the view of Marx and Engels was the realization of human freedom and individual autonomy. Specifically, this refers to freedom from the alienation imposed upon individuals in the form of coercive social relationships as well as material scarcity, whereby the individual is compelled to engage in activities merely to survive (to reproduce his or herself). The aim of socialism is to provide an environment whereby individuals are free to express their genuine interests, creative freedom, and desires unhindered by forms of social control that force individuals to work for a class of owners who expropriate and live off the surplus product.
As a set of social relationships, socialism is defined by the degree to which economic activity in society is planned by the associated producers, so that the surplus product produced by socialized assets is controlled by a majority of the population through democratic processes. The sale of labor power would be abolished so that every individual participates in running their institution as stakeholders or members with no one having coercive power over anyone else in a vertical social division of labor (which is to be distinguished from a non-social, technical division of labor which would still exist in socialism). The incentive structure changes in a socialist society given the change in the social environment, so that an individual laborers' work becomes increasingly autonomous and creative, creating a sense of responsibility for his or her institution as a stakeholder.
In Marxist theory, the state is "the institution of organised violence which is used by the ruling class of a country to maintain the conditions of its rule. Thus, it is only in a society which is divided between hostile social classes that the state exists." The state is thus seen as a mechanism that is dominated by the interests of the ruling class and utilized to subjugate other classes in order to protect and legitimize the existing economic system.
After a workers' revolution, the state would initially become the instrument of the working class. Conquest of the state apparatus by the working class must take place to establish a socialist system. As socialism is built, the role and scope of the state changes as class distinctions (based on ownership of the means of production) gradually deteriorate due to the concentration of means of production in state hands. From the point where all means of production become state property, the nature and primary function of the state would change from one of political rule (via coercion) over men by the creation and enforcement of laws into a scientific administration of things and a direction of processes of production; that is the state would become a coordinating economic entity rather than a mechanism of class or political control, and would no longer be a state in the Marxian sense.
↑ Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (P.61-63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology...It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."
↑ Critique of the Gotha Programme, Karl Marx.
↑ Karl Marx - Critique of the Gotha Programme. 1875 Full Text. Part 1: "In a higher phase of communist society, after the enslaving subordination of the individual to the division of labor, and therewith also the antithesis between mental and physical labor, has vanished; after labor has become not only a means of life but life's prime want; after the productive forces have also increased with the all-around development of the individual, and all the springs of co-operative wealth flow more abundantly -- only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be crossed in its entirety and society inscribe on its banners: From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!"
↑ Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "Definitions of market and socialism" (P.58-59): "For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist, socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned. Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves. Put it differently, the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process...The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative. Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole. No one controls anyone else."
↑ Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, on Marxists.org: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm: "In 1816, he declares that politics is the science of production, and foretells the complete absorption of politics by economics. The knowledge that economic conditions are the basis of political institutions appears here only in embryo. Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production."
This page was last modified on 17 April 2016, at 03:34. | https://infogalactic.com/info/Socialist_mode_of_production |
Vietnam’s Halong Bay is simply breathtaking. Thousands of limestone islands hide dramatic cave systems and rise sharply from the crystal-clear, emerald blue waters of the Gulf of Tonkin dotted with floating fishing villages. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 and voted a New 7 Wonders of Nature in 2012, Halong Bay is home to Đầu Gỗ Cave. This is a spectacular grotto housing huge stalactites and stalagmites that, legend has it, General Trần Hưng Đạo used to fend off Mongolian invaders in the 13th century.
There’s a reason why Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s second largest city, is known as Cidade Maravilhosa (‘Marvelous City’). It is home to one of the world’s most dramatic, iconic landscapes. The sprawling seaside metropolis of more than six million residents is clustered around the western shores of Guanabara Bay where Sugarloaf Mountain rises over the city harbor. More than 20 beaches populate the Rio de Janeiro’s shores, including the world-famous Ipanema and Copacabana beaches. Meanwhile its most iconic landmark – the 98-feet-high Christ the Redeemer – overlooks the city from high atop Corcovado Mountain.
Often hailed as one of the world’s most beautiful archipelagos, the Lofoten Islands are known for their craggy mountains, scenic sheltered bays and picturesque fishing villages. Approaching the islands from the waters of Vestfjord are the mighty peaks of the Lofoten Wall. This chain of mountains spanning 160 kilometers welcome boats and hide a labyrinth of straits, fjords and sounds. Adding to its beauty, Lofoten’s location where northern Norway meets the Arctic Circle means they are home to natural phenomena. This includes the midnight sun in summertime and the northern lights from autumn to spring.
Spanning 243 kilometers along Australia’s southeastern coast from Torquay to Allansford, the Great Ocean Road is one of the world’s most scenic coastal routes. Constructed by Australian soldiers over the course of 13 years and officially opened in 1932, the Great Ocean Road is dedicated to fallen soldiers of World War I. It is the world’s largest war memorial. Along the spectacular stretch of coastline you’ll find beautiful beaches busy with surfers and the magnificent waterfalls of the Otway Ranges. Then there’s what is perhaps the Great Ocean Road’s most well-known landmark, the towering limestone stacks of The Twelve Apostles.
Bounded by the charming coastal village of Carmel-by-the-Sea to the north and San Simeon in the south, California’s Big Sur is a ruggedly beautiful stretch of coastline. It is home to quaint, tiny towns, secluded coves and forest covered canyons. Big Sur’s natural, isolated beauty has made it a long-time haven for artists. Some of Edward Weston’s best-known photographs were taken at Point Lobos. Jack Kerouac’s beat generation classic Big Sur recounted his time in the region. It is best seen by driving Highway 1, which stretches the length of Big Sur and crosses the breathtaking Bixby Creek Bridge.
Located midway between Mirleft and Sidi Ifni on southern Morocco’s Atlantic coast, Legzira Beach is an eight-kilometer stretch of shore considered one of the country’s most gorgeous beaches. Like much of southern Morocco’s coast, Legzira Beach is rugged, rocky and wild. Though what makes it different are its two towering red sandstone arches carved into the cliffs by years and years of erosion. A haven for surfers, para-gliders and beachgoers alike, Legzira Beach is especially beautiful at sunset when the sunlight turns the arches a dramatic, intense red.
Beautiful in its sheer ruggedness and isolation, sub-Antarctic South Georgia Island rises dramatically forth from the stormy southern seas. It has a breathtaking landscape of snow-covered mountains, icy glaciers and emerald green bays. Once home to around 2,000 at the height of its whaling industry, South Georgia Island’s human population today is consigned to two research stations manned year-round. Its wildlife population – including king penguins, elephant and fur seals, humpback and fin whales – thrives.
A particularly picturesque portion of the Italian Riviera, Cinque Terre is the rugged stretch of Liguria coast. It is named for the five quaint and colorful villages – Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola and Riomaggiore – built haphazardly into its cliffs. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997, the Cinque Terre towns are connected by a series of walking paths inaccessible to cars. These paths span the 18 kilometer-long stretch of rocky coastline and pass by Cinque Terre’s pretty pebbled beaches and cliff-side terraced gardens.
Nestled on the rugged northwestern edge of Hawaii’s Kauai Island, Na Pali Coast State Wilderness Park is a breathtaking landscape. Here, towering peaks, deep valleys, cascading waterfalls and streams meet the blissful blue of the Pacific Ocean. A truly remote and unspoiled wilderness, the park can only be accessed via the Kalalau Trail. The precarious 17-kilometer trek is not for the faint-hearted and traverses Na Pali’s deep gorges and clifftops. It is often listed among the most dangerous hikes in the world.
The vibrant South African city of Cape Town is home to one of the world’s most beautiful coastlines – a landscape of contrasts. The hustle and bustle of a sprawling metropolis resides alongside the natural beauty and wildlife of the Western Cape. Overlooked by the dramatic Table Mountain and Lion’s Head peak, Cape Town offers miles of scenic coast. The views range from the white, sandy shores of Noordhoek Beach to the more rugged Boulders Beach on Cape Peninsula where Cape Town’s resident colony of African penguins live.
Spanning more than 300 miles from the Ugab River in the south to the Kunene River in the north, Namibia’s Skeleton Coast National Park is one of the world’s last true wildernesses. It consists of 6,500 square miles of extraordinary beauty covering around one third of Namibia’s coastline. Dramatic mountain ranges, rugged canyons and the windswept dunes of the Namib Desert meet wild, desolate beaches. On the beaches shipwrecks are a haunting reminder of the Skeleton Coast’s treacherous weather and seas and large colonies of cape fur seals rule the roost.
Northern Ireland’s Antrim Coast is home to three Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty – the headlands and rolling farmlands of the Antrim Coast and Glens, Binevenagh’s dramatic clifftops and the Causeway Coast. The area is best explored from the Causeway Coastal Route. A scenic road trip will take visitors past stunning landmarks like the nail-biting Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge just outside Ballintoy, the beautiful 18th century Mussenden Temple and ruins of Downhill Demesne. Of course, tourists will also see the world-famous Giant’s Causeway – a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Northern Ireland’s best known landmark. | https://theculturetrip.com/europe/articles/the-world-s-12-most-astonishing-coastlines/ |
Bella Ciao October 13, 2020 Bathroom Designs
This gorgeous period home situated in the united kingdom could feature fantastic architecture and a number of details that were saved and restored. This combo it self looks so stunning that almost any style would compliment it, and designers generated a random mix of styles here. What's strange about this home? is it combines classic restored details and elegant vintage furniture with bold modern furniture and designs successfully. Every room has a unique appearance and personality due to different styles and colours. I especially adore the master bedroom design with a classic forged mattress and classic chair position adjacent into the retro bathtub, and a coloring splash of two modern pink sofas. What's your favorite distance here?
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- The first step in developing the energy program was “benchmarking” electrical energy consumption across the property.
- As current flows through conductors, some energy will inevitably become waste as heat.
- The person performing energy savings studies must be a cross between an energy engineer and a politician.
Once you have optimized energy use through common methods, consider where energy waste arises.
In 1954, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission chairman Lewis Strauss predicted that one day electrical energy would become “too cheap to meter.” People jumped on the idea with relish. What most did not realize, however, was that Strauss was making the prediction based on advances in fusion power, not on the nuclear fission power we still use today. For fusion to occur, you need to harness the mechanisms of the sun on earth and generate a temperature of at least 100,000,000 degrees Celsius. Nuclear fission energy creates its own types of problems—the biggest being nuclear waste and safety. Consequently, saving energy and minimizing energy waste became the most important aspects of energy usage.
Through the 1950s and 1960s, energy reduction programs flourished and, in the 1970s, became even more important as oil prices rose. It is ironic that, worldwide, politicians argue that users should not have to worry about such matters, but every year energy costs increase. New sources are identified to reduce costs for a while, but energy use expands. The market does its job of increasing the price in line with scarcity.
Sometime in the 1980s, as a young hospital engineer, I was tasked with implementing an energy savings program in a 1,000-bed general hospital. There were a wide range of properties in the complex, from those that were not more than one year old to those over 100 years old. As you can imagine, the challenge was interesting.
The site was going to be completely rebuilt over the next two to five years, so a priority system was developed to work on buildings that were not going away soon. Fortunately, it seemed that most of the oldest properties would be decommissioned in two to three years, and many temporary buildings would also disappear. I built my plan accordingly. (Although I left the hospital and the area many years ago, Google Maps shows that many of the buildings expected to be decommissioned are still in use—even the temporary ones!)
Benchmarking electrical energy consumption
The first step in developing the energy program was benchmarking electrical energy consumption across the property. The first targets were areas where energy could be controlled relatively easily, such as buildings with departments that would typically close on the weekend and not allow public access.
Through an initial survey, we soon discovered that these departments used a significant amount of energy during times when they were closed. Contributing to the energy usage was supplementary electrical heating, lighting, and computers not switched off. The supplementary electrical heating had been installed when the normal building heating had been faulty or was being refurbished—no one could quite remember why. It was no longer needed, so it was disconnected. Policies were implemented to ensure all lighting and computers were switched off in the evenings and on weekends. The survey was extended for some weeks to make sure this was happening; the policy was quickly accepted without complaint.
After identifying areas that could provide quick wins, more detailed studies were performed in more contentious areas. The first was in operating rooms (ORs).The hospital at that time primarily carried out nonemergency surgery; a second hospital in the group contained the emergency OR. However, the general hospital did have an intensive care unit, and the surgical staff insisted that it had to be ready and working 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Of the five ORs, two were specifically designed for orthopedic surgery and had laminar flow air systems, which are designed to minimize the possibility of cross-infection. Surgeries were always planned many weeks in advance, and these ORs were always scheduled to operate during weekdays, from early morning into the evening and sometimes on Saturday mornings.
Operating the laminar flow ventilation was very expensive due to the electrical loads needed to move huge volumes of air through resistant HEPA filters. Measurements showed significant energy-saving opportunities from switching off these systems during the night and during nonoperating times. But surgeons were very resistant to switching these off. To convince them, we worked on a plan that included junior surgical staff who were responsible for setup prior to surgery. They were able to show that setup could be done in less than one hour, during the time the surgeon would be driving to the hospital. The cross-contamination expert in the hospital shared studies showing only having one hour of startup time for the air system would not create any issues.
Once the method was proven, automatic controls were installed to ensure savings repeatability. In each of the areas where savings were possible, the hospital followed a similar pattern where it made economic sense.
Another key area for energy waste reduction is improving the power factor for the larger loads. Much has been covered on power factor correction elsewhere, but here is the key takeaway:
- When you monitor larger loads and check the power factor, if it is less than 0.9, then it is a strong candidate for correction. A power factor equipment supplier will help you chose the best solution based on the power rating of the system and the optimal power factor, considering the cost of the equipment.
These examples reveal that energy savings are not as simple as turning off the lights. Saving energy requires cooperation with the tenants and operators of the properties affected. It requires the person performing the studies to be a cross between an energy engineer and a politician.
Advanced power quality considerations
Once you have reduced energy consumption through the common method of turning off stuff that is not in use, turn to a more advanced approach: Consider where energy waste arises. One area is through losses in conductors. As current flows through conductors, some energy will inevitably be generated that becomes wasted as heat (figure 1).
Remember the fundamental I2R equation, which indicates the power delivered, described as Joule losses? What can you do about those? Reduce the current flow (I) so the power is less, or reduce the resistance (R). Both present a problem. If you deliver lower current, the load will not operate correctly. The cost of reducing the resistance is high, as it requires the installation of more copper or aluminum conductors. So what do you do?
First, consider the optimal conductor sizing. The National Electric Code (NFPA 70 or NEC 100) provides a lot of help to correctly size a conductor. This document is one of a group of documents that describes the ideal conductor sizes for almost every circumstance. For example, the situation in a residential property in the southern U.S. is very different from operating inside a substation in a remote pumping station in the Canadian Northern Territories in the middle of winter, where thousands of amperes may be flowing. The NFPA 70 provides guidance for both situations.
The main consideration for conductor sizing is to ensure safe operation of the conductors by having the correctly sized conductor with the most appropriate insulation. The correct size will be dependent on the length, the cross-sectional area, and the anticipated current rating required, which provides minimized Joule losses and acceptable voltage drop in the conductor. Typically, the Joule losses will be 2 percent or less.
You may now be thinking, if I design to code then my energy waste will be minimized. In an ideal world that would be correct. But once the installation of the cabling is completed and the loads are installed, the situation can change. It may be that when the first equipment is installed, everything works just fine, but over time things change as additions, moves, and changes take place. It may be that new equipment is required for processes that were not considered during the original installation. Perhaps the location of equipment does not make sense once it is being integrated into a larger process, or upgrading to new equipment is required that on paper can save energy or result in higher efficiency. These additions, moves, and especially changes can have a significant effect on the installation in terms of waste energy. Key areas in which energy waste may occur are related to voltage regulation, harmonics, heating, and unbalanced loads.
Voltage regulation. As more efficient loads are installed, the voltage in the system may rise or not be correctly controlled at the transformer. Voltage regulation or optimization works like a control valve to reduce energy consumption in voltage-dependent loads by reducing or controlling voltage levels to within the equipment manufacturer’s specified voltage limits to return an energy saving.
As for voltage optimization, it is not widely accepted as practical in the U.S., as it requires very specific use cases to be successful. The upfront cost of the equipment is a significant barrier to adoption too. Most of the material explaining voltage optimization appears to be marketing material, although the American National Standards Institute does have some recommendations for very specific use cases.
Harmonics. Harmonics distort the voltage and current so that the ideal sine wave for voltage is not maintained. This results in overheating in phase and neutral conductors. These are known as “triplen harmonics” as they typically affect third, ninth, 15th, 21st, etc., sine waves. These are additive and will flow in the neutral, causing additional Joule losses (wasted energy) and risk of failure due to overheating. This heating can take place in cable runs, or in motor windings and transformers. The latter two are very prone to overheating, as the lengths of the conductors in the windings are of significant length. Ultimately, overheating can cause significant damage or complete failure (which could be massively expensive and disruptive for larger motors and transformers).
Unbalance. As loads are added, the unbalanced voltage between phases can change. This may be from installing multiple single-phase loads on the same phase or may be from three-phase loads that are not balanced. For example:
- Motors with unbalanced mechanical loading can affect the voltage and current.
- Transformers receiving unbalanced voltage can overheat and potentially fail.
- Electric vehicle charging points can be unbalanced.
Benefits of power quality studies
Many users are dismissive of power quality studies because they think there is nothing that can be done to reduce Joule losses. The fact is that much can be done to save energy through power quality monitoring. Also, many happy users have discovered other important findings by performing power quality surveys:
- They discovered potential failure points in key equipment, such as large motors and power transformers. These would be very expensive if they failed and caused major disruption.
- They found equipment malfunctions in systems.
- They came across breakers prone to accidental tripping due to improper setup.
Once power quality studies reveal areas where energy is being wasted due the effects of harmonics and unbalance (figure 2), steps can be taken to fix the problems:
- Install a range of harmonic filters on loads that are contributing to harmonic distortion. Some of these might be at the main service entrance. Some might be at specific pieces of equipment such as drives.
- Consider the sources of unbalance. Often these are large motors that also have mechanical unbalance issues that have not been addressed.
- Some unbalance mitigation is simple: Single-phase loads can be more equally distributed across the phases. Some installers have considered the problem and avoided adding all the loads to phase A/1, but then added them all to phase B/2 instead.
- Redistributing and reconnecting single-phase loads can reduce voltage unbalance caused by unequal load distribution across the phases. The most prevalent culprits among heavy, single-phase loads are lighting equipment and occasionally welders. A blown fuse on a bank of three-phase power factor improvement capacitors could also cause the problem; simply replacing the fuse can resolve a major unbalance.
Best way to reduce energy costs
There are many technical ways to reduce energy costs: benchmarking through energy surveys, installation of mitigation equipment for harmonic voltage distortion, reduction of unbalance, etc. But the best place to start is with your electricity bill from your utility. This is often the single most effective way to reduce energy cost.
First, discover who is responsible for the bill if it is not you. It may be that your organization has an individual who is solely responsible for the bill. If it is an energy manager, that is a good thing, as he or she will be aware of at least some of the issues. Or it may be a financial administration manager, which might not be so good. We have discovered during many exercises we have done that many financial administration managers adopt a standard procedure of paying suppliers based on the company’s terms, not the supplier’s terms. Consequently, the supplier has been applying a late payment penalty over every billing period that has not been questioned by any administrator. In some cases, we found that an excess of 10 to 15 percent was being paid on bills totaling hundreds of thousands of dollars per billing period. The result was a huge waste that could be fixed in seconds.
Consider also the tariff being applied. Industrial electricity bills often include a demand charge, which is an agreed cost of energy for peak times and off-peak times. The tariff often includes a maximum available demand, which is the maximum amount of power that may be drawn during a defined period, typically 15 or 20 minutes. If the user exceeds the specified amount, the user will pay a penalty, and this penalty might not just be for that period. It can be across the whole billing period, which can get very expensive.
Ensure that the maximum demand you use is close to the demand you are paying for, otherwise you may be paying too much. Also, ensure that you are not too close to the peak demand, otherwise you may find you exceed the demand frequently. This adds to your bills, and may make your supplier very unhappy as it tries to optimize its network energy for all users to provide a reliable service at the best cost.
Finally, have a discussion with your supplier about your bill to find out if they can offer you better products that will save you money and enable them to improve the network stability. Electricity suppliers are generally very helpful in reducing your bill, as it also helps them.
Reader Feedback
We want to hear from you! Please send us your comments and questions about this topic to [email protected]. | https://www.isa.org/intech-home/2021/august-2021/features/reduce-energy-costs-by-measuring-power-quality |
Galileo:
"A New Theory of the Nature of Theory"
By Gabriel Blanchard
Galileo's notorious condemnation as "vehemently suspect of heresy" conceals a far more interesting story.
In 1609, Galileo discovered that the sun and not the earth was the center of the Solar system, which nobody had discovered since Copernicus in 1514. Whether a textbook credits Galileo or his predecessor with first forming heliocentric theory seems to be a matter of taste.
The late Renaissance was a period of intellectual foment throughout Europe. The most famous example is, of course, the Protestant Reformation, but this fit into a larger and stranger pattern. Scholars at the time (Protestant and Roman Catholic) accepted the model of the universe set forth by ancient astronomers such as Aristotle, Hipparchus, and above all Ptolemy, whose Almagest remained the standard astronomy textbook for well over a thousand years. This was a geocentric system—the earth was the center of the universe, and everything above the moon was made of a different kind of matter called aether, not subject to the changefulness we see on earth. Modern writers often dismiss this cosmology with some contempt, but there were good reasons for it at the time.
The constancy of the heavens was a matter of direct observation. The earth shows all sorts of fluctuation, both regular (like the seasons) and irreversible (like decay). The stars show no such fickleness: even planets and comets describe the same path decade after decade. It seemed ludicrous to suppose that they were made of the same stuff when they behaved so differently, which led Aristotle to propose a fifth element in addition to the classical four (fire, air, water, and earth). This was the aether, which existed only beyond the moon’s orbit, where change obviously ceased.
As for heliocentrism, ancient scholars had considered the possibility—and rejected it on mathematical grounds. If the earth orbited the sun, they argued, then we ought to see slight changes in the positions of the stars, a phenomenon called stellar parallax. But no hint of parallax could be found; ergo, the earth must be stationary. This was actually due to the immense distance of the stars, which made parallax incredibly small—far too minute for the naked eye, or even for the first telescopes. (No astronomer successfully documented stellar parallax until 1838.) But this was of course unknown in the third century, and for that matter in the seventeenth.
This synthesis began to break down in the sixteenth century, however. And it had less to do with Copernicus than with Tycho Brahe, an astronomer from Denmark, who in 1572 observed a dramatic change in the supposedly changeless heavens: a supernova. There was no aether. In a way, the Reformation may have seemed ordinary enough; priests, peasants, and kings alike had rebelled against Rome’s authority before. But the supernova must have made people feel as though the sky were falling.
Galileo received his first scholarly appointment in Pisa in 1589. Twenty years later he perfected the refracting telescope, which became popular not only with navigators but with astronomers like himself. With it he studied a second supernova, Kepler’s, and discovered the rings of Saturn and Jupiter’s four largest moons (Io, Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa). He even spotted Neptune, though he did not realize it was a planet.
But it was Galileo’s discovery of the phases of Venus that put him on a collision course with the Catholic Church. In Ptolemy’s model, no more than two phases of Venus could ever be visible from the earth; Galileo observed all four. This exploded the Ptolemaic model. However, it left room for a new model that Tycho Brahe proposed: the planets orbited the sun, and the sun orbited the earth. The Tychonic model was rather fashionable in Galileo’s time, but he rejected it. He insisted that the fully heliocentric Copernican model was not only plausible, but fact, even though no evidence of parallax then existed. And it was this, not heliocentrism, that offended the Inquisition.
C. S. Lewis is best known today as an author of children’s books, but he was also a professor of Medievalism and the Renaissance and knew a good deal about their approach to science. In The Discarded Image, he writes:
A scientific theory must “save” or “preserve” the appearances, the phenomena, it deals with, in the sense of getting them all in, doing justice to them. … The astronomical or chemical theory can never be more than provisional. It will have to be abandoned if a more ingenious person thinks of a supposal [that is simpler]. This would, I believe, be recognized by all thoughtful scientists today. It was certainly recognized in the Middle Ages. The real reason why Copernicus raised no ripple and Galileo raised a storm, may well be that whereas the one offered a new supposal about celestial motions, the other insisted on treating this supposal as fact. If so, the real revolution consisted not in a new theory of the heavens but in “a new theory of the nature of theory.”
___________________________________________________________________________________
Every week, we publish a profile of one of the figures from the CLT author bank. For an introduction to classic authors, see our guest post from Keith Nix, founder of the Veritas School in Richmond, VA.
If you liked this post, check out some our other author profiles, like this one on Plato or this one on Jane Austen. Or take a look at this teacher and debate coach’s experience with the palpable benefits of Classical education.
Published on 16th November, 2020. | https://blog.cltexam.com/galileo-a-new-theory-of-the-nature-of-theory/ |
This book explores the transformation of cultural and national identity of global sports fans in South Korea, which has undergone extensive cultural and economic globalization since the 1990s. Through ethnographic research of Korean Major League Baseball fans and their online community, this book demonstrates how a postcolonial nation and its people are developing long-distance affiliation with American sports accompanied by nationalist sentiments and regional rivalry. Becoming an MLB fan in South Korea does not simply lead one to nurturing a cosmopolitan identity, but to reconstituting one’s national imaginations. Younghan Cho suggests individuated nationalism as the changing nature of the national among the Korean MLB fandom in which the national is articulated by personal choices, consumer rights and free market principles. The analysis of the Korean MLB fandom illuminates the complicated and even contradictory procedures of decentering and fragmenting nationalism in South Korea, which have been balanced by recalling nationalism in combination with neoliberal governmentality.
- About the authors
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Younghan Cho is Professor of Korean Studies at the Graduate School of International and Area Studies at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea. He has published widely on global sports, fans and celebrity, the Korean Wave and East Asian pop culture, and nationalism and modernity in modern Korea and East Asian society.
- Reviews
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“A timely and original unraveling of some complexities of the global trajectories of sports fandom. Using the tools of cultural studies, Cho makes important contributions to some crucial debates around popular and online culture, nationalism, and globalization.” (Lawrence Grossberg, the Morris David Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA)
“Sport in the 21st-century is being thoroughly globalized and East Asia is at the center of this process. Cho’s absorbing ethnography of baseball fans in South Korea is a very smartly analyzed account of the local practices, national sentiments, and transnational passions that construct a globalized sport fandom in South Korea.” (William W. Kelly, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and Sumitomo Professor Emeritus of Japanese Studies at Yale University, USA)
- Table of contents (8 chapters)
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Introduction: The Cultural Politics of Sports in the Era of Globalization
Pages 1-33
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Sport and Crisis of Nation Under Globalization
Pages 37-66
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Glocalization of Sports from Above: A Korean Baseball Player as a National Individual
Pages 67-100
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Glocalization of Sports from Below: Online Communities Among Korean MLB Fans
Pages 101-129
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The Making of the National Fandom and Its Discontent
Pages 133-163
-
Table of contents (8 chapters)
Buy this book
- eBook 74,89 €
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price for Korea, Republic of (South Korea) (gross)
- ISBN 978-981-15-3196-5
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- Included format: PDF, EPUB
- ebooks can be used on all reading devices
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price for Korea, Republic of (South Korea) (gross)
- ISBN 978-981-15-3195-8
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Bibliographic Information
- Bibliographic Information
-
- Book Title
- Global Sports Fandom in South Korea
- Book Subtitle
- American Major League Baseball and Its Fans in the Online Community
- Authors
-
- Younghan Cho
- Series Title
- Palgrave Series of Sport in Asia
- Copyright
- 2020
- Publisher
- Palgrave Macmillan
- Copyright Holder
- The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. | https://www.palgrave.com/kr/book/9789811531958 |
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of fecal lactoferrin (Lf), calprotectin (Cal), polymorphonuclear neutrophil elastase (PMN-e), as well as serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) to address (a) whether these markers can differentiate IBD patients with endoscopically assessed inflammation from IBD patients without inflammation and from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); (b) whether they correlate with endoscopic severity of inflammation; and (c) whether a combination of fecal markers with the respective disease-specific activity indices may increase the diagnostic accuracy with reference to the endoscopic severity of inflammation.
Methods: Fecal levels of Lf, Cal, and PMN-e and serum CRP were assessed in 139 patients undergoing diagnostic ileocolonoscopy (54 IBS patients, 42 ulcerative colitis [UC], 43 Crohn's disease [CD]). Disease activity was determined for CU with the colitis activity index (CAI) and for CD with the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI). The performance of each marker with reference to endoscopic inflammatory activity was assessed by computing correlations, and sensitivity and specificity using published as well as adjusted cutoffs. A comprehensive activity index was computed by combining results from fecal markers, serum CRP, and a clinical activity index.
Results: UC or CD patients with active inflammation demonstrated significantly higher levels of Lf, Cal, and PMN-e in feces as well as serum-CRP when compared to patients with inactive inflammation as well as patients with IBS (all P < 0.05). Using adjusted cutoffs enabled a marked improvement of all markers with an overall diagnostic accuracy in IBD of 80.0% for Lf, 80.0% for Cal, 74.1% for PMN-e, 64.0% for CRP, and 79.0% for the respective clinical disease scores. Cal showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in CD (81.4%), whereas Lf was superior to the other markers in UC (83.3%). The comprehensive activity index yielded a further improvement of sensitivity and specificity, with a diagnostic accuracy of 95.3% for UC patients.
Conclusion: The fecal markers Lf, Cal, and PMN-e are able to differentiate active IBD from inactive IBD as well as from IBS. None of these three stool markers is consistently superior in its ability to reflect endoscopic inflammation, but all three are superior to CRP in their diagnostic accuracy. A combination of the stool markers with the CRP and a disease-specific activity index in a categorical comprehensive activity index can increase the diagnostic accuracy with reference to the endoscopic inflammation in UC. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17916108/?dopt=Abstract |
Economic forces refer to the nature and direction of the economy in which business operates. Economic factors have a tremendous impact on business firms. The general state of the economy (e.g., depression, recession, recovery, or prosperity), interest rate, stage of the economic cycle, balance of payments, monetary policy, fiscal policy, are key variables in corporate investment, employment, and pricing decisions.
The impact of growth or decline in gross national product and increases or decreases in interest rates, inflation, and the value of the dollar are considered as prime examples of significant impact on business operations.
To asses the local situation, an organization might seek information concerning the economic base and future of the region and the effects of this outlook on wage rates, disposable income, unemployment, and the transportation and commercial base. The state of world economy is most critical for organizations operating in such areas. | https://www.strategy-formulation.24xls.com/en105 |
"OptiGuard. Inc.: Series A-Round Term Sheet" focuses on an entrepreneur in the cybersecurity industry who is attempting raise a first round of venture financing in November 2015. To date, the firm has been unsuccessful in attracting funding from venture capitalists (VCs) and has instead relied on a small seed round from local investors. With funds running short, the entrepreneur is again attempting to raise funds from VCs. During this process, it receives a bridge loan from a reputable venture capital firm to tide it over until it can complete a Series A round with the same firm. In November 2015, it receives the terms for a $5 million Series A round, and the students must evaluate the adequacy of the offer in light of other comparable financing rounds and how the terms will affect the future performance and other aspects of the firm in light of the high likelihood of future financing rounds. The case's main teaching purpose is to provide a basic understanding of the legal and financial issues encountered in early-stage investments. The case incorporates the term sheet for the proposed Series A round, and the pre-Series A capitalization of the company. The study questions pose several direct questions to the students to help them focus on the features of the term sheet that have the largest impact on the company's valuation and control. The case has been used successfully in an MBA-level entrepreneurial finance and private equity course, and a JD/MBA course in private equity. To facilitate preparation of the case, the materials include a student spreadsheet file (UVA-F-1798X) of the case exhibits, a detailed teaching note (UVA-F-1798TN), and an instructor file (UVA-F-1798TN). The companion note, "Early-Stage Term Sheets" (UVA-F-1730), is a useful background reading for the case. | https://store.hbr.org/product/optiguard-inc-series-a-round-term-sheet/UV7297 |
Are you experiencing signs of menopause or perimenopause, such as hot flashes, weight gain or mood swings? It turns out that many symptoms you might be experiencing are caused by the hormonal changes of menopause and perimenopause. Here’s a complete list of menopause and perimenopause symptoms and what causes them.
This is our second post in the Midlife Rambler Real Talk about Menopause series. Too many of us (including myself) don’t fully understand what’s happening and don’t know where to go to for accurate information. I am not a doctor and this is not medical advice but I’m hoping to provide some of the information I wish I had known when I went through menopause and give you some resources to check out if you want to learn more.
Related Posts
Ah, middle age. That glorious time when we feel like we no longer know our own bodies. Suddenly, all kinds of weird and unexplainable things are happening and you would be totally reasonable if it freaked you out a little bit. I remember lying in my bed at night, feeling my heart pounding wildly and convinced I was having a heart attack. In fact, heart palpitations are a fairly common symptom of menopause, although you don’t hear about them nearly as often as you hear about hot flashes and weight gain.
As we discussed in our last post, the hormones estrogen and progesterone affect multiple areas within the body in addition to managing our reproductive cycle. It only makes sense that the hormonal changes we go through during perimenopause and menopause can cause changes in the parts of our body affected by these hormones.
If you’re struggling with new or unexplained symptoms, check out this list that I’ve compiled of symptoms that may be caused or exacerbated by menopause and perimenopause. Don’t worry: you’re not going to get all of these symptoms during your menopause and perimenopause journey! But it is helpful to know if know if your issue could be caused by hormonal changes and to know exactly what hormonal changes are causing your particular symptom.
Most symptoms of menopause can be traced to one of four root causes. If you know which of these is causing your issue, you can take measures to alleviate your symptoms. These causes are:
- Lower Estrogen Levels.
- Lower Progesterone Levels.
- Hormonal Imbalance. (For example, in early perimenopause the body stops making as much progesterone, but estrogen levels stay high.)
- Fluctuating Hormone Levels. (In perimenopause, your body may make progesterone one month and not make it the next month because you didn’t ovulate. These fluctuations can cause multiple symptoms.)
For each menopause/perimenopause symptom in the list below, I’ve indicated the root cause of the symptom as well as a short description. In my next post, I’ll examine each root cause and discuss some proven ways to relieve symptoms caused by each root cause.
It’s important to understand the root cause of your symptoms because, for example, if your symptom is caused by high estrogen relative to lower progesterone, the last thing you would want to do is increase estrogen levels. Knowing the root cause of your symptom can help you determine the best way to alleviate it.
Menopause and Perimenopause Symptoms
Aches and Pains, such as Joint Pain or Muscle Aches
Root Cause: Estrogen
It’s not fully understood how estrogen affects joint or muscle pain, but it’s thought that it works by keeping swelling down. As estrogen drops, this effect is lessened and can cause joint swelling or pain or muscle aches.
Estrogen also helps to regulate the fluid levels in your body. When estrogen drops, you may be more prone to dehydration which can also cause joint pain due to inflammation.
New or Worsening Allergies, such as Hay Fever and Food Intolerances
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
Allergies tend to worsen or appear during times when our hormones are fluctuating, such as adolescence or during pregnancy. The hormonal fluctuations of perimenopause can also cause increased allergies.
Anxiety and Panic Attacks
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen helps calm fear responses – the reaction we have to real or perceived danger. A lowering of estrogen in our brain can make up more susceptible to overreaction to stress and fear, which can lead to anxiety. Additionally, the lowering of estrogen makes our brains less resilient; when trauma occurs, we are often not as able to bounce back to our normal baseline state as we were when our estrogen levels were higher.
Bitter, or Metallic Taste, in The Mouth or a Burning Sensation at the Tip of Your Tongue
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Here’s a fun one! Because estrogen helps regulate the body’s fluid levels, decreased levels of of estrogen can lead to dry mouth. This, in turn, can cause a bitter or metallic taste in your mouth, or, in rare cases, Burning Mouth Syndrome, which can cause the mouth to burn as if you’ve just eaten hot peppers.
Bladder Infections, Leaking and Urgency
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
When estrogen drops, the lining of the urethra thins and the urethral muscle loses its strength. This can result in leaking urine and increased urgency (sudden, strong urges to urinate). The lack of muscle tone can allow small pockets of bacteria to remain in the bladder, causing increased chance of bladder infections.
Bloating
Root Cause: Hormonal Imbalance
Estrogen effects fluid retention in the body and if progesterone drops, your estrogen levels may start to work too well, resulting in water retention and bloating.
Breast Tenderness
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
Breast tenderness can have one of two causes: estrogen can cause your breasts to retain fluid and progesterone can cause your milk glands to swell. Both of these can cause tenderness in your breasts. During your regular cycle, you may experience some breast tenderness around ovulation (caused by estrogen) or just before your period (caused by progesterone). However, during perimenopause, your hormone levels can fluctuate wildly causing breast tenderness that seems random or especially painful.
Brittle Nails
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Who knew so many problems were caused by dehydration? Because estrogen helps regulate your fluid retention, your nails may become brittle because your body becomes more dehydrated as your estrogen levels drop. Drink that water!
Chills
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Chills are much more rare than hot flashes but the the two symptoms are related. The lower levels of estrogen affect your body’s ability to regulate temperature, which is what causes hot flashes. However, the hypothalamus in your brain may become overactive and think you are overheating. It can cause your body to shed heat, whether it really needs to or not, and this can cause the chills that can be so disruptive.
Depression
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen helps increase serotonin and serotonin receptors in the brain, as well helping boost the effects of endorphins. As estrogen levels drop, it’s very normal to experience depression. The good news is that the depression typically lifts once your body has adjusted to its new estrogen levels, but there’s no need to suffer until then. If you feel that you’re experiencing clinical depression, reach out to your doctor for advice.
Difficulty Concentrating
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
Both estrogen and progesterone affect the activity of the brain and as your hormones fluctuate during perimenopause and menopause, you can often feel a sort of “brain fog.” Additionally, if you’re suffering from insomnia because of hormonal changes, that can often affect your ability to concentrate.
Digestion Issues
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen helps keep the level of cortisol low and cortisol is the hormone that causes us to feel stress. When estrogen is high, cortisol is low. As the levels of estrogen decrease, your cortisol levels increase. Without the calming influence of estrogen, cortisol can release adrenaline more easily and the release of adrenaline shuts off the digestive system. This can cause a variety of digestion issues: increased gassiness, constipation, or abdominal pain or indigestion.
Dizziness
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
It’s actually not well understood why fluctuating hormone levels can cause dizziness but one theory is that your body is under stress due to hormonal levels changing inconsistently. This is my own personal theory, but now that I’ve learned how decreased estrogen can cause dehydration, I wonder if that is also a factor.
Dry Mouth or Dry Eyes
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
As we’ve discussed earlier in this post, estrogen helps regulate the body’s ability to retain fluids and as estrogen drops, this reduces moisture in the mucous membranes, causing dry mouth and/or dry eyes.
Dry Skin
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen helps retain moisture in the skin and stimulates the production of natural oils and collagen. Collagen helps maintain the strength and elasticity of the skin. When estrogen decreases, the natural moisture and the collagen in the skin both decrease, causing the skin to become drier and thinner.
Fatigue
Root Cause: Hormonal Imbalance
Both estrogen and progestrone work together to help regulate cellular energy throughout the body. Progesterone increases your metabolic rate, giving you more energy. Estrogen works on recepters in your brain to increase your mood and your energy. When these two hormones are out of balance, you can experience fatigue.
Hair Loss or Thinning Hair
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen promotes hair growth so when the estrogen levels decrease, your hair becomes thinner and hair growth slows. In a cruel twist, the drop in estrogen causes testerone to be more dominent in the body which can cause increased facial hair.
Headaches
Root Cause: Hormonal Imbalance
Estrogen causes blood vessels to dilate and progesterone causes them to tighten. As these hormones flucuate, your blood vessels are expanding and contracting rapidly, which can cause headaches.
Heart Palpitations
Root Cause: Hormonal Imbalance
Some recent studies have found that estrogen lengthens the time between heartbeats and progesterone shortens it. When the estrogen/progesterone ratio gets out of whack as it can during early perimenopause, increased heart rate or the feeling of “skipping” beats can occur. This is typically benign but, of course, you should always check out any heart issues with your doctor.
Heart palpitations can be very scary; they certainly were for me! This article gives some great information about why they can happen.
Heavy Bleeding During Your Period
Root Cause: Hormonal Imbalance
If you didn’t ovulate during the month, estrogen remains high but there’s no progesterone to balance it out. This causes the lining of the uterus thicken more than usual, resulting in a heavier flow.
High Blood Pressure
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Recent research has shown that estrogen can help prevent the build up of plaque in the arterial walls as well prevent the narrowing of the arteries. When estrogen levels are reduced, the arteries of the heart can narrow, increasing blood pressure.
Be sure to have your blood pressure checked regularly after menopause and if it’s consistently high, over 120–129/80, check with your doctor.
Hot flashes and Night Sweats
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
It’s not really known exactly why some women have hot flashes during menopause but the current theory is that hot flashes aren’t really caused by lower estrogen levels, but rather because your body is shocked by the decrease in estrogen. This causes the hypothalmus, which regulates body temperature, to get out of whack, resulting in hot flashes or even chills.
Increased PMS
Root Cause: Hormonal Imbalance
PMS symptoms are caused by the drop in progesterone just before your period. During permenoupause, progesterone is not released if you didn’t ovulate, so it remains low, causing longer and more intense PMS symptoms.
Irregular Periods
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
Your monthly cycle is controlled by signals sent by estrogen and progesterone rising and falling throughout the month. During perimenopause, hormone levels flucuate and your body reacts accordingly. This can mean a shorter-than-usual monthly cycle or periods that occur infrequently before stopping all together.
Itchiness
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Your skin becomes drier and thinner and your collagen levels drop during menopause due to the drop in estrogen levels. This can cause itchiness, which can be very mild or very severe.
Tingling, Numbness or a “Pins and Needles” Feeling
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Because your skin becomes drier and thinner during menopause due to the drop in estrogen, it can become sensitive. This can lead to a syndrome called Paresthesia, which is a feeling of tingling or numbness or a sensation similar to the “Pins and Needles” you may get when your arms or feet “fall asleep.”
Loss of Libido
Root Cause: Lower Progesterone Levels
Progesterone stimulates the production of testosterone, which is the main hormone for sexual desire. When progesterone levels drop during perimenopause, your libido may wane as well.
Memory Lapses
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen is actually a powerful influence on our brains, helping with cognitive tasks such as verbal fluency and memory. This means that we can become more forgetful during menopause. So that time you forgot the word for “nephew” probably isn’t a sign of early Alzheimer’s.
Mood Swings
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen has a profound effect on the brain, affecting our serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain. Both of these affect mood and energy levels so as your estrogen levels drop, you may experience irritability, anxiety or depression.
Muscle Tension
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
Fluctuating hormone levels can cause cortisol (the “stress hormone”) to rise, causing tension in your muscles and ultimately, fatigue.
Nausea
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
Your fluctuating hormone levels can cause nausea during menopause just as they can cause morning sickness during pregnancy.
Period Pain without a Period
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
Fluctuating hormones can send your body mixed messages which can result in menstrual cramps even when you’re not having your period.
Shorter or Lighter than Normal Periods
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to thicken, so when estrogen levels fall, there is less lining to shed and periods can be short or very light.
Sleep problems
Root Cause: Fluctuating Hormone Levels
It’s thought that menopause can cause sleep problems in several ways. Progesterone may help prevent sleep apnea by dilating the nasal passages and sinuses. As progesterone levels drop, sleep apnea issues may appear. Additionally, your body temperature needs to be low in order to sleep and menopause disrupts your body’s ability to maintain a low temperature at night. Finally, anxiety caused by menopause can also manifest as insomnia.
Vaginal Dryness
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
Just as estrogen helps keep our skin lubricated, it also helps keep the tissues of the vagina lubricated as well. As estrogen decreases, we can have increased vaginal dryness.
Weight Gain and Slowed Metabolism
Root Cause: Lower Estrogen Levels
The drop in estrogen causes two enzymes that work within our body to synthesize and store fat to become more active. So, it’s not your imagination; your metabolism has indeed slowed down. Interestingly, fat cells can produce estrogen so it’s possible that we can benefit from a little extra padding once we become menopausal. | https://www.midliferambler.com/your-complete-guide-to-the-symptoms-of-menopause-and-perimenopause/ |
The visible water supply in lakes and rivers represents but a small portion of the water of a continent; the rest lies hidden in natural reservoirs underground. Indeed, most lakes and rivers would dry up if they depended solely upon precipitation.
It is the continuing supply from the underground sources that keeps lakes high and rivers running, even during periods of drought.
The water of these subterranean storehouses is constantly replenished by the moisture of rain and melting snow that seeps downward through the soil, through porous rock and through crevices in rock. It may flow for long distances underground or emerge in the springs that flow into streams, rivers and lakes, its final destination being the sea.
The only contact most people ordinarily have with this hidden water comes when they drill a well. But underground waters are capable of highly visible displays. Geysers, consisting of tons of hot water spouting up out of the ground, are the most arresting of these effects.
The world's most spectacular geysers are found in Iceland, New Zealand and America's Yellowstone National Park, on a high plateau among the Rocky Mountains in the state of Wyoming.
At Yellowstone there are at least 10,000 geysers, hot pools, pots of boiling mud and fumaroles (steam vents).
Several special conditions are necessary for the formation of a geyser. First, seething molten material (volcanic magma) must exist under local layers of surface rock. Leading from the heated subterranean rock to the surface there must be narrow channels with walls strong enough to endure the explosive force of the geyser. Finally, there must be an underground supply of water that reaches the magma in such a way that it is heated and forced upward.
The primary difference between a hot spring and a geyser is the degree to which this water has been heated by the molten rock; geysers occur only when the heat and pressure are sufficient to produce steam, and hence cause explosive effects.
While geysers and hot springs appear to be spread in a random fashion throughout Yellowstone's 3472 square miles, they are actually arranged in definite belts. These belts occur along faults or fractures where sections of rock move up, down or sidewise in relation to adjacent sections. These faults provide passageways for the escape of steam and hot water trapped at subterranean levels. As sources of heat, Yellowstone's geysers have created favorable winter living conditions for plants and animals, which cluster around them.
Many bears have located their dens near geysers, and numerous birds winter in these same warm areas. Ducks, in particular, are often seen in winter in the pools of water kept free of ice by the warm water issuing from the geysers. The temperature of the Yellowstone River rises by an average of six degrees as it flows through the geyser area, and in that stretch of the river, trout are active all winter long.
Geyser water is extremely rich in dissolved minerals - it is the kind of water commonly called "hard water." Anyone familiar with hard water knows that a coating of minerals soon forms on the inside walls of kettles and pans used to boil this liquid. This residue is left by the water when it evaporates.
Precisely the same sort of thing occurs at the base of the jet of a geyser. Formations of rock have been created in shapes that suggest cauliflowers, sponges, chairs, flowers and necklaces. Sometimes terraced formations are created, as at Yellowstone's Mammoth Hot Springs, by water flowing down hillsides. The brilliant streaks of color in these deposits are due largely to the great variety of minerals carried to the surface by the geysers. Some of the coloration, though, is caused by algae that have adjusted to living at high temperatures.
The water trapped under pressure at the bottom of the tube grows hotter and hotter. Eventually its temperature rises far above the normal boiling point of water. The vapor produced is prevented from escaping as steam by the overlying mass of cooler water. Finally the water in the upper part of the column warms and expands, some of it welling up out of the mouth of the geyser. The escape of this water abruptly decreases the pressure on the superheated waters at bottom, which change to steam. The sudden expansion of the superheated water into steam occurs in a powerful explosion that forces all the water and vapor up out of the geyser.
The geyser almost always gives advance warning of an eruption: a short spurt, then a graceful column begins to rise. At first it seems to grow with great effort, but soon a jet shoots upward, playing at heights between 115 and 150 feet. At its crest the jet is broken by the breeze. The water unfurls into a dazzling shower of droplets that, capturing the sunlight, shimmer with the colors of the rainbow. The full display lasts between two and five minutes, expelling as much as 12,000 gallons of water during a single eruption. | https://www.earthfacts.com/earth-dynamics/geysers/ |
Kelowna RCMP have issued a fraud alert following ransomware attacks on several local businesses.
"In recent months, several local businesses have experienced cyber attacks and ransomware. And it’s not just larger corporations that need to protect themselves, small mom and pop businesses can fall victim to ransomware as well," the RCMP in a news release states.
"Ransomware is a form of malware that attacks a device or network. It injects an encryption code which causes your data to be unreadable or unusable. The attacker then sends an email offering to unlock the information in exchange for a ransom in bitcoins."
RCMP said the sequence of events usually looks like this:
Police say businesses and residents can protect their information by not answering suspicious emails and not clicking on any links in them.
RCMP are also asking people to be cautious with unsolicited emails. Police suggest businesses backup your data, install anti-malware software, change passwords often, enforce an employee security policy and update computer systems regularly.
If you or your business has been a victim of ransomware or another scam contact your bank, the police and the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre at 1-888-495-8501 or through the Fraud Reporting System.
To keep your business safe, more information can be found online.
Anyone with any information about this crime can contact the Kelowna RCMP at 250-762-3300. Or remain completely anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 1-800-222-8477 or by leaving a tip online.
To contact a reporter for this story, email Carli Berry or call 250-864-7494 or email the editor. You can also submit photos, videos or news tips to the newsroom and be entered to win a monthly prize draw.
We welcome your comments and opinions on our stories but play nice. We won't censor or delete comments unless they contain off-topic statements or links, unnecessary vulgarity, false facts, spam or obviously fake profiles. If you have any concerns about what you see in comments, email the editor in the link above. | https://infotel.ca/newsitem/kelowna-rcmp-warn-of-malware-attacks-targeting-businesses/it74466 |
Though Emily Dickinson spent almost all her life in Amherst, Massachusetts, her poems represent a broad range of imaginative experience. They are rich in feeling, wide in their knowledge of nature, books, and geography, and expansive in their vision. Dickinson's training in science suggests a source for her skill in accurate observation, whether of plants and animals or the workings of her own mind. The greatest effect of her scientific studies, though, is in her experimental attitude about life's great issues.
For a succinct site containing a biography, a bibliography, and links to other Dickinson sites, see the Academy of American Poets' tribute to the poet.
Columbia University's Bartleby Archive: Emily Dickinson
Misplaced your poetry book? Visit Columbia University's Project Bartleby Archive for Dickinson's Poems (Third Series, 1896), edited by Mabel Loomis Todd. A word of caution: the poems collected here were probably heavily edited, as one of her editors described Dickinson's poetic gait as "spasmodic."
University of Maryland Reading Room: Emily Dickinson
Visit the University of Maryland's Women's Studies Reading Room for 100 selected Dickinson poems. Again, the poems are most likely from heavily edited editions of her poetry.
Emily Dickinson International Society
Although Dickinson spent almost all of her life in Amherst, Massachusetts, her fame is international. This site, co-sponsored and supported by the University of Colorado at Boulder, presents a comprehensive forum for scholarship on Dickinson and her relationship to American poetry and women's literature.
The Atlantic Monthly: "Emily Dickinson (Un)discovered"
The Atlantic Monthly (to which the Dickinson family subscribed) confesses its initial failure to recognize Dickinson's poetic genius in Toby Lester's "Emily Dickinson (Un)discovered." Lester's article also contains a link to T.W. Higginson's "Emily Dickinson's Letters" (October 1891) which is, in Lester's words, "a fascinating first-hand account of one of this country's true poetic geniuses."
The above-mentioned link to T.W. Higginson's letter in The Atlantic Monthly, this piece from October 1891 details a correspondence described as perhaps "the most provocative and poignant" in the history of American literature.
Susan Howe: "My Emily Dickinson"
For one poet's candid interpretation of Dickinson's works, read excerpts from Susan Howe's "My Emily Dickinson." | https://www.learner.org/catalog/extras/vvspot/Dickinson.html |
AbstractNanopore sequencing is a promising technology to generate ultra-long reads based on the direct measurement of electrical current signals when a DNA molecule passes through a nanopore. These ultra-long reads are critical for detecting large structural variations in the genome. However, it is challenging to use nanopore sequencing to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or other modifications such as methylations, especially at a low sequencing coverage, due to the high error rate in the base-called reads. It is possible to correct the base-calling error through the subsequence search by mapping a SNP-containing genomic region to the long nanopore raw signal sequences that contain this region and taking consensus of these signals. Nevertheless, the ultra-long raw signals and an order of magnitude difference in the sampling speed between the two sequences make the traditional algorithms infeasible to solve the problem. Here we propose two novel algorithms, the direct subsequence dynamic time warping for nanopore raw signal search (DSDTWnano) and the continuous wavelet subsequence dynamic time warping for nanopore raw signal search (cwSDTWnano), to enable the direct subsequence searching and exact mapping in nanopore raw signals. The proposed algorithms are based on the idea of subsequence-extended dynamic time warping and directly operate on the raw signals, without any loss of information. DSDTWnano could ensure an output of highly accurate query results and cwSDTWnano is the accelerated version of DSDTWnano, with the help of seeding and multi-scale coarsening of signals that are based on continuous wavelet transform. Furthermore, a novel error function is proposed to specify the mapping accuracy between a genomic sequence and an electrical current signal sequence, which may serve as the standard criterion for further genome-to-signal mapping studies. Comprehensive experiments on three real-world nanopore datasets (human and lambda phage) demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Finally, we show the power of our algorithms in SNP detection under a low coverage (20x) on E. coli, with >95% detection rate. Our program is available at https://github.com/icthrm/cwSDTWnano.git.
CitationHan R, Wang S, Gao X (2018) Searching and mapping genomic subsequences in nanopore raw signals through novel dynamic time warping algorithms. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/491456.
SponsorsThe authors thank Minh Duc Cao, Lachlan J.M. Coin, Louise Roddam and Tania Duarte for providing the nanopore sequencing data. This work was supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) under Awards No. FCC/1/1976-04, URF/1/2601-01, URF/1/3007-01, URF/1/3412-01, and URF/1/3450-01. | https://repository.kaust.edu.sa/handle/10754/630282 |
Assessment of toxicity using dehydrogenases activity and mathematical modeling.
Dehydrogenase activity is frequently used to assess the general condition of microorganisms in soil and activated sludge. Many studies have investigated the inhibition of dehydrogenase activity by various compounds, including heavy metal ions. However, the time after which the measurements are carried out is often chosen arbitrarily. Thus, it can be difficult to estimate how the toxic effects of compounds vary during the reaction and when the maximum of the effect would be reached. Hence, the aim of this study was to create simple and useful mathematical model describing changes in dehydrogenase activity during exposure to substances that inactivate enzymes. Our model is based on the Lagergrens pseudo-first-order equation, the rate of chemical reactions, enzyme activity, and inactivation and was created to describe short-term changes in dehydrogenase activity. The main assumption of our model is that toxic substances cause irreversible inactivation of enzyme units. The model is able to predict the maximum direct toxic effect (MDTE) and the time to reach this maximum (TMDTE). In order to validate our model, we present two examples: inactivation of dehydrogenase in microorganisms in soil and activated sludge. The model was applied successfully for cadmium and copper ions. Our results indicate that the predicted MDTE and TMDTE are more appropriate than EC50 and IC50 for toxicity assessments, except for long exposure times.
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“Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy”- said Mahatma Gandhi five decades ago. Even today, as we enter the new millennium, the situation is still the same, with almost the entire economy being sustained by agriculture, which is the mainstay of the villages. Not only the economy, but also every one of us looks up to agriculture for our sustenance too.
The sharp rise in foodgrain production during India’s Green Revolution of the 1970s enabled the country to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains and stave off the threat of famine. Agricultural intensification in the 1970s to 1980s saw an increased demand for rural labor that raised rural wages and, together with declining food prices, reduced rural poverty.
Sustained, although much slower, agricultural growth in the 1990s reduced rural poverty to 26.3 percent by 1999/00. Since then, however, the slowdown in agricultural growth has become a major cause for concern. India’s rice yields are one-third of China’s and about half of those in Vietnam and Indonesia. With the exception of sugarcane, potato and tea, the same is true for most other agricultural commodities.
The Government of India places high priority on reducing poverty by raising agricultural productivity. However, bold action from policymakers will be required to shift away from the existing subsidy-based regime that is no longer sustainable, to build a solid foundation for a highly productive, internationally competitive, and diversified agricultural sector.
It is here the challenge arises considering the implementation of the technology at various levels in the Global community. The need of the hour is not application of the technology but the adoption of appropriate technology, which would suit the particular level of the global community. In India, the farming practices are too haphazard and non-scientific and hence need some forethought before implementing any new technology.
Applications of agricultural inputs at uniform rates across the field without due regard to in-field variations in soil fertility and crop conditions does not yield desirable results in terms of crop yield. The management of in-field variability in soil fertility and crop conditions for improving the crop production and minimizing the environmental impact is the crux of precision farming.
Thus, the information on spatial variability in soil fertility status and crop conditions is a pre-requisite for adoption of precision farming. Space technology including global positioning system (GPS) and GIS holds good promise in deriving information on soil attributes and crop yield, and allows monitoring seasonally- variable soil and crop characteristics, namely soil moisture, crop-phenology, growth, evapotranspiration, nutrient deficiency, crop disease, and weed and insect infestation, which, in turn, help in optimizing inputs and maximizing crop yield and income. Though widely adopted in developed countries, the adoption of precision farming in India is yet to take a firm ground primarily due to its unique pattern of land holdings, poor infrastructure, lack of farmers’ inclination to take risk, socio-economic and demographic conditions.
• Poor composition of public expenditures: Public spending on agricultural subsidies is crowding out productivity-enhancing investments such as agricultural research and extension, as well as investments in rural infrastructure, and the health and education of the rural people. In 1999/2000, agricultural subsidies amounted to 3 percent of GDP and were over 7 times the public investments in the sector.
• Over-regulation of domestic agricultural trade: While economic and trade reforms in the 1990s helped to improve the incentive framework, over-regulation of domestic trade has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty, undermining the sector’s competitiveness.
• Government interventions in labor, land, and credit markets: More rapid growth of the rural non-farm sector is constrained by government interventions in factor markets — labor, land, and credit — and in output markets, such as the small-scale reservation of enterprises.
• Inadequate infrastructure and services in rural areas. Infrastructure is also a significant factor in the process of development but country like our rural Bharat has not posses the infrastructure such as roads, electricity, fertilizer and pesticides availability which caused the vulnerable damage to the growth of agriculture.
Inequitable allocation of water: Many states lack the incentives, policy, regulatory, and institutional framework for the efficient, sustainable, and equitable allocation of water.
Deteriorating irrigation infrastructure: Public spending in irrigation is spread over many uncompleted projects. In addition, existing infrastructure has rapidly deteriorated as operations and maintenance is given lower priority.
Stringent land regulations discourage rural investments: While land distribution has become less skewed, land policy and regulations to increase security of tenure (including restrictions or bans on renting land or converting it to other uses) have had the unintended effect of reducing access by the landless and discouraging rural investments.
Computerization of land records has brought to light institutional weaknesses: State government initiatives to computerize land records have reduced transaction costs and increased transparency, but also brought to light institutional weaknesses.
A purely conservation approach to forests is ineffective: Experience in India shows that a purely conservation approach to natural resources management does not work effectively and does little to reduce poverty.
Weak resource rights for forest communities: The forest sector is also faced with weak resource rights and economic incentives for communities, an inefficient legal framework and participatory management, and poor access to markets.
Low bureaucratic accountability and inefficient use of public funds: Despite large expenditures in rural development, a highly centralized bureaucracy with low accountability and inefficient use of public funds limit their impact on poverty. In 1992, India amended its Constitution to create three tiers of democratically elected rural local governments bringing governance down to the villages. However, the transfer of authority, funds, and functionaries to these local bodies is progressing slowly, in part due to political vested interests. The poor are not empowered to contribute to shaping public programs or to hold local governments accountable.
Enhancing productivity: Creating a more productive, internationally competitive and diversified agricultural sector would require a shift in public expenditures away from subsidies towards productivity enhancing investments. Second it will require removing the restrictions on domestic private trade to improve the investment climate and meet expanding market opportunities. Third, the agricultural research and extension systems need to be strengthened to improve access to productivity enhancing technologies. The diverse conditions across India suggest the importance of regionally differentiated strategies, with a strong focus on the lagging states.
Improving Water Resource and Irrigation/Drainage Management: Increase in multi-sectoral competition for water highlights the need to formulate water policies and unbundle water resources management from irrigation service delivery. Other key priorities include: (i) modernizing Irrigation and Drainage Departments to integrate the participation of farmers and other agencies in irrigation management; (ii) improving cost recovery; (iii) rationalizing public expenditures, with priority to completing schemes with the highest returns; and (iv) allocating sufficient resources for operations and maintenance for the sustainability of investments.
Strengthening rural non-farm sector growth: Rising incomes are fueling demand for higher-value fresh and processed agricultural products in domestic markets and globally, which open new opportunities for agricultural diversification to higher value products (e.g. horticulture, livestock), agro-processing and related services. The government needs to shift its role from direct intervention and overregulation to creating the enabling environment for private sector participation and competition for agribusiness and more broadly, the rural non-farm sector growth. Improving the rural investment climate includes removing trade controls, rationalizing labor regulations and the tax regime (i.e. adoption of the value added tax system), and improving access to credit and key infrastructure (e.g. roads, electricity, ports, markets).
Balancing poverty reduction and conservation priorities: Finding win-win combinations for conservation and poverty reduction will be critical to sustainable natural resource management. This will involve addressing legal, policy and institutional constraints to devolving resource rights, and transferring responsibilities to local communities.
Improving access to land: States can build on the growing consensus to reform land policy, particularly land tenancy policy and land administration system. States that do not have tenancy restrictions can provide useful lessons in this regard. Over the longer term, a more holistic approach to land administration policies, regulations and institutions is necessary to ensure tenure security, reduce costs, and ensure fairness and sustainability of the system.
Improving access to rural finance: It would require improving the performance of regional rural banks and rural credit cooperatives by enhancing regulatory oversight, removing government control and ownership, and strengthening the legal framework for loan recovery and the use of land as collateral. It would also involve creating an enabling environment for the development of micro-finance institutions in rural areas.
Promoting Community-Based Rural Development: State Government efforts in scaling up livelihood and community-driven development approaches will be critical to build social capital in the poorest areas as well as to expand savings mobilization, promote productive investments, income generating opportunities and sustainable natural resource management. Direct support to self-help groups, village committees, user’s associations, savings and loans groups and others can provide the initial ‘push’ to move organizations to higher level and access to new economic opportunities. Moreover, social mobilization and particularly the empowerment of women’s groups, through increased capacity for collective action will provide communities with greater “voice” and bargaining power in dealing with the private sector, markets and financial services. | https://www.ukbestessays.com/blogs/agriculture-in-india-issues-and-challenges/ |
National says it would introduce a "health and safety common-sense test" if elected, as part of its plan to slash red-tape burdening small businesses.
It will unveil the "first plank" in its five-point economic growth plan this morning, outlining how it will reduce regulation.
Leader Simon Bridges said the programme was about giving small businesses confidence and creating an economy "where it's not just burden and cost".
If elected, National said it would commit to a "bonfire on regulations", doing away with two regulations for every new one introduced.
It would also scrap 100 regulations within the first six months.
Bridges said one of the key elements to be announced today is a health and safety common-sense test.
"This is not about compromising New Zealanders' safety but it is about recognising what small business owners are telling us every day, that regulations are creating a lot of cost and burden in this area without the benefit," he said.
Bridges said a significant part of this would be in housing.
"Where builders are questioning, for example, whether scaffolding is required on single-storey buildings, whether a saw-horse the builder has built requires engineering certification when we're trusting them to build, often times, a million dollar home.
"But through to also just normal office environments where too many business owners are telling us it's got beyond ridiculous when they need to list and identify hazards, such as the steam coming out of the kettle.
"Last year was our worst year in terms of fatalities since 2011 and so the cost and the compliance and the burden, isn't necessarily making us any safer," he said.
Wage subsidies in wake of Covid-19
Four other areas of National's economic plan still to be announced include tax relief, infrastructure, small business and families.
Bridges said they would be announced "in due course" and said the party had brought forward the timeline for these announcements due to the Covid-19 coronavirus outbreak.
"Small businesses need to see the light at the end of the tunnel... what we see here is a very clear economic predicament where small businesses face the risk, and I'm hearing from a lot of them, of going out of business.
"We want to ensure that they keep going and they keep people in work. We also think that it's really important though that the government consider what we did in the global financial crisis and Canterbury and Kaikōura and that's effectively coming in with wage subsidies," he said.
Bridges said National was still working through its tax relief package, and said this had become even more vital due to the economic impacts of the coronavirus.
He said a potential recession could affect the amount of tax relief the party would offer.
"Of course that's a factor, but my simple view is this is more serious than the government understands or is letting on economically.
"Tax relief was always going to be significant but now we think through those complicated issues, and I accept they are about debt levels, about where the government books are at, where the overall economy is at, and the need for that economic stimulus that only government, not the Reserve Bank, not big business, can provide," Bridges said. | https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/411255/national-wants-common-sense-test-on-health-and-safety-regulations |
Synopsis: Making Monopoles with Waves
Magnetic monopoles are hypothesized particles that have a magnetic, rather than electric, charge. Despite a long history of nondetections, monopoles continue to be a topic of study because of their possible role in the unification of the fundamental forces. In new theoretical work, Tanmay Vachaspati from Arizona State University, Tempe, considered whether monopoles could be generated through the scattering of waves. The results suggest one might detect monopoles in collisions between high-intensity, circularly polarized light waves.
Monopoles were originally proposed in 1931 by the physicist Paul Dirac, who found they could explain why electric charge is discrete rather than continuous. Later on, theorists discovered that monopoles appeared naturally in so-called grand unified theories (GUTs), which connect electromagnetic and nuclear forces. Many experiments have looked for evidence of magnetic monopoles in high-energy collisions at particle accelerators, but nothing yet has shown up.
Instead of colliding two particles, as in an accelerator, Vachaspati asked what would happen if two waves collided? The waves in this case consist of many force-carrying particles, such as photons and bosons, that move coherently together. To describe these waves, Vachaspati used a GUT-like model that describes force-carrying particles in terms of fields. In his numerical simulations, two circularly polarized waves in these fields collide head-on. In the wake of these collisions, Vachaspati observed monopoles as cratered peaks in the energy density, and around the peaks the magnetic field was that of an isolated north or south pole. Vachaspati speculates that one might see signals of monopoles in the collisions of high-intensity laser beams, where photon-photon interactions are predicted to occur.
This research is published in Physical Review Letters.
–Michael Schirber
Michael Schirber is a Corresponding Editor for Physics in Lyon, France.
Creation of Magnetic Monopoles in Classical Scattering
Tanmay Vachaspati
Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 181601 (2016)
Published October 27, 2016
Features
Meetings: Building a Molecule Atom by Atom
Researchers demonstrated the simplest possible chemical reaction by using optical tweezers to bring together two atoms to form a molecule.
Meetings: WIMP Alternatives Come Out of the Shadows
At an annual physics meeting in the Alps, WIMPs appeared to lose their foothold as the favored dark matter candidate, making room for a slew of new ideas.
Q&A: Looking for Failure
Karen Daniels explains how force maps in granular materials could be used to design materials that fail in predictable ways. | https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.181601 |
Free Webinar:
What are executive functions?
Executive functions are a set of cognitive skills that allow us to control our emotions and thoughts in the midst of an often-hectic world. A recent report from the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard identifies three primary components of executive function: working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility.
Working memory is the ability to maintain and manipulate information for short periods of time, which is essential for executing planned sequences, whether that plan consists of dialing a phone number, carrying on a conversation, adding two numbers, or tying a shoe.
Inhibitory control is comprised of both top-down focus, or selective attention, and suppression of distractors or temptations. Selective attention is the ability to ‘tune in’ to a subset of the vast amount of sensory information that we experience in a constant stream. This is considered a top-down process because it’s directed by choice, while bottom-up distractors (external) or impulses (internal) are spontaneous. Adults depend on inhibitory control throughout daily life, for example, when driving a car with children in the backseat; children acquire it by learning social rules such as waiting to be called upon if they know an answer, or ignoring a sibling’s teasing.
Cognitive flexibility is called into play when a change in top-down strategy is warranted. This may be a procedural shift, such as realizing a math problem calls for multiplication rather than addition, or a situational strategy shift, such as knowing and following different behavioral guidelines inside school versus on the playground. Successful acquisition of this skill allows adults to adapt to different social conventions in different environments, and to adjust a work or task list based on an updated deadline.
Describing these cognitive skills independently obscures the reality that in most daily tasks, all are engaged simultaneously! However, research has shown that each of these skills is independent, and can be improved with training. We’ll share this research in future posts to explain why Kiko’s Thinking Time is such an important tool for developing children’s minds.
What is reasoning?
Over the years, researchers have investigated many different types of reasoning (e.g., fluid reasoning, analogical reasoning, relational reasoning, etc.), but a good general definition is the ability to integrate sets of information in order to solve novel problems. As you can guess, reasoning skills can be applied to almost any new challenge! Whenever we learn a new skill, we relate it to something we already know; when we come up against a new problem, we look for clues either from past knowledge or from the problem context to help us figure it out. Because schoolchildren are learning almost all of the time – whether it’s in school or out – they are constantly using their reasoning abilities.
Here is the link to the slides
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B672f7pmuyweLWdFS0hwaUZzbC1CUkoyTjMwOXFKOEVoakFn
Here is a short brochure for Kiko’s Thinking Lab.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B672f7pmuyweQ2NBUXRVZWVVRHRKUm5TRW5VcnRIZVRkUkZn/view?usp=sharing
Cognitive Skills for Early Learning
Kiko’s Thinking Time is a tablet-based app/browser app that trains cognitive skills necessary for school readiness including executive functions, with a focus on memory, attention and reasoning.
If you need help accessing the demos please contact us. | http://www.neuronlearning.com/tag/early-learning/ |
If the Shoe Fits
What if the best or most comfortable footwear was simply less footwear? What if shoes took their cues from what indigenous communities have been wearing for centuries? And what can ancient knowledge and craftsmanship teach us about shoes that are sustainable for both feet and planet? Catherine Willems’ research combines anthropology, design and biomechanics to provide revealing answers to these questions and the basis for some innovative practical applications.
Willems is an anthropologist, a shoe designer and founder of the Future Footwear Foundation (FFF). She currently combines her work as a designer with a role as lecturer and researcher at Kask, School of Arts Ghent. With an educational background in comparative cultural sciences at Ghent University and footwear design at Ars Sutoria in Milan, Willems works across three disparate fields: biomechanics, anthropology and design sciences.
In 2008 she combined her passions when she began her PhD and chose to focus on ways of walking through geographies and cultures. Her interest was threefold: exploring how we create shoes, looking at what footwear does to the body (humans have been suffering from foot injuries and diseases, like bunions, at an increasing rate since the 1970s) and studying what making footwear means for the environment (shoe production is one of the most polluting industries in the field of fashion and it takes about 12 different materials to make one pair of shoes).
Willems concentrated her research on communities in different climate zones and environments and examined how they made shoes and what their biomechanical properties were. Her research looked at, among others, eland skin sandals made by the San people of the Kalahari Desert, reindeer moccasins made by Saami artisans in Finland and footwear created by Kolhapuri artisans in India.
What her work in the field showed was that the indigenous footwear the team researched could functionally be considered minimal. Rooted in centuries-old traditions, these shoes are often wide, thin and flexible, provide very little interference with the natural movement of the foot and follow the shape of the foot while protecting it, through minimal means, from the surrounding environment. These ‘less-is-more’ shoes also move and breathe with the feet, perfectly serving their purpose and adapting over time to the changing needs of their users. They also prove to be perfectly of our time and, in that sense, a lesson to us all.
After completing her PhD in 2015 Willems began a new project in which she compared the production of hand-made shoes to mass-produced shoes. Once again, she analyzed everything from peoples’ relationship with their shoes and the impact of footwear on the body, to the flexibility and resistance of the shoes, the amount of material required to make them and their afterlife. A significant difference between handmade and mass-produced shoes, is that the former focuses on the individual foot the shoe is being produced for, while in mass-produced shoes, companies work from (and for) an average foot, which, apart from size, is the same for everyone.
In 2017 Willems founded the Future Footwear Foundation, based at KASK & Conservatorium, the School of Arts of HOGENT in Belgium, to level up research activities. During an 18-month research project, her team used 3D technology to scan feet and analyze barefoot communities, developing 3D-printed footwear that replicates barefoot walking based on indigenous designs. The foundation’s current research, titled 3D2WALK, is funded by the Industrial Research Fund, Ghent University Association, Belgium and using material sponsored by BASF. It follows up on previous research carried out by FFF that showed that after three months of wear, there is an increase of more than 40% of power in the forefoot, meaning balance and stability in the users’ feet and a feeling of being more grounded and connected.
This current study aims to see if after five months of barefoot walking humans develop an even more trained muscularity, which could lead to even greater stability and lessen the risk of falls and hip fractures. Simultaneously the study looks at how this research can be translated into something sustainable and ethical for the indigenous communities involved. The initial design belongs to the community and constitutes its cultural heritage. For every pair of shoes made, a royalty is committed to the community with whom FFF collaborates. The prototypes are now being produced as part of the study and Willems is exploring how to bring the product to market in collaboration with London footwear company Vivobarefoot. | https://www.damnmagazine.net/company_news/if-the-shoe-fits/ |
The world’s electricity industry has undergone a period of intense digitalisation and regulatory innovation which set the conditions for the emergence of new business models. Among them, procurement auction and other Market-Based Instruments (MBI) for energy efficiency have grown worldwide. This Topic of the Month focuses on the challenges and opportunities facing the development of the market for energy efficiency as Distributed Energy Resources (DER). In the first post, we will discuss the existence of an energy efficiency gap as well as the market failures and regulatory barriers that need to be addressed to have a functional market for energy efficiency. In the next posts, we will examine how regulators are designing new markets for energy efficiency and the importance to address energy as a DER.
On 28 November, at the Energy Innovation Academy organised by the Florence School of Regulation (FSR), Professor Jean-Michel Glachant presented what he perceives as the intertwined relation between digitalisation and decentralisation. According to the recently published policy brief, digital technologies allow undertakings to manage the growing amount of DER located behind the meter.
Looking more closely at the possibilities of innovation on the demand side, consumers can now actively contribute with the balance between supply and demand of electricity in two ways. Consumers could contribute to distributed generation in their units by managing their loads as a capacity resource, or through investing in a structural change that leads to reductions of electricity consumption using energy efficiency as a resource to address baseload consumption. Therefore, we define DER as any resource or asset, connected to the grid at the distribution level, capable of providing or substituting electricity services, including behind-the-meter renewable and non-renewable generation, energy storage, electric vehicles, energy efficiency and other controlled loads.
In the 2018 Energy Efficiency report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) states that “is becoming increasingly clear that energy efficiency can bring many significant economic and environmental benefits. It is also clear that huge energy efficiency potential remains untapped.” There are several highly cost-effective investment opportunities in energy efficiency, but the global investment in energy efficiency is not on track to achieve the scale required by the Efficient World Scenario (EWS) developed by the IEA World Energy Outlook. On the contrary, the adoption of efficient technologies in the EWS would require average annual investment to double by 2025.
There are differences between the cost-minimising level of energy efficiency and the level of energy efficiency actually realised. This implies that society has forgone cost-effective investments in energy efficiency, even though they could significantly reduce energy consumption at low cost and with attractive return rate.
When referencing the market failure for energy efficiency, the literature usually refers to:
- Positive externalities of energy efficiency related to climate change, energy security and social impacts, which means that private actors may not receive all the benefits of their actions, and so be less likely to take them;
- Negative externalities of fossil fuels, including distortion in fuel prices that do not reflect the social and environmental costs associated with fuel production, distribution, and consumption;
- Incomplete markets, as energy infrastructure requires high levels of coordination;
- Information failures, including information asymmetry between government and industry, as well as generally poorly informed customers, combined with a significant level of abstraction required in the implementation of measure and verification (M&V), especially for the “baseline” definition;
- Information gaps. There is often a lack of information on the performance of energy-efficient technologies. Consumers tend not to change their energy consumption behavior if little information is provided;
- Misplaced investments and incentives, the principal-agent problem and a lack of life-cycle thinking on costs and savings.
- Supply infrastructure limitations. The deployment of energy efficiency technologies is highly restricted by factors such as geography, infrastructure, and human resources.
Besides these market failures, the energy efficiency gap may also be explained by regulatory barriers and government fiscal policies. Government policies tend to encourage energy consumption, rather than energy efficiency. For instance, government support has focused more on energy production, and the profit of electric utilities is a function of sales. Other relevant factors that seem to hold the development of the energy efficiency market are the scarcity of sources of financing. Most of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM) require some up-front investment that must face a discount rate to make trade-offs between the initial capital investment and reduced operating costs. These EEMs also hinder the investments in energy-efficiency technologies. Perceived risk of energy-efficiency investments also has a role. Consumers and businesses can be very risk-averse in terms of investing in energy efficiency technologies. The uncertainties of fuel prices and the high discount rate for operating costs have both made energy-efficiency investments even more “risky” for many decision makers.
On the side of the regulation, the core of the EEM is given by mandatory public policies. These include the labelling of manufactured products, setting minimum energy efficiency standards to products and new buildings, putting obligations on utilities, retail sales or end-users to invest in energy efficiency, achieving energy savings, or enforcing mandatory periodical audits of large company’s energy consumption. Most of these policies are designed and defined with a top-down approach, leaving investors and consumers in a passive position.
This non-market-based approach, however, is losing momentum. According to the IEA’s Energy Efficiency 2018 report, most of the overall growth in policy strength occurred in the transport sector, where the standard for commercial and passenger vehicles was tightened in several countries and regions. On the other hand, increasing policy strength in sectors where benefits from more energy efficiency should be clear regardless of mandatory standards, such the buildings and industrial sectors, was minimal. Energy efficiency has often been seen as a regulatory burden rather than as a business opportunity. Thus, the path to the development of energy efficiency potential must go through the transition from policies based on obligations, control, and enforcement to the use of Market-Based Instruments (MBI) and by coupling energy and energy efficiency markets.
This policy aligns with the views of the European Commission. In November 2016, to justify the need of an amendment to Directive 2012/27/EU, it acknowledged that the cheapest, cleanest and most secure energy is energy that is not used at all. Therefore, “energy efficiency needs to be considered as a source of energy in its own right”.
The concept of using energy efficiency as an energy resource is more natural behind the meter. Energy saved with energy efficiency reduces the total cost of electricity consumption without loss of comfort or utility. However, energy efficiency can also be understood as an energy resource at the disposal of the market. The safety and quality of electricity services depend on the existence of potential difference, which may be provided by the addition of power or by the reduction of the load.
This is a very powerful and innovative statement. This means that the markets for energy and for energy efficiency can be coupled. As a result, investments in energy efficiency could have access to a more mature, liquid market, with well-established sources of funding and financing. To do so, it is sufficient to have a reliable method of measurement and verification, which can be provided by the ongoing digitalisation process, and a comprehensive regulatory and contractual basis for the EEM, converted into MWh or MW, to be traded indistinctly as electricity or capacity. In the next post, we will see how regulators and policymakers are designing new markets for energy efficiency and the importance to address energy efficiency as a DER.
This scenario is based on the premise that all available energy efficiency measures were implemented until 2040. All these measures, according to the IEA, use technologies that are readily available and are cost-effective, with three times payback on average, based on energy savings alone.
MacGill, Iain, Healy, Stephen, Passey, Rob. (2013) Trading in Energy efficiency – A Market-Based Solution to market Failure, or just Yet Another Market Failure? In: Sioshansi (Ed.) Energy Efficiency: Towards the End of Demand Growth. pp 563-590, Academic Press
The agent-principal problem occurs when the agent, that will make decisions on behalf of the principal, has an incentive to act in their own best interests, which are diverse to those of their principal.
Except in the case of the labelling policies, which aim to reduce the asymmetry of information so that customers can make better choices, according to their own preferences. | https://fsr.eui.eu/energy-efficiency-a-market-based-approach-for-a-distributed-energy-resource/ |
It is with great pleasure that I welcome you to the Northam Primary School community, we know the importance of students’ physical, emotional and social well being on student achievement, happiness and success at school. We are dedicated to ensuring every child achieves their social, emotional and academic potential.
As a Public School with a clear vision, we strive to create a culture in which every child from Kindergarten to Year Six feels a sense of belonging to the school and is valued as an individual. As highly professional, skilled and committed staff, we establish clear expectations for ourselves and create the conditions that enable students to achieve the school Moral Purpose of ‘Providing a high quality education that fosters a love of learning and empowers students to succeed’.
Each student is treated as an individual and all are encouraged to reach their potential in a caring and supportive environment. This only comes about when we all join together as a community with positive aims and purposes in mind.
Northam Primary School is supported by a very active and progressive School Council and a highly motivated and focussed Parents and Citizens Association that not only fund additional resources for the school, but assist in creating a positive community culture.
Together, we work to ensure that days spent at Northam Primary School are some of the best days of a student’s’ life.
As you look through our web site, I hope you will want to experience first-hand what Northam Primary School has to offer. We encourage you to take up the offer to tour the school and discover the opportunities we can offer your children. | https://www.northamps.wa.edu.au/page/217/Principal |
Authors: Dr. Shalin Raj Shah, Dr. Dan Fishel and Dr. Ryan Tamburrino
The goals of orthodontic treatment are well established for the sagittal and vertical dimensions in terms of how the teeth and jaws should relate, fit, and work together. Diagnostic and treatment strategies focusing on these dimensions are the topic of many orthodontic symposiums, conferences, and research papers. However, the transverse dimension is often missing from generally accepted and performed patient analyses and discussions. Additionally, well-defined criteria for determining if there is a need for correction based on objective means, instead of subjective, frequently are not used.
As there are treatment goals for the final tooth positions based on sagittal and vertical skeletal dimensions, there must be a set of defined goals for the transverse. For the posterior teeth, these would be to have them upright and centered in the alveolus in addition to being well-intercuspated with proper arch coordination, as shown in Figure 1.
When there is a skeletal transverse discrepancy, oftentimes this is recognized by a posterior dental crossbite. However, many times there is no posterior dental crossbite, but the maxillary posterior teeth are tipped buccally, and mandibular posterior teeth are inclined lingually to compensate for the skeletal disharmony. This compensated dental arrangement opens the patient to a higher likelihood for non-working interferences from plunging palatal cups, centric prematurities, and functional shifts, in addition to placing off-axis forces on the dentition. “Decompensation” which uprights and centers the teeth in the alveolus, then reveals the underlying “skeletal crossbite” and amount of skeletal correction required, as shown in Figure 2.
Coronal cuts of untreated patients, where the posterior teeth were upright in the alveolus, centered in the alveolus, and well intercuspated were examined for the relationship between the jaws1. When the width of the maxilla and mandible were measured, it was consistently shown that these “normal” patients, which met the stated transverse goals, had a maxilla that was roughly 5mm wider (measured at Mx-Mx) than the mandible (measured at MGJ-MGJ) as shown in Figure 3.
There is no exact numerical measurement for the ideal width of either the maxilla or the mandible. Instead, every patient is their own “normal” using the baseline dimension of the mandibular width. Since the mandibular basal bone is unable to be affected with conventional orthodontic means, it is the orthodontist’s role to then normalize the maxilla to it. Therefore, the difference of width between the two, instead of the baseline jaw dimensions taken individually, is the important concept. While a difference of 5mm is the ideal goal (meaning maxillary width – mandibular width = 5mm), the authors feel comfortable with dentally camouflaging a skeletal difference of 2-5mm. Any differences <2mm (meaning the maxilla has smaller width compared to what should be ideal for a that patient’s mandible) may benefit from correction via orthopedic, surgical, or other means, as deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis.
While it is possible to achieve good uprighting and intercuspation of the posterior teeth in the presence of a skeletal disharmony, a risk of doing so is potential compromise to the periodontium. In an attempt to upright and well-intercuspate the teeth in the presence of a discrepancy, the amount of soft tissue and bone overlying the roots becomes thinner (Figure 4) because the teeth will no longer be centered in the alveolus. In mild discrepancies, the effects of this dental positioning may not pose a concern. However, in severe transverse discrepancies, an attempt to normalize the posterior dentition inclination and intercuspation in light of the uncorrected skeletal disharmony risks root fenestration and clinically obvious attachment loss, as shown in Figure 5.
Moderate skeletal discrepancies are the most common missed situation using just clinical observation and not an objective analysis. However, a practitioner can gain an appreciation for where an underlying skeletal crossbite is present, in the absence of a dental one, by looking at the inclinations of the mandibular teeth (Figure 6).
In these scenarios the consequences of attempted tooth position normalization, without skeletal correction, and their effect on long-term periodontal viability may not be immediately realized clinically. On debond it may appear that the posterior teeth were corrected with just using brackets, cross-elastics, or expanded archwires. However, because no overt attachment loss was seen during treatment, the practitioner may wrongly assume that no harm was done to the patient or the periodontium is viable and resilient for the long term.
Over time and in a susceptible patient, as stated above, the gingival attachment may be less resilient to normal stresses placed on it due to the reduced bulk of tissue vs. the amount present in a non-compromised patient. There is now a higher risk for mechanically-induced periodontal tissue loss, especially for those patients who may have a thinner tissue biotype at baseline. Therefore, the negative sequelae of loss of attachment and recession may not appear until years or decades later, depending on the patient’s adaptability, periodontal biotype, and genetic makeup2.
Anzilotti and Vanarsdall brought this phenomenon to light3. In their thesis, it was suggested that those people who had skeletal discrepancies more than 5mm from the ideal relationship were at a higher risk for periodontal disease and gingival recession than those with optimally related skeletal bases. While there are many biologic, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors that lead to periodontal compromise, thinned tissue will have less resistance to sustain forces placed on it by normal mechanical means, such as toothbrushing. Compounding factors (occlusal trauma4, biological pathogens5, etc) in addition to a reduced tissue thickness, may further exacerbate tissue loss.
The Anzilotti paper describes what happens with attempted normalization of tooth inclinations on a skeletal base mismatch. In another scenario where teeth are tipped to compensate for a significant skeletal discrepancy, periodontal consequences can also occur. Here, posterior teeth are not uprighted but instead are tipped buccally via cross-elastics or archwires in an attempt to “eliminate the crossbite” or “broaden the archform” as shown in Figure 7.
Histological arrangement of the PDL fibers show that vertical stresses to the dentition can be well-tolerated, but react to lateral or off-axis forces with much less resilience6. For normal masticatory function with vertical chewing strokes, this dental arrangement may still prove viable as long as the forces placed on the dentition and periodontium are physiologic and there is a normal to thick tissue biotype present.
The threshold to the patient’s level of periodontal adaptability is reduced when the teeth are not upright in the alveolus. Additionally, the potential for adverse effects to the periodontium is increased when compromised posterior tooth inclinations are combined with parafunctional activity. Okeson describes that the forces generated through nocturnal parafunction can be 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than what is generated through normal physiologic masticatory function (Figure 8)7.
In addition to vertical clenching, the often co-present jaw eccentric motion of bruxism places lateral forces on the dentition. As mentioned previously, the PDL fibers are oriented in such a fashion so they exert tensile forces (osteoblastic for orthodontic movement) upon alveolar bone when a tooth is loaded along its long axis. However, compressive forces (osteoclastic for orthodontic movement dominate at the alveolar crest when non-axial or lateral forces are exerted on the tooth in function and parafunction6. The combination of increased force, lateral direction of stress application, and high area of stress concentration seen with a hanging palatal cusp or non-working interference is the worst combination to have with in a parafunctionally susceptible patient who has a reduced resilience of the periodontium to withstand this stress.
Knowing this, the body is remarkable, and often attempts to adapt to support non-physiologic stresses via development of exostoses along the buccal cortical surfaces of the maxillary posterior teeth and/or lingual cortical surfaces of the mandibular posterior teeth. Coronal cross section cuts through the posterior teeth clearly show this development in Figure 9.
However, in dentistry and orthodontics in general, we do not have the ability to test for a patient’s adaptive capacity and are unable to predict which patients will be able to develop adaptations to non-optimal situations and who will not. Especially in a population whose adaptive capacity is poor or compromised, continued non-physiologic stress to the area can lead to tooth mobility, secondary occlusal trauma, and further attachment loss4.
The bottom line is that we do not know which patients can withstand transverse camouflage, and to what periodontal limit they will be able to tolerate a dental compromise. The goal, therefore, is to objectively measure and optimize the skeletal transverse dimension8,9,10,11 in conjunction with comprehensive orthodontic treatment whenever possible.
Shalin Raj Shah, DMD MS received his Certificate of Orthodontics and Masters of Science in Oral Biology from the University of Pennsylvania and is a Diplomate of the American Board of Orthodontics. He is also a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania College of Arts and Sciences and School of Dental Medicine. Currently, Shalin is Clinical Associate of Orthodontics at the University of Pennsylvania and is in private practice (Center for Orthodontic Excellence) in Princeton Junction, NJ and Philadelphia, PA.
Dr. Daniel L. W. Fishel, DMD is dual-specialty trained in orthodontics and periodontics. He completed his dental training at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine and his residency training at The University of Pennsylvania. He practices in multiple locations in south central Pennsylvania, including Harrisburg, York, and Hanover. He emphasizes educating his patients on the best treatments dentistry has to offer, providing orthodontic, periodontal, and dental implant treatments that maximize dental health and longevity, as well as quality of life.
Ryan K. Tamburrino, DMD, co-founder of the Center for Orthodontic Excellence, graduated from Duke University with a double major in biomedical engineering and mechanical engineering/materials science. He attended the University of Pennsylvania for dental school, as well as for specialty training in orthodontics. Dr. Tamburrino is on faculty as an attending clinician in the graduate orthodontic clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Additionally, he is on faculty and lectures internationally/nationally with the Complete Clinical Orthodontics (CCO) courses. His involvement with tops Software is limited to being their customer and being an avid supporter of their team, vision, and products/services. Dr. Tamburrino has no financial interest in the company.
Follow Dentsply Sirona Orthodontics on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube!
References:
1. Simontacchi-Gbologah MS, Tamburrino RK, Boucher NS, Vanarsdall RL, Secchi AG. Comparison of Three Methods to Analyze the Skeletal Transverse Dimension in Orthodontic Diagnosis [thesis]. University of Pennsylvania; 2010.
2. Vanarsdall RL. Periodontal-orthodontic Inter-relationships. In: Graber LM, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KWL. Eds. Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mosby.
2012:807-843.
3. Anzilotti CL, Vanarsdall RL and Balakrishnan M. Expansion and Evaluation of Post-Retention Gingival Recession Thesis, Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, 2002.
4. Amsterdam MA, Vanarsdall RL: Periodontal Prosthesis: 25 Years in Retrospect. Alpha Omegan Scientific Issue: 1974.
5. Nagwa HE, Gaafar SM, Mostafa YA. Mandibular Anterior Crowding and Periodontal Disease. Angle Ortho. 1:33-38. 1987.
6. Carranza FA, Newman GA. Clinical Periodontology, 8th edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1996.
7. Okeson JP: Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, 5th edition, Mosby, St. Louis, 2003.
8. Tamburrino RK, Boucher NS, Vanarsdall RL, Secchi AG. The Transverse Dimension: Diagnosis and Relevance to Functional Occlusion. RWISO Journal – September 2010.
9. Hayes JL. In search of improved skeletal transverse diagnosis. Part 2: A new measurement technique used on 114 consecutive untreated patients. Orthodontic Practice US 1(4); 34-39. 2010
10. Ricketts RM. Introducing Computerized Cephalometrics. Rocky Mountain Data Systems; 1969.
11. Andrews LF, Andrews WA. Andrews analysis. In: Syllabus of the Andrews Orthodontic Philosophy. 9th ed. Six Elements Course Manual; 2001. | https://www.dentsplysironaortho.com/2014/06/26/periodontal-rationale-for-transverse-skeletal-normalization/ |
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Different wavelengths of light (electromagnetic waves) create different sensations of color. For example, objects that reflect wavelengths of light in the range of 620 to 750 nanometers (roughly 200 time smaller than the width of a human hair) appear red/orange to us. The sensation of green / yellow is produced by light in the 495-570 nanometer wavelength range, and blue/violet is perceived when light of 380-450 wavelength range falls on the eye's color sensors (cones). Figure 1 shows the rainbow spectrum with corresponding wavelengths that generate the sensation of the different colors. Our eyes have three types of cones each sensitive to a range of wavelengths—with quite a bit of overlap.
Figure 1:
Different wavelengths of light produce different sensations of color.
Source: chemistry.tutorcircle.com
Wavelengths above or below these aren't visible to us, so we don't call them "light". For example, we don't see the microwave radiation inside a microwave oven because it's wavelength is way longer than what our cones can detect. At the other extreme we don't see the radiation from dental X-rays because the wavelengths are in the order of a hundred times too small. Figure 2 shows where our eyes stand in terms of their ability to see electromagnetic waves. Note each tick on the scale represents a factor of 10.
Figure 2: The human eye can detect a very small portion of the electromagnetic wavelength spectrum. The portion we are able to see, we call "light." Red appears on the long side of the electromagnetic wavelength range, violet appears on the short side. Source: science-edu.larc.nasa.gov
Yet looking at the rainbow—which supposedly represents all the colors—we are bound to think, "But I can see many more colors than just what's in a rainbow." Where's pink, olive and salmon, for example? The Answer is that bubblegum pink is about 255 parts red, 192 parts green and 203 parts blue. So, our eye/brain system is able to perceive more colors than just what's in the rainbow by mixing the signals from the retina's red sensitive, green sensitive and blue sensitive receptors. In fact, a crayon box that had all the colors we can see would include 10 million crayons! If the wavelengths of light coming from the viewed object activate the red sensitive cones strongly but not so much the green or blue sensitive cones, we see a saturated red like a tomato, but if the wavelengths reflected by the object stimulate the other receptors to a greater degree then we see subtler colors that don't show up in a rainbow, such as salmon. Figure 3 shows the wavelength responses of the three-color receptors in our retinas.
Figure 3: Sensitivity of the eye's three-color receptors (cones) to different wavelengths of light. A couple of things to notice: 1. our eyes are most sensitive to green (tallest peak) and least sensitive to blue (shortest peak). 2. There is considerable overlap between the curves. For example, light at the peak of the green curve also stimulates the red and blue cones—though to a lesser extent. Can you find the wavelength(s) that activates only one type of receptor? I cant! Source: deron.meranda.us
This is a simple theory of color perception, known as the trichromatic theory. It is as though the cone signal strengths from the three different types of cones go to a look-up table in the brain where, depending on relative strength of these color channels, a particular color is perceived.
This theory explains a lot about color perception but not everything. For example why is there no color that is perceived as reddish green, or yellowish blue, while reddish blue (Beets) and yellowish green (ripening bananas) are quite imaginable? Or why when we stare at the funny- colored flag (in figure 4) for 20 seconds and then look at a white sheet of paper we see the flag in its right colors. Turns out that the straight look-up table theory isn't everything there is to color perception. In fact, the color cones in our eyes are wired together into slightly higher level neural circuits that set some pairs of color stimuli in opposition to each other. For example a neural circuit output can be actually inhibited by a green stimulus even as it is excited by red. Such "color opponency" circuits make color perception more complex and interesting than just the sum of three separate color inputs. The after image of the funny-colored flag appears in real flag colors because its colors are "opponent" to the real flag colors. Figure 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the "color opponent process" neural wiring between the cones.
Figure 4: Stare at the white dot in the center of the flag for about 20 seconds, then look at a white piece of paper (or a white part of the computer screen). You will see an after image with the flag in its Fourth of July colors.
Figure 5: Diagrammatic representation of neural wiring among retinal color receptors. The brain does not receive the outputs for the three types of color-sensitive cells directly. There are in-between processing circuits where blue/yellow, red/green, and bright/dark opponency channels are created. As a consequence of this neural wiring, fatiguing a cone by staring at its corresponding color creates the sensation of the opposite color when the stimulus is removed (i.e. when we stop staring at the flag).
Figure 6: Another color phenomenon that is not explained by the trichromatic theory. Compare the central tile on the side facing us with the central tile on the top surface. They look yellow and brown respectively. Yet they are emitting exactly the same wavelengths of light at exactly the same intensities. Try covering the rest of the colored tiles and just comparing the two squares. The explanation likely includes the "black/white" opponency channel in the Figure 5 diagram : one of the cube's faces is in bright light while the other is in the dark.
More in my next article on color...
Ari Siletz is president of CCDMETRIX. His company specializes in automated vision system inspection and metrology. With a background in both optical and software engineering, Ari has been developing instruments for the the ophthalmic and optical coating industries since the 1980s. Writing is one of Ari's serious hobbies. He is a published author whose short stories have appeared in numerous literary anthologies. He lives in Sebastopol, California. | https://www.2020mag.com/article/a-brief-look-at-the-theory-of-color-perception |
These are what make up Creation. Some have these confused with Parallel Worlds or Universes. For one to contact upper dimensional entities or to even connect with Source, one would have to be multidimensional. These Dimensions, along with the Parallel Universes, are what keeps us experiencing this Plane and Creation together.
The dimensions have previously been explained up to the fifth. The sixth dimension is where entities can see all possibilities. The seventh is where parallel universes can be altered. Some have seen this happen as glitches in the Matrix. The eighth is where the Actions of Cosmos and Chaos create and destroy throughout all of Creation.
The ninth dimension is like the Mind of Source. All of the possible scientific laws are calculated here. The tenth dimension is Source Consciousness. The source of all existence. It is where all energy comes from. It travels through the dimensions. This causes vibrations everywhere. These become wavelengths and shape all Realities.
Parallel Universes are mirrors of each other with just slight differences. There can be no possibilities without these. One can travel many thousands of these in a lifetime. All of Creation is intertwined. There are stories of people being able to travel to other universes. These are other Cosmoses, and they are external. Each one is unique.
The Void is what is between everything in Creation. Some call it the Grey Area. It is known that people are made up mostly of space. This gives flexibility between each of the states of existence, anywhere. Electrons and other particles are theorised to travel in and out of existence. This is when they interchange through the Parallel Universes.
The Spirit can connect with the Void and therefore, the Soul. The Void is also known as Hyperspace, or the dimensionless dimension. It can be connected to, through the Crown Chakra. It is how a Soul moves through Creation as Vibration. We enter and leave this life through the Void. We experience Creation from both inside and outside. | https://unoccultedknowledge.com/2021/06/19/dimensions/ |
Top Democrat Sees ‘Cover-Up’ If Barr Denies Full Mueller Report
Representative Jerrold Nadler, a Democrat from New York and chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, listens during a hearing in Washington, D.C., U.S., on Wednesday, March 6, 2019. Nadler escalated Democrats investigations of Donald Trump with sweeping demands Monday for information from scores of people on topics including the administrations activities, the presidents business and his potential ties to Russia. Photographer: Andrew Harrer/Bloomberg
, Bloomberg
(Bloomberg) -- Democrats demanded that Attorney General William Barr provide Congress with unclassified access to Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s entire report along with underlying evidence on Sunday, vowing to take the challenge to the U.S. Supreme Court if necessary.
House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler said providing Congress with anything less would be equivalent to a “cover-up” and subvert the legislative branch of the government from holding the president accountable, a fight the party is willing to take to the nation’s highest court.
“Once you say that a president can not be indictable no matter the evidence as a matter of law, to then follow the principle that you can’t then comment on the evidence or publicize it is to convert that into a cover-up,” Nadler told “Fox News Sunday,” one of three television appearances for the morning.
“If that is the case, and they can’t hold him accountable, the only institution that can hold a president accountable is Congress, and Congress, therefore, needs the evidence and the information,” he said.
Speaker Nancy Pelosi is rallying Democratic lawmakers to deliver a unified message demanding Mueller’s report be unclassified and made public in full, as congressional leaders await a summary of his findings from the Justice Department, possibility as early as Sunday afternoon or evening.
Pelosi and six top committee leaders held what they termed an emergency conference call on Saturday with Democratic House members. The call provided no new insight on Mueller’s investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election and whether anyone in President Donald Trump’s campaign coordinated with that effort, according to lawmakers who took part.
The heads of the committees primarily involved in investigations of the Trump administration led the discussion, including Nadler and Intelligence Chairman Adam Schiff. The major thrust followed what Pelosi had earlier in the day outlined in a “Dear Colleague” letter -- that Congress must see the full report, plus its underlying documents and findings.
Several congressional Democrats made the rounds of political talk shows Sunday amplifying the message that they are ready to subpoena the full report and underlying documents, or even to obtain testimony or a briefing from Mueller, Barr or Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein.
“That report needs to be made public ASAP, so we can evaluate the body of evidence on the issue of conspiracy and look at why Bob Muller decided not to indict,” Schiff said on CBS "Face the Nation" Sunday.
“It is not going to be satisfactory for the attorney general of the Justice Department to brief eight of us, the so-called Gang of Eight, in a classified setting and say, ‘OK, we discharged our obligation, we don’t have to tell the rest of the country anything,”’ he said. “That’s not going to fly.”
Democrats are attempting to keep pressure on Trump with their own investigations into his actions as president and his business dealings before taking office. But neither they nor Republicans know yet whether the conclusion of Mueller’s investigation will accelerate or tamp down further probes.
Pelosi said transparency is even more urgent given Barr’s letter on Friday that he may advise certain lawmakers this weekend on the “principal conclusions” from Mueller’s 22-month investigation.
“We are insisting that any briefings to any Committees be unclassified so that Members can speak freely about every aspect of the report and not be confined to what DOJ chooses to release publicly,” Pelosi said in her letter.
Barr is planning to release his summary of Mueller’s findings as early as Sunday, according to a Justice Department official. Pelosi said Congress must get Mueller’s entire report so that the relevant committees can proceed with oversight and with potential legislation to address any issues the investigation may raise. | |
This panel of experts, which includes FPG advanced research scientist Doré R. LaForett, will "advise on learning opportunities from birth to age 8" and emphasize the "importance of child development for building a strong workforce and economy."
North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper has reauthorized the state's Early Childhood Advisory Council and named the experts who will serve on it, including FPG advanced research scientist Doré R. LaForett
"I am honored to be appointed to Governor Cooper’s Early Childhood Advisory Council," LaForett said. "As an early childhood researcher, I look forward to supporting North Carolina’s commitment to quality early learning and development, particularly as related to young children’s school readiness and mental health, as well as the needs of children from low-income, ethnically diverse, and dual-language learner backgrounds."
LaForett’s research on young children’s school readiness and mental health spans promotion, prevention, and treatment. She has evaluated state pre-kindergarten programs, examined the experiences of young children and families participating in Head Start, and tested the use of tiered instructional approaches in pre-kindergarten settings. She also looks at how family context shapes children’s development and mental health. Her work often has focused on low-income and minority populations, including several research projects and initiatives on young dual-language learners and their families.
"Investing in early learning and development is essential to building a better future for our children and our state," said Governor Cooper in press release. "Quality early learning gives children the opportunity to succeed in school and life, helps produce the workforce we need to drive our state's economic prosperity, and saves taxpayer money in the long run.”
Each state must establish an early childhood advisory council, under federal law. According to the announcement from the Governor's Office, North Carolina’s council "provides leadership in the development of a premiere early learning and development system for children birth to age 8."
LaForett has been a co-leader for FPG's strategic area on Race, Ethnicity, Linguistic, and Cultural Diversity and is a member of FPG's Race, Culture, and Ethnicity Committee. She also has served as a founding member and peer-elected officer of the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Latino Caucus, and has been a panel reviewer for the Administration for Children and Families within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, as well as for the SRCD and National Head Start research conferences. In addition, LaForett has served on the task force responsible for revising the North Carolina Foundations for Early Learning and Development.
In announcing the state's Early Childhood Advisory Council, the Governor's Office touted research showing that "high-quality early childhood programs can yield a 13 percent annual return on investment through better outcomes in education, health, social behaviors, and employment--reducing taxpayer costs down the road."
According to the Governor's Office, the council will have three primary objectives:
- Creating and guiding a bold early childhood action plan that aligns with other efforts to advance the state’s early childhood system.
- Building awareness of the importance of high-quality early childhood experiences to future education and career success to ensure young children in North Carolina are learning and thriving.
- Recommending and advocating for policies and funding that improve equitable access to high-quality early childhood services and better outcomes for young children and families.
LaForett is one of several experts on the council, which includes members from a broad range of disciplines. The full list of advisors is available here. | https://fpg.unc.edu/news/nc-governor-announces-early-childhood-advisory-council |
I teach and conduct research related to community-based conservation and park development. My research facilitates landscape change to improve quality of life and enhance a public sense of place. Along with colleagues and students, my work builds relationships with stakeholders and community leaders to facilitate conservation planning in mixed-use landscapes. I appreciate interdisciplinary scholarship and need to work with many kinds of experts as part of my research program, including landscape architects, conservation psychologists, agricultural economists, agricultural engineers, fisheries biologists, planners, and ecologists. My research has been funded by the USDA, the National Park Service, the USGS, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture. I direct the Park and Environmental Behavior Research Lab, and am an affiliated faculty member in both the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, and Landscape Architecture.
Values for research
Conservation planning has become oriented toward landscape-based frameworks (e.g., watershed, ecosystem, regional scale) tied to collaborative forums in which disciplinary expertise, professional staff, and community leadership engage in decision-making processes. An initial phase in most of my research is to foster stakeholder dialogue to develop a collective sense of place about a locale and region. Along with sense of place, other concepts integrated with my research are social learning, governance, and ecosystem services. Research from the PEB Lab does not advocate a sense of place, rather it works to build a sense of place through stakeholder dialogue. My role as a researcher creates an appreciative dialogue that encourages civic discovery and social learning about place, and channels the dialogue to create a governance structure for place-based conservation.
Values with students
The backgrounds of students are meaningful starting points for graduate education and training. I work with students from various disciplinary backgrounds and encourage the adaptation of their frameworks to understand conservation planning. We develop a process to share articles and books together, provide critiques, and exchange insights. An important outcome of these processes is the development of peer-reviewed manuscripts and initiation of a line of research for students.
Values with family
My family is comprised of Yumiko (my wife), Tatum and Samuel (my adult daughter and son), and Tiramisu and Kahlua (my two guinea pigs). We enjoy swimming, bicycling, gardening, prairies, and winter sports, and generally appreciate outdoor activities throughout seasons of the year. I believe a good life is centered on family, friends and creating beauty in everyday places. Values for my family and research converge in ways that encourage all communities to create beauty in everyday places. | http://stewart.rst.illinois.edu/my-background |
Tasting atmospherics: Taste associations with colour parameters of coffee shop interiors
Motoki K., Takahashi A., Spence C.
Coffee is one of the world's most frequently consumed beverages, and coffee culture is an increasingly popular phenomenon across the world. Atmospheric elements are especially important for the design of coffee shops. However, it is still unclear how the visual atmospherics (e.g., colour scheme, lightness) of coffee shop interiors influence the consumer's evaluations of coffee shops and their expectations concerning the coffee beverages they serve. The present research was designed to understand the role of one aspect of the visual atmosphere, namely the colour parameters of the interiors of coffee shop, on the consumer evaluation of the coffee shops themselves and on the expected sensory properties of the coffees served there. Ratings of taste expectations, likelihood of visiting, and emotions were evaluated for each of 50 coffee shop images and averaged across 65 participants. The color parameters (L*, a*, b*, saturation) of the coffee shop interior were calculated using digital image analysis. The results demonstrate that more reddish and lighter coloured coffee shop images were associated with the expectation that the coffee shop would serve a sweeter coffee, while more greenish and darker coloured coffee shop images were associated with more sour/bitter/tastier coffee expectations as well as a higher likelihood of visiting. Moreover, emotions, specifically feelings of calmness, mediated the relation between color parameters and taste expectations/likelihood of visiting. Taken together, these results provide evidence on the role of visual atmospherics of coffee shops on consumer evaluations and provide a number of practical implications for the coffee outlets/cafes. | https://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/publications/1185111 |
The Essex County Asset Builder (ECAB) Network creates regional connections and supports for individuals, families and organizations from Amesbury, Georgetown, Newbury, Rowley, Salisbury and Newburyport, in using a positive youth development approach to help youth thrive.
Positive Youth Development
- The Positive Youth Development approach engages youth with peers, family and community in a way that enhances their strengths and promotes positive outcomes. It can also be used as an approach to prevention that encourages healthy decisions.
- A positive youth development approach to prevention is an effective, evidence based way to look at the opioid epidemic and how we can prevent future harm to our youth. Specifically, it uses a whole community approach rather than just relying on schools and social services agencies.
Being a part of the ECAB Network brings local and regional opportunities. Locally, communities have access to trainings, data, and best practices, and receive guidance on implementation and outreach strategies that build positive youth development possibilities. Communities also get the benefit of regionalizing efforts, where networking, combining resources, current policies, and a shared vision strengthen the towns and cities as well as the region.
History
Recently, the communities of Amesbury, Georgetown, Newbury, Rowley, Salisbury and Newburyport came together to form the Essex County Asset Builder Network. Funded by a three year grant, the goal of this Network is to create a common language of asset- based youth development (creating protective factors). It has been shown that youth who have more assets are less likely to engage in risky behaviors. This grant will use the 40 Developmental Assets framework to build these protective factors and reduce risk behaviors by focusing on both the youth and the environment that shapes them. The community partnership will enhance the great work already being done to support youth and families, as well as expand community supports, opportunities, and resources. Additionally, the grant will collect and disseminate regional data, coordinate shared resources and bring educational opportunities for various sectors of the community.
Goal
To spread the philosophy and practice of the positive youth development approach through implementation of 40 Developmental Asset framework within communities across the region.
We will accomplish this goal by:
- Collecting and disseminating regional and community specific data that can then be shared and used among all agencies.
- Increasing the number of community members who feel comfortable using the language of positive youth development and the 40 Developmental Assets approach
- Increasing the number of community members who implement a positive youth development approach in their work
- Increasing the number of developmental assets youth report
Mission
To use a positive youth development approach to build networks within each community and across the region that help decrease risk behaviors in youth and produce a healthier community.
Vision
A network of communities that welcome, value and empower youth through meaningful opportunities and collaborative efforts to support and strengthen youth assets and increase healthy decision making. | https://ecabnetwork.org/about-us/ |
Working with complex individuals who have engaged with Corrections requires a strengths-based approach in order to build clients’ resilience and help them to successfully integrate and feel supported to move forward.
One of the first steps when applying a strengths-based approach is to challenge our own perceptions and ideas and acknowledge clients’ capacity for change.
This workshop looks at how to apply a strengths-based approach and engage positively with a Correctional cohort through examining evidence-based practice strategies.
Learning outcomes
In this workshop, participants will learn:
- how personal perceptions can impact working with a Correctional cohort
- strategies for applying strengths-based practice with a Correctional cohort
- about creating capacity for change through resilience-building strategies
- about the role of psycho-educational programs and strengths-based models
- about the challenges of working with a complex cohort and understanding how strengths-based practice can build motivation and engagement
- how to separate empathy from collusion when working with a Correctional cohort.
Ideal for
Professionals working with a Correctional cohort and/or supporting families.
About the presenters
Samantha Winnick, Taylor Morris and Luke McCord deliver the LINCS program at Relationships Australia Victoria. It is an educational workshop specifically designed for offenders who are subject to a Community Correction Order and is funded through Corrections Victoria.
LINCS workshops are designed to improve participants’ capabilities and strengths, using skills-based activities that also identify strategies and supports that are relevant to each module. The activities also highlight the importance of the participants’ internal and external capacity in terms of their social supports, employment opportunities and access to education.
Workshop requirements
Please note, in order to participate in this workshop, you will need access to the following:
- Desktop or laptop computer
- Reliable internet connection
- Headphones
- Microphone/speakers
- Webcam (built in to your computer, or input separately)
Other information
- When you click to register, you will be taken to our new and improved payment gateway. Once you complete your registration you will receive an email detailing how to access your learning event in our Moodle Learning Management System.
- Registration cut-offs:
- Workshop registrations will close two business days before the event.
- Workshops must be paid for at least two business days before the training date, or your registration will be cancelled. | https://www.relationshipsvictoria.org.au/training-workshops/correctional-cohort-strengths-based-approach/ |
The Music Academy of the West makes a unique and enduring contribution to the world of music by:
- Advancing the development of the next generation of great classically trained musicians and
- Cultivating discerning, appreciative, and adventurous audiences
The Music Academy of the West community values:
- an idyllic environment that is supportive, creative, nurturing, and inspirational
- excellence in all we do
- institutional sustainability
- integrity
- trust
- building constructive and productive relationships
The Music Academy of the West was founded in 1947 by a group of visionary Southern California arts patrons and musicians, including the legendary soprano Lotte Lehmann and the famed conductor Otto Klemperer.
Initially serving 54 young artists, the Academy’s first four summer sessions took place at Cate School in Carpinteria.
Also contributing to the Academy’s beginnings were Ernest Bloch, Richard Lert, Darius Milhaud, Gregor Piatigorsky, William Primrose, Arnold Schoenberg, Reginald Stewart, Lawrence Tibbett, and John Charles Thomas, who together with Roman Totenberg, Richard Bonelli, and England’s Griller String Quartet, formed the faculty in the early years.
Four years after it opened, the Academy relocated to its current home, the former estate of John Percival Jefferson. | https://www.bluestarparking.com/links/1345-santa-barbara-public-venue-events-valet-parking-clients/resources/5096-music-academy-of-the-west |
House Foreign Affairs Committee Urged to Uphold Integrity of Trafficking In Persons Report Rankings
Washington, D.C. – Human Rights First today welcomed the House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing on “Accountability and Transformation: Tier Rankings in the Fight Against Human Trafficking,” noting that politicization of the Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report would undermine its credibility and drive inaction by foreign governments. Witnesses for today’s hearing, organized by the Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations Subcommittee, include Mark Lagon who is the president of Freedom House, former ambassador-at-large for trafficking in persons, and Human Rights First Bankrupt Slavery Campaign ambassador. The committee will also hear testimony from Fortify Rights Executive Director Matt Smith and PREDA Foundation President Father Shay Cullen.
“As the preeminent gauge of the international effort to combat human trafficking, the tier rankings listed in the TIP report have a significant impact on the response of foreign governments to the problem of modern slavery,” said Human Rights First’s Annick Febrey. “In order to maintain the credibility and usefulness of the TIP report, it is crucial that the determination of tier rankings remain a process that is not influenced by political leanings or diplomatic relationships.”
“Countries failing to address the scourge of modern slavery should not receive a pass simply because they are ‘strategically important,'” said Lagon during his testimony. “The strength of the TIP Report lies in its ability to provide an accurate reflection of governments’ efforts and in so doing hold them accountable, and we should not decrease its effectiveness by subjecting scores to the cynical politics of convenience.”
The TIP Report, which is issued annually by the U.S. State Department, monitors and reports on the progress of governments around the world to combat human trafficking. Along with detailed reporting, each government is ranked as Tier 1, Tier 2, or Tier 3 based on how much progress it has made in anti-trafficking efforts. The upgrading or downgrading of a country’s tier ranking often drives governments to take action.
The hearing precedes next week’s continuation of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a controversial proposed trade agreement between the United States and eleven countries. The exploratory stages of the TPP have brought together a diverse group of participants as advisors. Omitted from the group was the presence of experts on combating human trafficking, which could have provided insight into the failings of governments to effectively counter modern day slavery. Malaysia, one of the potential partner nations in the TPP, was last ranked in Tier 3 of the TIP Report, its lowest possible ranking.
“Trade relations and strategic partnerships remain powerful tools to influence positive reform and change on anti-trafficking initiatives,” added Febrey. “The United States should take full advantage of these opportunities to engage and encourage progress in the fight against modern slavery.”
For more information or to speak with Febrey, contact Mary Elizabeth Margolis at [email protected] or 212-845-5269. | https://humanrightsfirst.org/library/house-foreign-affairs-committee-urged-to-uphold-integrity-of-trafficking-in-persons-report-rankings/ |
Whenshould a new instrumental technique or analytical method be adopted for use in clinical chemical analyses? Many clinical methods are approved by the FDA based on the 510 k process, which requires demonstration that a new test is at least as good as those already in the marketplace. This is justified from both a scientific and free-market regulatory perspective when replacement of a sound method or technique is being considered. It is particularly true when considering adopting new instrumentation. Bowers and Borts in this issue (1) provide a powerful example of the need for circumspection when considering replacement of an existing instrumental technique with a new and supposedly better one. Their paper also presents a strong case for the perennial need for good sample preparation techniques.
Clearly, advances in instrumentation, combined with reduced costs, have established mass spectrometry (MS) as an essential tool in bioanalytical research. The increased availability of modern instrumentation has had and will continue to have a positive influence on clinical chemistry—particularly for analytes that are not amenable to quantification by more conventional methods. At the same time, there is often a continuing temptation to attribute aspects of the panacea—the universal curative—to a new or improved type of instrument. Users of MS often seem to be particularly susceptible to this lure of an instrumental cure-all that makes all measurements simpler, faster, and more sensitive than earlier instruments.
The possibility of a new instrumental approach led Bowers and Borts to compare results of measurements made in a quadrupole system (QMF), a mature technology, with those from a quadrupole ion trap (QIT), a technology that is winning wide acceptance rapidly. For a model system, the authors monitored 1 to 10 ions from tetrachlorobenzene simultaneously. They showed that a QIT, operated in a frequency-modulated selected-ion-storage mode, had lower limits of detection than a QMF, operated in selected-ion-monitoring mode. This result with a model compound led Bowers and Borts to hypothesize that application of the same scanning paradigms to the determination of anabolic steroid metabolites and the β-agonist clenbuterol in a urine extract would give lower limits of detection for the QIT. However, the results showed no improvement in detection limits for the QIT in comparison with the QMF.
Why did the ion trap fail to give the expected improvement for analysis of the complex system? The authors give an instrumentally correct explanation. Bowers and Borts argue that the lack of improvement for the QIT when presented with an analyte present in a complex matrix arises because the width of the window for ion admittance to the trap allows matrix or column bleed ions (or both) to enter with the analyte ions. The width of the ion admittance window is set by the frequency modulation limits and cannot be made smaller in the mass range of interest for their study. Such problems are not unique to QIT: Coelution of a compound with the analyte of interest was shown to decrease ionization efficiency in a QMF (2). The inability of the QIT to demonstrate the expected improvement in detection limit is thus not a failure of the instrument per se, but a failure brought about by chemical noise. Bowers and Borts recognize this particular failure. In this Editorial we name it by using an undergraduate physical chemistry student’s expression for the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: “You can’t get something for nothing.” In the report of Bowers and Borts, the principle is manifest by an inability to attain maximum sensitivity without eliminating matrix and contaminant ions.
Because MS is generally considered to be a technique well suited to reduction of matrix interferences, some may be surprised that, as applied by Bowers and Borts, it was unsuccessful in that task despite their using sound extraction and derivatization procedures. Is it possible to put limits on the expectations of success? Bowers and Borts’ work defines one limit in terms of analytical sensitivity and specificity. Improvements in detection limit for analysis of steroids in their complex matrix clearly may require further cleanup or use of additional analytical dimensions such as improved chromatography, higher-resolution MS, or even MS/MS.
What do we conclude from this example? First, new instrumentation and methods must be continually under development, for it is from such developments that improvements become possible. Second, no analytical technique or method can be considered as an ideal solution: Every new development must be rigorously evaluated on its merits and carefully compared with existing procedures. | http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/43/6/915 |
What age does BPD manifest itself?The symptoms of borderline personality disorder usually first occur in the teenage years and early twenties. However, onset may occur in some adults after the age of thirty, and behavioral precursors are evident in some children.
Can BPD develop at any age?BPD is typically diagnosed in early adulthood and thought to decrease in intensity with age, although symptoms may be present earlier in life. While there is no rule against diagnosing BPD before age 18, most medical professionals are hesitant to do so.
What age do BPD symptoms peak?Symptoms appeared to peak by age 15, decline through age 18, and remain steady between ages 18 and 19. Childhood temperament dimensions of emotionality, activity, low sociability, and shyness predict adolescent BPD symptom development.
Do you develop BPD or are you born with it?But borderline personality disorder does not develop as a result of those traumas. Instead, it is a combination of genetic factors and childhood experiences (early environmental influences) that cause a person to develop borderline personality disorder.
What happens to borderlines as they age?The condition seems to be worse in young adulthood and may gradually get better with age. If you have borderline personality disorder, don't get discouraged. Many people with this disorder get better over time with treatment and can learn to live satisfying lives.
What a Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Episode Looks Like
Do borderlines end up alone?Across the 20 years of the study, the rates of social isolation in the borderline participants ranged from 22 percent to 32 percent, with 26 percent remaining isolated at the end of the study period.
What age does borderline personality get better?It is commonly believed that some features of borderline personality disorder improve as individuals reach their late 30s and 40s.
What kind of trauma causes BPD?Stressful or traumatic life events
Often having felt afraid, upset, unsupported or invalidated. Family difficulties or instability, such as living with a parent or carer who experienced an addiction. Sexual, physical or emotional abuse or neglect. Losing a parent.
What can trigger BPD?being a victim of emotional, physical or sexual abuse. being exposed to long-term fear or distress as a child. being neglected by 1 or both parents. growing up with another family member who had a serious mental health condition, such as bipolar disorder or a drink or drug misuse problem.
Who is at risk for developing BPD?Risk factors for BPD include: Abandonment in childhood or adolescence. Disrupted family life. Poor communication in the family.
Which celebrities have BPD?
Celebrities That Have Borderline Personality Disorder
- Pete Davidson. Pete Davidson is a comedian on Saturday Night Live. ...
- Brandon Marshall. Brandon Marshall is an NFL wide receiver that has been very vocal about his BPD diagnosis. ...
- Darrell Hammond. ...
- Marsha M. ...
- Ricky Williams. ...
- Mikey Welsh. ...
- Vincent van Gogh. ...
- Conclusion.
What starts a BPD episode?Separations, disagreements, and rejections—real or perceived—are the most common triggers for symptoms. A person with BPD is highly sensitive to abandonment and being alone, which brings about intense feelings of anger, fear, suicidal thoughts and self-harm, and very impulsive decisions.
Does BPD start suddenly?Although the majority of BPD cases arise earlier in life, there are some older adults who show BPD symptoms for the first time. They may be affected by loss of social supports and loved ones, which could serve as “triggers for late-onset BPD” in people who otherwise were able to compensate for personality disturbance.
What are the 9 criteria for BPD?
The 9 symptoms of BPD
- Fear of abandonment. People with BPD are often terrified of being abandoned or left alone. ...
- Unstable relationships. ...
- Unclear or shifting self-image. ...
- Impulsive, self-destructive behaviors. ...
- Self-harm. ...
- Extreme emotional swings. ...
- Chronic feelings of emptiness. ...
- Explosive anger.
How rare is it to be diagnosed with BPD?Surveys have estimated the prevalence of borderline personality disorder to be 1.6% in the general population and 20% in the inpatient psychiatric population.
How do people with BPD act?People with borderline personality disorder may experience intense mood swings and feel uncertainty about how they see themselves. Their feelings for others can change quickly, and swing from extreme closeness to extreme dislike. These changing feelings can lead to unstable relationships and emotional pain.
What is a BPD episode like?Someone with BPD may go to great lengths to feel something, as well as becoming increasingly withdrawn and avoidant during an episode. Paranoid thoughts of everyone being out to get them and hating them are also common during these times. Episodes can also be extreme highs, bursts of euphoria and positive emotions.
What mental illnesses are linked to BPD?Many people who live with BPD will also experience other mental health problems. Such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, PTSD and alcohol or drug misuse. People who live with BPD can also be diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The symptoms of bipolar disorder can often be confused with those of BPD.
What can undiagnosed BPD lead to?Some of the most common effects of untreated BPD can include the following: Dysfunctional social relationships. Repeated job losses. Broken marriages.
What part of the brain is damaged in BPD?BPD has been linked to the amygdala and limbic systems of the brain, the centres that control emotion and, particularly, rage, fear and impulsive automatic reactions.
What is BPD splitting?Splitting is a psychological mechanism which allows the person to tolerate difficult and overwhelming emotions by seeing someone as either good or bad, idealised or devalued. This makes it easier to manage the emotions that they are feeling, which on the surface seem to be contradictory.
Does BPD have empathy?People with BPD score low on cognitive empathy but high on emotional empathy. This suggests that they do not easily understand other peoples' perspectives, but their own emotions are very sensitive. This is important because it could align BPD with other neurodiverse conditions.
Does BPD affect life expectancy?There is increasing evidence regarding the negative impact of BPD on physical health, with increased risks of many major physical illnesses with BPD, including cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and obesity. Life expectancy in this regard has been shown to be reduced significantly.
What does severe borderline personality look like?A pattern of intense and unstable relationships with family, friends, and loved ones. A distorted and unstable self-image or sense of self. Impulsive and often dangerous behaviors, such as spending sprees, unsafe sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating.
Does BPD qualify for disability?The Social Security Administration placed borderline personality disorder as one of the mental health disorders on its disabilities list. However, you'll have to meet specific criteria for an official disability finding. For example, you must prove that you have the symptoms of the condition.
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The organization of a reflective essay is very similar to other types of essays. An outline of a great reflective essay is laid out for your use below.
A study of the basic accounting concepts and procedures underlying the organization and reporting of financial information. Topics include the accounting cycle, the preparation of financial statements, the measurement and reporting of business income, and the valuation and presentation of assets and current liabilities.
Emphasis is placed on the relevance of the business and economic information generated by the accounting process and how it is used in personal and business decision making.
A continuation of financial accounting topics followed by an introduction to managerial accounting. Topics include corporate accounting issues, bonds, statement of cash flows, financial statement analysis, job costing, cost behavior, cost-volume-profit analysis, budgeting, performance evaluation, product pricing and capital budgeting.
Emphasis is placed on the usage of accounting information in managerial decision making. Further development of financial accounting concepts, interpretation, and the study of management uses of accounting data.
This course includes a study of basic accounting concepts, interpretation of accounting reports, cost control and analysis, and methods of measuring performance. Not open to Accounting majors or minors. A thorough study of the accounting principles underlying the preparation of financial statements.
This course is concerned primarily with the recording process, formats of the financial statements, and the measurement and reporting of current and non-current assets and related revenues and expenses. The environment of accounting, basic accounting theory, and time value of money concepts are emphasized.
Additional topics include cash flow statements, accounting for pensions, leases, and income taxes. ACCT with a minimum grade of C. A study of principles of accounting systems design integrated into both manual and computerized systems.
Also includes emphasis on the accounting cycle, internal control structures, computerized transaction processing systems, relational databases, and integrated enterprise resource planning systems in accounting. An introduction to the accounting aspects of international business.
Topics covered from an international perspective include the interaction between accounting and its environment, differing national accounting practices, international harmonization of accounting and reporting, foreign currency translation and exchange rate issues, problems of inflation, transfer pricing and taxation, managerial accounting and analysis of foreign financial statements.
A study of cost accounting principles and techniques of assembling data for product costing and for managerial use in planning and control and decision making. Cost terminology, cost behavior, job order and process costing, budgeting, cost-volume-profit analysis, standard costs, and activity based costing are topics covered.
A study of basic tax concepts and income taxation of individuals. Emphasis is placed on the determination of income and statutory deductions in order to arrive at the net taxable income. Consideration is given to tax planning as well as decision-making and tax return problems.
A study of various special reporting topics in financial accounting, this course surveys financial statement presentation and disclosure requirements for special areas of income recognition and accounting changes, dilutive securities, earnings per share calculations, reporting for business segments and interim periods, and accounting and reporting standards for partnerships and governmental and not-for-profit entities.
A study of the financial accounting standards and procedures used in accounting and reporting for business combinations and intercorporate investments, consolidated financial statements, and multinational enterprises, including foreign currency transactions and financial instruments and translation of foreign entity statements.
An examination of fraud within organizations with an emphasis on its detection and prevention. This course examines the nature and causes of financial and occupational fraud, ways to prevent and deter fraudulent conduct, and procedures for uncovering and investigating fraud.
Senior standing and permission of the instructor. An introduction to oil and gas accounting. Emphasizes accounting for costs incurred in the acquisition, exploration, development, and production of oil and natural gas using successful efforts, full cost, and tax accounting methods.
An introduction to auditing concepts and procedures. Individual study as arranged with members of the faculty. This course may be repeated and may be taken for Academic Distinction Program Credit. Consent of Department Chair. Credit 1, 2, or 3.
This course provides students with an internship experience allowing the application of accounting and auditing skills in an actual work setting.
Students will work full-time in public or industry accounting paid positions for a minimum of hours. Students generally will work full-time for one-half of the semester and attend accelerated accounting courses during the remaining half.
An exploration of the career options available to professionals in agricultural sciences, education, and business. Specific requirements for the various professions are discussed by a series of guest speakers.While some forms of poetry have free form with regard to their number of lines and syllables, the haiku was established in Japan as far back as the 9th century with a .
How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph. In this Article: Article Summary Sample Paragraphs Describing a Person Writing about an Object Writing a Descriptive Paragraph About a Place Community Q&A If you want to immerse a reader in an essay or story, there’s no better way to do it than with a crisp, vivid descriptive paragraph.
6. Descriptive essay. In a descriptive essay, the writer describes something to allow the reader to experience the topic being described as vividly as possible. Reflective essays describe an event or experience, then analyze the meaning of that experience and what can be learned from it.
What makes an essay reflective is that the writer is analyzing a . Descriptive Essay - The Interesting Bus Ride Home - The Interesting Bus Ride Home When most people think about an eventful or memorable place, they almost certainly would not picture a bus. The Private Eye is an interdisciplinary hands-on curriculum using a jeweler's loupe and inquiry method to accelerate creativity, literacy, scientific literacy, problem-solving and communication skills across subjects, K-life. | https://qidegukuwaqu.monstermanfilm.com/a-descriptive-essay-uses-sensory-images-to-create-a-20249jb.html |
What you need to know about the new IFRS 17 insurance contracts in Ghana
Previous Hollardite writers have educated us on various insurances. This topic will add to our learnings but may seem complicated at first glance. Let’s talk about IFRS.
What is IFRS?
I’ll start by breaking it down. IFRS is an abbreviation for International Financial Reporting Standard. IFRS specifies how particular types of transactions and events should be reported in financial statements. The financial statements of insurance companies have been reported using IFRS 4 since March 2004.
IFRS 4 was issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) as part of phase 1 of the insurance standards project. The plan was always to replace this standard with global standards as IFRS 4 allowed for a wide range of practices.
The IASB has issued IFRS 17 to replace IFRS 4 on accounting for insurance contracts which is scheduled for implementation in January 2023. It is Phase 2 of the insurance standard project and encompasses a comprehensive set of requirements to achieve uniformity across the insurance sector. The new IFRS17 is a game-changer for insurance companies. It is important to understand why.
The main aim of the IFRS17 is to standardize insurance accounting globally to improve comparability and increase transparency, and to provide users of accounts with the information they need to meaningfully understand the insurer's financial position, performance, and risk exposure.
IFRS 17 applies to all insurance contracts (including reinsurance contracts) that an entity issues and to reinsurance contracts that it holds, except for specified contracts covered by other Standards. It does not apply to other assets and liabilities of an insurer, such as financial assets and financial liabilities within the scope of IFRS 9.
This is the first accounting standard that deals comprehensively with accounting for insurance companies. It establishes principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of insurance contracts. Also, it applies to all entities that issue insurance contracts including reinsurance companies and health insurance providers. However, it does not apply to product warranties issued by manufacturers, dealers, or retailers.
Here are some must-know definitions:
Insurance Contract, An insurance contract is a contract under which one party (the insurer) accepts significant insurance risk from another party (the policyholder) by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event (the insured event) adversely affects the policyholder. The fee or consideration paid by the policyholder in exchange of the promise made by the insurer is called Premium.
Expected cash flows, Cash flows the insurance company expects to receive and pay. This includes cash flows like expenses, claims, premiums etc.
Discount rate - The expected cash flows are discounted with the discount rate which reflects the time and the financial risk of the contract.
Risk Adjustment - The money the insurer wants to get on top of the cash flows to take the uncertainty of the insurance contract. This is for the insurance risk.
Contractual Service Margin (CSM) - The expected unearned profit of a contract. This is the money that is left if we take the expected cash inflow less expected cash outflow less risk adjustment. If this total is negative then we have a loss component or an onerous contract, instead of the CSM.
Initial recognition
An entity on initial recognition of an insurance contract shall measure the group of insurance contracts as the total of:
The fulfilment cash flows, which comprise:
Estimates of future cash flows
An adjustment to reflect the time value of money and the financial risks related to the future cash flows, to the extent that the financial risks are not included in the estimates of the future cash flows
Risk adjustments for non-financial risk
The contractual service margins
Measurement approaches
IFRS 17 recommends three measurement methods for different types of insurance contracts. These are:
• General Measurement Model (GMM), which is the default method,
• Premium Allocation Approach (PAA)
• Variable Fee Approach (VFA)
Grouping
IFRS17 requires Insurance companies to disclose information based on group of insurance contracts. A group is a managed group (often a product) of contracts with similar risk features. For instance, motor insurance started in 2019. Insurance companies can have several groups of contracts. The process of determining the group is called aggregation.
In conclusion
All insurance companies reporting under IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standard) will be impacted by the new reporting standard when it becomes effective in January 2023. IFRS 17 will result in significant changes to the way that financial information is presented, and adoption will require significant planning.
Progressive insurance regulators such as our National Insurance Commission (NIC) would require all licensed insurers to comply, and a lot of preparation is required to ensure this compliance. The time to act is now. | |
Nearly 70% of coaches polled are using unbalanced formations in some way each week. Find out how and why they are using this age old tactic in their running games.
By Mike Kuchar
Senior Research Manager
X&O Labs
Insiders Members: Click here to log in and read the full length version of this research report.
Editor’s Note: When referencing unbalanced formations, we’re referring to any formation where there are no players on the line of scrimmage to one side of the formation. Rules say there must be at least seven players on the line of scrimmage.
Intro:
With the advent of the "Wildcat" offensive package several years ago, we started to find that more teams are beginning to use unbalanced formations at the point of attack to run the football. While we realize that this is nothing new to football- the "lonesome polecat" utilized over 50 years ago can attest to that- we did find that more coaches are finding innovative ways to get more players to the point of attack pre-snap and create advantages in the run and pass game.
The fact is 35.6 percent of coaches use unbalanced formations between 6-10 snaps a game, 33.7 percent use them five snaps or less. So when we developed our survey on unbalanced formations, we wanted to find out why coaches will use these formations and what they use them for. So we asked them. The results are below: Some of their reasoning is below:
Case 1: Reasons for Unbalanced Sets, Various Personnel Groupings/ Types of Unbalanced Formations
Reasons for using unbalanced formations:
- 27.4 percent of coaches will use unbalanced sets to get an extra blocker on the perimeter. This helps with perimeter run game schemes like toss, speed option, outside zone and jet sweep.
- 26.5 percent of coaches will use unbalanced sets in order to create and extra gap in the run game. We’ve found this is more suitable to gap schemes like power and counter.
- 15.6 percent of coaches will use unbalanced sets just to "create a different picture" for the defense. As one coach told us in our survey, "defenses just don’t know how to adjust to them."
Other write-in responses included:
- "The defense has to prepare for something they do not see every week, or even ever again that season. We get an extra gap the defense has to defend and often times the coaches and/or players do not know how to handle defending that gap. It brings at least 8 guys into the box, which opens up our play action tremendously well. By using the motions in an unbalanced set we can dictate what the defense will do rather then them dictating what we are going to do."- Collins Wetzel
- "Combination of reason--overload a side, attack weaker personnel, make defense think about adjusting and losing concentration on keys etc,"- Rick Jones
- "To create a +1 in either the run game, screen game or take advantage of their coverage,"- Jesse German
- "We create an extra gap and different picture for the defense but it also allows us to do things that a defense might not be prepared for (motioning a previously ineligible man)."- Mike Dolan
- "I will use it as a part of a no-huddle and run the unbalanced to our hash. We will have 2 TE's in the game with a slot receiver and 2 backs (22 personnel). Our unbalanced is with our OL. We will move one tackle to the other side with one TE opposite on the line and the slot to the weak side, so essentially it’s a tackle over. I will also run it on the first sound so the defense doesn’t have time to adjust to our extra man, plus being so far away from the visitors sideline the other coaching staff may not pick it up,"- Steven Croce
- "As a former defensive coordinator I don't think there is any good to adjust to the unbalanced. If your an odd front team your nose can't beat up my center any more, he has to play on the strong guard if you are an even front team your 3 tech is now going to be on my center or tackle. It put the defense in an uncomfortable position,"- Jerome Learman
- "We feel that blocking play side is a math problem. I want more players play side then the defense has. It is very simple, if I have more players at the point of attack then you do I will win 90-95% of the plays run there,"- Mike Woodward
Offensive "Structures" that utilize unbalanced formations
The common thought was that only unconventional offenses like the Wing T or option style systems employed "end over" or unbalanced formations, but the truth is various offensive systems are finding ways to create unique formations that give them an advantage at the point of attack. Perhaps it was the success that Boise State and Stanford University had (both of which we’ll detail later on) that triggered more coaches to utilize some of the same sets. While we are hesitant to label offenses into "systems" we were curious to find out which types of offensive structures will use unbalanced sets. Now, we realize this could be a measure of which kind of coaches are involved in our surveys, but in either case, our findings are below:
- Spread Offensive structure- 41.6 percent (this surprised us)
- Multiple "I" formation structure- 25 percent
- Wing T offensive structure- 23.1 percent
- Pure option structure- 6.9 percent
Case 2: Gap Run Games in Unbalanced Formations
We’ve found that teams that run gap schemes out of unbalanced sets do so because of two main reasons:
- An extra player on the line of scrimmage creates and extra gap in the run game- one that a defense must account for. We’ve found that most four down teams that adjust with their front are susceptible to getting gashed in unbalanced sets because they can’t account for the extra gap.
- Using unbalanced sets to run down/down/kick out schemes allows you to bring a player from the other side of the line of scrimmage to be the kick out player in power. Now you have a puller and an extra kick out player to run the power scheme.
Stanford University is one of the teams that believe in creating an extra gap by bringing another offensive lineman into the gap. Stanford apply calls this personnel grouping "Balco" (named after the San Francisco area laboratory implicated in the MLB steroids scandal) which is used to bring a little more "juice" into its offensive system. Stanford will line up in a four-man surface in an "I" formation backfield and run its power scheme strong and weak. X&O Labs had the privilege of vising with the Cardinal offensive line coach Mike Bloomgren who expounded on his double team progression when running its power scheme.
Our intent in this report is not to detail the complete power concept, but showcase some of the formations that teams use to run the scheme.
The formations that Stanford University uses are detailed below:
To see clips of Stanford’s unbalanced power scheme, click on the link below:
Chris Petersen at Boise State prefers to run his power concept out of a pro-style unbalanced formation with Z on the line of scrimmage. Petersen will motion to the unbalanced formation, which we’ve found that only 39 percent of coaches will use pre-snap movement or shifts to get into unbalanced looks. Boise does run the scheme both weak and strong, but will usually use the offset fullback or H-back to motion and be the kick out blocker on the line of scrimmage.
Finally, we would be remiss if we didn’t mention some of the QB gap schemes used in unbalanced formations. Of course, anytime the QB is a ball carrier, an offense has 10 players to block 11. Norfolk State University (VA), the MEAC champions of last season, ran their QB gap scheme with an element of fly motion that draws defenders out of the box.
This report is continued below...
Get the Full-Length Version of This Report
Join X&O Labs’ exclusive membership website, Insiders, and get instant access to the full-length version of this report featuring:
- The most popular types of unbalanced formations according to our readers
- The most common run concepts used with these formations
- Stanford University's Power rules out of its "Balco" formation
- A video tutorial on the coaches tape of Boise State University's unbalanced run game
- Norfolk State University's "read power" concept out of its spread unbalanced formations
- Auburn High School head coach Gordon Elliot's complete HUDL presentation on his unbalanced jet sweep run game out of his Wing T sets
- A video tutorial on Villanova University's wildcat package out of its unbalanced formations
- Plus much more!
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Report continued from above...
Norfolk State will use the fly motion to influence the force player to get him out of the box. According to Steve Canter, the former QB coach at Norfolk State, "there has to be great timing on the mesh of the fly sweep," he says. "The fullback has to work to kick out the defensive end. If he does a great job of spilling blocks, we will read him and have the fullback bypass him and block the running lane.
The formations that Norfolk State University uses are detailed below:
Case 3: Zone Scheme Runs in Unbalanced Formations
It would seem that zone runs might be more productive out of unbalanced sets because of the leverage available on the perimeter. Once an offense gets and extra blocker out there, defenses have to make the decision on whether or not it wants to match the overload (in which offenses may have an advantage away) or keep numbers to the weak side (giving the advantage to the offense toward the unbalanced).
We’ve found that one of the more prominent schemes to use out of unbalanced is the fly or jet sweep scheme that teams such as the University of Oregon have made so popular. Perhaps it was Urban Meyer, now the head coach at The Ohio State University who made the fly sweep trendy in major college football. Meyer would use an unbalanced formation to run the fly sweep scheme. The key to him was to get a player like Johnny Demps, the track star turned football player at the University of Florida to snatch the mesh going full speed.
The formations that the University of Florida used under Urban Meyer are detailed below:
Although the film is grainy, you could see exactly how Meyer would out-leverage defenses, such as the University of Mississippi by using his unbalanced sets.
Another prominent unbalanced concept is the two back toss sweep used by George Klupchak. Klupchak will run the scheme out his two-back trips alignment (which he calls Jumbo) with the X on line of scrimmage (Diagram 15). To Klupchak, players have to communicate defensive alignments, and he does so by using simple verbiage that he details below (Diagram 16).
Case 4: Wildcat Runs
Finally, there is a good deal of coach’s who will use unbalanced sets and use the wildcat run game. Why not, particularly if you have an athlete in the backfield that can snag snaps, as Villanova University did with Matt Szczur when the Wildcats won the FCS National Championship in 2009. Villanova logged a handful of snaps each game during the regular season- and even more during the playoffs- with Szczur under center. The Wildcats ran the gap and zone schemes out of the following formations, with Szczur averaging 7.5 yards per carry.
Concluding Report
We realize that you are smack dab into the season, but our hope is that you can implement one or more of these schemes into your system today, of course, without losing your identify as an offense. We all know it’s a fine line between maintaining your system and sinking into the "play of the day" mentality so by all means do what you do - and if this generates an idea, well…we won’t hold you back.
Questions or Comments? Post your questions or comments below and Mike Kuchar will respond shortly. | https://www.xandolabs.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792:2zone-and-gap-runs-from-unbalanced-formations |
The arboreal marsupial monito del monte (genus Dromiciops, with two recognized species) is a paradigmatic mammal. It is the sole living representative of the order Microbiotheria, the ancestor lineage of Australian marsupials. Also, this marsupial is the unique frugivorous mammal in the temperate rainforest, being the main seed disperser of several endemic plants of this ecosystem, thus acting as keystone species. Dromiciops is also one of the few hibernating mammals in South America, spending half of the year in a physiological dormancy where metabolism is reduced to 10% of normal levels. This capacity to reduce energy expenditure in winter contrasts with the enormous energy turnover rate they experience in spring and summer. The unique life history strategies of this living Microbiotheria, characterized by an alternation of life in the slow and fast lanes, putatively represent ancestral traits that permitted these cold-adapted mammals to survive in this environment. Here, we describe the ecological role of this emblematic marsupial, summarizing the ecophysiology of hibernation and sociality, updated phylogeographic relationships, reproductive cycle, trophic relationships, mutualisms, conservation, and threats. This marsupial shows high densities, despite presenting slow reproductive rates, a paradox explained by the unique characteristics of its three-dimensional habitat. We finally suggest immediate actions to protect these species that may be threatened in the near future due to habitat destruction and climate change. | https://pure.pucv.cl/en/publications/the-ecology-and-evolution-of-the-monito-del-monte-a-relict-specie |
The proper and true purpose of all good classical music is ultimately the honor and glory of God, and more proximately, to dispose the participants in true liturgy to the graces of the sacraments (in sacred music), as well as to reveal and impart a greater appreciation of God’s truth, goodness, and beauty to the world as found in classical music.
THE WORK OF MUSICIANS
Musicians accomplish this purpose by contributing, in their various capacities, to the aesthetic drama of a good musical composition, whether that drama stems from a story, a program, sacred scripture, a liturgical text, or the private thoughts, imagination, and emotions of the composer.
THE COMPOSER
The composer contributes to the aesthetic drama by using the art of composition, in its materials, structure, and orchestration, to create the intended dramatic effect in the music, and to write it down in such a way that performers can intelligently interpret and play it.
THE PERFORMER
The performer, who must bring the music to life in the physical domain, contributes to the aesthetic drama by faithfully realizing and creatively interpreting the drama that is embodied in the materials and structure of the composition as created by the composer. This is accomplished in their respective instrumental, vocal, or conducting capacity, and guided by such things as stylistic considerations, the materials and structure of the music, dynamic and articulation indications in the score, as well as the composer’s explicit and implicit intentions.
OTHER IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO MUSIC
We should also not forget to include the many luthiers, builders, tuners, architects, and instrument maintenance people who produce, support, and maintain the musical instruments, as well as design the halls that players use in their function as performers. They, too, serve the aesthetic drama in their indispensable way.
THE LISTENER
The listener, by exposure and the proper intuitive familiarization of the music then experiences the aesthetic drama of the music composition, ideally leading to the honor and glory of God, the disposition to the graces of the sacraments (in sacred music), and to a greater appreciation of the spirituality of God’s truth, goodness, and beauty.
THE AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES OF WESTERN CLASSICAL MUSIC
In our times, the promotion and accomplishment of these goals is part of a growing movement of composers and musicians who view the continued survival, development, and progress of classical music in the 21st Century to be predicated on a return to Western classical aesthetic principles, namely, classicism. These principles include the classical aesthetic concepts of order, balance, proportion, symmetry, clarity, tonality, realism, and a touch of idealism, along with the sense of the sacred in liturgical music. These are the same principles that guided composers, both great and small, from the Renaissance through the Romantic music style periods. Throughout the 20th Century, this tradition flourished in spite of the modernist movement, in the tonal works of such composers as Samuel Barber, Sergei Rachmaninov, Ottorino Respighi, and others. In the 21st Century, this tradition continues on in the works of composers such as John Corigliano, Jeremy Menuhin, John Williams, Alma Deutscher, and many others.
MY CONTRIBUTIONS
This is the general philosophy to which I adhere, and these are the goals that I, as a classical composer, aspire to accomplish by contributing new and original classical style music compositions, and by providing information that assists the music community in understanding the goals and philosophy of this movement.
BLOG POSTS
For an ongoing discussion of this philosophy and the terms articulated in this mission statement, see the Blog tab for a series of short articles that elaborate and expand upon these various concepts. | https://patrickbrillcomposer.com/about-classical-composer/ |
Melasma is a skin disorder that results from the overproduction of melanin, a pigment responsible for the color of your skin. The most common causal factors are exposure to the sun and hormones like estrogen.
There are many different factors that can contribute to Melasma, but most cases are caused by an excessive amount of the hormone estrogen. Estrogen can cause the production of melanin, which is responsible for the appearance of Melasma. You can get more info. about melasma treatment at https://www.artofmedicinedirect.com/services/melasma/.
Image Source: Google
Topical medications are the most common treatment for melasma. Topical medications are applied to the skin directly. Systemic medications are taken by mouth.
The most common topical medication for melasma is hydroquinone (HQ). HQ is a bleaching agent that works by lightening brown spots or patches on the skin. It can take several weeks for HQ to work its full effect, but it generally is effective in diminishing melasma. Side effects of HQ include dryness, redness, and irritation.
Another topical medication used for melasma is tretinoin (TEN). TEN is a retinoid derivative that is also used to treat other skin conditions like acne and psoriasis. TEN works by increasing the production of new skin cells. Side effects of TEN include dryness, peeling and worsened wrinkles due to increased collagen production. | https://simpleeducation.net/topical-and-systemic-medications-for-melasma-treatment-in-charlotte/ |
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