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How many moles of #NaOH# are present in 15.0 mL of 0.110 M #NaOH#?
1 Answer
0.00165 moles of NaOH
Explanation:
Molarity is represented by the following equation:
In our case, we already have the molarity and the volume of solution. However, the volume does not have the proper units since it is given in terms of milliliters instead of liters. We can convert 15.0 mL into liters by using the conversion factor 1000mL = 1L. When 15.0mL is divided by 1000 mL, we obtain a volume of 0.015 L.
Now we can rearrange the equation to solve for the number of moles. We can do this by multiplying by L solution on both sides of the equation. The L solution will cancel out on the right side, leaving the number of moles being equal to the molarity times volume like so:
Moles of solute = (L solution) * (Molarity)
Now we just plug the known values in! | https://socratic.org/questions/how-many-moles-of-naoh-are-present-in-15-0-ml-of-0-110-m-naoh |
This paper provides standard instructions on how to protect messages, text, audio, video with one-time pad encryption.The encryption is performed with nothing more than a pencil and paper, but provides absolute message security. If properly applied, it is mathematically impossible for any eavesdropper to decrypt or break the message without the proper key. Although the Internet can be used to provide high connectivity between two parties, it does not always provide strong protection for private communications. Here we describe a strong cryptographic solution to this problem using one-time pads.
To encrypt, convert the message into digits and subtract (without borrowing) the one-time pad from the text digits. Skip the first group of the one-time pad during the encryption process and use it as key indicator at the beginning of the ciphertext.
To decrypt , verify whether the first group of the ciphertext (key indicator) is identical to the first group on your onetime pad. Write the one-time pad underneath the ciphertext digits and add both together (without carry). Convert the resulting digits with the conversion table back into readable text.
Media Access Control Layer : The Media Access Control (MAC) data communication Networks protocol sub-layer, also known as the Medium Access Control, is a sub-layer of the data link layer specified in the seven-layer OSI model. The medium access layer was made necessary by systems that share a common communications medium. Typically these are local area networks.In LAN nodes uses the same communication channel for transmission. The MAC sublayer has two primary responsibilities: Data encapsulation, including frame assembly before transmission, and frame parsing/error detection during and after reception. Media access control, including initiation of frame transmission and recovery from transmission failure.
One Time Pad Algorithm :One-time pad encryption we need a key, called one-time pad. A one-time pad can be a single sheet, a booklet or a strip or roll of paper tape that contains series of truly random digits. A one-time pad set consists of two identical one-time pads, one pad called OUT and one called IN. To establish one-way communications,you only need one OUT pad for the sender and one IN pad for the receiver. To communicate in both directions, you need two different one-time pad sets: person A has an OUT pad of which person B has the IN copy, and person B has another OUT pad of which person A has the IN copy. Never use a single pad to communicate in both directions to avoid the risk of simultaneous use of the same pad sheet! The use of multiple IN copies of a pad, to enable more than one person to receive a message, is possible but not advisable. Multiple copies pose additional security risks and should only be used in a strictly controlled environment. Never use multiple OUT copies of a pad, as this will inevitable result in simultaneous use of the same pad and the risk of non destroyed copies of a pad.One-time pad encryption is only possible if both sender and receiver are in possession of the same key. Therefore, both parties must exchange their keys beforehand. This means that the secure communications are expected and planned within a specific period. Enough key material must be available for all required communications until a new exchange of keys is possible. Depending on the situation, a large volume of keys could be required for a short time period, or little key material could be sufficient for a very long period, up to several years.
Encryption And Decryption Using One Time Pad Algorithm :The one-time pad is a long sequence of random letters. These letters are combined with the plaintext message to produce the cipher text. To decipher the message, a person must have a copy of the one-time pad to reverse the process. A one time pad should be used only once and then destroyed . To encipher a message, you take the first letter in the plaintext message and add it to the first random letter from the one-time pad. For example, suppose you are enciphering the letter S (the 19th letter of the alphabet) and the one-time pad gives you C (3rd letter of the alphabet). You add the two letters and subtract 1. When you add S and C and subtract 1, you get 21 which is U. Each letter is enciphered in this method, with the alphabet wrapping around to the beginning if the addition results in a number beyond 26 (Z).To decipher a message, you take the first letter of the cipher text and subtract the first random letter from the one-time pad. If the number is negative you wrap around to the end of the alphabet.
Sender and receiver are in a safe environment, free from risk of surveillance, intrusion of the privacy or prosecution, they can send their encrypted communications by any means, even insecure. It does not matter if someone intercepts the encrypted message.
The message is unbreakable anyway. Unfortunately, this ideal world hardly exists. Since it is mathematically impossible to break a one-time pad encrypted message by cryptanalysis, any eavesdropper will try to get his hands on either the original readable message or the one-time pad key, used to encrypt that message . In the real world, the eavesdropper will attempt to retrieve the identity and location of sender or receiver.
Identification of the involved persons is the first step in reading their communications. The mere identification of a person who sends or receives encrypted communications, even unintelligible, might have serious consequences under an oppressive regime. Once identified,the eavesdropper can start surveillance and use technical means to retrieve information from that person’s computer or perform a surreptitious search of his house to copy one-time pads that will be used in the future. The person might never know his security has been breached and his messages are read.
This algorithm has a lot of scope to enhance the security by using combining the different approaches. We have proposed a new methodology through which one time pads can be practically used for secure communication between client and server.
The Author would like to thank Mr. R.K Sharma. Department of CSE (Agra Engineering College ,Agra ) for his valuable support and would also like to thank Ms. Anuradha (H.O.D, Department of CSE) and Ms. Vinti Gupta for contributing material on Encryption And Decryption Using One Pad Time Algorithm.
Douglas R, Stinson “ CRYPTOGRPHY Theory and Practice “ Second Edition.
Charlie Kaufmanst al. “ Network Security “PRIVATE Communication in a PUBLIC World. ,Prentice Hall of India PrivateLimited. 2008. | http://www.rroij.com/open-access/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/encryption-and-decryption-using-one-pad-time-algorithm-in-mac-layer.pdf&aid=45946 |
The rain has not prevented Cebreros from enjoying its Carnival.
The originality of the costumes and umbrellas, protagonists in the Cebreros parade.
Almost as many umbrellas as costumes have filled the streets of Cebreros this Sunday in the parade of floats and local Carnival troupes.
Some 850 people participated directly, distributed among 20 groups and 14 floats. To these figures should be added the high number of Cebrereños and visitors who, despite the rain, did not want to miss the municipality’s Carnival.
The parade began with the troupes. People turned into pumpkins, Dior bags or surprise boxes with a clown included, among many other costumes that wore originality throughout the tour.
There were all types of floats, from a huge skull from the movie ‘Pirates of the Caribbean’, to the fountain at Parque Warner in Madrid with its corresponding cartoon characters, to an articulated dragon that puffs smoke from its nose.
The jury chose, after the parade, the winners of the local contest, but their names are kept in a sealed envelope and will be announced next Sunday, after the provincial parade.
“Cebrereños have been above all “, says the mayor of the town, Ángel Luis Alonso. & Nbsp; ” With our Carnival the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera could not and the rain will not do it”. | https://www.casaruralabuelabenita.es/2009/09/04/the-rain-has-not-prevented-cebreros-from-living-their-carnival/?lang=en |
Harare (/həˈrɑːreɪ/; officially called Salisbury until 1982) is the capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe. Situated in the northeast of the country in the heart of historic Mashonaland, the city has an estimated population of 1,606,000 (2009), with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area (2006). Administratively, Harare is a metropolitan province, which also incorporates Chitungwiza town and Epworth. It is situated at an elevation of 1,483 metres (4,865 feet) above sea level and its climate falls into the subtropical highland category.
Things to do in Harare
4 based on 113 reviews
What to expect from this establishment is good food and good service most of the time....I like the ambiance and that the patrons are usually multi cultural and multi racial...it's a good place to meet people from all walks of life
4 based on 355 reviews
Situated in the heart of the Northern Suburbs of Harare, Amanzi Restaurant is set well back from the road in 4 acres of beautifully landscaped Gardens. An old farmhouse, architucturally converted to a stylish modern restaurant. Amanzi has the capacity to seat 100 people. Amanzi offers it customers "fusion" cuisine. The decor is a sophisticated blend of interior styles created to form a backdrop for unusual collections of African antiquities and contemporary art. The water feature is stocked with koi carp, and is floodlit at night. The property is noted for its collection of indigenous trees, predominately msasa, and colourful shrubs, which provide a cool, restful atmosphere.
This place has made charging outrageous Paris Michellin star priices for lacklustre boarding school fare into an art form.
"Almost aspriring to mediocrity" would be an undeserved compliment.
In the late 1990's and moat of the 2000's, this place was imaginative and tasty and not outrageously priced.
Mugabe's tiresome tyranny has worn the owners out and stripped the entire kitchen and management of all vestiges of hope .... and that is reflected precisely in the offerings.
Its reflected too in the lovely Gardens where despite being middle of the rainy season even the olants are looking tired.
So sad.
Expect $50-$75 per head without even a moderately acceptable South African wine.
Stay away until a new wind blows through.
4.5 based on 316 reviews
I was here for a work dinner with colleagues and overall a good dining experience. Staff was very attentive (one waiter stood next to our table the entire time). There were a good number of other large parties around the restaurant but spread out enough that everyone at our table of 9 could easily hear each other when speaking. The restaurant itself is housed in a very nice building which gave you the feeling of sitting in a dining room of a wealthy individual rather than a sterile purpose built restaurant. The food did take a relatively long time to arrive but was hot when it arrived at least. The Duck Confit that I had was very good but the Halloumi starter that I had tasted more like fried mozzarella sticks than Halloumi, but was still very good. Overall a bit pricer than most places in Harare but you certainly got what you paid for. If there was a special occasion, I would go back again.
4 based on 299 reviews
Only Portugese Restaurant in Harare
Simply delicious chicken in a no-frills environment. The gravy is amazing, mopped up with generous quantities of bread, We ordered the prawns too, which at the price were a bit of a splurge - they were very nice, but totally eclipsed by the lovely chicken. It was noisy, busy and fun - we were very happy we made it over there (and only a $5 cab back to Meikles). Make sure you bring a good appetite!
4 based on 268 reviews
A place home from home with good portuguese food, and chicken cooked on the charcoal. ( just like it should be.......)
Cannot praise this enough.
Have the whole baby chicken served hot.
World class.
And don't forget to have the bread rrolls with gravy and garlic before the meal.
Only criticism ??? They dont serve Zimbabwe' s fantastic local beers in bottles ... only cans. My pet hate.
Otherwise brilliant
4 based on 228 reviews
Fishmonger Restaurant (located at 50 East Road, Avondale & under new management in 2012) offers freshly-sourced Portuguese-styled seafood dishes & platters; a variety of crisp salads; local & imported wines & meat/ poultry options for the non-fish eater. Entrees are served with a choice of chips, rice or potato. Close to the CBD, the avenues & the central hub of the Avondale area, it is well placed & convenient for business lunches, special occasion dinners & family-oriented Sunday lunches. Supervision of the dishes, as well as fresh seafood & fish brought in directly from Mozambique or the Cape maintains the high standard of the food. Generous portions are an added plus! Fishmonger has built up a reputation which is apparent in its repeat clientele & long-standing regulars.
The food was ok. The portions were small for the price. The wait staff was efficient and attentive. The kitchen was slow. The beer was cold. While not my first choice I would eat here again.
4.5 based on 143 reviews
Emmanuel's focuses on the use of fresh, local and wild ingredients in a unique setting. We feature the best in fine dining, quality wines and impeccable service. Guests will enjoy some of the best dishes in Harare in an elegant and relaxing setting. The menu changes frequently to ensure each visit is uniquely delicious.
Wonderful meal and service in a relaxed, cozy setting. Delicious cocktails as well. Very attentive Waitstaff, but not obtrusive.Thank you for reviewing your wonderful dining experience and for recommending us on Trip Advisor. Regards Famina
4 based on 150 reviews
A beautiful setting, a home away from home. Offering delicious a la carte meals lunch and dinner as well as a lunch special menu served 7 days a week. Also open for breakfast, teas, coffees and cake. You will be warmly welcomed by adrian and lesley
We loved sitting out on the patio for dinner. The ambiance was great. We had a large group and they accommodated us perfectly. The food was very good. The dessert was good. All in all, it was a great place for a dinner.
4 based on 96 reviews
I've had bad pizza around the world but this one probably beats them all. The first problem: the base: way too soft and not crispy. The middle is overloaded with cheap cheese (not mozzarella, which is unavailable in Harare), which results in the base remaining insufficiently cooked in the centre. So, when you lift one of the triangles it just breaks. Taste: horrible. And please, how can you mix bits of peppers with salame?! Digestion hasn't been easy either, though I had just a couple of pieces. To be fair, it is a nice place with good atmosphere and the kids loved it. I have eaten there before and I can say the sushi was tasty. I guess next time I'm going to have their Indian meal, which looked nice. If they only had a professional pizza maker teach them...
4.5 based on 86 reviews
After a tiresome shopping at Sam Levy village with my daughter, we accidentally spotted Pistachio as it is tucked on a corner, but our mind was at Mugg n Bean. What a beautiful cosy eatery. I loved the colour scheme and the friendly welcoming waiters. We had gone for tea but after being given a menu we ended up eating a lunch. The food was fresh and tasty, served on wooden platters. The salads and their signature cream is just awesome. They serve you a free 'bread' (kudos to the baker's recipe), to excite your taste buds while you wait for your order. Unfortunately they dont open for dinner, why why???
ThingsTodoPost © 2018 All rights reserved. | https://www.thingstodopost.org/harare-food-guide-10-must-eat-restaurants-street-food-stalls-in-harare-109415 |
Holiday Pix #8
Early one morning I went down to the wharf and the stillness was absolutely beautiful.
Thanks for stopping by.
All comments, critiques, suggestions and tips are welcome and appreciated.
I may not always have time to thank you, but comments are always read and appreciated, and I will try and visit your site and leave a comment. I'll do my best to answer every question and address specific comments.
© Anina Botes
All rights reserved. No images can be resold in any form, downloaded, reproduced or altered without the express written permission of Anina Botes. This written permission needs to be obtained in advance, prior to any use of the images.
simply wow, love the atmosphere of the image. well done on a superb image
20 Jan 2011 5:38am
So beautiful, love the light on the water. Very peaceful.
20 Jan 2011 5:39am
beautiful and peaceful!
20 Jan 2011 6:02am
You have captured the stillness beautifully ^^
20 Jan 2011 6:35am
There's something magic with the calm sea in the morning. You get there and all of a sudden you're part of it. All quiet. Everything is in place. It's just perfect. And you're image conveys all of this.
20 Jan 2011 7:24am
nice soft and bright
20 Jan 2011 7:40am
Very nice photo! I love the tones and the composition with the three horizontal bands. Well done!
20 Jan 2011 7:53am
Jolie lumière ! Je te souhaite une agréable journée
JP
20 Jan 2011 8:16am
The right word ! Definitely peaceful and this hue is just fantastic. Fits so well here. Lights are perfect.
20 Jan 2011 8:24am
really nice mood you've captured!
20 Jan 2011 8:27am
Calm and beautiful.. excellent.
20 Jan 2011 8:36am
great mood here
the silvery quiet sea and the cloudy sky are just amazing
20 Jan 2011 8:37am
Beautiful tones for this nice shot ! well done !
20 Jan 2011 9:35am
You found the reght title ! Nice mood on this shot , Phil
20 Jan 2011 9:41am
Love the atmosphere here, great image!
20 Jan 2011 10:10am
Serenity is a great word to describe this beautiful seascape. Tranquility for the mind contemplating the environment! Best regards, Adela
20 Jan 2011 10:16am
Very beautiful and peaceful. Nice composition and colours. Excellent image. :)
20 Jan 2011 10:19am
Fantastic ~ Beautiful !!!
20 Jan 2011 10:29am
Beautiful color cast....
20 Jan 2011 10:34am
So beautiful... like a dreamy postcard, Anina... I really like your holiday pictures! :)
20 Jan 2011 11:05am
Lovely capture of the light on the water. Yes - a beautiful time of day.
20 Jan 2011 12:02pm
I cn feel the stillness from here
20 Jan 2011 12:11pm
Hummm!!! That it is beautiful!!! A beautiful photography feeling well the dérénité
;-)))
20 Jan 2011 12:21pm
top processing Anina, the vignette and the toning are so sublime but to the trick very well! Love the calm and silky feeling, a little antique, superb.
20 Jan 2011 1:08pm
A painting Anina!! The mood and tones are awesome and for me this is one of your loveliest:)
20 Jan 2011 1:10pm
Beau paysage avec un ciel magnifique !
20 Jan 2011 1:58pm
I like this photo, even more than the previous one.
20 Jan 2011 3:21pm
fantastic shot ,very gorgeous !!!! simply wonderful !!
five stars and more ,anina !
kiss !!
20 Jan 2011 4:14pm
wonderful effect. marvelous tones
20 Jan 2011 4:22pm
Yes, very serene and beautiful. Superb light.
20 Jan 2011 4:33pm
truly a serene and tranquil place, excellently rendered! i love the subdued tones here and the cleverly constructed frame!
20 Jan 2011 4:39pm
Beautifully composed with a very peaceful feel. Good details.
20 Jan 2011 4:44pm
Fantastic view! love the toning
20 Jan 2011 4:44pm
superb, just like a postcard
20 Jan 2011 5:02pm
so beautiful color I really like this so beautiful
20 Jan 2011 5:24pm
What quiet place... and beautiful ! Love light and soft water effect
20 Jan 2011 5:34pm
fantastic in B and W
20 Jan 2011 7:36pm
absolutely beautiful !!!!
20 Jan 2011 8:02pm
Sure is serene. Fabulous time of day, skillfully captured.
20 Jan 2011 8:04pm
nice scenery and muted tones
20 Jan 2011 8:16pm
Gorgeous shot ! The mood is great and the light superb !
20 Jan 2011 11:07pm
Your title took the words right out of my mouth. A very serene and tranquil composition. A great place to think out loud.
20 Jan 2011 11:19pm
Wow, that stillness is absolutely felt in your shot. So beautiful!
20 Jan 2011 11:33pm
the image for me bespokes of weather to come, so i get an unsettled feeling when i look at it. interestingly this would be the opposite of serenity!! always it's in the EYE of the beholder that interpretation is made:)ps i think that it's a lovely image
21 Jan 2011 12:27am
Another fantastic work of this series!
21 Jan 2011 12:47am
Good morning Anina,
Absolutely quiet and beautiful. I like the silver effect in the general view, particularly well.
Have a nice time and all the best. Dear greetings Christel
21 Jan 2011 1:48am
I could say the same words than yesterday... I love the harmony and stillness, this is absolutely brilliant! *****
21 Jan 2011 7:52am
Yes, the softness and the stillness are portrayed well. Lovely photo.
21 Jan 2011 6:35pm
The vignetting is superb.. so dreamy
21 Jan 2011 9:26pm
This morning has a wonderful mood!! I realy love this time of the day, It's so peaceful..... Goed weekend Anina;-D
22 Jan 2011 7:06am
simply beautiful
22 Jan 2011 1:29pm
mood and mode spot-on, gorgeous framing. picturesque piece.
23 Jan 2011 6:59am
perfect
26 Jan 2011 8:01pm
Wonderful feeling, I love the way the boats stand out
27 Jan 2011 7:33am
C'est une atmosphère ambiguë, qui me fait balancer entre angoisse et sérénité. C'est une prise de vue réussie. | https://aninabotes.aminus3.com/image/2011-01-20.html |
1. Prepare for bed with calming activity not stimulating activity. Watching television, playing video games, and having an emotionally intense argument are not activities that lead to a good night’s sleep. Try reading, taking a warm bath, drinking caffeine-free tea, or listening to calming music before going to bed instead.
2. Avoid caffeine and nicotine before bed. Taking in caffeine right before bed is really self sabotage and sends your body a very confusing message. Additionally while alcohol may help you fall asleep it disrupts the quality of your sleep and should also not be your sleep solution.
3. Deep breathing. We often spend our days with very shallow breathing. This type of breathing holds stress in the body. When you lay down to sleep, slow down your breathing and take nice, deep cleansing breaths to send your body the message that you can relax.
4. Progressive muscle relaxation. As you lay down, take time to intentionally relax each muscle in your body. When you are so stressed about trying to sleep you end up holding tension in your back, neck, or face, it will be even more difficult to sleep. Go through each area of your body and relax your muscles.
5. Move clocks out of view. It creates more stress if you spend the night watching the time pass. Turn the clocks away from your bed to reduce the pressure.
6. Do not nap and do not sleep in. If you keep taking naps during the day you will continue to have difficulty sleeping on a regular schedule. You are creating a pattern that communicates to your body when it should sleep.
7. Try to limit the noise, heat, and light in your room. Television, uncomfortable temperatures, and music can be stimulating and take your energy and focus away from relaxing. Additionally if the room is bright you may find yourself looking around the room and focusing on things around you instead of allowing yourself to unwind.
8. Address your stress during the day. Often those who suffer from sleep problems, have a lot of worry and anxiety. Work to actively solve the problems that are creating stress for you. Also learn to let go of the things that are beyond your control. By finding ways to handle your stress during the day, you will be less stressed at night.
9. Work out during the day. Exercising right before bedtime can actually make insomnia worse. You may feel more energized and instead of relaxing your body may be charged up for more activity.
10. Reduce time you spend in the bed when awake. If you journal in bed, read in bed, and watch TV in bed, your bed is associated more with activity than rest. If you cannot sleep you should get out of bed to do activities instead of remaining in bed.
11. If you continue to have difficulty falling or staying asleep, you should seek professional help. Whether your sleep challenges are more medical or psychological, there is help available.
12. Adopt positive thinking. If you embrace the idea that your situation is hopeless, you will contribute to your sleep challenges. There is hope. Your sleep may not become identical to others but you can get a higher quality of sleep. | https://www.drthema.com/sleep-solutions/ |
By Hubert Vaz
A mixed batch of 32 artists have come together once again tojointly showcase interesting aspects of Oman through their paintings to mark Oman’s 49th National Day.
‘Strokes of Gratitude’, organised by Rangrez, the artist group of the Indian Social Club, is being held under the aegis of the Indian Embassy. The exhibition opens on November 7 with an inaugural function at the embassy grounds.
It showcases handpicked paintings on canvas made by Rangrez members on the theme – Oman.
Sushmita Gupta, a key organiser, said that each of the curated art showcases different painting styles using medium of the artists’ choice.
The exhibition will run for three weeks during which the paintings will be displayed in rotating batches at four prominent hotels in Muscat – Hormuz Grand, Mysk, Levatio and Oman Sheraton.
The selection process involved a panel that had on it Omani artists besides Muscat-based other Arab and Indian artists, buyers and art lovers.
The voting system in place allowed connoisseurs to pass, reject or choose a vote in between.
Each of these votes had a numerical value which were then added up to make the selection.
Asserting that the National Day is a time to visibly express gratitude to His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said, Sushmita, also one of the participating artists, said, “Waves of gratitude is what I have felt again and again for the last two decades that I have lived here for His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said for under his kingship Oman has literally been a heaven on earth for such an extended period of time.
“That now truly is a rare scenario for any part of the world.
“This year is super special because I got an opportunity to participate in the this exhibition. Honestly, I feel extremely lucky to be able to express my thankfulness through my art.”
Here’s what some of the participating artists said:
Sheffy Tattarath
My painting is about the celebration of Oman’s 49th National Day and about our Wise Ruler His Majesty, the Sultan. I have tried to portray his vision and the way he has re-sculpted the nation like a magician. He fine-tuned the country like a beautiful piece of music and made it so peacefulthat it blends with its nature and its people.
Uma Gopinath
‘Strokes of Gratitude’ has provided me an opportunity to thank this wonderful country and our beloved, His Majesty the Sultan. My painting is inspired from a photo composition by a friend and nature photographer and it conveys the fact that, in the face of tough times, everyone is safe and happy under the care of His Majesty the Sultan.
Rashmi Dauria
Women in Oman have been involved in handicrafts since time immemorial. In my painting, a woman is seen making an incense burner out of mud. I appreciate this initiative taken by Indian Embassy to support Indian artists in Oman.
Shashi Hemant
My painting, Breaking Hori-zons is an attempt to cover two important symbols of Oman – heritage and future aspirations. The Arabian horse has been a key animal and friend while the Omani woman is the symbol of future aspirations of the nation. Together their strength and vision shall be breaking horizons for Oman’s betterment.
Sushmita Gupta
My painting is called Side by Side. I have portrayed two Omani women of two different age groups, of two distinct fashion styles and thought processes may not agree on somethings but will perhaps always watch each other’s back.
Prakashan Puthur
The culture, life and music of Oman are great. They carry with them fond memories of past life. We can hear the habits of their traditional music behind the various jobs they engage in. This is a painting that combines the best of Oman’s life, culture and music, which can be compared to any other life in the world that is invaluable. | http://theweek.co.om/?p=4126 |
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- The distance to a set of 1.2 million galaxies that are more than 6 billion light years away from Earth has been measured to an accuracy of 1 percent, scientists announced during a press conference on Jan. 8.
The measurements place new constraints on the properties of the "dark energy" that is thought to permeate empty space and to cause the universe's expansion to accelerate over time, reports the research team from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), which includes astronomers at Penn State.
BOSS is the largest of the four projects that together make up the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III). "This is an amazing achievement," said Donald Schneider, distinguished professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State, who is the survey coordinator and scientific publications coordinator for SDSS-III. "When I was a student 35 years ago, the distances to such far-away galaxies were uncertain by a factor of two."
"There are not many things in our daily life that we know to 1 percent accuracy," said David Schlegel, a physicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and the principal investigator of BOSS. "I now know the size of the universe better than I know the size of my house."
By measuring how the light from distant galaxies has been stretched by the expansion of the universe and then by determining how far away these galaxies are, the BOSS scientists are making new inroads in the quest to understand dark energy. The new distance measurements will be presented at the meeting of the American Astronomical Society by Harvard University astronomer Daniel Eisenstein, the director of SDSS-III. The measurements are detailed in a series of articles recently submitted for publication.
Distances to planets in the solar system can be measured to high accuracy using radar, but for more-distant objects astronomers must turn to less-direct methods. Only a few hundred stars and a small number of star clusters are close enough to have distances measured with 1 percent accuracy. Nearly all of these stars are only a few thousand light years away and are still within our own Milky Way galaxy. Reaching out a million times farther away, the new BOSS measurements probe far beyond our galaxy to map the universe with unprecedented accuracy.
"Making a 1 percent measurement at a distance of 6 billion light years is a huge step forward," explained Eisenstein, "and it requires a completely different technique from measurements in the solar system or the Milky Way."
BOSS measures baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), subtle periodic ripples imprinted in the arrangement of galaxies in the cosmos. These ripples are descendants of pressure waves that moved through the plasma of the early universe, which was so hot and dense that particles of light (photons) were tightly coupled to the protons and neutrons (known collectively as "baryons") that make up the nuclei of atoms. The size of these periodic ripples can be calculated from fundamental physics; by using this standard length as one side of a triangle, astronomers can determine the distance to the clustered galaxies.
The new BOSS measurements appear consistent with a form of dark energy that stays constant through the history of the universe. "This behavior is what one would expect from Einstein's proposal of a 'Cosmological Constant'," said Schneider. "When the BOSS observations are completed in June 2014, we should be able to place even tighter constraints on the nature of dark energy."
ABOUT THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY:
Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III website is http://www.sdss3.org. | http://news.psu.edu/story/299655/2014/01/08/research/distance-remote-galaxies-can-now-be-measured-1-percent-accuracy |
Weird West delayed to March 31, 2022
Devolver Digital and WolfEye Studios have announced that Weird West has been delayed to March 31, 2022, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC (Steam). The isometric action RPG / immersive sim was originally set to launch on January 11.
In a video and written message, shown below, WolfEye Studio and creative director Raf Colantonio state that early feedback from beta testers show some unintended consequences from the game's immersive sim design, so a little bit more time is needed to deliver the best experience as possible.
For more information on the game, you can check out:
- Developer Diary #2 featuring simulation elements from December 2021
- Developer Diary #1 introducing the game premise from October 2021
- Journey trailer and screenshots from July 2021
Devolver Digital and WolfEye Studios today announced that in order to make Weird West the most immersive and well, weird, journey through the west as possible, the game will now be launching across PC, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 on March 31, 2022.
Weird West is an impressively deep mix of action RPG and immersive sim elements built on the WolfEye team's experience with Dishonored and Prey. Early feedback is fantastic but, as is the case with any immersive sim, there are a lot of variables that can lead to unintended consequences. More time is needed to deliver an experience that the community expects from WolfEye and Devolver. The team understands that this might be a disappointment to folks, but want to ensure that the game they've worked on for years is launched in the best form possible. | https://www.rpgsite.net/news/12168-weird-west-delayed-to-march-31-2022 |
SAN DIEGO and TEMECULA, Calif., Nov. 16, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Shareholder rights attorneys at Robbins Umeda LLP are investigating possible breaches of fiduciary duty and other violations of the law by members of the board of directors of Outdoor Channel Holdings, Inc. (NASDQ: OUTD) in connection with their efforts to sell the company to InterMedia Outdoors Holdings, LLC.
On November 16, 2012, Outdoor Channel and InterMedia announced they had entered into a definitive merger agreement under which InterMedia will acquire Outdoor Channel through a cash and stock election merger with a total value of $176.6 million. Outdoor Channel shareholders will receive $8.00 per share or one share of stock in InterMedia. Following the completion of the merger, Outdoor Channel will become InterMedia Outdoor Holdings, Inc.
The Board of Directors' Actions May Prevent Outdoor Channel Shareholders from Receiving the Maximum Value for Their Stock
Robbins Umeda LLP's investigation focuses on whether the board of directors at Outdoor Channel is undertaking a fair process to obtain maximum value and adequately compensate its shareholders. The $8.00 per share offer price represents a premium of only 11% based on Outdoor Channel's closing price on November 15, 2012 and is substantially below recent target prices set by analysts. As recently as September 9, 2012, an analyst from Noble Financial Group set a target price of $9 per share. Further, recently the company has reported impressive results. On November 7, 2012, Outdoor Channel reported its third quarter 2012 earnings results reflecting a 13% increase in revenue and net income which beat consensus analyst estimates by 40%. Moreover, following the completion of the merger, Outdoor Channel's current management team will manage the combined company. Given these financials and management's continued role at the post acquisition company, the firm is examining the board of directors' decision to sell Outdoor Channel now rather than allow shareholders to continue to participate in the company's continued success and future growth prospects.
Outdoor Channel shareholders have the option to file a class action lawsuit against the company to secure the best possible price for shareholders and the disclosure of material information so shareholders can vote on the transaction in an informed manner. Outdoor Channel shareholders interested in information about their rights and potential remedies can contact Darnell R. Donahue at (800) 350-6003, [email protected], or via the shareholder information form on the firm's website.
Robbins Umeda LLP is a nationally recognized leader in securities litigation and shareholder rights law. The firm represents individual and institutional investors in shareholder derivative and securities class action lawsuits, and has helped its clients realize more than $1 billion of value for themselves and the companies in which they have invested. For more information, please go to http://www.robbinsumeda.com.
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Is reputation obsolete?
In the past, most conversations were ephemeral: spoken words quickly slipped into the past, resurrected only if a listener later repeated them from memory. Today, many discussions and transactions live on indefinitely. Online conversations are often permanently archived and events in the face-to-face world are frequently recorded. We photograph each other at events both significant and mundane, and upload the images to public media-feeds. Records of our travel times, purchases, health conditions, phone calls, and more exist in vast corporate and government databases. Today, I often no longer have to rely on someone else?s account of your past behavior: I can see for myself.
In a world in which all action is recorded, is there still need for reputation information? If I can see the events of the past for myself, is getting other people?s potentially biased and self-serving opinions about it worth anything? Or, has reputation become obsolete? | http://apo.org.au/node/15440 |
Telling stories through Rodin
Writers were influential in helping French sculptor Auguste Rodin gain fame.
It was friendships with author Robert Louis Stevenson, poet Robert Browning and playwright George Bernard Shaw that propelled the sculptor’s prominence from Paris to Great Britain and throughout Europe.
Now, a new exhibit opening at the James A. Michener Art Museum in Doylestown at the end of February will allow residents to explore that connection through a storytelling workshop that begins today in partnership with the Bucks County Playhouse.
“Rodin is such an internationally known name — it gave us an opportunity to reach a broader selection of people,” said Zoriana Siokalo, director of programs.
In addition, the museum will host several Tuesday afternoon lectures on Rodin and the pieces in the exhibit, as well as studio tours of local sculptors who have been influenced by Rodin, French music concerts in April and an excursion to the Rodin Museum in Philadelphia, which recently reopened after a three-year, $9 million renovation.
The exhibit features 52 bronze sculptures on loan from the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Collections in California. Judith Sobel, the collections’ curator, will be among the lecturers speaking at the Michener, according to Siokalo.
The workshop — “Talk Story: In Love and War, The World of Rodin” — begins today and runs through April 30.
Participants will use Rodin’s work to write their own stories, culminating in a performance at the playhouse on May 2.
The cost is $300 and classes will be held at Lambertville Hall in Lambertville, New Jersey, and at the Michener.
“He’s an artist who’s so evocative, particularly to theater people,” said Hester Kamin, education director for the playhouse who will teach the workshop along with Bill George, artistic director of the Bethlehem-based Touchstone Theatre.
“His work is theatrical. It’s about the heart and emotions and storytelling a moment in time that we’ve all experienced.”
In a separate workshop hosted by the Michener museum and the County Theater in Doylestown and beginning on March 8, participants will get a taste of developing a movie from script through production. The cost is $20; members, $10.
Chris Collier, associate director of the County Theater, said he had been working with a film production company called Saturday Afternoon Pictures about doing a screening of one of its films.
“We started to discuss what else we could do to highlight other local films and filmmakers and make it more engaging,” said Collier.
From there, they devised a workshop that “examines the whole process of filmmaking from writing the film, casting, having the cast do a table read through the script, picking locations, shooting the film and then the final process of editing it and putting it all together,” he said.
The workshop will culminate with a screening at the theater on May 20.
All workshops are open to the public.
“We have been working with community organizations for a number of years,” said Siokalo. “So this is a wonderful opportunity for partnering — offering visitors a new way to appreciate what we have at the museum.”
Want to know more? | https://www.buckscountycouriertimes.com/story/entertainment/local/2015/02/05/telling-stories-through-rodin/18081046007/ |
Exposure to microbes may result in maternal immune responses that can affect fetal immune development. Several lines of evidence have shown that mycobacterial antigens can change the onset of atopic disease. We hypothesized that infants born to mothers with a positive tuberculosis (TB) test and a negative chest radiograph, may exhibit differential development of atopic disease during early childhood. The study was designed as a case control study. Birth records for infants born to untreated mothers with a positive TB skin test (TST), as defined by ≥10 mm induration were reviewed (n = 145 cases) and compared to a randomly selected unmatched control cohort of 46 women with a negative TST who delivered during the same time period at Scripps Hospital in San Diego, CA, USA. Childhood outcome parameters reviewed were: (1) the onset of physician diagnosed asthma; (2) lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) with wheezing, latent tuberculosis infection/wheezing diagnosed on physical examination; (3) nonsurgical hospitalization; (4) atopic disease (eye/skin/nasal-sinus disease); (5) infections: ear, LRTI, sinus. LRTI was defined as an infection of the lower airways, eg, pneumonia. Outcomes at the end of years 1, 2, and 3-5 years combined were analyzed. Fisher exact test, Chi-square analysis or Poisson regression analysis were used as appropriate and a P-value of <0.05 was defined as significant. The cases and controls had similar birth weights, gestational ages, maternal ages: 3.34 versus 3.35 kg; 38.3 versus 39.2 weeks, 27.4 versus 26 years (P = non-significant). The childhood outcome parameters of the new onset of asthma was significantly higher than controls by age 2 years, but not at other ages studied, based on available clinic follow up data (P = 0.02). There was a difference in the risk for lung infection at age 2 and 3-5 years (P < 0.0001). There were no differences in the other outcome parameters studied (P = ns). There were no cases of infants with a positive TST, maternal Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination or active maternal TB, based on our study findings. There was a higher occurrence of asthma and lung infections at age 2 years among controls (P = 0.02). Our study defines for the first time a possible influence of maternal latent TB infection on fetal and childhood illness.
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 10. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 08 November 2013.
All research outputs
#1,168,503
of 10,479,368 outputs
Outputs from Journal of Asthma and Allergy
#21
of 122 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#15,938
of 128,061 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Journal of Asthma and Allergy
#1
of 4 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 10,479,368 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done well and is in the 88th percentile: it's in the top 25% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 122 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 5.5. This one has done well, scoring higher than 82% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 128,061 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done well, scoring higher than 87% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 4 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has scored higher than all of them
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new paper in Environmental Research Letters!
Proud to announce the acceptance of our first manuscript from the MESO-Plastic experiment @ Cretacosmos, Greece in Environmental Research Letters – IOP Publishing, open access publication.
“Microplastics increase the marine production of particulate forms of organic matter”
click on the title to read the paper!
Here’s the abstract:
“Microplastics are a major environmental challenge, being ubiquitous and persistent as to represent a new component in all marine environments. As any biogenic particle, microplastics provide surfaces for microbial growth and biofilm production, which largely consist of carbohydrates and proteins. Biofilms influence microbial activity and modify particle buoyancy, and therefore control the fate of microplastics at sea. In a simulated “plastic ocean”, three mesocosms containing oligotrophic seawater were amended with polystyrene microbeads and compared to three control mesocosms. The evolution of organic matter, microbial communities and nutrient concentrations was monitored over 12 days. The results indicated that microplastics increased the production of organic carbon and its aggregation into gel particulates. The observed increase of gel-like organics has implications on the marine biological pump as well as the transport of microplastics in the ocean.”
As the Version of Record of this article is going to be/has been published on a gold open access basis under a CC BY 3.0 licence, this Accepted Manuscript is available for reuse under a CC BY 3.0 licence immediately. | http://www.poseidomm.eu/2019/11/21/new-paper-in-environmental-research-letters/ |
HARBOR SPRINGS — Insurance discussions between Bay Bluffs and Emmet County are expected to continue this week and into February.
Representatives from both parties say the talks, aimed at developing a “letter of understanding” between both of them, will go a long way toward better establishing the responsibilities and liabilities they each bear. The topic was formally raised for the first time at board meetings for the county and the medical care facility last week.
County Administrator Mike Reaves said he began pursuing the issue after an annual review with the county’s insurance provider, which revealed no records confirming the insurance coverage for the 750 E. Main St. medical care facility.
“Our insurance carrier didn’t know anything about it, and that gave me some pause because I was concerned that we had’t brought it to our insurance carrier before,” Reaves told commissioners. “Because it is a building that we own, I wanted to be sure that there was insurance to cover that.”
The county has owned Bay Bluffs for several decades, though the county Department of Health and Human Services Board is in charge of operations. Reaves said he was initially worried that neither party had insurance for the facility, and had simply assumed the other had taken care of it.
Bay Bluffs does have its own insurance policy.
“Mike Reaves and I, being relatively new to county operations, both want each entity to have the proper protections in place,” Bay Bluffs CEO Lisa Ashley said in an email.
She said she expects the discussions to take until the next board meeting in February and doesn’t expect any challenges. An agreement between the two parties may have existed in the 1960s when operations began, but if so, it seems to be lost in the archives, she said.
“Mike and I are both surprised there is not anything in writing that we have found thus far providing clarity on responsibilities,” she said. “Most other counties who have a medical care facility have these in place.”
A draft version of the letter was included in agenda materials last week, but Emmet County commissioners took no action on it to allow for any changes that may come up during the talks.
“Per our insurance care, we’re asking that we have a document that has an agreement that insurance coverage will be continued, that it be maintained at certain levels ... that’s there’s a liability policy attached,” Reaves said.
As written, proposed letter of understanding would mean the county would be shielded from liability in the case of legal action against the senior living facility. The agreement would formally require Bay Bluffs to have appropriate levels of insurance coverage of its own. It would also name the county as an “additional insured” and “loss payee” on Bay Bluff’s coverage, extending some privileges to the county, such as the ability to collect payments.
“It is prudent of the DHHS Board and County to engage in this discussion now, especially as we continue to look at the future of the facility and needs of our community related to the services we provide,” Ashley said. “It’s hard to build a future on an unknown foundation! I think all parties are interested in making sure we have a stable foundation for future residents who need our care.” | |
Practical Application of Periostin as a Biomarker for Pathological Conditions.
In physiological condition, periostin is expressed in limited tissues such as periodontal ligament, periosteum, and heart valves. Periostin protein is mainly localized on extracellular collagen bundles and in matricellular space. On the other hand, in pathological condition, expression of periostin is induced in disordered tissues of human patients. In tumor development and progression, periostin is elevated mainly in its microenvironment and stromal tissue rich in extracellular matrix. Tumor stromal fibroblasts highly express periostin and organize the tumor-surrounding extracellular matrix architecture. In fibrosis in lung, liver, and kidney, proliferating activated fibroblasts express periostin and replace normal functional tissues with dense connective tissues. In inflammation and allergy, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 induce expression of periostin that plays important roles in pathogenesis of these diseases. The elevated levels of periostin in human patients could be detected not only in tissue biopsy samples but also in peripheral bloods using specific antibodies against periostin, because periostin secreted from the disordered tissues is transported into blood vessels and circulates in the cardiovascular system. In this chapter, I introduce the elevated expression of periostin in pathological conditions, and discuss how periostin could be utilized as a biomarker in disease diagnosis.
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Model-based or algorithm-based? Statistical evidence for diabetes and treatments using gene expression.
Gene expression profiles obtained from samples of diabetic and normal rats with and without treatments can be used to identify genes that distinguish normal and diabetic individuals and also to evaluate the effectiveness of drug treatments. This study examines changes in global gene expression in rat muscle caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes and vanadyl sulfate treatment. We explored model-based and algorithm-based methods with gene screening measures for microarray gene expression data to classify and predict individuals with high risk of diabetes. Results show that the mixed ANOVA model-based approach provides an efficient way to conduct an investigation of the inherent variability in gene expression data and to estimate the effects of experimental factors such as treatments and diseases and their interactions. The algorithm-based weighted voting and neural network classifiers show good classification performance for the diabetes and treatment groups. Although neural network performs better than weighted voting with higher classification rate, the interpretation of weighted voting is more straightforward. The study indicates that the choice of the gene selection procedure is at least as important as the choice of the classification procedure. We conclude that both mixed model-based and algorithm-based approaches provide the statistical evidence of the biological hypotheses that vanadyl sulfate treatment of diabetic animals restores gene expression patterns to normal. Although model-based and algorithm-based methods provide different strengths and perspective for the analysis of the same set of data, in general both can be considered and developed for analyzing factorial design experiments with multiple groups and factors. This study represents a major step towards the discovery of responsible genes related to diabetes and its treatment.
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Klavdija Zupančič (2022) Correlation between dadaism and children’s drawing. Diploma thesis.
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Download (3023Kb)
Abstract
The purpose of the thesis is to understand the creative process offered by Dadaism in connection with children's drawing. The theoretical part contains the described developments of the movements Dadaism and Neo-Dadaism, which were formed in the 20th century. The second part of the theory deals with the research of the developmental stages of artistic expression. I presented and explained the parallels between the principles of children's drawing and the principles of Dadaism. I analyzed and presented individual works of art and approaches used by the Slovenian painter Arjan Pregl, who is currently at the peak of his work. His principles helped me and the compass in creating my own paintings, which I created in order to support my predictions, which are tied to the common points of Dadaism and children's drawings. I was interested in how I can change the spontaneity and nonsense in a painting (either children's or study) in a way that gives the artwork a multifaceted meaning. I will explore how the principle described above was achieved by the Dadaists and how I can achieve this today. | http://pefprints.pef.uni-lj.si/7270/ |
What will I learn on this module?
This module is aimed at equipping students with subject specialist knowledge at the forefront of research in soft and nano-materials. The module has a particular focus on developing professional skills linked to understanding and critically appraising the current landscape of research in soft condensed matter.
The content of the module is informed by research within the Faculty of Engineering and Environment including soft and biological matter physics and the application of quantum mechanics. Soft and biological matter physics involves concepts in fluid dynamics and statistical physics underpinning fluid dynamical systems at small scales including super-hydrophobic surfaces, microscopic motility and colloidal systems. The application of quantum mechanics is explored through nanostructures such as quantum dots, nanocrystals, nanowires, core-shell nanostructures. Furthermore, students are introduced to a range of techniques used to produce these nanostructures as well as characterization techniques.
How will I learn on this module?
The module is delivered using a substantial amount of directed independent learning supported by lectures and seminars. Lectures are used to introduce advanced concepts in physics include the relevant mathematical formalism. Plenary discussion around topics is highly encouraged as students explore the boundaries of frontier subjects in physics. This provides a basis for seminars which provide an opportunity to deepen students understanding through further discussion and problem solving.
Seminars are also used to provide feedback to students both from the academic staff but also from their peer group. This module provides a collegial environment for active scientific discussion and engagement, thus strengthening students’ employability through knowledge and critical thinking about the current physics research landscape. Problem sets will be made available to students prior to seminars and wherever possible, practical demonstrations may occur in the Faculty’s laboratories.
Summative assessment is via coursework (20%) and a written closed-book examination (80%). The coursework assessment will be an assignment covering aspects of soft matter, low Reynolds number hydrodynamics or fabrication and characterisation of nanomaterials. The examination will cover all aspects of the module and assess the student’s ability to formulate and solve problems mathematically as well as conceptually.
Independent study is supported by further technology-enhanced resources provided via the e-learning portal, including lecture notes, source open-access journal papers, and examples of past assignments.
How will I be supported academically on this module?
In addition to direct contact with the module team during lectures and seminars, students are encouraged to develop their curiosity by making direct contact with the module team either via email or the open door policy operated throughout the programme. Students will also be regularly referred to supporting resources including relevant texts and multimedia relevant to soft matter and nanomaterials. References to these resources will be made available through the e-learning portal and in lectures and seminars.
What will I be expected to read on this module?
All modules at Northumbria include a range of reading materials that students are expected to engage with. The reading list for this module can be found at: http://readinglists.northumbria.ac.uk
(Reading List service online guide for academic staff this containing contact details for the Reading List team – http://library.northumbria.ac.uk/readinglists)
What will I be expected to achieve?
Knowledge & Understanding:
• Explain how the laws of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, fluid dynamics and quantum mechanics jointly determine the behaviour of soft and nanomaterials
• Combine concepts to formulate and solve problems relating to soft and condensed matter systems
Intellectual / Professional skills & abilities:
• Analyse the underlying physical mechanisms governing the equilibrium and dynamical properties of model soft and condensed matter systems
• Critically evaluate the underpinning physical mechanisms for the design of existing or novel soft and nanomaterials
Personal Values Attributes (Global / Cultural awareness, Ethics, Curiosity) (PVA):
• Assess the role of soft and nanomaterials in improving quality of life and sustainability
How will I be assessed?
SUMMATIVE
1. Coursework (20%) – KU1, KU2, IPSA2, PVA1
2. Exam (80%) – KU1, KU2, IPSA1
FORMATIVE
1. Seminars KU1, KU2, ISPA1, IPSA2
Exam feedback will be provided individually and also generically to indicate where the cohort has a strong or a weaker answer to examination questions. Written feedback will be provided on coursework. Formative feedback will be provided during seminars.
Pre-requisite(s)
N/A
Co-requisite(s)
N/A
Module abstract
Physics-informed research is increasingly shaping the development of cutting-edge technologies, including quantum-devices, smart materials and biologically inspired systems. This module is aimed at equipping you with subject-specialist knowledge at the forefront of research in soft and nano-materials. The module has a particular focus on developing professional skills linked to understanding and critically appraising the current landscape of research in soft condensed matter. Formal learning will occur through a combination of lectures and seminars, and supported via technology-enhanced resources through highly specialised computational and lab demonstrations. Assessment will be through an individual 5,000-word report (20%) and a closed-book examination (80%). This module will provide you with specialist knowledge, a comprehensive grasp and critical view of the current research landscape in soft and condensed matter physics thus strengthening your skills-base for future study and employability.
Course info
UCAS Code F301
Credits 20
Level of Study Undergraduate
Mode of Study 4 years full-time or 5 years with a placement (sandwich)/study abroad
Department Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering
Location City Campus, Northumbria University
City Newcastle
Start September 2023
Our Campus based courses starting in 2022 and 2023 will be delivered on-campus with supporting online learning content. We continue to monitor government and local authority guidance in relation to Covid-19 and we are ready and able to adjust the delivery of our education accordingly to ensure the health and safety of our students and staff.
On-campus contact time is subject to increase or decrease in line with any additional restrictions, which may be imposed by the Government or the University in the interest of maintaining the health and safety and wellbeing of students, staff, and visitors. This could potentially mean increased or fully online delivery, should such restrictions on in-person contact time be required.
Current, Relevant and Inspiring
We continuously review and improve course content in consultation with our students and employers. To make sure we can inform you of any changes to your course register for updates on the course page. | https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/study-at-northumbria/courses/physics-mphys-ft-uusics1?moduleslug=kd7028-soft-and-nanomaterials&alttemplate=df847541-4f68-426a-8940-4c60ff4c5262&y=2023 |
- What is DNS Security?
- DNS Security Considerations + Components
- DNS Attacks
- What is DNSSEC?
- DNS Security v. DNSSEC
- DNS Over TLS
- DNS Over HTTPS
- What is the difference between DNS over TLS & DNS over HTTPS?
- DNS Monitoring Alerts
DNS security should be considered an essential part of any business’s security plan. Name resolution services (translating hostnames into IP addresses) are used by nearly all applications and services on a network.
If an attacker could gain control of an organization’s DNS they could easily:
- Permanently transfer control of the public domain to themselves
- Reroute inbound email, web requests, and authentication attempts
- Generate and approve SSL/TLS certificates outside the organization’s control
This guide approaches DNS security from two perspectives:
1. Maintaining overall DNS Ownership and Control
2. How new DNS protocols like DNSSEC, DOH, and DoT can help protect the integrity and privacy of DNS requests in transit.
What is DNS Security?
DNS security is comprised of two halves:
1. Maintaining the overall integrity and availability of your DNS services (translating hostnames into IP addresses)
2. Monitoring of DNS activity to indicate that a security issue may be occurring elsewhere in your network.
Why is DNS Vulnerable to Attack
DNS was created in the early years of the internet, far before anyone ever thought of incorporating security best practices. DNS operates without authentication or encryption blindly resolving queries for any client that asks.
Given that starting point, there are numerous ways to spoof, falsify or mislead clients about where name resolution is actually happening.
DNS Security Considerations + Components
DNS Security is made up of several overarching components that need to be addressed to properly secure DNS as a whole.
- System and Control Security: Harden servers and create default commissioning template
- Protocol Enhancement: Deploy DNSSEC, DoT or DoH
- Analytics and Reporting: Ingest DNS event logging into SIEM solution to provide context to security investigations
- Security and Threat Intelligence: Subscribe to an active threat intelligence feed that provides actionable metrics
- Automation: script out as much as possible to take advantage of time allotted towards security.
The above high-level components are just the tip of the iceberg as it pertains to DNS security. In the following section, we will deep dive into more specific use cases and best practices that you need to be aware of.
DNS Attacks
- DNS Spoofing/Cache Poisoning: Exploiting a system vulnerability, to control a DNS cache to redirect users to a different destination.
- DNS Tunnelling: Mostly used to bypass network security controls for remote connections.
- DNS Hijacking: The act of redirecting your regular DNS traffic by changing your domain registrar to redirect to a different destination DNS server.
- NXDOMAIN Attack: The process of DDoSing a DNS authoritative server with non-legitimate domain requests to force a response.
- Phantom Domain Attack: Forcing the DNS resolver to wait for a response from non-existent domains, which in turn leads to poor performance.
- Random Subdomain Attack: Compromised hosts and botnets that essentially are DOSing a legit domain, but focusing its fire on false subdomains to force the DNS record lookups and override the service.
- Domain Lock-Up Attack: Is the act of sending numerous junk responses to keep the resolvers engaged and locked-up resource-wise.
- Botnet-Based CPE Attack: This is a collection of computers, modems, routers, etc. that are used to focus computing power on one specific website or resource to overwhelm it with traffic requests.
Attacks Leveraging DNS
These are attacks that use DNS in some way to attack other systems (aka changing DNS entries is not the target).
- Fast-Flux
- Single Flux
- Double Flux
- DNS Tunneling
Attacks on DNS
Attacks resulting in the IP address returned from a DNS server is what an attacker wants and not the legitimate admins of the DNS server.
- DNS Spoofing/Cache poisoning
- DNS Hijacking
What is DNSSEC?
DNSSEC stands for Domain Name System Security Extensions and is used to validate DNS records without needing to know the outlining information around each specific DNS query.
DNSSEC uses digital signature key pairs (PKI) to validate whether the answer to a DNS query is coming from the proper source.
Implementing DNSSEC is not only an industry best practice required by NIST but also is an effective way to combat the simpleness of how DNS operates and avoid most DNS attacks.
How DNSSEC Works
DNSSEC operates similarly to TLS/HTTPS using public/private key pairs to digitally sign DNS records. An extremely high-level overview of this process:
1. DNS records are signed with the public/private key pair.
2. DNSSEC query responses contain both the record that was requested as well as the signature and the public key.
3. The public key is then used to compare the record and the signature for authenticity.
DNS Security v. DNSSEC
DNSSEC is a security control to validate the integrity of DNS queries but does not impact DNS privacy. Put another way: DNSSEC may let you feel confident that the answer to your DNS query is what was intended, but any attacker or snoop could see those results as they were transmitted to you.
DNS Over TLS
Transport Layer Security – is a cryptographic protocol to secure transmitted information over a network connection. Once a secure TLS connection is established between a client and a server, no intermediaries can “see” the data being transmitted as it is encrypted.
TLS is most commonly used as part of HTTPS (“SSL”) in your web browser as requests are made to secure HTTP servers.
DNS Over TLS (DoT) uses TLS to encrypt the UDP traffic of normal DNS queries.
Encrypting these otherwise plain text queries helps protect the users or applications making the requests from several different attacks.
- Man-In-The-Middle: without encryption, an intermediary system sitting between the client and the authoritative DNS server could potentially reply to the client with false or damaging information.
- Spying and Tracking: with no encryption on queries, it is trivial for intermediary systems to view what sites a particular user or application accesses. While the specific page within a site will not be evident solely from DNS, just knowing what domains are being requested is enough to form a profile of the system or individual.
Source: University of California Irvine
DNS Over HTTPS
DNS over HTTPS (or DoH) is an experimental protocol being led by Mozilla and Google that has very similar goals to DoT: improving the privacy of people browsing the internet by encrypting DNS queries and responses.
Standard DNS queries are transmitted via UDP and the requests and responses can be watched with tools like Wireshark. DoT encrypts these queries but they are still identifiable as fairly distinct UDP traffic on the network.
DoH takes a different approach and transmits encrypted DNS resolution requests over HTTPS connections which over the wire look like any other web request.
This difference has some significant ramifications for both sysadmins and the future of name resolution.
1. DNS filtering is a common way of filtering web traffic to protect users from phishing attacks, malware distribution sites, or other potentially damaging internet activity on a corporate network. DoH bypasses these filters, potentially exposing users and networks to a higher degree of risk.
2. In the current model of name resolution, every device on a network more or less receives DNS queries from the same location (a specified DNS server). DoH and specifically, Firefox’s implementation show how that may not be the case in the future. Each application on a computer may be pulling from a different DNS source, making it much more challenging to troubleshoot, to secure, and to model risk.
Source: How to enable DoH in Google
What is the difference between DNS over TLS & DNS over HTTPS?
Let’s start with DNS over TLS (DoT). The main focus here is that the original DNS protocol does not change; it is just transmitted securely over a secure channel. DoH encapsulates DNS in HTTP format before requests are made.
DNS Monitoring Alerts
Being able to monitor your perimeter DNS traffic for suspicious anomalies effectively is critical to the early detection of compromise. Using a tool like Varonis Edge will give you the ability to alert on intelligent metrics and build profiles for each account on your network. Alerts can be generated by a combination of actions within a specific time. These periods have been established by analyzing the results of breaches around the world in each industry.
Monitoring for differences in DNS changes, account location, first-time use, accessing sensitive data, and activity outside of working hours are only a few metrics that can be correlated to painting a broader picture of detection. | https://whitehallmedia.co.uk/blog/2020/10/28/dns-security-guide/ |
Globalisation is about much more than marketing and purchasing. Every organisation is affected by globalisation. It is emerging as the most powerful force influencing 21st century business. Globalisation can affect every aspect of the activities of an organisation from basic research through product creation to post-sale customer support.
The opening of markets and the rapid diffusion of information, knowledge and capability are combining to change our view of our business potential and the ways in which we do business. Therefore, all managers have to be aware of the potential impact of globalisation on every decision and every action.
This training will feature:
- Detailed analysis of the structural changes in the world economy
- The process of change from a national to a global organisation
- Strategic and operational challenges in developing a global organisation
- The management challenges in a multi-cultural environment
- Case studies and examples of best practice in managing globalisation
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this training participants will be able to:
- Understand how and why the world economy is changing
- Clarify the changing role of financial institutions in globalisation
- Demonstrate the specific management challenges in a global structure
- Identify the key factors for success in building a global organisation
- Lead their teams in contributing effectively to the process of globalisation
TRAINING METHODOLOGY
This course will be based on leading edge teaching/learning approaches to ensure maximum learning and discussion of the subjects that are presented. The main objective will be to create a very participative approach and delegates will be encouraged to offer ideas and questions that relate directly to their own specialisms. This will involve the following activities:
- Course leader’s presentation of the principles of the subject
- Subject-specific presentations
- Case experience and case studies
- Group work and group discussions on sharply focused issues
The instructor will refer to real-life examples of global economic and business development projects in which he has been personally involved.
ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACT
By sending delegates to this training, the organisation will gain the following benefits:
- Better informed managers capable of operating internationally
- Improved strategic thinking in all levels of staff
- Greater confidence in the development decisions of staff
- Better focus on planning for a more international business structure
- Reduction of risk in all decisions affecting international development
- Enhanced competencies in managing cross-border Organizations
PERSONAL IMPACT
By attending this training, delegates will acquire the following skills and competencies:
- Strategic awareness and ability to develop an international career
- Managing culture differences in an international context
- Analysis of internationally complex business opportunities
- Leadership and team working capabilities in extended Organizations
- Assessing risk in international development decisions
- Delivering a personal contribution to global development
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
This training is suitable for a wide range of professionals but will benefit:
- Strategic and operational planners
- Financial managers/controllers
- Organizational development specialists
- Human resource managers
- Business process designers and analysts
This course does not require specialist knowledge of economics, though delegates will need to have a lively interest in the challenges of international business strategies and relationships.
SEMINAR OUTLINE
Day 1
The Nature of Globalisation
- The Changing Structure of the World Economy
- The Changing Role of the International Financial Institutions
- What does globalisation mean?
- Why do Organizations develop globally?
- How do Organizations develop globally?
- How can individuals prepare themselves for globalisation?
Day 2
Strategic Management in Global Organizations
- Strategic Planning – from national to global
- A Planning Framework For A Globalising Organisation
- Risk Analysis and Risk Management in Global Development
- International Financial Markets and Trends
- Understanding and Managing Value Migration
Day 3
Operational Management in Global Organizations
- Coordinating and Controlling a Global Business
- Managing the First Stages of Globalisation
- Managing the Final Stages of Globalisation
- Taking a Global Organisation Forward for the Longer Term
Day 4
Global Structural Design and Management
- The Relevance of Organizational Agility and Alignment
- Human Resource Development in a Global Operation
- Communications – The Key to Effective Global Performance
- Collaboration and Alliances – The Emerging Organizational Form
- Effective Management of Dispersed Operations
Day 5
The Future of Global Business
- The World in 2030 – Economic Shift and Location of Activity
- What do we learn from the 2008-2015 financial crisis? | http://www.lakeshoreintegrated.com/course/the-challenge-of-globalisation/ |
Robots are increasingly being employed in tasks that are otherwise dangerous or tedious for humans. The ability of a robot can be increased when tactile sensors are incorporated into the robotic hands to enable the robot to “feel” objects in robotic hand and to generate corresponding feedback.
| |
NEWS: Chatbots.org survey on 3000 US and UK consumers shows it is time for chatbot integration in customer service!read more..
The 1st International Krakow Conference in Cognitive Science: Consciousness and Volition focuses on the current state of consciousness research, with particular reference to connections with issues pertaining to volitional acts. Principal topics will include: mental acts of volition, perception, memory, qualia, emotions, as well as the neurophysiological and physical foundations of all of these. We will also set out to analyse the possibility of artificial modelling of such mental acts, and correlations between them and experimentally discoverable events. The program of the conference, which is envisaged as having an interdisciplinary flavour, will not, however, be limited to just these themes and presentations. It is hoped that it will include a wide-range of related topics and innovative approaches, even where these involve research with an explicitly interdisciplinary orientation. One of the most important challenges that this conference aims to address is that of bridging the explanatory gap between first-person experience, psychological research and the various ways in which the brain itself may be studied.
The conference organisers therefore cordially invite prospective participants to submit original proposals for consideration with a view to selection, in philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, cognitive science and other related fields. | https://www.chatbots.org/event/1st_international_krakow_conference_in_cognitive_science_consciousness_and_/ |
ADD & ADHD
The Roig Academy is among a specialized independent network of schools throughout the world that are designed for students with learning differences.
Why The Roig?
We understand that children with learning differences, such as Dyslexia and Dyscalculia, require teaching styles and methodologies that are not found in a typical classroom.
Educators at The Roig Academy have a thorough understanding of the learning differences that each of its students may be diagnosed with.
What is Attention-deficit/
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
Attention-deficit/
How do I know if my child may have ADD or ADHD?
Inattention
- Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
- Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.
- Often to does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
- Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or other duties (loses focus, gets sidetracked).
- Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn’t want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework).
- Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools).
- Is often easily distracted.
- Is often forgetful in daily activities.
Hyperactivity & Impulsivity
- Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat when sitting still is expected.
- Often gets up from seat when remaining in seat is expected.
- Often excessively runs about or climbs when and where it is not appropriate.
- Often has trouble playing or doing leisure activities often.
- Is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor.”
- Often talks excessively.
- Often has trouble waiting for one’s turn.
- Often blurts out answers before questions have finished.
- Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).
To continue learning on how The Roig Academy caters to students who learn differently, visit our blog.
Source: ADD Resources
Some minds learn differently.
We teach differently.
We create Curious Learners.
Continue exploring below.
Let's get to know each other!
You can also contact admissions at 305-235-1313. | https://roigacademy.com/learning-differences/add/ |
July has passed us by and it’s time for another reading recap! This month, I wrapped up my summer grad school classes and dove into several of the titles that have been burning on my to-read list for months. Overall, it was a really solid month of books! I thoroughly enjoyed almost everything I read.
During June, I made a physical pile of books in my room I wanted to cover this summer. I’d stare at them longingly before I went to sleep each night, waiting for classes to be done so I could read them. When the time came, I was surprised that the first title I grabbed from the pile was The Great Gatsby. It ended up being the perfect palate-cleanser as I transitioned into summer break. The next title I picked up was Tomi Adeyemi’s debut, Children of Blood and Bone, one of my most highly-anticipated books of the year. For my morning Christian nonfiction, I had the delight of reading Rachel Held Evans’ new book on the Bible.
After such a solid month of reading, I’ve been waffling a bit on what I should pick up next. I’ve started three books in the past week and none have hooked me. What books have you read recently? I’d love to hear about them in the comments!
Overall Statistics:
- Number of books read: 10
- Number of pages read: 3,590
- Number of audiobooks listened to: 2
- Number of rereads: 3
- Longest book: Winter by Marissa Meyer
- Shortest book: Sublimity by McKenna Hight
- Highest ratings:
-
- Six of Crows by Leigh Bardugo (5 stars)
-
- The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald (5 stars)
-
- Inspired: Slaying Giants, Walking on Water, and Loving the Bible Again by Rachel Held Evans (4.5 stars)
- Lowest rating:
-
- Leah on the Offbeat by Becky Albertalli (3 stars)
Some notes on my stats:
- Audiobooks are included in total page count. It takes me longer to listen to a book than read it, so I count them
- My ratings are on a 5-star system and are ridiculously subjective
If you want more information about each book, follow the links embedded in the titles. That will bring you to the book’s Goodreads page.
Mini Reviews
- Pages: 462
- Rating: 5 stars
- Format: E-book
- Reread
- Thoughts:
-
- This was my third time through Six of Crows within the past twelve months and I regret nothing. As far as I’m aware, this book is absolute perfection. How Bardugo manages to balance the narratives of six characters (each with their own unique motivation and backstory) with the complex plot of a heist story blows my mind. She makes it look effortless.
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
- Pages: 184
- Rating: 5 stars
- Format: Print
- Reread
- Thoughts:
-
- This American classic was the perfect palate-cleanser as I transitioned from grad school reading to pure pleasure reading. It’s short, profound, takes place in summer, and HOLY CATS Fitzgerald can write!!
-
- Gatsby grows on me with every reread. I’ve now read it four times: twice for school and twice for pleasure.
-
- Fitzgerald’s prose is absolutely flawless. I could lose myself in his writing. I must, must, must read more of his work.
-
- There are so many layers in this text. From rich symbolism (that, yes, is heavy-handed at times), invocation and inversion of medieval Courtly Love tropes (in which Daisy is both the beloved and a representation of the American Dream), to the careful characterization, Fitzgerald’s most famous work is an absolute masterpiece. It’s a profound statement of American identity.
- Pages: 827
- Rating: 4 stars
- Format: Audiobook
- Reread
- Thoughts:
-
- This audiobook was impressively long, 21 disks! Rebecca Solare is a fantastic narrator. Her voices for characters, inflections, and pauses breathed life into this story. It was an absolute delight to listen to!
-
- Winter is a solid conclusion to a wonderful series. This was my third time through and I enjoy it just as much each read.
-
- There was a scene near the end of this book where all eight main characters were gathered together and I felt such kinship with them. I wish they were real, so I could be part of their group hugs and be their best friend forever.
-
- Throughout this series, Meyer balances four romances. For each one, she adopts a different relational trope. Each relationship is completely unique. Cinder/Kai are the famous person-falls-for normal-girl couple. Scarlet/Wolf are the instant-attraction couple that are passionate from day one. Cress/Thorne fit the model where one person has an unrealistic crush on the other and, through getting to know each other, they realize the real thing is better than the fantasy. Finally, Winter/Jacin are the childhood best friends who fall in love.
-
- The Snow White aspects of this adaptation are absolutely fantastic
-
- Winter is such a fascinating character. Normally, characters who are beautiful, kind, and beloved are boring. Meyer overcomes this by making her mentally unstable, which is endearing.
Quiet Girl in a Noisy World by Debbie Tung
- Pages: 177
- Rating: 4 stars
- Format: Print
- Thoughts:
-
- This graphic novel contains stories and snippets from the author’s life: falling in love, finishing grad school, getting married, navigating a job, etc. She shares her perspective of doing these things as an introvert in a world designed for extroverts.
-
- The art in this is absolutely delightful.
-
- This is a must-read for introverts everywhere. I related to Tung on so many points, especially when she talks about social energy levels. She introduced me to the phrase “social hangover”, which is quickly becoming part of my everyday vocabulary. It’s the feeling introverts get when we use up all our social energy and are drained, exhausted, crabby, and need to recharge.
-
- More than anything, this book reminded me that I’m not alone in my introversion. Other people experience the world this way.
- Pages: 88
- Rating: 4 stars
- Format: Print
- Thoughts: See my full review for my thoughts on my friend’s debut poetry collection
Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi
- Pages: 525
- Rating: 4 stars
- Format: Print
- Thoughts:
-
- A YA fantasy based on African tribalism in which the author (as noted in the afterword) fueled her anger about police brutality and racism in the United States? YES, PLEASE. This was one of my most highly-anticipated reads this year. I actually purchased my own copy before reading (usually, I use the library) and held onto it as a reward for wrapping up grad school summer classes. It was worth the wait!
-
- Adeyemi creates a lush, rich world in Orïsha with a comprehensive mythology and magic system.
-
- There was good character development and growth. I could tell Adeyemi adhered pretty closely to the Hero’s Journey plot structure, which was effective.
-
- My one critique is Inan’s character development felt rushed. His journey was the most compelling for me and I felt let down by how quickly he changed. The transformation wasn’t believable enough.
-
- As far as debut novels go, this one is top-notch. I can’t wait to follow Adeyemi’s career.
Inspired: Slaying Giants, Walking on Water, and Loving the Bible Again by Rachel Held Evans
- Pages: 240
- Rating: 4.5 stars
- Format: Print
- Thoughts:
-
- I’ve read all of Held Evan’s books and this is easily the best yet. She approaches the Bible through the lens of story, examining how God uses narratives to connect with His children. In each chapter, she focuses on a different type of story that appears in the Bible (creation stories, war stories, fish stories, etc.).
-
- Held Evans discusses the origins of biblical stories, their function, and ties them together with the stories we tell ourselves today.
-
- This book is thorough and very well-researched. I wrote down several of the books she cites for further reading.
-
- The subtitle is “Loving the Bible Again”. While I never stopped loving the Bible and haven’t experienced doubt to the extent Held Evans has, this book made me love the Bible even more.
Save the Date by Morgan Matson
- Pages: 417
- Rating: 4 stars
- Format: Print
- Thoughts:
-
- I love Matson’s books. As a representation of quality YA, this fits the bill perfectly. Save the Date was stressful at times, but an enjoyable, light summer read.
-
- The story centers on a family wedding where everything that can go wrong does. Simultaneously, the mom of the family is the artist behind a nationally famous newspaper comic based on her family. This comic is ending the same weekend as the wedding.
-
- Because of her mom’s comic, our protagonist Charlie clings to an idealized family and life and cannot see the cracks. She’s been looking forward to the wedding weekend for months, seeing it as the last time the whole family will be together like in the good-old-days. Amid a chaotic weekend, she learns about growing up, accepting change, and loving what’s in front of her instead of a fantasy.
I Am Malala by Malala Yousafszai and Christina Lamb
- Pages: 327
- Rating: 4 stars
- Format: Audiobook
- Thoughts:
-
- My coffee shop book club read this memoir this month. It’s been on my list for years, so I was thrilled to have a reason to pick it up!
-
- This memoir centers on the life of Malala, an activist for women’s rights and education in Pakistan. At the age of fifteen, she was shot in the head by the Taliban and miraculously survived.
-
- What I most appreciated about this book was the overview of Pakistani history and culture. Every time I read about the Middle East, I’m astounded at how little I actually know about that part of the world.
-
- Malala also provides an account of the slow infiltration of the Taliban regime. I was a young teen during these years so, while I remember hearing about it on the news, don’t know many of the details. Hearing about terrorist organizations from the perspective of Pakistani locals was so valuble!
-
- Malala is a courageous, inspiring young woman. I’m really looking forward to tracking her life and accomplishments.
Leah on the Offbeat by Becky Albertalli
- Pages: 343
- Rating: 3 stars
- Format: Print
- Thoughts:
-
- Sometimes, you just need a fluffy, easy YA novel that you can read in two days. Albertalli, in this respect, never disappoints.
-
- I didn’t love this one. It wasn’t a bad book, but I’m starting to think I’m outgrowing high school stories.
-
- What this book does best is provide great representation for LGBTQ+ teens
-
- I don’t think this book will age well. There was a lot of teen slang that even I didn’t grasp. (I had to look up what it meant to call someone a “cinnamon roll”.) Language usage changes so quickly, it’s only a manner of time before this becomes obsolete.
-
- There were lots of half-described side characters that I just didn’t care about. Even though I’ve read Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda, it was hard keeping everyone straight. (Haha, get it? Straight? It’s a LGBTQ novel? Okay, I’ll see myself out…)
-
- My favorite thing about this book was the constant Harry Potter references. Leah uses her favorite fanfic ships to describe changes in her emotional life, referring to herself as, “the worst kind of Slytherin. I’m the kind who’s so stupidly in love with a Gryffindor, she can’t even function. I’m the Draco from some shitty Drarry fic that the author abandoned after four chapters.”
See you next month for another recap! | https://keepyourfeet.blog/2018/08/01/reading-recap-july-2018/ |
Madden, Lawrence are Most Accurate Drivers on May 23; Most Flight Races Tight after Two Weeks
The standings in five of the six flights are close after the first two weeks of league play, with the flight leader ahead by 2 points or less. The exception is Flight D, where Jen Abbott is out to a 2½ point lead, but it's still very early in the season! In our league, it really hurts you if you miss a week of league play without turning in a golf-out score, so be sure to golf out during those weeks that you can't make it on Monday for league play. You can also bank golf-out scores in advance if you know that you'll have to miss on a particular league day.
The special event for the week was most tee shots in the fairway, and Karen Madden and Paula Lawrence did as well as a player can do, hitting 7 out of 7 fairways in their rounds. Karen takes the top prize by virtue of the handicap tie-breaker, and Paula is runner-up for the event. Charlene Osborne took 3rd place by hitting 6 of 7 fairways, and Michelle Piccirilli took 4th place via the handicap tie-breaker among the 8 league members who hit 5 of 7 fairways in their round. Use the links at the top or right-hand side of the page to see all the results from Week # 2 of league play.
This coming Monday is Memorial Day, and it will be a normal league play day for us. Tam O'Shanter has arranged for us to pay the regular weekday rate if we start our round after noon, so make your plans to celebrate the holiday on the links! If you can't make it that day to play, you can use a golf-out score that you have in the bank or one that you turn in later in the week.
May24
Season Opens on a Day of Mixed Weather; Schwanbeck wins Fewest Putts Event
It was weird weather on May 16 for the opening round of play in the Thelma's Golf Nook League for 2022 – kind of gloomy and rainy to start, then it cleared up and was nice. In the special event of the week, Janice Schwanbeck won the handicap tiebreaker among the three players who only used 15 putts for their rounds to take the top spot. Bob Noble and Dean Osborne also had 15 putts in their rounds, and they tied for 2nd place since they have the same first week handicap; they will split the combined winnings for 2nd and 3rd place. Fourth place in the special event went to Gary Rice, with 16 total putts; this year, 4th place in the special event wins a Thelma's Golf Nook Poker Chip Ball Marker. You can view the gross scores, net skins, special event results, Eagle's Club and Hole-of-the-Week Club information and season-long statistical summary by using the links at the top and/or right-side of the league home page.
We will calculate new handicaps after each week of league play, so you can see what your handicap will be for next week by clicking on the "Handicaps for Week 2" link in the right-hand column of the league home page.
The flight standings aren't finalized until all league members have a chance to turn in a golf-out score for the week. If you play a round on the same nine as we played that week (week 1 was on the front nine) you can turn in a score for the week as long as you do it by Sunday night of the week you missed. You can also turn in scores in advance to be put in the golf-out bank if you know you'll be missing a week in the future. Just leave your scorecard with the staff at the front desk at Tam O'Shanter.
May18
Ready for the Start of the Season on Monday, May 16
The 2022 Thelma's Golf Nook season gets underway this Monday, May 16. Check the "Flights for First Half" and "Handicaps for Week 1" links in the right-hand column of this page to see what your starting handicap and flight will be. All players will be placed in a flight with players of comparable handicaps. We will adjust handicaps each week based on the previous week's score, but you will stay in the same flight for the entire first half of the season.
The weather forecast looks pretty good for Monday, so hopefully we'll have a big turnout of players for the first week of league play. Good luck to one and all, and let's get off to a great start this year!
May12
Second Practice Round Scheduled for May 9
Hopefully the weather will allow many league members will tee it up this week at Tam O'Shanter. Please turn in your scorecard so we can calculate handicaps for the start of the season. If you know of anyone who's thinking of joining the league this year, please encourage them to play practice rounds so they will have a handicap for the first weeks of league play.
We're including a new season-long optional competition in the league this year called the Hole-of-the-Week Club. If you want to play, it's only $18 for the whole season (that's just $1 a week). Each week, one of the holes in your nine will be designated as the Hole of the Week, and we'll record your net score on that hole (after handicap strokes are deducted) in the book. At the end of the season, the players with the lowest total for the Holes of the Week will split the pot! How many places we pay out will be based on how many people participate. Here are the holes of the week for each week:
|May 16: Hole # 1||June 27: Hole # 4||Aug 8: Hole # 7|
|May 23: Hole # 10||July 4: Hole # 13||Aug 15: Hole # 16|
|May 30: Hole # 2||July 11: Hole # 5||Aug 22: Hole # 8|
|June 6: Hole # 11||July 18: Hole # 14||Aug 29: Hole # 17|
|June 13: Hole # 3||July 25: Hole # 6||Sept 5: Hole # 9|
|June 20: Hole # 12||Aug 1: Hole # 15||Sept 12: Hole # 18|
Since we're using net scores, everyone has a good chance to win this, especially higher handicap players. Why not give it a shot this year and join the fun?!?
If you've paid your league dues already, thank you! Don't forget that league dues must be paid by May 30.
May7
First Practice Round is Tomorrow!
We will have two practice rounds for the golf league before actual competition starts this year. This gives everyone a chance to turn in some scores to establish a start-of-season handicap, and to get back into the swing of things. If you play practice rounds, your handicap for the start of the season will be determined half from your handicap at the end of last year + 2, and half from the practice rounds you play. Our first practice round is coming up tomorrow — Monday, May 2. Plan to play, turn in your scorecard, and reconnect with your friends in the golf league (or since the weather looks a little iffy, turn in a golf-out score if you play later in the week when the weather is a little nicer).
If you are new to the league this year, please plan to play and establish some scores for your handicap at the start of the year. If you can't play on Mondays the next two weeks, please golf out, and make sure you have a front-nine and a back-nine score if possible. See you at the course!
May1
Welcome to our League Web Site!
You've arrived at the web home of the Shenango Valley's fun golf league! We're looking for new members, and would be happy if you would join us for the exciting 2022 season. We play on Mondays at Tam O'Shanter Golf Course, and the league is open to men and women golfers of all levels of ability. We play individual matches within flights, with weekly gross and net skins games and a different fun event each week in addition to league match play. Click on THIS LINK for details on league rules, dues and activities. | http://www.blaseweb.com/thelmas/ |
Digital Single Market has become a new political and constitutional calling for the EU since it can promote both economic growth and sustainable development.
Therefore, four researchers – which are, respectively, Editors and Junior Editors of this Blog (Alessandra Silveira, as Scientific Coordinator; Pedro Froufe; Joana Covelo de Abreu, as the responsible for the research deliverable; and Sophie Perez) – were awarded a Jean Monnet Project funding by the European Commission, concerning the theme “EU Digital Single Market as a political calling: interoperability as the way forward”, with the acronym “INTEROP”. This project, with a 2 years’ duration starting on September 2017, is settled on scientific research around administrative interoperable solutions in order to evolve and develop new juridical sensitivities that can rely on interoperable environments, especially concerning debt recovery in the European Union.
Taking into consideration new developments on administrative connectivity, last September 12th 2017, the European Parliament discussed and approved a European Resolution which endorses the necessary legislative alterations, settled on a new Regulation regarding the promotion of Internet connectivity in local communities, universally known as “WiFi4EU”. It will promote the installation of free Wi-Fi spots in public places, squares, municipalities’ facilities, libraries and hospitals. Carlos Zorrinho, a Portuguese Member of the European Parliament (MEP), was the Rapporteur of the resolution, and understood that this solution will promote “neutrality on internet access” despite the geographical location or the economic conditions of the user – “it does not discriminate no one and no territory”. Therefore, “WiFi4EU” is the embryo of the proclaimed European Gigabit Society.
In fact, this Regulation will provide necessary funding to public entities in order to install local wireless spots. It is estimated that until 2020 more than 6.000 public places will benefit with this initiative. It demands that those public entities – which will benefit from the funding – will secure free Wi-Fi services to citizens for, at least, three years.
Therefore, it aims to settle a more inclusive, open, transparent and close to people European Digital Society.
This resolution follows the trend of the Commission’s Communication of September 14th 2016 concerning “Connectivity for a Competitive Digital Single Market – Towards a European Gigabit Society” which clearly understood there was a need for high-performance internet connectivity in the Digital Single Market. In fact, the European Commission launched a public consultation on Internet speed and quality beyond 2020 and it clearly revealed there are high expectations on internet connectivity improvements until 2025, especially regarding downlink speed and responsiveness – which clearly states the attention on features other than download speed. These expectations have, already, a reflected effect on Member States’ national broadband plans.
And some strategic objectives were launched in order to be met in 2025; for instance, 1) to establish Gigabit connectivity for all main socio-economic drivers such as schools, transport hubs and main providers of public services as well as digitally intensive enterprises; 2) to have uninterrupted 5G coverage in all urban areas and all major terrestrial transport paths; 3) to enlarge access to internet connectivity to all European households, rural and urban; 4) to adopt a Code where the regulatory framework is thought and well fitted to connectivity…
Furthermore, in July 2017, the European Parliament presented “The European Commission at mid-term: State of play of President Juncker’s ten priorities”. On this document, the European Parliament reflects on Commission’s priorities and how they are being met.
Concerning “Priority 2: A connected digital single market”, the European Parliament understands Europe needs to “overcome legislative fragmentation”, to “offer European Union consumers an improved product by removing online barriers, and help businesses expand their online sales” since “success depends on the creation of a fully integrated digital single market (DSM)”.
Therefore, a new regulation of cross-border portability was adopted after June 2017 to enable consumers to access their online subscriptions for content services when they travel across the EU. Also, a legislative package for further harmonization of copyright rules and to adapt them to a digital environment was presented by the Commission as both the European Parliament and the Council are devoted to meet an agreement on those matters, despite they were already able to reach an agreement on EU copyright law’s modification concerning an easier access to published works for people who are blind, visually impaired or print disabled. But the Commission also presented proposals concerning e-commerce, simplified VAT rules, geo-blocking issues, which are being scrutinized under the ordinary legislative procedure.
So far, this Priority 2 legislative concretization is presented based on the following numbers: the European Commission already delivered 30 initiatives of the 31 it had announced and, concerning legislation requested by the European Parliament, there were 2. So far, 11 proposed legislation were adopted; 3 are close to being adopted; and just 1 was withdrawn and another 1 was blocked.
Taking into consideration these developments, it is going to be promoted an informal academic meeting next October 20th 2017, at 3:30 pm, in the Law School of the University of Minho, where the status quo and the state of the art concerning the administrative interoperability will be discussed. It is an initiative with the institutional support of the Portuguese Representation of the European Parliament, where both MEP’s Carlos Zorrinho and José Manuel Fernandes are going to participate. It was thought in order to achieve INTEROP milestones and deliverables.
It will promote a scientific discussion with European policy makers, who will set the tone; in the audience, there will be researchers from different areas of expertise – IT, Law, Social Sciences and Social Media, Geography, Public Administration –, Public Administration’s agents, Judicial Power’s representatives, Stakeholders and Economic Private agents, who will act and intervene as discussants, posing scientific doubts concerning their own areas of specialization and action.
It is open to all the academic environment, in order to propitiate a more honest and proficient debate.
Academia has to set the tone and be engaged with this realities – however, only public discussion and engagement will be the key to understand how and why Digital Agenda has become, in the European Union, a goal set by the political power and that has to be observed by Public Administrations and that will reverberate to every citizens’ routine.
Picture credits: wifi zone by Banalities. | https://officialblogofunio.com/2017/10/09/editorial-of-october-2017/ |
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- an information you provide: players names and scoring rules configuration;
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This information is stored in a device memory in database. The information is not uploaded to any online storage without USER's explicit permission.
2) Information is stored on PRODUCT server in a non-persistent (in-memory) storage:
- snapshots of the latest match scores
- player names.
AUTHOR provides no warranty whatsoever with regards to the data consistence.
3) User communication:
When you send emails or other communications to AUTHOR, he may retain those communications, including your name, email address and your device characteristics in order to process your inquiries, respond to your requests and improve PRODUCT.
4) Log information:
PRODUCT automatically records certain information in the system log. Such logs may include information such as your server requests, your interaction with the PRODUCT and third-party services, Internet Protocol address, the date and time of your requests.
II. THIRD PARTY APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES
PRODUCT does not send USER's contact information (e.g., e-mail) to the 3rd party services. | https://cast.tennis/privacy/ |
St Eval Scented Candle Tin - Apple and Elderflower
Brand new: lowest price
The lowest-priced, brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging (where packaging is applicable).Packaging should be the same as what is found in a retail store, unless the item is handmade or was packaged by the manufacturer in non-retail packaging, such as an unprinted box or plastic bag.See details for additional description.
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This candle was very expensive and the scent was almost non-existent. You have to be standing within 2 feet of the candle to smell a slight sent. I purchased another gorse scented candle from Arran aromatics at the same time and within 10 minutes of burning the entire room has a strong beautiful scent of gorse. I would not waste your money.
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Alex Gordon's ninth-inning, two-out single left Kansas City with the tying run 90 feet from home plate thanks to Gregor Blanco's colossal misplay in the outfield. Some, however, have begun the hand-wringing that maybe Gordon could have scored, had he sprinted the entire way and been sent from third. We're here to put that idea to bed; no, he could not have scored.
Thanks to Baseball-Reference and the work of Larry Granillo, we can estimate that Alex Gordon could, under perfect circumstances, circle the bases in around 15 seconds—meaning that the Giants would have to get the ball to Buster Posey in less than that amount of time. Here's where the ball was just 12 seconds into the play:
It takes, at most, 2 seconds for a throw to reach the plate from that part of the field. Sure, the relay throw could have been offline. But if it's anywhere near accurate, Gordon is out by a figurative, and anticlimactic, mile. | https://deadspin.com/no-alex-gordon-could-not-have-scored-on-the-misplayed-1652625998 |
Marcelo Jeneci is one of the most important singers and composers of today ‘s Brazil . He released the first album in 2010 , “Feito para acabar” , and was considered one of the best 2010 albums by important press as Rolling Stone.
His second album launched in 2014 was nominated for the Latin Grammy awards for Best Brazilian music album and that same year received the award for “Best Composer ” by the respected Paulista Association of Art Critics .
We find in the music of Jeneci a different Brazil , more introspective , more universal but always with the Brazilian soul . strong lyrics and melodies makes Marcelo Jeneci a unique artist , a luxury closing concert , not to be missed. | https://www.pontadosol.com/lconcerts/marcelo-jeneci-24-set/ |
Deities short essay, art & design homework help
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In art, gods and goddesses were depicted as humans, animals, or as humans with animal heads. They were further identified by emblematic headdresses and they held in their hands a variety of scepters and the ankh, the hieroglyphic sign for life.
Use the provided links and select one of the major deities listed. Then post a discussion board essay in YOUR OWN WORDS summarizing information about your selection. Include information such as when the deity was worshipped, which cities were dedicated to them, what they were the god or goddess of, what their animal form is, etc.
Besides information in our text, here are some other links to get you started.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art Deity List
- http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/explore/main.ht…
- http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/god…
Students should make every effort to demonstrate in their responses that they have understood the assigned readings. Responses to peers should also be substantial and contribute to the discussion of the topic.
150 words
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It’s been three years since Bolsonaro, the far-right president of Brazil took office. His anti-environmental agenda has never been a secret. During his campaign, he promised he wouldn’t recognize any Indigenous Lands during his term, and always made clear his intention to open up the Amazon for more destruction. From a shocking increase in deforestation to the approval of over a thousand new pesticides, here are some of the impacts of Bolsonaro’s government on the environment.
Amazon Forest Destruction and Other Disasters
There has been a 52.9% increase of deforestation in Amazon rainforest over the past three year, compared to the previous three years. The images of the fires shocked the world and caused a commotion. But it’s not only the Amazon that has been suffering. Other biomes, such as the Pantanal and the Cerrado, are being pushed to their limits to make way to soy plantations or cattle ranches. Due to severe drought and fires started by farmers to expand their businesses, the Pantanal, an important wetland habitat for jaguars and other endangered species, saw its area shrink by a third in 2020.
Deforestation across Brazil isn’t just a threat to the country. Brazil’s fires have led to a 10% increase in its greenhouse gas emissions. According to an Carbon Brief AnalysisBrazil is the 5th largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world. This is largely due to its land-use and forestry. Forests are vital for the fight against the climate crisis. These vital ecosystems are at risk of disappearing, which will lead to more carbon in the atmosphere and less resources for capturing it.
The demise of environmental agencies
To enable all this destruction, Bolsonaro’s administration has been weakening government bodies responsible for monitoring the environment and enforcing laws to protect the forest. IBAMA, the key agency that is responsible for the country’s environmental policies, saw 30% of its budget cut from 2019 to 2020. The budget for the Chico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity, (ICMBio), was also reduced by 32.7 per cent. In 2021, the Environment Department’s overall budget was at its lowest level since 2010.
The lack of resources, along with the removal of employees from their jobs – there was a 10% reduction in environment-related staff during Bolsonaro’s administration – has allowed forest destroyers to expand their businesses. Without resources, the environmental agencies don’t have the bandwidth to track environmental crimes and act on them.
Violence on the field
More destruction of the environment means more violence in the field. Loggers, miners, and land-grabbers are constantly invading protected Indigenous lands and engaging in conflicts with them – often lethal. According to the Global Witness reportIn 2021, Brazil was the most dangerous country for environmental activists, with 20 recorded killings. 1,576 land conflicts were recorded in 2020, an increase of over 900 since 1985. Protecting their lands and rights is the greatest threat to Indigenous Peoples. More than 41% of conflicts reported were related to Indigenous communities.
Such violence is also enabled by Bolsonaro’s government. The president described non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as “Cancer” for the country and proclaimed that their voice, the voice of civil society, has no meaning for him. In 2019, he accused NGOs, of setting the Amazon on fire.
Threats to biodiversity and the health of the populace
Around 1,500 new pesticides – a new record – have been approved since Bolsonaro took office. Many of the pesticides allowed and used in Brazil have active ingredients that are not listed here. Not allowed in the EUThey are harmful to the environment and human health. For example, atrazine, a herbicide that has been banned in Europe for over 15 years because of its harmful effects on groundwater and can still be found in over 70 commercial products in Brazil.
Time to make a change
Bolsonaro’s term is coming to an end in 2022, but he will be up for reelection. The president hasn’t only been a threat to the environment and to Indigenous Peoples’ rights. His handling of the COVID-19 pandemic was disastrous, with Brazil ranked among the most affected countries in terms of deaths and cases. Bolsonaro, on the other hand, has promoted false treatments like hydroxychloroquine and claimed that he was not vaccinated against COVID-19. The country’s economy has collapsed during his term, leaving millions of people homeless and hungry, while inequality continues to increase.
Brazil has what it takes to be a global leader in environmental protection, with an economy that is sustainable and doesn’t benefit just a few. Bolsonaro cannot continue to be the leader of Brazil. The world has seen what he’s capable of, and the planet cannot afford four more years of an anti-science, anti-environment, anti-human rights leader. | https://retime.org/bolsonaro-is-a-catastrophe-for-the-environment/ |
Reflections, Observations, and Analyses Pertaining to the Canadian Political Scene
Sunday, July 15, 2012
Rick Salutin on Proportional Representation
The problem with parties is they don’t exist to represent the views of the public, or even sections of it, or even their own members. Maybe they once did, or maybe not. But now they exist to win elections. They’re “election-day organizations,” to quote political scientist Donald Savoie. They take public opinion into account mainly in their strategic calculations.
Is some form of proportional representation the answer to the 'democratic deficit' reflected in the above excerpt from Part 2 of Rick Salutin's series on democracy?
Salutin admits to an ambivalence about a reform he once enthusiastically embraced. The most popular version, called the Single Transferable Vote, is explained by the writer:
You indicate your second, third, etc., choices along with your top choice so if your No. 1 is at the bottom and gets dropped after the first tally, your vote is transferred down the line until a set of winners — ridings are larger but total numbers of reps stays the same — emerge. It’s complex but it means most votes actually matter and something proportional emerges.
In my mind, that version would be effective only with a very engaged and informed citizenry, something that I'm not sure we have ever had in Canada, and certainly absent in the current political landscape, where complex ideas are reduced to cartoonish stereotypes, a strategy that the Harper Conservatives seem to have perfected, aided and abetted by buffoons in the media, Ezra Levant and the rest of the crew at Fox North being prime examples.
Until Canadians manage to cure their addiction to sound bites and simplistic bromides and platitudes and begin demanding substance and integrity from our politicians, I very much doubt that any systemic reform will be effective.
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According to psychologists, “clean diets” can have numerous side-effects, as consuming raw healthy foods free of gluten, sugar, dairy and meat can become an obsession triggering further mental conditions.
Orthorexia nervosa is the name of the mental disorder having a debilitating effect on a person’s life, when that person is obsessed with healthy eating.
The illness was discovered by physician Steven Bratman in 1990. On the other hand, nowadays, its incidence is on the rise, due to the fact that people are more and more cautious about the food on their plates.
Considered to be a debilitating disease, as orthorexics are “imprisoned by a range of rules which they impose on themselves and others,” orthorexia nervosa leads to social isolation, nutritional deficiencies and impaired behavior.
Despite orthorexia stil needs medical recognition, just as anorexia and bulimia got, experts claim that the disease is closer to a phobia than to a food disorder.
The good news is that it can that way be treated with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), anxiety medication and relaxation techniques, under the direct supervision of a medical psychologist. | https://www.bodyreviewers.com/obsessive-healthy-eating-can-negatively-impact-mental-health/ |
The present invention relates to a method for producing toner and the toner produced therefrom. More specifically, the present invention relates to surface treating toner with silicate and the toner produced therefrom.
Toners which contain hydrophilic functional groups on the toner surface, such as the sodio-sulfonated polyester emulsion aggregation (xe2x80x9cEAxe2x80x9d) toners, have the disadvantage of having high humidity sensitivity. Although these toners have exhibited satisfactory charging in the low-humidity zone (xe2x89xa620% relative humidity (xe2x80x9cRHxe2x80x9d), also known as the C-zone) and excellent fusing properties with wide fusing latitude, the tribocharge levels in the high humidity zone (xe2x89xa680% RH, also known as the A-zone) are low consequently leading to large RH sensitivity ratios (20% RH to 80% RH). Previous attempts toward improving the RH ratio of polyester toners included forming a hydrophobic fluoropolymer shell by seed polymerization on the toner particle surface; however, the fusing characteristics were adversely affected due to increasing the crease minimum fusing temperature (xe2x80x9cMFTxe2x80x9d) value 5-10xc2x0 C. to the level of styrene-based EA toner MFT.
Another recent surface treatment approach used cationic tetra-alkylated phosphonium and ammonium salts to complex chemoselectively with the toner""s surface sulfonate groups thereby rendering the particle surface more hydrophobic and allowing a 2-fold reduction in the tribocharging RH sensitivity. Cationic tetra-alkylated phosphonium or ammonium salts, such as stearyltributyl-phosphonium bromide (xe2x80x9cSTBPxe2x80x9d), which complexes chemoselectively at the sites of surface-bound sulfonate groups was used to treat the toner surface at the end of the EA process.
A toner in accordance with one embodiment includes a resin, colorant, and a silicate component bound to the toner surface.
A method in accordance with another embodiment includes preparing a colloidal solution of a sulfonated polyester resin by heating water, adding a sulfonated polyester resin to the heated water, and cooling. A colorant is added to the colloidal solution, followed by heating the resulting mixture to a temperature equal to or higher than the resin glass transition temperature. An aqueous solution of either an alkaline earth metal (II) salt or a transition metal salt is added to the heated colloidal solution whereby the coalescence and ionic complexation of sulfonated polyester colloid, colorant, and metal cation occur until the particle size of the composite is about 3 to about 10 microns in volume-average diameter having a geometric distribution of from about 1.13 to about 1.23. An aqueous slurry of the toner particle composite is heated to a temperature of from about 25xc2x0 C. to about 60xc2x0 C. The toner particles are chemically treated in the heated aqueous slurry with an aqueous solution containing a water-soluble silicate component.
This invention in embodiments thereof describes a process for chemoselective, optionally, in situ, surface treatment of sulfonated polyester EA toners dispersed in aqueous slurry. The toner particles are rendered more hydrophobic in nature with a reduced RH sensitivity ratio for tribocharging while maintaining the excellent fusing characteristics of the parent untreated toner. The silicate reagent functions as a tribocharge enhancer and flow aid. The present toners are suitable for known electrophotographic imaging methods, printing processes, including color processes, digital methods, and lithography.
Water-soluble silicates that include the cationic complexes of tetraalkylammonium and/or tetraalkylphosphonium, such as tetraethylammonium silicate (xe2x80x9cTEASixe2x80x9d), tetramethylammonium silicate (xe2x80x9cTMASixe2x80x9d), tetrabutylammonium silicate (xe2x80x9cTBASixe2x80x9d) and tetrabutylphosphonium silicate (xe2x80x9cTBPSixe2x80x9d), selectively attach to the surface sulfonate groups on these toners by ion exchange. This chemical surface treatment selectively targets the anionic sulfonate moieties on the toner surface by causing cation exchange of the complexed sodium cation (or other metal cation) for the tetraalkylammonium (xe2x80x9cTAAxe2x80x9d) or tetraalkylphosphonium cation (xe2x80x9cTAPxe2x80x9d). The silicate portion of the molecule is also incorporated onto the toner""s surface providing good toner flow upon drying. The present invention in embodiments thereof provides enhanced triboelectric performance and reduced RH sensitivity of surface treated polyester EA toner particles, which is suitable for an in situ chemical surface treatment, using water-soluble silicates that include large organic cations such as tetraalkylammonium and/or tetraalkylphosphonium. The organic cations are optionally substituted with C1 to C20 alkyl substituents, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, lauryl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, myristyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, cetyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, stearyl, nonadecyl, cicosyl groups, and the like; aryl groups, for example, phenyl, benzyl, 2-phenyethyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, and the like; and mixtures thereof. The present toner material is suitable for color and black-white systems, electrophotographic imaging and printing systems, xerographic copiers and printers, including digital copiers, and the like.
Chemoselective treatment of the toner""s surface-bound sulfonate groups can be accomplished with water-soluble silicates that include the cationic complexes of tetraalkylammonium and/or tetraalkylphosphonium, such as tetraethylammonium silicate, tetramethylammonium silicate, tetrabutylammonium silicate and tetrabutylphosphonium silicate. Tetramethylammonium silicate as shown in Formula 1 is available as an about 10% (as SiO2) aqueous solution (SaChem, Austin, Tex.) with a pH of from about 11 to about 13. Silica dissolves above about pH 10.7 to about 11.0 and can therefore be prepared with organic bases such as TMA, which have dissociation constants greater that about 10xe2x88x923. As well, these quaternary ammonium ions are most likely absorbed on the surface of the silica which is rendered hydrophobic when covered with this organic base. See, ller, Ralph K. 1979. The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (New York), p. 150, 427, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The quaternary ammonium cation, e.g. tetramethylammonium (xe2x80x9cTMAxe2x80x9d), ion exchanges with the complexed sodium cation (or other metal cation) for the sulfonate moieties on the toner surface, thereby creating a hydrophobic toner surface. Criteria in choosing a candidate compound for polyester EA toner surface treatment include: 1) cost-effectiveness and commercially availability; 2) water solubility for in situ chemical surface treatment in aqueous media; 3) selective reactivity with the surface-bound sulfonate groups only; 4) efficacy in enhancing A-zone tribocharge level and/or reducing the C-zone tribocharge level and thereby reducing RH sensitivity ratio at least about 2-fold; and 5) chemical stability in the final surface-treated toner, without adversely affecting other toner properties such as fusing and color performance. It has been found that TMASi fits the criteria #1 through to #4; results are in progress for evaluation of toner fusing and color performance (i.e., #5).
This method includes chemoselective surface treatment of surface-bound sulfonate groups on EA polyester toners using water-soluble silicates that include the cationic complexes of tetraalkylammonium and/or tetraalkylphosphonium. The intent of the surface treatment method is to alter the toner particle surface chemistry by masking the sulfonate moiety, which is hydrophilic in nature, with a hydrophobic additive. This in turn will not alter the toner""s overall morphology or effect it""s fusing characteristics. Instead the toner will demonstrate enhanced negative tribocharging levels in high humidity A-zone (about 80 to 85% RH) and/or lower tribocharging levels in low humidity C-zone (about 20% RH) and therefore reduce the RH sensitivity ratio for tribocharging (ratio of C-zone-to-A-zone charge levels). Reaction 1 depicts the chemical reaction scheme for the surface treatment, which is performed, for example, in situ at the end of the EA polyester toner-making process.
EA polyester toners suitable for use in the present invention include those disclosed in and taught by U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,457 to Carlini et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Furthermore, the toner includes a colorant such as cyan, black, magenta, yellow dispersion, or mixtures thereof with from about 20 to about 60 weight percent solids of resin and colorant; a toner wherein the colorant is carbon black; a toner wherein the colorant is a dye; a toner wherein the colorant is a pigment; a toner wherein the colorant is composed of a mixture of a pigment and a dye; and a toner which contains surface additives composed of metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, colloidal silicas, metal oxides, or mixtures thereof which additives are each optionally present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent.
Various known colorants, especially pigments, present in the toner in an effective amount of, for example, including from about 1 to about 65, from about 2 to about 35 percent by weight of the toner, or from about 1 to about 15 weight percent, and wherein the total of all toner components is about 100 percent, include carbon black like REGAL 330.RTM.; magnetites such as Mobay magnetites MO8029.TM., MO8060.TM.; and the like. As colored pigments, there can be selected known cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, brown, blue, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of colorants, especially pigments, include phthalocyanine HELIOGEN BLUE L6900.TM., D6840.TM., D7080.TM., D7020.TM., cyan 15:3, magenta Red 81:3, Yellow 17, the pigments of U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,727, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and the like.
Examples of specific magentas that may be selected include, for example, 2,9-dimethyl-subsituted quinacridone and anthraquinone dye identified in the Color Index as CI 60710, CI Dispersed Red 15, diazo dye identified in the Color Index as CI 26050, CI Solvent Red 19, and the like. Illustrative examples of specific cyans that may be selected include copper tetra(octadecyl sulfonamido) phthalocyanine, x-copper phthalocyanine pigment listed in the Color Index as CI 74160, CI Pigment Blue, and Anthrathrene Blue, identified in the Color Index as CI 69810, Special Blue X-2137, and the like; while illustrative specific examples of yellows that may be selected are diarylide yellow 3,3-dichlorobenzidene acetoacetamilides, a monoazo pigment identified in the Color Index as CI 12700, CI Solvent Yellow 16, a nitrophenyl amine sulfonamide identified in the Color Index as Foron Yellow SE/GLN, CI Dispersed Yellow 33 2,5-dimethoxy-4-sulfonanilide phenylazo-4xe2x80x2-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy acetoacetanilide, and Permanent Yellow FGL. Colored magnetites, such as mixtures of MAPICO BLACK.TM., and cyan components may also be selected as pigments with the present method. The colorants, such as pigments, selected can be flushed pigments as indicated herein.
More specifically, colorant examples include Pigment Blue 15:3 having a Color Index Constitution Number of 74160, magenta Pigment Red 81:3 having a Color Index Constitution Number of 45160:3, and Yellow 17 having a Color Index Constitution Number of 21105, and known dyes such as food dyes, yellow, blue, green, red, magenta dyes, and the like. Colorants include pigments, dyes, mixtures of pigments, mixtures of dyes, and mixtures of dyes and pigments, and the like.
Dry powder additives that can be added or blended onto the surface of the toner compositions optionally after washing or drying include, for example, metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, colloidal silicas, metal oxides like titanium, tin and the like, mixtures thereof and the like, which additives are each usually present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, illustrative are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000; 3,720,617; 3,655,374 and 3,983,045, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Additives include zinc stearate and flow aids, such as fumed silicas like AEROSIL R9725.RTM. available from Degussa, or silicas available from Cabot Corporation or Degussa Chemicals, the coated silicas of application U.S. Ser. No. 09/132,623 pending and U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,714 and the like, each in amounts of from about 0.1 to about 2 percent, which can be added during the aggregation process or blended into the formed toner product.
Developer compositions can be prepared by mixing the toners with known carrier particles, including coated carriers, such as steel, ferrites, and the like, illustrative are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,937,166 and 4,935,326, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, for example from about 2 percent toner concentration to about 8 percent toner concentration.
Imaging methods are also compatible with the present toners, as illustrated by for example a number of the patents mentioned herein, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,990, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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Sri. K. Santhanam LCE., M.A., M.Ed., a Civil Engineer with a Diploma in Civil Engineering was in government service as Supervisor for 10 years from 1965 to 1975. He relinquished his secured employment and ventured into his own construction company under the banner "Aarveeyes Constructions". This company was in existence for 25 long years (1975-2000).The following are the Land mark Projects executed by the company: Nagappa Nagar at Chromepet – 20.00 acres (1984) with 200 independent bungalows. Kuppuswamy Nagar at Tambaram Sanatorium – 10.00 acres (1987) with 100 houses – a posh living enclave today. Subbarayan Nagar at Chromepet, 10.00 acres, a peaceful Residential Colony (1995) Constructed 20 – 25 independent bungalows per year for 25 long years (1975–2000 ) SSM Nagar Housing Complex has premium range of apartments with a well planned structure with a total of 3087 apartments. Adheres to high standard of urban living and designed to effectively use the available area. Each apartment is carefully designed to ensure you get the best of everything, beautiful interiors, ample ventilation, top class amenities, high quality fittings and sophisticated accessories.
K. Santhanam, Civil Engineer has founded a Charitable Trust in the year 1985, in memory of his beloved mother in the name and style of Srimathi Sundaravalli Memorial Educational Trust. The Trust is registered under Section 12(A) with an exemption under Section 80 (G) of Income Tax Act. The Trustees of the Board are great philanthropists and are serving the humanity at large. The Trust runs three CBSE Schools with a total Student Strength of 9015 and a Home for Elite Senior Citizen with 350 Residents. There are nearly 1506 employees on rolls with P.F. and Gratuity facilities. The Trust assets both movable and immovable are worth Rs. 450.00 crores. | https://www.chennaiproperties.in/projects/ssm-nagar-housing-complex-in-perungalathur/543 |
Dignitaries from Belize will travel to Santa Barbara later this month to join UC Santa Barbara in signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to support a collaborative research program at the ancient Maya city of El Pilar and to launch a management program titled "Archaeology Under the Canopy."
Straddling the borders of Belize and Guatemala, El Pilar was mapped for the first time in 1983 by UCSB archeologist Anabel Ford, who has been working in the Maya forest area since 1972. In 1993, she initiated a campaign to protect the ancient Maya center in Belize and Guatemala, and today the site has protected status in both countries, as well as parallel management plans.
Signing of the MOU, which renews the agreement between UCSB and Belize signed in 2005, will take place at 2 p.m. on Monday, January 24, in the Chancellor's Conference Room on the fifth floor of Cheadle Hall. The document will be signed by UCSB Chancellor Henry T. Yang; Ford, who is director of UCSB's MesoAmerican Research Center; Sarah Fenstermaker, director of the Institute of Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research (ISBER), the organized research unit at UCSB that supports the MesoAmerican Research Center; Randall Fox, secretary of the nonprofit organization Exploring Solutions Past ~ The Maya Forest Alliance; Diane Haylock, president of the Belize National Institute of Culture and History; and George Thompson, acting director of the Belize Institute of Archaeology.
Exploring the Past ~ The Maya Forest Alliance and UCSB's MesoAmerican Research Center are hosting the landmark visit, which also includes a reception to honor the dignitaries.
"This MOU underscores the importance of our international relationships and the value of Mesoamerica, literally at our back door," said Ford. "Having an opportunity to celebrate the value of research, the importance of exchange, and the critical quality of conservation is in and of itself remarkable. That UCSB can foster this relationship is proof of forward thinking. Here is where the past can help the future of the Maya forest."
At its most vibrant –– the period from A.D. 600 to 900 –– El Pilar had a population of more than 20,000 people who lived in a mosaic landscape of city homes and gardens. This contrasted with areas of forest reserve and agricultural fields, such as present-day traditional Maya forest gardens. Today, El Pilar is at the heart of a 5,000-acre archaeological reserve linking Belize and Guatemala and celebrating the culture and nature of the Maya forest. | https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2011/012969/agreement-between-ucsb-and-belize-continues-maya-research |
The value of Community Gardens at the Technion is based on the Hebrew premise:
‘A garden builds a community, a community builds a garden’
While most Technion faculties emphasize engineering standards, community gardens have a special role in promoting environmental awareness and principles of sustainability.
Becoming proactive in community gardening projects is more tangible and is easier to relate to as compared to performing essential recycling activities such as saving electricity and actively recycling water and paper, for example.
Benefits of Community Gardens:
- Represents a tangible expression of sustainability on campus
- Provides opportunities for socializing and a familiar community framework for both Israeli and international students.
- Promotes a sense of belonging.
- Is a source of fresh and cheap organic vegetables, herbs and fruit.
- Accommodates practical and hands-on learning frameworks.
- Builds environmental awareness and encourages environmental stewardship.
The gardens have both "common areas" with shared upkeep and individual plots, growing a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruit trees. The community gardens are located at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and at the following housing complexes:
- Graduate Student Village
- Junior Staff Housing Complex
- Rifkin Dormitories
The fruits and vegetables grown in the gardens are intended for the members who are cultivating and maintaining them. Regular meetings are held to discuss maintenance issues and other topics of concern, as well as social gatherings, including the celebration of the festive Tu’B’Shvat holiday, which are typically accompanied by light refreshments and samplings of successful yields. | https://culture.web.technion.ac.il/en/community-gardens/ |
In Nehemiah 10, the people are agreeing to a covenant. A covenant is something we see many times in the Bible. A covenant is also known as a partnership, an alliance. I always like to consider it as a promise which outlines a relationship’s boundaries. When we look at a covenant between God and His people, we can see that it is a spiritual agreement.
The process of entering into a covenant is interesting. It was something pagans participated in, as well as the Jewish people. First, it is important to note the pre-ceremony actions. This is a time when the different sides discussed terms. We see this happening in Genesis 15 between God and Abraham. There is also a time of representative selections. With regard to the Abrahamic Covenant, God and Abraham were the representatives. During the covenant process, there is typically an exchange of belts, weapons, or robes. Then there is the walk unto death part of the process. This is where the people walk around the sacrifice and basically say, “Do so to me as has been done to this animal if I break this covenant.” We see God doing this with Abraham in Genesis 15:17, as the smoking fire pot and flaming torch pass through. There is a pronouncement of blessings and curses, an exchange of names, and a covenant meal to share as part of the covenant sealing process. We cannot forget the seal of the covenant, where we have a sign of the covenant that will be remembered. For Noah, it was the Rainbow. For Moses, it was the Sabbath.
It is awesome to study about covenants, but it is most important for us to understand these covenants with the vantage point of the New Covenant. Remember friends, we entered into a New Covenant. Jesus is our representative (Son of Man), God’s representative (Son of God), and He was the sacrifice (Lamb of God). He took off His robe of glory to come to us, and we now have His righteousness (Philippians 2:5-7). Jesus’ walk unto death was His walk from Gethsemane to the Cross. The sign of the New Covenant is a circumcised heart (Romans 2:28-29). As you share in the Lord’s Supper, and one day as you share in the Marriage Supper of the Lamb, you are sharing the covenant meal. Today, thank God for the New Covenant, and most important, for our Representative and Sacrifice, Jesus Christ. | https://taniagoody.com/2016/04/23/covenant/ |
Sales of “Grand Theft Auto IV” (GTA IV) broke the 24 hour sales record in the U.K. Sales topped 609,000, breaking the previous record set by “Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas” at 501,000 copies. The game is now the fastest selling game ever in the United Kingdom.
Those numbers come from ChartTrack, who also submitted that Xbox 360 copies outsold Playstation 3 copies by 61,000. Microsoft’s Xbox 360 accounted for 55% of all sales, while Sony’s PS3 held strong at 45%.
In the U.S., the “Grand Theft Auto” series has been under watch about concerns that it is too violent for children. The PTA (Parents Guidance Council) asked for the game to be kept away from children, while the Chicago Transit Authority pulled ads from its buses.
Analyst firm UBS estimated that GTA IV would sell at least six million-plus units in the U.S. in 2008, which equates to $360 million in sales. | https://hd-report.com/2008/05/05/gta-iv-sales-break-record-in-uk/ |
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Seneca Academy Parenting Workshop presented by Dr. Michelle Parker
May 3, 2017 @ 6:30 pm - 8:00 pm
As parents, we are our children’s first teachers. How we establish expectations, set limits and model problem-solving will shape how they grow into resilient, independent and principled individuals.
In this workshop we will:
*Develop a framework for establishing a positive home environment and rapport with your child, with clear expectations and boundaries, and natural consequences that are developmentally appropriate.
*Develop a framework for problem-solving that helps you keep your cool, even when things are feeling out of control.
*Understand the importance of setting boundaries for the development of self-regulation skills and a healthy sense of self.
This event is free-of-charge and open to the whole community! Visit our website to learn more about Dr. Parker and the workshop! | https://www.dcschoolhub.com/event/seneca-academy-parenting-workshop-presented-dr-michelle-parker/ |
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Selection for reduced fear of humans changes intra-specific social behavior in red junglefowl - implications for chicken domestication
Contributor(s):: Gjoen, J., Jensen, P.
Tracing Economic, Ritual, and Social Pathways to Neolithization in the Southern Levant through Human-Animal Relationships at Kfar HaHoresh
| Contributor(s):: Jacqueline Suzanne Meier
During the transition to agriculture in the southern Levant of Southwest Asia, the PrePottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period is marked by the beginning of herd animal management, a fluorescence of ritual evidence and increasingly large settlements with diversified uses. These developments had...
The Process of Coming and Going in this World: Conversation About Interspecies Collaboration, Domestication, Sound
| Contributor(s):: Burke, Ruth K., Landau, Jessica
Ethnographic Observations on the Role of Domestic Dogs in the Lowland Tropics of Belize with Emphasis on Crop Protection and Subsistence Hunting
| Contributor(s):: Pacheco-Cobos, Luis, Winterhalder, Bruce
No evident effect of domestication on the anti-predator behaviour of European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata): Implications for stock enhancement programs
| Contributor(s):: Chauvaud, Pierre, Day, Rob, Roussel, Sabine
Global cities, glocal fauna: animals and the urban British Atlantic, 1660–1800
| Contributor(s):: Wells, Andrew
Why were New World rabbits not domesticated?
| Contributor(s):: Somerville, A. D., Sugiyama, N.
2021Animal Frontiers11362-682160-605610.1093/af/vfab026EnglishDepartment of World Languages and Cultures, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, [email protected]
Origin of the domestic chicken from modern biological and zooarchaeological approaches
| Contributor(s):: Eda, M.
2021Animal Frontiers11352-612160-605610.1093/af/vfab016EnglishHokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810, [email protected]
La domesticación de los camélidos andinos como proceso de interacción humana y animal
| Contributor(s):: Hugo D. Yacobaccio, Bibiana Vilá
Este trabajo analiza los mecanismos de la domesticación de la llama (Lama glama) a partir de su ancestro silvestre, el guanaco (Lama guanicoe) haciendo hincapié en las etapas que componen el proceso. Analizamos críticamente algunas falacias que comúnmente se han...
Encounters with a canine other: performing domestication in transnational animal rescue and rehoming
| Contributor(s):: Schuurman, Nora
Le chien : un loup domestiqué pour communiquer avec l'homme : l'agressivité du chien
| Contributor(s):: Jean-Marie Giffroy
Il est établi, sur la base des recherches en archéozoologie et en génétique moléculaire, que le loup serait le principal ancêtre du chien et que la domestication se serait produite il y a 14000 ou 15000 ans, soit 5000 ans avant la domestication d'une...
The relationship between functional breed selection and attachment pattern in family dogs (canis familiaris)
| Contributor(s):: Lenkei, Rita, Carreiro, Cecília, Gácsi, Márta, Pongrácz, Péter
2021Applied Animal Behaviour Science2351052310168-159110.1016/j.applanim.2021.105231text
Our Wild Companions: Domestic cats in the Anthropocene
| Contributor(s):: Crowley, S. L., Cecchetti, M., McDonald, R. A.
Uncoupling Meat From Animal Slaughter and Its Impacts on Human-Animal Relationships
| Contributor(s):: Heidemann, M. S., Molento, C. F. M., Reis, G. G., Phillips, C. J. C.
Behavioural variation among divergent European and North American farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations
| Contributor(s):: Islam, Shahinur S., Wringe, Brendan F., Bradbury, Ian R., Fleming, Ian A.
Animals often display consistent differences in behaviours across situations and contexts. However, little is known about how behavioural traits might vary in a context-dependent manner, with selection favouring correlated sets of behaviours in particular types of environments. Comparative...
What Makes a Rabbit Cute? Preference for Rabbit Faces Differs according to Skull Morphology and Demographic Factors
| Contributor(s):: Naomi D. Harvey, James A. Oxley, Giuliana Miguel-Pacheco, Emma M. Gosling, Mark Farnworth
Domesticated rabbits typically exhibit shorter, flatter skulls than their wild counterparts (brachycephalism). However, brachycephaly is associated with considerable health problems, including problems with dentition. The aim of this study was to establish which type of rabbit face people...
Collagen and carbonate isotope data of fauna from pre-Columbian Panama
| Contributor(s):: Sugiyama, N., France, C. A. M., Cooke, R. G., Martínez-Polanco, M. F.
Selection on ultrasonic call rate in neonatal rats affects low frequency, but not ultrasonic, vocalizations in adults
| Contributor(s):: Lesch, Raffaela, Orozco, Andrea, Shilling, Margaret, Zimmerberg, Betty, Fitch, W. Tecumseh
Evidence of large genetic influences on dog ownership in the Swedish Twin Registry has implications for understanding domestication and health associations
| Contributor(s):: Tove Fall, Ralf Kuja-Halkola, Keith Dobney, Carri Westgarth, Patrik K. E. Magnusson
Dogs were the first domesticated animal and, according to the archaeological evidence, have had a close relationship with humans for at least 15,000 years. Today, dogs are common pets in our society and have been linked to increased well-being and improved health outcomes in their owners. A dog...
Genetic differences for behaviour in juveniles from two strains of brown trout suggest an effect of domestication history
| Contributor(s):: Benhaïm, David, Guyomard, René, Chatain, Béatrice, Quillet, Edwige, Bégout, Marie-Laure
Because captivity constitutes a drastic environmental change, domestication is expected to induce a rapid genetic selection for behavioural traits. In this study, we searched for genetic differences in behaviour among brown trout juveniles from two strains differing for their domestication... | https://habricentral.org/tags/domestication |
HOW TO GET WELL: Are you healing or seeking a cure?
When besieged by suffering caused by an illness or injury, we yearn for relief. This is the case regardless of if the ailment is physical, emotional, mental or spiritual. When hope wanes leaving only the smallest of lights, the remaining vestige of optimism is wrapped around a kernel of wishing for the ease of torment.
It’s in our nature to survive. Resignation rarely wins over for long. Soon from somewhere deep inside comes the dragon, maw open.
What we do with this primal life force, this ultimate will to triumph over suffering, is less straightforward. We can grasp at any possibility for health, taking whatever aid is offered. We may turn inwards and stoke the fire praying to burn out the impurity. We might lean into the illness and start excavating the wound. Dissolution of the very cells of our being could overcome us in a tidal wave. It looks different every time.
The way to wellness has its own prescription and will take whatever path it chooses, direct or winding. The trouble is that our mind wants in. We can’t help but wrestle for control and ask why. We need reasons. We need answers. We need to understand how this is going to work and what we can do. If only we could hasten the flow and avoid the setbacks.
This is where it’s important to make a distinction between healing and cure.
The definition of cure is to “relieve (a person or animal) of the symptoms of a disease or condition.” Cure is also “a substance or treatment that cures a disease or condition” and a “solution to the problem.”
The definition of healing is “the process of making or becoming sound or healthy again“ and to “become sound or healthy again.” It also includes alleviation and “causing” something to become healthy.
The two words can be used interchangeably. We do it all the time, but putting some intentional distance between the two gives us the opportunity to understand more about how we go about getting better.
We look for a cure on the OUTSIDE. We go to the acupuncturist, chiropractor, osteopath and healer to receive a cure. They endeavour to fix the ailment. Even if we’re empowered to go to the health food store and browse aisles of herbal remedies on our own, we’re still asking the plant, chemical or mineral to mend us from the outside in.
There’s something about the word cure that is more definitive. Cure packs a bigger punch. Maybe it’s because it’s a solution to a problem? The disease is gone, problem solved. Once we’re cured we can walk away. It’s extremely liberating.
Heard of a “miracle cure”? The term has been so overused as a way to explain a quick fix, gimmick treatment that we’ve learned to mistrust it, but clearly it draws us in or marketers wouldn’t have become so obsessed with it. Even though the term “miracle cure” has fallen out of favour due to disuse, we still hope for that miraculous, elegantly simple quick fix. Why else would we have so many remedies to choose from at the store?
Healing is a PROCESS that can either be implemented by someone (or something) on the outside to make us whole. However, the additional option of BECOMING in the definition of healing is the key piece we must consider. Healing is the process of becoming whole. This is an internal transformation.
The focus on healing is a trajectory towards health. The objective of cure is a resolution of illness. It’s a slight shift, but a noteworthy one.
When we seek a cure we’re focused on the mechanisms of the illness. It’s a hunt for how and why the thing works, and how to counteract it. The cause of disease is an important question for cure. For when we know the cause we have a chance of alleviating it.
When we pursue healing we strive for a sense of wellness regardless of if we ever know the cause of the illness. Healing doesn’t have to be an absolute eradication of the disease. Healing is less certain and acknowledges the successes in the whole. The body may be laden with cancer, but the heart and mind experience deep healing. This is an inside-out path.
The transformative powers of healing have a lasting effect. A woman cured of diabetes may later find herself in trouble with a string of other ailments related to obesity. The inner transformation of healing bolsters her self-esteem, which eases her overeating and causes her to take better care of herself.
Healing addresses the entire system, mind, body, spirit and heart. Cure focuses on a disease or list of diseases.
With healing there’s more leeway, which allows room for hope. Since it’s a process, steps in the direction of health are celebrated. With looking for a cure, a step in the direction of health is simply seen as an incomplete cure, a disappointment.
Conversely, when we get too caught up with the healing process we can miss the opportunity of cure. We find ourselves in the trap of the eternal process. We stop believing that a cure is possible, and it’s always possible.
Healing is no better than cure, and cure is not preferable to healing. Somehow we manage to gravitate more towards one than another. A balance of the two perspectives keeps us open to the miracle of getting better.
This article was first published here. | https://artificialhacker.com/2021/11/14/how-to-get-well-are-you-healing-or-seeking-a-cure/ |
A few of number plates you see on certain vehicles are fake rather than original.
The reason behind this is due to some were unfortunate to register their cars in the wrong hands. This is common with the Lagos and Abuja plate numbers.
A study carried out said that at least 4 from every 10 cars you see on the road with Lagos and Abuja plate numbers are fake.
We are here to ensure you are using the original plate number.
To figure out the authenticity of your vehicle plate number, you need to follow these few techniques below. It is very simple and will not take time to do. You just need a smart phone and also access to the internet.
3. Simply click the “verify” button.
After clicking on “verify”, the details about your car will appear.
For security reasons, only the name of your car or truck will be shown on the webpage. In other words, FRSC will not want the public to see the full details of the registration, you will only see the name of your car together with the date of registration.
For anybody planning to visit the police to obtain a tinted glass permit – it is necessary you verify the authenticity of your car number plate first.
If the police discovers first, it might become a different story altogether.
Additionally, note that this verification is just applicable to the number plates with this formats ABC123AB (New plate number) not AB123 ABC (old plate number). | https://www.techliet.co/verify-car-number-plate-authentic-fake/ |
In Fiscal Year 2017, Interior spent $8.6 million to address invasive mussels nationwide. This includes an additional $1 million for the Bureau of Reclamation to establish watercraft decontamination stations, provide educational materials, and continue monitoring efforts.
Interior is currently working on more than four dozen actions to address invasive mussels including preventing the spread of the species to uninfested waters, such as those in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest, and containing and controlling them where they are established, such as in Lake Powell and the Lower Colorado River region.
Convening federal, state, tribal, and nongovernmental groups to identify options to strengthen watercraft inspection and decontamination programs at infested waters, such as at Lake Havasu as well as Lake Mead, where the Bureau of Reclamation committed to spending another $150,000 this year to bolster efforts.
In the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, and Columbia River Basin partners are mobilizing to improve regional coordination of monitoring efforts to ensure that they are strategic and effective.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission are leading planning efforts to expedite Endangered Species Act Section 7 consultations to ensure a quick response if invasive mussels are detected.
The Bureau of Reclamation launched a prize competition seeking innovation solutions to eradicate invasive mussels from large reservoirs, lakes, and rivers in a cost effective and environmentally sound manner.
This work builds on efforts and effective state-federal-tribal partnerships and initiatives in process for decades. Interior and WGA staff have communicated regularly on this initiative since its inception in the spring of 2017.
The Department requested $11.9 million in Fiscal Year 2018, including an additional $3.4 million for the Bureau of Reclamation to expand on these and other efforts to prevent, contain, and control invasive mussels. Approximately $3.1 million is in the process of being released under the continuing resolution to support federal, state, and tribal activities such as the purchase and operation of watercraft inspection and decontamination stations in the Lower Colorado River basin, development of facility vulnerability assessments to determine risk for critical infrastructure in the Columbia River Basin, and increasing capacity for the Confederated Salish Kootenai Tribe at Flathead Lake for their Aquatic Invasive Species program.
First introduced to the Great Lakes in the 1980s, zebra and quagga mussels spread outward via recreational watercraft being transported to other regions of the country. Infestations clog power plant, industrial, and public water supply intakes and pipes, dramatically change aquatic ecosystems, and require substantial investments to control. They are among the many invasive species causing economic and ecological and harm to human health across the United States.
To help raise awareness about these and other invasive species, events are planned in Washington, D.C. and across the country this week during National Invasive Species Awareness Week (NISAW). More information about NISAW is available here. | http://muirnet.net/342-federal-agencies/doi/1413-interior-releases-report-on-fight-against-invasive-mussels?tmpl=component&print=1 |
The passage of several low pressure systems (2-5 January 2014) over a large part of western France caused a series of storm surges measured by SHOM's RONIM tide gauges installed at the ports of Roscoff, Le Conquet, Brest, Concarneau, Port Tudy, Le Crouesty and Saint-Nazaire. The maximum water level measured for each port exceeded the level of the highest astronomical tide. This is because the series of low pressure systems occurred at the same time as the strong tidal coefficients greater than 100 (calculated for the port of Brest) during this period.
positive/negative storm surges, the difference between the sea level observation and the predicted height.
The following graphs present the sea level observations and predictions (top graph) and the calculation of storm surges (bottom graph) for each tide gauge observatory (in order Roscoff, Le Conquet, Brest, Concarneau, Port Tudy, Le Crouesty and Saint-Nazaire).
The maximum sea levels reached between 2 and 5 January 2014 were recorded in the following table (heights expressed relative to IGN69 and chart datum) and compared to the highest astronomical tide (HAT, referenced to datum) determined for each port in SHOM's Maritime Altimetric Reference Values product, 2013 edition.
The maximum water level measured for each port exceeded the level of the highest astronomical tide (HAT). This is because the series of low pressure systems occurred at the same time as the strong tidal coefficients greater than 100 (calculated for the port of Brest) during this period.
The following table shows for each port the value of the maximum storm surge calculated for the period from January 2 to 5, the time when the maximum storm surge was observed and the corresponding phase of the tide cycle.
The peak maximum storm surge was measured at Port-Tudy at the beginning of ebb tide on January 4 at 6:40 UTC: the observed sea level was nearly 0.80 m above the predicted level (5.31 m). Similarly, a double peak storm surge was identified at the port of Saint-Nazaire at 7:10 UTC and 12:20 UTC on 4 January 2013 respectively at the beginning of ebb tide and at slack low tide.
The tide gauges at the ports of Roscoff, Le Conquet, Brest and Concarneau measured storm surges of approximately 0.60 m during the period from January 2 to 5.
What is a stilling well? | http://refmar.shom.fr/en/sea_level_news_2014/2014_t1/tempete-de-debut-d-annee-et-incidence-sur-le-niveau-de-la-mer-de-l-ouest-de-la-france |
Ed is a Senior Associate with the Center for Creative Learning. He is the principal author of VIEW: An Assessment of Problem Solving Style, as well as publications of support material for that instrument. Ed is also the author of articles on learning style, talent identification and development, and creativity training and instruction. He offers seminars and workshops helping individuals and groups to become more effective problem solvers. He served for many years as a public school music and drama teacher, and as an Adjunct Professor with Fordham University's Graduate School of Education. He founded the Sussex Student Theater, in which students wrote and produced their own musical plays. He is a past President of the Board of Directors of the Sussex County Teen Arts Festival, the Sussex County Technical School Board of Education and the Board of Trustees of the Sussex County Charter School for Technology.
Dr. Donald J. Treffinger
(In Memoriam: 1941-2019)
Don was the Founder and President of the Center for Creative Learning, Inc., in Sarasota, Florida. He earned his Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from Cornell University and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Winnipeg. He has authored or co-authored more than 70 books and monographs, including Educating for Creativity and Innovation and Creative Approaches to Problem Solving, and more than 400 articles. Don served as a faculty member of many colleges and universities, including Purdue University, the University of Kansas, and Buffalo State College. Don received the National Association for Gifted Children's Distinguished Service Award, the E. Paul Torrance Creativity Award, and the NAGC Legacy Award, as well as the International Creativity Award from the World Council for Gifted and Talented Children. Don served as editor of the Gifted Child Quarterly and Editor-in-Chief of Parenting for High Potential.
Dr. Scott Isaksen
Scott is the Founder and President of the Creative Problem Solving Group in Buffalo, New York; and a Professor of Leadership and Organizational Behavior at the BI-Norwegian Business School. A former professor and director of the International Center for Studies in Creativity within the State University of New York, he has published over 250 books, articles, and chapters in books. He is widely acclaimed for his work as a consultant, trainer, and facilitator and provided services to over 450 organizations in 30 countries around the world. Scott is a member of the American Psychological Association, the Society of Consulting Psychologists, the Academy of Management, and the Product Development Management Association. Scott has served as a consulting editor for the Journal of Creative Behavior since 1983, and is a visiting professor to various Universities.
Certified VIEW Trainers
In addition to Drs. Isaksen and Selby (VIEW’s authors), an international group of seasoned professionals are able to guide those who wish to become qualified to use the assessment.
Luc De Schryver
Luc De Schryver is the founder of O2C2 CONSULTING in Brussels, Belgium. And has years of experience as an international consultant. He brought the "systemic approach" to Europe and successfully applies this method here. This specific approach to stimulate and implement creativity and innovation in companies results in unique results for both profit and non-profit organizations.
Luc De Schryver started his "Creative Leadership trajectory" in 1991 at The University of Buffalo where he obtained the Master of Creativity and Innovation a year later. He has since collaborated with CPSB, to translate assessments, materials, and make cultural adjustments to the approach. Luc De Schryver is a certified ICP trainer, and is also accredited to train professionals to become certified VIEW and SOQ users.
Luc has broad experience as an international consultant. He has been applying a system approach for more than 25 years to give creativity and innovation a permanent place within organizations and teams. He specializes in applying the CPS methodology as scientifically researched and developed during the last fifty years.
Luc’s research interests focus on the success factors that lead organizations and teams to profitable, creative and innovative results.
K. Brian Dorval
Brian Dorval is a founding partner of Think First Serve, a research, consulting and training company specializing in the use of creative-thinking, problem-solving and performance-improvement methods to help organizations figure out new ways to grow. Brian has more than 30 years’ experience helping people, teams, and organizations significantly improve their personal performance and business results. He has delivered over 750 innovation programs, training courses, and management-coaching and performance-improvement sessions for companies in 21 countries. Most recently, funded in part by the US Coast Guard non-profit grant program, Brian designed and facilitated the National On-Water Standards (NOWS) Program that produced national consensus on four American National Standards for recreational boating instruction that takes on the water for entry-level skills development.
As past vice president of client services for the Creative Problem Solving Group, Inc., Brian worked with many Fortune 500 and Times 1000 organizations to enhance performance in innovation. He is one of the co-developers of Creative Problem Solving (CPS) version 6.1™, publishing more than 70 articles, chapters and books on the topics of creativity, mental imagery and problem solving. In other performance areas, Brian is a United States Professional Tennis Professional (USPTA) certified tennis professional, who specializes in the mental game. He has worked with regionally and nationally ranked junior tennis players, as well as adults of all levels, to improve mental toughness and enhance performance in pressure situations.
Paul Gebhardtsbauer
Paul is the senior Quality Manager at Headquarters, US Army Materiel Command (AMC), in the Continuous Process Improvement Directorate located at Redstone Arsenal, AL. This organization is the first in the Department of Defense to employ Creative Problem Solving as an adjunct to the Lean Six Sigma, Quality Assurance, and Value Engineering improvement methodologies used by AMC in managing improvement throughout the US Army’s Industrial Enterprise. Paul has over 34 years experience in logistics supply chain, automation design and development, and quality management around the globe. He has spent the past 6 years working with senior leaders, staff, employees, and contractors to develop a community oriented towards creative change management in this 70,000 + member organization.
Christian Hoßbach
Christian Hoßbach is a research associate at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in Germany. Working at the chair of human resources management and business governance, his research focuses on HR practices conducive to organizational creativity and innovation in context of the increasingly digital economy.
He is involved in the education of graduate HRM students and particularly interested in virtual and non-virtual training approaches for developing student’s confidence in their creative problem-solving skills.
As a former program and research associate at The Creative Problem Solving Group Inc. he was involved in training programs for various organizations including GE’s leadership for customers program. He is also experienced in the cross-cultural development of assessments and a certified VIEW trainer.
SusanBeth S. Purifico, M.Ed., M.S.L.S.
SusanBeth has been associated with education throughout her entire life. Professionally, she has 20 years’ experience as a classroom teacher and school librarian, followed by more than 15 years as a curriculum writer and program developer in non-profit organizations. She holds the BSE and M Ed from Memphis State and MSLS from the University of Tennessee. She has also served as an organizational International Training Director, facilitating workshops and coordinating more than 100 training volunteers around the world. She has co-authored several books supporting the work of Drs. Treffinger, Isaksen, and Selby in field of creativity and has written a variety of curriculum resources for implementing CPS tools, building teamwork, and empowering style preference. With Center for Creative Learning, Inc., she is a member of the Leadership Team and Training Team for CPS workshops with schools in the U.S. as well as in Singapore. Currently SusanBeth is the Director of Program Design and Development for We R 3C, Inc., a non-profit organization whose curriculum is dedicated to creating caring communities.
William Shephard
William Shephard is the Senior Vice President of Group Services (Emeritus) at the Creative Problem Solving Group, Inc. (CPSB). He is responsible for designing and conducting facilitation and training projects with a wide variety of organizations with experience in international and multi-cultural settings. Professionally in the field of organizational creativity and innovation since 1980, he is an experienced trainer, facilitator and presenter in the areas of creative problem solving, innovation and facilitation. He has conducted facilitation projects and training for IBM, GE, PetroBras, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Oxford University Press, Armstrong World Industries, Alcatel Lucent and numerous other leading corporate clients. He has particular expertise in training and coaching individuals in the concepts and skills needed to be successful facilitators of creative problem-solving and change management. Prior to joining CPSB, he was the Chief Program Officer of the Creative Education Foundation and for 18 years he served as the Director of the Creative Problem Solving Institute (CPSI) – the longest running creativity conference in the world.
Samantha Stead
Samantha Stead is a founding partner of Think First Serve Inc., which helps people in organizations think better, lead better and work better together in pursuit of new ways to grow. Samantha has 30+ years of international experience in leading organizational change and transforming business performance. A former vice president of consumer insight and product development in an international direct marketing business, she has particular expertise in the design and implementation of in-depth consumer insight programs that uncover the motivations and drivers of behavior, and in helping organizations integrate that understanding within their work to create measurable results. Samantha has authored several articles and has spoken at numerous conferences in the United States and Europe on the impact that can be created with Creative Problem Solving.
Samantha is qualified as both a trainer and facilitator of Creative Problem Solving as well as VIEW™ and SOQ™. She holds BA and MA Honors degrees in English Language & Literature from the University of Oxford, England, where she was also awarded the Scobell Scholarship for academic achievement.
Kate Stuart-Cox
Kate is a founding partner of Perspectiv and has served clients in engineering, utilities, food and drink, care services, tourism, sports, luxury goods, and information technology across many parts of the world with a focus on teamship that sets the stage for collaboration and change.
Kate’s client experience includes supporting a multi-cultural international marketing company in becoming extraordinarily resilient and efficient in the face of constant competition, using Perspectiv’s 4Ps and Teamship approaches. Working across some of the most varying cultures in the world, Kate has drawn the organization into an amazing example of what can be achieved when people lead and collaborate well together. She also designed and implemented a transformation program for a UK based global engineering consultancy.
Kate takes a systemic approach to the development of leadership and teamship capabilities and is constantly researching and refining what it takes for leaders, and for teams, to effectively problem solve and work effectively together. As a Visiting Lecturer at the Centre for Creativity in Professional Practice at Cass Business school in London, Kate often helps at the Centre and on the world-renowned Masters in Innovation Creativity and Leadership.
She speaks at conferences and meetings and has written and presented articles and book chapters on teamship, collaboration, and change.
Andy Wilkins
Andy is a founding partner of Perspectiv from 1997 and has served clients in engineering, utilities, food and drink, care services, tourism, sports, luxury goods, and information technology across the world with a focus on leadership that sets the stage for innovation and change. The kernel of his work is based on developing business whilst developing people.
Andy’s client experience includes:
- supporting a program for figuring out what it will take to win in an elite sports development organisation, by helping people think of themselves more as “problem solving coaches”.
- helping to shape and develop a 14 year transformation program for a major utility, targeted at growing future leaders through the provision of problem solving tools and facilitative leadership practices that release the collective genius of others whilst serving their whole career.
- enabling several mergers & acquisitions to greatly exceed expectations.
Also, as the non-executive Chairman of Ladder to the Moon, he works to apply his expertise into the care sector. And as a Senior Honorary Visiting Fellow at Cass business school in London and member of the Advisory Board at the Centre for Creativity in Professional Practice at Cass, Andy helped establish the Centre and teaches on 3 of the modules of the world-renowned Masters in Innovation Creativity and Leadership. He regularly speaks at conferences and meetings and has written and presented more than 20 articles and book chapters on innovation, creative problem solving, change and leadership. | https://www.viewassessment.com/bios.aspx |
It is a well-known property of holographic theories that diffeomorphism invariance in the bulk space-time implies Weyl invariance of the dual holographic field theory in the sense that the field theory couples to a conformal class of background metrics. The usual Fefferman-Graham formalism, which provides us with a holographic dictionary between the two theories, breaks explicitly this symmetry by choosing a specific boundary metric and a corresponding specific metric ansatz in the bulk. In this paper, we show that a simple extension of the Fefferman-Graham formalism allows us to sidestep this explicit breaking; one finds that the geometry of the boundary includes an induced metric and an induced connection on the tangent bundle of the boundary that is a Weyl connection (rather than the more familiar Levi-Civita connection uniquely determined by the induced metric). Properly invoking this boundary geometry has far-reaching consequences: The holographic dictionary extends and naturally encodes Weyl-covariant geometrical data, and, most importantly, the Weyl anomaly gains a clearer geometrical interpretation, cohomologically relating two Weyl-transformed volumes. The boundary theory is enhanced due to the presence of the Weyl current, which participates with the stress tensor in the boundary Ward identity. | https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/weyl-connections-and-their-role-in-holography |
Leaky Gut Overview
Our health is anchored on what reaches our bloodstream. When disease-causing agents such as viruses, bacterial, protozoan, or invasive parasites enter the bloodstream, they trigger the body’s immune responses. Responses such as acute and chronic inflammation may occur. In a case where the body is unable to withstand the strength of the microorganisms, then the microorganism colonizes the body causing disease.
Definition of a Leaky Gut
Leaky gut is a condition when the intestinal walls become loose, and they allow bacteria and toxins to move from the gut to the bloodstream. This condition poses a great danger to the body because the toxins cause several diseases.
The Occurrence of Leaky Gut
The walls of the intestines act as barriers, controlling what gets into the blood to be transported to various body organs. The properties of these intestines make them selectively permeable. They allow only food nutrients, water, and mineral salts to pass through, and it locks out harmful agents.
The intestinal walls have tight junctions that open to allow substances to get into the bloodstream. Several health conditions may make these tight junctions to become loose, therefore making the walls to lose their selective permeability. This allows bacteria and other harmful substances to enter the blood; thus the gut is termed as leaky.
Causes of Leaky Gut
1. Excessive intake of sugar. High intake of sugar such as fructose and galactose harm the barrier properties of the intestinal wall. The sugar disrupts the phospholipids in the intestines by removing important bonds that link them. This automatically makes the intestine wall to be fully permeable to bacteria.
2. Excessive alcohol intake. Alcohol contains ethanol that disrupts the physical structure of the cell membrane. Continuous intake of excess alcohol spoils the semipermeable membrane of the intestinal wall, making the wall to permit entry of toxins and bacteria.
3. Poor gut health. The human gut has millions of beneficial and harmful bacteria. The bacteria are always kept in balance to ensure that the harmful bacteria are fewer than the beneficial bacteria. Poor gut health violates this balance; thus harmful bacteria may force themselves into the bloodstream.
Other causes are:
- Long term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Nutrient deficiencies of vitamin D, vitamin A, and Zinc
- Stress that contributes to gastrointestinal disorders
- Yeast overgrowth in the gut
Symptoms of Leaky Stomach
- Bacteria overgrowth in the small intestine
- Chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis
- The occurrence of some autoimmune diseases
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Rapid occurrence of gastric ulcers
- Seasonal allergies such as asthma
- Skin problems like acne, eczema, or rosacea
- Mood swings and mind problems such as stress and anxiety
Treatment of Leaky Gut
• Eat the right foods. After being diagnosed with a leaky gut, eat plenty of vegetables like broccoli, eggplant, spinach, and ginger. Also eat fruits, root tubers, healthy fats, gluten-free grains, and beverages.
• Use proper supplements. Relevant supplements often protect the gut lining from damage, and it also helps it to heal faster. The supplements include probiotics, digestive enzymes, and Licorice root.
The Bottom line
Leaky gut is a health danger to all people regardless of their age. Proper measures should be taken to curb this problem. It is advisable to seek medical attention in case symptoms relating to this condition appear. | https://teamkz1.com/public/blog/what-is-a-leaky-gut/ |
Being healthy and sustainable throughout training for a challenge is SO important. And healthy means girls night, bubbles and fish and chips sometimes. If your training and diet is too restrictive you won't maintain it and you certainly won't enjoy it. After my 3 days away and yummy indulgences, instead of being on a mega detox since I've been back, I've simply just reverted back into a more balanced way of eating and exercising ready to tackle a new week. | http://www.thebeccaedit.com/2015/08/half-marathon-training-diary-week-3.html |
Legislation has again been introduced in the Maryland General Assembly to prevent developers from including provisions in condominium governing documents that limit the developer’s liability for construction defects. Senate Bill 250, introduced by Senator Delores G. Kelley, would prohibit provisions in the declaration, bylaws or rules and regulations that limit the ability of a council of unit owners to file suit on behalf of itself or the unit owners or enforce warranty claims. The proposed new law would also preclude limits on the rights of condominium councils or individual unit owners to bring claims relating to an alleged failure of the developer to comply with building codes, county approved plans and specifications, product manufacturer’s installation instructions, and other construction industry standards. Proposed new Section 11-134.1 of the Maryland Condominium Act would prohibit provisions designed to prevent the filing of a claim within the applicable period of limitations or prevent claims from accruing pursuant to the “discovery rule.” The new law would also preclude provisions requiring a vote of the unit owners approving the initiation of a claim, unless such a requirement is adopted after the unit owners assume control of the community from the developer.
Proposed new Section 11-134.1(b) would provide that any provision in the declaration, bylaws or initial contract of sale or other conveyance document shall be unenforceable if the provision (1) purports to shorten the statute of limitations applicable to any claim; (2) purports to waive the application of the “discovery rule” or other accrual date applicable to the claim; (3) requires that a claim be submitted to arbitration within a period shorter than the statute of limitations applicable to the claim; or (4) operates to prevent a unit owner or the council from asserting a claim within the applicable statute of limitations. The “discovery rule” is the rule of law that provides that a claim accrues, and the statute of limitations begins to run, when it is discovered or should have been discovered in the exercise of reasonable diligence. This prohibition would be applicable to any claim by the council or individual unit owners that alleges a failure to comply with (a) applicable building codes; (b) county-approved plans and specifications; (c) manufacturer’s installation instructions; (d) the implied warranties under Real Property Sections 10-203 and 11-131; or (e) industry standards for material and workmanship in effect when the building was constructed.
All of these proposed provisions would apply to residential condominiums only.
A similar bill passed the Maryland Senate during the 2015 legislative session, but never made it out of committee for a vote in the House. Senate and House versions introduced during the 2015 session failed to reach the floor of either chamber. | https://www.marylandcondolaw.com/maryland-general-assembly-again-considers-legislation-to-protect-condo-owners-rights-of-action-against-developers/ |
Controlling those pesky insects - resistance is futile!
Food web structure of three guilds of natural enemies: predators, parasitoids and pathogens of aphids
Bee searching strategies in the landscape
Bumblebee movement patterns at the landscape scale revealed
Agricultural nitrous oxide and methane emissions from Cornwall and potential mitigation. Report for Cornwall Agri-food Development Team
Scenario building to test and inform the development of a BSI method for assessing greenhouse gas emissions from food (Technical Annex to final report on Defra Project No. FO0404)
Safe recycling of livestock manures (RELU Policy and Practice Note No. 4)
Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lilly beetle, Lilioceris lilii
Is weed research still declining? The current age profile of weed researchers in the UK and other parts of the world
Herbicide-resistant rye-grass - a management update
Effect of biogas waste and mineral ammonium amendment on nitrous oxide emissions
Pollination of isolated wild plants in arable ecosystems
Trap crops for pollen beetles in oilseed rape: is push-pull compatible with conservation biocontrol?
Oilseed rape crop ecology: optimising crop husbandry for conservation biological control and greater biodiversity. Final report on DEFRA project AR0316.
Phenologies and diel periodicities of within-crop flight by pests and parasitoids in oilseed rape
Recommended research topic: optimising the landscape for biological control, biodiversity and production competitiveness in annual cropping systems based on a cereals/oilseed rape rotation
Mysteries of Lepidoptera migration revealed by entomological radar
Arsenic efflux
Metabolomic and phenotypic analyses of Fusarium graminearum wild-type and mutant strains
Spotting disease: how to distinguish brown spots on sugar beet leaves
Selenium speciation in soil and the effect of selenium and sulphur fertilisation on wheat
Effect of climate on the proportions of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in phoma stem cankers on oilseed rape
Rhizomania: protect your yield with resistant varieties
A model for the optimal control of citrus canker disease (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) in a mixed-host landscape
Construction of maps estimating plant disease distribution: an epidemiological simulation approach
Understanding fungicide mixtures to control Rhynchosporium in barley and minimise resistance shifts. HGCA Project Report No. 436
NanoSIMS analysis of trace elements in cereal grain
Fungicides for 2008
Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soils
Changes in the mineral composition of wheat grain
The final straw: crop archives and the recent history of cereal pathosystems
Plant pathology in Europe: present status, impact and future challenges
Arsenic tolerance mechanisms in Holcus lanatus : is arsenite efflux involved?
Factors affecting the recovery of available soil nitrogen by cereal and oilseed rape crops
'Long-term Sludge Experiments' in Britain: the effects of heavy metals on soil micro-organisms
Adaptation of Mycosphaerella graminicola populations to azole fungicides in the UK
Re-contructing evolution of fungicide resistance and disease dynamics of cereal pathogens from crop archives
StEm Canker of oilseed rape: molecular tools and mathematical modelling to deploy dUrable Resistance (SECURE). Final report on EU contract
StEm Canker of oilseed rape: molecular tools and mathematical modelling to deploy dUrable Resistance (SECURE). Fourth interim annual report on EU contract
The infection biology and transcriptome of wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum
Characterisation of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates with reduced azole sensitivities (PhD Summary Report No. 7. HGCA Project No. RD-2004-3007)
Characterisation of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates with reduced sensitivity to triazole fungicides. PhD thesis, University of Reading
Testing of fungicide activity enhancers using Septoria leaf blotch as model. Confidential report to industrial sponsor
Expression of genes encoding efflux proteins in Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates with sensitive or reduced triazole sensitivity phenotypes
Pathogenicity determinants of Fusarium graminearum on wheat ears
Analysis of the newly sequenced Fusarium genomes using PHI-Base and ONDEX
Pathogenicity determinants of Fusarium graminearum on wheat ears
Pathogenicity determinants of Fusarium graminearum on wheat ears
Fusarium graminearum kinome analysis and progress report. Confidential report to industrial sponsor
Peroxisomal ATP import is essential for seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Host foraging for differentially adapted brassica-feeding aphids by the braconid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Article addendum)
Resource or waste: the reality of nutrient recycling to land
Soil and fertilizer phosphorus in relation to crop nutrition
Discussion of: Schroder, J. J., Neeteson, J. J., 2008. Nutrient management regulations in The Netherlands (with Discussion)
Better estimation of soil nitrogen use efficiency by cereals and oilseed rape (HGCA Research Review No. 68)
Dissolved organic nitrogen and mechanisms of its uptake by plants in agricultural systems
Role of sulfur for plant production in agricultural and natural ecosystems
The evaluation of UK seed production and quality of reed canary grass and switchgrass
Olfactory recognition of host plants in the absence of host-specific volatile compounds (article addendum)
Determination of the insecticide resistance mechanisms using biochemical methods in the Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations damaging on cotton in Turkey
Assessing the impact of climate change on the assembly and function of weed communities
The effect of the size of the cuttings planted on the subsequent performance of three contrasting willow cultivars for short rotation coppice
Extreme impacts of climate change on wheat in England and Wales
Performance of 15 different Miscanthus species and genotypes over 11 years
An empirical model for switchgrass to predict yield from site and climatic variables
Elucidating the role of low molecular weight glutenin subunits in determining wheat quality
Herbicide-resistance to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron in Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass)
Resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in the weed Lolium multiflorum
Assessing the impact of future climate change on the UK sugar beet production
Charles Christopher Doncaster (1920-2008) [Obituary]
Entomological evaluation of permethrin impregnated bednets against Anopheles darlingi in the Peruvian Amazon
TILLING for improved crop performance under stress conditions
Overcoming barriers to crossing in willow (Salix spp.) breeding
Why do mosquitoes 'choose' to bite some people more than others?
Establishing durum wheat adaptations to abiotic stress using multidisclipinary genetic and physiological approaches
Controlling for competition in neighbouring field plots in a willow (Salix spp.) trial
Over-winter yield decline in Switchgrass and Miscanthus
Morpho-biometrical characterisation of Portuguese Bursaphelenchus xylophilus isolates with mucronate, digitate or round tailed females
Soil water deficits and evaporation rates associated with Miscanthus in England
Biomass fuel specification and matching to conversion processes
The influence of agronomic treatment on the combustion characteristics of some energy crops
Biomass and energy crops III (Aspects of Applied Biology 90)
Mechanisms of arsenite uptake in rice: studies using rice mutants
El muestreo en los estudios del suelo
The effect of geographical location on phoma stem canker on oilseed rape in the UK
Improving wheat for nutrition and processing
Manipulation of the cell wall composition of wheat endosperm cell walls to improve nutritional properties
A transgenic approach to understanding gene expression in cereals
Neutral monosaccharides as biomarker proxies for bog-forming plants for application to palaeovegetation reconstruction in ombrotrophic peat deposits
How to measure and report growing conditions for experiments in controlled environments
Using cell-lineage tagging to decipher early differentiation and development in wheat endosperm
Interspecific variation in bulk tissue, fatty acid and monosaccharide delta13C values of leaves from a mesotrophic grassland plant community
Mechanisms of arsenite uptake in rice
Chemical speciation of metalloids in soil in relation to their bioavailability
Growing rice aerobically markedly decreases arsenic accumulation
Components of resistance to diseases in winter oilseed rape cultivars: CORDISOR (HGCA Project Report No. 446)
The biology and molecular biology of Polymyxa species and their interaction with plants and viruses
A quantitative-PCR method to detect and quantify airborne ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
The purification and characterisation of allergenic hazelnut seed proteins
Biogas yields from grassland
Long-term impacts of metal-rich sludge additions on soil microbial communities - effects of metal source and soil type
Early leaf senescence is associated with an altered cellular redox balance in Arabidopsis cpr5/old1 mutants
CPR5 - a Jack of all trades in plants
Establishing durum wheat adaptations to drought using multidisclipinary genetic and physiological approaches
EU projects to unravel drought resistance in durum wheat
Establishing durum wheat adaptations to abiotic stress using multidisclipinary genetic and physiological approaches
Tracking butterfly movements with harmonic radar reveals an effect of population age on movement distance
Purification and characterisation of relevant natural and recombinant apple allergens
Molybdenum toxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) root length tests in different European soils
Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus , to volatiles from a non-host plant, lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae)
Sensitivity of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii to metals accumulating in soils from long-term sewage sludge applications
Mechanisms to improve integrative research at the science-policy interface for sustainable catchment management
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Pollution and Remediation: SoilRem 2008
Stability of biomass-derived black carbon in soils
Preharvest qPCR diagnostics for better management of phoma stem canker and light leaf spot in oilseed rape
Population structures of global isolate collections of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa , the causal organsims of phoma stem canker and stem lesions on oilseed rape
Feasibility of phytoextraction to remediate cadmium and zinc contaminated soils
The utility of covariances: a response to Ranta et al
How can molecular genetic informtion on plant pathogens benefit disease management?
Plant resistance signalling hijacked by a necrotrophic fungal pathogen
Effects of climate change on plants: implications for agriculture. Aspects of Applied Biology 88
Caracterizacion de aislamientos Mexicanos de Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (Goddard) Games y Zare para el control biologico de Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne y Allen
Mediated amperometric whole-cell biosensors for rapid in situ screening of heavy metal contaminated soils
Reactive oxygen species-related genes in the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola
The infection biology and transcriptome of wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum
Report on the 9th International Congress of Plant Pathology
Performance evaluation of the cell-based algorithms for domain decomposition in flow simulation
Root herbivory in grassland ecosystems
Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests
Importance of diagnostic markers for the management of soil-borne viral diseases of barley and wheat
The effect of different legume-based swards on intake and performance of grazing ruminants under Mediterranean and cool temperate conditions
Resistance mechanisms to Soil-borne Cereal Mosaic Virus and Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus in wheat and barley
Genetic analysis of phoma stem canker pathogen Leptosphaeria biglobosa from China, Europe and Canada using AFLP markers (in Chinese with English abstract)
Isolation and identification of phoma stem canker causal agent from infected oilseed rape in China (in Chinese with English abstract)
Australian climate-carbon cycle feedback reduced by soil black carbon
A and C genome distinction and chromosome identification in Brassica napus by sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic in situ hybridization
Historic and prospective future flows of the Red Deer River and its headwater tributaries. Report prepared for Red Deer River Watershed Alliance and Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Water Research
Purification and structural stability of the peach allergens Pru p 1 and Pru p 3
Effect of soil organic matter content on potential nitrification and denitrification in soils. Nitrate leaching vs greenhouse gas emissions. Final report on Royal Society International Joint Project
Mapping soil salinity from sample data and remote sensing in the former Lake Texcoco, Mexico
Loss of gibberellin production in Fusarium verticillioides (Gibberella fujikuroi MP-A) is due to a deletion in the gibberellic acid gene cluster
Combining biomarker with stable isotope analyses for assessing the transformation and turnover of soil organic matter
Reporter genes
Arabidopsis sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-1 and calcium-dependent protein kinase phosphorylate conserved target sites in ABA response element binding proteins
Apical leaf necrosis as a defence mechanism against pathogen attack: effects of high nutrient availability on onset and rate of necrosis
Host-finding and invasion by entomopathogenic and plant-parasitic nematodes: evaluating the ability of laboratory bioassays to predict field results
A Western Canada perspective on climate change and agriculture
A putative role for the plasma membrane potential in the control of the expression of the gene encoding the tomato high-affinity potassium transporter HAK5
Book review: Castillo, P and Vovlas, N. 2007. Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): diagnosis, biology, pathgenicity and management. Brill, Leiden
Esterase isoenzymes and insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis populations from the south-east region of Spain
Improving water use efficiency
Transgenic wheat, barley and oats: production and characterization
QTL mapping of BNYVV resistance from the WB258 source in sugar beet
Effect of cattle slurry separation on greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions during storage
Expression profiling of potato germplasm differentiated in quality traits leads to the identification of candidate flavour and texture genes
Dolichodial: a new aphid sex pheromone component?
Three types of nematode cuticle variation: constitutive, clonal and induced
Nematicidal effects of cysteine proteinases and methods of use thereof to treat nematode infestation. International patent application WO 2008/087555
Spatial variation of ammonia volatilization from soil and its scale-dependent correlation with soil properties
The behaviour of soil process models of ammonia volatilization at contrasting spatial scales
Barley disease management guide 2009
Root feeders: an ecosystem perspective
Root herbivory in agricultural ecosystems
Establishing substantial equivalence: metabolomics
Establishing substantial equivalence: transcriptomics
A black-streaked dwarf disease on rice in China is caused by a novel fijivirus
Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of bread and durum wheat using freshly isolated immature embryos
Plant nematological contributions to phytopathology
The origin and early development of wheat glutenin particles
Effect of climate on the proportions of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in phoma stem cankers on oilseed rape in England
Biolistics transformation of wheat
Long-term experiments as a unique resource for research on local and global carbon cycling
Chemical stimuli supporting foraging behaviour of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): volatiles and allelobiosis
Aggregation of parasitism risk in an aphid-parasitoid system: effects of plant patch size and aphid density
Age-specific expression of resistance to a neonicotinoid insecticide in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci
Establishing substantial equivalence: proteomics
Detection by Real-time PCR and quantification of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in air samples from Rarwino, north Poland
Detection by real-time PCR and quantification of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in air samples from north Poland
Transgenic wheat, barley and oats: production and characterization protocols. Methods in molecular biology, vol. 478
Selection of transformed plants
Promoter sequences for defining transgene expression
Gibberellins close the lid
Assessing the ecological impacts of bioenergy projects
Prediction of pollen-mediated gene flow between fields of red clover (Trifolium pratense)
Evidence from near-isogenic lines that root penetration increases with root diameter and bending stiffness in rice
Impact of the rate of rewetting of a dried soil on the concentration of phosphorus in leachate
Asymptomatic infection of winter and spring barley by Rhynchosporium secalis: effects and implications for epidemiology and host resistance
The dynamics of Rynchosporium secalis in winter and spring barley and the role of inoculum sources
New methods for the detection of insecticide resistant Myzus persicae in the U.K. suction trap network
Arsenic accumulation by the aquatic fern Azolla : comparison of arsenate uptake, speciation and efflux by A. caroliniana and A. filiculoides
Identification and genetic mapping of variant forms of puroindoline b expressed in developing wheat grain
Eco-efficient approaches to land management: a case for increased integration of crop and animal production systems
Detecting airborne inoculum to forecast arable crop diseases
Enhanced transmission of Pandora neoaphidis by the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis
Implications for conservation biocontrol of spatio-temporal relationships between carabid beetles and coleopterous pests in winter oilseed rape
The HEALTHGRAIN cereal diversity screen: concept, results and prospects
A functional genomics resource for Brassica napus : development of an EMS mutagenized population and discovery of FAE1 point mutations by TILLING
Pressure drop and flow distribution in parallel-channel configurations of fuel cells: U-type arrangement
Endoparasitism in cereal aphids: molecular analysis of a whole parasitoid community
Allergens in wheat and related cereals
Phytochemical and fiber components in oat varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen
Book review: Carbohydrate Chemistry for Food Scientists. J. N. BeMiller (ed), AACC International, 2007.
Genetic analysis reveals that C19-GA 2-oxidation is a major gibberellin inactivation pathway in Arabidopsis
How many animals really do the Levy walk? Comment
Low biodegradability of fluoxetine HC1, diazepam and their human metabolites in sewage sludge-amended soil
Composition and end-use quality of 150 wheat lines selected for the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen
Comparative innate responses of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae to alkenyl glucosinolate derived isothiocyanates, nitriles and epithionitriles
Double haploids, markers and QTL analysis in vegetable brassicas
Standardized gene nomenclature for the Brassica genus
Phytochemicals and dietary fiber components in rye varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen
Weed research: is it delivering what it should?
Use of Co speciation and soil properties to explain variation in Co toxicity to root growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in different soils
Natural variation in responsiveness of Arabidopsis thaliana to methyl jasmonate is developmentally regulated
Characterisation and molecular basis of ALS inhibitor resistance in the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides
Purification and characterisation of a panel of peanut allergens suitable for use in allergy diagnosis
Phenolic acids in wheat varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen
Determining species diversity of microfungal communities in forest tree roots by pure-culture isolation and DNA sequencing
Feasibility of phytoextraction to remediate cadmium and zinc contaminated soils
A novel assay reveals the blockade of esterases by piperonyl butoxide
Triticum monococcum, an ancient relative of wheat, is a rich source of resistance to septoria tritici blotch disease
Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the Triticum monococcum-Mycosphaerella graminicola interaction
The first risk benefit assessment of nitrate in vegetables: a European perspective
Take-all and the Wheat Genetic Improvement Network (WGIN)
Assessment of the A.E. Watkins wheat collection in 2008 for resistance to foliar, stem base and root diseases. Objectives 2 and 5
Neonicotinoid resistance in rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Phoma stem canker and light leaf spot on oilseed rape in a changing climate
Development and validation of gas chromatography and real-time quantitative PCR for the quantification of landscape-scale gene flow from varieties of high erucic acid (HEAR) oilseed rape
Exudation of alcohol and aldehyde sugars from roots of defoliated Lolium perenne L. grown under sterile conditions
A seasonal switch in compass orientation in a high-flying migrant moth
Ectopic expression of soybean leghemoglobin in chloroplasts impairs gibberellin biosynthesis and induces dwarfism in transgenic potato plants
Reply to "Standardized vs. customary ordinary cokriging..." by A. Papritz
A comparison of parametric and non-parametric methods for modelling a coregionalization
Do functional traits improve prediction of predation rates for a disparate group of aphid predators?
The very-long-chain hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2 is essential and limiting for plant development
The CACTA transposon Bot1 played a major role in Brassica genome divergence and gene proliferation
Better weed management: what advice do farmers need?
Weed control in conventional and herbicide tolerant winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) grown in rotations with winter cereals in the UK
Understanding multitrophic interactions in the rhizosphere and the development of Pochonia chlamydosporia as a biological agent for root-knot nematodes
Modelling soil organic carbon turnover in improved fallows in eastern Zambia using the RothC-26.3 model
The Rothamsted Insect Survey: the role of citizen scientists in collecting long-term biological data
Silencing of gamma-gliadins by RNA interference (RNAi) in bread wheat
Correlated responses to neonicotinoid insecticides in clones of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years
Transmission of Pandora neoaphidis in the presence of co-occurring arthropods
Intraguild interactions involving Pandora neoaphidis at the population scale
Phytochemical and dietary fiber components in barley varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen
Phenotypic changes and reduced genetic diversity have accompanied the rapid decline of the garden tiger moth (Arctia caja) in the U.K.
Soil science and geostatistics (an extended and improved translation of the text published in Russian in 'Geostatistics and soil geography', Moscow, Nauka Publ. p8-18)
Speciation of zinc in contaminated soils
Significance and occurrence of the temperate ribotypes of Polymyxa species
Elements of host disease resistance signalling hijacked by Mycosphaerella graminicola during successful wheat leaf infection
A pre-intervention study of malaria vector abundance in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea: their role in malaria transmission and the incidence of insecticide resistance alleles
Indicators for assessing the environmental impacts of land use change across Europe
A bioinformatic and transcriptomic approach to identifying positional candidate genes without fine mapping: an example using rice root-growth QTLs
Quantitative measurements of CYP51 alterations in populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola using pyrosequencing
Investigating wheat functionality through breeding and end use (FQS 23)
Investigating resistance mechanisms to furoviruses in wheat and barley
Characterisation of resistance to furoviruses in wheat and barley
Can we predict the provenance of a soil sample for forensic purposes by reference to a spatial database?
Perspectives in biological control of nematodes
Interactions on roots and the efficacy of Pochonia chlamydosporia as a biological control agent
Discovery of novel e1F4 alleles conferring broad spectrum resistance to bymoviruses by exploiting genetic diversity of natural barley germplasm
Dispersal of airborne spores from plant pahtogenic fungi in cereals
pH conditions exert effects on the stability of the peach allergens Pru p1 and Pru p3
Cloning and expression analyses of potassium channels in barley leaves
Confidential report to Makhteshim Agan (UK) Ltd
Demethylation inhibitor resistance in cereal pathogens and consequences of resistance management
A history of potato cyst nematode research
Range and severity of phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans ) of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) increased by global warming
Functional analysis of reactive oxygen species - related genes in the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola
Functional analysis of reactive oxygen species - related genes in the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola
Reduced gibberellin response affects ethylene biosynthesis and responsiveness in the Arabidopsis gai eto2-1 double mutant
Knockdown resistance to DDT and pyrethroids: from target-site mutations to molecular modelling
On effective linearity of soil process models
Characterisation of mechanisms correlated with reduced azole sensitivity in Mycosphaerella graminicola
Impact of mutations in the CYP51 gene of Mycosphaerella graminicola on azole fungicide sensitivity and intrinsic protein function
Growth, yield and mineral content of Miscanthus x giganteus grown as a biofuel for 14 successive harvests
The activities of PEP carboxylase and the C4 acid decarboxylases are little changed by drought stress in three C4 grasses of different subtypes
PCR-based detection of Plasmodium in Anopheles mosquitoes: a comparison of a new high-throughput assay with existing methods
Understanding the relationship between DNA methylation and phenotypic plasticity in crop plants
Algorithm for estimating the crop height effect on ammonia emission from slurry applied to cereal fields and grassland
Completion of the sequence of rice gall dwarf virus from Guangxi, China
Identification of volatile compounds used in host location by the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae
Fungicide application and the minimisation of risk
Evolutionary epidemiology of plant viruses
Oilseed rape diseases: geographic variation in stem canker
Cross-resistance between a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin and non- BT insecticides in the diamondback moth
Deterministic walks with inverse-square power-law scaling are an emergent property of predators that use chemotaxis to locate randomly distributed prey
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris identified in Senecio jacobaea in the United Kingdom
Construction of maps estimating plant disease distribution: an epidemiological simulation approach
Comment on "Fire-derived charcoal causes loss of forest humus"
A new species of Galactomyces and first reports of four fungi on wheat roots in the United Kingdom
Co-ordinated expression of amino acid metabolism in response to N and S deficiency during wheat grain filling
New approaches to an old problem: linking soil quality and microbial communities
Integration of leaf metabolism and physiology by the trehalose pathway
Development of species-specific diagnostic primers for Zoophthora radicans and Pandora blunckii two co-occurring fungal pathogens of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella
Multitrophic effects of nutrient addition in upland grassland
Assessing the ecological impacts of bioenergy projects
Innate immunity in nematodes and somaclonal cuticle variation as revealed by Pasteuria penetrans
Exploring tritrophic interactions: biological control of an obligate pest by its obligate parasite
A novel family of plastid transporters involved in glutathione metabolism
Survival of bacterial DNA and culturable bacteria in archived soils from the Rothamsted Broadbalk experiment
Adopting an integrative systems biology approach to study root growth and development
The cold-inducible CBF1 factor-dependent signaling pathway modulates the accumulation of the growth-repressing DELLA proteins via its effect on gibberellin metabolism
PCR to predict risk of airborne disease
Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources
Highly efficient xylem transport of arsenite in the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata
Providing the evidence base for environmental risk assessments of novel farm management practices
DEET repels ORNery mosquitoes
Bacterial diversity of the Broadbalk 'Classical' winter wheat experiment in relation to long-term fertilizer inputs
Wetting of agricultural soil measured by a simplified capillary rise technique
Characterization of recycled mushroom compost leachate by chemical analysis and thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry
Particle deposition onto rough surfaces
Data, not only in aerobiology: how normal is the normal distribution?
Cloning and characterisation of a phenyltransferase from the aphid Myzus persicae with potential involvement in alarm pheromone synthesis
Desmodium species and associated biochemical traits for controlling Striga species: present and future prospects
A participatory approach to increasing productivity of maize through Striga hermonthica control in northeast Nigeria
The development and multiple uses of a standardised bioassay method to select hypocrealean fungi for biological control of aphids
Long-distance signalling in plant defense
Avoidance of conspecific odour by carabid beetles: a mechanism for the emergence of scale-free searching patterns
The action of three Beet yellows virus resistance QTLs depends on alleles at a novel genetic locus that controls symptom development
Application of flow field-flow fractionation and laser sizing to characterize soil colloids in drained and undrained lysimeters
Introgression of transgenes into a commercial cultivar confirms differential effects of HMW subunits 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 on gluten properties
Inheritance of L1014F and M918T sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Myzus persicae
A novel method for sampling bacteria on plant root and soil surfaces at the microhabitat scale
Isolation and characterization of the gibberellin biosynthetic gene cluster in Sphaceloma manihoticola
Grain quality in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation
Relationships between soil pH and microbial properties in a UK arable soil
GCN2-dependent phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha in Arabidopsis
Quantifying DNA of Leptosphaeria maculans and Pyrenopeziza brassicae in oilseed rape tissues using QPCR
Detection and monitoring of airborne pathogens by optical reflectance and air sampling
Recent Rice stripe virus epidemics in Zhejiang Province, China, and experiments on sowing-date, disease-yield loss relationships and seedling susceptibility
Detailed analysis of the expression of an alpha-gliadin promoter and the deposition of alpha-gliadin protein during wheat grain development
Regulation of respiration and oxygen diffusion barrier in soybean protect symbiotic nitrogen fixation from chilling- induced inhibition and shoots from premature senescence
Climate Research: a focal point for the climate and ecosystem-impact research communities
Long-term dynamics in wheat of Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola
Detection and quantification of airborne ascopores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by QPCR
Phytophthora infestans identified in archival potato tubers from trials at Rothamsted, 1876-1879
Is UK biofuel supply from Miscanthus water-limited?
Analysis of two variants of a spatially distributed crop model, using wavelet transforms and geostatistics
Trehalose 6-phosphate, a novel protein kinase inhibitor
Graph-based sequence annotation using a data integration approach
Rounding up and pointing the way forward
Dynamics of nematological infrastructure
Host plant effects on hatching of root-knot nematodes
Reduced susceptibility to DDT in field populations of Anopheles quadriannulatus and Anopheles arabiensis in Malawi: evidence for larval selection
Digital soil mapping technologies for countries with sparse data infrastructures
Contributions by Latin American nematologists to the study of nematode plant disorders and related impact on crop production
Tropical plant and soil nematodes: diversity and interactions
Identification and characterization of a novel efficient resistance response to the furoviruses SBWMV and SBCMV in barley
Screening of locally available organic materials for mass production of a biological agent, Pochonia chlamydosporia used against root-knot nematodes
Images of biologists: James Logan
Exploring resistance in wheat to Fusarium ear blight disease
Exploring resistance in wheat to fusarium ear blight disease
Some results on the spatial breakdown point of robust point estimates of the variogram
Serine proteinase inhibitors in seeds of Cycas siamensis and other gymnosperms
Targeting the symptomless phase of pathogen growth to understand quantitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans
Effects of fungicides on control of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa (phoma stem canker) in oilseed rape
Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions in the UK
Evolution of Leptosphaeria species on brassicas in a changing climate
Strategies to stop spread of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) onto oilseed rape in China
Gene expression profiles in Pochonia chlamydosporia in conditions of saprotrophic-to-parasite transition
Two rice nitrate transporters encoded by one gene that each show differential regulation by pH
Functional analysis of reactive oxygen species - related genes in the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola
NPR1 and EDS11 contribute to host resistance against Fusarium culmorum in Arabidopsis buds and flowers
Plant-nematode interactions: environmental signals detected by the nematode's chemosensory organs control changes in the surface cuticle and behaviour
Molecular detection of airborne Sclerotinia sclerotiorum spores on Mexican crops
Resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) in Brassica napus (winter oilseed rape)
Investigating the phenotype of a major gene-mediated resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae in Brassica napus
Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for identification of members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex
Growing rice aerobically markedly decreases arsenic accumulation
Similarities and differences in nematode problems and management strategies as revealed by a world-wide questionnaire
Aphids galore! So how did the industry avert a virus yellows epidemic in 2007?
Trehalose 6-phosphate makes sugar sense
Survival of plant-parasitic nematodes in the absence of a host crop
Crop protection review of 2007
IIRB Congress 2008
Biogeography of the false root-knot nematode (Nacobbus spp.) and its major crop hosts
Anastomosis in selected isolates of Pochonia chlamydosporia from cysts and root-knot nematodes
Influence of temperature on the life cycle of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hispanica
Determinants of variation in the response of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi to aphid sex pheromones
Ecology of Pochonia chlamydosporia in the rhizosphere
Using genomic information for altering bolting and flowering behaviour of crop plants
Did crops grow in 2007?
Flying in the face of change
Insights into virulence of Portuguese Bursaphelenchus xylophilus isolates by ITS-RFLP analysis
Phoma stem canker and light leaf spot on oilseed rape in a changing climate
Distinctive mitochondrial genome features of the heteroderid nematodes: multipartite structure and extensive poly(T) variation within protein-coding genes
Impact of sewage sludge applications on the biogeochemistry of soils
Completion of a Pasteuria genome sequence: a heuristic approach to its common thread
Somaclonal variation in plant parasitic nematodes as revealed by Pasteuria - the potential importance of innate immunity
The nematicidal properties of cysteine proteinases and their potential to control plant parasitic nematodes
The wheat GCN2 signalling pathway: does this kinase play an important role in stress signalling?
Amino acid 15N in long-term bare fallow soils: influence of annual N fertilizer and manure applications
Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum pathogenicity on wheat ears
Polymyxa resistance - a new form of rhizomania resistance from wild sea beet
Large old trees influence patterns of delta13C and delta15N in forests
Use of carbon isotope analysis to understand semi-arid erosion dynamics and long-term semi-arid land degradation
Long-term change in vegetation and soil microbial communities during the phased restoration of traditional meadow grassland
Long-term influence of manure and mineral nitrogen applications on plant and soil 15N and 13C values from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment
An inhibitor of urease activity effectively reduces ammonia emissions from soil treated with urea under Mediterranean conditions
Modelling and optimization of fermentation factors for enhancement of alkaline protease production by isolated Bacillus circulans using feed-forward neural network and genetic alogrithm
Season and bedding impacts on ammonia emissions from tie-stall dairy barns
Influence of recent vegetation on labile and recalcitrant carbon soil pools in central Queensland, Australia: evidence from thermal analysis-quadrupole mass spectrometry-isotope ratio mass spectrometry
The impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers and lime on the species-richness and plant functional characteristics of hay meadow communities
A Lagrangian biogeochemical study of an eddy in the Northeast Atlantic
Emissions of ammonia from weeping wall stores and earth-banked lagoons determined using passive sampling and atmospheric dispersion modelling
Preferences for different nitrogen forms by coexisting plant species and soil microbes: reply
Using delta15N and delta18O to evaluate the sources and pathways of NO3 in rainfall event discharge from drained agricultural grassland lysimeters at high temporal resolutions
Laboratory assessment of the effect of cattle slurry pre-treatment on organic N degradation after soil application and N2O and N2 emissions
Assessment of the potential N mineralization of different particle-size fractions in two dairy cattle slurries
Cattle slurry treatment by screw press separation and chemically enhanced settling: effect on greenhouse gas emissions after land spreading and grass yield
Off-line pyrolysis and compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis of lignin moieties: a new method for determining the fate of lignin residues in soil
Enhancing the understanding of earthworm feeding behaviour via the use of fatty acid delta13C values determined by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry
A genetic study of a Salix germplasm resource reveals new insights into relationships among subgenera, sections and species
Mapping aerial metal deposition in metropolitan areas from tree bark: a case study in Sheffield, England
Effect of environmental stress during grain filling on the soluble proteome of wheat (Triticum aestivum) dough liquor
The effects of simple perturbations of a process model on the spatial variability of its output
Reducing acrylamide precursors in raw materials derived from wheat and potato
Regulation of sulfate uptake, expression of the sulfate transporters Sultr1;1 and Sultr1;2, and APS reductase in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) as affected by atmospheric H2S nutrition and sulfate deprivation
Over-expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6CM1 is associated with high resistance to imidacloprid in the B and Q biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Uptake, distribution and subcellular transport of sulfate
Strategies to prevent spread of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) onto oilseed rape crops in China; costs and benefits
Interactions between arthropod-induced aboveground and belowground defenses in plants
Effects of plant sulfur nutrition on acrylamide and aroma compounds in cooked wheat
Spectral sensitivity and colour choice in the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus
Responses of pollen beetles to petal colour: towards habitat management via manipulation of visual signals used in host-plant location
Sugar beet contains a large CONSTANS-LIKE gene family including a CO homologue that is independent of the early-bolting (B) gene locus
Cloning, expression and characterization of novel avenin-like genes in wheat and related species
Plant sulfate transporters
Responses to sulfur limitation in maize
Beneficial links for the control of aphids: the effects of compost applications on predators and prey
Flexiviruses
Improvement of wheat for processing and quality
Identification of novel resistance phenotypes to Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) in barley
Exploring eIF4E-based recessive resistance in barley to the bymoviruses Barley yellow mosiac virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV)
The Rothamsted Insect Survey light-trap network
Long-term moth studies at Rothamsted
Forecasting oilseed rape diseases from airborne inoculum
Factors affecting canker and light leaf spot severity in oilseed rape
The effects of seaweed-based plant growth products on hatching and behavioural responses of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi
Influence of visual and olfactory cues on field trapping of the pollen beetle, Astylus atromaculatus (Col.: Melyridae)
Immunolocalization of deformed wing virus particles within the mite Varroa destructor
The microscopic ice age. Rothamsted Research, UK. 6-11 April 2008
Development of a quantitative-PCR method to understand the epidemiology of sclerotinia stem rot of oilseed rape
Rust resistance of some varieties and recently bred genotypes of biomass willows
Herbicide-resistant black-grass: managing risk with fewer options (HGCA Information Sheet 3)
Transporters of arsenite in rice and their role in arsenic accumulation in rice grain
Sensitivity of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii to metals accumulating in soils from long-term sewage sludge applications
Hidden enemy: cereal cyst nematodes in the UK
Aluminium sensitivity and tolerance in model and elite wheat varieties
Multiple functions of an odorant-binding protein in the mosquito Aedes aegypti
Bioenergy from plants and the sustainable yield challenge
Effect of temperature on the in vitro radial growth of Zoophthora radicans and Pandora blunckii , two co-occurring fungal pathogens of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella
Second record of the Scarce Hook-tip Sabra harpagula Esp. (Lep.: Drepanidae) on The Channel Islands
The sensitivity of photosynthesis to phosphorus deficiency differs between C3 and C4 tropical grasses
The role of root border cells and root tip exudates in the plant-nematode interactions
Characterization of the M918T sodium channel gene mutation associated with strong resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
Cuticle variation in root-knot nematodes as revealed by Pasteuria penetrans - first and second order interactions
Molecular characterization and comparative analysis of four new genes from Sec2 locus encoding 75K gamma-secalins of rye species
Photorespiration in C4 grasses remains slow under drought conditions
Investigating the phenotype of major gene-mediated resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae in Brassica napus
Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota
Transmission of Pandora neoaphidis in the presence of co-occurring arthropods
Geostatistics
The effects of simulated rain on the erosion threshold and biogeochemical properties of intertidal sediments
Multiscale entropy-based analysis of soil transect data
The wheat mitogen-activated protein kinses TaMPK3 and TaMPK6 are differentially regulated at multiple levels during compatible disease interactions with Mycosphaerella graminicola
The Taguchi methodology as a statistical tool for biotechnological applications: a critical appraisal
Rubisco regulation: a role for inhibitors
Fractal analysis of pore roughness in images of soil using the slit island method
What can be inferred from bacterium-nanoparticle interactions about the potential consequences of environmental exposure to nanoparticles?
My view
Sampling using statistical methods
Guidelines for surveying soil and land resources, 2nd ed
Modelling the within-field spread of the potato cyst-nematode, Globodera rostochiensis Woll.
Statistical analysis
Allergenicity of peach allergens Pru p 1 and Pru p 3 related with protein stability
A gradual rather than abrupt increase in soil strength gives better root penetration of strong layers
Population size of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum bivar trifoli in long-term field experiments with sewage sludge cake, metal-amended liquid sludge or metal salts: effects of zinc, copper and cadmium
Rethinking the contribution of drained and undrained grasslands to sediment-related water quality problems
Plant ABC proteins - a unified nomenclature and updated inventory
Mitochondrial heteroplasmy and the evolution of insecticide resistance: non-Mendelian inheritance in action
Root growth in Arabidopsis requires gibberellin/DELLA signalling in the endodermis
Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use: reconciling changing concepts of soil phosphorus behaviour with agronomic information (FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin 18)
Behavioral and olfactory responses of female Salaria pavo (Pisces: Blenniidae) to a putative multi-componenet male pheromone
The role of Variovorax and other Comamonadaceae in sulfur transformations by microbial wheat rhizosphere communities exposed to different sulfur fertilization regimes
Investigating glutamate receptor-like gene co-expression in Arabidopsis thaliana
Optimal random Levy-loop searching: new insights into the searching behaviours of central-place foragers
Changes in fungicide sensitivity and relative species abundance in Oculimaculata yallundae and O. acuformis populations (eyespot disease of cereals) in Western Europe
Science on the Normandy beaches: J. D. Bernal and the prediction of soil trafficability for Operation Overlord
Beet mild yellowing virus resistance derived from wild and cultivated Beta germplasm
Herbicide resistance to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron in Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass)
In vitro fermentation of oat and barley derived beta-glucans by human faecal biota
Epidemiological models for invasion and persistence of pathogens
Inter- and intra-specific cuticle variation between amphimictic and parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematode (Meliodogyne spp.) as revealed by a bacterial parasite (Pasteuria penetrans)
Basic compatibility of Albugo candida in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica juncea causes broad spectrum suppression of innate immunity
A systematic representation of crop rotations
Variation in molybdenum content across broadly distributed populations of Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by a mitochondrial molybdenum transporter (MOT1)
Response of a wide range of oilseed Brassica rapa accessions to Albugo candida isolates from B. juncea, B. rapa, B. nigra and B. oleracea
Seed production and subsequent seed germination of Senecio vulgaris (groundsel) grown alone or in autumn-sown crops
Non-linear feedback processes and a latitudinal gradient in the climatic effects determine green spruce aphid outbreaks in the UK
Atmospheric SO2 emissions since the late 1800s change organic sulfur forms in humic substance extracts of soils
Chemical ecology and conservation biological control
Economic performance of the 'push-pull' technology for stemborer and Striga control in smallholder farming systems in western Kenya
Viruses, vectors, host plants and environment: from complexity to control?
Impacts of climate change on aphids
Resistance genes (R genes) in plants
Take-all: predicting the risk of damage
Disease resistance in genotypes derived from inter-specific crosses involving Brassica juncea/B. carinata
Functional resilience of soil microbial communities depends on both soil structure and microbial community composition
Antiectoparasitic activity of the gum resin, gum haggar, from the East African plant, Commiphora holtziana
The importance of temperature and moisture to the egg-laying behaviour of a pest slug, Deroceras reticulatum
The effect of soil strength on yield of wheat
Transcriptome analysis of grain development in hexaploid wheat
Integrated management of Striga hermonthica , stemborers and declining soil fertility in western Kenya
Growth hormones for increased wheat yield?
Controlling Septoria: can azole fungicides be relied upon?
Farm Level Optimal Water Management: Assistant for Irrigation under Deficit (FLOW-AID)
Is the only good weed a dead weed?
Degradation of the auxin response factor ARF1
Mitochondrial respiratory pathways modulate nitrate sensing and nitrogen-dependent regulation of plant architecture in Nicotiana sylvestris
Genetic and environmental control of flowering in sugar beet
Modelling of concentrations along a moving observer in an inhomogeneous plume. Biological application: model of odour-mediated insect flights
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) as a tool for functional genomics in wheat
Rhizobial symbioses - past, present and future
Potential use of Pasteuria spp. in the management of plant parasitic nematodes
The effect of lignin and inorganic species in biomass on pyrolysis oil yields, quality and stability
Pyrethroid resistance in pollen beetles: a manageable threat?
Use of SIMSDAIRY modelling framework system to compare the scope on the sustainability of a dairy farm of animal and plant genetic-based improvements with management-based changes
Survival of bacterial DNA and culturable bacteria in archived soils from the Rothamsted Broadbalk experiment
The infection biology of Fusarium graminearum single gene deletion strains
Shoot calcium and magnesium concentrations differ between subtaxa, are highly heritable, and associate with potentially pleiotropic loci in Brassica oleracea
Gene expression, cellular localisation and function of glutamine synthetase isozymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
The analysis of QTL by simultaneous use of the full linkage map
Models of fungicide resistance dynamics
Characterization of Cd translocation and identification of the Cd form in xylem sap of the Cd-hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri
Influence of electron transport proteins on the reactions catalyzed by Fusarium fujikuroi gibberellin monooxygenases
Disease-weather relationships for powdery mildew and yellow rust on winter wheat
Weed and invertebrate community compositions in arable farmland
Simulation of extreme weather events by a stochastic weather generator
A radar study of emigratory flight and layer formation by insects at dawn over southern Britain
Multi-year assessment of Unilever's progress towards agricultural sustainability II: outcomes for peas (UK), spinach (Germany, Italy), tomatoes (Australia, Brazil, Greece, USA), tea (Kenya, Tanzania, India) and oil palm (Ghana)
Multi-year assessment of Unilever's progress towards agricultural sustainability I: indicators, methodology and pilot farm results
Book review: Plant solute transport. Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J. eds. 2007. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell
Clonal turnover of MACE-carrying peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Homoptera: Aphididae) colonizing Scotland
Integration of biological control with other methods of nematode management
Monoclonal antibodies reveal changes in predator efficiency with prey spatial pattern
Wind selection and drift compensation optimize migratory pathways in a high-flying moth
Effects of fluquinconazole and silthiofam, applied as seed treatments to single or consecutive crops of wheat, on take-all epidemic development and grain yields
Identification of odorant-binding proteins of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti : genome annotation and comparative analyses
Biotype monitoring and genetic relationships of Bemisia tabaci in Greece: mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite polymorphism
Partitioning of photosynthetic electron flow between CO2 assimilation and O2 reduction in sunflower plants under water deficit
Genetics and epigenetics of fruit development and ripening
The gibberellin biosynthetic genes AtGA20ox1 and AtGA20ox2 act, partially redundantly, to promote growth and development throughout the Arabidopsis lifecycle
Spatial analysis of the error in a model of soil nitrogen
Linking pollution induced community tolerance (PICT) and microbial community structure in chronically metal polluted estuarine sediments
Species abundance dynamics under neutral assumptions: a Bayesian approach to the controversy
Cytosolic nitrate ion homeostasis: could it have a role in sensing nitrogen status?
Quantifying the effect of uncertainty in soil moisture characteristics on plant growth using a crop simulation model
Microbial response to the addition of glucose in low-fertility soils
A temperature-sensitive mutation in the Arabidopsis thaliana phosphomannomutase gene disrupts protein glycosylation and triggers cell death
Nitrogen release dynamics and transformation of slow release fertiliser products and their effects on tea yield and quality
Insecticide resistance and biotype status of populations of the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Turkey
Over-expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene from Phaseolus coccineus L. enhances gibberellin inactivation and induces dwarfism in Solanum species
Assessment of chemical and biochemical stabilization of organic C in soils from the long-term experiments at Rothamsted (UK)
Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci: a global perspective
The mineralisation of fresh and humified soil organic matter by the soil microbial biomass
Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties
Pathozone dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita in the rhizosphere of tomato plants in the presence and absence of the nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia
First report of the identification of Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus in papaya in Democratic Republic of Congo
First report of a 16SrI, Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris group phytoplasma associated with a date palm disease in Saudi Arabia
Variation in root-to-shoot translocation of cadmium and zinc among different accessions of the hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi praecox
Intraguild predation of the aphid pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis by the invasive coccinellid Harmonia axyridis
Resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) in winter oilseed rape
Intraguild predation involving Harmonia axyridis : a review of current knowledge and future perspectives
Trehalose metabolism and signaling
Trelahose 6-phosphate: a signal of sucrose status
Serological relationships among the over-expressed coat proteins of allexiviruses
Does cadmium play a physiological role in the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens ?
Noteworthy records of late-flying moths (Lepidoptera) in Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps, 2006
The Triangle Heterogenea asella (D. & S.) (Lep.: Limacodidae) in Devon
Blair's Mocha Cyclophora puppillaria (Hb.) (Lep.: Geometridae) in Rothamsted light traps, 2006
The Marbled Pug Eupithecia irriguata (Hb.) (Lep.: Geometridae) in Dorset (VC9)
Unusual flight time of the Autumnal Moth Epirrita autumnata (Borkh.) (Lep.: Geometridae) in south Devon (VC3)
First and second records of adult Yarrow Pug Eupithecia millefoliata Rossl. (Lep.: Geometridae) for Bedfordshire (VC30)
The Buttoned Snout Hypena rostralis (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) recorded from a new site in Hertfordshire (VC20)
Early record of the Cyprus Carpet Thera cupressata Geyer (Lep.: Geometridae) in Dorset (VC9)
Second record of Pyrausta cingulata (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Bedfordshire (VC30)
The Mocha Cyclophora annularia (Fabr.) and False Mocha Cyclophora porata (L.) (Lep.: Geometridae) at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, Huntingdonshire (VC31)
Noteworthy records of late-flying moths (Lepidoptera) from Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps, 2005
Effect of variety and environmental factors on gluten proteins: an analytical, spectroscopic and rheological study
Are azole fungicides losing ground against Septoria wheat disease? Resistance mechanisms in Mycosphaerella graminicola
A new potyvirus from butterfly flower (Iris japonica Thunb.) in Zhejiang, China
Plant biotechnology: transgenic crops
Host recognition by the specialist hoverfly Microdon mutabilis , a social parasite of the ant Formica lemani
Nitrogen mineralisation along a pH gradient of a silty loam UK soil
cis- Jasmone induces accumulation of defence compounds in wheat, Triticum aestivum
Response of ground-dwelling arthropods to a 'push-pull' habitat management system: spiders as an indicator group
Identification of human-derived volatile chemicals that interfere with attraction of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Selenium uptake, translocation and speciation in wheat supplied with selenate or selenite
Soil nitrogen: how efficiently do crops use it?
On-farm evaluation of the 'push-pull' technology for the control of stemborers and striga weed on maize in western Kenya
Farmers' perceptions of a 'push-pull' technology for control of cereal stemborers and Striga weed in western Kenya
The turnover of organic carbon in subsoils. Part 2. Modelling carbon turnover
The turnover of organic carbon in subsoils. Part 1. Natural and bomb radiocarbon in soil profiles from the Rothamsted long-term field experiments
Range and severity of a plant disease increased by global warming
Fecundity and lifespan manipulations in Caenorhabditis elegans using exogenous peptides
Ecological approaches to the control of pollen beetles in oilseed rape
Asynchronous and synchronous updating in individual-based models
cis- Jasmone induces Arabidopsis genes that affect the chemical ecology of multitrophic interactions with aphids and their parasitoids
Nitrogen inputs and isotopes in precipitation in the North China Plain
Evidence for organic N deposition and its anthropogenic sources in China
Insecticide resistance and genetic composition of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on field potatoes in New Zealand
Estimation of quantitative genetic parameters
Genetic characteristics of water-use related traits in sugar beet
Cost-efficacy in measuring farmland biodiversity - lessons from the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops
Bumblebee flight distances in relation to the forage landscape
Amino acids and nitrate as signals for the regulation of nitrogen acquisition
High-throughput allelic discrimination of B and Q biotypes of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci using TaqMan allele-selective PCR
Integrated pest management: the push-pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry
Inferences from fluctuations in the local variogram about the assumption of stationarity in the variance
National-scale metacommunity dynamics of carabid beetles in UK farmland
Temporal synergism can enhance carbamate and neonicotinoid insecticidal activity against resistant crop pests
Effect of seasonal abiotic conditions and field margin habitat on the activity of Pandora neoaphidis inoculum on soil
Resistance, epidemiology and sustainable management of Rhynchosporium secalis populations on barley
Exploiting the diversity of Viviparous-1 gene associated with pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in European wheat varieties
PHI-base update: additions to the pathogen-host interaction database
Climate change set to worsen severity of stem canker
Movement of transgenic plant-expressed Bt Cry1Ac proteins through high trophic levels
Are green islands red herrings? Significance of green islands in plant interactions with pathogens and pests
When does nitrate become a risk for humans?
Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation: limitations and alternatives
Climate change genes
Beyond whole grain: the European HEALTHGRAIN project aims at healthier cereal foods
An agronomic and physiological re-evaluation of the potassium and sodium requirements and fertilizer recommendations for sugar beet
Arsenate-induced toxicity: effects on antioxidative enzymes and DNA damage in Vicia faba
Are pests an increasing threat to vegetables?
Climate change and phoma stem canker
Fusarium graminearum gene deletion mutants map1 and tri5 reveal similarities and differences in the pathogenicity requirements to cause disease on Arabidopsis and wheat floral tissue
Do cropping system and insecticide use in spring oilseed rape affect the abundance of pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus Fab.) on the crop?
The basic reproduction number of plant pathogens: matrix approaches to complex dynamics
Rubber elasticity and wheat gluten proteins
Adaxial/abaxial specification in the regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal opening with respect to light orientation and growth with CO2 enrichment in the C4 species Paspalum dilatatum
Improving the nutritional quality of cereals by conventional and novel approaches
Long-term relationships between environment and abundance of wheat of Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola
The Physcomitrella genome reveals evolutionary insights into the conquest of land by plants
Mineralization of native soil organic matter is not regulated by the size, activity or composition of the soil microbial biomass - a new perspective
Selective recovery of the virus-vector trichodorid nematode Paratrichodorus anemones from soil samples by immunomagnetic capture
Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems
Biological and molecular characterization of an American sugar beet-infecting Beet western yellows virus isolate
Quantifying and comparing bumblebee nest densities in gardens and countryside habitats
Nitrogen fertilizer and the efficiency of the sugar beet crop in late summer
Historical changes in the concentrations of selenium in soil and wheat grain from the Broadbalk experiment over the last 160 years
Efficient and rapid Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) using additional virulence genes
Technological quality of field grown transgenic lines of commercial wheat cultivars expressing the 1Ax1 HMW glutenin subunit gene
Visualisation of plastids in endosperm, pollen and roots of transgenic wheat expressing modified GFP fused to transit peptides from wheat SSU RubisCO, rice FtsZ and maize ferredoxin III proteins
Seasonal diet affects ammonia emissions from tie-stall dairy barns
Optimising biogas fermentation using the Taguchi methodology
Software sensor monitoring and fuzzy control of biogas production
Optimisation of biogas production from a microbial perspective
Studies on improving the immobilized bead reusability and alkaline protease production by isolated immobilized Bacillus circulans (MTCC 6811) using overall evaluation criteria
Identifying and managing the conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe - a review
Changes in chemical and biochemical soil properties induced by 11-yr repeated additions of different organic materials in maize-based forage systems
Drying and rewetting effects on soil microbial community composition and nutrient leaching
Do plant species with different growth strategies vary in their ability to compete with soil microbes for chemical forms of nitrogen? | https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/year/2008 |
I am interested in wildlife conservation, with a particular focus on migrant birds and the behavioural factors that determine wide scale population fluctuations. I completed a BSc in ecology at the University of Sheffield where I became increasingly interested in the effects of climate change on populations. I then did my masters by research at Lancaster University on the sand martin, an Afro-Palearctic migrant that has undergone significant population fluctuations in recent decades.
Research Project:
My PhD is about understanding population declines in Afro-Palearctic migrant birds. Migrants are particularly susceptible to climate change as they rely on a number of regions each responding differently to atmospheric changes. This project aims to investigate the factors affecting the common sandpiper, an Afro-Palearctic migrant in recent decline, at each stage of its lifecycle. By monitoring them during the breeding season, at their wintering grounds and tracking them during their migration, I aim to construct a model of population change. | http://www.envision-dtp.org/2017/thomas-mondain-monval/ |
Paint Palette BroochKate Rowland
'Paint Pallette' brooch by Kate Rowland.
Measures 3.5cm x 5cm.
Made from sustainable plywood and paint.
Fastened by a brooch pin.
A wooden artists paint palette brooch featuring real layers of paint in a bright rainbow of colours.
laser cut from sustainable plywood. the paint has been sealed to prevent colour running or fading over time.
Please keep away from water and moisture to avoid damage to the wood. Avoid direct sunlight.
Kate Rowland is a jewellery designer and illustrator, living and working in Northamptonshire, UK.
Her design ethos is to create playful, conversation-starting jewellery made from ethically sourced materials. She studied illustration and brings her love of drawing into the jewellery. She draws each piece by hand, and works to retain the hand drawn aesthetic through the precise laser cutting process.
Kate uses responsibly sourced poplar plywood and british manufactured jewellery findings. She laser cuts and etches all her designs before they are finished, painted and assembled by hand. | https://www.somagallery.co.uk/collections/for-you/products/paint-palette-brooch |
"I've taught a number of early modern European history (1300-1900) courses at CC over the years, but witchcraft has never been the sole focus until this block," explains Tip Ragan, professor of history at Colorado College.
Ragan's Block 5 class, titled Sorcery, Magic, and Devilry: The History of Witchcraft, explores the dark and often dangerous history of witchcraft. The class examined witchcraft through socio-cultural and historical perspectives, as well as through a more contemporary lens that opened up perspectives on othering, discrimination, and power dynamics.
"Before this year, I had been planning on teaching the traditional Civilization in the West course in Blocks 5 and 6," explains Ragan.
"When the West in Time requirement was eliminated, I thought that it was an opportunity to develop some new courses, and witchcraft was an area that I'd never exclusively focused on before."
The class itself comes at a unique moment in history, when all humanities in particular, and the liberal arts in general, feel under attack by the stress on STEM-based programs. Ragan's argument in teaching this course is simple - "History is more vital now than ever before, because as our society is besieged by the proliferation of "fake news" we need to develop the skills, indeed the wisdom, of learning how to judge basic facts, as best we can, and how to think about them in their larger historical and social contexts. We need to foster, in short, a socially and culturally literate generation of lifelong learners."
Covering incidents and changes in witchcraft and magic from the 1300s until late-1700s, Ragan's class contains an incredible range of students from first-years through seniors, from a wide variety of majors, and a diversity of backgrounds. Within the classroom, students debate what it means to be a practitioner of the "dark arts" and explore how societies around the world, while thinking about who gets to draw the boundaries between magic and other intangible topics, like religion.
"The witch craze, the Salem witch trials - they all overlap with commonalities and intersections of race and power," says Nayeli Pena '22, a potential economics major in the class.
"The material is really interesting, not only because of the focus, but also because I can apply it directly to my life - who gets the power to make the decisions, how people are othered by society, and how difference is demonized - it's all relevant today," Pena adds.
Utilizing primary source material as well as more contemporary expressions or portrayals of witchcraft - including film screenings as well a classroom visitor who practices Pagan natural religion - the class is a lively and hotly contested space. Far beyond simple historical examination, one thing that Ragan aims with this course is to present witchcraft as part of culture and society, not something that stands outside of them.
"Until the 17th century, there was very little distinction between what we now call chemistry and what we would label as alchemy or magic," he explains.
"Medieval society in particular was an integrated space, where science, religion, magic, and emotion all overlapped and intersected. Witchcraft per se is invented when people in power separate it out as a category of being and layer on misogyny, anti-Semitism, and racism onto it."
As a 100-level class, witchcraft acts as a topical lens through which to incorporate different analytical tools, such as psychoanalysis, literary theory, feminist thought, and Marxism to help students (and professor) understand the land of the occult, as well as how some societies have come to depend on witchcraft while others police it relentlessly. Examining that crux of difference is key.
"It's a very liberal arts class," says Henry Rose '21, a computer science major.
"It gives us such a rich knowledge base on how to do critical and in-depth readings, examine texts and pull arguments out. My area, computer science, is far more problem-solving work, so this class was really great to round out my CC learning experience." | https://www.coloradocollege.edu/newsevents/newsroom/class-stirs-the-pot-of-witchcraft-s-history.html |
NFF Funds more than $830,000 in National Forest Projects across the Country
In the first grant round of 2020, the NFF’s Matching Awards Program invested $830,499 in 37 on-the-ground conservation projects. Each project was proposed and will be led by local nonprofit organizations.
Conservation work funded through the Matching Awards Program will take place on more than 30 National Forests across the country supporting themes of Outdoor Experiences and Forest Health. These efforts provide a lasting impact to National Forests for future generations and increase capacity of organizations around the country to involve Americans in their public lands.
The application period is currently open for Round 2 of the program. For more information, potential applicants may visit: nationalforests.org/grant-programs/map.
The NFF continues to monitor the pandemic closely and is working with organizations to accommodate adjustments as needed to project implementation.
A full list of projects can be found here. A few highlights are listed below.
Child & Family Services of Northwestern Michigan, Inc.
Michigan Forest Habitat Stewardship Project - YouthWork Conservation Corps
To restore and enhance openlands, young forests and recreation trails in the Huron-Manistee National Forest while providing valuable job and life skills to vulnerable YouthWork members as they form meaningful connections caring for public lands.
Huron-Manistee National Forest | MI
http://www.cfsnwmi.org
Friends of Nevada Wilderness
Volunteer Support for Priority Projects on the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest
To improve forest health and provide outdoor experiences by engaging volunteers in projects to control invasive weeds, remove unnecessary fencing, and maintain trails, thus improving public lands and inspiring a lifelong commitment to our Forests.
Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest | NV
http://www.nevadawilderness.org
Lomakatsi Restoration Project
Lomakatsi Ashland Watershed Youth Training and Employment Program
To engage a diverse, multicultural youth crew from underserved communities to implement on-the ground ecological restoration projects in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest as part of the Ashland Forest Resiliency Stewardship Project.
Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest | OR
http://www.lomakatsi.org
North Cascades Institute
Mazama Park Trail Maintenance Project
To connect teens from identities under-represented in the USFS with USFS mentors and engage them in meaningful direct work improving the high-use trails surrounding Mazama Camp in the Mt. Baker National Recreation Area.
Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest | WA
http://www.ncascades.org
Wild South
Wild South Community Conservation Corps
To integrate forest visitors into solutions for wilderness management challenges that exceed Forest Service capacity, including trail maintenance and other stewardship as well as forest restoration and non-native invasive plant removal. | https://www.nationalforests.org/who-we-are/press-news/nff-funds-more-than-830-000-in-national-forest-projects-across-the-country |
IMPD officers trained to talk instead of confront
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – Explaining its better to think and talk than put hands on citizens, IMPD officers launched a four-day long training session today to survive verbal conflict and de-escalate situations with words instead of handcuffs.
Following the fatal shooting of an unarmed man by two young police officers this summer, Chief Bryan Roach and Mayor Joe Hogsett decided to step up IMPD’s programs for verbal de-escalation, implicit bias awareness and mid-management training.
The first session, to train veteran officers who will then take on teaching the empathy and conversational skills to recruits this December and the rest of the department in 2018, began Tuesday morning at the IMPD Training Academy.
“Definitely this summer was a catalyst for that, it allowed us to afford that and bringing them in, putting some structure around what we’ve already been doing I think is going to be a great assistance to us,” said Roach. “Today we’re doing train the trainer for de-escalation so you have thirty officers in there who are well respected, who get it, who understand that time is on our side and the better we are able to communicate, the better things fare for both our officers and our citizens.”
Dolan explained that patrolmen and women need to ask questions and observe the citizens they encounter as opposed to jumping to conclusions and a solution which could involve arrest or misinterpreted commands.
“’If your safety is not threatened or you’re not at risk, officer, can you try to do a little Aristotle?’” Dolan asked. “’Could you try to persuade them? Could you listen to the meaning of what they are saying and not listen to the words?’
“I don’t think that Americans at times doubt that we have to use force less than three percent of the time, but we’re going to have to do that, but how are we expressing to people how we make choices and options? I think that’s good police work.”
Dolan cited the recent arrest of a Salt Lake City, Utah, nurse after she refused a detective’s command for a blood draw from an unconscious man that was counter to both hospital policy and state law.
“I know that every agency in the country, just like Utah today with everyone’s looking and acting what happened there. My argument is that the training tape ran out,” he said.
Sgt. Mechelle Caster is a field training officer who will take what she’s learned in the classroom and translate it for recruits new to policing.
“You have to listen first before you speak and that there is a ‘Why?’” she said. “Everyone has a ‘Why?’ and you need to figure out what that ‘Why?’ is. Finding out what is actually happening with the problem and being able to de-escalate it via verbal versus going hands on.”
Tuesday’s training is just the first set of classes that will expose dozens of officers and community members to improved techniques of policing.
Civilians interested in undergoing training in recognizing implicit bias are urged to call the IMPD Chief’s Office at (317) 327-3282.
Last month, Marion County Prosecutor Terry Curry announced he had handed the case of the fatal police action shooting of Aaron Bailey over to a special prosecutor in St. Joseph County to determine if the IMPD Northwest District officers violated state law when they shot the driver four times in the back after he crashed his car fleeing from a traffic stop. | |
Sherlock Biosciences acquires Sense Biodetection to advance CRISPR-based diagnostics
US-based biotech company Sherlock Biosciences has acquired UK-based developer of rapid molecular diagnostics Sense Biodetection.
The acquisition will integrate many of Sherlock and Sense’s applications, such as Sherlock’s engineering biology tools, which includes FDA-authorised CRISPR technology, and Sense’s Veros COVID-19 instrument-free, rapid molecular test platform, which received the CE mark in March 2022.
With these combined, Sherlock will be able to bring accurate, advanced handheld tests for a wide range of diseases, from respiratory and sexual health to global outbreaks such as COVID-19.
Sherlock will integrate Sense’s chemistry, manufacturing and technology into its platform, leaning on proven development and regulatory experience to expand the capabilities of the Sherlock platform. | https://www.pharmafile.com/news/749251/sherlock-biosciences-acquires-sense-biodetection-advance-crispr-based-diagnostics |
---
abstract: |
The aim of this paper is to provide Markov-type inequalities in the setting of weighted Sobolev spaces when the considered weights are generalized classical weights. Also, as results of independent interest, some basic facts about Sobolev spaces with respect to certain vector measures are stated.\
Extremal problems; Markov-type inequality; weighted Sobolev norm; weighted $L^{2}$-norm; duality.\
address:
- |
Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas (ICMAT), Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Nicolás Cabrera, no. 13-15, 28049 Madrid, Spain.\
Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
- 'Departamento de Matemáticas Puras y Aplicadas, Edificio Matemáticas y Sistemas (MYS), Apartado Postal: 89000, Caracas 1080 A, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela'
- 'Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain'
author:
- 'Francisco Marcellán$^{(1)}$'
- 'Yamilet Quintana$^{(1)}$'
- 'José M. Rodr[í]{}guez$^{(2)}$'
date: |
.\
[2010 AMS Subject Classification: 33C45, 41A17, 26C99.]{}
title: 'Markov-type inequalities and duality in weighted Sobolev spaces'
---
[^1]
[^2]
Introduction {#[Section-1]-Introduction}
============
Given a norm on the linear space ${\mathbb{P}}$ of polynomials with real coefficients, the so-called Markov-type inequalities are estimates connecting the norm of derivatives of a polynomial with the norm of the polynomial itself. These inequalities are interesting by themselves and play a fundamental role in the proof of many inverse theorems in polynomial approximation theory (cf. [@milo; @PQ2011] and the references therein).\
It is well known that for every polynomial $P$ of degree at most $n$, the Markov inequality $$\|P^{\prime}\|_{L^{\infty}([-1,1])}\leq n^{2} \|P\|_{L^{\infty}([-1,1])}$$ holds and it is optimal since you have equality for the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind.\
The above inequality has been extended to the $p$ norm ($p\geq 1$) in [@HST]. For every polynomial $P$ of degree at most $n$ their result reads $$\|P^{\prime}\|_{L^{p}([-1,1])}\leq C(n,p) n^{2} \|P\|_{L^{p}([-1,1])}$$ where the value of $C(n,p)$ is explicitly given in terms of $p$ and $n$. Indeed, you have a bound $C(n,p) \leq 6e ^{1+ 1/e}$ for $n>0$ and $p\geq 1$. In [@Goe] admissible values for $C(n,p)$ and some computational results for $p=2$ are deduced. Notice that for any $p>1$ and every polynomial $P$ of degree at most $n$ $$\|P^{\prime}\|_{L^{p}([-1,1])}\leq C n^{2} \|P\|_{L^{p}([-1,1])},$$ where $C$ is explicitly given and it is less than the constant $C(n,p)$ in [@HST].\
On the other hand, using matrix analysis, in [@Dor] it is proved that the exact value of $C(n,2)$ is the greatest singular value of the matrix $A_{n}=[a_{j,k}]_{0\leq j\leq n-1, 0\leq k\leq n}$, where $a_{j,k}= \int_{-1}^{1} p'_{j}(x) p_{k} (x) dx$ and $\{p_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ is the sequence of orthonormal Legendre polynomials. A simple proof of this result, with an interpretation of the the sharp constant $C(n,2)$ as the largest positive zero of a polynomial as well as an explicit expression of the extremal polynomial (the polynomial such that the inequality becomes an equality) in the $L^{2}$- Markov inequality appears in [@Kroo].\
If you consider weighted $L^{2}$-spaces, the problem becomes more difficult. For instance, let $\|\,\cdot\,\|_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}$ be a weighted $L^{2}$-norm on ${\mathbb{P}}$, given by $$\|P\|_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}=\left(\int_{a}^{b}|P(x)|^{2} w(x)dx\right)^{1/2},$$ where $w$ is an integrable function on $(a, b)$, $-\infty \leq a<b\leq \infty$, such that $w> 0$ a.e. on $(a,b)$ and all moments $$r_{n}:= \int_{a}^{b}x^{n}w(x)dx, \qquad n\ge 0,$$ are finite. It is clear that there exists a constant $\gamma_{n}= \gamma_{n}(a,b,w)$ such that $$\label{mark5} \|P^{\prime}\|_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}\leq \gamma_{n}\|P\|_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}, \mbox{ for all } P\in {\mathbb{P}}_{n},$$ where ${\mathbb{P}}_{n}$ is the space of polynomials with real coefficients of degree at most $n$. Indeed, the sharp constant is the greatest singular value of the matrix $B_{n}= [b_{j,k}]_{0\leq j\leq n-1,0\leq k\leq n}$, where $b_{j,k}= \int_{-1}^{1} p'_{j}(x) p_{k} (x) w(x)dx$ and $\{p_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ is the orthonormal polynomial system with respect to the positive measure $w(x)dx$. Thus, from a computational point of view you need to find the connection coefficients between the sequences $\{p'_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ and $\{p_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ in order to proceed with the computation of the matrix, and in a second step, to find the greatest singular value of the matrix $B_{n}.$ Notice that for classical weights (Jacobi, Laguerre and Hermite), such connection coefficients can be found in a simple way.\
Mirsky [@mirsky] showed that the best constant $\gamma_{n}^{*}:= \sup_{P\in {\mathbb{P}}_{n}}\{||P^{\prime}||_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}:||P||_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}=1 \} $ in (\[mark5\]) satisfies $$\label{mark6} \gamma_{n}^{*} \leq
\left(\sum_{\nu=1}^{n}\nu\|p_{\nu}^{\prime}\|^{2}_{L^{2}((a,b),
w)}\right)^{\!\!1/2}.$$
Notice that the main interest of the above result is however qualitative, since the bound specified by $(\ref{mark6})$ can be very crude. In fact, when $w(x)= e^{-x^{2}}$ on $(-\infty,\infty)$, the estimate $(\ref{mark6})$ becomes $$\gamma_{n}^{*}\leq
\left(\sum_{\nu=1}^{n}2\nu^{2}\right)^{\!\!1/2}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{3}n(n+1)(2n+1)}=O\big(n^{3/2}\big).$$ The contrast between this estimate and the classic result of Schmidt [@schmidt], which establishes $
\gamma_{n}^{*}=\sqrt{2n}$, is evident.\
Also, when we consider the weighted $L^{2}$-norm associated with the Laguerre weight $w(x):= x^{\alpha}e^{-x}$ in $[0,\infty)$, the results in [@ADK] give the following inequality $$\label{mark7} \|P'\|_{L^2(w)} \le C_{\alpha}n\, \|P\|_{L^2(w)}, \mbox{ for all } P\in {\mathbb{P}}_{n}.$$\
Notice that the nature of the extremal problems associated to the inequalities (\[mark5\]) and (\[mark7\]) is different, since in the first case the constant on the right-hand side of (\[mark5\]) depends on $n$, while in the second one the multiplicative constant $C_{\alpha}$ on the right-hand side of (\[mark7\]) is independent of $n$.\
There exist a lot of results on Markov-type inequalities (see, e.g. [@DK; @DMS; @milo], and the references therein). In connection with the research in the field of the weighted approximation by polynomials, Markov-type inequalities have been proved for various weights, norms, sets over which the norm is taken (see, e.g. [@nai] and the references therein) and more recently, the study of asymptotic behavior of the sharp constant involved in some kind of these inequalities have been done in [@ADK] for Hermite, Laguerre and Gegenbauer weights and in [@ADK2] for Jacobi weights with parameters satisfying some constraints.\
On the other hand, a similar problem connected with the Markov-Bernstein inequality has been analyzed in [@GM] when you try to determine the sharp constant $C(n,m;w)$ such that $$\|A ^{m/2} P^{(m)}\|_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}\leq C(n,m;w) \|P\|_{L^{2}((a,b), w)}, \mbox{ for all } P\in {\mathbb{P}}_{n}.$$
Here $w$ is a classical weight satisfying a Pearson equation $(A(x)w(x))'= B(x) w(x)$ and $A, B$ are polynomials of degree at most 2 and 1, respectively.\
An analogue of the Markov-Bernstein inequality for linear operators $T$ from ${\mathbb{P}}_{n}$ into ${\mathbb{P}}$ has been studied in [@kwon] in terms of singular values of matrices. Some illustrative examples when $T$ is either the derivative or the difference operator and you deal with some classical weights (Laguerre, Gegenbauer in the first case, Charlier, Meixner in the second one) are shown. Another recent application of Markov-Bernstein-type inequalities can be found in [@bun].
With these ideas in mind, one of the authors of the present paper posed in 2008 during a conference on Constructive Theory of Functions held in Campos do Jordão, Brazil, the following problem: Find the analogous of Markov-type inequalities in the setting of weighted Sobolev spaces. A partial answer of this problem was given in [@PQ2011], considering an extremal problem with similar conditions to those given by Mirsky, and following the scheme of Kwon and Lee [@kwon], mainly.
The first part of this paper is devoted to provide another partial solution of the above problem, which is based on the adequate use of inequalities of kind (\[mark7\]) [@ADK; @DK; @schmidt], in the setting of weighted Sobolev spaces, when the considered weights are generalized classical weights. In the second part we study some basic facts about Sobolev spaces with respect to measures: separability, reflexivity, uniform convexity and duality, which to the best of our knowledge are not available in the current literature. These Sobolev spaces appear in a natural way and are a very useful tool when we study the asymptotic behavior of Sobolev orthogonal polynomials (see [@CPRR], [@LPP], [@LP], [@R], [@R2], [@R3], [@RARP2], [@RS]).
The outline of the paper is as follows. The first part of Section \[\[Section-2\]-Stype\] provides some short background about Markov-type inequalities in $L^2$ spaces with classical weights and the second one deals with a Markov-type inequality corresponding to each weighted Sobolev norm with respect to these classical weights and to some generalized weights (see Theorem \[Main\_result\]). Section \[\[Section-3\]-Basic\] contains definitions and a discussion about the appropriate vector measures which we will need in order to get completeness of our Sobolev spaces with respect to measures. Finally, Section \[\[Section-4\]-Dual\] contains some basic results on Sobolev spaces with respect to the vector measures defined in the previous section (see Theorems \[t:reflexive\] and \[t:dual\]): separability, reflexivity, uniform convexity and duality.
Markov-type inequalities in Sobolev spaces with weights {#[Section-2]-Stype}
=======================================================
The following proposition summarizes the Markov-type inequalities in $L^2$ spaces with classical weights, which will be used in the sequel. Recall that we denote by ${\mathbb{P}}_n$ the linear space of polynomials with real coefficients and degree less than or equal to $n$.
\[prop1\] The following inequalities are satisfied.
1. Laguerre case [@ADK]: $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w)} \le C_{\alpha}n\, \|P\|_{L^2(w)},$$ where $w(x):= x^{\alpha}e^{-x}$ in $[0,\infty)$, $\alpha>-1$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
2. Generalized Hermite case [@schmidt], [@DK]: $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w)} \le \sqrt{2n}\; \|P\|_{L^2(w)},$$ where $w(x):= |x|^{{\alpha}} e^{-x^2}$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$, ${\alpha}\ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
3. Jacobi case [@schmidt] (see also [@DMS]): $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w)} \le C_{{\alpha},{\beta}}\, n^2\, \|P\|_{L^2(w)},$$ where $w(x):= (1-x)^{{\alpha}} (1+x)^{{\beta}}$ in $[-1,1]$, $\alpha,\beta>-1$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
The multiplicative constants $C_{{\alpha}}$ and $C_{{\alpha},{\beta}} $ are independent of $n$.
In Theorem \[Main\_result\] below we extend these results to the context of weighted Sobolev spaces. We want to remark that the proof provides explicit expressions for the involved constants.
\[Main\_result\] The following inequalities are satisfied.
1. Laguerre-Sobolev case: $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le C_{\alpha}n\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ where $w(x):= x^{\alpha}e^{-x}$ in $[0,\infty)$, $\alpha>-1$, ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$, $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and $C_{\alpha}$ is the same constant as in Proposition \[prop1\] $(1)$.
2. Generalized Hermite-Sobolev case: $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le \sqrt{2n}\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ where $w(x):= |x|^{{\alpha}} e^{-x^2}$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$, ${\alpha}\ge 0$, ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
3. Jacobi-Sobolev case: $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le C_{{\alpha},{\beta}}\, n^2\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ where $w(x):= (1-x)^{{\alpha}} (1+x)^{{\beta}}$ in $[-1,1]$, ${\alpha},{\beta}>-1$, ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$, $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and $C_{{\alpha},{\beta}}$ is the constant in Proposition \[prop1\] $(3)$.
4. Let us consider the generalized Jacobi weight $w(x):= h(x) \Pi_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}$ in $[a,b]$ with $c_1,\dots , c_r \in {\mathbb{R}}$, ${\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_r\in {\mathbb{R}}$, ${\gamma}_j > -1$ when $c_j \in [a,b]$, and $h$ a measurable function satisfying $0<m\le h \le M$ in $[a,b]$ for some constants $m,M$. Then we have $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_1(a,b,c_1, \dots , c_{r}, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_{r},m,M)\, n^2\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
5. Consider now the generalized Laguerre weight $w(x):= h(x) \Pi_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} e^{-x}$ in $[0,\infty)$ with $c_1<\dots < c_r$, $c_r \ge 0$, ${\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_r\in {\mathbb{R}}$, ${\gamma}_j > -1$ when $c_j \ge 0$, and $h$ a measurable function satisfying $0<m\le h \le M$ in $[0,\infty)$ for some constants $m,M.$
$(5.1)$ If $\sum_{j=1}^{r-1} {\gamma}_j=0$, then $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_{2}(c_1, \dots , c_{r}, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_{r},m,M)\, n^2\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
$(5.2)$ Assume that $c_1<\cdots < c_r$ and $\sum_{j=1}^{r} {\gamma}_j > -1$. Let $r_0:=\min \{1\le j \le r\,|\, c_j\ge 0 \}$, ${\gamma}_{r_0-1}':={\gamma}_{r+1}':=0$ and ${\gamma}_{j}':={\gamma}_{j}$ for every $r_0 \le j \le r$. Assume that $\max\{{\gamma}_j',{\gamma}_{j+1}'\} \ge -1/2$ for every $r_0-1 \le j \le r$. Then we have $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_{2}'(c_1, \dots , c_{r}, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_{r},m,M)\, n^{a'}\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, where $$a':= \max \Big\{ 2\,,\,\frac{b'+2}{2}\, \Big\} ,
\quad
b':= \max_{r_0-1\le j \le r} \big({\gamma}_j'+{\gamma}_{j+1}'+|{\gamma}_j'-{\gamma}_{j+1}'| + 2 \big) .$$
6. Let us consider the generalized Hermite weight $w(x):= h(x) \Pi_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} e^{-x^2}$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$ with $c_1<\cdots < c_r$, ${\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_r > -1$ with $\sum_{j=1}^r {\gamma}_j \ge 0$ and $h$ a measurable function satisfying $0<m\le h \le M$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$ for some constants $m,M.$ Define ${\gamma}_0:={\gamma}_{r+1}:=0$ and assume that $\max\{{\gamma}_j,{\gamma}_{j+1}\} \ge -1/2$ for every $0 \le j \le r$. Then we have $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_3(c_1, \dots , c_{r}, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_{r},m,M)\, n^a\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, where $$a:= \max \Big\{ 2\,,\,\frac{b+1}{2}\, \Big\} ,
\quad
b:= \max_{0\le j \le r} \big({\gamma}_j+{\gamma}_{j+1}+|{\gamma}_j-{\gamma}_{j+1}| + 2 \big) .$$
In each case the multiplicative constants depend just on the specified parameters (in particular, they do not depend on $n$).
Note that $(4)$, $(5),$ and $(6)$ are new results in the classical (non-Sobolev) context (taking ${\lambda}_1=\dots={\lambda}_k = 0$). In $(5.2)$, there is no hypothesis on $\sum_{j=1}^{r-1} {\gamma}_j$.
First of all, note that if the inequality $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w)} \le C(n,w) \, \|P\|_{L^2(w)}$$ holds for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and some fixed weight $w$, then we have $$\label{ec1}
\|P^{(j+1)}\|_{L^2({\lambda}w)} \le C(n,w) \, \|P^{(j)}\|_{L^2({\lambda}w)}$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and every ${\lambda}\ge 0$. Consequently, for the weighted Sobolev norm on ${\mathbb{P}}$ $$\|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)}:=\Big(\big\|P\big\|^2_ {L^2( w)}+ \sum_{j=1}^k
\big\|P^{(j)}\big\|^2_ {L^2({\lambda}_j w)} \Big)^{1/2}, \quad
{\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0,$$ we have $$\label{ec2}
\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_kw)} \le C(n,w) \, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_kw)},$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$.
Thus, $(1)$, $(2)$ and $(3)$ hold.
In order to prove $(4)$, note that using an affine transformation of the form $Tx={\alpha}_1x+{\alpha}_2$, we obtain from Proposition \[prop1\] $(3)$ $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w)} \le C(a_1,a_2,{\alpha},{\beta})\, n^2\, \|P\|_{L^2(w)},$$ for the weight $w(x):= (a_2-x)^{{\alpha}} (x-a_1)^{{\beta}}$ in $[a_1,a_2]$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Without loss of generality we can assume that $a\le c_1<\dots < c_{r} \le b$, since otherwise we can consider $$w(x)= \tilde{h}(x) \prod_{\substack{ 1\le j\le r \\ c_j\in [a,b]}} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} ,
\qquad
\tilde{h}(x):= h(x) \prod_{\substack{ 1\le j\le r \\ c_j\notin [a,b]}} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} .$$
If we define $c_0:=a$, $c_{r+1}:=b$ and ${\gamma}_0:={\gamma}_{r+1}:=0$, then we can write $w(x)= h(x) \Pi_{j=0}^{r+1} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}$. Denote by $h_j$ the function $$h_j(x):= \frac{w(x)}{|x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}|x-c_{j+1}|^{{\gamma}_{j+1}}}\,,$$ for $0\le j \le r$. It is clear that there exist positive constants $m_j,M_j$ (depending just on $m,M,c_1, \dots , c_{r}, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_{r}$), with $m_j\le h_j(x) \le M_j$ for every $x \in [c_j,c_{j+1}]$.
Hence, for $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\|P'\|_{L^2([c_j,c_{j+1}],w)}
& = \Big( \int_{c_j}^{c_{j+1}} |P'(x)|^2\, h_j(x) |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}|x-c_{j+1}|^{{\gamma}_{j+1}} \,dx \Big)^{1/2}
\\
& \le \sqrt{M_j}\, \Big( \int_{c_j}^{c_{j+1}} |P'(x)|^2\, |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}|x-c_{j+1}|^{{\gamma}_{j+1}} \,dx \Big)^{1/2}
\\
& \le \sqrt{M_j}\; C(c_j, c_{j+1}, {\gamma}_j, {\gamma}_{j+1})\, n^2 \Big( \int_{c_j}^{c_{j+1}} |P(x)|^2 \, |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}|x-c_{j+1}|^{{\gamma}_{j+1}} \,dx \Big)^{1/2}
\\
& \le \sqrt{M_j}\; C(c_j, c_{j+1}, {\gamma}_j, {\gamma}_{j+1})\, n^2 \Big( \int_{c_j}^{c_{j+1}} |P(x)|^2 \, |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}|x-c_{j+1}|^{{\gamma}_{j+1}} \frac{h_j(x)}{m_j} \;dx \Big)^{1/2}
\\
& = \sqrt{\frac{M_j}{m_j}}\; C(c_j, c_{j+1}, {\gamma}_j, {\gamma}_{j+1})\, n^2\, \|P\|_{L^2([c_j,c_{j+1}],w)}
.
\end{aligned}$$
Next, “pasting" several times this last inequality in each subinterval $[c_{j},c_{j+1}]\subseteq [a,b]$, $0\leq j\leq r$, we obtain $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w)} \le C_1(a,b,c_1, \dots , c_{r}, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_{r},m,M)\, n^2\, \|P\|_{L^2(w)}$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, with $$C_1(a,b,c_1, \dots , c_{r}, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_{r},m,M)
:= \max_{0\leq j\leq r} \sqrt{\frac{M_j}{m_j}}\; C(c_{j},c_{j+1},{\gamma}_{j},{\gamma}_{j+1}) .$$ Hence, we obtain the case $(4)$ by applying .
Similarly, for the case $(5.1)$ we can write $$w(x)= H_1(x) \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} ,$$ where $H_1(x):= h(x) e^{-x}$ satisfies $0< m\,e^{-c_r} \le H_1 \le M$ in $[0,c_r]$. Then the case $(4)$ provides a constant $C_1$, which just depends on the appropriate parameters, with $$\label{equat1}
\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}([0,c_r],w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_1\, n^2\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}([0,c_r],w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Proposition \[prop1\] $(1)$ gives $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w_1)} \le C_{\alpha}\,n\, \|P\|_{L^2(w_1)},$$ where $w_1(x):= x^{\alpha}e^{-x}$ in $[0,\infty)$, $\alpha>-1$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$. Hence, replacing $x$ by $x-c$, we obtain with the same constant $C_{\alpha}$ $$\|P'\|_{L^2([c,\infty),(x-c)^{\alpha}e^{c-x})} \le C_{\alpha}\,n\, \|P\|_{L^2([c,\infty),(x-c)^{\alpha}e^{c-x})},$$ for every $c\ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$. Now, if $w_2(x):=(x-c)^{\alpha}e^{-x}$, then the previous inequality implies $$\|P'\|_{L^2([c,\infty),w_2)} \le C_{\alpha}\, n\, \|P\|_{L^2([c,\infty),w_2)},$$ for every $c\ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, and gives $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}([c,\infty),w_2,{\lambda}_1w_2,\dots,{\lambda}_k w_2)} \le
C_{\alpha}\, n\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}([c,\infty),w_2,{\lambda}_1w_2,\dots,{\lambda}_k w_2)},$$ for every $c\ge 0$, ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
We can write now $$w(x)= H_2(x) (x-c_r)^{{\gamma}_r} e^{-x},$$ where $H_2(x):= h(x) \Pi_{j=1}^{r-1} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}$ and there exist constants $m_2,M_2$ with $0< m_2 \le H_2 \le M_2$ in $[c_r,\infty)$, since $\sum_{j=1}^{r-1} {\gamma}_j=0$. Thus, $$\label{equat2}
\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}([c_r,\infty),w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_{{\gamma}_r}\sqrt{\frac{M_2}{m_2}}\; n\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}([c_r,\infty),w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
If we define $C_2:=\max\big\{C_1,\, C_{{\gamma}_r}\sqrt{M_2/m_2}\, \big\}$, then and give $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_2\, n^2\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Let us prove now $(5.2)$. Define $A:=1+c_r$. We can write $$w(x)= H_3(x) \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} ,$$ where $H_3(x):= h(x) e^{-x}$ satisfies $0< m\,e^{-A} \le H_3 \le M$ in $[0,A]$. Then the case $(4)$ provides a constant $C_1$, which just depends on the appropriate parameters, with $$\label{equat221}
\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}([0,A],w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_1\, n^2\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}([0,A],w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Proposition \[prop1\] $(1)$ gives a constant $C_s$ with $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w_3)}^2 \le C_s^2 n^2\, \|P\|_{L^2(w_3)}^2,$$ where $w_3(x):= x^s e^{-x}$, $s:= \sum_{j=1}^{r} {\gamma}_j > -1$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
We can write now $$w(x)= H_4(x) x^{s} e^{-x}= H_4(x) w_3(x),$$ where $H_4(x):= h(x) x^{-s} \Pi_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}$, and there exist constants $m_4,M_4$ with $0< m_4 \le H_4 \le M_4$ in $[A,\infty)$, since $s= \sum_{j=1}^{r} {\gamma}_j$. Thus, $$\label{equat222}
\begin{aligned}
\|P'\|^2_{L^2([A,\infty),w)}
& \le M_4 \|P'\|_{L^2(w_3)}^2
\le C_s^2 n^2 M_4\, \|P\|_{L^2(w_3)}^2
\\
& \le C_s^2 n^2\frac{M_4}{m_4}\;\|P\|^2_{L^2([A,\infty),\,w)} + C_s^2 n^2 M_4\,\|P\|^2_{L^2([0,A],\,w_3)},
\end{aligned}$$ for every $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Using Lupaş’ inequality [@L] (see also [@MMR p.594]): $$\|P\|_{L^\infty([-1,1])}\leq \sqrt{\frac{\Gamma(n+\alpha+\beta+2)}{2^{\alpha+\beta+1}\Gamma(q+1)\Gamma(n+q'+1)}{n+q+1\choose n}}\sqrt{ \int_{-1}^1 |P(x)|^{2} (1-x)^{\alpha} (1+x)^{\beta}dx},$$ for every $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, where $q=\max(\alpha,\beta)\geq-1/2$ and $q'=\min(\alpha,\beta)$, we obtain that $$2\|P\|^{2}_{L^\infty([-1,1])}\leq \frac{\Gamma(n+\alpha+\beta+2)\Gamma(n+q+2)}{2^{\alpha+\beta}\Gamma(q+1)\Gamma(q+2)\Gamma(n+1)\Gamma(n+q'+1)}
\int_{-1}^1 |P(x)|^{2} (1-x)^{\alpha} (1+x)^{\beta}dx.$$
Now, taking into account that $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\Gamma(n+x)}{\Gamma(n+y)n^{x-y}}=1, \quad x,y\in{\mathbb{R}},$$ we get $$\frac{\Gamma(n+\alpha+\beta+2)\Gamma(n+q+2)}{\Gamma(n+1)\Gamma(n+q'+1)} \sim n^{\alpha+\beta+1} n^{q-q'+1}
= n^{\alpha+\beta+ |\alpha-\beta|+2}.$$ Consequently, there exists a constant $k_1$, which just depends on ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$, such that $$\int_{-1}^1 |P(x)|^{2} dx
\leq 2\|P\|^{2}_{L^\infty([-1,1])}\leq k_{1}(\alpha,\beta) n^{v(\alpha,\beta)}\int_{-1}^1 |P(x)|^{2} (1-x)^{\alpha} (1+x)^{\beta}dx,$$ where $v(\alpha,\beta)= \alpha+\beta+ |\alpha-\beta|+2$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Recall that $\max\{{\gamma}_j',{\gamma}_{j+1}'\} \ge -1/2$ for every $r_0-1 \le j \le r$ and $$b':= \max_{r_0-1\le j \le r} \big({\gamma}_j'+{\gamma}_{j+1}'+|{\gamma}_j'-{\gamma}_{j+1}'| + 2 \big) .$$
Therefore, a similar argument to the one in the proof of $(4)$ gives $$\int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 \, dx
\le k_2\, n^{b'} \int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 \prod_{j=r_0-1}^{r+1} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j'}\, dx
= k_2\, n^{b'} \int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 \prod_{j=r_0}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}\, dx ,$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and some constant $k_2$ which just depends on $c_{r_0},\dots , c_r, {\gamma}_{r_0}, \dots , {\gamma}_r$. Thus, $$\int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 \, dx
\le k_3\, n^{b'} \int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}\, dx,$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and some constant $k_3$ which just depends on $c_{1},\dots , c_r, {\gamma}_{1}, \dots , {\gamma}_r$.
Hence, $$\begin{aligned}
\|P\|^2_{L^2([0,A],w_3)} & = \int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 x^s e^{-x}\, dx
\le A^s \int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 \, dx
\\
& \le k_3\, n^{b'} A^s \int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}\, dx
\\
& \le \frac1m\,k_3\, n^{b'} A^s e^{A} \int_{0}^{A} |P(x)|^2 h(x) \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} e^{-x}\, dx
\\
& \le \frac1m\,k_3\, A^s e^{A} n^{b'} \|P\|^2_{L^2(w)},
\end{aligned}$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
This inequality and give $$\begin{aligned}
\|P'\|^2_{L^2([A,\infty),w)}
& \le \max \Big\{ C_s^2 \,\frac{M_4}{m_4}\,n^2, \,C_s^2\,\frac{M_4}{m}\,k_3\,A^s e^{A} n^{b'+2} \Big\} \,\|P\|^2_{L^2(w)}
\\
& \le k_4\, n^{b'+2} \,\|P\|^2_{L^2(w)},
\end{aligned}$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, where $$k_4:= \max \Big\{ C_s^2\,\frac{M_4}{m_4}\;, C_s^2\,\frac{M_4}{m}\,k_3\, A^s e^{A}\Big\} .$$ Hence, $$\|P'\|^2_{W^{k,2}([A,\infty),\,w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
k_4\, n^{b'+2} \, \|P\|^2_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, and allows to deduce $$\|P'\|^2_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
\big( C_1^2 n^4 + k_4\, n^{b'+2} \big) \|P\|^2_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$. If we define $$k_5:= \big( C_1^2 + k_4 \big)^{1/2} ,$$ and we recall that $$a':= \max \Big\{ 2\,,\,\frac{b'+2}{2}\, \Big\} ,$$ then $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
k_5\, n^{a'} \,\|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Finally, let us show $(6)$. Define $B:=1+\max\{|c_1|,|c_r|\}$. We can write $$w(x)= H_5(x) \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} ,$$ where $H_5(x):= h(x) e^{-x^2}$ satisfies $0< m\,e^{-B^2} \le H_5 \le M$ in $[-B,B]$. Then the case $(4)$ provides a constant $C_1$, which just depends on the appropriate parameters, with $$\label{equat221b}
\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}([-B,B],w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
C_1\, n^2\, \|P\|_{W^{k,2}([-B,B],w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Proposition \[prop1\] $(2)$ gives $$\|P'\|_{L^2(w_4)}^2 \le 2 n\, \|P\|_{L^2(w_4)}^2,$$ where $w_4(x):= |x|^{\alpha}e^{-x^2}$, $\alpha:= \sum_{j=1}^{r} {\gamma}_j \ge 0$ and $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
We can write now $$w(x)= H_6(x) |x|^{{\alpha}} e^{-x^2}= H_6(x) w_4(x),$$ where $H_6(x):= h(x) |x|^{-{\alpha}} \Pi_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}$, and there exist constants $m_6,M_6$ with $0< m_6 \le H_6 \le M_6$ in $(-\infty,-B]\cup [B,\infty)$, since $\alpha= \sum_{j=1}^{r} {\gamma}_j$. Thus, $$\label{equat222b}
\begin{aligned}
\|P'\|^2_{L^2((-\infty,-B]\cup [B,\infty),w)}
& \le M_6 \|P'\|_{L^2(w_4)}^2
\le 2 n M_6\, \|P\|_{L^2(w_4)}^2
\\
& \le 2n\,\frac{M_6}{m_6}\;\|P\|^2_{L^2((-\infty,-B]\cup [B,\infty),\,w)} + 2n M_6\,\|P\|^2_{L^2([-B,B],\,w_4)},
\end{aligned}$$ for every $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Since $\max\{{\gamma}_j,{\gamma}_{j+1}\} \ge -1/2$ for every $0 \le j \le r$ and $b:= \max_{0\le j \le r} \big({\gamma}_j+{\gamma}_{j+1}+|{\gamma}_j-{\gamma}_{j+1}| + 2 \big)$, the argument in the proof of $(5.2)$, using Lupaş’ inequality, gives $$\int_{-B}^{B} |P(x)|^2 \, dx
\le k_6\, n^b \int_{-B}^{B} |P(x)|^2 \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}\, dx ,$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$ and some constant $k_6$ which just depends on $c_1,\dots , c_r, {\gamma}_1, \dots , {\gamma}_r$.
Hence, $$\begin{aligned}
\|P\|^2_{L^2([-B,B],w_4)} & = \int_{-B}^{B} |P(x)|^2 |x|^{\alpha}e^{-x^2}\, dx
\le B^{\alpha}\int_{-B}^{B} |P(x)|^2 \, dx
\\
& \le k_6\, n^b B^{\alpha}\int_{-B}^{B} |P(x)|^2 \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j}\, dx
\\
& \le \frac1m\,k_6\, n^b B^{\alpha}e^{B^2} \int_{-B}^{B} |P(x)|^2 h(x) \prod_{j=1}^{r} |x-c_j|^{{\gamma}_j} e^{-x^2}\, dx
\\
& \le \frac1m\,k_6\, n^b B^{\alpha}e^{B^2} \|P\|^2_{L^2(w)},
\end{aligned}$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
This inequality and give $$\begin{aligned}
\|P'\|^2_{L^2((-\infty,-B]\cup [B,\infty),w)}
& \le \max \Big\{ 2\,\frac{M_6}{m_6}\,n,\, 2\,\frac{M_6}{m}\,k_6\, B^{\alpha}e^{B^2}n^{b+1} \Big\} \,\|P\|^2_{L^2(w)}
\\
& \le k_7\, n^{b+1} \,\|P\|^2_{L^2(w)},
\end{aligned}$$ for every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, where $$k_7:= \max \Big\{ 2\,\frac{M_6}{m_6}\;, 2\,\frac{M_6}{m}\,k_6\, B^{\alpha}e^{B^2}\Big\} .$$ Hence, $$\|P'\|^2_{W^{k,2}((-\infty,-B]\cup [B,\infty),\,w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
k_7\, n^{b+1} \, \|P\|^2_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$, and allows to deduce $$\|P'\|^2_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
\big( C_1^2 n^4 + k_7\, n^{b+1} \big) \|P\|^2_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$. If we define $$k_8:= \big( C_1^2 + k_7 \big)^{1/2} ,$$ and we recall that $$a:= \max \Big\{ 2\,,\,\frac{b+1}{2}\, \Big\} ,$$ then $$\|P'\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)} \le
k_8\, n^a \,\|P\|_{W^{k,2}(w,{\lambda}_1w,\dots,{\lambda}_k w)},$$ for every ${\lambda}_1,\dots,{\lambda}_k \ge 0$ and every polynomial $P \in {\mathbb{P}}_n$.
Sobolev spaces with respect to measures {#[Section-3]-Basic}
=======================================
In this section we recall the definition of Sobolev spaces with respect to measures introduced in [@RARP1], [@RARP2] and [@RARP3].
\[2\] Given $1\le p < \infty$ and a set $A$ which is a union of intervals in ${\mathbb{R}}$, we say that a weight $w$ defined in $A$ belongs to $B_p(A)$ if $w^{-1}\in L_{loc}^{1/(p-1)} (A)$ (if $p=1$, then $1/(p-1)=\infty$).
It is possible to construct a similar theory with $p=\infty$. We refer to [@APRR], [@PQRT1], [@PQRT2] and [@PQRT3] for the case $p=\infty$.
If $A={\mathbb{R}}$, then $B_p({\mathbb{R}})$ contains, as a very particular case, the classical $A_p({\mathbb{R}})$ weights appearing in Harmonic Analysis. The classes $B_p({\Omega})$, with ${\Omega}\subseteq{\mathbb{R}}^n$, have been used in other definitions of weighted Sobolev spaces in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ in [@KO].
We consider vector measures $\mu =(\mu_0, \dots , \mu_k)$ in the definition of our Sobolev space in ${\mathbb{R}}$. We assume that each $\mu_j$ is ${\sigma}$-finite; hence, by Radon-Nikodym’s Theorem, we have the decomposition $d\mu_j= d(\mu_j)_s + w_j ds$, where $(\mu_j)_s$ is singular with respect to Lebesgue measure and $w_j$ is a non-negative Lebesgue measurable function.
In [@KO], Kufner and Opic define the following sets:
\[4\] Let us consider $1\le p < \infty$ and a vector measure $\mu = (\mu_0, \dots , \mu_k)$. For $0\le j \le k$ we define the open set $${\Omega}_j:=\big\{ x \in {\mathbb{R}}\; : \; \exists \hbox{ an open neighbourhood } V \hbox{ of } x \hbox{ with } w_j\in
B_p(V)\big\}\,.$$
Note that we always have $w_j \in B_p({\Omega}_j)$ for any $0\le j \le k$. In fact, ${\Omega}_j$ is the largest open set $U$ with $w_j\in B_p(U)$. It is easy to check that if $f^{(j)} \in L^p({\Omega}_j,w_j),$ $1\le j \le k $, then $f^{(j)} \in
L^1_{loc}({\Omega}_j)$ and, therefore, $f^{(j-1)} \in AC_{loc}({\Omega}_j)$, i.e., $f^{(j-1)}$ is a locally absolutely continuous function in ${\Omega}_j$.
Since the precise definition of Sobolev space requires some technical concepts (see Definition \[9\]), we would like to introduce here a heuristic definition of Sobolev space and an example which will help us to understand the technical process that we will follow in order to reach Definition \[9\].
\[heuristic\] (Heuristic definition.) Let us consider $1\le p< \infty$ and a $p$-admissible vector measure $\mu=(\mu_0,\dots,\mu_k)$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$. We define the *Sobolev space* $W^{k,p}(\mu)=W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$, with ${\Delta}:=\cup_{j=0}^k {\mbox{{\rm supp\/}}(}\mu_j)$, as the space of equivalence classes of $$\begin{aligned}
V^{k,p}(\mu):=V^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu):=\Big\{f: & {\Delta}\rightarrow{\mathbb{R}}\; \; : \;\; \big\|f\big\|_{W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)}:=\Big(\sum_{j=0}^k
\big\|f^{(j)}\big\|^p_ {L^p({\Delta},\mu_j)} \Big)^{1/p} < \infty \,,
\\
& f^{(j)}\in AC_{loc} ({\Omega}_{j+1}\cup\cdots\cup{\Omega}_k) \hbox{ and } \, f^{(j)} \hbox{ satisfies }
\\
& \hbox{``pasting conditions" for } 0\le j < k \Big\}\,,
\end{aligned}$$ with respect to the seminorm $\|\cdot \|_{W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)}$.
These pasting conditions are natural: a function must be as regular as possible. In a first step, we check if the functions and their derivatives are absolutely continuous up to the boundary (this fact holds in the following example), and then we join the contiguous intervals:
[**Example.**]{} $\mu_0:={\delta}_0$, $\mu_1:=0$, $d\mu_2:=\chi_{{}_{\scriptstyle [-1,0]}}(x) dx$ and $d\mu_3:=\chi_{{}_{\scriptstyle [0,1]}}(x) dx$, where $\chi_{_{A}}$ denotes the characteristic function of the set $A$.
Since ${\Omega}_1=\emptyset$, ${\Omega}_2=(-1,0)$ and ${\Omega}_3=(0,1)$, $W^{3,p}(\mu)$ is the space of equivalence classes of $$\begin{aligned}
V^{3,p}(\mu) = \Big\{ f \ : \ \|f\|_{W^{3,p}(\mu)} & < \infty \,, \, \text{ $f,f'$ satisfy ``pasting conditions",}
\\
& \ \, f,f',\in AC((-1,0)) \, \text{ and } \, f,f',f''\in AC((0,1)) \Big\}
\\
= \Big\{ f \ : \ \|f\|_{W^{3,p}(\mu)} & < \infty \,, \, \text{ $f,f'$ satisfy ``pasting conditions",}
\\
& \ \, f,f',\in AC([-1,0]) \, \text{ and } \, f,f',f''\in AC([0,1]) \Big\}
\\
= \Big\{ f \ : \ \|f\|_{W^{3,p}(\mu)} & < \infty \,, \ \, f,f'\in AC([-1,1]) \, \text{ and } \, f''\in AC([0,1])
\Big\}\,.
\end{aligned}$$ In the current case, since $f$ and $f'$ are absolutely continuous in $[-1,0]$ and in $[0,1]$, we require that both are absolutely continuous in $[-1,1]$.
These heuristic concepts can be formalized as follows:
Let us consider $1\le p<\infty$ and $\mu,\nu$ measures in $[a,b]$. We define $$\begin{aligned}
{\Lambda}_{p,[a,b]}^+ (\mu, \nu) & := \sup_{a<x<b} \mu((a,x])
\big\|(d\nu/ds)^{-1}\big\|_{L^{1/(p-1)}([x,b])}\,,
\\
{\Lambda}_{p,[a,b]}^- (\mu, \nu) & := \sup_{a<x<b} \mu([x,b))
\big\|(d\nu/ds)^{-1}\big\|_{L^{1/(p-1)}([a,x])}\,,
\end{aligned}$$ where we use the convention $0\cdot \infty=0$.
[**Muckenhoupt inequality.**]{} (See [@Mu], [@M p.44], [@APRR Theorem 3.1])
*Let us consider $1\le p<\infty$ and $\mu_0,\mu_1$ measures in $[a,b]$. Then:*
$(1)$ There exists a real number $c$ such that $$\Big\|\int_{x}^{b} g(t)\,dt \Big\|_{L^p((a,b],\mu_0)}\le
c\,
\big\|g\big\|_{L^p((a,b],\mu_1)}$$ for any measurable function $g$ in $[a,b]$, if and only if ${\Lambda}_{p,[a,b]}^+ (\mu_0, \mu_1)<\infty$.
$(2)$ There exists a positive constant $c$ such that $$\Big\|\int_{a}^x g(t)\,dt \Big\|_{L^p([a,b),\mu_0)}\le
c\,
\big\|g\big\|_{L^p([a,b),\mu_1)}$$ for any measurable function $g$ in $[a,b]$, if and only if ${\Lambda}_{p,[a,b]}^- (\mu_0, \mu_1)<\infty$.
Let us consider $1\le p<\infty$. A vector measure $\overline \mu=(\overline \mu_0,\dots,\overline \mu_k)$ is a right completion of a vector measure $\mu=(\mu_0,\dots,\mu_k)$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$ with respect to $a$ in a right neighborhood $[a,b]$, if $\overline \mu_k=\mu_k$ in $[a,b]$, $\overline \mu_j=\mu_j$ in the complement of $(a,b]$ and $$\overline{\mu}_j= \mu_j+\tilde{\mu}_{j}\,,\qquad \text{in } (a,b] \;\, \text{ for } 0\le j<k\,,$$ where $\tilde \mu_{j}$ is any measure satisfying $\tilde \mu_j((a,b])<\infty$ and $\Lambda_{p, [a,b]}^+ (\tilde
\mu_j,\overline \mu_{j+1})<\infty$.
Muckenhoupt inequality guarantees that if $f^{(j)}\in L^p(\mu_j)$ and $f^{(j+1)}\in L^p(\overline\mu_{j+1})$, then $f^{(j)}\in L^p(\overline\mu_j)$ (see some examples of completions in [@RARP1] and [@APRR]).
We can define a left completion of $\mu$ with respect to $a$ in a similar way.
\[d:regular\] For $1\le p< \infty$ and a vector measure $\mu$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$, we say that a point $a$ is right $j$-regular $($respectively, left $j$-regular$)$, if there exist a right completion $\overline\mu$ $($respectively, left completion$)$ of $\mu$ in $[a,b]$ and $j<i\le k$ such that $\overline{w}_{i}\in B_p ([a,b])$ $($respectively, $B_p([b,a]))$. Also, we say that a point $a\in {\gamma}$ is $j$-regular, if it is right and left $j$-regular.
[**1.**]{} A point $a$ is right $j$-regular $($respectively, left $j$-regular$)$, if at least one of the following properties holds:
[(a)]{} There exist a right (respectively, left) neighborhood $[a,b]$ (respectively, $[b,a]$) and $j<i\le k$ such that $w_{i} \in B_p ([a,b])$ $($respectively, $B_p([b,a]))$. Here we have chosen $\tilde w_j=0$.
[(b)]{} There exist a right (respectively, left) neighborhood $[a,b]$ (respectively, $[b,a]$) and $j<i\le k$, ${\alpha}>0$, ${\delta}< (i-j)p-1$, such that $w_{i}(x) \ge {\alpha}\, |x-a|^\delta$, for almost every $x\in [a,b]$ $($respectively, $[b,a])$. See Lemma 3.4 in [@RARP1].
[**2.**]{} If $a$ is right $j$-regular (respectively, left), then it is also right $i$-regular (respectively, left) for each $0\le i \le j$.
When we use this definition we think of a point $\{t\}$ as the union of two half-points $\{t^+\}$ and $\{t^-\}$. With this convention, each one of the following sets $$\begin{aligned}
(a,b) \cup (b,c) \cup \{b^+\} & = (a,b) \cup [b^+,c) \ne (a,c) \,,
\\
(a,b) \cup (b,c) \cup \{b^-\} & = (a,b^-] \cup (b,c) \ne (a,c) \,,
\end{aligned}$$ has two connected components, and the set $$(a,b) \cup (b,c) \cup \{b^-\} \cup \{b^+\} = (a,b) \cup (b,c) \cup \{b\} = (a,c)$$ is connected.
We use this convention in order to study the sets of continuity of functions: we want that if $f\in C(A)$ and $f\in
C(B)$, where $A$ and $B$ are union of intervals, then $f\in C(A\cup B)$. With the usual definition of continuity, if $f\in C([a,b))\cap C([b,c])$ then we do not have $f\in C([a,c])$. Of course, we have $f\in C([a,c])$ if and only if $f\in C([a,b^-])\cap C([b^+,c])$, where by definition, $C([b^+,c])=C([b,c])$ and $C([a,b^-])=C([a,b])$. This idea can be formalized with a suitable topological space.
Let us introduce some more notation. We denote by ${\Omega}^{(j)}$ the set of $j$-regular points or half-points, i.e., $x\in{\Omega}^{(j)}$ if and only if $x$ is $j$-regular, we say that $x^+ \in \Omega^{(j)}$ if and only if $x$ is right $j$-regular, and we say that $x^- \in \Omega^{(j)}$ if and only if $x$ is left $j$-regular. Obviously, ${\Omega}^{(k)}=\emptyset$ and $\Omega_{j+1}\cup \cdots \cup \Omega_k\subseteq {\Omega}^{(j)}$. Note that ${\Omega}^{(j)}$ depends on $p$.
Intuitively, ${\Omega}^{(j)}$ is the set of “good" points at the level $j$ for the vector weight $(w_0,\dots , w_k)$: every function $f$ in the Sobolev space must verify that $f^{(j)}$ is continuous in ${\Omega}^{(j)}$.
Let us present now the class of measures that we use in the definition of Sobolev space.
\[8\] We say that the vector measure $\mu=(\mu_0,\dots,\mu_k)$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$ is *$p$-admissible* if $\mu_j$ is ${\sigma}$-finite and $\mu_j^*({\mathbb{R}}\setminus \Omega^{(j)})=0$, for $1\le j < k$, and $\mu_k^* \equiv 0$, where $d\mu_j^* := d\mu_j - w_j
\chi_{_{\Omega_{j}}} \! dx$ and $\chi_{_{A}}$ denotes the characteristic function of the set $A$ (then $d\mu_k= w_k
\chi_{_{\Omega_{k}}} \! dx$).
[**1.**]{} The hypothesis of $p$-admissibility is natural. It would not be reasonable to consider Dirac’s deltas in $\mu_j$ in the points where $f^{(j)}$ is not continuous.
[**2.**]{} Note that there is not any restriction on $\mu_0$.
[**3.**]{} Every absolutely continuous measure $w=(w_0, \dots, w_k)$ with $w_j=0$ a.e. in ${\mathbb{R}}\setminus \Omega_j$ for every $1\le j \le k$, is $p$-admissible (since then $\mu_j^*=0$). It is possible to find a weight $w$ which does not satisfy this condition, but it is a hard task.
[**4.**]{} $(\mu_j)_s \le \mu_j^*$, and the equality usually holds.
\[9\] Let us consider $1\le p< \infty$ and a $p$-admissible vector measure $\mu=(\mu_0,\dots,\mu_k)$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$. We define the *Sobolev space* $W^{k,p}(\mu)=W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$, with ${\Delta}:=\cup_{j=0}^k {\mbox{{\rm supp\/}}(}\mu_j)$, as the space of equivalence classes of $$\begin{aligned}
V^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu):=\Big\{f:{\Delta}\rightarrow{\mathbb{R}}\ &:& \ f^{(j)}\in AC_{loc} ({\Omega}^{(j)}) \hbox{ for } 0\le j < k\hbox{ and }
\nonumber \\ &\,& \ \big\|f\big\|_{W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)}:=\Big(\sum_{j=0}^k \big\|f^{(j)}\big\|^p_ {L^p({\Delta},\mu_j)}
\Big)^{1/p}
<\infty \Big\} \,, \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ with respect to the seminorm $\|\cdot \|_{W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)}$.
Basic results on Sobolev spaces with respect to measures {#[Section-4]-Dual}
========================================================
This definition of Sobolev space is very technical, but it has interesting properties: we know explicitly how are the functions in $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ (this is not the case if we define the Sobolev space as the closure of some space of smooth functions); if ${\Delta}$ is a compact set and $\mu$ is a finite measure, then in many cases, $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ is equal to the closure of the space of polynomials (see [@APRR Theorem 6.1]). Furthermore, we have powerful tools in $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ (see [@RARP1], [@RARP2], [@APRR] and [@RS]).
In [@RS Theorem 4.2] appears the following main result in the theory (in fact, this result in [@RS] holds for measures defined in any curve in the complex plane instead of ${\mathbb{R}}$).
\[t:c1\] Let us consider $1\le p < \infty$ and a $p$-admissible vector measure $\mu=(\mu_0,\dots,\mu_k)$. Then the Sobolev space $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ is a Banach space.
We want to remark that the proof of Theorem \[t:c1\] is very long and technical: the paper [@RARP1] is mainly devoted to prove a weak version of Theorem \[t:c1\], and using this version, [@RS] provides a very technical proof of the general case.
For each $1\le p<\infty$ and $p$-admissible vector measure $\mu$ in ${\mathbb{R}}$, consider the Banach space $\prod_{j=0}^k
L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ with the norm $$\|f\|_{\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)} = \Big( \sum_{j=0}^k \|f_j\|_{L^{p}(\mu_j)}^p \Big)^{1/p}$$ for every $f=(f_0,f_1,\dots,f_k)\in \prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$.
For each $1\le p<\infty$ we denote by $q$ the conjugate or dual exponent of $p$, i.e., $1/p+1/q=1$. Consider a $p$-admissible vector measure $\mu$. If $f\in \prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ and $g\in \prod_{j=0}^k
L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)$, we define the product $(f,g)$ as $$(f,g)=\sum_{j=0}^k \int_{\Delta}f_j \, g_j\, d\mu_j \,.$$ Let us consider the projection $P:\,W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)\longrightarrow \prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$, given by $Pf=(f,f',\dots,f^{(k)})$.
\[t:reflexive\] Let $1\le p<\infty$ and $\mu$ a $p$-admissible vector measure. Then $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ is separable. Furthermore, if $1< p<\infty$, then it is reflexive and uniformly convex.
The map $P$ is an isometric embedding of $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ onto $W:=P(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))$. Then $W$ is a closed subspace since $\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ and $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ are Banach spaces by Theorem \[t:c1\].
If $1\le p<\infty$, then each $L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ is separable; furthermore, if $1< p<\infty$, then it is reflexive and uniformly convex. Then $\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ is separable (and reflexive and uniformly convex if $1<
p<\infty$) by [@A p.8].
Since $W$ is closed and $\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ is separable, $W$ is separable; furthermore, if $1<
p<\infty$, then $W$ is reflexive and uniformly convex since $\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ is reflexive and uniformly convex (see [@A p.7] and [@H]). Since $W$ and $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ are isometric, $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ also has these properties.
\[t:dual\] Let $1\le p<\infty$, $q$ the dual exponent of $p$, and $\mu$ a $p$-admissible vector measure. Consider the canonical map $J:\,\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j) \longrightarrow (W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'$ defined by $J(v)=(\cdot,v)$, i.e., $\big(J(v)\big)(f)=(Pf,v)$. Then giving any $T \in (W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'$ there exists $v \in \prod_{j=0}^k
L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ with $$\label{eq:dual}
T=J(v) \qquad and \qquad \big\|T\big\|_{(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'} = \|v\|_{\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)} .$$ Furthermore, if $1< p<\infty$, then there exists a unique $v \in \prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ verifying .
First of all we will prove that $J$ is, in fact, a map $J:\,\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j) \longrightarrow
(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'$. Given $v \in \prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)$, consider $J(v)$. Then continuous and discrete Hölder’s inequalities give $$\begin{aligned}
\big|\big(J(v)\big)(f)\big| &
= \big|(Pf,v)\big|
\le \sum_{j=0}^k \int_{\Delta}\big| f^{(j)} \, v_j \big| \, d\mu_j \le \sum_{j=0}^k
\|f^{(j)}\|_{L^{p}(\mu_j)} \|v_j\|_{L^{q}(\mu_j)}
\\
& \le \Big( \sum_{j=0}^k \|f^{(j)}\|_{L^{p}(\mu_j)}^p \Big)^{1/p} \Big( \sum_{j=0}^k \|v_j\|_{L^{q}(\mu_j)}^q
\Big)^{1/q} =\|f\|_{W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)} \|v\|_{\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)} .
\end{aligned}$$ Hence, $$\label{eq:holder2}
\big\|J(v)\big\|_{(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'}
\le \|v\|_{\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)} .$$ Thus we have proved that $J:\,\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j) \longrightarrow (W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'$. Let us prove now that $J$ is onto.
Consider $T \in (W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'$. The map $P$ is an isometric isomorphism of $W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)$ onto $W:=P(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))$. Then $T\circ P^{-1} \in W'$ and $$\big\|T\circ P^{-1}\big\|_{W'} = \big\|T \big\|_{\big(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)\big)'}.$$ Since $W$ is a subspace of $\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)$, by Hahn-Banach Theorem there exists $$T_0 \in \Big(\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)\Big)' = \prod_{j=0}^k \big( L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)\big)' = \prod_{j=0}^k
L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j) ,$$ with $$T_0|_{W'}=T\circ P^{-1},
\qquad
\big\|T_0\big\|_{\big(\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)\big)'}=\big\|T\circ P^{-1}\big\|_{W'}.$$ Therefore, there exists $v \in \prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ with $v \simeq T_0$, i.e., $$T_0(f)= (f,v), \qquad \forall f\in W,$$ and $$\label{eq:holder3}
\|v\|_{\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)}= \big\|T_0\big\|_{\big(\prod_{j=0}^k L^{p}({\Delta},\mu_j)\big)'}=\big\|T\circ
P^{-1}\big\|_{W'}
= \big\|T \big\|_{\big(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu)\big)'}
\,.$$
Hence, $$T(f)= T_0(Pf)= (Pf,v)= \big(J(v)\big)(f), \qquad \forall f\in W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu),$$ $T=J(v)$ and $J$ is onto.
If $1<p<\infty$, let us consider the set $U:=\{u \in \prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j) \, : \,\, T=J(u)\}$. Note that and give $$\begin{aligned}
\big\|T\big\|_{(W^{k,p}({\Delta},\mu))'}
& = \inf \Big\{ \|u\|_{\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)} \, : \, \, u\in U \Big\}
\\ & =
\min \Big\{ \|u\|_{\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)} \, : \, \, u\in U \Big\}.
\end{aligned}$$ It is easy to check that $U$ is a closed convex set in $\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)$. Since $\prod_{j=0}^k L^{q}({\Delta},\mu_j)$ is uniformly convex, this minimum is attained at a unique $u_0\in U$ (see, e.g., [@Ch p.22]), and gives $u_0=v$.
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[^1]: $(1)\,\,\,$ Supported in part by a grant from Ministerio de Econom[í]{}a y Competitividad (MTM2012-36732-C03-01), Spain.
[^2]: $(2)\,\,\,$ Supported in part by a grant from Ministerio de Econom[í]{}a y Competitividad (MTM2013-46374-P), Spain.
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Vancouver, BC / TNW – Accesswire / October 10, 2017 – NORTEC MINERALS CORP. (the “Company” or “Nortec”) (TSXV: NVT) –
Nortec is pleased to announce that Energold Drilling (EMEA) Limited, has commenced diamond core drilling on the TOM-1 Target, Tomboko Project, Northeastern Guinea, West Africa. The program will consist of 19 to 31 drill holes with total meterage ranging between 1700 to 2500 meters on the Tom-1 North, Tom-1 South and Tom-2 targets (figures 1, 2, 3 and 4).
The Tomboko Project has been mapped and sampled extensively. The highlights of the work include (Figure 3):
Mohan Vulimiri, CEO and Chairman comments, “Nortec was an early investor in ‘The Golden Rule Limited, (TGR) which staked the Tomboko project and was so pleased with initial results that the company pursued and secured a joint venture to drill and develop the project. The Project lies in the northern part of the Birimian Siguiri Basin, a well-known prolific gold producing area with extensive potential. AngloGold Ashanti operates the SAG multi-million ounce multiple open-pit oxide gold mine next door”.
|Diamond core drill in operation||
|
Figure 4, Locations of planned drill holes, Tomboko Permit.
Work carried out by TGR (2009 – 2012) consisting of termite mound and pit sampling (over 10,000 samples) plus detailed geological mapping delineated three target areas for initial drilling: Tom-1, Tom-2 and Tom-3. Termite mound sampling returned high gold values of 7.1 g/t, 3.5 g/t, 2.7 g/t 2.3 g/t, 2.2 g/t, 1.8 g/t, 1.7 g/t, 1.6 g/t, 1.5 g/t, 1.4 g/t, 1.2 g/t and 1.1 g/t (Figure 3). Geochemical soil anomalies were delineated over several kilometres on all three target areas defined by a >100 ppb gold contour. Outcrop grab sampling, consisting of 65 samples, on the Tom-1 Zone-North prospect returned high grade gold values of 84.6 g/t, 35.8 g/t, 13.9 g/t, 5.8 g/t, 4.7 g/t and 2.5 g/t. The objective of the rock geochemical sampling was to test various rock types that are associated with the NW-trending termite gold anomalies. Over 9779 termite mound samples and 212 bedrock samples were collected and analysed for gold.
Gold assay results rock, soil, pit and termite mound sampling returned values ranging from detection limit for the respective analyses type up to and including the maximum values listed above for each sampling type. Note that grab samples may not necessarily be representative of the rock unit or the mineralization style being sampled (Figure 2 and Re: news releases dated January 11, February 10, 2017).
The Technical Report compliant with NI 43-101 standards authored by Mr. Simon Meadows Smith, FIMMM, FGS, of SEMS Exploration is expected to be completed by the end of October, 2017.
Nortec signed a Definitive Agreement to acquire an 80% interest in pro-rata stages in the Tomboko Gold Property, held by TGR. An Amendment to the Definitive Agreement was signed extending the due dates for completion of the Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 exploration programs by 6 months to December 31, 2017, December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019 respectively.
Nortec will also earn an 80% interest in all of TGR’s interests in other exploration permits located in Guinea. The properties consist of the 100% interest in the Tomboko permit, a 100% interest in the Diguifara Permit and minority interests in the Badamako and the Kouroussa permits. These land holdings cover prospective ground on three separate prolific mineralized trends. Details on the geology, geochemical soil, termite and rock sampling surveys on the Tomboko, Diguifara, Badamako and Kouroussa permits can be referred to in the Company’s January 11, February 10, April 12 and June 26, 2017 news releases.
Stock Options
The Company also announces the issuance of 1,000,000 incentive share purchase stock options to consultants, advisors and directors. Each option has an exercise price of $0.10 and is exercisable at any time prior to October 23, 2019, subject to the terms and conditions of the Company’s Stock Option Plan.
Mohan R. Vulimiri, M.Sc., P.Geo, Director of Nortec and CEO of Nortec Minerals, is a Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101. Mr. Vulimiri has approved the corporate and technical content contained in this press release. All the bedrock and termite mound samples were analysed by SGS Labs, an accredited laboratory in Bamako, Mali with a blank inserted in every 20th sample for quality control.
About Nortec Minerals Corp.
Nortec is a mineral exploration and development company based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Company has a 49% interest in the Tammela Gold & Lithium Project in South-West Finland. Sunstone Metals (formerly Avalon Minerals), a public Australian mining company has earned the 51% interest and is carrying out the 29% Stage 2 earn-in interest on the Tammela Project. Sunstone has completed more than 3,000 meters diamond drilling on the Kietyonmaki lithium prospect and the Satulinmaki and Riukka prospects that comprise the Tammela Project. Detailed information on the Company’s projects have been posted on the Company’s website www.nortecminerals.com.
|On behalf of the Board of Directors,
|
NORTEC MINERALS CORP.
“Mohan R. Vulimiri”
Mohan R. Vulimiri, CEO and Chairman
The TSX Venture Exchange has not reviewed and does not accept the responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this news release.
This press release contains certain forward looking statements which involve known and unknown risks, delays and uncertainties not under the Company’s control which may cause actual results, performances or achievements of the Company to be materially different from the results, performances or expectations implied by these forward looking statements. This news release does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any of the securities in the United States.
Figure 1: Location Map. Guinea, West Africa
Figure 2: Outcrop Grab Sampling Results – Tom 1 North Target and Termite and Soil Geochemical Anomalies, Tom 1 North, Tom 1 South and Tom 3 targets – Tomboko Permit. Note that grab samples may not necessarily be representative of the rock unit or the mineralization style being sampled.
Figure 3: Outcrop Grab Sampling Results and Termite and Soil Geochemical Anomalies and interpreted A-B cross-section with proposed drill holes – Tom 1 North Target, Tomboko Permit. | https://nortecminerals.com/nortec-minerals-commences-phase-1-drilling-tom-1-target-tomboko-gold-property-northeast-guinea-west-africa/ |
Sharjah: The 11th edition of Sharjah Children’s Reading Festival (SCRF) is coming back to Sharjah Expo Centre on April 17 to capture imaginations and delight cultural enthusiasts with 2,546 activities featuring 198 guests from 56 countries.
Under the theme ‘Explore Knowledge’, the 11-day reading festival dedicated specially to UAE’s children and youth, and organised by the Sharjah Book Authority (SBA), will be hosting a series of film screenings and international theatre shows, in addition to showcasing a multitude of publications by 167 publishers from 18 countries who will be participating at the event.
The event is behing held under the directives of His Highness Dr Shaikh Sultan Bin Mohammad Al Qasimi, Member of the Supreme Council and Ruler of Sharjah, and the patronage of Shaikha Jawaher Bint Mohammad Al Qasimi, Wife of His Highness the Ruler of Sharjah and Chairperson of the Supreme Council for Family Affairs (SCFA).
Ahmad Al Ameri, Chairman of Sharjah Book Authority (SBA) said: “Since its inception, Sharjah Children’s Reading Festival has been a hive of reading and the expression of creativity, has opened the doors of knowledge and culture to young generations, and most importantly highlighted the importance of making reading a lifelong habit.”
The SBA Chairman pointed out that this edition’s theme ‘Explore Knowledge’ seeks to stimulate and encourage young generations to be curious, to explore and question, read and learn, because exploring knowledge is the first step to discovering their own talent developing their skills.
Khoula Al Mujaini, Director of Fairs and Festivals at SBA, shed light on the series of workshops, competitions and activities that will be organised at this edition. She pointed out the SCRF consolidated its position as a platform for children and an incubator of their talents and skills.
Arab and international guests
Al Mujaini revealed that a host of renowned Arab artists, authors and intellectuals, including Abdelrahman Abo Zahra form Egypt, Qamar Al Safadi from Jordan, Haifa Hussein from Bahrain, Shaimaa Saif from Egypt, Falah Ahmad from Iraq, Amani Al Baba from Palestine, Yacoub El Sharouni, Hafedh bin Dhaifallah, along with Nora Al Noman, Dubai Belhoul and Mariam Al Zarouni from the UAE, will be participating in SCRF 2019.
Carter Higgins from the USA; Sha’an d’Anthes, Ruby Lovell, Sonya Saidman and Zanib Mian from the UK; Juliette Maclver from New Zealand; Catherine Doyle from Ireland; Sergei Urban from Latvia, among several other international literary celebrities are also part of the programme.
New exhibitions
This year’s edition of SCRF will be hosting two new exhibitions for the first time. ‘Traveling the Silk Road’ exhibition will be a gateway for visitors to the most celebrated trade route in history; the Silk Road, which extends from the far east, China through the cities and empires of Central Asia and the Middle East. The exhibition will feature 176 activities.
Themed ‘Voyage to the Deep’, the second exhibition will be taking visitors on a fascinating deep sea adventure of Captain Nemo, based on 1870 Jules Verne classic, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea a The exhibition will feature 231 attractions.
Film screenings
For the first time in SCRF’s history, visitors will enjoy opportunity 19 film screenings. Every day, parents and their children will be able to pick from a selection of classic animation films in Arabic and English, such as ‘Toy Story’, ‘Alice in Wonderland’, ‘Beauty and the Beast’ and ‘Pinocchio’, and many more.
Activities and events
SCRF 2019 will see activities galore – 50 cultural events by 76 guests from 26 countries. The Children Activities agenda is bursting with variety with 1,806 of them being conducted by 59 guests from 21 countries. Also, on offer are live stage entertainment – theatre shows and plays – at the ballroom hall theatre in Arabic, English, Hindi and Urdu. The most sought after of these shows are ‘Al Qatawa’ theatrical performance, ‘Tomorrow’ adventure play, ‘Underwater’ stage show, ‘Cosmic Explorers’ show, ‘Augmented Magic’ show, ‘Chaca Chhakkan in Action’ play, and the ‘Big B’ play.
Kids Café
A ‘Kids Café’ will bring talented children together who have attained remarkable achievements in literature, science or media. Meet and greets with Arab chess champion Sultan Al Zaabi; the youngest Arab journalist Durar Al Muraqeb, the novelist Anfal, the writer Dhaher Al Muhairi, the writer and playwright Taif Al Dhafiri, the Pakistani TV anchor, public speaker and singer Tawasul Shah, and software developer Aadithyan Rajesh, will be organised.
The Festival is supported by a host of sponsors and partners including Etisalat (official sponsor), Sharjah Broadcasting Authority (official media partner), Abu Dhabi Media (media partner) Sharjah Expo Centre (strategic partner). | https://gulfnews.com/uae/sharjah-childrens-reading-festival-to-feature-participants-from-56-countries-1.62964906 |
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Database systems may store a set of tabular data having rows and columns in a variety of ways. A database system may store data in volatile and non-volatile memory, in a file located in conventional file storage local to the database system, in a file located in conventional file storage attached to one or more storage systems located on a network, or the like. A database system may typically add or remove data to a set of data and therefore the set of data may shrink or grow over time.
However, as a set of data grows, the set of data may grow too large and may exceed the storage capabilities of the location where it is stored. For example, a data set may be stored as a file on a hard disk drive. If the data set grows larger than the capacity of the hard disk drive, the data set may either be moved as a whole to a hard disk drive with larger capacity or may be divided into one or more pieces and each piece may be moved to one of multiple physical storage locations.
Once a data set has been divided, the database system may implement fixed functionality to locate and retrieve the data stored in each of the multiple physical storage locations. For example, a database system may include two physical storage locations. The database system may choose to store data associated with the first row of the data set in the first physical storage location. The database system may further choose to store data associated with the second row of the data set in the second physical storage location. The database system may then choose to store data associated with the third row of the data set in the first physical storage location. Such a pattern may be repeated for each row of the dataset. The database system may then reverse such fixed functionality to locate and retrieve the data. For example, the database system may retrieve the data associated with the second row of the dataset by accessing the data stored on the second physical location.
If either the first or second physical storage location should also become filled to capacity, an additional physical storage location may be added to the database system. However, because the database system may utilize the fixed functionality to divide as well as retrieve data, all of the data stored on the first and second physical storage location may be required to be reshuffled to accommodate the addition of the third physical storage location.
For example, the database system may now choose to store data associated with the first row in the first physical storage location. The database system may further choose to store data associated with the second row in the second physical storage location. The database system may then choose to store data associated with the third row in the third physical storage location. Note that the data associated with the third row was previously stored in the first physical storage location. However, to adhere to fixed functionality that may be employed by the database system, the data associated with the third row may be required to be reshuffled to the third physical storage location.
Alternatively, if the database system does not employ fixed functionality to divide and store the dataset, the division and lookup functions may be required to change each time a new physical location is added to or removed from the database system. For example, the database system may include a non-fixed function that selects a physical location for a row in the dataset by performing a mathematical function based on the row number and the number of physical storage locations. Because the both the location of each row of data and the mathematical function determining the location of each row is based on the number of physical storage locations, both the mathematical function and the location of each row must be recalculated and reshuffled each time a physical storage location is added to or removed from the database system.
A system that implements a method that allows data to be easily moved from one physical storage location to another without requiring a reshuffling of all data on all physical storage locations each time a physical storage location is either added or removed may be useful.
The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding to the reader. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure and it does not identify key/critical elements of the invention or delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed herein in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The present example provides mechanisms and techniques for dynamic fragment mapping. A database object, such as a table, a rowset, index, or a partition of a table or index, may be divided into data fragments or may exist as a data fragment. A rowset may be considered to be a set of one or more rows in a database table or may be entries in an index. The terms row and record may be considered substantially identical. Therefore, a rowset may also be equivalent to a recordset.
A maximum number of possible data fragments may be chosen. As a dataset is divided into fragments, each piece of the dataset may be assigned a virtual identifier. A physical location that may contain a set of rows may be known as an actual fragment. An array may be created with each element including an identifier token that may be dereferenced to discover a physical location of an actual fragment. Such an array may act as a map for the purpose of discovering the physical location of an actual fragment from the virtual identifier. A mapping function that correlates the virtual identifier to a map index value may be called to discover the value of the element at the associated map index value. Each piece of the dataset may then be physically stored at the location referenced by the map index value.
Multiple elements in the map may refer to the same physical location. A new physical location may be added by changing the value at one of the multiple map index elements that point to a pre-existing physical location. The pieces of data that were previously associated with the map element may then be moved from the old physical location to the new physical location. Correspondingly, an existing physical location may be deleted by changing the value at a map index element to another pre-existing location and by moving the data from the location to be deleted to the said pre-existing location.
The set of elements comprising the actual fragment map may be expanded or contracted as necessary. For example, a circumstance may arise in which the map may no longer have enough storage for new physical locations. The number of map elements may then be increased by a chosen factor. As the mapping function may correlate a virtual identifier to map index values, a number of virtual identifier values may now correlate to a new map index value. The value of the map element at new index may be changed to reference a new physical location. All pieces of data associated with the new map index value may be moved to the new physical location.
In another example, a circumstance may arise in which a physical location stores too few rows. The number of map index elements may be reduced. As the mapping function correlates virtual identifiers to map index values, a number of virtual identifiers may now correlate to a new map index value. The value of the map index element may be changed to reference an existing physical location. All pieces of data associated with the new map index value may be moved to the existing physical location.
In an alternative example, the physical data associated with a virtual identifier may have grown too large for a physical location. Such a condition may be known as data skew. In such a data skew condition, it may not be possible to add a new physical location and assign a new physical address to the virtual identifier as doing so may move all information from the old physical location to the new location, instead of splitting the information into two parts. In such a data skew condition, a flag may be added to the map index entry and the data associated with the map index value may be distributed to all physical locations. Such a data skew flag may indicate that a lookup function may inspect all physical locations to discover the location of the data.
In order to find the physical location of a fragment, the virtual identifier is passed to the mapping function. The mapping function may then return the map index value. The element at the map index value may include an identifier referencing the physical location at which the fragment is stored. The identifier may then be dereferenced to discover the physical location and the fragment may be retrieved.
Many of the attendant features will be more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.
Like reference numerals are used to designate like parts in the accompanying drawings.
The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the present examples and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present example may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the example and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the example. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples.
Although the present examples are described and illustrated herein as being implemented in a dynamic fragment mapping system, the system described is provided as an example and not a limitation. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the present examples are suitable for application in a variety of different types of dynamic fragment mapping systems.
FIG. 1
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is a block diagram showing a conventional data lookup system including a conventional dataset , a conventional storage and lookup component , conventional physical storage , conventional physical storage , and conventional physical storage .
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The conventional data lookup system may be any type of typical database system including a standalone database system such as Microsoft® SQL Server™, a database system incorporated into a managed or interpreted language system such as Microsoft® .Net, Sun Microsystems Java, or the like. The conventional dataset may be coupled to the conventional storage and lookup component . The conventional storage and lookup component may be coupled to conventional physical storage , conventional physical storage , and conventional physical storage . Each of conventional physical storage , conventional physical storage , or conventional physical storage may be a typical form of computer storage such as volatile or non-volatile physical memory, a computer hard disk drive, or the like.
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The conventional dataset may be any type of data stored in a tabular structure. For example, the conventional dataset may be a conventional database table having conventional rows and conventional columns, extensible markup language (XML), or the like. The conventional storage and lookup component may be a typically constructed software component capable of executing on the conventional data lookup system . The conventional storage and lookup component may implement a conventional storage function. Such a conventional storage function may provide functionality to store one or more rows of the conventional dataset in one of conventional physical storage , conventional physical storage , or conventional physical storage . Such a conventional storage function may further implement fixed functionality to determine which of conventional physical storage , conventional physical storage , or conventional physical storage a row may be stored in.
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The conventional storage and lookup component may further implement a conventional fixed lookup function. Such a conventional fixed lookup function may provide functionality to discover the location of the one or more rows of the conventional dataset stored in conventional physical storage , conventional physical storage , or conventional physical storage . Such a conventional fixed lookup function may further make use of the fixed functionality used by the conventional storage function to discover the location of one or more rows of the conventional dataset .
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For example, the conventional storage function may utilize the count of physical storage units to determine where to store the one or more rows of the conventional dataset . In one example, the conventional storage and lookup component may initially be coupled to conventional physical storage and conventional physical storage . The conventional storage function may store odd-numbered rows in conventional physical storage and even-numbered rows in conventional physical storage . The conventional lookup function may therefore locate the data associated with an odd-numbered row in conventional physical storage and data associated with an even-numbered row in conventional physical storage .
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Continuing the example, the conventional storage and lookup component may then add conventional physical storage in response to either of conventional physical storage or conventional physical storage becoming filled to capacity. However, the conventional storage and lookup component may not simply migrate rows stored at conventional physical storage or conventional physical storage to conventional physical storage . As discussed previously, the conventional lookup function may expect to find odd-numbered rows in conventional physical storage and even-numbered rows in conventional physical storage . Therefore, the conventional lookup function may extend the fixed functionality such that a first row of the conventional dataset may be stored in conventional physical storage , a second row may be stored in conventional physical storage , a third row may be stored in conventional physical storage , a fourth row may be stored in conventional physical storage , and so on, repeating such a pattern.
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As can be seen from the above example, the addition of conventional physical storage may require a complete reshuffling of the data that was previously stored on conventional physical storage and conventional physical storage . Alternatively, conventional storage and lookup component may be replaced with an alternative conventional storage and lookup component including a new conventional storage method and new conventional lookup method. Such a new conventional storage method and new conventional lookup method may include functionality to store and retrieve data from each of conventional physical storage , conventional physical storage , or conventional physical storage . However, if an additional conventional physical storage location should be introduced, an additional new conventional storage and lookup component may also be required to replace the previous conventional storage and lookup component.
A system that implements a method that allows data to be easily moved from one physical storage location to another without requiring a reshuffling of all data on all physical storage locations each time a physical storage location is either added or removed may be useful.
FIG. 2
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is a block diagram showing a dynamic fragment system including an example lookup component including an example method for creating a fragment map , an example method for splitting an actual fragment , an example method for merging an actual fragment , and an example method for looking up the location of a fragment .
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The dynamic fragment system may be any type of typical database system including a standalone database system such as Microsoft® SQL Server™, a database system incorporated into a managed or interpreted language system such as Microsoft® .Net or Sun Microsystems Java, or the like. However, the dynamic fragment system may be used in any type of computer system to provide the functionality described herein. Those skilled in the art will realize that the dynamic fragment system includes functionality which may be used in a broad range of applications where a first identifier may be mapped to a second identifier. A fragment may also be known as a subset of a dataset.
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The dataset may be coupled to the storage and lookup component . The storage and lookup component may be coupled to physical storage location , physical storage location , and physical storage location . The dataset may be any type of data stored in a tabular structure. For example, the dataset may be a conventional database table having conventional rows and conventional columns. A conventional column of the dataset may be designated to include a unique identifier or unique key.
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The storage and lookup component may be a typically constructed software component capable of executing on the dynamic fragment system . Each of physical storage location , physical storage location , or physical storage location may be a typical form of computer storage such as volatile or non-volatile physical memory, a computer hard disk drive, or the like.
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The storage and lookup component may further implement an example method for creating a fragment map , an example method for splitting an actual fragment , an example method for merging an actual fragment , an example method for looking up the location of a fragment , and the like. The method for creating a fragment map will be discussed more fully in the description of . The method for splitting an actual fragment will be discussed more fully in the description of . The method for merging an actual fragment will be discussed more fully in the description of . The method for looking up the location of a fragment will be discussed more fully in the description of .
FIG. 3
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is a block diagram showing a fragment mapping data structure . fragment mapping data structure The fragment mapping data structure fragment mapping data structure may be a typical computer data structure in the form of an array, a list, a collection, or any other grouping of homogenous elements of a specific data type.
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The fragment mapping data structure may be comprised of a map which may include a set of elements indexed by number which is also the logical fragment id. The map may further be comprised of an actual fragment map and a virtual actual fragment map . The actual fragment map may be comprised of any number of elements of the map . Further, each element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier, a token, or the like, which may reference an actual fragment such as a first actual fragment and/or a second actual fragment . In an alternative example, each element of the actual fragment map may reference an index into another similar fragment map structure.
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As discussed previously, each element in the map may be indexed by number, as represented in by the numbers through n+1. Further, elements in the map included in the virtual actual fragment map may have an index value that, when passed through a function, such a function may return an index value falling within the actual fragment map . In this manner, index values of elements in virtual actual fragment map are “mapped” using the function to corresponding elements in the actual fragment map . Such a function will be described more fully in the description of , , , and .
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Further, as the elements in the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to an actual fragment , a second actual fragment , or the like, the elements in virtual actual fragment map thereby “point” to one of actual fragment or second actual fragment . Such a relationship is illustrated by the inclusion of index values 0, 2, 4, 6 through n in actual fragment and index values 1, 3, 5, 7, and n+1 in second actual fragment .
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In one embodiment, the fragment mapping data structure actual fragment map may be used to map rows in a dataset to physical storage locations. In an alternative embodiment, the actual fragment map fragment mapping data structure may be used to map any indexed data to any corresponding fragment type. In another alternative embodiment, the actual fragment map may be used to map virtual identifiers to actual identifiers in another fragment map structure. An example method for creating an example embodiment of a fragment map structure may now be discussed.
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is a flow diagram showing an example method for creating a fragment map .
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Block may refer to operation in which an initial number of fragments may be determined. Any method may be used to determine an initial number of fragments. In one embodiment, the initial number of fragments may be determined to be a power of 2. In an alternative example, the initial number of fragments may be determined to be a factor of the size of the actual fragment map. In another alternative example, the initial number of fragments may be related to the size of a dataset represented by the initial number of fragments.
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Block may refer to an operation in which the size of an actual fragment map may be determined. An actual fragment map may include an identifier, token, or the like representing a physical storage location of an actual fragment, physical fragment, virtual fragment, or the like. Such a determination may be performed using any method. In one embodiment, the size of the actual fragment map is determined based on the size of the initial number of fragments determined at block . If the determination does not result in an actual map size that is a power of two, the next closest power of two may be selected.
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Block may refer to an operation in which an array having index values and elements may be created. An array may be created that is the size of the actual fragment map determined at block . In an alternative embodiment, an array may be created that may be equivalent to the size of the initial fragment map created at block and the size of the actual fragment map created at block combined. In an alternative embodiment, an array either greater or lesser in size than the combination of the size of the initial fragment map created at block and the size of the actual fragment map created at block may be created and dynamically adjusted to another size.
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Block may refer to an operation in which the elements of the actual fragment map as determined in block may be populated with values. Values may be chosen using any method and such values may be identifiers, tokens, or the like. In one embodiment, these values are reference to physical locations of actual fragments. Such values may be inserted into the actual fragment map using any method.
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is a flow diagram showing an example method for splitting an actual fragment . A fragment map may be an array such as that discussed in .
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Block may refer to an operation in which a fragment that has grown too large is identified. Such identification may take the form of querying the fragment and making a further determination that the fragment may be full to capacity or larger than the desired size and may not store any additional information. For the purposes of demonstration, LARGE_AF may refer to the fragment which has grown too large.
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Block may refer to decision in which it is determined if LARGE_AF is referenced more than one times in the actual fragment map. In response to a negative determination, flow continues to block . In response to a positive determination, flow continues to block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which the size of the actual fragment map is doubled. However, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the actual fragment map may be increased in size by any appropriate factor. Subsequent to doubling the size of the actual fragment map, the values of the elements in the original actual fragment map are copied to the newly created elements of the actual fragment map.
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Block may refer to an operation in which a new actual fragment is created. Such an actual fragment may be “empty”, may not contain any information, or the like. Such a new actual fragment may be referred to by NEW AF for the purposes of discussion.
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Block may refer to an operation in which a new identifier is selected or created for the actual fragment created in block . Such an identifier may be a numeral, a token, any value, or the like. Such a new identifier may be referred to by NEW AF ID for the purposes of discussion.
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Block may refer to an operation in which one of the entries in the actual fragment map that was once populated with the identifier LARGE_AF may be changed to the NEW AF ID selected or created at block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which data rows associated with IDs in the virtual actual fragment map of the array which now point to the NEW AF ID may be moved from the LARGE_AF fragment to the NEW AF. Such a moving of information may be accomplished using any means. For example, the information may be copied from one physical storage device to another, may be copied over a network, may be copied from one area of physical memory to another area of physical memory, or the like.
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The following figure may utilize a series of diagrams to illustrate the method of .
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is a block diagram showing state transitions in an example fragment map and example physical locations during actual fragment splitting .
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Block A may refer to a state in which the actual fragment map includes two elements. A first element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a first actual fragment . A second element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a second actual fragment . In Block A , the second actual fragment may have become filled to capacity. Note that the information included in first actual fragment may be mapped to the first element of actual fragment map using a mapping function as discussed earlier. Further, information included in the second actual fragment may also be mapped to the second element of the actual fragment map using a mapping function also as discussed earlier. Such a mapping may be represented by the arrows in Block A .
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Block B may refer to a state in which the actual fragment map has been doubled in size to create the expanded actual fragment map . The identifiers included in the first and second elements of actual fragment map may have been copied into the newly created elements of expanded actual fragment map . As can be seen in Block B , the first and third elements of the expanded actual fragment map may correspond to the first actual fragment . Further, the second and fourth elements of the expanded actual fragment map may correspond to the second actual fragment .
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Note that the mapping function that may map elements of a virtual actual fragment associated with the expanded actual fragment map to the first actual fragment and the second and fourth elements of the expanded actual fragment map to the second actual fragment may be a modulus function. For example, the modulus function may return the remainder after dividing the size of the expanded actual fragment map by the index number of an element within the expanded actual fragment map or any other portion of elements beyond the index values of expanded actual fragment map such as a virtual actual fragment map. However, any type of hashing or mapping function which produces such behavior may be used.
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Block C may refer to a state in which a third actual fragment may have been added. The fourth entry in the expanded actual fragment map may have been modified to create the final expanded actual fragment map . The fourth element of the final expanded actual fragment map may now correspond to the third actual fragment . That is, because the mapping function discussed earlier may map elements in the virtual actual fragment map to either of the second or fourth elements in the final expanded actual fragment map , the elements in the virtual actual fragment map that may have corresponded to the second entry may now correspond to the fourth entry. Thereby, these elements may now correspond to the new fragment, the third actual fragment . Finally, any information stored on the second actual fragment that now maps to the fourth element in final expanded actual fragment map is moved to third actual fragment .
FIG. 7
700
is a flow diagram showing an example method for merging an actual fragment .
710
Block may refer to an operation in which an actual fragment is identified as a candidate to be merged. Such identification may take the form of querying the actual fragment and making a further determination that the fragment may have a large amount of free or empty storage space. Such a candidate actual fragment may be referred to as AF_M for the purposes of discussion. AF_M ID may refer to the identifier associated with the identified fragment.
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Block may refer to a determination in which the actual fragment map is queried to determine if the actual fragment map includes a potential merge partner for the candidate actual fragment AF_M. In one embodiment, elements in the actual fragment map having similar factors like free storage space are queried to determine if one of the actual fragments is a potential merge partner for the candidate actual fragment AF_M. However, any element within the actual fragment map may be a potential merge partner for the candidate actual fragment AF_M. In response to a negative determination, flow continues to block . In response to a positive determination, the potential merge partner actual fragment becomes the merge partner actual fragment and flow continues to block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which any information stored on the actual fragment AF_M is moved to the merge partner actual fragment that may have been identified at block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which the map entry in the actual fragment map that formerly included a reference to the candidate actual fragment AF_M is modified to include a reference to the identifier of the merge partner actual fragment that may have been identified at block .
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Block may refer to a determination in which is determined if the actual fragment map may be collapsed, or reduced in size. In one embodiment, the actual fragment map is inspected and if the elements of the actual fragment map include identifiers forming a regular pattern, the actual fragment map may be collapsed by a factor related to the number of times the pattern may repeat. For example, the actual fragment map may include four elements, with the first and third elements including a first identifier and the second and fourth elements including a second identifier. The actual fragment map may be collapsed because the identifiers follow a repeated pattern of first identifier, second identifier. In response to a negative determination, flow continues to block . In response to a positive determination, flow continues to block .
770
Block may refer to an operation in which the method may be terminated.
760
FIG. 7
Block may refer an operation in which the actual fragment map is collapsed. Such collapsing may be performed using any method. In one embodiment, the actual fragment map may be collapsed by reducing the number of elements included in the actual fragment map. The following figure may utilize a series of diagrams to illustrate the method of .
FIG. 8
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is a block diagram showing state transitions in an example fragment map and example physical locations during actual fragment merging .
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Block A may refer to a state in which the actual fragment map includes four elements. A first element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a first actual fragment . A second element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a second actual fragment . A third element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to the first actual fragment . Finally, a fourth element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a third actual fragment .
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In Block A , the third actual fragment may store less than a certain minimum amount of data. Note that the information included in third actual fragment may be referenced by the fourth element of actual fragment map . Such references may be represented by the arrows in Block A . Elements in an associated virtual actual fragment map are not shown, but such elements in a virtual actual fragment map may be associated with one of the elements in actual fragment map using a mapping function as described earlier. Such a mapping function may be a modulus function utilizing the size of the actual fragment map to determine a remainder.
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Block B may refer to state in which the fourth element of the modified actual fragment map has been changed to include an identifier corresponding to second actual fragment . In addition, the information stored on third actual fragment may be moved to second actual fragment .
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Block C may refer to a state in which the modified actual fragment map of Block B may be collapsed to produce the collapsed actual fragment map . Note that elements in an associated virtual actual fragment map may have been previously mapped to the third and fourth elements of the actual fragment map using a mapping function. Because such a mapping function may be a modulus function utilizing the size of the collapsed actual fragment map , elements in an associated virtual actual fragment map may now map to either the fist or second element of collapsed actual fragment map .
FIG. 9
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is a flow diagram showing an example method for looking up the location of a fragment .
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Block may refer to an operation in which a hashing function may used to map a row in a data set to an element that may be included in a virtual actual fragment map. In one embodiment, the hashing function may take a column value of a row in the data set as a parameter and return an element index value of a virtual actual fragment map. However, any hash function that may map a piece of information to an index in the virtual actual fragment map may be used.
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Block may refer to an operation in which a wrapping, or mapping, function may be used to discover the corresponding element in the actual fragment map to which the element index determined at block may be mapped. In one embodiment, the wrapping function may be a modulus function that may return the actual fragment map index by dividing the element index determined at block by the size of the actual fragment map and returning the remainder. However, any wrapping function that maps an element index in the virtual actual fragment map to an element index in the actual fragment map may be used.
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Block may refer to an operation in which the element index in the actual fragment map determined at block is located.
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Block may refer to an operation in which an identifier that may be stored at the element index in the actual fragment map that may have been located at block is read. Such a reading operation may be performed using any typical array data reading operation.
FIG. 10
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is a flow diagram showing an example method for splitting an actual fragment and for marking a fragment as having data skew in a fragment map .
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Block may refer to an operation in which a fragment that has grown too large is identified. Such identification may take the form of querying the fragment and making a further determination that the fragment may be full to capacity or larger than the desired size and may not store any additional information. LARGE_AF may refer to the fragment that has grown too large for the purposes of discussion.
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FIG. 5
FIG. 5
Block may refer to a decision to determine whether the fragment identified at block is in a condition of data skew. Data skew may refer to a condition in which a number of rows of data exceeding a predetermined threshold may map to a single fragment. Furthermore, the fragment map may be in such a condition that the fragment may no longer be split as described in the discussion of . In response to a negative determination, flow continues on to block of . In response to a positive determination, flow continues on to block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which the element index to which the fragment identified at block may have had a data skew flag added to designate that the fragment is in a condition of data skew. Such a flag may be any type of data or information. For example, the data skew flag may be an additional portion of data stored with any information already stored at the actual fragment LARGE_AF identified at block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which the information or data that was previously stored on the fragment identified at block LARGE_AF is distributed to all other fragments. Such a distribution may be performed using any method. For example, the information or data stored on LARGE_AF may be copied to local physical storage represented by all other fragments, may be copied over a network connection to other physical storage represented by all other fragments, or the like.
FIG. 11
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is a block diagram showing state transitions in an example fragment map and example physical locations during actual fragment splitting including data skew .
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Block A may refer to a state in which the actual fragment map includes four elements. A first element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a first actual fragment . A second element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a second actual fragment . A third element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to the actual fragment . Finally, a fourth element of the actual fragment map may include an identifier corresponding to a third actual fragment . In Block A , the third actual fragment may be in a condition of data skew.
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Block B may refer to a state in which the fourth element of the actual fragment map may include a data skew flag represented by the small letter ‘x’ in the figure. The presence of the data skew flag may indicate that the fourth element of the actual fragment map may now maps to all of actual fragment , second actual fragment , and third actual fragment . Furthermore, the information previously stored on the third actual fragment may now have been moved to each of actual fragment and second actual fragment .
FIG. 12
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is a flow diagram showing an example method for looking up an identifier of a physical location of a fragment with data skew using a fragment identifier .
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FIG. 9
Block may refer to the example method for looking up an identifier of a physical location of a fragment using a fragment identifier described in .
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Block may refer to a determination as to whether the fragment looked up at block maps to an element of the fragment map that includes a data skew flag. Such a determination may take any form. For example, the element corresponding to the fragment may be read and the information returned may be queried to determine if the information includes a data skew flag. In response to a negative determination, flow continues to block . In response to a positive determination, flow continues to block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which information is read from the fragment identified at block .
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Block may refer to an operation in which information is read from each fragment in the fragment map.
FIG. 13
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shows an example computer device for implementing the described systems and methods. In its most basic configuration, computing device typically includes at least one central processing unit (CPU) and memory .
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Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, memory may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or some combination of the two. Additionally, computing device may also have additional features/functionality. For example, computing device may include multiple CPU's. The described methods may be executed in any manner by any processing unit in computing device . For example, the described process may be executed by multiple CPU's in parallel.
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FIG. 13
Computing device may also include additional storage (removable and/or non-removable) including, but not limited to, magnetic or optical disks or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in by storage . Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Memory and storage are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computing device . Any such computer storage media may be part of computing device .
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Computing device may also contain communications device(s) that allow the device to communicate with other devices. Communications device(s) is an example of communication media. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. The term computer-readable media or device-readable media as used herein includes both computer storage media and communication media. The described methods may be encoded in any computer-readable media in any form, such as data, computer-executable instructions, and the like.
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Computing device may also have input device(s) such as keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc. Output device(s) such as a display, speakers, printer, etc. may also be included. All these devices are well known in the art and need not be discussed at length.
Those skilled in the art will realize that storage devices utilized to store program instructions can be distributed across a network. For example a remote computer may store an example of the process described as software. A local or terminal computer may access the remote computer and download a part or all of the software to run the program. Alternatively the local computer may download pieces of the software as needed, or distributively process by executing some software instructions at the local terminal and some at the remote computer (or computer network). Those skilled in the art will also realize that by utilizing conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art that all, or a portion of the software instructions may be carried out by a dedicated circuit, such as a DSP, programmable logic array, or the like.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description read in light of the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1
is a block diagram showing a conventional data storage and lookup system.
FIG. 2
is a block diagram showing a dynamic fragment system including an example method for creating a fragment map, an example method for splitting an actual fragment, an example method for merging an actual fragment, and an example method for looking up the location of a fragment.
FIG. 3
is a block diagram showing a fragment mapping data structure.
FIG. 4
is a flow diagram showing an example method for creating a fragment map.
FIG. 5
is a flow diagram showing an example method for splitting an actual fragment.
FIG. 6
is a block diagram showing state transitions in an example fragment map and example physical locations during actual fragment splitting.
FIG. 7
is a flow diagram showing an example method for merging an actual fragment.
FIG. 8
is a block diagram showing state transitions in an example fragment map and example physical locations during actual fragment merging.
FIG. 9
is a flow diagram showing an example method for looking up an identifier of a physical location of a fragment using a fragment identifier.
FIG. 10
is a flow diagram showing an example method for splitting an actual fragment and for marking a fragment as having data skew in a fragment map.
FIG. 11
is a block diagram showing state transitions in an example fragment map and example physical locations during actual fragment splitting including data skew.
FIG. 12
is a flow diagram showing an example method for looking up an identifier of a physical location of a fragment with data skew using a fragment identifier.
FIG. 13
shows an example computer device for implementing the described systems and methods. | |
My mother always said that what she regretted most about getting older was how one’s inner circle gets so much smaller. I certainly can relate to that sentiment these days.
So, recently, when I spoke to my friend Wendy Myers on a recent podcast, and she asked how I was doing, I told her “Truthfully, I have been unusually sad. I have lost so many friends and associates this year, and they are just like family.”
She told me something very interesting. When people are suffering any kind of emotional trauma, whether it be sadness, anger, disappointment, bitterness, resentment, fear, or any emotion that impacts their lives, they probably need an emotional detox or a clearing of energy fields.
She is putting together such a cleanse called Emotional Detox Program and it’s characterized by the use of sound to clear the energy fields that negatively affect us.
What sets her Emotional Detox Program apart from other types of detoxes or self-help programs is that she addresses your emotional needs on a physical, psychological, and energetic level. While most detox programs address the physical aspect, and most self-help programs go right to your psychology, Wendy adds in the energetics because, truly, this is where we hold many of our unprocessed emotional experiences.
In the program, she shares one of the most powerful ways to clear your energy — sound therapy. Understanding the basics of how sound therapy works is actually quite simple; your energy field is made up of vibrations, and when you’re holding onto unprocessed emotions in your field, it shifts your energy to a lower vibration. By introducing high-vibrational frequencies through sound, your field becomes attuned to a higher state of coherence, and your unprocessed emotions can move up and out with effortless effort.
Your Energy Field: Where Your Trauma Lives.
While it’s well understood that traumas can have an impact on your brain and nervous system, when scientists search for the root of traumas, there’s no physical attribute that presents itself. In other words, you don’t “physically” store trauma.
However, traumas are stored within you, or they wouldn’t be able to impact you for years. So, where are your traumas stored?
The answer is your energy field.
Your energy field, also called your biofield, emanates from your body and holds the blueprint for your physical form. It is within this field of energy that traumas can be stored and be activated in the presence of a trigger.
Some neuroscientists, such as Dr. Karl Pribram, believe that these energetic frequencies result from the cumulative electrical wave patterns that come from neurons firing together.
While most conventional methods for healing trauma focus on talk therapy and medications, the understanding of the energetic roots of trauma means that we must incorporate energy healing.
Emotional Detox for Releasing Old Traumas
To truly heal and move beyond trauma, you must take a more objective view and allow yourself to see who you really are. When you see yourself from this perspective, it’s easy to see that healing from trauma is your birthright; it’s what your mind, body, and energy are programmed to do.
Please join me for Wendy’s Emotional Detox Program to learn where your trauma lives and how you can release emotional traumas and be free of their burdens permanently. | https://annlouise.com/articles/detoxing-from-emotional-trauma-with-dr-wendy-myers/ |
There's a lot of talk about "summer brain drain” in kids when they have no classes for almost three months over summer break. This year, kids are facing an even more extended period away from school because of coronavirus. Some may have online activities assigned by teachers, but others do not, especially rural schools where broadband internet access isn't available to all students.
“While some children are able to maintain school learning during the summer, others can take weeks or even months to recover from summer learning loss when they go back to school in the fall,” says Iowa State University Extension family life specialist Donna Donald. This year will likely take even longer. Math, language, and spelling skills are most affected, Donald says.
Here are some fun ways to keep kids mentally sharp during this time away from school.
Keep reading
Most public libraries offer e-books and audiobooks, and many are holding online reading programs for kids and book clubs for grown-ups right now. Other libraries are letting patrons call in orders and pick books up at the curb once a week.
Start a reading log where everyone in the family can track books they’re reading. Pick a book and read together as a family. I recommend the Little House series by Laura Ingalls Wilder. In addition to just being great books, they offer reminders to kids about how easy our lives really are today, even with inconveniences we’re dealing with because of coronavirus. Remember how excited Laura was to get her own cup so she didn’t have to share with Mary anymore? That kind of gratitude is a good lesson for kids and adults alike.
Several celebrities are reading stories online for young kids who are at home during the coronavirus pandemic. Dolly Parton is reading bedtime stories to kids once a week on her YouTube channel, and past sessions are also available. Storyline Online, a children’s literacy website from the Screen Actors Guild and American Federation of Television and Radio Artists Foundation, features dozens of videos of celebrities like Betty White, Kevin Costner, Melissa Gilbert, James Earl Jones, and many others reading children’s books.
The celebrities kids might want to hear from most are their grandparents, though, especially if they can’t visit because of social distancing. Set up a video conference or phone call so grandparents can read a favorite story or listen to their grandkids read.
Ag activities
A group of ag teachers from throughout Iowa has compiled a list of online resources and educational activities related to agriculture. Alex Rogers, the agriculture instructor and FFA advisor for Southeast Warren Schools in Liberty Center, Iowa, shared the list with his students. “In my opinion, the best way for a student to learn is by being hands-on,” he says.
- Read the list: Ag students can learn online
Math practice adds up
Let kids help you compare grocery prices, calculate gas mileage, or follow a recipe. Ask them to find the average number of eggs collected per chicken each week, or the amount of water each cow drinks every day. Play a board game that requires counting money. These types of tasks will encourage kids to use their math skills without even realizing it.
Science in action
Talk to your kids about how science is important on the farm, whether it’s figuring out the nutritional needs of livestock or making decisions about applying chemicals. Let them help plant the garden, or give each child an individual garden plot to grow their favorite foods.
- Read more: 9 kids' garden projects
Get creative
Ask kids to write a story about something that interests them or journal about their experience during this unusual time. They can work together to turn their idea into a movie. Host a family premiere night with popcorn. Keep craft supplies handy and encourage kids to create works of art. Take a virtual tour of an art museum. Keep practicing those instruments that came home on the last day of school. Remember that the arts are a source of comfort for people in times of stress.
Teach life skills
Not all important lessons are learned in the classroom. Take advantage of kids’ extra time at home (especially high schoolers) and teach them things they’ll need to know in the real world, like how to check the fuse box and change a fuse, balance a checkbook and create a budget, do laundry, and create a meal with only what’s available in the pantry and freezer. You might also consider letting them sit in on farm business meetings. Let them hear your conversation about planting decisions and share their thoughts.
Stay active
For most farm kids, getting in the recommended one hour of physical activity each day isn’t a problem. If you have a child who needs help in this department, Donald suggests, “Walk, run, and play with your child. Make physical activity fun. Encourage them to try different activities and games. Let them help plan family activities.” Make the most out of things that need to be done like taking the whole family along to walk fence. Remind your kids (and yourself) how lucky you are to have such a big space to move around in without compromising social distancing guidelines, when those in cities are not so fortunate. Talk about the things you see around the farm, share stories from your own childhood, and enjoy the fresh air together. | https://www.agriculture.com/family/education/keep-kids-minds-engaged-while-schools-out |
Jim Carrabine has conducted over 1000 mediations as a private mediator hired by various plaintiffs’ attorneys/defense attorneys/insurance companies throughout the State of Ohio over the past two decades or so. He takes great pride in diligently working toward achieving a compromised settlement desired by the parties to the mediation and has achieved a success rate of settling approximately 90% of the cases he has mediated. Jim believes his background as an experienced personal injury/wrongful death litigator and trial lawyer on both sides of the personal injury fence uniquely qualifies him as a mediator in personal injury/wrongful death cases.
Jim is a full time, practicing lawyer who has personally handled over 3,000 personal injuries/wrongful death cases as a plaintiff’s lawyer and defense lawyer since entering the practice of law in 1984. Jim has extensive trial experience having served as lead counsel representing both injured Plaintiffs and Defendants in various types of personal injury trials throughout courtrooms in Northeast Ohio since 1984. Since becoming a lawyer in 1984, Jim has practiced exclusively in the personal injury arena. The unusual aspect of his practice is that he has always represented both injured victims and Defendants in various types of personal injury actions. His areas of private practice include personal injuries and deaths arising from all types of motor vehicle accidents, medical malpractice, product liability, premises liability, workplace injuries, dog bites, intentional torts, and virtually all other types of injury claims. In addition to representing all types of injured victims, Jim has served as insurance defense counsel for State Farm Insurance Company since 1984 and prior to that, worked as a claims representative for State Farm from 1978 to 1984, investigating, evaluating, and negotiating personal injury settlements.
Throughout the years, Jim has been hired by parties to conduct private mediations for personal injuries and wrongful death claims arising out of virtually every type of tort action including but not limited to motor vehicle collisions, medical malpractice claims, product liability claims, premises liability claims, workplace accidents, intentional torts, dog bites, and numerous other types of personal injury/wrongful death actions. Although Jim is primarily hired to mediate cases involving personal injury and wrongful death claims, he has also successfully mediated non-personal injury cases involving other civil disputes. See attached mediation reference list for a list of attorneys and insurance representatives who have hired Jim in the past to conduct mediations.
The Mediation Process
The purpose of mediation is to bring the parties and their attorneys together in an effort to accomplish a compromised settlement of a particular dispute so as to avoid the rigors of litigation. As we all know, litigation is extremely time-consuming, expensive, and stressful for the parties and their attorneys. Perhaps the worst part of litigation is that it is completely unpredictable in terms of both its duration and its end result. As parties and attorneys, we never know when our litigation is going to be over with, how much it is going to cost us, and what the result of a jury trial will be. That is why smart lawyers and smart insurance representatives have decided that it is worthwhile to get off the litigation track for one day and hire a private mediator to see if he or she can assist the parties in their negotiations to accomplish a compromised settlement.
The role of the mediator is to provide a forum by which the parties and their attorneys can discuss all the facts and the issues of the case in an open forum, and then assist the parties and the attorneys in their negotiations during private caucuses. Everything that transpires at the mediation is subject to confidentiality. That means that whatever the parties and their attorneys and claims representatives say at the mediation will be h
eld strictly confidential by the mediator, and will never be repeated to the Judge or a jury or anyone else who is not participating in the mediation. Moreover, whatever information is shared with the mediator
Although it is essential to the mediation process to have a good mediator, the most important factor in a successful mediation is the attitude of the parties. In order for a mediation to be successful, the parties must come to the mediation with the idea that both sides must compromise in order to achieve a settlement. Compromise from both sides is a necessary ingredient to accomplishing any settlement. In its simplest form, compromise means a Defendant’s willingness to pay more than he or she wanted and a Plaintiff’s willingness to accept less than he or she wanted. If either side to the litigation comes to the mediation with the idea of victory, as opposed to compromise, the mediation will fail regardless of the mediator’s best efforts in private caucuses will not be relayed to that party’s opponent. Hopefully, the confidentiality of the private caucuses between each party and the mediator helps to eliminate or reduce the posturing which is oftentimes the phenomena that stalemates negotiations.
Qualities to look for in a good Mediator
Having attended probably more than 1,000 mediations as a mediator, a plaintiff’s lawyer and a defense lawyer, I can tell you that the job duties of the mediator at the mediation are extremely difficult and stressful. In order for the mediation to be successful, your mediator must have the following qualities:
- The first and foremost quality of a good mediator is to have a relentless work ethic. I have mediated countless cases which seemed hopeless at the beginning but were ultimately settled by the end of the day only by tireless but gentle pushing and prodding through a seemingly stalemated negotiation process.
- A good mediator must establish trustworthiness with the parties and the attorneys and the insurance representatives so that the parties can convey their settlement posture to the mediator without fear of revelation to the other side.
- A good mediator must be diplomatic, especially in very serious injury and death cases which involve very sad and sensitive issues.
- A good mediator must establish credibility with the parties and their attorneys. Credibility is established by exuding sincerity, honesty, and integrity, and by having the knowledge and experience in the subject matter that allows the parties and the attorneys to look upon the mediator with credence.
- A good mediator must be objective and impartial and unbiased. Having represented both Plaintiffs and Defendants in the personal injury arena enhances the mediator’s ability to be objective and impartial.
- A good mediator must be a good listener, and he or she must have the patience to allow both the parties and their attorneys and their claims representatives to present their case. Oftentimes, persons who have been victimized by injuries or deaths of a loved one have a great need to vent their frustration, and a good mediator must be patient in allowing that venting but at the same time, keeping it from sabotaging the mediation process.
- It helps greatly if your mediator is experienced both as a mediator and experienced as a lawyer in the subject matter of the particular litigation that is being mediated. There are numerous nuances that surface at mediation that simply cannot be handled by someone who is inexperienced either as a mediator or as a litigator.
- A good mediator must have the ability to control the proceedings. Mediations are often emotionally charged, especially in cases involving serious injuries and death claims. Also, the adversarial nature of our practice oftentimes leads to heated disagreements which must be controlled by the mediator in order to have a successful mediation.
- It is often times important for a good mediator to be persuasive in a diplomatic way. There are a multitude of ways of breaking through stone walls and stalemates which many times require the power of gentle persuasion.
- A good mediator should also have extensive experience negotiating his or her own cases as a plaintiff’s lawyer, a defense lawyer, or a claims representative. Although the mediator is not one of the parties who are actually doing the negotiations at the mediation, if he or she does not have experience as a good negotiator in his or her own cases, he or she will have a difficult time understanding the process and wading through the posturing which is characteristic of almost all negotiations. | https://www.jcjrlaw.com/mediation/ |
Neurology is a specialized medical practice that concentrates on the brain, central nervous system and related disorders. Neurologists in Dartmouth diagnose, treat and manage disorders related to the brain and central nervous system. Neurology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. A Neurologist in Dartmouth and elsewhere treats disorders such as:
• Cerebrovascular disease such as Stroke
• Brain infections and peripheral nervous system
• Parkinson’s disease
• Spinal cord disorders
• Speech and language disorders
Educational Requirements to become a Neurologist in U.S.
• Four years of pre medical education in a college or university
• Four years of medical school education which gives M.D or D.O degree (Doctor of medicine or Doctor of osteopathy)
• One year internship in internal medicine or surgery
• 3 years of specialty training in an accredited neurology residency program
A common misconception is that neurologists are ‘brain doctors’, but this is not true. A neurologist treats the central nervous system and associated disorders and injuries. Neurologists in Dartmouth also treat common problems such as seizures, headaches, insomnia and even certain types of depression.
In this article let us discuss, how Neurologists in Dartmouth and elsewhere treat Migraine. Migraines are neurological syndromes causing severe headaches. This is caused due to altered body perception resulting in pulsating pain, sensitivity to light, sound and nausea. Neurologists in Dartmouth can diagnose and treat migraines, with professional knowledge of neurological functions.
The symptoms of migraine are classified under four different phases, the first phase is known as the prodrome. This can occur few days before migraine and the symptoms include depression, irritability, drowsiness and muscle stiffness. The second phase called the aura occurs roughly an hour before the migraine begins. The symptoms include disturbance of vision resulting in numbness in the limbs and vertigo. The third phase is pain; the symptoms include nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and stiffness of the neck. The last phase is called the postdrome phase and the symptoms include cognitive difficulties and depression.
Causes of Migraine
The most common cause for migraine is changes in the hormone levels of a person. Other causes for migraine headaches include stress, consumption of certain foods and increase in visual and auditory simulation.
Treatment for Migraine
Neurologists in Dartmouth and elsewhere perform magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRI), computerized tomography screens and electroencephalograms to look for signs of neurological or vascular damage in the brain. Neurologists in Dartmouth may also perform hearing and vision tests to see if any permanent damage has occurred. A patient who experiences occasional migraines may be prescribed a high strength pain killer and muscle relaxer in hopes of preventing the impending migraine. People suffering from more than two or more episodes in a month are given daily medications called calcium channel blockers to reduce the frequency.
An individual who experiences chronic head pain should visit a neurologist for a thorough examination. The neurologist may take MRI scans to look for disorders and other conditions for further treatment. Neurologist in Dartmouth may prescribe medication to take during such attacks as a preventive care.
From routine and preventive care to complex disorders, the physicians at Prime Medical ( primemedllc.com/ ) have the advanced training and capabilities to improve your condition and quality of life. To understand the differences between neuroscience and neurobiology, visit quora.com
How does a Neurologist in Dartmouth Treat Migraine? | http://copytaste.com/b2769 |
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Philosophy
A Creative Philosophy of Anticipation: Futures in the Gaps of the Present (Routledge Research in Anticipation and Futures) free ebook download
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This edited collection highlights the valuable ontological and creative insights gathered from anticipation studies, which orients itself to the future in order to recreate the present. The gathered essays engage with many writers from speculative metaphysics to poetic philosophy, ancient writing systems to the fringes of pataphysics. The book situates itself as a creative intervention in and with various thinkers, designers, artists, scientists and poets to offer insight into ways of anticipating. It brings together philosophical practices for which creativity is both a fundamental area of consideration and a mode of working, a characterization of recent Continental Philosophy which takes a departure from traditional futures studies thinking. This book will be of interest to scholars and research in futures studies, anticipation, philosophy, creative practice and theories about creative practice, as well as the intersections between philosophy, creativity and business.
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China’s Missile Silos and the Sino-Indian Nuclear Competition
This summer, U.S. analysts using commercial satellite imagery discovered that China was significantly expanding its nuclear forces and building hundreds of new missile silos. With the new silos, China could potentially double the size of its arsenal of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The news sent shockwaves through Washington. The head of Strategic Command called the developments “breathtaking,” and the news is sure to embolden efforts to fund U.S. nuclear modernization efforts on Capitol Hill. While the United States has a much larger nuclear force than China — with 3,750 nuclear warheads in its nuclear weapons stockpile compared to China’s 350 warheads — it will still likely take a forceful response to China’s latest nuclear developments.
But how will India — China’s other nuclear armed adversary — react to Beijing’s new missile silos? India has a nuclear triad and is reported to have 150 nuclear warheads deployed on different air-, sea-, and land-based platforms. China, meanwhile, is estimated to have its nuclear weapons stockpile of 350 nuclear warheads deployed across different platforms. However, with the new missile silos and fears of an increase in Chinese nuclear warheads, the strategic asymmetry in the Sino-Indian nuclear relationship may become more stark.
Moreover, China and India continue to engage in hostilities in the Himalayas. In August 2021, over a hundred soldiers from the Chinese People’s Liberation Army crossed over to the Indian side of the border and damaged a bridge and other infrastructure before retreating. In June 2020, in the deadliest clash between the two countries in 45 years, more than 20 soldiers were killed in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh. This led to a heightened state of tensions and a war scare between the two countries. High-level military talks between the two nuclear states remain deadlocked, with regular hostilities at different points along the 3,488-kilometer Line of Actual Control. An increase in Chinese nuclear capabilities in this context has the potential to destabilize the region and spark a nuclear arms race. But will it?
India has been cautious in its nuclear relationship with China and is unlikely to have a dramatic response to the new missile silos at the moment. It has two nuclear-armed adversaries to consider, and its focus will remain on Pakistan. India will continue to modernize its nuclear arsenal with new counterforce nuclear delivery systems and to test multiple independently targeted re-entry ballistic missiles, which will allow it to manage its nuclear relationship with both nations. While the counterforce missiles and short-range nuclear delivery systems are aimed at Pakistan, India’s nuclear relationship with China will continue to be based on ensuring a secure second-strike capability.
No First Use, Second-Strike, and Caution
Despite the continuing military engagements along the Line of Actual Control, the Sino-Indian nuclear relationship remains stable. This is because India’s nuclear relationship with China rests on its survivable second-strike nuclear doctrine. It has pledged not to use its nuclear weapons first as a part of a no first use policy. This doctrine means that as long as India has a secure-second-strike capability — that is, the capability to absorb a nuclear first strike on its soil and then retaliate using its remaining nuclear forces — it will not need to build a large arsenal of nuclear weapons. It just needs to make sure that its nuclear weapons systems are well dispersed and survivable.
To do this, India has deployed its first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, the INS Arihant, as well as road- and rail-mobile ballistic missile launch systems. The rail-mobile Agni II ballistic missiles are likely aimed at targets in western, central, and southern China. Meanwhile, apart from the Arihant, India will deploy three more nuclear submarines by 2024. These submarines will be armed with the K-15 submarine-launched ballistic missile (750 kilometer range) and are intended to increase the survivability of Indian nuclear forces. Subsequently, the submarines will be armed with K-4 submarine-launched ballistic missiles that have a range of 3,500 kilometers (these missiles are currently under development).
India’s diversification of second-strike capabilities and the increased ranges on missile systems are aimed primarily at China — and the latter has taken note. However, given that both states have declared no first use and credible minimum deterrence policies (i.e., they profess to rely on small numbers of nuclear weapons to deter their adversaries) there is unlikely to be a race to acquire a significantly higher number of nuclear weapons than the other.
Manageable Historical Asymmetry
China’s additional nuclear silos do not represent a new strategic problem for India. India has been on the weaker end of asymmetry in nuclear capability against China ever since the latter’s first nuclear test in 1964. Visibly concerned by Chinese nuclearization at the time, India sought the assurance of a nuclear umbrella from the United States and the Soviet Union, hoping this would deter China from attack. The United States and the Soviet Union did not comply. While India conducted its “peaceful nuclear explosion” in 1974, it chose to not overtly weaponize its nuclear capability at the time. Despite an adversarial relationship with China, the lack of any serious military engagements between the two countries (apart from a standoff in 1986-1987) meant that India could stop worrying and learn to live with the nuclear neighbor with whom it had a strategic asymmetry.
After India conducted nuclear weapons tests in 1998, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee wrote to President Bill Clinton that China was one of the main reasons for Indian nuclearization. However, at no point did India seek nuclear parity (i.e., attempting to build the same number of bombs as China). Instead, it remained content with a much smaller nuclear arsenal, owing to its belief in “credible minimum deterrence.”
India’s calculus will not have changed in 2021. Despite China building new missile silos, India’s vulnerability to Chinese nuclear forces remains unaltered. Even if not all the new Chinese silos contain missiles, it makes no difference for India. Whether China deploys 250 extra DF-41 intercontinental ballistic missiles in these silos, or whether it uses the silos as a part of a “shell game” strategy where some have missiles and others are simply decoys, there will be no fundamental change to the strategic asymmetry with China that India has historically been able to manage.
Border Conflict Remains at Low Escalation Level
Sino-Indian hostilities based on a longstanding boundary dispute have led to loss of life on both sides. In June 2020, there was fighting with fists, stones, and nail-studded bamboo poles near the Galwan valley that led to at least 20 casualties, sparking fears of war between the two countries. Both sides have deployed tens of thousands of troops and military equipment along the border. There have been two other major standoffs between India and China in the last decade: at Doklam on the Bhutan-China border in 2017, and at Daulat Beg Oldi in 2013 (also known as the Depsang Standoff).
The Sino-Indian security competition is not driven by nuclear weapons. While the boundary remains disputed, Chinese incursions into India’s territory will likely continue. However, these standoffs have remained at low levels of escalation. Even at Galwan, there was no exchange of gunfire, and future confrontations are likely to remain at the same level. Escalation to a higher level of conventional conflict is unlikely and further escalation to nuclear signaling or competition is extremely improbable.
During the Galwan crisis, India’s sole nuclear submarine, INS Arihant, was sent out to sea. This was seen by some as a potential nuclear signal. However, the deployment was likely part of the Indian navy’s standard operating procedure to move its operational platforms out to sea during a national security crisis. Furthermore, the lack of communication or clarity on whether the submarine was armed with nuclear weapons or not makes it very unlikely to be a nuclear signal.
Looking Ahead
China’s recent nuclear modernization efforts are likely to affect the strategic balance with the United States. American officials are already expressing their concern, and strategic planners have begun to account for the qualitative improvement Beijing’s nuclear forces. The reaction in India will be much different. New Delhi believes, for the most part, that its more modest nuclear arsenal meets its deterrence goals, and additional Chinese capabilities won’t significantly change that. To be sure, Indian nuclear modernization will continue. Likewise, India will keep a close eye on China and bolster its survivable second-strike capability by greater dispersal of its strategic nuclear forces. While these forces will see both qualitative (i.e., the addition of multiple independently targeted re-entry systems) and quantitative improvements, they will neither be drastic nor introduced as a reaction to China’s silos. Rather, India’s nuclear modernization — if it moves toward a more counterforce capability — will be aimed at Pakistan. Indeed, if India does reconsider its no first use pledge (as has been hinted at time and again), that change will likely be aimed at coercing Pakistan, not China.
Right now, India is satisfied with the nuclear status quo with China. But in the medium to long term, as two different nuclear policies for Pakistan and China evolve, India might have to reconsider its asymmetry vis-à-vis China. | |
Though 41% of healthcare workers saw their salaries increase over the past year, many are still concerned about what the future holds for their paychecks.
Indeed, 38% of 20,000 healthcare workers polled for this year's annual Health eCareer's Salary Guide indicated one of their biggest concerns for 2018 was whether their salaries will stay the same or decrease. Other concerns are increased patient workload (32%) and staff morale (30%).
RELATED: Health IT salaries fell 20% even as executive compensation surged
Only 14% of those surveyed said they are "very satisfied" with their salaries. Thirty-six percent said they were "somewhat satisfied" with their pay.
RELATED: Top 10 in-demand physician specialties and their salaries
Other notable findings from the report include:
- Physicians and surgeons reported the highest salaries for 2017 with an average of $258,039, a 1% increase from 2016.
- Executive pay averaged $158,637, the second-highest in the study, however only 2% of the professionals polled were identified as executives.
- Other highly paid professionals included physician assistants, who on average made $108,311 in 2017, an increase of 2%, and nurse practitioners, who reported their pay went up about 2%, to $102,523.
- Academic researchers and health IT employees saw their salaries decrease by 20% from 2016. Nurse managers' salaries dropped by 4% on average, while salaries for pharmacists, administrators and dietitians decreased an average of 3%.
- Salary was the main reason healthcare workers said they left a previous job; 68% said they switched positions to make more money. In addition to salary, respondents said the most important factors for changing jobs are company culture (50%), flexible work hours (46%) and vacation and time off benefits (33%).
Healthcare providers aren't ignoring their concerns. A second report on recruiting trends published by Health eCareers polled 350 providers and found many are increasing salaries for new hires to fill open positions faster. Indeed, 64% said that they were upping new hire salaries to recruit workers. | https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/finance/executive-compensation-physician-compensation-salaries-recruitment |
Chromatography is a technique whereby a substance dissolved in a mobile phase is passed through a stationary phase to separate the substance so that it may be purified or identified, often from a complex mixture of substances. A substance includes, but is not limited to: (1) gases, (2) chemicals, (3) biological materials such as DNAs, carbohydrates, lipids, peptides, proteins or combinations thereof, (4) molecules, or (5) any combination of the aforementioned substances. A substance separated using chromatography may be analyzed by various means of detection which may be attached to the apparatus. Many variations in both the type of chromatography and the mechanism of separation presently exist and are actively used in research.
Countercurrent chromatography is based on liquid-liquid partitioning where both the mobile and stationary phases are in a liquid state. The technique separates compounds in a moving liquid phase from a stationary liquid phase held in coiled tubing and exposed to forces arising by rotation, for example, in a planetary centrifuge. Countercurrent chromatography has existed since the early 1970's and has been successfully employed to separate chemical compounds or small molecule substances. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,784,467, 3,775,309, 6,503,398, 5,770,083, 5,354,473, 5,332,504 and 5,215,664. Sample substances are separated according to the solubility of the substances between the phases. Solvents may be mixed in varying volume ratios to form two stable immiscible phases that comprise the solvent system for the chromatography. Countercurrent chromatography provides a versatile method of separating or purifying small molecule substances; indeed, the prior art has been largely limited to small molecule separation, identification, or purification. While a few prior disclosures relate to countercurrent chromatography centrifuges that are alleged to separate large molecule substances, those lacked the ability to do so as efficiently and well as the instant invention. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,714,554 and 5,104,531.
The earliest embodiment of countercurrent chromatography involved a series of columns fixed vertically and connected to one another by transfer tubing with a pump at one end. U.S. Pat. No. 3,784,467. The sample substance was dissolved in a mixture of the solid and stationary phases in another column that was then connected to the pump by transfer tubing and placed before the other columns in the series.
A subsequent invention showed how to configure continuous tubing for solvent entry and exit, without a rotating seal, in helical coils that rotate around a central axis. U.S. Pat. No. 3,775,309. In one revolution, the apparatus accomplished a twisting and untwisting action in a planetary motion that mixed the phases. During a single revolution in that system, inside a tubing coil filled with a dual phase solvent, the lighter phase migrates to one end (head) and the heavier phase migrates to the other end (tail) depending on (1) the rotational direction of the coil (clockwise or counterclockwise) and (2) the rotational direction of the rotor (clockwise or counterclockwise). The mobile phase is pumped into the end against the direction in which the stationary phase prefers to move; thus, the stationary phase at equilibrium is retained at 40-80% of the total volume of the coil. Excess of the mobile phase elutes out the other end. Current embodiments or applications of planetary CCC centrifuges involve different orientations of the helical tubing. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,994,805, 4,430,216, 4,532,039 and 4,714,554.
In recent years, the helical tubing or spool has been replaced by spirally-organized tubing held in place by a frame called a spiral tubing support. U.S. Pat. Pub. No. US 2005/0242040. Presently, construction of the spiral tubing support is slow and laborious. The first type of that apparatus was built by crafting spiral channels ground two inches deep into light aluminum and radial channels to hold Teflon® tubing wound in four spirals in one plane. The advantages of the spiral tubing support are (1) lack of leakage through sandwiched plates with flow channels and (2) higher resolution of substances due to the smaller diameter of the tubing.
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Magnetotactic bacteria are able to align their swimming direction to the geomagnetic field lines because they possess a magnetic moment. These bacteria biomineralize magnetic nanoparticles, magnetite or greigite, inside a membrane. The membrane + nanoparticle set is known as magnetosome and intracellular magnetosomes are disposed in a linear chain. Cytoskeleton-like filaments are resposible for the mechanical stability of this chain. The genes responsible for the magnetosome membrane and for the cytoskeleton proteins have been largely studied: the mam genes. The magnetosome chain also confers to the bacterial body a magnetic moment that can be measured through different physical techniques. Because of their response to magnetic field inversions, magnetotactic bacteria are good models to study bacterial motion. Theoretical and experimental studies show that magnetotactic bacteria swim following a trajectory similar to cylindrical helix. Magnetotactic microorganisms have been observed avoiding regions with UV or violet-blue light of high intensity. If the intensity is lower, magnetotactic microorganims show photokinesis, increasing their velocity in the presence of red light and decreasing their velocity in the presence of green light, both relative to the velocity with blue light.
Part of the book: Microorganisms
Biomineralization in the microbial realm usually gives origin to finely structured inorganic nanomaterials. Perhaps, one of the most elegant bioinorganic processes found in nature is the iron biomineralization into magnetosomes, which is performed by magnetotactic bacteria. A magnetosome gene cluster within the bacterial genome precisely regulates the mineral synthesis. The spread and evolution of this ability among bacteria are thought to be a 2,7-billion-year process mediated by horizontal gene transfers. The produced magnetite or greigite nanocrystals coated by a biological membrane have a narrow diameter dispersibility, a highly precise morphology, and a permanent magnetic dipole due to the molecular level control. Approaches inspired by this bacterial biomineralization mechanism can imitate some of the biogenic nanomagnets characteristics in the chemical synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Thus, this chapter will give a concise overview of magnetosome synthesis’s main steps, some hypotheses about the evolution of magnetosomes’ biomineralization, and approaches used to mimic this biological phenomenon in vitro. | https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/254251 |
Preparedness is the key to personal safety and the safety of others. To respond as effectively as possible to an emergency, or mitigate everyday risk, one must be prepared and understand proper procedures. This can range from getting enough sleep to avoid fatigue to preparing for active shooters.
National Safety Month 2017 brings awareness to these prevention tactics during each week of June:
Week One: Stand Up to Falls
Week Two: Recharge to Be in Charge
Week Three: Prepare for Active Shooters
Week Four: Don’t Just Sit There
As safety compliance is a priority for those serving communities, each industry has its own unique protocol to prevent accidents and injury. In honor of National Safety Month 2017, we’re highlighting some of TargetSolutions’ most popular safety courses in various fields.
Fire: Fire Service Health and Safety
While physical disease and behavioral disorders may affect firefighters differently than civilians, it’s important to recognize firefighter wellness and how it’s developed into an issue. Fire Service Health and Safety is specific to firefighter ailments and discusses the importance of being proactive when dealing with common diseases and causes of death.
Users taking the course will explore preventative measures to reduce risk such as safe driving to avoid crashes and keeping in good physical shape to prevent cardiac disease.
OSHA & Compliance: Bloodborne Pathogens Safety
Ensure your team is compliant with OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard and the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act with TargetSolutions’ Bloodborne Pathogens Safety course. This 20-module course is one of TargetSolutions’ most widely utilized across numerous industries.
Upon completing the course, learners will better understand what bloodborne pathogens are, how to minimize exposure and protect workers from infection.
Motor Vehicle Safety: Driver Safety Orientation
Traffic accidents are a leading cause of incidental deaths among U.S. workers. To ensure best driving safety practices, this course delivers information to aid employees in operating vehicles safely.
Driving Safety Orientation delivers tips on avoiding collisions, sharing the road with motorcycles and how to act in emergency situations.
Law Enforcement: Firearm Safety in the Home
Officers undergo extensive training to keep neighborhoods safe, but Firearm Safety in the Home assists officers in also maintaining safety at home. This course describes the potential dangers faced by family members with a duty firearm in the house and how to prevent injury.
After completing the course, officers will be able to make more informed decisions on how to create a safer environment in their home and the community.
Human Resources: General Office Ergonomics
Improve workplace safety by understanding the physical and psychological stresses of the work environment. General Office Ergonomics deepens learner’s understanding of ergonomic principles and musculoskeletal disorders. Through this course, users will be able to minimize workplace injuries by performing workstation evaluations, applying safe practices and using good form while on the job.
Water and Wastewater: Ladder and Scaffolding Safety
While the first week of National Safety Month 2017 is dedicated to Stand Up to Falls, there is also an entire month dedicated to ladder safety. This is because complying with safety procedures is crucial for employees regularly using ladders and scaffolding.
The TargetSolutions Ladder and Scaffolding Safety course is mandatory for personnel utilizing this type of equipment and goes over: the use and placement of different ladder types, necessary equipment and criteria for accessing scaffolding.
School Districts: Food Safety, Foodborne Illness & Kitchen Sanitation
It’s important for those working in schools to protect students and staff from preventable, common foodborne illnesses. The Food Safety, Foodborne Illness & Kitchen Sanitation course explains the legal responsibilities concerning food safety, food preparation and how to ensure food item deliveries are received safely.
Requiring this course reduces the risk of injury or illness for schools and reduces school liability.
EMS Continuing Education: First Responder Operations Level Refresher (Modules 1 – 4)
This four-part series provides comprehensive lessons in hazardous material response in emergencies.
Responding to chemical crises, such as a terrorist attack, requires a deeper understanding of chemical types, decontamination and how to assess the risk of each hazard class. After taking this course, users will be able to identify and respond more effectively to these urgent situations.
National Safety Month 2017 focuses on what you can do to better prepare yourself and those around you to prevent accidents and respond to emergencies. Regardless of the industry, TargetSolutions offers courses that improve safety compliance and develop the skills to protect personnel.
For questions about these courses or other courses in TargetSolutions’ online training catalog, contact us today (800) 840-8048! | https://www.vectorsolutions.com/resources/blogs/courses-national-safety-month-2017/ |
URBANLOGIC Ltd is an Asian-European urban development consultancy based in Hong Kong. Our directors are German and British and collectively have more than 50 years of professional experience, and have worked on projects in more than 20 countries.
Our main expertise is in urban projects. Spanning the disciplines of architecture, urban planning and development, urban design and project management, we combine our practical work with a strong interest in theory and research, emphasizing each project’s socio-economic and ecological context, and ensuring sustainability.
With our work experience in internationally renowned design studios, national and local government and large corporate firms, and from collaborating with international development agencies, design institutes and local planning bureaus in various Asian and European countries, we have the capacity to look at projects from different perspectives, integrating creative design solutions, commercial viability and public/private sector interests.
Our partners are registered with the UK Royal Town Planning Institute, the Hong Kong Institute of Planners and the Hamburg Chamber of Architects, respectively. We are accredited by the German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB) to act as auditors for the sustainability of new-built urban districts. | https://urbanlogic.eu/about/ |
How blockchain could reenergise the AGM
Blockchain can offer smart solutions for classical inefficiencies in the corporate governance field and, in particular, for improving the old-fashioned and rigid annual general meeting (AGM).
That’s the view of two academics from Tilburg Law School in the Netherlands, Anne Lafarre and Christoph Van der Elst, who recently published the paper, Blockchain Technology for Corporate Governance and Shareholder Activism.
They say AGMs are generally considered dull mandatory yearly rituals and their important theoretical functions –information, forum and decision-making – are de facto eroded.
They make a strong plea for the modernisation of the AGM using blockchain technology, noting that this technology can substantially lower shareholder voting costs and organisation costs for companies. It can also increase the speed of decision-making and facilitate fast and efficient involvement of shareholders.
Discussing their paper in the Harvard Law School Forum for Corporate governance and Financial Regulation, the academics discuss the procedural flaws that undermine the AGM’s functioning in practice.
For example, they note: ‘Shares are usually held through complex chains of intermediaries, especially in the case of cross-border voting.
‘These intermediaries not only add transaction costs to shareholder participation per se, there is also high uncertainty that information, including the record of shareholder votes, is correctly channelled between ultimate shareholders and companies in remote participation.’
The academics say the main problems with the current chains of intermediaries and remote voting systems have to do with transparency, verification and identification – issues that are directly linked to the advantages of blockchain technology.
They add that the recent prototypes of blockchain-based AGMs discussed in their paper show that modernisation of the AGM is practically feasible and perhaps just around the corner.
‘Given the large opportunities we expect more initiatives to be launched soon, probably before our contribution’s ink is dry. Nonetheless, it is important to recognise that the blockchain-based AGM would also raise important corporate legal questions, including whether it is desirable to abolish the physical classical AGM. And if it is desirable to organise decentralized blockchain-only AGMs, how much of the forum function would then be incorporated in this technology?’
Their paper follows news that the Australia Securities Exchange (ASX) plans to use distributed ledger technology (DLT) to replace CHESS, the system it uses to record shareholdings and manage the clearing and settlement of equity transactions.
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) has also released an information sheet (INFO 219) to help entities considering operating market infrastructure, or providing financial or consumer credit services, using DLT. | https://www.governanceinstitute.com.au/news-media/news/2018/apr/how-blockchain-could-reenergise-the-agm/ |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND ART
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
First Embodiment
Second Embodiment
Third Embodiment
Fourth Embodiment
Fifth Embodiment
Sixth Embodiment
Seventh Embodiment
Eighth Embodiment
Ninth Embodiment
Tenth Embodiment
Eleventh Embodiment
Twelfth Embodiment
Thirteenth Embodiment
Fourteenth Embodiment
Fifteenth Embodiment
Sixteenth Embodiment
Seventeenth Embodiment
Eighteenth Embodiment
Nineteenth Embodiment
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention relates to optical information recording and reproduction apparatuses, computers, image recording devices, image reproduction devices, servers and car navigation systems for performing information recording, reproduction or erasure of information on information recording media such as optical disks and optical cards, and to optical elements, optical heads and liquid crystal elements used in these devices.
Optical memory technology that uses optical disks as high-density, large-volume memory media gradually is being applied widely to and entering general use in digital audio disks, video disks, document file disks and also data files. To successfully achieve recording onto and reproduction of information from an optical disk with high reliability via a minutely narrowed light beam, there is a need for a focusing function forming a minute spot at the diffraction limit, focus control and tracking control of the optical system, and a pit signal (“information signal”) detection function.
With recent advances in optical system design technology and the shortening of wavelengths of the semiconductor lasers serving as light sources, the development of optical disks containing volumes of memory at greater than conventional densities is progressing. As an approach to higher densities, increasing the optical disk side numerical aperture (NA) of a focusing optical system that minutely stops down a light beam onto an optical disk has been investigated. A problem that occurs at this time is that there is an increase in aberration caused by an inclination of the disk in relation to the light axis (what is known as “tilt”). When the NA is made large, the aberration caused by tilt increases. It is possible to prevent this by reducing the thickness (substrate thickness) of the transparent substrate of the optical disk.
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A Compact Disc (CD), which can be considered a first generation optical disk, is used with a light source emitting infrared light (a wavelength λ is 780 nm to 820 nm) and an objective lens with an NA of 0.45, and has a substrate thickness of approximately 1.2 mm. A Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), which can be considered a second generation optical disk, is used with a light source emitting red light (a wavelength λ is 630 nm to 680 nm) and an objective lens with an NA of 0.6, and has a substrate thickness of approximately 0.6 mm. And, a system has been proposed in which a third generation optical disk is used with a light source that emits blue light (a wavelength λ is 380 nm to 420 nm) and an objective lens with an NA of 0.85, the disk having a substrate thickness of 0.1 mm.
It should be noted that in this specification, the substrate thickness means the thickness of the transparent substrate from the face at which a light beam is incident on the optical disk (or optical recording medium) to the information recording surface.
Thus, the thickness of the substrate of optical disks becomes thinner with increasing recording density. From the standpoint of economics and the space occupied by the device, it is desirable that a single optical information recording and reproduction apparatus is capable of recording and reproducing optical disks of different substrate thickness and recording density. For this purpose, there is a need for an optical head device that is provided with a focusing optical system that is capable of focusing a light beam up to the diffraction limit onto optical disks of different substrate thicknesses.
FIGS. 58 to 60
FIG. 58
FIG. 58A
FIG. 58B
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An example of a device that records and reproduces information from both DVD and CD optical disks (information recording media) is proposed in the Patent Document 1 described below. As a first conventional example, this content is described simply using . is a structural overview of an optical head . shows the manner in which information is recorded onto or reproduced from a DVD and shows the manner in which information is recorded onto or reproduced from a CD. It contains a red semiconductor laser that emits light of a wavelength of 635 nm to 650 nm, and an infrared semiconductor laser that emits light of a wavelength of 780 nm.
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When reproducing a DVD , which is a second information recording medium, the light emitted from the red semiconductor laser passes through a wavelength selecting prism , and is converted to collimated light by a collimator lens . The light that was converted to collimated light is reflected by a beam splitter , passes through a dichroic hologram , is converted to convergent light by an objective lens , and is irradiated onto the DVD . The light that was reflected by the DVD again passes through the objective lens and the dichroic hologram , passes through the beam splitter , is converted to convergent light by a detecting lens , and is focused onto a photodetector .
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When reproducing a CD , which is a third information recording medium, the light emitted from the infrared semiconductor laser is reflected by the wavelength selecting prism , and is converted to collimated light by a collimator lens . The light that was converted to collimated light is reflected by a beam splitter , is diffracted by the dichroic hologram , is converted to convergent light by an objective lens , and is irradiated onto the CD . The light that was reflected by the CD again passes through the objective lens and the dichroic hologram , passes through the beam splitter , is converted to convergent light by the detecting lens , and is focused onto the photodetector .
306
306
2
3
306
1
1
306
1
1
FIG. 59
d
d
d =λ
n
Spherical aberration caused by the difference in substrate thickness of DVDs and CDs is corrected by the dichroic hologram . is a cross-sectional view of the dichroic hologram . Grooves of depth d, and are arranged in that order on the surface of the dichroic hologram . The depth d is determined such that,
1/(1−1)
where λ is the wavelength of the red semiconductor laser and n is the refractive index of the dichroic hologram at the wavelength λ. In this way, the transmittance of the light of wavelength λ, increases without diffracting the light.
2
306
2
2
2
306
FIG. 60A
FIG. 60B
d
n
Here, the wavelength of light emitted from the infrared semiconductor laser is λ, and the refractive index of the dichroic hologram at the wavelength λ is n. shows the wavefront after the light of wavelength λ has passed the dichroic hologram , in which,
×(2−1)/λ2=0.75.
In this case, a phase shift of 0.75 times the wavelength occurs per step. As phase shifts of greater than one can be ignored, shows a wavefront that is re-written, based only on that portion to the right of the decimal point. This wavefront becomes first order diffraction light, which has a high diffraction efficiency at one side.
FIGS. 61 and 62
FIG. 61
Furthermore, in the non-Patent Document 1 described below an example is given of a device for reproducing information on CDs, DVDs and ultra high density optical disks. This is briefly explained using as a second conventional example. is a structural overview showing an optical head.
201
1
204
205
206
207
208
Collimated light emitted from an optical system that contains a blue light source of wavelength λ=405 nm passes through prisms , and a phase plate , which will be explained later, is focused by an objective lens , and is irradiated onto an information recording surface of an optical disk (an ultra high density optical disk) whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm.
208
201
202
2
204
205
206
207
209
The light that was reflected by the optical disk returns back along the travel path and is detected by a photodetector of the optical system . The diverging light that is emitted by an optical system that contains a source of red light of wavelength λ=650 nm is reflected by the prism , passes through the prism and the phase plate , is focused by the objective lens and is irradiated onto an information recording surface of an optical disk (DVD), whose substrate thickness is 0.6 mm.
209
202
203
3
205
206
207
210
210
203
The light that was reflected from the optical disk returns back along the travel path, and is detected by a photodetector of the optical system . The diverging light emitted by an optical system , which has a source of infrared light of a wavelength λ=780 nm is reflected by the prism , passes through the phase plate , is focused by the objective lens , and is irradiated onto an information recording surface of an optical disk (CD), whose substrate thickness is 1.2 mm. The light that was reflected by the optical disk returns back along the travel path, and is detected by a photodetector of the optical system .
207
202
203
206
The objective lens is designed so as to handle substrate thicknesses of 0.1 mm, and spherical aberration occurs in CDs and DVDs because of the difference in substrate thickness. Correction of this spherical aberration occurs due to the degree of divergence of the diverging light that is emitted by the optical system and optical system , and due to the phase plate . Different spherical aberration is generated when divergent light is incident on the objective lens, so it is possible to cancel out spherical aberration caused by the difference in substrate thickness by this new spherical aberration.
206
The degree of divergence of the diverging light is set such that spherical aberration is a minimum. Spherical aberration caused by the diverging light cannot be completely corrected, and higher order spherical aberrations (principally fifth order spherical aberrations) remain. These fifth order spherical aberrations are corrected by the phase plate .
FIG. 62
FIG. 62A
FIG. 62B
206
1
1
1
1
206
206
3
1
208
a
shows a surface () and a lateral view () of the phase plate . If the refractive index at the wavelength λ is defined as n, and h=λ/(n−1), then the phase plate is constituted by phase shift steps of height h and height h. The height h generates a phase shift of 1λ (where λ is the wavelength that is used) in the light of wavelength λ, however this does not affect the phase distribution and there is no impediment to recording or reproduction of the optical disk .
206
2
2
2
2
2
206
3
3
3
3
3
On the other hand, if the refractive index of the phase plate at the wavelength λ is n, then a phase shift of the light of wavelength λ of h/λ×(n−1)=0.625 λ is generated. Furthermore, if the refractive index of the phase plate at the wavelength λ is n, then a phase shift of the light of wavelength λ of h/λ×(n−1)=0.52 λ is generated. In relation to DVDs and CDs, this wave shift is used to convert the wavefronts, and the remaining fifth order spherical aberrations are corrected.
FIG. 63
Moreover, the Patent Document 2 described below proposes a method for reproducing information using an objective lens that is capable of recording and reproducing ultra high density optical disks, and two objective lenses that are capable of reproducing CDs and DVDs. This is described briefly as a third conventional example, using .
233
231
232
234
236
237
A lens holder is provided with an objective lens that is used when recording onto and replaying from ultra high density optical disks, an objective lens that is used when reproducing DVDs and CDs, and drive coils , and is suspended by wires from a fixed portion .
238
239
234
231
232
231
232
A magnetic circuit is constituted by a magnet and a yoke . An electromagnetic force is caused by the flow of electric current through the drive coil , and the objective lenses and are driven in the focusing direction and the tracking direction. In the third conventional example, which of the objective lenses and is used depends on the optical disk to be recorded and reproduced.
1
2
Furthermore, as a technique for correcting chromatic aberration, a chromatic aberration correcting hologram is proposed in the Patent Document 3 described below, in which the cross-sectional shape of the optical element is saw tooth shaped, wherein light of a first wavelength λ is corrected using second order diffracted light, and light of a second wavelength λ is corrected using first order diffracted light.
However, in the optical head of the first conventional example, when light is irradiated onto optical disks that have widely different substrate thicknesses, such as a substrate thickness of 1.2 mm and a substrate thickness of 0.1 mm, there is the problem that the distance between the disk and the objective lens changes significantly, the movable range of the actuator increases, and the head becomes large. Moreover, there is the problem that in order to detect the light that corresponds to the three types of light sources, the number of signal wires increases and the width of the flexible cable that connects the optical head and the optical disk drive is wider.
Furthermore, in the optical disk device according to the second conventional example, since the light is incident on the objective lens as divergent light when reproducing CDs and DVDs, there is the problem that when the objective lens is driven in the tracking direction, a large coma aberration is generated and the optical disks cannot be favorably reproduced.
231
232
231
232
232
232
150
150
150
153
FIG. 64
FIG. 63
FIG. 64
a
a
b
c
0
Furthermore, in the optical disk device of the third conventional example, because the objective lenses and are lined up in a tangential direction (y direction) and the objective lens is arranged such that it is positioned on a straight line in the tracking direction (x direction) that passes through a rotational center O of the optical disk, there is the problem that DVDs and CDs that use the objective lens cannot use the differential push-pull (DPP) method or the three beam method, which are common tracking detection methods. This problem is described using . The DPP method or the three beam method use a main spot for reproduction, and two sub spots for tracking detection. A main spot of the objective lens shown in is in a spot position shown in . The subspots are in positions and , and are set at an optimal angle θwith respect to a reproduction track .
151
151
151
150
151
a
b
c
a
a
0
1
Patent Document 1
JP H9-306018A
Patent Document 2
JP H11-120587A
Patent Document 3
JP 2001-60336
Non-Patent Document 1
Session We-C-05 of ISOM 2001 (p30 of the proceedings)
The spots move in the x-direction in accordance with the seek operation of the optical head, and the spot positions change to , and . Because the spot positions and are not on the straight line that passes through the axis of rotation O of the optical disks in the x-direction, the angle θchanges to θdue to the seek operation of the optical head. That is to say, in the configuration of the third conventional example, there is the problem that tracking control cannot be carried out reliably.
It is an object of the present invention to solve the foregoing conventional problems, and to provide optical elements, optical heads, optical information recording and reproduction apparatuses, computers, image recording devices, image reproduction devices, servers and navigation systems that can reliably record information onto and reproduce from a plurality of information recording media whose substrate thicknesses are different.
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves; and
2
d.
wherein the grooves are formed in two steps of depth d and depth
In order to achieve this object, a first optical element of the present invention comprises a substrate in which grooves are formed;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves; and
2
3
4
d
d
d.
wherein the grooves are formed in four steps of depth d, depth , depth and depth
A second optical element of the present invention comprises a substrate in which grooves are formed;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source and from the second light source;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
d
wherein the grooves are formed in two steps of depth d and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A first optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source and from the second light source;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
3
4
d
d
d
wherein the grooves are formed in four steps of depth d, depth , depth and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A second optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
a first optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the first optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
d
wherein the grooves are formed in two steps of depth d and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A third optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
a first optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength and the third wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the first optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
3
4
d
d
d
wherein the grooves are formed in four steps of depth d, depth , depth and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A fourth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source and from the second light source;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength,
and further comprises:
moving means for moving the information recording medium and the optical head relative to each other;
wherein light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
d
wherein the grooves are formed in two steps of depth d and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A first optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention comprises an optical head that includes;
a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source and from the second light source;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength,
and further comprises:
moving means for moving the information recording medium and the optical head relative to each other;
wherein light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 (nm)≦(1)×420 (nm)
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
3
4
d
d
d
wherein the grooves are formed in four steps of depth d, depth , depth and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A second optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention comprises an optical head that includes;
a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
a first optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
and further comprises:
moving means for moving the information recording medium and the optical head relative to each other;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the first optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
d
wherein the grooves are formed in two steps of depth d and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A third optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention comprises an optical head that includes;
a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
a first optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
and further comprises:
moving means for moving the information recording medium and the optical head relative to each other;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the first optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves;
2
3
4
d
d
d
wherein the grooves are formed in four steps of depth d, depth , depth and depth ; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A fourth optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention comprises an optical head that includes;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
is satisfied when a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm is n, and a height (nm) of one step is d; and
wherein the height of the steps is an integer multiple of d.
A third optical element of the present invention comprises a substrate, in which steps are formed protruding from a flat surface thereof;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength, and converts the phase of light of the second wavelength;
focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength onto the information recording medium;
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength;
wherein the optical element is an optical element comprising a substrate, in which steps are formed protruding from a flat surface thereof; and
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
is satisfied when a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm is n, and a height (nm) of one step is d.
A fifth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength that is in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength, and converts the phase of light of the second wavelength;
focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength onto the information recording medium; and
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength;
wherein the position of the second light source is set closer to the focusing means than a position at which the aberration at the information recording surface of the second information recording medium, when the optical element is not present, is at a minimum.
wherein the optical element is an optical element comprising a substrate, in which steps are formed protruding from a flat surface thereof; and
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied when a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm is n, and a height (nm) of one step is d.
A sixth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength that is in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength, and converts the phase of light of the second wavelength;
focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength onto the information recording medium; and
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength;
wherein the position of the second light source is set further from the focusing means than a position that is substantially midway between the position of that light source at which the aberration at the information recording surface of the second information recording medium when the optical element is not present is at a minimum, and the position of that light source at which light of the second wavelength that is incident on the focusing means is collimated light.
wherein the optical element is an optical element comprising a substrate, in which steps are formed protruding from a flat surface thereof; and
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied when a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm is n, and a height (nm) of one step is d.
A seventh optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength that is in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength, and converts the phase of light of the second wavelength;
focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength onto the information recording medium; and
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength;
wherein light of the second wavelength that is incident on the focusing means is collimated light;
wherein the optical element is an optical element comprising a substrate, in which steps are formed protruding from a flat surface thereof; and
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied when a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm is n, and a height (nm) of one step is d.
An eighth optical head of the present invention comprises a a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength that is in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and converts the phase of light of the second wavelength;
focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength onto the information recording medium; and
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
wherein the optical element is an optical element comprising a substrate, in which steps are formed protruding from a flat surface thereof; and
n
d≦
n
n
3
3
wherein the expressions:
760 nm≦(1−1)×840 nm
and
−10 nm<λ1/(1−1)−λ3/(3−1)/2<10 nm
are satisfied when a refractive index of the optical element at the wavelength of 400 nm is n, the third wavelength is λ3 (nm), a refractive index of the optical element at the wavelength λ is n, and a height (nm) of one step is d.
A ninth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength that is in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
an optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and changes the phase of light of the second wavelength;
a liquid crystal element that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength, and diffracts light of the third wavelength;
focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength onto the information recording medium; and
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
wherein the optical element is an optical element comprising a substrate, in which steps are formed protruding from a flat surface thereof;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
700 nm≦(1)×840 nm
is satisfied when a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm is n, and a height (nm) of one step is d; and
wherein the liquid crystal element comprises:
a substrate that has a relief-shaped hologram pattern;
a first transparent electrode, which is formed on the relief-shaped hologram pattern; and
a second transparent electrode that is arranged opposite the first transparent electrode to sandwich the liquid crystal;
wherein the liquid crystal element passes light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength, and diffracts light of the third wavelength by controlling a voltage that is applied to the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode.
A tenth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength that is in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
a first optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength;
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength, and light of the third wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
An eleventh optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength, and light of the third wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media; and
1
wherein, when a distance between the surface of the first information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the first information recording medium is WD when light of the first wavelength is irradiated onto the first information recording medium, and
2
a distance between the surface of the second information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the second information recording medium is WD when light of the second wavelength is irradiated onto the second information recording medium, and
3
a distance between the surface of the third information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the third information recording medium is WD when light of the third wavelength is irradiated onto the third information recording medium,
1
2
3
a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of WD, WD and WD is smaller than the maximum value of the diameter of the focusing means.
A twelfth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength, and light of the third wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media; and
1
wherein, when a distance between the surface of the first information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the first information recording medium is WD when light of the first wavelength is irradiated onto the first information recording medium, and
2
a distance between the surface of the second information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the second information recording medium is WD when light of the second wavelength is irradiated onto the second information recording medium, and
3
a distance between the surface of the third information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the third information recording medium is WD when light of the third wavelength is irradiated onto the third information recording medium,
1
2
3
WD, WD and WD are substantially equivalent.
A thirteenth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the light source; and
photodetecting means for detecting the light;
wherein the light is focused by the focusing means and is irradiated onto the information recording media;
wherein the detecting means detects the light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media; and
further comprises converter for converting a plurality of signals, which are received in parallel, that are output from the photodetecting means into a serial signal.
A fourteenth optical head of the present invention comprises a light source that emits light that at least either records onto or reproduces information from an information recording medium;
a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a third light source that emits light of a third wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a third information recording medium;
focusing means for focusing light that is emitted from the first light source, from the second light source and from the third light source;
a first optical element that passes light of the first wavelength and diffracts light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength; and
photodetecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength, and light of the third wavelength,
and further comprises:
moving means for moving the information recording medium and the optical head relative to each other;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the optical element, after which they are focused by the focusing means and are irradiated onto the information recording media; and
wherein the photodetecting means detects light that is at least either reflected or diffracted by the information recording media.
A fifth optical information recording and reproduction apparatus comprises an optical head that includes;
wherein the first focusing means and the second focusing means are lined up in the tracking direction;
wherein the first focusing means is positioned on the inner circumference side of the information recording medium, and the second focusing means is positioned on the outer circumference side of the information recording medium;
wherein the outside diameter of the first focusing means is less than the outside diameter of the second focusing means, and the second focusing means can reproduce information at the inner most circumference of the information recording medium when a rotating system, which rotates the information recording medium, and the optical head are in close proximity.
A fifteenth optical head of the present invention comprises first focusing means and second focusing means for irradiating light onto the information recording medium;
wherein the optical head contains first focusing means and second focusing means for irradiating light onto the information recording medium; and
wherein the first focusing means irradiates light onto a first information recording medium whose substrate thickness is most thick, and the second focusing means irradiates light onto the information recording media, excluding the first information recording medium.
A sixteenth optical head of the present invention is an optical head that at least either records onto or reproduces information from at least three information recording media that have different substrate thickness;
a plurality of focusing means that irradiate light onto the plurality of information recording medium; and
a movable body that is capable of moving in the focus direction and in the tracking direction;
wherein the focusing means that irradiates light onto the information recording medium whose substrate thickness is the thinnest is positioned substantially in the center of the movable body, and the plurality of focusing means are mounted on the movable body, lined up in the tracking direction.
A seventeenth optical head of the present invention is an optical head that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a plurality of information recording media that have different substrate thickness, comprising:
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
a focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength onto the information recording medium; and
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength,
wherein light of the second wavelength is irradiated onto the first information recording medium to detect the tilt of the first information recording medium.
An eighteenth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a second light source that emits light of a second wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a second information recording medium;
first focusing means for focusing light of the first wavelength onto the first information recording medium;
second focusing means for focusing light of the second wavelength onto the second information recording medium; and
detecting means for detecting light of the first wavelength and light of the second wavelength;
wherein light of the second wavelength is irradiated onto the first information recording medium to detect the tilt of the first information recording medium.
A nineteenth optical head of the present invention comprises a first light source that emits light of a first wavelength, that at least either records onto or reproduces information from a first information recording medium;
a first transparent electrode, which is formed on the relief-shaped hologram pattern; and
a second transparent electrode that is arranged opposite the first transparent electrode to sandwich the liquid crystal;
wherein it is possible to change between diffracting and passing for the light incident in the liquid crystal element by controlling a voltage that is applied to the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode.
A liquid crystal element of the present invention comprises a substrate that has a relief-shaped hologram pattern;
moving means for moving the information recording media and the optical head relative to each other.
A sixth optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention comprises any of the fifth to tenth optical heads, or the fifteenth to nineteenth optical heads; and
A computer of the present invention comprises an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus, which includes any of the optical heads, as an external storage device.
An image recording device of the present invention comprises an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus that includes any of the optical heads, wherein it can at least record moving images from among recording moving images onto and reproducing moving images from an information recording medium.
An image reproduction device of the present invention comprises an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus that includes any of the optical head, wherein it reproduces images from an information recording medium.
A server of the present invention comprises an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus, which includes any of the optical heads, as an external storage device.
A car navigation system of the present invention comprises an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus, which includes any of the optical heads, as an external storage device.
According to a first optical element of the present invention, since light of a wavelength 380 to 420 nm can pass with favorable efficiency, and light of a wavelength 630 to 680 nm can be diffracted with favorable efficiency, a wavefront of light of different wavelengths can be converted with little loss. Furthermore, manufacturing can be simplified, since it has two step grooves.
According to a second optical element of the present invention, since light of a wavelength 380 to 420 nm can pass with favorable efficiency, and light of a wavelength 630 to 680 nm can be diffracted with favorable efficiency, a wavefront of light of different wavelengths can be converted with little loss. Furthermore, the efficiency of the light that is diffracted can be increased further, since it has four step grooves.
2
4
3
3
4
2
d
d
d
d
d
d
In the second optical element it is preferable that the depth of the grooves is lined up in the order: depth , depth , depth d, depth , or in the order: depth , depth d, depth , depth . The efficiency of the light that is diffracted can be increased further in this configuration.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the grooves are formed in concentric ring-shapes. According to this configuration, light that has a flat wavefront that is incident on the optical element as collimated light can be converted to a converging wavefront or a diverging wavefront. Furthermore, it is also possible to add or remove spherical aberration at the same time.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the grooves are adjacent via a portion in which no grooves are formed, and the width of each step of the grooves, is substantially the same as the width of the portion in which no grooves are formed. According to this configuration, manufacturing is simplified, and the efficiency of diffracted light can be increased.
According to a first optical head of the present invention, a first light passes through the optical element with favorable efficiency and can record onto and reproduce from the first optical information medium, and a second light is diffracted by the optical element with favorable efficiency and can record onto and reproduce from the second optical information medium. Furthermore, manufacturing can be simplified, since it is a two step groove.
According to a second optical head of the present invention, the first light passes through the optical element with favorable efficiency and can record onto and reproduce from the first optical information medium, and the second light is diffracted by the optical element with favorable efficiency and can record onto and reproduce from the second optical information medium. Furthermore, the efficiency of the light that is diffracted improves since the optical element has four step grooves.
2
4
3
3
4
2
d
d
d
d
d
d
In the first and the second optical heads, it is preferable that the depth of the grooves is lined up in the order: depth , depth , depth d, depth , or in the order: depth , depth d, depth , depth . The efficiency of the light that is diffracted can be increased further according to this configuration.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the second wavelength is 1.5 to 1.8 times the length of the first wavelength. According to this configuration, the efficiency of the light that is diffracted can be increased further.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the grooves of the optical element are formed on a face that is close to the focusing means. According to this configuration, by bringing the focusing means closer to the grooves face of the optical element, manufacturing can be simplified because groove interval can be large even when making similar wavefront.
that contains the grooves, the efficiency of the light that is diffracted can be further increased.
Furthermore, it is preferable that as for light of the second wavelength that is diffracted by the optical element, the light that diverges is stronger than the light that converges with respect to incident light. According to this configuration, since the focal length of the diffracted light can be extended, the working distance can be substantially fixed even when recording onto and reproducing from a disk whose substrate thickness is thick.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the optical element corrects the aberration to not more than 70 mλ when light of the second wavelength that is diffracted by the optical element is focused on an information surface of a second information recording medium. According to this configuration, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably since the aberration of the diffracted light can be corrected to a sufficiently small amount when information is recorded onto and reproduced from the second information recording medium.
According to a third optical head of the present invention, the structure is simplified since a single optical element converts the wavefront of the second light and the third light, whose aberration was corrected. Furthermore, since the third optical head is provided with grooves whose depth is in two steps, through which the first light passes with favorable efficiency, and the second light is diffracted with favorable efficiency, the wavefront of light of different wavelength can be converted with less losses. Moreover, manufacturing can be simplified, because it is a two step groove.
According to a fourth optical head of the present invention, manufacturing can be simplified because a single optical element converts the wavefronts of the second light and the third light, whose aberrations were corrected. Furthermore, since the third optical head is provided with grooves whose depth is in four steps, the wavelength of light of different efficiencies can be converted with less loss because the first light passes with favorable efficiency, and the second light is diffracted with favorable efficiency. Moreover, the utilization efficiency of the light can be improved because it is a four step groove.
2
4
3
3
4
2
d
d
d
d
d
d
In a third and a fourth optical head, it is preferable that the depth of the grooves is lined up in the order: depth , depth , depth d, depth , or in the order depth , depth d, depth , depth . According to this configuration, the efficiency of the light that is diffracted can be increased further.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the second wavelength is 1.5 to 1.8 times the length of the first wavelength, and that the third wavelength is 1.8 to 2.2 times the length of the first wavelength. According to this configuration, the utilization efficiency of the light can be increased further.
light of the first wavelength passes through the first, second and third region, light of the second wavelength passes through the first and second region, and light of the third wavelength passes through the first region. According to this configuration, information can be reliably recorded and reproduced because the light of each wavelength is converted optimally wavefront using different regions of a single optical element.
Furthermore, it is preferable that when a first region is a substantially circle-shaped region in the central vicinity of the first optical element, a second region is a substantially ring-shaped region that surrounds the first region, and a third region is a region on the outside of the second region,
Furthermore, it is preferable that as for light of the second wavelength and third wavelength that are diffracted by the first optical element, the light that diverges is stronger than the light that converges with respect to incident light. According to this configuration, since the focal length of the diffracted light can be extended, the working distance can be substantially fixed even when recording onto and reproducing from a disk whose substrate thickness is thick.
for correcting the aberration of light of the third wavelength that is diffracted by the first optical element to not more than 70 mλ when light of the third wavelength is focused on the information surface of the third information recording medium,
wherein the phase correcting means does not change the phase of light of the first wavelength, and wherein the phase correcting means is provided in the light path between the light sources and the optical information recording medium. According to this configuration, since aberration of the diffracted light can be corrected to a sufficiently small amount during recording and reproduction of the second information recording medium and the third information recording medium, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the third and fourth optical heads provide phase correcting means for correcting the aberration of light of the second wavelength that is diffracted by the first optical element to not more than 70 mλ when light of the second wavelength is focused on the information surface of the second information recording medium, and
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means, and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium. According to this configuration, the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be reliably recorded and reproduced because two optical elements are used for converting the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light.
Furthermore, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means, and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium;
wherein the second optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n
d≦
wherein the expression:
760 nm≦(1−1)×840 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves; and
2
d
wherein the grooves are formed in two steps of depth d and depth . According to this configuration, the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because two optical elements are used to convert the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light. Moreover manufacturing can be simplified, because it is a two step groove.
Furthermore, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means, and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium;
wherein the second optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves; and
2
3
d
d
wherein the grooves are formed in three steps of depth d, depth , depth . According to this configuration the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be reliably recorded and reproduced because two optical elements are used to convert the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light. Furthermore, the utilization efficiency of the light can be increased because the second optical element has three-step grooves.
Furthermore, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength;
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means, and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium;
wherein the first optical element and the second optical element are formed on a top and a rear of a single substrate. According to this configuration, the single optical element can be provided with two functions, so that the configuration of the optical head is simplified.
Furthermore, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength,
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means, and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium; and
wherein the first optical element and the second optical element are formed on a top and a rear of a single substrate, and the face on which the second optical element is formed, of the two faces of the single substrate, is closer to the focusing means. According to this configuration, manufacturing is facilitated because by causing the focusing means and a face of the grooves of the second optical element to come closer, the groove interval can be increased even when making similar wavefronts for the second information recording media, which requires a smaller groove interval.
Furthermore, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength,
wherein light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means, and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium; and
wherein the first and second optical elements correct the aberration of light of the second wavelength that is diffracted by the first and the second optical elements to not more than 70 mλ when it is focused on the information surface of the second information recording medium, and correct the aberration of light of the third wavelength that is diffracted by the first optical element to not more than 70 mλ when it is focused on the information surface of the third information recording medium. According to this configuration, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because the aberration can be corrected to a sufficiently small amount when the diffracted light records onto and reproduces from the second information recording medium and the third information recording medium.
Furthermore, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength;
1
2
a distance between the surface of the second information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the second information recording medium is WD when light of the second wavelength is irradiated onto the second information recording medium, and
3
a distance between the surface of the third information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the third information recording medium is WD when light of the third wavelength is irradiated onto the third information recording medium,
1
2
3
a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of WD, WD and WD is smaller than the maximum value of the diameter of the focusing means. According to this configuration, the height of the focusing means can be stabilized further and information can be recorded and reproduced with greater reliability, even when recording and reproducing information on different types of information recording media.
Furthermore, it is preferable that when a distance between the surface of the first information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the first information recording medium is WD when light of the first wavelength is irradiated onto the first information recording medium, and
1
2
a distance between the surface of the second information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the second information recording medium is WD when light of the second wavelength is irradiated onto the second information recording medium, and
3
a distance between the surface of the third information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the third information recording medium is WD when light of the third wavelength is irradiated onto the third information recording medium,
1
2
3
WD, WD and WD are substantially equivalent. According to this configuration, since the height of the focusing means is substantially the same, the optical head can be small.
Furthermore, it is preferable that when a distance between the surface of the first information recording medium on the focusing means side, and the tip of the focusing means on the side of the first information recording medium is WD when light of the first wavelength is irradiated onto the first information recording medium, and
In any of the first to fourth optical heads, it is preferable that they further a comprise converter for converting a plurality of signals, which are received in parallel and are output from the photodetecting means, into a serial signal. According to this configuration, fabrication of the optical head can be facilitated because the number of signal lines that link the optical head and the drive can be reduced.
It is also preferable that they further comprise a converter for converting a plurality of signals, which are received in parallel and are output from the photodetecting means, into a serial signal, wherein the serial signal is an electrical signal. According to this configuration, the signal is easier to manage.
It is also preferable further to comprise a first converter for converting a plurality of signals, which are output from the photodetecting means and are received in parallel, into a serial signal; and a second converter for receiving the electric signal that is output from the first converter and for converting the electric signal into an optical signal. According to this configuration, there is no deterioration of even a high frequency signal because the signal is converted to an optical signal, and the signal can be output with less noise.
According to a first optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention, a first information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by passing a first light through an optical element with favorable efficiency, and a second information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by diffracting a second light with favorable efficiency through the optical element. Furthermore, manufacturing can be simplified, since it has two step grooves.
According to a second optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention, a first information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by passing a first light with favorable efficiency through an optical element, and a second information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by diffracting a second light with favorable efficiency through the optical element. Furthermore, the efficiency of the diffracted light is further improved because the optical element has four step grooves.
2
4
3
3
4
2
d
d
d
d
d
d
It is preferable that the second optical element of the second optical recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention comprises grooves whose depth is lined up in the order: depth , depth , depth d, depth , or in the order depth , depth d, depth , depth . According to this configuration, the efficiency of the diffracted light can be further improved.
According to a third optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention, the structure is simplified because a single optical element can convert the wavefront of a second light and a third light to correct aberration. Furthermore, since the third optical information recording and reproduction apparatus provides grooves that have a depth of two steps, and the first light passes with favorable efficiency and the second light is diffracted with favorable efficiency, the wavefronts of light of different wavelength can be converted with little loss. Moreover, manufacturing can be simplified, since it has two step grooves.
According to a fourth optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention, the structure is simplified because a single optical element can convert the wavefront of a second light and a third light to correct aberration. Furthermore, since the fourth optical information recording and reproduction apparatus provides grooves that have a depth of four steps, and the first light passes with favorable efficiency and the second light is diffracted with favorable efficiency, the wavefronts of light of different wavelength can be converted with little loss. Moreover, the efficiency of the diffracted light is further improved because the optical element has four step grooves.
In the third and fourth optical information recording and reproduction apparatuses of the present invention, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength, and that light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium. According to this configuration, the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because two optical elements are used to convert the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light.
According to a third optical element of the present invention, light, the wavelength 380 to 420 nm can be passed with favorable efficiency, and the wavefront of light of wavelength 630 to 680 nm can be converted.
In the third optical element of the present invention, it is preferable that the steps are formed in a concentric ring-shapes. According to this configuration, light that has a flat wavefront that is incident on the optical element as collimated light can be converted to a converging wavefront or a diverging wavefront. Furthermore, it is also possible to add or remove spherical aberration at the same time.
According to a fifth optical head of the present invention, the wavelength 380 to 420 nm can be passed with favorable efficiency, and the wavefront of light of wavelength 630 to 680 nm can be converted.
According to a sixth optical head of the present invention, loss of light with respect to ultra high density optical disks (the first information recording medium) and DVDs (the second information recording medium) can be suppressed using a simply constructed phase plate.
According to a seventh optical head of the present invention, generation of coma aberration can be decreased even when the focusing means is moved in the tracking direction because the degree of divergence of the light that is incident on the focusing means is small.
In any of the fifth to seventh optical heads, it is preferable further to provide tilting means for tilting the focusing means. In this configuration, coma aberration can be cancelled out.
According to an eighth optical head of the present invention, a tilting apparatus for the focusing means is not necessary because the light that is incident on the focusing means is collimated light, and the optical head can be simplified.
In any of the fifth to eighth optical heads of the present invention, it is preferable that the optical element corrects the aberration of light of the second wavelength when it is focused on the information recording surface of the second information recording medium to not more than 70 mλ. According to this configuration, the wavefront aberration is less than the Marshall standard 70 mλ, the optical head has a diffraction limit capability, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
According to a ninth optical head of the present invention, by providing an optical element that satisfies the expression, the wavefront of light of the second wavelength can be converted without substantially affecting the first light and the third light.
According to a tenth optical head of the present invention, by providing a liquid crystal element, if the liquid crystal element is in the OFF state when the ultra high density optical disk (the first information recording medium) and the DVD (the second information recording medium) are used, then the light is not affected, and if the liquid crystal element is in the ON state when the CD (the third information recording medium) is used, then the wavefront of the light can be converted.
According to an eleventh optical head of the present invention, a high density first information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by a first light, a second information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by a second light, and a third information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by a third light. Furthermore, the structure is simplified because a single optical element converts the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and the third light.
that light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium. According to this configuration, the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because two optical elements are used to convert the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light.
In an eleventh optical head of the present invention, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength, and
Furthermore, it is preferable that the second wavelength is 1.5 to 1.8 times the length of the first wavelength, and that the third wavelength is 1.8 to 2.2 times the length of the first wavelength. According to this configuration, the light utilization ratio can be increased further.
light of the first wavelength passes through the first, second and third region, light of the second wavelength passes through the first and second region, and light of the third wavelength passes through the first region. According to this configuration, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because the light of each wavelength is converted optimally wavefront using different regions of a single optical element.
Furthermore, it is preferable that when a first region is a substantially circle-shaped region in the central vicinity of the first optical element, a second region is a substantially ring-shaped region that surrounds the first region, and a third region is a region on the outside of the second region,
It is also preferable that as for light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength that is diffracted by the optical element, the light that diverges is stronger than the light that converges with respect to incident light. According to this configuration, since the focal length of the diffracted light can be extended, the working distance can be substantially fixed even when recording onto and reproducing from a disk whose substrate thickness is thick.
for correcting the aberration of light of the third wavelength that is diffracted by the first optical element to not more than 70 mλ when light of the third wavelength is focused on the information surface of the third information recording medium, is provided in the light path between the light sources and the optical information recording medium, wherein the phase correcting means does not change the phase of light of the first wavelength. According to this configuration, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because diffracted light can correct the aberration to a sufficiently small amount when information is recorded and reproduced for the second information recording medium and the third information.
It is also preferable that phase correcting means for correcting the aberration of light of the second wavelength that is diffracted by the first optical element to not more than 70 mλ when light of the second wavelength is focused on the information surface of the second information recording medium, and
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves; and
2
d
wherein the grooves are formed in two steps of depth d and depth . According to this configuration, the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because two optical elements are used to convert the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light. Furthermore, manufacturing can be simplified, since it has two step grooves.
It is also preferable that the second optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
n−
d≦
wherein the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
is satisfied, where n is a refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm, and d (nm) is a depth per step of the grooves; and
2
3
d
d
wherein the grooves are formed in three steps of depth d, depth and depth . According to this configuration, the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because two optical elements are used to convert the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light. Furthermore, the utilization efficiency of the light can be increased because the second optical element has three step grooves.
It is also preferable that the second optical element is an optical element in which grooves are formed in a substrate;
It is also preferable that the first optical element and the second optical element are formed on a top and a rear of a single substrate. According to this configuration, the single optical element can be provided with two functions, so that the configuration of the optical head is simplified.
It is also preferable that the first optical element and the second optical element are formed on a top and a rear of a single substrate, and that the face on which the second optical element is formed, of the two faces of the single substrate, is closer to the focusing means. According to this configuration, manufacturing is facilitated because by causing the focusing means and a face of the grooves of the second optical element to come closer, the groove interval can be increased even when making similar wavefronts for the second information recording media, which requires a smaller groove interval.
It is also preferable that the first and second optical elements correct the aberration of light of the second wavelength that is diffracted by the first and the second optical elements to not more than 70 mλ when it is focused on the information surface of the second information recording medium, and correct the aberration of light of the third wavelength that is diffracted by the first optical element to not more than 70 mλ when it is focused on the information surface of the third information recording medium. According to this configuration, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because the aberration can be corrected to a sufficiently small amount when the diffracted light records onto and reproduces from the second information recording medium and the third information recording medium.
According to a twelfth optical head of the present invention, the height of the focusing means can be stabilized further and information can be recorded and reproduced with greater reliability, even when recording and reproducing information on different types of information recording media.
According to a thirteenth optical head of the present invention, the height of the focusing means is substantially the same, and information can be recorded and reproduced with greater reliability, even when recording and reproducing information on different types of information recording media.
According to a fourteenth optical head of the present invention, fabrication of the optical head can be facilitated because the number of signal lines that link the optical head and the drive can be reduced.
In the fourteenth optical head of the present invention, it is preferable that the serial signal is an electrical signal. According to this configuration, the signal is easier to manage.
Furthermore, it is preferable further to provide a second converter for receiving the electric signal that is output from the first converter and for converting the electric signal into an optical signal. According to this configuration, there is no deterioration of even a high frequency signal because the signal is converted to an optical signal, and the signal can be output with less noise.
According to a fifth optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention, a high density first information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by a first light, a second information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by a second light, and a third information recording medium can be recorded and reproduced by a third light. Furthermore, the structure is simplified because a single optical element converts the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and the third light.
that light of the first wavelength, light of the second wavelength and light of the third wavelength pass through the two optical elements, after which they are focused by the focusing means and irradiated onto the optical information recording medium. According to this configuration, the aberration can be corrected to an even smaller amount and the information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because two optical elements are used to convert the wavefronts to correct the aberration of the second light and of the third light.
In the fifth optical information recording and reproduction apparatus of the present invention, it is preferable that a second optical element is further provided that passes light of the first wavelength and light of the third wavelength, and diffracts light of the second wavelength, and
According to a fifteenth optical head of the present invention, since the outside diameter of a first focusing means is small, a second optical means also can move to the most inner circumference position, and is capable of reading in the information at the innermost circumference position.
According to a sixteenth optical head of the present invention, tilt sensing can be performed using a simple configuration by utilizing light of a wavelength that is not recording or reproducing information, such that it is not necessary to install a new tilt sensor, thus reducing costs.
In the sixteenth optical head of the present invention, it is preferable that the first focusing means emits light onto the information recording medium whose substrate thickness is 1.2 mm, and second focusing means emits light onto the information recording media whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm.
It is also preferable that the first focusing means and the second focusing means are lined up in the tracking direction. According to this configuration, it is possible to use the DPP method or the three beam method, which are common tracking detection methods, and favorable tracking detection can be performed.
According to a seventeenth optical head of the present invention, the tilt control can be prevented from interfering with the focus control, since the information recording medium on which it is preferable to perform tilt adjustment, whose substrate thickness is thinnest, is substantially in the center of a movable body.
In the seventeenth optical head of the present invention, it is preferable to further provide tilting means that tilt the focusing means.
According to an eighteenth and a nineteenth optical head of the present invention, tilt sensing can be performed using a simple configuration by utilizing light of a wavelength that is not recording or reproducing information, such that it is not necessary to install a new tilt sensor, thus reducing costs.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth optical head of the present invention, it is preferable that the first wavelength is in the range 380 to 420 nm.
Furthermore, in the nineteenth optical head, it is preferable that the first focusing means and the second focusing means are lined up in the tracking direction. According to this configuration, it is possible to use the DPP method or the three beam method, which are common tracking detection methods, and favorable tracking detection can be performed.
It is also preferable that the second focusing means is provided with a region through which light of a second wavelength passes without being focused. According to this configuration, the tilt of the first information recording medium can be detected using the light that passes through this region.
It is also preferable that the second focusing means is provided with a region through which light of the second wavelength is focused onto the first information recording medium. According to this configuration, the tilt of the first information recording medium can be detected using the light that passes through this region.
It is also preferable that a holder on which the first focusing means and the second focusing means is mounted, is provided with a through hole through which light of the second wavelength passes. According to this configuration, the tilt of the first information recording medium can be detected using light that passes through the hole in the holder.
According to a liquid crystal element of the present invention, it is possible to change between a light influencing setting, and a setting in which the wavefront of the light is converted, depending on the type of information recording media.
According to a computer, an image recording apparatus, a moving image reproduction apparatus, a server and a car navigation system of the present invention, information can be recorded onto and reproduced from different types of optical disks reliably, and they can be used over a wide range of applications.
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to drawings. On each drawing given below, the same symbols are given to parts that perform the same action.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1A
FIG. 1B
FIG. 1C
20
20
shows a structural view of an optical head according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The optical head is capable of at least either recording to or reproducing from (referred to below as “recording and reproduction”) an optical disk. shows the recording and reproduction state of a high density optical disk whose substrate thickness is thin, shows the recording and reproduction state of a DVD, and shows the recording and reproduction state of a CD.
20
21
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23
The optical head is provided with three types of light source; a blue semiconductor laser (light source of a first wavelength) of a wavelength of approximately 400 nm (380 nm to 420 nm), a red semiconductor laser (light source of a second wavelength) of a wavelength of 630 nm to 680 nm, and an infrared semiconductor laser (light source of a third wavelength) of a wavelength of 780 nm to 820 nm.
30
1
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30
FIG. 1A
When recording and reproducing a high density optical disk (), light of a wavelength λ emitted from the blue semiconductor laser passes through wavelength selecting prisms and , and is converted to collimated light by a collimator lens . The light that was made parallel is reflected by a beam splitter , passes through a dichroic hologram (optical element) , is converted to convergent light by an objective lens (focusing means) and is irradiated onto the high density optical disk (a first information recording medium) .
29
29
1
28
1
The numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens is 0.85, and the substrate thickness of the high density optical disk is assumed to be 0.1 mm. The objective lens is designed such that the aberration is at a minimum, that is to say, such that the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is at a minimum when the blue light of wavelength λ is irradiated onto the disk of substrate thickness 0.1 mm. Furthermore, the dichroic hologram is designed so as to allow the light of wavelength λ to pass through it without being affected.
30
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32
The light that was reflected by the high density optical disk , diffracted and modulated, passes again through the objective lens and the dichroic hologram , passes through the beam splitter , is converted to convergent light by a detecting lens , and is incident on a photodetector (a photodetecting means) . The photodetector contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
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2
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33
FIG. 1B
When recording and reproducing a DVD (a second information recording medium) (), light of a wavelength λ emitted from the red semiconductor laser is reflected by the wavelength selecting prism , passes through the wavelength selecting prism , and is converted to collimated light by the collimator lens . The light that was converted to collimated light is reflected by the beam splitter , is diffracted and wavefront converted by the dichroic hologram (optical element) , converted to converging light by the objective lens , and is irradiated onto the DVD .
29
33
28
2
29
The numerical aperture (NA) of the light emitted from the objective lens is limited to 0.6. The substrate thickness of the DVD is 0.6 mm. The dichroic hologram is designed such that when the red light of wavelength λ irradiates the disk of the substrate thickness 0.6 mm after passing through the objective lens , the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ.
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29
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32
The light that was reflected by the DVD , diffracted and modulated, passes again through the objective lens and the dichroic hologram , passes through the beam splitter , is converted to converging light by the detecting lens , and is incident on the photodetector . The photodetector contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
34
3
23
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34
FIG. 1C
When recording and reproducing a CD (third information recording medium) (), light of a wavelength λ emitted from the infrared semiconductor laser is reflected by the wavelength selecting prism , and is converted to collimated light by the collimator lens . The light that was converted to collimated light is reflected by the beam splitter , is diffracted and wavefront converted by the dichroic hologram (optical element) , is converted to converging light by the objective lens , and is irradiated onto the CD .
29
34
28
3
29
The numerical aperture (NA) of the light emitted from the objective lens is limited to 0.4. The substrate thickness of the CD is 1.2 mm. The dichroic hologram is designed such that when the infrared light of wavelength λ irradiates the disk of the substrate thickness 1.2 mm after passing through the objective lens , the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ.
34
29
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27
31
32
32
The light that was reflected by the CD , diffracted and modulated, passes again through the objective lens and the dichroic hologram , passes through the beam splitter , is converted to converging light by the detecting lens and is incident on the photodetector . The photodetector contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
FIG. 2A
FIG. 2B
40
41
3
42
40
34
34
shows an upper surface pattern of the dichroic hologram, and shows a rear surface pattern. The light that approaches the disk enters from the rear surface (first optical element) and exits from an upper surface (second optical element) . Light of wavelength λ, which is in a range of 780 nm to 820 nm, is diffracted in a region of the rear surface , and a pattern is formed so as to provide a wavefront that is optimal to the CD (such that the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ when focusing on the CD ).
3
41
2
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41
The light of wavelength λ passes through the upper surface without being affected. Furthermore, the light of wavelength λ, which is in a range of 630 to 680 nm, is diffracted by the pattern in the region of the rear surface , after which it is also diffracted by the pattern that is formed in a region on the upper surface .
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2
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1
The pattern within the region is formed such that the light of wavelength λ that was diffracted by both upper and rear surfaces has an optimal wavelength for the DVD (such that when focusing on DVD , the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ). Because the principal object of the upper surface and the rear surface is to apply power to the diffracted light and to correct spherical aberration, the pattern is concentric ring-shaped. Light in the vicinity of wavelength λ=400 nm passes through both upper and rear surfaces without being affected.
FIG. 3
40
28
40
4
2
4
3
d
d
d
d
shows an enlarged cross-section of the rear surface of the dichroic hologram . The rear surface of the dichroic hologram is engraved with grooves that have four types of depth (d to ). These grooves are configured in a repeating pattern of a group of grooves that are lined up as a single group in the order of , , d, and no-groove portion.
d
n
1
1
1
1
1
1
28
=λ1/(1−1)
where n is the refractive index of a medium at the wavelength λ, which is selected from within the range 380 to 420 nm. The phase shift in the light of wavelength λ that occurs due to the light path difference between the indented groove portion and the no-groove portion is an integer multiple of 2π by satisfying this relationship. That is to say, the light path length (n−1)×d is equivalent to the wavelength λ. Due to this, light of the blue semiconductor laser of wavelength λ passes through the dichroic hologram unaffected (it is not diffracted).
Here, depth d is:
1
28
If the wavelength is fixed, the light path length expressed by (n−1)×d has a unique value, and the effect that the light that is within the wavelength range 380 to 420 nm passes substantially through the dichroic hologram can be obtained if the light path length is within a predetermined range.
n
d≦
1
More specifically, it is preferable that the expression:
380 nm≦(1−1)×420 nm
is satisfied when the standard wavelength, from the range 380 to 420 nm of wavelengths of λ, is 400 nm, and n is the refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm.
2
2
2
FIG. 4A
On the other hand, light of wavelength λ of the red semiconductor laser has a modulated wavefront as shown in . Because the light of wavelength λ that records and reproduces DVDs is in the range 630 nm to 680 nm, d is a depth that is equivalent to approximately 0.6 times the length of wavelength λ.
2
3
4
2
3
4
d
d
d
d
d
d
Consequently, is 1.2λ, is 1.8λ and corresponds to 2.4λ. If each value is an integer multiple of λ then the phase shift of the light does not occur, so that with regards to the phase of the light, integer multiples of λ can be ignored. Thus, considering only the fractional parts smaller than the decimal point, d is 0.6λ, is 0.2λ (1.2λ−1λ), is 0.8λ (1.8λ−1λ), and corresponds to 0.4λ (2.4λ−2λ).
2
4
3
2
2
2
3
d
d
d
d
d
FIG. 4B
FIG. 3
FIG. 4B
Consequently the grooves arranged in the order of , , d and form wavefronts that have stepwise phase changes of 0.2λ, 0.4λ, 0.6λand 0.8λ with respect to the light of wavelength λ as shown in . That is to say that with respect to the light of wavelength λ, the grooves shown in can be thought of as grooves that deepen in a stepwise manner in the direction from the side to the side, as shown in .
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
1
3
2
2
2
3
d
d
d
d
When grooves such as those shown in are formed on the incident face side (a boundary at which the light propagates from a medium of low refractive index (such as air) to a one of a high refractive index (such as glass)) of an optical element, the intensity of light that is diffracted in a direction (the direction from the groove depth side toward the groove depth side) of is stronger than light that is diffracted in a direction (the direction from the groove depth side toward the groove depth side).
FIG. 5
FIG. 3
Here, shows the relationship between the groove depth of a single step that is standardized with respect to the wavelength λ, and an efficiency R, which is the efficiency of incident light that is converted to first order diffracted light by a dichroic hologram such as that whose cross-section is shown in . When the depth that corresponds to a single step is 0.6 times λ, the diffraction efficiency is at its maximum, and it is possible to obtain a diffraction efficiency greater than 0.8.
3
3
3
FIG. 6A
Furthermore, a wavefront of the light of wavelength λ of the infrared semiconductor laser is modulated as shown in . Because λ is in a range of 780 nm to 820 nm for the purpose of recording and reproducing CDs, d is a depth equivalent to approximately 0.5 times the length of wavelength λ.
2
3
4
2
3
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2
4
3
3
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
FIG. 6B
FIG. 5
Consequently, is 1.0λ, is 1.5λ and is equivalent to 2.0λ. As described previously, as the phase of the light, the integer multiple portions of λ can be ignored, so if only the portions smaller than the decimal point are considered, then d is 0.5λ, is 0 (1.0λ−1λ), is 0.5λ (1.5λ−1λ) and is equivalent to 0 (2.0λ−2λ). Consequently, the grooves arranged in the order of , , d, form wavefronts that have a two step phase of 0, 0, 0.5λ, 0.5λ, whose duty ratio is 3:2 with respect to light of wavelength λ as shown in . In this case, according to , a diffraction efficiency of about 0.3 can be obtained when the depth corresponding to a single step is 0.5 times λ.
FIG. 7
41
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28
3
2
3
d
d
d
d=
n
1
1
1
1
1
28
2×λ1/(−1)
when n is the refractive index of a medium at a wavelength λ, which is selected from the range 380 to 420 nm. By satisfying this relationship, the phase shift in the light of wavelength λ that occurs due to the light path difference between the indented portion, which is the groove, and the no-groove portion is an integer multiple of 2π. Due to this, light of the blue semiconductor laser of wavelength λ passes through unaffected by the dichroic hologram (it is not diffracted).
shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of the upper surface of the dichroic hologram . The upper surface of the dichroic hologram is engraved with grooves of three different depths (d to ). These grooves are configured as a single group in a repeating pattern of a group of grooves that are lined up in an order of d, , , and no-groove portion. Depth d is:
1
1
28
In this case, the light path length, which is (n−1)×d, is equivalent to two times the wavelength λ. As described previously, if the light path length is within a predetermined range then it is possible to achieve the effect that light of a wavelength, which is in a range of 380 to 420 nm, can substantially pass through the dichroic hologram .
n
d≦
1
More specifically, it is preferable that the expression:
760 nm≦(1−1)×840 nm
is satisfied when the standard wavelength, from the range 380 to 420 nm of wavelengths of λ, is 400 nm, and n is the refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm.
2
2
2
2
FIG. 8A
On the other hand, the light of wavelength λ of the red semiconductor laser has a modulated wavefront as shown in . Because the light of wavelength λ that records and reproduces DVDs is in the range λ=630 nm to 680 nm, d is a depth that corresponds to approximately 1.2 times the length of wavelength λ.
2
3
2
3
d
d
d
d
Consequently, is 2.4λ and is 3.6λ. As previously described, integer multiple portions of λ can be ignored for phases of the light, so if only the fractional parts smaller than the decimal point are considered, d is 0.2λ(1.2λ−λ), is 0.4λ (2.4λ−2λ) and is 0.6λ (3.6λ−3λ).
2
3
2
2
3
d
d
d
FIG. 8B
FIG. 7
FIG. 8B
Consequently the grooves arranged in the order of d, , and form wavefronts that have stepwise phase changes of 0.2λ, 0.4λ, and 0.6λ with respect to light of wavelength λ as shown in . That is to say that, with respect to the light of wavelength λ, the grooves shown in can be considered as grooves that deepen in a stepwise manner in the direction from the d side to the side, as shown in .
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
1
3
2
3
d
d
When grooves such as those shown in are formed on the incident face side of an optical element (a boundary at which the light propagates from one of a high refractive index (such as glass) to a medium of low refractive index (such as air)), the intensity of light that is diffracted in a direction (the direction from the groove depth side toward the groove depth d side) of is stronger than light that is diffracted in a direction (the direction from the groove depth d side toward the groove depth side).
FIG. 9A
FIG. 7
28
shows the relationship between the groove depth of a single step that is standardized with respect to the wavelength λ, and an efficiency R, which is the efficiency of incident light that is converted to first order diffracted light by a dichroic hologram such as is shown in . When the depth corresponding to a single step is 1.2 times λ, a diffraction efficiency higher than 0.65 can be obtained.
3
3
3
2
3
3
28
FIG. 8C
FIG. 8
d
d
d
Furthermore, the light of wavelength λ of the infrared semiconductor laser has a wavefront that is modulated as shown in . Because λ is in a range of 780 nm to 820 nm for the purpose of recording and reproducing CDs, d is a depth equivalent to approximately 1.0 times the length of wavelength λ. Consequently, is 2.0λ and is equivalent to 3.0λ. As described previously, as the phase of the light, the integer multiple portions of λ can be ignored, so if only the portions smaller than the decimal point are considered then all are equivalent to 0 as shown in . Consequently, the light of wavelength λ is unaffected by the dichroic hologram (it is not diffracted), and substantially passes through it.
FIG. 9B
FIG. 7
Here, shows the relationship between the groove depth of a single step that is standardized with respect to the wavelength λ, and an efficiency R, which is the efficiency of incident light that is converted to zero order diffracted light by a dichroic hologram such as is shown in . When the depth corresponding to a single step is 1.0 times λ, it is possible to obtain a transmittance of approximately 0.9.
1
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2
3
41
1
3
2
In this way the light of wavelength λ at the rear surface (first optical element) passes though the dichroic hologram substantially without being affected, while the light of wavelength λ and wavelength λ are diffracted. Furthermore, at the upper surface (second optical element) , the light of wavelength λ and λ pass through and the light of wavelength λ is diffracted.
Due to this, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably because light sources that have appropriate wavelengths for each of the three types of optical disks (information recording media) are used and light of low aberration can be focused on the information surface with excellent efficiency. Furthermore, the same effect also can be obtained when there are two types of optical disk.
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40
It should be noted that the dichroic hologram used here has the first optical element and the second optical element formed on the upper surface and the rear surface as a single piece. However it is also possible to arrange a dichroic hologram such that the first optical element and the second optical element are formed on separate elements. In that case, their centers can be matched up to the optical axis by adjusting the position of both optical elements.
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Furthermore, it is preferable that the dichroic hologram is fabricated from glass. If it is fabricated from resin, then it is preferable to use amorphous polyolefin based resins whose absorbtance is not more than 5%, and whose absorptance is preferably not more than 3%. This is due to the fact that light of a wavelength of not more than 420 nm has a strong chemical action, so there is a possibility that the resin may be damaged if an optical element of high absorptance is irradiated over a long period. It is relatively difficult to damage amorphous polyolefin based resins, even by irradiating with light of a wavelength less than 420 nm.
Moreover, it is also possible to fabricate one of the optical elements on the surface of the objective lens. In this case, it is possible to increase the positional accuracy of the optical axis of the objective lens.
Furthermore, the diffraction efficiency shown here is a value that is calculated when the widths of adjacent grooves of different depths are substantially equivalent.
Furthermore, even if the grooves are lined up in a sequence that is completely opposite to the examples given here, the same effect can be obtained apart from a change in the direction in which the light is efficiently diffracted.
Furthermore, it goes without saying that even if the start point of the way the grooves are lined up, and the way the grooves are described is changed, if the grooves are actually lined up in the same sequence, then the same effect can be obtained.
1
2
1
3
Moreover, the wavelengths λ and λ satisfy the relationship
1.5≦λ2/λ1≦1.8,
and the wavelengths λ and λ satisfy the relationship
1.8≦λ3/λ1≦2.2.
FIG. 10
FIG. 3
FIG. 7
2
28
2
1
28
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
28
Furthermore, as shown in , the light of wavelength λ, which is diffracted by the dichroic hologram is designed such that the diffraction efficiency of the light of wavelength λ that is diffracted from collimated light to diverging light (direction ) by the dichroic hologram , is greater than the diffraction efficiency on the side in which it is diffracted to converging light (direction ). More specifically, grooves such as are shown in are arranged in a concentric ring shape on the incident face such that the direction approaches the circumference, and the direction approaches the center, and moreover, on the exit face side, grooves such as are shown in are arranged in a concentric ring-shape such that the direction approaches the circumference, and the direction approaches the center. In this way, because the diffraction efficiency in the direction is higher than the diffraction efficiency in the direction , the diffracted light is substantially converted to diverging light, and the dichroic hologram acts as a concave lens.
Thus, a focal length f of the focusing optical system, which is matched to the objective lens, lengthens and even DVDs, which at 0.6 have a thicker substrate than a substrate thickness of 0.1, can be operated at a relatively large working distance.
2
3
28
29
It should be noted that there is no particular discussion here of methods for limiting the aperture of the light of wavelength λ or the light of wavelength λ, however there is the method of vapor depositing a wavelength selecting filter onto the dichroic hologram or the objective lens , or the method of providing a separate glass filter. Furthermore, it is also possible to control the aperture by providing an opening across the light path that is passed only by light of a single wavelength (in the region between the light source and the wavelength selecting prism).
FIG. 11
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54
20
55
51
56
20
shows an entire structural example of an optical disk drive as an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus. An optical disk is fixed by sandwiching between a turntable and a damper , and is rotated by a motor (rotating system) , which is a moving means. An optical head is mounted on a traverse (conveying system) , which is a moving means, and the point that is irradiated by light is capable of moving from the inner circumference of the optical disk to the outer circumference. The control circuits perform focus control, tracking control, traverse control and rotational control of the motor and the like based on signals received from the optical head .
FIG. 12
52
60
20
52
55
54
61
29
29
29
shows the working distance when recording and reproducing each disk. The height of the side at which light is incident on the optical disk is determined by the position of the turntable . On the other hand, the relative height of fixing elements on the actuator of the optical head with respect to the turntable is determined uniquely by the structure and the positional relationship of the traverse and the motor . Furthermore, the position of a movable element of the actuator that moves the objective lens in the focus direction is determined by the position of the recording surface of the optical disk, and by back focus on the disk side of the objective lens , which is the focusing means. Back focus means the length between the tip of the focusing means to the point of convergence of the light rays. The tip of the focusing means more specifically that, of the intersections between the objective lens and the optical axis, it is the intersection that is on the optical disk side.
WD=BF−t/n
The working distance WD is
when the refractive index at the wavelength λ is n, the substrate thickness of the disk is t and the back focus is BF. For example, on a disk in which the substrate thickness is thick, and t/n is large, the working distance WD becomes small such that if the focusing means not designed such that the back focus BF can change in response to that change, then the working distance WD will vary greatly when there is a change in substrate thickness.
FIG. 12
FIG. 12A
FIG. 12B
FIG. 12C
1
2
3
shows the working distance WD at a working distance WD (), a working distance WD () and a working distance WD (), depending on the type of optical disk, that is, depending on changes in the substrate thickness.
FIG. 13
60
61
A configuration according to a conventional example is shown in , showing the case in which a working distance changes greatly depending on the type of optical disk. When there is a large change in working distance due to the type of the optical disk, there is a large change in the relative distance between the fixing elements of the actuator and the movable element .
FIG. 13A
FIG. 13B
61
60
61
60
60
61
61
61
Because a working distance WDa in is small, the movable element is relatively higher than the upper side (disk side) of the fixing elements . However as in , when the working distance WDb is large, the moving element is relatively lower than the lower side (side furthest from the disk) of the fixing elements . Because regular optical disks droop on their inner and outer circumferential sides and have shake of disc in focusing direction when rotating, to a certain extent the fixing elements cover the vertical movement range of the movable element . However, when there is a difference in working distance, there is a problem in that to absorb that difference, the size of the actuator increases, and the overall size of the optical head. increases. Furthermore, when the movable range is large, the movable element tilts depending on the position of the movable element , and there is the problem that the optical system is susceptible to generating aberrations.
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The moveable range of the moveable element also depends on the structure of the actuator, however it is preferable that it is less than the lateral direction width of the moveable element . This is because, if the lateral width is large, even if a height difference develops between left and right, then the tilting angle is small. However, if the lateral width is small, even with a minimal left and right height difference, the tilting angle becomes large.
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FIG. 12
Consequently, the difference in working distance caused by disk type, that is to say, the movable range of the movable element is preferably smaller than the lateral width of the movable element . In the example of , it is preferable that the maximum and minimum differences between WD, WD and WD, being the difference in working distance caused by disk type, are smaller than the lateral width of the movable element .
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In the case of the ultra high density optical disk, when NA=0.85, and the focal length f of the focusing means is 2.0 mm, the beam diameter is φ3.4 mm. Because the minimum value of the width of the movable element is this beam width, in this case there is a need to set the difference between the maximum value and minimum value of the working distance to 3.4 mm at most.
It should be noted that when considering the actual size of the actuator, the movement range of the actuator is at best 1 mm, so that it is preferable that the difference between the maximum working distance and minimum working distance is not more than half that at 0.5 mm. Moreover, in order not to substantially affect the size of the actuator, it is preferable that the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the working distance is not more than 0.2 mm. Of course, the most preferable state is the one in which the working distance is equivalent when recording onto and reproducing information from differing types of information recording media, and in which the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value is 0.
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In the present embodiment, since the back focus BF can be set optimally using the dichroic hologram according to the disk that is recorded or reproduced, the WD can be substantially fixed during recording and reproduction of each disk.
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More specifically, in the example given previously, light from the blue semiconductor laser (wavelength λ) is not diffracted by the dichroic hologram , and the diffraction efficiency of the light from the red semiconductor laser (wavelength λ) is set to differ from the diffraction efficiency of the light from the infrared semiconductor laser (wavelength λ). Thus, light of the blue semiconductor laser passes as is through the dichroic hologram , the degree of divergence of the light of the red semiconductor laser differs from the degree of divergence of the light of the infrared semiconductor laser, and it is possible to change the back focus depending on the light from each laser. That is to say, it is possible to design the dichroic hologram so as to control the back focus depending on the type of disk, and it is possible to substantially fix the WD without consideration to the type of disk.
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If the WD can be substantially fixed in this way, then the size of the entire optical head can be reduced, and because the movable range of the movable element can be reduced, it is possible to suppress the generation of aberrations caused by tilt of the movable element .
FIG. 14
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shows an example that unifies the signal output from the optical head of the present embodiment. An optical head has the same optical structural elements as the optical head . It differs in the provision of a P/S (parallel/serial) converting circuit (parallel/serial converter) that converts the output signal from the photodetector that is received as a parallel signal into a serial signal. A P/S converting circuit receives signals through a plurality of signal lines from the photodetector , time divides and lines them up serially, and outputs them as an output signal through a single signal line.
FIG. 15
As a method for this, there is the method of sequentially switching an analog switch in an internal portion of the P/S converting circuit based on the clock, which is a timing signal, and outputting the serial signal as an output signal. Furthermore, a method is also possible in which the signal that is obtained in parallel is subjected to analog/digital conversion (A/D conversion), stored in memory and then transmitted as digital data in a serial sequence. shows an example of the signal in such a case. Synchronised with the clock as the timing signal, digital signals such as an RF signal, and FE+ signal, an FE− signal, a TE+ signal and a TE− signal and the like are transmitted.
FIG. 14A
FIG. 14B
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Thus, the number of signal lines between the optical head and the control circuits and the like of the optical disk drive can be reduced. In optical heads that record and reproduce CDs and DVDs as well as high density optical disks, approximately three times the usual amount of signal lines are necessary just to drive the semiconductor lasers, which are the light source. shows an example in which the photodetector (photodetecting means) is shared, and as shown in , also conceivable is a case in which the photodetector (photodetecting means) is not shared, and which has the photodetector (photodetecting means) and a photodetector (photodetecting means) , and a case which contains three photodetectors. In these cases, there is a further increase in signal lines, the width of the flexible cable that connects the optical head and the drive is enlarged, and there is the problem of a loss of flexibility (the ease of bending) of the flexible cable. Furthermore, if the flexible cable is changed to a multilayer flexible circuit, then although the width of the flexible cable can be reduced, there is the problem of an increase in cost.
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FIG. 14B
If the optical head is an optical head that is provided with a P/S converting circuit for receiving signals in parallel from the photodetector and the photodetector , and outputting them as serial signals such as is shown in , then the number of signal lines can be greatly reduced.
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FIG. 14B
In the example of the optical head in , the signal from the P/S converting circuit is converted to an optical signal by an LED (electrical/optical converter) and is output to an optic fiber . In this case, it is possible to transmit a higher frequency signal than an electric signal yet with lower noise, and there is the advantage that these signals can be transmitted with sufficient accuracy and period of time even if there is an increase in the number of signals to be converted.
It should be noted that the example in which the P/S converting circuit is utilized is not limited to optical heads in which light sources of three wavelengths are used, and the same effect can be obtained with optical heads containing light sources of one wavelength or two wavelengths. In these cases as well, if a plurality of signal lines are needed for tracking signals or focus signals, then the optical head can be consolidated into a single unit. Furthermore, if A/D conversion is performed within the optical head, then because paths that introduce noise can be shortened, this is also effective in raising the SN ratio of the signal.
FIG. 16
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An example of an optical head applied interchangeably to high density optical disks and DVDs is described as a second embodiment. is a structural example of an optical head . As shown in FIG. A, a light of wavelength λ emitted from a blue semiconductor laser (a light source of a first wavelength) passes through the wavelength selecting prism , and is converted to collimated light by the collimator lens . The light that was converted to collimated light is reflected by the beam splitter , passes through the dichroic hologram (optical element) , is focused by the objective lens (focusing means) and is irradiated onto the high density optical disk (first information recording medium) .
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The numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens is 0.85, and the substrate thickness of the high density optical disk is assumed to be 0.1 mm. The objective lens is designed such that spherical aberration is at a minimum when the blue light of wavelength λ is radiated onto a disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm.
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Furthermore, the dichroic hologram is designed so as to pass the light of wavelength λ without affecting it. The light that was reflected by the high density optical disk , diffracted and modified, again passes through the objective lens and the dichroic hologram , passes through the beam splitter , is focused by the detecting lens and is incident on a photodetector (photodetecting means) . The photodetector contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
FIG. 16B
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As shown in , when recording and reproducing the DVD (second information recording medium), the light of wavelength λ is emitted from the red semiconductor laser , is reflected by the wavelength selecting prism and is converted to collimated light by the collimator lens . The light that was converted to collimated light is reflected by the beam splitter , is diffracted by the dichroic hologram and wavefront converted, is focused by the objective lens and is irradiated onto the DVD .
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Here, the numerical aperture (NA) of the light that is emitted from the objective lens is limited to 0.6. The substrate thickness of the DVD is 0.6 mm. The dichroic hologram is designed such that when the red light of wavelength λ that has passed through the objective lens is irradiated on to the disk of substrate thickness of 0.6 mm, the standard deviation of wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ.
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The light that was reflected at the DVD , diffracted and modulated, again passes through the objective lens and the dichroic hologram , passes through the beam splitter , is focused by the detecting lens , and is incident on the photodetector . The photodetector contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
FIG. 17
FIG. 17B
FIG. 17A
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shows a pattern on the upper surface (the disk side) and the rear side (the side that is furthest from the disk) of the dichroic hologram . The light that approaches the disk passes through from the rear surface to the upper surface. No particular pattern is formed on the rear surface shown in . On the upper surface that is shown in , the light in the range of wavelength λ=630 to 680 nm is diffracted by a pattern within a region .
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The pattern within the region is formed such that the light of wavelength λ that was diffracted at the upper surface has a wavefront that is optimal for the DVD . Since the principal object is to apply power to the diffracted light and to correct spherical aberration, the pattern is concentric ring-shaped. Light in the vicinity of wavelength λ=400 nm passes through both upper and lower surfaces without being affected.
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The cross-sectional form of the hologram that is formed on the upper surface of the dichroic hologram is the same as the cross-sectional form of that which is formed on the rear surface of the dichroic hologram of the first embodiment. Accordingly, because high diffraction efficiencies can be obtained for the light of wavelength λ that is in the range 630 to 680 nm, satisfactory light utilization efficiency can be achieved.
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Consequently, since it is possible to use light sources whose respective wavelengths are appropriate to the types of optical disks (information recording media), namely high density optical disks and DVDs , and to focus light with less aberrations onto the information surfaces at high efficiencies, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably.
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As in the present embodiment, by setting the surface of the dichroic hologram on which the pattern is provided to be the face closest to the objective lens, it is possible to prevent the minimum pitch of the dichroic hologram from becoming too small, thus facilitating fabrication of the dichroic hologram .
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Furthermore, because recording and reproduction of CDs is omitted from the present embodiment, not only is a light source for CDs unnecessary, but the shape of the dichroic hologram is simplified, and since the variety of signals that the photodetector detects is reduced, the photodetector is simpler than that of the first embodiment.
FIG. 18
FIG. 18A
FIG. 18B
FIG. 19
FIG. 19A
FIG. 17
FIG. 19B
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Furthermore, shows an optical head that uses a dichroic hologram in place of the dichroic hologram . is a structural overview of the high density optical disk during recording and reproduction, and is a structural overview of the DVD during recording and reproduction. shows a pattern on an upper surface (disk side) and rear surface (side furthest from the disk) of the dichroic hologram . The upper surface of the dichroic hologram that is shown in has the same pattern that is formed on the upper surface of the dichroic hologram shown in . A pattern, which is a hologram for correcting chromatic aberration in light of wavelength λ, is formed in a region on the rear surface of the dichroic hologram shown in .
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Holograms for correcting chromatic aberrations are explained in detail in the Patent Document 3 (JP 2001-60336A). In this specification, the cross-section of the optical element is saw tooth-shaped, and a method is described whereby second order diffracted light is used for correcting light of a first wavelength λ, and first order diffracted light is used for correcting light of a second wavelength λ. Aberration that occurs at the objective lens caused by wavelength offset of the light of wavelength λ is cancelled out by changes in the diffracting angle of the diffraction grating to correct chromatic aberration. Accordingly chromatic aberration can be corrected without the addition of new parts.
FIG. 11
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Furthermore, an example of an optical head is described in the present embodiment. However, as in the structure in of the first embodiment, by providing moving means such as a conveying system or a rotating system , and a control circuit , the optical head can be used as an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus (optical disk drive).
A third embodiment shows an example of a head that records and reproduces information onto three types of optical disks using three types of light sources using an optical element that has a dichroic hologram on one face and a phase shift step on an opposite face. Furthermore, a dichroic hologram that has two types of groove depths is described.
FIG. 20
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is a structural overview of an optical head according to the present embodiment. Parts that are the same as in the first and second embodiment are given the same symbols, and the description thereof is hereby omitted. The present embodiment differs from the first and second embodiments in the use of a dichroic hologram (optical element) , which has a phase shift step on its rear surface.
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FIG. 21
FIG. 21A
FIG. 21B
FIG. 21C
FIG. 21B
FIG. 21A
A front view of the dichroic hologram is shown in , while shows an upper surface (disk side), shows a rear surface (side furthest from the disk), and is a cross-sectional view of . As shown in , grooves are formed as a dichroic hologram in a circle-shaped region (first region) in the vicinity of the center of an upper surface , and in a ring-shaped region (second region) that wraps around the region . No grooves are formed in a region (third region) that is on the outer side of the region .
FIG. 21B
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On the other hand, as shown in , a phase shift step (phase correcting means) is formed on a rear surface . The light of wavelength λ=380 nm to 420 nm passes as is through the dichroic hologram on the upper surface, but the light of wavelength λ=630 nm to 680 nm and the light of wavelength λ=780 nm to 820 nm is diffracted. The light of wavelength λ passes through the region and the region and one part of the region .
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The light of wavelength λ that reproduces the CD passes through the rear surface , after which it irradiates only onto the region of the upper surface . The pattern of the region is designed such that when the light of wavelength λ that was diffracted is irradiated onto the CD of t=1.2 mm, the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ.
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FIG. 21B
The phase shift step of the rear surface shown in is a step that does not affect the light of wavelength λ and the light of wavelength λ. The light of wavelength λ is phase modulated by the phase shift step of the rear surface , and is irradiated onto the circle-shaped region (first region) and the ring-shaped region (second region) of the upper surface .
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The shape of the pattern in the ring-shaped region and the phase shift step (phase correcting means) is designed such that the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ when the light that was diffracted at the circle-shaped region and the ring-shaped region is irradiated onto the DVD of t=0.6.
FIG. 22
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shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of the dichroic hologram . The surface of the dichroic hologram is engraved with grooves that have two types of depths (d and ). Those grooves form sets of grooves lined up in the order d, , no groove, and are formed as a repetition of those sets. Where a refractive index of a medium at wavelength λ that is within the range of 380 nm to 420 nm is n, the depth d is expressed by:
=λ1/(1−1).
Accordingly, the light of wavelength λ from the blue light semiconductor laser passes through without any effect.
n−
d≦
Furthermore, as described in the first embodiment, if the light path length is within a predetermined range, then the effect that light within the wavelength range 380 nm to 420 nm substantially passes through the dichroic hologram can be obtained. Thus, it is preferable that the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied, where n is the refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400.
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FIG. 23A
FIG. 23B
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On the other hand, the wavefront of the light of wavelength λ of the red semiconductor laser is modulated as shown in . Since the wavelength λ is in the range 630 nm to 680 nm for recording and reproduction of the DVD , d has a depth that corresponds to approximately 0.6 times the length of the wavelength λ. Consequently, corresponds to 1.2λ. Since the integer multiples of λ can be ignored in the phases of light, with consideration given only to the portion on the right of the decimal point, d corresponds to 0.6λ and corresponds to 0.2λ. Consequently, grooves that are lined up in the order d, form wavefronts having phases that change stepwise as 0.6λ and 0.2λ, as shown in .
FIG. 24
FIG. 22
FIG. 24
shows the relationship between a groove depth of a single step that is normalized by the wavelength λ, and the efficiency R of converting incident light to first order diffracted light at the dichroic hologram, such as is shown in . From , a diffraction efficiency in the order of 0.6 can be obtained when the depth of one step is 0.6 times λ.
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FIG. 25A
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Furthermore, the wavefront of the light of wavelength λ of the infrared semiconductor laser is modulated as shown in . Since the wavelength λ is in the range 780 nm to 820 nm for CD recording and reproduction, d has a depth that corresponds to approximately 0.5 times the length of wavelength λ. Consequently, corresponds to 1.0λ. Since the integer portions of λ can be ignored in the phases of light, with consideration given only to the part to the right of the decimal point, d corresponds to 0.5λ and corresponds to 0.
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FIG. 25B
FIG. 24
Consequently, grooves that are lined up in the order d, , form wavefronts having two step phases are 0.5λ and 0 as shown in , whose duty ratio is 1:2. Due to this, a diffraction ratio in the order of 0.3 can be obtained when the depth of one step is 0.5 times λ, as shown in .
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FIG. 21
If the dichroic hologram as shown in is used, then the hologram pattern is only fabricated on one face, and since the rear surface is constituted by a phase shift step that has low light-intensity-loss, light utilization efficiency can be raised.
Thus, since it is possible to use light sources having wavelengths that are appropriate to the three types of optical disks (information recording media) to focus low aberration light onto the information surface at high efficiency, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably.
It should be noted that here, the dichroic hologram and the phase shift step are formed on the upper surface and rear surface of a single optical element. However it is also possible to arrange a member in which these are formed on separate optical elements. In this case, by tuning the position of both optical elements, it is possible to adjust their centers to the optical axis.
Furthermore, the diffraction efficiency shown here is a value calculated when the width of adjacent grooves of various depths is substantially equivalent.
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Moreover, the relationship between the wavelengths λ and λ satisfies:
1.5≦λ/λ≦1.8,
and the relationship between the wavelengths λ and λ satisfies:
1.8≦λ/λ≦2.2.
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The conventional example disclosed in Patent Document 1 (JP H9-306018A), is illustrated by an example that has three types of groove depths, which allows one wavelength to pass through and diffracts another wavelength. However, there is no mention of the fact that when the wavelengths of λ and λ have the relationship:
1.5≦λ/λ≦1.8,
a dichroic hologram that has two types of groove depths, or a dichroic hologram that has four types of groove depths in which these groove depths are lined up in the order , , d, , no groove, can increase the diffraction efficiency of light of wavelength λ. This is subject matter that is first disclosed by the present invention. Furthermore, the fact that an appropriate diffraction ratio of light of the wavelength λ that has the relationship:
1.8≦λ/λ≦2.2.
can be obtained with the aforementioned dichroic hologram is another original disclose of the present invention.
It should be noted that it is also possible that the hologram that is grouped with the phase shift step is of the shape that has four types of groove depths that are shown in the first embodiment. Similarly, it is also possible to use a dichroic hologram of a form having two types of groove depths, as shown in the third embodiment, applied to the dichroic hologram of the first embodiment.
It should be noted that for simplicity, the light sources here are separate, and the photodetector is shared, however a single light source such as a monolithic semiconductor laser also can be used as the lightsource, and the photodetectors also can be separate. Even with this configuration, the same effect can be demonstrated.
Furthermore, a disk whose substrate thickness t=0.1 and numerical aperture is 0.8 has been assumed as the example of the high density optical disk. However it is not limited to this.
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FIG. 11
Also, although the present embodiment has been described using the example of an optical head, by providing a moving means such as the traverse system or the rotating system , and the control circuit , it can be used as the optical information recording and reproduction apparatus (optical disk drive), as shown in of the first embodiment.
FIG. 26
FIG. 26
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shows a structural view of the optical head according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. It differs from the optical head according to the second conventional example in that it is provided with an objective lens drive apparatus that is capable of tilting the objective lens . shows the manner in which an ultra high density optical disk , which has a substrate thickness of 0.1 mm and an optical disk (DVD) , which has a substrate thickness of 0.6 mm, are recorded and reproduced. In order to simplify the description, both disks are drawn overlapped in the same location.
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The optical head shown in this drawing is provided with a light source that produces a wavelength 380 nm to 420 nm (wavelength λ), and a module . A photodetector and a light source of light of a wavelength 630 nm to 680 nm (wavelength λ) are contained within the module . During recording and reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk , the light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source passes through prisms and and is converted to collimated light by a focusing lens . This collimated light is reflected by a mirror , passes through a phase plate , is focused by the objective lens and is irradiated onto the ultra high density optical disk .
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FIG. 62
The objective lens given here has a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.85, and is designed such that aberration with respect to the optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm is at a minimum. Furthermore, a phase plate contains the phase shift step () shown in the second conventional example, and is designed such that the light of wavelength λ passes through without being affected.
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The light that was reflected by the ultra high optical disk passes again through the objective lens, is focused by the focusing lens , is reflected by the prism and is incident on a detecting device . The detecting device contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
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When recording onto and reproducing from the DVD , the light of wavelength λ that was emitted from the light source in the module is reflected by the prism , passes through the prism , and is converted by the focusing lens to diverging light that has an optimum degree of divergence.
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Then, by changing the position of the light source of the module as given by A to D in the diagram, it is possible to alter the degree of divergence, or convert it to collimated light at the focusing lens . When there is no phase plate , if the position of the light source of module is B, then the divergent light that passed through the focusing lens passes through the objective lens , whose numerical aperture is limited to NA 0.6 and which is designed such that aberrations with respect to the optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm are at a minimum, to become diverging light whose standard deviation of wavefront aberration is at a minimum when emitted onto the DVD whose substrate thickness is 0.6 mm. The diverging light is reflected by the mirror , its aberration is corrected by wavefront conversion by the phase plate , is focused by the objective lens and irradiated onto the DVD .
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The NA of the light that is emitted from the objective lens is limited to 0.6. The light that is reflected by the DVD passes again through the objective lens and the phase plate , is reflected by the mirror , is focused by the focusing lens , passes through the prism , is reflected by the prism and is incident on the detecting device of the module . The detecting device of the module contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and emits a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
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If the light that is incident on the objective lens is diverging, then when the objective lens is driven in the tracking direction, coma aberration occurs because the light is incident on the objective lens at an incline. This first embodiment is provided with an objective lens drive apparatus that is capable of tilting, and coma aberration that is caused due to driving the objective lens in the tracking direction can be cancelled out by coma aberration that occurs by tilting the objective lens .
FIG. 27
FIG. 27A
FIG. 27B
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shows the objective lens drive apparatus that is capable of tilting the objective lens . is a structural diagram of the objective lens drive apparatus, and schematically shows a lateral view. A lens holder is provided with the objective lens and drive coils , and , and these are suspended from a fixed portion by wires .
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FIG. 27B
A magnetic circuit is constituted by the drive coils , and , and a magnet . The objective lens is driven in the tracking direction (x direction) by passing an electric current through the drive coils , and is driven in the focus direction by passing an electric current in the same direction, and of the same value, through the drive coils and . And, by passing different electric currents through the electric coils and the objective lens can be tilted in the φ direction as shown in . Depending on the amount of tracking movement of the objective lens , coma aberration can be cancelled out by tilting the objective lens .
Since a large coma aberration occurs when the objective lens is moved in the tracking direction in the second conventional example, accurate recording and reproduction is difficult. However according to the present embodiment, less aberrated light can be focused onto the information surface by tilting the objective lens, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
FIG. 28
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is a structural diagram showing an optical head according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. It differs from the fourth embodiment in a phase plate , and in that the light source of the module is in the position A. The position A of the light source of the module is closer to the objective lens than the position B, at which the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration of the light that is emitted from the module is at a minimum.
FIG. 29
FIG. 29A
FIG. 29B
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n
shows the structure of the phase plate . is a plan view of an upper surface (disk side), and is a lateral view. A phase shift step that is circular and that has a height d is configured on the phase plate . The height d is:
=2 λ1/(1−1),
whereby n is the refractive index of the phase plate at the wavelength λ.
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During recording onto and reproducing from the ultra high density optical disk , the light of wavelength λ is phase shifted by 2λ (where λ is the wavelength that is used) by the phase shift step , however since this is an integer multiple of the wavelength, the wavefront of the light is not affected, and there is no light loss. That is to say, favorable jitter can be obtained during reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk and sufficient peak intensity can be obtained when recording.
9
In this case, if the wavelength λ that is used is determined, then the phase shift 2λ is also uniquely fixed. However if the phase shift 2λ is within a predetermined range with respect to a predetermined wavelength λ that is used, then an effect can be obtained whereby the wavefront of the light that has a wavelength within the range 380 to 420 nm is substantially unaffected at the phase plate .
n−
d≦
1
More specifically, the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
can be satisfied when the wavelength standard is 400 nm, which is within the range of wavelength λ that is 380 to 420 nm, and n is the refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm.
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On the other hand, during recording and reproduction of the DVD , a phase shift of d/λ×(n−1)=1.2λ is generated in the light of wavelength λ by the phase shift step . Since integer multiples of the wavelength can be ignored for phases of the light, if consideration is given only to the portion to the right of the decimal point then d corresponds to 0.2λ. That is to say, the wavefront of the light of wavelength λ is converted.
FIG. 30
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shows a wavefront aberration in the case in which there is no phase plate by a thin line, and the wavefront aberration in the case in which there is a phase plate by a thick line. In the case in which there is no phase plate , the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is 77 mλ, however in the case in which there is the phase plate , the standard deviation reduced to 51 mλ. This is the same as in the second conventional example. If the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is lower than the Marshall Standard of 70 mλ, then the optical head has a diffraction limit capability, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
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Thus, because the degree of divergence of the light of wavelength is greater than that shown in the second conventional example, the present fifth embodiment can get by with fewer steps on the phase plate , and the configuration is greatly simplified. That is to say, fabrication of the phase plate is facilitated, light loss can be suppressed, and electrical power consumption of the light source can be reduced.
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44
11
Furthermore, if the light that is incident on the objective lens is divergent light, then coma aberration occurs when the objective lens is driven in the tracking direction. However by using the objective lens drive apparatus , which is capable of tilting and which was described in the fourth embodiment, if the objective lens is tilted in response to the amount of tracking movement, coma aberration can be cancelled out.
12
13
11
Thus, according to the present fifth embodiment, it is possible to suppress the loss of light to the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD using a phase plate of simple construction. Furthermore, since coma aberration can be corrected by tilting the objective lens , it is possible to focus light with less aberrations onto the information surface, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
2
a
It should be noted that for simplicity, the module combines the light source and the detecting device in a single body. However the light source and the detecting device may also be separate bodies.
FIG. 31
2
16
11
a
shows a structural diagram of an optical head according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. It differs from the fourth embodiment in the light source of the module being in the position C, a phase plate , and in that a tilting apparatus for the objective lens not being necessary.
2
2
7
2
7
11
12
a
The position of the light source of the module is at position C, which is substantially the mid point between position D and position B. That is to say, the position C is a position that is substantially midway between the position D, from which point the light of wavelength λ that passes through the focusing lens is collimated light, and the position B, from which point the light of wavelength λ that passes through the focusing lens passes through the objective lens , whose numerical aperture is limited to 0.6 and which is designed such that aberration of light is at a minimum with respect to the optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm, to have minimum wavefront aberration when irradiated onto the DVD whose substrate thickness is 0.6 mm.
11
2
11
11
a
Since the degree of divergence of the diverging light that is incident on the objective lens is less than when the light source of the module is in position B, even if the objective lens is driven in the tracking direction, the occurrence of coma aberration is negligible. That is, since there is no necessity to provide a tilting apparatus for tilting the objective lens , the system configuration can be simple.
FIG. 32
FIG. 32A
FIG. 32B
16
16
2
3
4
16
16
1
1
1
1
a
d
d
d
d=
shows a structure of a phase plate . is a plan view of an upper surface (disk side), and is a lateral view. A phase shift step that provides concentric ring-shaped steps d, , and , whose single step height is d, is configured on the phase plate . When the refractive index of the phase plate at the wavelength λ is set to n, the height d is determined by:
2 λ/(n−1).
Furthermore, as described in the fifth embodiment, if the phase shift is within a predetermined range, than an effect can be obtained whereby the wavefront of the light that has a wavelength that is within the range 380 to 420 nm is substantially unaffected at the phase plate.
n−
d≦
1
More specifically, the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
can be satisfied when the wavelength standard is set to 400 nm, which is within the range of wavelength λ that is 380 to 420 nm, and n is the refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm.
12
1
12
During recording and reproducing of the ultra high density optical disk , the light of wavelength λ is phase shifted by 2λ by the height d, however since this is an integer multiple of the wavelength, the wavefront of the light is not affected, and there is no light loss. That is to say, a favorable jitter is obtained when reproducing from the ultra high density optical disk and sufficient peak intensity can be obtained when recording.
13
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
d
d
d
On the other hand, during recording and reproduction of the DVD , the height d generates a phase shift of d/λ×(n−1)=1.2 λ in the light of wavelength λ. Since integer multiples of the wavelength can be ignored for phases of the light, if consideration is given only to the portion to the right of the decimal point, then d corresponds to 0.2λ. Similarly, heights , , and correspond to phase shifts of 0.4λ, 0.6λ and 0.8λ. That is to say, the wavefront of the light of wavelength λ is converted.
FIG. 33
16
16
16
16
16
a
shows a wavefront aberration in the case in which there is no phase plate by a thin line, and the wavefront aberration in the case in which there is a phase plate by a thick line. The width and height of the steps of the phase plate are configured so as to correct the wavefront aberration of the thin line. Thus, while the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is 490 mλ when there is no phase plate , it reduces to 58 mλ when the phase plate is in place. If the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is lower than the Marshall Standard of 70 mλ, then the optical head has a diffraction limit capability, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
11
11
12
13
Thus, since the coma aberration that is generated when the objective lens is driven in the tracking direction can be suppressed according to the present embodiment, it is possible to omit the tilting apparatus of the objective lens , the optical head can be made straightforward, and the system configuration also simplified. Furthermore, because it is possible to focus light with less aberrations onto the information recording surfaces of the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
4
5
6
d
d
d
It should be noted that that the present embodiment is described using an example in which the phase shift step has a height of , however it is also possible to use heights of , or greater.
2
a
Furthermore, even if the position of the light source of the module is between C and D, if the configuration of the width and height of the phase shift step is changed so as to correct the wavefront aberration, then the same effect can be obtained.
2
a
Furthermore, for simplicity the module combines the light source and the photodetector in a single body, however the light source and the photodetector may also be separate bodies.
11
11
Furthermore, although in the present embodiment, the coma aberration is suppressed to the extent that tilting the objective lens is not necessary, however it is possible to add a tilt drive to the objective lens . By adding tilting, the tilt margin of the optical disk is enlarged, and even disks that are warped to a large extent can be favorably recorded and reproduced.
FIG. 34
13
2
17
2
2
7
13
15
12
13
11
11
11
An optical head according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention is shown in . It differs from the sixth embodiment in that there is no module for the DVD , only a light source , and in that it has a phase shift step . The light source is set in a position such that the light of wavelength λ that passes through the focusing lens is collimated light. Thus, since the light that was reflected by the DVD can be focused on the detecting device it is possible to use the detecting device for both the ultra high density optical disk and for the DVD . That is, the number of parts can be reduced, and a cost reduction achieved. Furthermore, since the light that is incident on the objective lens is collimated light, there is no necessity for the tilting apparatus for the objective lens , the optical head is simplified, and coma aberration does not occur even when the objective lens is driven in the tracking direction.
FIG. 35
FIG. 35A
FIG. 35B
FIG. 35B
FIG. 32B
17
17
2
3
4
17
17
1
1
1
a
d
d
d
2
d=
1
n−
shows the structure of the phase plate . is a plan view from an upper surface (disk side), and is a lateral view. A phase shift step that has concentric ring-shaped steps d, , and , whose single step height is d, is configured on the phase plate . When the refractive index of the phase plate at the wavelength λ is set to n, the height d is determined by:
λ/(1).
The configuration in has an increased number of steps in the radial direction than that of the structure in of the sixth embodiment.However since the minimum width is in the order of 12 μm, it is easier to fabricate.
12
1
12
During recording and reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk , the light of wavelength λ is phase shifted by 2λ by the height d, however since this is an integer multiple of the wavelength, the wavefront of the light is not affected, and there is no light loss. That is to say, a favorable jitter can be obtained during reproduction from the ultra high density optical disk and sufficient peak intensity can be obtained when recording.
Furthermore, as described in the fifth embodiment, if the phase shift 2λ is within a predetermined range, then an effect can be obtained whereby the wavefront of the light that has a wavelength within the range 380 to 420 nm is substantially unaffected at the phase plate.
n−
d≦
1
More specifically, the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
can be satisfied when the wavelength standard is 400 nm, which is within the range of wavelength λ that is 380 to 420 nm, and n is the refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm.
13
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
d
d
d
On the other hand, during recording and reproduction of the DVD , the height d generates a phase shift of d/λ×(n−1)=1.2λ in the light of wavelength λ. Since integer multiples of the wavelength can be ignored for phases of the light, when consideration is given only to the portion to the right of the decimal point, d corresponds to 0.2λ. Similarly, heights , , and correspond to phase shifts of 0.4λ, 0.6λ and 0.8λ. That is to say, the wavefront of the light of wavelength λ is converted.
FIG. 36
17
17
17
17
17
shows a wavefront aberration in the case in which there is no phase plate by a thin line, and a wavefront aberration in the case in which there is a phase plate by a thick line. The width and height of the steps of the phase plate are configured so as to correct the wavefront aberration of the thin line. Thus, while the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is 780 mλ when there is no phase plate , it reduces to 58 mλ when the phase plate is in place. If the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is lower than the Marshall Standard of 70 mλ, then the optical head has a diffraction limit capability, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
11
11
12
13
In this manner, by causing the light that is incident on the objective lens to be collimated light according to the present embodiment, the necessity of the tilting apparatus for the objective lens disappears, the optical head can be made more straightforward, and the system configuration also simplified. Furthermore, because it is possible to focus light with less aberrations onto the information recording surfaces of the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
4
5
6
d
d
d
It should be noted that that the present embodiment is described using an example in which the phase shift step has a height of , however it is also possible to use heights of , or greater.
FIG. 37
19
18
12
15
An optical head according to the eighth embodiment is shown in . It differs from the seventh embodiment in the provision of a mirror , and a phase plate , but the configuration up to where the light that is emitted from the light source becomes collimated light, and the configuration in which the light that was reflected by the optical disk is incident on the detecting device are the same as in the seventh embodiment.
FIG. 38
19
19
19
19
1
1
11
2
2
a
b
a
a
b
As shown in , the mirror has a flat reflecting surface and a curved reflecting surface , which has a radius of curvature R. The reflecting surface is constituted by a dichroic film that totally reflects a light of wavelength λ remain parallel with respect to the objective lens , while allowing a light of wavelength λ to completely pass.
19
2
2
11
18
18
b
b
Furthermore, the reflective surface totally reflects and converts the light of wavelength λ into diverging light that has a degree of convergence that is optimal for the objective lens . The phase shift steps of the phase plate are set in response to the degree of divergence. For example, the degree of divergence and the phase plate can be the same as in the sixth embodiment.
11
12
13
Thus with such a configuration, since the coma aberration that occurs when the objective lens is driven in the tracking direction can be suppressed to an insignificant amount, it is possible to focus light with less aberrations onto the information recording surfaces of the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably. Furthermore, costs can be reduced since the detecting devices can be combined into one.
Furthermore, since the number of steps is fewer, and the width of the steps is wider than in the seventh embodiment, manufacture is facilitated, fabrication to shape as designed is possible, and it is possible to reduce light loss.
FIG. 39
FIG. 39
FIG. 39A
FIG. 39B
18
18
18
18
a
b
A description of the ninth embodiment of the present invention uses . shows a structural diagram of the phase plate . is a lateral view, and is a view of a rear surface. The phase plate is constituted by a phase shift step on an upper surface (disk side), and a chromatic aberration correction hologram that has the power of a convex lens on the rear surface (side furthest from the disk).
18
1
18
18
b
b
The chromatic aberration correction hologram is disclosed in detail in the Patent Document 3 (JP 2001-60336A). This corrects chromatic aberration by canceling out the aberration that is caused at the objective lens by a shift in the wavelength of the light of wavelength λ, by changing the diffraction angle of a diffraction grating. By configuring the phase plate and the chromatic aberration correction hologram as a single piece, it is possible to correct chromatic aberration without supplementing new parts.
It should be noted that it is possible to obtain the same effect by configuring the chromatic aberration correction hologram into a single piece with the phase plates that are described in the fourth to eighth embodiments.
FIG. 40
12
13
14
An optical head according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention is shown in . The ultra high density optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm, the optical disk (DVD) whose substrate thickness is 0.6 mm and the optical disk (CD) whose substrate thickness is 1.2 mm are shown in their recording and reproduction state, and for the purpose of simplifying the description, they are drawn overlapping in the same position.
1
1
2
2
3
3
The optical head contains the light source that emits light of a wavelength 380 nm to 420 nm (wavelength λ), the light source that emits light of a wavelength 630 nm to 680 nm (wavelength λ) and the light source that emits light of a wavelength 780 nm to 820 nm (wavelength λ).
12
1
1
4
5
6
7
8
10
17
11
12
During recording and reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk , the light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source passes through the prisms , , and , and is converted to collimated light by the focusing lens . This collimated light is reflected by the mirror , passes through a liquid crystal hologram and the phase plate , is focused by the objective lens , and is irradiated onto the ultra high density optical disk .
11
1
17
1
3
2
Here, the objective lens is designed to have an NA of 0.85, and to handle light of wavelength λ and a disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm. Furthermore, the phase plate , as will be explained below, is designed to allow light of wavelength λ and λ to pass without being affected, and to convert the wavefront of the light of wavelength λ.
12
11
17
10
8
7
6
15
15
Furthermore, during recording and reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk, the liquid crystal hologram is in a state in which a voltage is not applied (OFF), and the light passes through without being affected. The light that was reflected by the ultra high density optical disk passes again through the objective lens , the phase plate and the liquid crystal hologram , and is reflected by the mirror . This reflected light is focused by the focusing lens , is reflected by the prism , and is incident on the detecting device . The detecting device contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
13
2
2
4
5
6
7
8
10
17
11
13
During recording and reproduction of the DVD , the light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source is reflected by the prism , passes through the prisms and , and is converted to collimated light by the focusing lens . This collimated light is reflected by the mirror , passes through the liquid crystal hologram , is wavefront converted by the phase plate , is focused by the objective lens , and is irradiated onto the DVD .
11
17
11
2
Here, the NA of the light that is emitted from the objective lens is limited to 0.6. Furthermore, the phase plate is designed such that after passing through the objective lens , which is designed such that aberration with respect to the disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm is at a minimum, when the collimated light of wavelength λ is irradiated onto the optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.6 mm, the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ.
13
2
13
11
17
10
8
7
6
15
Furthermore, during recording and reproduction of the DVD , the liquid crystal hologram is in the OFF condition, and the light of wavelength λ passes through without being affected. The light that was reflected by the DVD passes again through the objective lens , the phase plate and the liquid crystal hologram , and is reflected by the mirror . This reflected light is focused by the focusing lens , is reflected by the prism , and is incident on the detecting device .
14
3
3
5
6
7
8
10
17
11
14
During recording and reproduction of the CD , the light of wavelength λ that was emitted from the light source is reflected by the prism , passes through the prism , and is converted to collimated light by the focusing lens . This collimated light is reflected by the mirror , and is wavefront converted by the liquid crystal hologram . Moreover, it passes through the phase plate , is focused by the objective lens , and is irradiated onto the CD .
11
17
3
14
3
11
Here, the NA of the light that is emitted by the objective lens is limited to 0.45. Furthermore, the phase plate allows the light of wavelength λ to pass without influence. Furthermore, during recording and reproduction of the CD , the liquid crystal hologram is in a condition in which an electric voltage is applied (ON), and is designed such that, the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is not more than 70 mλ when the collimated light of wavelength λ is irradiated onto the optical disk whose substrate thickness is 1.2 mm after passing through the objective lens .
14
11
17
10
8
7
6
15
The light that was reflected by the CD again passes through the objective lens , the phase plate and the liquid crystal hologram , is reflected by the mirror , is focused by the focusing lens , and is reflected by the prism to be incident on the detecting device .
17
17
2
3
4
17
FIG. 35
a
d
d
d
The configuration of the phase plate is the same as the structure in . That is to say the phase shift step that has concentric ring-shaped steps d, , and , whose single step height is d, is provided on the phase plate .
17
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
2
1
3
d=
n
n
n
When the refractive index of the phase plate at wavelengths λ and λ is n and n, the height d is:
2 λ /(−1).
The refractive indices n and n satisfy:
−10 nm<λ/(−1)−λ/(−1)/2<10 nm.
The wavefront of the light of wavelength λ can be converted substantially without influencing the light of wavelength λ and λ by appropriately selecting the wavelength that is used and the material of the phase plate.
12
1
14
3
1
3
12
14
During recording and reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk , the light of wavelength λ is phase shifted 2λ by the height d, and during recording and reproduction of the CD , the phase shift of the light of wavelength λ by the height d is substantially λ. When using light of either wavelength λ or λ, the phase shift is an integer multiple of the wavelength so the wavefront of the light is unaffected, and there is no loss of light. That is, favorable jitter can be obtained when replaying from the ultra high density optical disk and the CD , and sufficient peak intensity can be obtained when recording.
Furthermore, as shown in the fifth embodiment, if the phase shift 2λ is within a predetermined range, then an effect can be obtained whereby the wavefront of the light that has a wavelength within the range 380 to 420 nm is substantially unaffected at the phase plate.
n−
d≦
1
More specifically, the expression:
760 nm≦(1)×840 nm
can be satisfied when the wavelength standard is 400 nm, which is within the range of wavelength λ that is 380 to 420 nm, and n is the refractive index of the substrate at a wavelength of 400 nm.
13
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
d
d
d
On the other hand, during recording and reproduction of the DVD , a phase shift of d/λ×(n−1)=1.2 λ is generated in the light of wavelength λ. Since integer multiples of the wavelength can be ignored for phases of the light, when consideration is given only to the portion to the right of the decimal point, d corresponds to 0.2λ. Similarly, heights , , and correspond to phase shifts of 0.4λ, 0.6λ and 0.8λ. That is to say, the wavefront of the light of wavelength λ is converted.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
12
14
13
For example, if the wavelength of the lights that are used is λ=405 nm, λ=650 nm and λ=780 nm, then BK7, which is a common glass material, can be used as the material of the phase plate, and the height of one step of the phase shift step can be d=1.5292 μm. Since the refractive index of BK7 is n=1.15297, n=1.5141 and n=1.5107, the phase shift per step for the lights of wavelength λ, λ and λ are respectively 2λ, 1.2λ and λ. That is, when using the ultra high density optical disk and the CD , the phase plate has no influence, and the wavefronts can be converted only when using the DVD .
FIG. 36
17
17
17
17
17
a
shows a wavefront aberration in the case in which there is no phase plate by a thin line, and the wavefront aberration in the case in which there is a phase plate by a thick line. The width and height of the steps of the phase shift step are configured so as to correct the wavefront aberration of the thin line. Thus, while the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is 780 mλ when there is no phase plate , it reduces to 58 mλ when the phase plate is in place. If the standard deviation of the wavefront aberration is lower than the Marshall Standard of 70 mλ, then the optical head has a diffraction limit capability, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
FIG. 41
FIG. 41A
FIG. 41B
10
10
10
10
10
10
b
c
a
c
d.
shows the structure of the liquid crystal hologram . is a plan view of an upper surface (disk side), and is an enlarged cross-sectional view. A relief-shaped hologram pattern is provided on a substrate whose refractive index is no, and a transparent electrode is formed on that face. A liquid crystal is sandwiched between transparent electrodes and
10
10
10
10
10
a
c
d
a
b
The refractive index of the liquid crystal changes depending on the voltage across the transparent electrode and . It has a refractive index of ne when in the state in which there is an applied voltage (ON), and has a refractive index of no when in the state in which there is no applied voltage (OFF). In the OFF condition, the liquid crystal and the substrate have equivalent refractive indices. Although it is a simple flat plate in this case, a difference in the refractive indices is generated in the ON state, and a refractive effect is generated due to the hologram.
10
10
3
11
14
12
13
b
a
A predetermined diffraction effect can be obtained by appropriately selecting the combination of the material of the substrate and the material of the liquid crystal . The hologram has aberrations so as to cancel out wavefront aberrations that are generated when the light of wavelength λ passes through the objective lens and is irradiated onto the CD . That is, when using the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , if the hologram is turned to the OFF condition, then the lights are unaffected, and if the hologram is turned to the ON condition, then the wavefront of the light can be converted.
12
13
14
Thus, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to focus light with less aberrations onto the information recording surfaces of the ultra high density optical disk , the DVD and the CD , and information can be favorably recorded and reproduced.
2
7
It should be noted that in the tenth embodiment of the present invention, a case is described in which the light of wavelength λ is converted to collimated light by the focusing lens . However it is also possible to use cases in which it is converted to diverging light, such as in the fifth and sixth embodiments.
14
14
14
Furthermore, recording and reproduction of the CD is described using the liquid crystal, however the phase shift step of the present invention is characterized in that it does not influence the CD , so it is possible to use any method known in the art to record and reproduce the CD .
13
13
14
13
Furthermore, if the hologram pattern of the liquid crystal is configured to cancel out the wavefront aberration that is generated by the DVD , then it is possible to use the liquid crystal even during recording and reproduction of the DVD . Moreover, it is also possible to mount individual liquid crystal holograms for the CD and the DVD .
1
1
12
13
1
1
Furthermore, the height of the phase shift steps of the fifth to the tenth embodiments was d=2λ/(n−1). However if the present invention is limited to recording onto and reproducing from the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , then it is possible to realize the same phase shift even if the height is d=λ/(n−1).
n−
d≦
Furthermore, as described previously, if the phase shift is within a predetermined range, then an effect can be obtained whereby the wavefront of the light that has a wavelength within the range 380 to 420 nm is substantially unaffected at the phase plate. Due to this, when the refractive index at the standard wavelength of 400 nm is n, then it is also possible that the expression:
380 nm≦(1)×420 nm
is satisfied.
2
2
3
4
16
16
d
d
d
a
b
FIG. 32
FIG. 42
In this case, since the height d generates a phase shift of 0.6λ in the light of wavelength λ, d, , and correspond to phase shifts of 0.6λ, 0.2λ, 0.8λ and 0.4λ. For example, the phase shift step () of the sixth embodiment becomes the same as the phase shift step that is shown in .
If done in this manner, since the height of the steps can be lowered, fabrication of the phase plate is facilitated and the manufacturing time can be shortened. Furthermore, since it is easier to fabricate the shape as designed, light loss is less and the effect of suppressing electrical power consumption can be obtained.
Furthermore, the phase shift step can be formed easily by etching a glass substrate. Furthermore, it is also possible to form the phase shift step by molding glass or resin. Furthermore, it is also possible to form the phase shift step into a single piece with the objective lens.
It should be noted that if using resin as the material for the phase shift step, because chemical changes are likely to occur when the wavelength is less than 420 nm, it is preferable that the light absorptance ratio is not more than 5%, and more preferably is not more than 3%. It is preferable to use amorphous polyolefins (such as Zonex or APEL), for example.
Furthermore, a disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm and whose NA is 0.85 was assumed as an example of the ultra high density optical disk, however it is not limited to this.
17
11
Furthermore, no particular method is described for limiting the aperture of the light. However there are methods in which a wavelength selecting filter (not shown) is vapor deposited on the phase plate or the objective lens , or in which a separate glass filter is provided. Furthermore, it is also possible to restrict the light by providing an aperture on the light path that is traveled only by light of each wavelength (between the light source and the prism).
FIG. 43
12
13
14
An optical head according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is shown in . This diagram shows the ultra high density optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm, the optical disk (DVD) whose substrate thickness is 0.6 mm and the optical disk (CD) whose substrate thickness is 1.2 mm. In order to simplify the description, these are drawn as overlapped in the same position.
1
1
2
2
3
3
The optical head contains the light source of wavelength 380 nm to 420 nm (λ), the light source of wavelength 630 nm to 680 nm (λ) and the light source of wavelength 780 nm to 820 nm (λ).
12
1
1
4
5
6
7
67
67
17
39
12
a
During recording and reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk , the light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source passes through the prisms , , and , and is converted to collimated light by the focusing lens . This collimated light is reflected at a reflecting surface of a dichroic mirror , passes through the phase plate , is focused by an objective lens and is irradiated onto the ultra high density optical disk .
67
1
2
3
17
39
45
17
33
a
Here, the reflecting surface is constituted by a dichroic film that totally reflects the light of wavelength λ and λ, and causes the light of wavelength λ to completely pass. The phase plate is the same as the phase plate that was used in the seventh embodiment. Furthermore, the objective lenses and , and the phase plate are mounted in a lens holder .
12
39
17
67
67
7
6
15
15
a
The light that was reflected by the ultra high density optical disk passes again through the objective lens and the phase plate , and is reflected by the reflecting surface of the dichroic mirror . This reflected light is focused by the focusing lens , and is reflected by the prism to be incident on the detecting device . The detecting device contains a plurality of photodetecting regions, and outputs a signal in response to the amount of light that is received.
13
2
2
4
5
6
7
67
67
17
39
13
a
During recording and reproduction of the DVD , the light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source is reflected by the prism , passes through the prisms and , and is converted to collimated light by the focusing lens . This collimated light is reflected by the reflecting surface of the dichroic mirror , is wavefront converted by the phase plate , is focused by the objective lens and is irradiated onto the DVD .
13
39
17
67
67
7
6
15
a
The light that was reflected by the DVD passes again through the objective lens and the phase plate , and is reflected by the reflecting surface of the dichroic mirror . This reflected light is focused by the focusing lens , and is reflected by the prism to be incident on the detecting device .
14
3
3
5
6
7
67
67
67
45
14
a
b
During recording and reproduction of the CD , the light of wavelength λ that was emitted from the light source is reflected by the prism , passes through the prism and is converted to collimated light by the focusing lens . This collimated light passes through the reflecting surface of the dichroic mirror , is reflected at a reflecting surface , is focused by an objective lens and is irradiated onto the CD .
14
45
67
67
7
6
15
b
The light that is reflected by the CD passes again through the objective lens , is reflected by the reflecting surface of the dichroic mirror , is focused by the focusing lens and is reflected by the prism to be incident on the detecting device .
39
45
12
13
14
By using separate objective lenses and , information can be recorded and reproduced from each of the ultra high density optical disk , the DVD and the CD .
39
45
33
33
39
12
13
45
14
34
34
35
37
36
FIG. 44
a
b
An objective lens drive apparatus in which the objective lenses and are mounted in the lens holder is described in detail using . The lens holder contains the objective lens , which is used when recording onto and reproducing from the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , the objective lens , which is used when recording to and reproducing from the CD and drive coils , and , and is suspended from the fixed portion by the wires .
34
34
35
38
39
45
35
34
34
a
b
a
b.
A magnetic circuit is constituted by the drive coils , and , and a magnet . The objective lenses and are driven in the tracking direction (x direction) by passing an electric current through the drive coils , and are driven in the focus direction by passing an electric current in the same direction, and of the same value, through the drive coils and
34
34
39
39
a
b
FIG. 45
And, by passing different electric currents through the electric coils and the objective lens can be tilted in the φ direction as shown in . With this configuration, coma aberration caused by tilting of the optical disk can be corrected by tilting the objective lens .
39
45
The present embodiment differs from the third embodiment in that the two objective lenses and are lined up in the tracking direction (x direction).
FIG. 46
FIG. 44
FIG. 46
39
39
57
57
57
59
a
a
b
c
a.
0
shows the condition of a spot of light that is irradiated onto the optical disk. The differential push-pull method (DPP) and the three beam method use a main spot for reproducing information, and two sub spots for tracking detection. The main spot of the objective lens shown in is the spot in a position shown in . The sub spots are in positions and and are set at an angle θthat is optimum for the play track
0
57
57
57
57
58
58
58
b
c
b
c
a
b
c.
In the three beam method, for example, the angle θis set such that the sub spots and are positioned at ¼ Tp (where Tp is the track pitch of the optical disk). Furthermore, in the DPP method, the subspots and are set so as to be positioned at ½ Tp. These spots move in the x-direction in accordance with the seek operation of the optical head, and the positions of the spots become , and
57
57
59
45
a
b
b
0
Since the spot positions and lie on a straight line that passes through the rotational center O of the optical disk in the x direction, even if the seek operation of the optical disk is performed, the angle at the play track is kept at θ. The spot of the objective lens is also the same.
Thus, according to the present embodiment, by lining up two objective lenses in the tracking direction it is possible to use the DPP method or the three beam method, which are common tracking methods, and favorable tracking detection can be carried out.
Here, common objective lenses contain more or less coma aberration that is caused by manufacturing errors. In order to correct this, it is common practice to perform skew adjustment by tilting the optical axis of the objective lens with respect to the light that is incident on the objective lens. Skew adjustment is carried out by tilting the objective lens drive apparatus. As for the objective lens drive apparatus on which the two objective lenses are mounted, the objective lenses change position as a single body when the objective lens drive apparatus is tilted. Due to this, even if skew adjustment is performed on one objective lens, the other lens does not necessarily reach its optimum condition. Furthermore, it is necessary to raise the accuracy of the skew adjustment with increased optical disk recording density.
45
14
39
45
39
14
In the present embodiment, by dedicating use of the objective lens to the CD , which has the lowest recording density of the three optical disks, it is possible to separate the skew adjustment of the objective lens , omitting it with respect to the objective lens , and thus simplify the skew adjustment. That is to say, skew adjustment of the objective lens is carried out, but dedicated skew adjustment is not necessary for the CD .
45
33
45
45
45
45
14
With regard to the CD whose recording density is relatively low, since there is no particular necessity for accurate skew adjustment, even without an adjustment that tilts the objective lens drive apparatus, it is sufficient to have coarse adjustment in which the objective lens is tilted with respect to the lens holder . Furthermore, since the CD uses a relatively long wavelength and a low NA, there is a large degree of freedom in the design of the objective lens . By removing sine conditions, it is possible to design an objective lens such as this to suppress to a minimum the coma aberration that occurs when the objective lens is tilted. If an objective lens that is designed in such a way is used, then dedicated skew adjustment for the CD can be omitted.
It should be noted that a wire suspension-type objective lens drive apparatus was used in describing the present embodiment. However a similar effect of simplifying the skew adjustment can be obtained even if two objective lenses are mounted on an axially oscillating-type objective lens drive apparatus.
14
45
45
39
Furthermore, since the CD has a low NA, the outside diameter of the objective lens can be designed to be smaller. That is, it is possible to arrange the objective lens on the inner circumferential side of the optical disk of the objective lens .
FIG. 47
39
45
62
12
63
64
65
This is illustrated using . The objective lenses and are arranged lined up in the tracking direction on an optical head . The ultra high density optical disk is fixed, sandwiched between a turntable and a damper , and is rotated by a motor .
62
66
12
62
65
62
12
The optical head rides on a traverse , and is capable of moving (seek operation) from the inner circumference to the outer circumference of the optical disk . The optical head and the motor are in close proximity when the optical head moves to the position of the information that is recorded at the most inner circumference of the optical disk .
45
39
45
In this case, since the outer diameter of the objective lens is small, the objective lens can move to the inner most circumference position, and it is possible to read in information without problems. Furthermore, information on the inner most circumference also can be reproduced using the objective lens .
45
33
39
FIG. 45
T
Furthermore, since the objective lens is shifted further from the central position of the lens holder than the objective lens , as shown in , a movement in the focus direction Zoccurs when tilted. This causes the tilt control to interfere with the focus control, and is not preferable from the standpoint of control stability.
39
33
12
13
39
33
On the other hand, since the objective lens is positioned in the center (tilting center) of the lens holder , there is no substantial movement in the focus direction, and control interference does not occur. That is, with respect to the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , with which tilting is preferable, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably and favorably using tilt control by arranging the objective lens in the center of the lens holder .
39
12
13
45
14
Thus, according to the present embodiment, by arranging the objective lens that is for the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD in the center of the lens holder, and arranging the objective lens for the CD on the inner peripheral side of the optical disk, many effects can be obtained, such as simplifying skew adjustment, allowing reproduction of data on the inner most circumference of the optical disks and making it possible to tilt the objective lens for the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD.
34
34
a
b
It should be noted that if tilting is not necessary, then the drive coils and can be interchangeable.
17
12
13
Furthermore, the present embodiment was explained using the phase plate . However a liquid crystal or a hologram can be used as long as it is a means that is capable of recording and reproducing the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD .
39
13
45
14
12
13
14
14
13
Furthermore, the present embodiment was explained using the case in which the objective lens was used during recording and reproduction from the ultra high density optical disk and the DVD , and the objective lens was used during recording and reproduction of the CD . However even if a dedicated objective lens is used for the ultra high density optical disk , and an objective lens is used for the DVD and the CD , then the DPP method or the three beam method can be used, and a similar, or equivalent effect can be obtained. Furthermore, at this time, it goes without saying that it is also possible to record and reproduce just of one of either of the CD or the DVD .
FIG. 48
FIG. 48
68
69
12
An optical head according to the twelfth embodiment of the present invention is shown in . It differs from the eleventh embodiment, in an objective lens , and in that it contains a detecting device that is for detecting the tilt of the optical disk. shows the recording and reproducing state of the ultra high density optical disk , and shows the manner in which the ultra high density optical disk is tilted.
1
1
39
12
3
3
68
12
12
69
The light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source is focused by the objective lens , and is irradiated onto the ultra high density optical disk to perform recording and reproduction. At the same time, the light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source is incident on an objective lens , which is described later, and pass through remain collimated light only in a ring-shaped region, after which it is irradiated onto the ultra high density optical disk . The direction of light that is reflected from the ultra high density optical disk that is tilted is changed, and is detected by the detecting device .
68
77
77
77
14
14
FIG. 49A
FIG. 49B
a
a
a
In the diagram, the reflected light of the ring-shaped region is indicated by hatching. Here, a cross-sectional view of the objective lens is shown in , and as shown in , a rear surface view (the opposite side to the disk) contains a ring-shaped region for tilt detection. Collimated light that passes through the region passes straight though, as is, without being focused. Light that passes through regions other than is optimized for the CD . During recording and reproduction of the CD , there is a slight reduction in the amount of light, but this causes no problems with recording and reproduction.
FIG. 50
69
12
12
1
2
69
shows the detecting device . The detecting device contains two detecting regions, and the ring-shaped light that is received moves in response to the amount of tilt of the ultra high density optical disk . The amount of tilt of the ultra high density optical disk can be detected by a signal difference V−V that is obtained at each of the detecting regions of the detecting device .
Coma aberration is generated because of warping (tilt) of the optical disks, which generally occurs due to manufacturing errors or age or the like. And since high accuracy aberration properties are demanded along with increase in recording density, it is preferable to correct coma aberration by tilting the objective lens in order to favorably carry out recording and reproduction. If tilt detection is carried out according to the present embodiment, and tilting drive carried out by the objective lens drive mechanism that is capable of tilting that was described in the eleventh embodiment, then coma aberration can be corrected based on the tilt detection signal, and information can be recorded and reproduced favorably.
Thus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, since light of another wavelength, which is not being used for recording or reproduction, is utilized, tilting can be detected by a simple configuration, there is no necessity to attach a new tilt sensor, and costs can be reduced. Furthermore, highly accurate tilt detection can be obtained since the tilt is detected in the vicinity of the spot that is recording and reproducing information.
69
It should be noted that the present embodiment is described using the case in which the detecting region of the detecting device is divided into two, however if it is divided into four, then it is possible to detect tilt in the radial and tangential directions.
14
13
14
Furthermore, in the foregoing description, an example was given of detecting tilt of the ultra high density optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm using the light for the CD . However the present embodiment is not limited to this, and it is also possible to detect the tilt of the DVD using the light for the CD . Even in this case, since tilt detection is carried out using light of a wavelength that is not recording or reproducing information, the same effect can be obtained.
68
33
68
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, some of the objective lens was given to the region for tilt detection. However it is not limited to this, and the same effect can be obtained by opening a through hole (not shown) in the lens holder that holds the objective lens to pass light for tilt detection.
15
69
Furthermore, for simplicity, the detecting device for recording and reproduction, and the detecting device for tilt detection are separate bodies. However they can also be a single piece.
FIG. 51
FIG. 51
79
12
An optical head according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention is shown in . This differs from the twelfth embodiment in the provision of an objective lens . shows the manner in which the ultra high density optical disk is recorded or reproduced, and the manner in which the ultra high density optical disk is tilted.
1
1
39
12
3
3
79
12
The light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source is focused by the objective lens and irradiated onto the ultra high density optical disk to carry out recording and reproduction. At the same time, the light of wavelength λ that is emitted from the light source is incident on the objective lens and is irradiated onto the ultra high density optical disk .
79
79
79
79
a
b
b
Here, the objective lens is designed such that aberration of light with respect to a substrate thickness of 0.1 mm is minimized by an inner circumference area , and that aberration of light with respect to a substrate thickness of 1.2 mm (CD) is minimized by an outer circumference area . During recording reproduction of the CD, recording and reproduction is performed using the spot created by the outer circumference region . At this time, light of the inner circumference region is largely unfocused, and does not affect recording or reproduction.
12
79
79
79
15
b
a
a
On the other hand, of the light that is incident on the ultra high density optical disk , although the spot of the light of the outer circumference region is largely unfocused, the light of the inner circumference region is focused in the vicinity of the recording surface. The light of the inner circumference region that is reflected by the ultra high density optical disk is detected by the detecting device .
79
79
12
12
79
15
a
In the diagram, reflected light of the inner circumference region is shown by hatching. Since focus control is carried out with respect to the objective lens during recording and reproduction of the ultra high density optical disk , if the ultra high density optical disk tilts, then a focus shift will occur with respect to the objective lens . Using methods such as the astigmatization method or the knife edge method in the detecting device , if light in which a focus shift has occurred is detected, this can be used as a tilt detection signal.
15
Coma aberration is generated because of warp in optical disks, which generally occurs due to, for example, manufacturing errors or age. And since high accuracy aberration properties are required with increasing recording density, in order to carry out recording and reproduction favorably, coma aberration preferably is corrected by tilting the objective lens. According to the present embodiment, by performing tilt detection using the detecting device and by performing tilting drive using the tilt capable objective lens drive apparatus that was described in the eleventh embodiment, coma aberration can be corrected and information can be favorably recorded and reproduced.
Thus, according to the present embodiment, since light of another wavelength that is not recording or reproducing, is utilized, tilting can be detected by a simple configuration, there is no necessity to attach a new tilt sensor, and costs can be reduced. Furthermore, highly accurate tilt detection can be obtained since the tilt is detected in the vicinity of the spot that is recording and reproducing information.
12
14
13
14
It should be noted that in the present embodiment, an example is described in which tilt of the optical disk whose substrate thickness is 0.1 mm is detected using light for the CD . However, it is not limited to this, and it is also possible to detect the tilt of the DVD using the light for the CD . Even in this case, the same effect can be obtained because tilt is detected by utilizing light of a wavelength that is not recording and reproducing information.
FIG. 52
89
61
63
64
65
shows a complete structural example of an optical disk drive as an optical information recording and reproduction apparatus. An optical disk is fixed, sandwiched between the turntable and the damper , and is rotated by the motor (rotating system) , which is a moving means.
62
66
68
62
62
The optical head that is described in any one of the fourth to thirteenth embodiments rides on the traverse (conveying system) , which is a moving means, and is set such that the light that is emitted can move from the inner circumference to the outer circumference of the optical disk. A control circuit performs focus control, tracking control traverse control and motor rotation control based on the signal that is received from the optical head . Furthermore, it also reproduces information from the reproduction signal, and sends the recording signal to the optical head .
FIG. 53
FIG. 53
100
101
103
102
101
The fifteenth embodiment is an embodiment in which an optical head that was shown in the first to fourteenth embodiment is used in a computer. shows a perspective view of the computer (personal computer) according to the present embodiment. In , a computer is constituted by an optical disk drive (optical information recording and reproduction apparatus) , a keyboard to input information, and a monitor for displaying information. The optical disk drive is provided with any of the optical heads described in the first to fourteenth embodiments.
100
101
Since the computer is provided with the optical disk drive that includes any of the optical heads described in the first to fourteenth embodiments as an external recording device, information can be recorded and reproduced reliably for different types of optical disks, and it can be used over a wide range of applications.
Furthermore, it is possible to make use of the high capacity of optical disks to back up the computer hard disk. Furthermore, by making use of the low cost and portability of the media (optical disk), and its interchangeability, in which its information can be read out on another optical disk drive, programs or data can be exchanged with other people, or can be for personal use. Furthermore, it can also handle pre-existing media such as DVDs or CDs.
FIG. 54
110
111
110
The sixteenth embodiment is an embodiment in which an optical head shown in the first to fourteenth embodiments is used in an optical disk recorder (image recording device). shows a perspective view of the optical disk recorder according to the present embodiment. An optical disk recorder is used when connected to a monitor that is for displaying images recorded on the optical disk recorder .
110
Since the optical disk recorder is provided with an optical disk drive that includes an optical head described in any of the first to fourteenth embodiments, information can be reliably recorded onto and reproduced from different types of optical disks, and it can be used over a wide range of applications.
110
Furthermore, the optical disk recorder records images onto the media, which then can be reproduced when desired. There is no necessity to rewind the optical disk like a tape after recording and after reproduction, and chasing playback, in which the start of a program can be reproduced while recording that program, and simultaneous recording/replaying, in which a pre-recorded program is reproduced while recording another program, are possible.
Moreover, by making use of the low cost and portability of the media (optical disk), and its interchangeability, in which its information can be read out on another optical disk drive, programs or data can be exchanged with other people, or can be for personal use. Furthermore, it also can handle pre-existing media such as DVDs or CDs.
It should be noted that the description here is of an optical disk recorder provided with only an optical disk drive, however an internal hard disk can also be provided, as can a video tape that has a recording and reproduction function. In this manner, temporary saving or backup of images is facilitated.
FIG. 55
121
120
The seventeenth embodiment is an embodiment in which optical heads shown in the first to fourteenth embodiments are used in an optical disk player (image reproduction apparatus). shows a perspective view of the optical disk player according to the present embodiment. An optical disk player is provided with a liquid crystal monitor , and can display images that are recorded on an optical disk on the liquid crystal monitor.
121
Since the disk player has an internal optical disk drive that includes an optical head described in any of the first to fourteenth embodiments, information can be recorded onto and reproduced from different types of optical disks reliably, and it can be used over a wide range of applications.
Furthermore, the optical disk player can reproduce images, which are recorded onto the media, when desired. There is no necessity to rewind the optical disk like a tape after reproduction, and images can be accessed and reproduced at a desired location. Furthermore, it also can handle pre-existing media such as DVDs or CDs.
FIG. 56
The eighteenth embodiment is an embodiment in which an optical head shown in the first to fourteenth embodiments is used in a server. is a perspective view of the server according to the present embodiment.
130
131
133
134
135
A server is provided with an optical disk drive , a monitor for displaying information and a keyboard to input information, and is connected to a network .
130
Since the server has an inbuilt optical disk drive that includes an optical head described in any of the first to fourteenth embodiments, information can be and reproduced from different types of optical disks reliably, and the server can be used over a wide range of applications.
135
Furthermore, making use of the large capacity of optical disks, information (such as images, speech, moving images, HTML text and text documents) that is recorded on the optical disk is transmitted in response to a demand from the network . Furthermore, information that is sent from the network is recorded in the requested position. Furthermore, since it is also possible to reproduce information that is recorded on pre-existing media, such as CDs and DVDs, it is also possible to transmit that information.
FIG. 57
140
141
The nineteenth embodiment is an embodiment in which an optical head shown in the first to fourteenth embodiments is used in a car navigation system. shows a perspective view of the car navigation system according to the present embodiment. A car navigation system has an internal optical disk drive that is connected to and is used with a liquid crystal monitor that displays topographical and destination information.
140
Since the car navigation system is provided with an optical disk drive that includes an optical head described in any of the first to fourteenth embodiments, information can be recorded and reproduced from different types of optical disks reliably, and it can be used over a wide range of applications.
140
Furthermore, the car navigation system calculates its present position based on information from map information recorded on a medium, a geo-positioning system (GPS) or a gyroscope, a speedometer and an odometer, and displays that position on the liquid crystal monitor.
Furthermore, if the destination is input, the system calculates the optimum route to the destination based on the map information and the road information, and displays this on the liquid crystal monitor.
By using a large capacity optical disk to record the map information, it is possible to provide detailed road information covering a wide area on a single disk. Furthermore, information about restaurants, convenience stores and gasoline stands that are in the vicinity of the roads also can be provided simultaneously, contained on the optical disk.
Moreover, with the passage of time, road information becomes old and inaccurate. However since optical disks are interchangeable, and the media is cheap, the latest information can be obtained by substitution with a disk containing the newest road information.
Furthermore, since the car navigation system can handle the recording and reproduction of pre-existing media such as DVDs and CDs, it is possible to watch movies or listen to music inside the vehicle.
Since the present invention according to the embodiments above reliably can record and reproduce information from optical disks that have different substrate thicknesses such as high density optical disks whose substrate thickness is thin, and DVDs and CDs, it can be applied in computers, image recording devices, image reproducing devices, servers and car navigation systems.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A
is a structural diagram showing how a high density optical disk is recorded and reproduced according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1B
is a structural diagram showing how a DVD is recorded and reproduced according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1C
is a structural diagram showing how a CD is recorded and reproduced according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2A
is a view of an upper surface of a dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2B
is a view of a rear surface of the dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3
is a cross-sectional view of the dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4A
2
is a schematic view of wavefronts after light of wavelength λ has passed through the dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4B
FIG. 4A
is a schematic diagram of the wavefronts that are calculated by ignoring the integer portions of the wavelength of the wavefronts in .
FIG. 5
is a conceptual diagram showing the diffraction efficiency of light that is diffracted by the dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6A
3
is a schematic view of a wavefront of the light of wavelength λ after it has passed through the dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6B
FIG. 6A
is a schematic view of the wavefront of that is calculated ignoring the integer portion of the wavelength.
FIG. 7
is a cross-sectional view of a separate dichroic hologram to that used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8A
2
is a schematic view of a wavefront of the light of wavelength λ after it has passed through the dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8B
FIG. 8A
is a schematic view of the wavefront of that is calculated ignoring the integer portion of the wavelength.
FIG. 8C
3
is a schematic view of a wavefront of the light of wavelength λ after it has passed through the dichroic hologram used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8D
FIG. 8C
is a schematic view of the wavefront of that is calculated ignoring the integer portion of the wavelength.
FIG. 9A
is a conceptual diagram showing the diffraction efficiency of the light that is diffracted by the dichroic hologram that is used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9B
is a conceptual diagram showing the transmittance of the light that is diffracted by the dichroic hologram that is used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10
is a schematic view showing the principal directions of the light that is diffracted by the dichroic hologram that is used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11
is a structural diagram of an optical disk drive according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12A
1
is a schematic view of the optical disk drive according to the first embodiment of the present invention when recording onto and reproducing information from a disk, when the distance between the disk and focusing means is WD.
FIG. 12B
2
is a schematic view of the optical disk drive according to the first embodiment of the present invention when recording onto and reproducing information from a disk, when the distance between the disk and focusing means is WD.
FIG. 12C
3
is a schematic view of the optical disk drive according to the first embodiment of the present invention when recording onto and reproducing information from a disk, when the distance between the disk and focusing means is WD.
FIG. 13A
is a schematic view of a conventional optical disk drive when recording onto and reproducing information from a disk, when the distance between the disk and focusing means is WDa.
FIG. 13B
is a schematic view of the conventional optical disk drive when recording onto and reproducing information from a disk, when the distance between the disk and focusing means is WDb.
FIG. 14A
is a structural view of associated circuits of an optical head according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14B
is a structural view according to a separate example of associated circuits of the optical head according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15
is an outline of a signal that is output from the associated circuit of the optical head according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16A
is a structural diagram of the manner in which a high density optical disk is recorded and reproduced in an optical system according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16B
is a structural view of the manner in which a DVD is recorded and reproduced in an optical system according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 17A
is a view of an upper surface of a dichroic hologram that is used in the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 17B
is a view of a rear surface of a dichroic hologram that is used in the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 18A
is a structural diagram of a separate example of the manner in which a high density optical disk is recorded and reproduced in the optical system according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 18B
is a structural diagram of a separate example of the manner in which a DVD is recorded and reproduced in the optical system according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 19A
is a view of an upper surface of a separate example of a dichroic hologram that is used in the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 19B
is a view of a rear surface of a separate example of a dichroic hologram that is used in the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 20A
is a structural diagram of the manner in which a high density optical disk is recorded and reproduced in an optical system according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 20B
is a structural diagram of the manner in which a DVD is recorded and reproduced in the optical system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 20C
is a structural diagram of the manner in which a CD is recorded and reproduced in the optical system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 21A
is a view of an upper surface of a dichroic hologram that is used in the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 21B
is a view of a rear surface of the dichroic hologram that is used in the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 21C
is a cross-sectional view of the dichroic hologram that is used in the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 22
is a cross-sectional view of the dichroic hologram according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 23A
2
is a schematic view of a wavefront of the light of wavelength λ after it has passed through the dichroic hologram used in the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 23B
FIG. 23A
is a schematic view of the wavefront of that is calculated ignoring the integer portion of the wavelength.
FIG. 24
is a conceptual diagram showing the diffraction efficiency of light that is diffracted by the dichroic hologram used in the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 25A
3
is a schematic view of a wavefront of the light of wavelength λ after it has passed through the dichroic hologram used in the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 25B
FIG. 25A
is a schematic view of the wavefront of that is calculated ignoring the integer portion of the wavelength.
FIG. 26
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 27A
is a structural overview of an objective lens drive apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 27B
is a lateral view of the objective lens drive apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 28
is an overview showing the structure of an optical head according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 29A
is a plan view of a phase plate according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 29B
is a lateral view of the phase plate according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 30
is a diagram of wavefront aberration according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 31
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 32A
is a plan view of a phase plate according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 32B
is a lateral view of the phase plate according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 33
is a diagram of the wavefront aberration according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 34
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 35A
is a plan view of a phase plate according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 35B
is a lateral view of the phase plate according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 36
is a diagram of the wavefront aberration according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 37
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 38
is a structural diagram of a mirror according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 39A
is a plan view of a phase plate according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 39B
is a lateral view of the phase plate according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 40
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 41A
is a plan view of a liquid crystal hologram according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 41B
is a lateral view of the liquid crystal hologram according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 42A
is a plan view of a phase plate according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 42B
is a lateral view of the phase plate according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 43
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 44
is a structural diagram of an objective lens drive apparatus according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 45
is a diagram used to describe the manner in which the objective lens is tilted.
FIG. 46
is a diagram used to describe positions of three spots according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 47
is a structural diagram of the optical head according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 48
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 49A
is a cross-sectional view of an objective lens according to the twelfth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 49B
is a view of a rear surface of the objective lens according to the twelfth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 50
is a diagram used to describe tilt detection according to the twelfth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 51
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 52
is an overview of an optical disk drive that uses an optical head according to the present invention.
FIG. 53
is an external view of a personal computer that uses the optical disk drive of the present invention.
FIG. 54
is an external view of an optical disk recorder that uses the optical disk drive of the present invention.
FIG. 55
is an external view of an optical disk player that uses the optical disk drive of the present invention.
FIG. 56
is an external view of a server that uses the optical disk drive of the present invention.
FIG. 57
is a car navigation system that uses the optical disk drive of the present invention.
FIG. 58A
is a structural diagram showing the manner in which a DVD is recorded and reproduced by an optical head according to a first conventional example.
FIG. 58B
is a structural diagram showing the manner in which a CD is recorded and reproduced by the optical head according to the first conventional example.
FIG. 59
is a cross-sectional view of a dichroic hologram according to the first conventional example.
FIG. 60A
2
is a schematic view of a wavefront of the light of wavelength λ after it has passed through the dichroic hologram used in the first conventional example.
FIG. 60B
FIG. 60A
is a schematic view of the wavefront of that is calculated ignoring the integer portion of the wavelength.
FIG. 61
is a structural diagram of an optical head according to a second conventional example.
FIG. 62A
is a plan view of a phase plate according to the second conventional example.
FIG. 62B
is a lateral view of the phase plate according to the second conventional example.
FIG. 63
is a structural diagram of an objective lens according to a third conventional example.
FIG. 64
is a diagram that is used to explain the position of three spots according to the third conventional example. | |
You have built a solid foundation in your journey to become a Biblical Hebrew scholar. The passion remains for you to be able to read the Scriptures in its original language. This course will give you exactly that: the ability to read the Scriptures out loud and speak the Word. The reading lab will give you an enriching experience and will add a more nuanced understanding of the original text.
During the Reading Lab sessions, one of our most experienced teachers will slowly read the text while you read along. Combining the teacher’s guidance and your practical learning, will help you refine your pronunciation and connect with the text at a deeper level. This type of course is something that many Bible scholars practice after their foundational language courses.
As Dr. Eli Lizorken-Eyzenberg, our Head of School, puts it: “We are what we keep on doing. Someone who wants to have an excellent command of Biblical Hebrew must read, read and read.”
Who is this course for?
This special program was designed for our most dedicated and advanced students. There is a focus on analyzing the sentences that will help you to understand the importance of pronunciation, identify grammatical forms and improve your translation abilities. The course is a must for anyone who studied Biblical Hebrew grammar before and wants to maintain and grow their language competency.
What will you learn?
During the Reading Lab sessions, you will see a vast improvement in the following skills:
- Reading: As our expert teacher reads, you will be able to practice your reading and pronunciation out loud.
- Parsing: The process of breaking down Scriptural sentences into shorter components in order to better understand the text.
- Translation skills: Once you become more familiar with parsing and grammatical forms of the Scriptures you read, you will be able to better translate the Biblical Hebrew text. This, in turn, will lead to an improved understanding of the text.
What will you read?
Read the original Hebrew out loud with your teacher. Some of the interesting topics that will be read and studied include:
- The birth and binding of Isaac
- Balaam and the donkey
- The story of Gideon
- Elisha and Elijah raising the dead
- Naaman’s leprosy
- Ezekiel’s vision over the valley of dry bones
- Hezekiah and Solomon’s prayers
- Isaiah’s prophecy regarding the promise of everlasting salvation
- Wise words from Proverbs
When do our courses start?
We have a few starting dates so you can choose the class that best suits your schedule. Our next class starts on Tuesday, March 21 at 9:00 AM. If you are interested in one of our classes click on the schedule below to start the registration process. | https://israelbiblicalstudies.com/biblical-languages/hebrew-reading-lab/ |
When one spouse is suffering through domestic violence, it is important to contact a lawyer to determine how best to proceed and what type of case the individual wants to pursue, as these matters can usually progress through the civil or criminal courts. The lawyer can help in considering both options and what is necessary based on the needs of the spouse.
There are different ways someone in the household can suffer through domestic violence. There are various forms that it can take. Generally, this involves physical violence and abuse. However, the victim can also suffer through sexual assault, emotional abuse and even control. The other party may attempt to control the money in the house, isolate the other person and make threats that are intimidating. Stalking and even different forms of neglect can lead to violence in the home. Any of these can cause some form of trauma that requires the assistance of a therapist, counselor or even a medical professional to support the person through treatment.
It is possible for domestic violence to become even worse when the relationship ends. The instigator can attack the victim again after the marriage or relationship is no longer active even if the abuser or aggressor is not living in the home. The victim often needs to take certain steps to help in stopping this. These can also include taking legal action by hiring a lawyer and determining which path to take. If compensation is necessary, the individual will need the civil litigation route. If this person wants justice, then the criminal prosecution path is the one to take.
When the person is a victim of domestic violence, he or she may need to take children out of the house or seek assistance immediately after the incident. Even if the spouse or person in the relationship is not able to get out of the situation, it is critical to ensure that any children are no longer suffering through or from the violence in the home. The child protection services can take the youth away if no steps are taken to prevent future incidents. Other issues may arise such as the need for medical assistance from injuries or support to seek new residential accommodations.
Legal help can support the individual through domestic violence. A lawyer can also provide another means of a remedy such as a restraining or protection order against the aggressor. It is also possible to seek emergency custody to take any children from the relationship out of the situation or away from the person instigating the violence in the home. With an order in place, it is also possible to seek a legal way to remove friends and family from the aggression of the other party. The lawyer may need to explain the process and how to appropriately file for a restraining or protection order.
Generally, the person seeking a remedy from domestic violence will need a lawyer to pursue either civil or criminal processes. This may break down into which the person wants to engage first. If the spouse or person in the relationship suffering domestic violence injury needs to place the person in jail or prison, he or she may need to contact a lawyer and initiate the process and communication with a prosecuting lawyer for criminal charges. This will permit the person to seek a way out of the relationship and place the person in a location that could prevent harm to the individual while the trial progresses.
If the person wants to seek compensation for the injuries inflicted, he or she will need to pursue a civil case. It is important to make a safety plan for the individual and any children. This may also lead to therapy during or after the claim starts. Hiring a lawyer is important to seek all relevant processes and compensation. The legal professional can also explain where to stay and how to seek a personal way to acquire protection. Litigation can also ensure that the medical treatment and all other damages receive coverage.
The lawyer can support the victim of domestic violence and investigate the matter fully. He or she can also gather and collect relevant evidence to support the claim. Depending on the case or claim, the lawyer will present the argument or direct the victim to a prosecuting lawyer. | https://jamesnbrownpa.com/domestic-violence-in-a-marriage-how-a-lawyer-can-help/ |
In acknowledgement that they are nurturing, challenging and inspiring future environmental leaders and community members, the Launceston Church Grammar School has made a formal commitment to embed sustainability in teaching.
With the Australian Curriculum specifying Sustainability as one of the three cross-curriculum priorities, all teachers are required to help students develop knowledge, understanding and skills related to sustainability, in a way that fits naturally with learning areas.
With this responsibility in mind, Launceston Church Grammar School has committed, through the Strategic Plan, to teach sustainability across the school and to implement environmentally responsible actions within the school.
Teachers at the school are committed to the philosophies of sustainability and embrace it in their own lives. However, with the aim to ensure that it was embedded in school operations and being taught across a range of subjects at all Year levels from Prep to Year 12, a review of teaching practices was conducted.
The findings not only revealed a strong commitment to teaching sustainability, but also that staff lead by example through their actions around the two campuses. The review provided opportunities for conversations about sustainability and and recognition that ‘every little bit helps’. It also provided baseline data from which to assess the success and viability of future programs introduced at the school.
Sustainability achievements to date include:
- A 35% decrease in general waste (landfill bin)
- Conservation and restoration work in the Midlands through practical educational activities for teachers and students relating to biodiversity and native vegetation germination, propagation and planting.
- No waste school camps. | http://efs.tas.edu.au/sustainability_teaching/ |
- Antibiotics fail because the selective pressure to produce resistance in pathogenic bacteria is immense: there can be no more stringent selection than death. A solution to the problem of antimicrobial resistance is thus to target the altruistic behaviors of bacterial pathogens rather than their survival. In nature, an individual bacterium may engage in an altruistic act that leads to its own demise because that act promotes the survival of its clonal siblings, thus propagating its own genetic information by proxy. Importantly, only a small fraction of a population can exhibit such behavior without fitness loss to the population overall. An intervention that blocks altruistic acts has two significant consequences: it eliminates an important advantage to the population, and it presents an insurmountable barrier to the proliferation of resistant mutants (i.e. mutation toward fatality). It is thus a superior antimicrobial approach; targeting a pathogen function for which mutation to resistance is highly detrimental and, in fact, often fatal.The long-term goal of our work is to identify practical interventions to prevent infections in livestock without the use of conventional antimicrobials. Our recent work has provided an opportunity to develop dietary supplements for production animals to reduce the carriage of the important pathogen Salmonella. There is compelling evidence that Salmonella carriage requires the penetration of the intestinal epithelium (termed invasion). Invasion is an altruistic act, leading to the death of that small fraction of total population that invades, but creating a chemical environment in the intestine that supports the growth of surviving Salmonella. We have shown that specific compounds, related to the weak acids commonly produced in the intestine, reduce invasion through their post-translational control of invasion regulators of the AraC family. Our central hypothesis is thus that blocking invasion through the inactivation of these regulators will prevent long-term colonization of animals by Salmonella by a means that is not subject to the selective pressure for resistance that readily occurs with antimicrobial use.We will test this hypothesis by accomplishing these objectives:Objective 1. Determine the mechanism by which chemical inhibitors affect Salmonella invasion. We hypothesize that repressive signaling molecules bind directly to invasion regulators and propose here to use biochemical and genetic means to investigate this direct method of protein control.Objective 2. Identify drug-like inhibitors of Salmonella invasion using a high-throughput chemical library screen. We will test and characterize a library of some 1250 bio-active lipid compounds for their inhibition of invasion and suitability as dietary supplements for production animals.Objective 3. Determine the oral efficacy of selected compounds in reducing Salmonella carriage and shedding in chickens. Chickens are an important reservoir of Salmonella, as they carry the pathogen without clinical signs. Here we will identify compounds that demonstrate promise as preventative drugs using the chicken carriage model.Objective 4. Assess the frequency and consequences of resistance to invasion inhibitors. To determine whether our approach is free of the essential pitfall of traditional antimicrobials, we will screen drug-like inhibitor compounds for the frequency at which resistant mutants are produced, and the in vivo fitness of those mutants. | https://www.nal.usda.gov/fsrio/research-projects/targeting-pathogen-altruism-prevent-bacterial-infections-animals |
Gwenael is the 2019 North-West England solo piping champion. He has strong experience as a wedding & funeral piper and enjoys very much performing at gigs and various occasions.
With over 20 years of experience, Gwen has a wide international background. He was born and raised in Lorient – Brittany, France (home of the great Interceltic Festival) and started to learn the bagpipes at the age of 12.
He then joined the famous Bagad Roñsed-Mor (Breton Grade 1) of which he is still a member.
Gwen now lives in Manchester and plays at piping competitions on a regular basis. He is also involved in the former RSPBA Grade 1 Breton pipe-band Cap Caval.
He has performed and competed all around the world including the UK, Germany, Belgium, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Slovakia, the USA, and China.
Gwen’s repertoire goes beyond Scottish and Breton tunes. He is influenced by Balkan and Asturian (Spain) traditional music and is always keen to give a flavour of these with most entertaining tunes!
A member of the Competing Pipers Association, Gwen is very active on the solo piping competition circuit where he plays light music as well as piobaireachd (the Scottish bagpipes classical music). | http://www.scottishpipersforhire.com/users/gwen/ |
The closing event of the EUROCLIMA+ project Pachayatiña Pachayachay in the Risk Management sector was held in Bolivia.
La Paz, 1 December 2021. Authorities, farmers and technicians from the meteorological and hydrological services of Bolivia and Peru exchange lessons learned in the framework of the project
"Information, governance and action for drought risk reduction in Peru and Bolivia in a context of climate change", which is part of the European Union's Euroclima+ Risk Management Programme, implemented in both countries since January 2019 with the support of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) and the French Development Agency (AFD).
In the opinion of Grover Mamani, Coordinator of the aforementioned project, "the purpose of the project was met to increase the capacity for prevention, preparedness and response to droughts in the context of climate change, of public entities with competencies in agriculture, at national and subnational government levels, as well as in farming families in prioritised territories of the Bolivian-Peruvian highlands".
In this context, a delegation from Peru, made up of more than 30 people from the districts of Taraco, Pusi, Ilave and Mañazo in the Puno region, as well as from Lima, arrived in Bolivia to exchange methodologies and tools with their peers in the municipalities of Sica Sica, Calacoto and Achacachi in the department of La Paz.
This "flagship project", so named by Euroclima+ Risk Management, highlights as priorities the implementation of the Intercultural Climate Service, the mainstreaming of Risk Management in public planning and investment, and the implementation of drought risk reduction measures.
The Deputy Director of Climate Prediction of SENAMHI Peru, Grinia Ávalos, highlighted "the recovery of ancestral knowledge and practices - with respect to climate - to generate products that allow us to respond to adverse events, such as drought, which impacts the Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia". The expert pointed out that "Meteorological Services have data from more than 40 years ago, which show climate change; communities also have natural signals that allow them to know the behaviour of the climate in order to make decisions; the challenge lies in linking, from an intercultural approach, both forms of knowledge for better knowledge and action in the face of critical events such as drought". In this context, Juan Enrique García, Head of AECID Programmes, highlighted the lessons learned in the institutionalisation of Risk Management by municipal governments, as well as the intercultural climate service that links ancestral knowledge with academic knowledge.
From 23 to 25 November, the municipalities of Achacachi, Calacoto and Sica Sica were learning spaces for delegations from Bolivia and Peru with the support of the National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology (SENAMHI) of both countries, HELVETAS of Peru and Bolivia and the Centre for Disaster Studies and Prevention (PREDES) of Peru.
Richard Haep, Programme Director of HELVETAS Bolivia, highlighted that the binational lessons learned include, among other important results, "the SENAMHI Bolivia digital information platform that contributes to efficient access to Climate Service information; as well as the development of tools such as the Pacha Uñtawi and Waña Katari, which provide climate information according to the producer of the highlands of Bolivia and Peru".
The lessons learned, methodologies and tools developed by the project were shared at the event marking the conclusion of the project on Friday 26 November at 18:30 in the Germania Room of the Hotel Europa.
About the projects of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management component: droughts and floods
A total of seven projects are implemented through the Risk Management component of the EUROCLIMA+ programme. For more information on each project please visit this link: https://euroclimaplus.org/en/risk-management
About EUROCLIMA+
EUROCLIMA+ is a programme funded by the European Union to promote environmentally sustainable and climate-resilient development in 18 Latin American countries, particularly for the benefit of the most vulnerable populations. The Programme is implemented under the synergistic work of seven agencies: the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), the French Development Agency (AFD), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Expertise France (EF), the International and Ibero-America Foundation for Administration and Public Policy (FIIAPP), the German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) GmbH, and UN Environment.
Contacts | https://euroclimaplus.org/en/recent-events-risk/news-risk/1481-learning-exchanges-between-peru-and-bolivia-strengthen-knowledge-for-mitigating-drought-in-the-altiplano |
Professor Ng, Professor Chan, Mr Stone, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,
Good morning. It gives me great pleasure to address this distinguished audience comprising education professionals, and members from different sectors of the community.
Let me first thank the hosting institutions, the City University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist University, for affording me the opportunity to speak on this special occasion. I have been asked to speak on “University language education and its impact on global competitiveness”. This is a topic I attach great importance to, and I am delighted to share my views with you.
I hear many people characterising our era as one full of challenges and opportunities. I agree. And I do believe that we need to do our best to ensure that our workforce is versatile and possesses the requisite knowledge base to sustain the continual development of Hong Kong and to maintain its competitiveness as Asia’s World City. We must be well equipped to exploit the rapid changes of the world economy and to play a part in China’s development as a key world power. The new academic structure for senior and tertiary education, as part of our education reform, is implemented in part to respond to this need. Apart from enhancing students’ capacity for lifelong learning and whole-person development, we also seek to nurture biliteracy and trilingualism among our young people.
Tertiary institutions have an indispensible role to play in ensuring that we have a quality workforce. It goes without saying that the Government and the education sector must play an equally complementary role of underpinning by keeping our secondary and primary education abreast of demand.
Please allow me to start with basic education. We have undertaken our reform of basic education for a decade. We are pleased to note that we have produced some positive results. In the past few years, our students have been making significant progress in English and Chinese. For example, Hong Kong students ranked second and third in reading literacy in Chinese in PIRLS and PISA conducted in 2006 respectively. The findings of a local study on PIRLS in 2007 also show that the mean score of our students’ English literacy has increased by 11% since 2004, and that 24% of them, as compared with only 8% in 2004, have reached the literacy level of a native English student. These, by any standard, are significant improvements.
I am confident that this process of making meaningful improvements will continue. This underpins our guarded optimism that we do expect our students to achieve a high level of language proficiency under the new senior secondary curriculum.
I will go on to explain how the new curriculum seeks to lay the essential ground work for tertiary education.
When we introduced the new academic structure in September last year, an enhanced three-year senior secondary curriculum for both the subjects of Chinese Language and English Language was put into effect. It aims to extend the language competencies students have previously developed and to further enhance their interest and confidence in using the languages as tools for learning, thinking and communication.
A range of new features have been introduced into both language subjects, notably the Elective Modules comprising fiction, drama, popular culture, journalistic writing, Putonghua communication and application, and so on. They not only help cater for students’ diverse needs, interests and abilities, but also add interest and purpose to language learning.
We understand that successful implementation of the curriculum is made possible by effective learning, teaching and assessment. To motivate interest in language learning and to nurture critical thinking and creativity, we encourage teachers to adopt and flexibly apply an extensive range of approaches and strategies.
In the language classroom, students are engaged in meaningful tasks and projects which involve the use of a variety of materials, print and multimedia, verbal and graphic, on different life-related themes or topics. At the same time, students are provided with many opportunities to apply what they have learnt in natural and authentic settings, e.g. making visits to international schools, attending cultural and art performances, and participating in community service programmes conducted in English. Together, these life-wide learning opportunities and pedagogical practices contribute to a language-rich environment, which is vital for broadening students’ exposure and experience.
Regarding assessment, we maintain our belief that it should be used, first and foremost, to improve language learning and teaching. Likewise, for internal assessment, teachers are encouraged to adopt diversified modes of assessment and give timely feedback to help students understand their strengths and weaknesses and identify ways of making improvements.
For public assessment, standards-referenced reporting will play a significant role in promoting assessment for learning. It not only allows students and teachers to know exactly what is required to achieve a particular level of performance, but also provides parents and employers with a clear picture of what students can do in reading, writing, listening and speaking. Some say that School-based Assessment (SBA) serves as a critical tool for providing constructive feedback on student work and assessing those aspects of learning which cannot be easily assessed in written examinations. I do not want to take issue with this view but I am concerned whether we are going about it in the best way possible. I do hope that views on this topic will be deliberated by you all on the basis of your own experiences today.
Our work on the two language subjects leads us to our conviction that a holistic and coherent whole-school language policy is essential for students’ effective language and cognitive development.
With the implementation of the fine-tuning of our medium of instruction (MOI) policy which will come into effect this September, secondary schools are given the discretion to devise appropriate MOI arrangements for their students. Without undermining, or even compromising the importance of Chinese and its learning effectiveness, the new arrangements will enable schools to enhance the English learning environment by strengthening the extended learning activities conducted in English for content subjects, as well as maximising opportunities for authentic use of the language beyond the classroom. You will have noticed that I just referred to the “enhanced English learning environment”, I mean exactly that. It should not be taken to imply the greater use of English in teaching subject matters, irrespective of the ability of students to comprehend and to digest the subjects being taught. Because the two are distinct and different arrangements.
We will also establish an incentive scholarship from the coming school year onwards. Its purpose is to attract secondary school graduates with good English proficiency to become English language teachers by taking up relevant studies and teacher training at local universities. I do hope that this government initiative and enhancement measure, together with the support from universities, will help enhance the quality of language education in Hong Kong.
Let me now switch to language education at the tertiary level. As I mentioned earlier, Hong Kong needs versatile and resourceful next generations to uphold its competitiveness and to further embed its status as the foremost international city in China so that we can continue to win acceptance of our role as Asia’s World City. I am pleased to see that universities share this vision.
I have just announced two days ago that our tertiary institutions have expressed their support for Level 3 to be the minimum requirement in both Chinese and English in the new HKDSE for entering the 4-year undergraduate programmes. It is sending a strong signal to the community that we are attaching great importance to the language standard of our students.
I am also delighted to know that our tertiary institutions are engaged in the preparation of a curriculum that seeks to deepen students’ learning experiences and allow greater breadth in curriculum choices, one which will foster their growth as progressive and all-rounded individuals.
To my knowledge, most of our institutions are moving towards the outcome-based approach to curriculum planning and development. Under the outcome-based framework, students are allowed a clear picture of the knowledge and skills they need to achieve in the academic courses they study, and are encouraged to take greater responsibility for their own learning. Accordingly, our university language programmes will benefit, as clear, specific learning outcomes will be developed to encourage students to work towards the language standards required for their studies and future employment.
Further, to meet the expectations and needs for higher language standards among our graduates, I understand that our institutions are planning to strengthen the language component of their undergraduate programmes by offering various courses on English and Chinese (including Putonghua) as an integral part of the four-year curriculum for all disciplines. While different institutions may have different ways of organising these language courses, I am sure that they will be rich in content, and carefully designed to support undergraduates in their academic studies. I sincerely hope that undergraduates will be exposed to materials of different kind covering a wide range of topics. They will also be provided with stimulating and meaningful learning activities, such as international exchange with foreign students, intervarsity projects and competitions, or in some cases, placement opportunities which encourage them to apply the language they have learnt in diverse work contexts and to communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds.
A few moments ago, I referred to the language-rich environment that secondary schools are trying to build for their students. I am happy to learn that institutions will do likewise by continuing to create language-rich or even multi-cultural campuses to enhance students’ learning experiences. To this end, a whole range of approaches, strategies and materials will certainly be adopted in class to increase students’ motivation and confidence in language learning. Likewise, self-access language learning as well as language immersion or enrichment programmes will be further promoted.
As our international intake is expanding, I appeal to our institutions to take advantage of this positive development by providing local students with more opportunities or activities to interact with staff and students from different ethnic backgrounds. This will enhance students’ cross-cultural understanding and their motivation for language learning, thus equipping them well for the challenges of globalisation.
Ladies and gentlemen, the quality of our university graduates holds the key to Hong Kong's continued success in a globalised economy. The enhancement of language proficiency and development of a global outlook require the concerted efforts of the Government, the education sector, students, parents, and the community as a whole. With our joint efforts and the rich learning experiences provided by the new academic structure for senior secondary and higher education, I am optimistic that the language standards of our university graduates will improve substantially in the years to come.
I am delighted that this symposium provides a timely opportunity for us to discuss and exchange ideas on this subject of language education in tertiary institutions. I wish you all a rewarding and constructive Symposium.
Thank you. | https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/about-edb/press/speeches/sed/20100203158791.html |
In a global education study, female students outperformed their male peers in 70% of the regions that were studied. more...
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August 14 , 1945 : Japan surrendered to the Allies, ending World War II. more...
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Health class curricula vary depending on the school and grade level. While some classes may focus on the biology of the human body, others emphasize personal growth, emotional health, safety, and physical health. In health class, you may learn about nutrition, healthy lifestyle choices, personal care, and the kinds of changes you may expect as your mind and body develop. Interpersonal relationships and sex education are also often topics in health class.
Younger children often learn about their bodies and how they work. This may include the different bodily systems, such as the digestive system, respiratory system, or circulatory system. Students in all grades may also be taught how to care for their bodies by making healthy food choices, developing healthy sleep habits, and engaging in regular exercise. You may also learn about dental health and personal hygiene.
Personal growth and mental health are usually important aspects of health class, as well as learning skills to develop self-confidence and assertiveness. Suicide prevention is a common component of teen health classes. You may participate in role plays or read about people in difficult situations in order to foster open discussions about moral or ethical issues. You may also learn to identify signs of people in mental health crisis. Strategies for anger management, positive thinking, and ways of fostering healthy friendships and family relationships might be covered, and kids are often informed about resources available to them when they need help.
Physical health is usually dealt with in health classes for all ages. How to avoid illness, sexually transmitted diseases, drugs, and tobacco are common topics. You might learn strategies for resisting peer pressure to engage in dangerous lifestyle choices, such as drug or alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, or smoking. You may also learn about the damage poor choices may do to your body, to your relationships, and to your future opportunities.
Sex education is a common component in health classes, and is an issue of controversy in many communities. The goal of sex education is to give kids frank, accurate information about sex and their bodies that they may not learn at home. Sex education may include information about menstruation, masturbation, sexual organs, reproduction, birth control, and sexual relationships.
Some health class curricula contain information about safety and basic first aid. You may learn about how to avoid dangerous situations in the home, on the street, or outdoors, or how to protect yourself from violence. Some health teachers may also introduce CPR or emergency treatment of injuries or health crises.
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anon269419
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I think sex education classes should be in all schools.
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dfoster85
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I remember there being a consumer health component in my health and nutrition class in high school. Basically, we learned about advertisements (particularly for foods and medications, but not exclusively) and how to see through them.
I think that's a good lesson for kids to start picking up before they start making many of their own purchasing decisions.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-can-i-learn-in-health-class.htm |
A persons gait simply refers to the way they stand, walk or run. An abnormal gait can be caused by one or more parts of the body (such as the hips or knees) under-performing, which can lead to imbalances elsewhere in the body. A podiatrist will analyse the way you walk to help identify any imbalances or areas of weakness.
THE DOMINO EFFECT
Did you know that a podiatrist doesn’t just study the feet during gait analysis? Let’s say you are suffering from hip pain, this could be related to the way you walk. Or your feet might turn inwards or outwards, and the compensation your muscles have to make to keep you upright can actually be the cause of your pain. Your podiatrist can explain how all these elements relate to each other and back to YOU!
THE WEAKEST LINK
The way you walk can reveal which parts of your body are perhaps weaker than others. Did you know that compensations in the body can lead to imbalance around the joints and the main muscles – such as hamstrings, glutes, quads and calves? These observations can all tie in with hip, knee, foot and ankle pains. This means those areas may become less active and end up contributing less than should. A gait analysis can reveal these kinds of issues and more. | https://totalcarepodiatry.com.au/tag/ankle/ |
Events of the last two years have forced employees to rethink their work and redefine their well-being norms and work-life balance. Now employees are questioning what is important to them and how they want to spend their time, more than ever. Work-life balance is no longer about just clocking in and out, but rather finding a way to be fulfilled both at work and at home. Employees are now looking for ways to integrate their work and personal lives in a way that benefits both. What began as ‘The Great Resignation’ has transformed into ‘Quite Quitting’, a situation where employees do not necessarily quit their jobs but are no longer putting in more time, effort, or enthusiasm than absolutely necessary to keep their job going.
It is clearly evident that the workplace climate and culture are the root cause of this paradigm shift. To prevent this trend, organizations need to take intentional steps to meet the mental, physical, spiritual, and well-being needs of employees. It's time to focus on these critical points and steer organizational culture in that direction.
Redefining organizational culture is essential to creating a healthy and productive workforce. Remember, it can only spring from a culture that supports one. If you want to fix the problems of well-being and wellness, you need to fix the problems of the organization's culture. This means valuing employees’ time and energy and creating a work environment that is supportive and satisfying. Employees who feel appreciated and valued are more likely to be productive and happy. Organizations must make work more human-centered to make their employees happy and productivity soar!
This article is an intellectual property of The Taplow Group. You can reproduce it wholly or partly only by giving due credit to us. | https://www.taplowgroup.com/insights/blogs/overcome-quiet-quitting-with-a-shift-in-organizational-culture |
Breaking News
Plan for healthy meals, fewer trips to the grocery store during pandemic
Mayo Clinic News Network
Apr 6, 2020
5 hrs ago
Dear Mayo Clinic: During the COVID-19 outbreak, I’m trying to limit trips to the grocery store. But I want to continue to eat healthy meals. What foods should I consider stocking up on, knowing that I probably won’t be buying anything fresh for a couple of weeks?
Answer: Most people are in the habit of stopping by the grocery store at least once a week — and sometimes more often if we run out of a favorite item, decide to make a new dish or just want something fresh. So planning a shopping trip for groceries that will cover two weeks of meals and offer lots of healthy options may be daunting. But with careful planning, and some adjustments to the way you shop for and store your groceries, it can be done.
As COVID-19 continues to spread, social distancing — putting space between yourself and others to reduce the spread of illness — has become commonplace. That, along with the need for many people to self-quarantine for several weeks and shelter-in-place orders going into effect in some areas, has eliminated most quick grocery trips. The challenge of getting all the food you need for an extended time also is compounded by the fact that many other people are trying to do the same, so supplies of certain items may be limited.
As you think about how to tackle your grocery shopping, take time to plan. Check your pantry, refrigerator and freezer. Consider how you can use the items that you already have, so your shopping focuses on what you really need and will use. Confirm that you have staple items, such as flour and sugar.
When you make your grocery list, consider your new routines, your family and the meals you’ll eat. For example, if you have children home from school, you’ll need more supplies for lunches than usual. Peanut butter for sandwiches is a good staple that’s easy to store. Lunch foods such as bread, cheese and deli meat freeze well, so buy extra and freeze what you don’t need right away.
Other fresh foods can be frozen and used later, as well, without losing their nutritional benefits. For example, fresh berries, bananas and other fruits can be frozen then thawed and used in smoothies. Meats such as beef, chicken and fish will last for about four months in the freezer.
As an alternative to picking all fresh foods, buying frozen options from the store can be a good choice when you want to stretch what you have over time. Frozen fruits and vegetables can be a healthy part of your meal planning. Because these items typically are frozen at their peak of freshness and undergo minimal processing before they are packaged, they retain their nutritional value.
If fresh or frozen items are in limited supply in your store, try shelf-stable alternatives. You can buy egg whites in cartons if you can’t find eggs. Powdered milk, and canned fruits and vegetables, also serve as suitable alternatives that have the benefit of lasting longer over time. Eggs, for instance, often have three weeks to a month of use. Egg whites in a carton, however, can be used for about six to eight weeks.
Make sure to check the expiration dates on the items you buy to see how long they can be stored before use.
As you make decisions about what to buy for an extended period at home, be realistic about what you really need. Don’t panic and purchase too many items. Buy foods you commonly use and that you know your family will eat. And even if you have to buy brands or alternatives that are different than usual for you, stay focused on the foundations of a healthy diet: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins and healthy fats.
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The Fair-Parke (FP) program is a DOS-based, command-line program. It allows one to estimate and analyze dynamic, nonlinear, simultaneous equations models. The models can be rational expectations models, and they can have autoregressive errors of any order. The estimation techniques include OLS, 2SLS, 3SLS, FIML, LAD, 2SLAD, and some versions of Hansen's method of moments estimator. The Parke algorithm is used for 3SLS and FIML estimation. Stochastic simulation and bootstrapping are two of the key options available to analyze models. There are also a number of single equation testing options. For stochastic simulation the draws can be either from estimated distributions or from estimated residuals.
The options for analyzing models include 1) running forecasts, within sample and outside sample, 2) calculating root mean squared errors and mean absolute errors, 3) calculating multipliers, 4) solving optimal control problems, 5) estimating standard errors of forecasts by means of stochastic simulation, 6) estimating standard errors of multipliers by means of stochastic simulation, and 7) estimating the degree of misspecification of a model by means of successive reestimation and stochastic simulation. Also, general nonlinear functions of coefficients can be maximized using the program, which means that maximum likelihood estimates of the coefficients of any model can be obtained after one has written out the likelihood function.
One can move automatically from estimation to solution without any additional work. Rational expectations models are solved using the extended path method of Fair and Taylor. These models can be estimated using Hansen's method or FIML.
For forecasting purposes, the stochastic-simulation option of the FP program can be used to generate interval forecasts, which provide much more information to a business planner or policy maker than simple point forecasts. Also, the interval forecasts are rigorously computed from the model's stochastic properties; they are not just some model builder's opinion.
The FP program can be downloaded in either FORTRAN code to be compiled on the user's machine or in an executable form for PCs. The FORTRAN code is not machine specific, and this allows the program to be compiled on a variety of systems. The FP User's Guide can also be downloaded.
The FP User's Guide is available in pdf format: fp.pdf.
The executable file, FP.EXE, is in the zipped file: fpexe.zip.
The FORTRAN code is in the zipped file: fpfor.zip. When you unzip this file, you get FP.FOR, which is FORTRAN 77 code that can be compiled. You need not download this file if you are going to use FP.EXE above.
The test files are in the zipped file: fpeg.zip. Appendix C of the FP User's Guide explains how to run the examples. You should also read the Preface of the User's Guide carefully before starting to use the program.
The FP program requires some work to learn, but once you have made the investment, you can do many advanced things quickly. The best way to learn the program is to work through the examples, including those in the User's Guide. The main references for the program are Macroeconometric Modeling: 2018 and Fair (1984). Each technique in the FP program is discussed in one of these two references.
The US model is available in Fair-Parke format. You can thus use all the procedures in the program on the model. It is also easy to change the model within the program (including adding more equations or extending the forecast horizon), estimate, and then solve the new version. Both EViews and FP provide these options, although the FP program has many more advanced features and some find is easier to use for large models once you have made the investment in learning it.
The US model files for the FP program are in the zipped file fmfp.zip. The US model files are updated quarterly.
To run the US model in the FP program, first unzip fmfp.zip. This yields the files FMINPUT.DAT, FMDATA.DAT, FMAGE.DAT, FMEXOG.DAT, and FM.OUT. Then type FP > OUT and hit the enter key. Then wait a couple of seconds and type INPUT FILE=FMINPUT.DAT; and hit the enter key. (Don't forget the semicolon.) This will run all the commands in FMINPUT.DAT and store the output in file OUT. When the job is done, compare OUT to FM.OUT. The output in these two files should be the same aside from rounding error. The commands in FMINPUT.DAT set up, estimate, and solve the US model. You should study the comments in FMINPUT.DAT to make sure you understand what the program is doing. You are then ready for your own analysis using the model.
The reference for the MCJ model is Macroeconometric Modeling: 2018. This contains the complete discussion and listing of the model. See also The MCJ Model Workbook. You should look over this workbook before working with the MCJ model.
Data from the MCJ model can be downloaded online by going to the output phase when working with the MCJ model and downloading from there.
Unzip this file. It contains all the files needed to work with the MCJ model using the FP program.
This job loads all the data, estimates the model, and runs a test job. The output from the test job is in the file OUT, and your OUTA file should match OUT subject to rounding error. If so, then everything is probably working properly.
As with the US model, you need to know how to use the FP program in order to work with the MCJ model.
A number of "tricks" have to be used in MC.INP to link the quarterly and annual data. The annual data are stored in the first quarter, with the remaining three quarters having "missing" values. (The missing value number is -99.) A lag of 4 for an annual country is a lag of one year, not four years.
There are two sets of trade share variables (the alphas): A____ and AA____. The AA____'s are the ones predicted by the trade share equations, and the A____'s are the ones that are constrained to sum to 1. The trade flow variables are denoted X____.
A solution period must begin in the first quarter of a year and end in the fourth quarter of a year. Otherwise the tricks of linking the quarterly and annual data do not work.
There are gaps in the numbering of the stochastic equations. The PRINTMODEL command allows you to see the numbering of the equations.
Note the different treatment before and after 1999.1 regarding the EMU countries (dummy variables EU1 and EU2).
Once you learn how to work with the MCJ model in the FP program, all the FP commands are at your disposal, and so much experimentation can be done. | https://fairmodel.econ.yale.edu/fp/fp.htm |
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Pronouns are words that enhance in the efficiency of language by helping you to simply refer to nouns that the readers is already aware to. You usually begin using a pronoun in its (pronoun disclaimer!) position once you’ve mentioned a person, place, or thing once.
Are there any variations between German and English pronouns?
Pronouns in German are similarly to English pronouns. Personal pronouns such as “I” or “me,” possessive pronouns such like “my” or “yours,” and descriptive pronouns such as “these” or “this” are examples. To begin, let’s look at some of the most frequently use pronouns in German.
Is this really required?
There are charts in the future, a bunch of charts. There are many various forms of each type of pronoun in German because as they change according on the gender of the noun and case. Because we don’t often have unique versions of the noun depending on the part it plays in a sentence, the case system in German is one of the most difficult things for English speakers to get used to.
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Sure, you might be able to avoid German pronouns for a while by constantly repeating the actual noun phrase (“the bird,” “my father,” etc.). But there will come a point when you start realizing that repeating “den Mann Junge , den ich gestern getroffen habe, von dem ich dir erzählt habe” (“the boy who I met yesterday that I told you about him”) in a conversation is a lot more work than looking at the beneficial charts below and studying how and when to use German pronouns.
The Use of Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are pronouns which refer to a specific person. You can use personal pronouns to communicate about other persons as well as self. When you hear the word “pronouns,” you probably believe of these words. We already realize that German personal pronouns come in a variety of cases, although English also varies the cases in this area, making it a better point to begin learning about pronoun cases.
There are two kinds pronouns in English: nominative (for the sentence’s subject) and accusative (for the sentence’s object) (for the direct object of the sentence).
|The sentence’s nominative / subject / “doer”|
Note that the person or object performing the activity is the subject of the sentence.It turns out that depending on whether the noun is the subject of the sentence, the simple words (der/die/das) differ.
For example:
Ich lerne Deutsch
(I learn German.)
Here “I” is the subject who is learning German.
It’s the doer of the sentence.(Who is learning German?)
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The accusative / direct object
For eg: Carla un Petra kommt aus Deutschland.When the noun in the sentence is the direct object, the “accusative case” is employed. To put it more simply, when the direct object is the person or thing to whom or which the action is directed or which receives it.
Ich möchte sie treffen.
(Carla & Petra comes from Germany. I would like to meet them)
In 2nd sentence “I” is the subject and answer to-Whom I want to meet is the person object(direct object) of the sentence that’s “sie”
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Dativ-indirect object
As the indirect object of the sentence. The indirect object answers the question ‘to or for whom’?In German, personal pronouns are used to replace nouns that have already been mentioned, such as persons, animals, things, and abstract concepts. You already know how to use these pronouns in the nominative (sentence subject) and accusative cases (direct object of a sentence). When they are the indirect object of a sentence, the object of the prepositions aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, and zu, or the object of a dative verb, you can now learn about them.
For eg:
Peter hat Geburstag.Ich schenke ihm einen Roman.
(Peter has birthday. I am gifting him a novel.)
In 1st sentence Peter is the Subject -Who has birthday and in 2nd sentence “I” is the subject,answer to- to whom I am gifting a novel is “him”-indirect object of sentence.And what I am gifting-a novel goes in Akkusativ case as direct object of sentence.
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Author:-
Kajal More
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The public sphere should be regulated so the distribution of political speech does not correlate with the distribution of income or wealth. A public sphere where people can fund any political speech from their private holdings is epistemically defective. The argument has four steps. First, if political speech is unregulated, the rich predictably contribute a disproportionate share. Second, wealth tends to correlate with substantive political perspectives. Third, greater quantities of speech by the rich can “drown out” the speech of the poor, because of citizens’ limited attention span for politics. Finally, the normative problem with all this is that it reduces the diversity of arguments and evidence citizens become familiar with, reducing the quality of their political knowledge. The clearest implication of the argument is in favour of strict contribution limits and/or public funding for formal political campaigns, but it also has implications for more informal aspects of the public sphere.
|Keywords||Democratic Theory Deliberative Democracy Capitalism and Democracy Epistemic Democracy Political Epistemology Money in Politics|
|Categories||categorize this paper)|
|DOI||10.1017/epi.2020.42|
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References found in this work BETA
Justice as Fairness: A Restatement.John Rawls (ed.) - 2001 - Harvard University Press.
Against Democracy: New Preface.Jason Brennan - 2016 - Princeton University Press.
Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many.Hélène Landemore (ed.) - 2012 - Princeton University Press.
[Book Review] Sovereign Virtue, the Theory and Practice of Equality. [REVIEW]Ronald Dworkin - 2002 - Ethics 112 (2):367-371.
On Liberty.JOHN STUART MILL - 1956 - In Steven M. Cahn (ed.), Exploring Philosophy: An Introductory Anthology. Oxford University Press. pp. 519-522.
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Recent downloads (6 months)
27 ( #27,529 of 2,438,594 )
How can I increase my downloads? | https://philpapers.org/rec/BENAEA-11 |
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Creating job orders.
Developing a pool of suitable, qualified candidates.
Ensuring placements meet agreed upon qualifications criteria following placement.
Identifying and recruiting the best applicants for particular job profiles by scanning and reviewing multiple applications, conducting interviews to ensure applicant is a good fit for the client based on the recruiter’s knowledge of the client’s business and expectations, analyzing the knowledge, skill and experience of the candidates, placing them in positions that meet the applicant’s expectations and our client’s needs, overseeing work performance, conducting performance reviews and disciplinary actions and negotiating benefits, pay and raises with clients.
Performing orientations, onboarding and completing accurate data entry for new hires.
Skills: Ability to manage the entire recruiting cycle (job posting, sourcing, screening, interviewing, placement, management, discipline, performance reviews).
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Experience with various interview formats, including phone screening calls, in-person interviews and group interviews.
Ability to handle data with confidentiality and integrity.
Ability to work independently with relative freedom from supervision.
Possess knowledge of employment and labor laws. | https://www.humanresourcesjobs.co/human-resources/work-now-inc-bilingual-recruiter-9496e9/ |
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This collection of cookbooks interprets the savory flavors of international cuisines for the animal-free, vegan diet. Each region's most famed dishes are detailed or redesigned to be meat- and dairy-free. With recipes for appetizers, breads, salads, main courses, desserts, and drinks, each cookbook covers the entire culinary palate. With influences from East and West African culinary traditions, the cuisine of North Africa is presented in this recipe collection, which provides the vegan cook with an opportunity to experiment with a wide range of crosscultural dishes. Included are recipes for Moroccan pizza, Tunisian vegetable stew, Egyptian chocolate cake, and cardamom coffee.
Creating A Local Historical Book
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#GuildChat for 07/10/15: The Promise of Augmented and Virtual Reality for Learning
Our next #GuildChat takes place Friday, July 10th at 11am PT / 2pm ET. Our topic for this week’s chat is on the The Promise of Augmented and Virtual Reality for Learning.
There has been much talk and promise over the years with Augmented and Virtual Reality in the learning space. From safe to fail immersive experiences to performance support solutions that enable non-experts to complete critical activities without training. Yet even with such innovation neither technology has set the corporate learning world afire. Cost, cumbersomeness, and even the uncanny valley have contributed to low adoption and experimentation in these areas.
Where is virtual and augmented reality today? Where is it working and what can learning learn from other applications of these technologies? This week we’ll take a real look at virtually all things that augment learning in this space :)
Prospective questions:
Q1. How do you describe AR and VR to others, how do you describe the differences? #GuildChat
Q2. What are some effective examples of either AR or VR for learning that you have seen? #GuildChat
Q3. Which technology, AR or VR, holds the greatest promise for learning? Why? #GuildChat
Q4. How might AR and/or VR help you learn/perform in your work environment? #GuildChat
Q5. What, besides cost, holds back VR and AR being used more for learning? #GuildChat
Chat Transcript
NOTE: Tweets are listed in the order they were posted and are shown in Eastern Time. To visit the actual posting for a particular tweet, click the associated user name for the posting. | http://twist.elearningguild.net/2015/07/guildchat-for-071015-the-promise-of-augmented-and-virtual-reality-for-learning/ |
Turmoil in Tunisia sparks protests throughout the Middle East and Africa
On 17 December 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire after officials prevented him from selling vegetables without a permit in the town of Sidi Bouzida in Tunisia. This set off a wave of protests that eventually forced President Ben Ali to flee to Saudi Arabia on 14 January 2010.
It is estimated that 100 people died during clashes with police. Although protests continued in Tunis on 26 January, the situation seems to be stabilizing, although the foreign minister resigned and an interim government has yet to be finalised.
Other countries follow suit
Citizens in other countries followed Tunisia’s example and took to the streets to protest against their governments, high unemployment, and rising prices in late December 2010 and into January 2011. These countries include Egypt, Jordan, Algeria, Libya, Yemen, Sudan, Lebanon, Oman, Morocco and Mauritius.
Travel warnings implemented for Tunisia
As the protests spread to Tunis and other cities, countries such as the UK and the US, issued travel warnings against non-essential travel to Tunisia in mid-January. Tour operators repatriated their customers. Industry sources say that UK tour operators repatriated 3,000 customers the weekend of 15 January and began cancelling flights.
Thomas Cook has cancelled flights through 27 February, while Thomson Airways has cancelled flights through the 16 February. All three operators are allowing tourists travelling to Tunisia through February to change their travel plans without charge. The French Tour Operator Association announced that they have cancelled their trips through 23 January and evaluating February departures. German tour operators, TUI and Rewe cancelled departures through 15 February and those booked for travel through 15 April can change their bookings without a change fee.
2011 likely to be disastrous for Tunisia tourism
While the situation in Tunisia seems calmer, tour operators are waiting for governments to lift their travel warnings before returning to normal operations. The interim government has six months to hold new elections, so the short term will likely involve a lot of uncertainty as a new government forms. Even if calm is restored, it is unlikely that tourists, especially Europeans, will choose Tunisia for their summer holidays in 2011.
The industry will likely roll out discounts for summer packages to stimulate demand and turn to domestic and regional tourists to make up for the lost Europeans. Despite these efforts, Euromonitor International expects tourist arrivals to decline by 30% in 2011 with incoming tourist receipts falling by 32% due to discounting.
Social unrest erupts in Egypt
Tour operators are watching Egypt closely since it is the largest destination for arrivals in the Middle East as the domino effect takes hold. As the seventh day of protests continues in the country, it is likely that these events will impact tourism negatively in the short term. Escalation of the political unrest in Egypt against President Hosni Mubarak who has been for the last 30 years in power has already led many governments to advise their citizens against “essential travel to Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor and Suez” and are at a stand-by to evacuate them from Egypt.
The vocal protests in Egypt and the clashes with the police have led to 30 people being killed which undeniably will hinder the resumption of key economic activities in the country, notably tourism. The population is increasingly dissatisfied with general welfare conditions, governance issues tied to the independence of the press and the judiciary, and the high level of control exercised by the government.
Tourism remains a pillar of Egypt’s economy, with GDP recording 5.3% rise in 2010. The drop in external demand had a negative impact on the hospitality industry as arrivals and revenues saw a sharp decline in 2009. However, a surge in visitors during the winter season and in the second half of the year helped a return to positive growth of over 6% in 2010 in tourist arrivals to Egypt, recording almost 13 million according to Euromonitor International’s latest research. The recovery, however, is in danger.
These protests show that the country is exposed to regional sensitivities and to the instability that plagued Tunisia. With the uncertainty looming over Egypt, international travel companies may start to hold back in terms of activity in the country, and recognize that there is a degree of uncertainty and more risk associated to this country than there was before the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia. Egypt could therefore see a strong decline in tourism incoming flows and receipts from Europe and the West compared to the past.
Winners and losers
The impact of the crisis is also having an influence on UK travel companies. The latest FTSE information confirms that the shares of players such as Thomas Cook, the new airline group IAG (the merged entity of British Airways and Iberia), Thomson Holidays and IHG all recorded a decline in the trading of their shares.
If the protests continue, even relatively peacefully, tourists may opt to spend their Easter and summer holidays in other countries, especially Turkey. Mediterranean destinations such as Spain, which had lost share to these less expensive, non-euro zone countries, may be able to woo European tourists back to their beaches with promises of political stability. | https://blog.euromonitor.com/turmoil-in-tunisia-sparks-protests-throughout-the-middle-east-and-africa/ |
As a young man, I was intrigued by television and movie accounts of extra-terrestrial life. I was a huge Star Wars, Star Trek and E.T. fan. I’m not the only one interested in the possibility of non-human, intelligent, conscious beings in the universe. In fact, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (S.E.T.I.) Institute (at www.seti.org) continues to search the cosmos for signs of alien intelligence. As it turns out, the Bible confirms the existence of extra-terrestrial life in the universe. They’re not aliens, however; they’re called Angelic Beings. According to the Bible, God created other, non-human creatures and gave them the ability to reason, make choices and live alongside the created order of planet earth, without being bound or limited to our planet. We commonly call these creatures “angels” and “demons”.
Now none of these arguments proves the existence of angelic beings from a naturalistic perspective, but the arguments offer a reasonable way of thinking about such beings. These arguments presume the truth of dualism, however, so it would be wise to review the philosophical case for the existence of the immaterial soul before engaging these historic thinkers. As Christians, we know we can only learn so much from observing the world around us and using our God-given reasoning powers (natural revelation). Ultimately, we must rely on God’s Word (special revelation) to make clear the existence and nature of angelic beings. | https://coldcasechristianity.com/writings/is-it-reasonable-to-believe-in-angelic-beings/ |
Effective October 26, 2020 Route 81—Hayden Road/McClintock Drive Northbound From Chandler Fashion Center to Mustang Transit Center (Weekday and Saturday): From the north side of the Transit Plaza; Exit west on Frye Road; North on Chandler Village Drive; West on Chandler Boulevard; North on McClintock Drive; East on Rio Salado Parkway; North on Perry Lane into Tempe Marketplace to bus … Accepted Fare Media Bus Routes Bus Stops Driver Alerts Flag Stops Maps Runcards Snow Routes Staging Diagrams Routes and Schedules Route … Route Map Schedules 81 Rockville Tower Oaks Schedule Effective June 22, 2020 Route Map 81: SBS Transit: Weekdays: Saturdays: Suns / P.Hs: 1st bus: Last bus: 1st bus: Last bus: 1st bus: Last bus: Tampines Int: 0530: 2330: 0545: 2330: 0545: 2330 drop-offs only on the way to LCC. Spring Blvd. This bus will stop only at marked stops except along Madrona and in the Jackson, Eastwood, Travera loop where riders can flag down the bus. Apr 07, 2016 April 10 & 24, 2016: Several timetables change for bus and rail service Mar 04, 2016 March 21-April 8: RTA holds 15 public meetings to discuss budget issues Jul 01, 2015 RTA operates holiday … LCC/UO School Breaks. The agency operates a fleet of 45 light rail cars of 711 trains and 2,027 buses. Bus stops to pick-up and drop-off customers on its way to Eugene Station. These are the destination signs shown on the top front and right side of the bus. PDF SCHEDULES Download Route 81 Schedule (PDF) SYSTEM MAP Download WS Transit System Map (PDF) MONDAY-FRIDAY TIME … Times shown in blue do not run during LCC and UO summer break: June 14, 2020 - September 12, 2020. On 236 bus routes and 12 rail lines … Route Information. 81 White Flint Tower Oaks. 81-Kane/257th provides weekday service between Gresham Transit Center and Troutdale Airport along Division, Kane/257th, Graham, Frontage, Sundial and Swigert. First bus/last bus. Route Destination Signs. Route 81 - Annapolis Commuter: Effective June 22, 2020. Alert: 10/26/2020 - 7:30am, Waterfront Line rail service temporarily suspended until Spring 2021, due to a new phase in the ongoing track rehabilitation project in the Tower City Station area. The NJ TRANSIT 81 BUS SCHEDULE JERSEY CITY transit Public Transportation Company. ... *See route #9 for additional service. Route 81. Route … Spans of service below show when first bus departs terminal of origin through last bus departs terminal of origin. This route does not operate on the weekends. First and last buses reach mid-route stops later than these times-see … LIVE TRACK BUS 81 TRIP PLANNER VOICE DICTATION.
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Even as cases and intermittent lockdowns threaten India’s job recovery rate, data on new jobs added in July gives a fresh ray of hope to urban job seekers in the country.
In the weekend ended July 19, the urban employment rate recovered to 35.1 per cent — the highest rate after the great fall in April. (Photo: Reuters/Representational image)
Millions of Indians have lost their jobs during the ongoing coronavirus crisis and continue to worry as the pandemic situation in the country seems to have taken a turn for the worst. But even as rising coronavirus cases and intermittent lockdowns threaten India’s employment recovery rate, data on new jobs added in July gives a fresh ray of hope.
A recent report by the Centre For Monitoring India Economy (CMIE) said there has been further improvement In labour conditions in July and there has been a further decline in the unemployment rate. Urban employment opportunities are also on the rise.
While the gain in July has not been anywhere close to the previous month, the fact that there has been an improvement in job numbers has come as a relief. The Mumbai-based think tank earlier predicted a fall in the employment rate in July.
“But, the net results seem to be headed towards consolidating and making further gains in July albeit lesser than in June,” said the report by Mahesh Vyas, the CEO of CMIE.
Not only has there been a rise in labour participation, but the employment rate also rose to 38.4 per cent in the week ended July 19.
GOOD NEWS FOR URBAN JOB SEEKERS
The rising employment rate in June was a result of large rural participation, but there was little cheer for urban job seekers. It seems the trend is gradually changing as urban employment rate has also improved.
The average employment rate during the first three weeks of July was 37.5 per cent. While the employment rate is still weaker than pre-lockdown levels, urban India has witnessed a surprise recovery in jobs.
In the weekend ended July 19, the urban employment rate recovered to 35.1 per cent — the highest rate after the great fall in April.
According to CMIE, the rate had peaked to 34.5 per cent in the week ended June 28 but fell to 33.2 per cent in the first week of July. However, it seems now that more jobs are being added in urban India since the past week — something that could bring relief to millions of people who are still looking for a job in a rather tepid market.
CMIE’s Vyas noted that the recovery in urban employment rate is surprising because many reports in the media suggest that towns that were unlocked have again entered a phase of strict restrictions due to rising coronavirus cases.
Not only essential services but service sector jobs have also surged on job portals like LinkedIn and others. While the situation continues to remain uncertain due to the sharp rise in cases, most experts expect a sharp v-shaped recovery in employment if the trend continues. | |
Immediate need: Flattening the curve, reducing death rate
A medic inoculates police personnel with a dose of Covid-19 vaccine in Mumbai on Friday. ANI
Mumbai’s experience can be considered for flattening the curve and the Kerala model for reducing the death rate
After almost 16 months into the Covid-19 global pandemic, with almost three months in its second wave, Covid cases are increasing leaps and bound pan India. In April alone, India recorded 7 million, which is more than a third cases since the beginning of the pandemic with 402,110 on the last day of April, 414,280 on 6 May and this is going to grow further as the peak isn’t near. Within a week we will breach the half-million mark, but may not go beyond, as our testing capacity isn’t more than daily 2 million tests. Currently, we are reporting more than half of the global Covid cases and a third of global deaths for the last 10 days. The sudden spurt in cases has resulted in unprecedented pressure on the already over-burdened healthcare system, with Covid-infected patients dying in large numbers, not due to Covid-19 infection alone, but due to delay in getting medical care including that of oxygen support. This has been manifested through the increase in the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) during the last week of April 2021, by a staggering 50%, over its figures of 1.2% three weeks before. CFR for Covid-19 infections is calculated as the number of deaths occurring from the number of infections recorded two weeks prior (and not from today’s infected cases). By far, Kerala is the model state for the record low CSR maintained consistently at 0.3% throughout the course of the pandemic. For last several weeks we had been saying that the current strains of the Coronavirus including double mutants or triple mutants namely—E484Q, L452R, B 1.617, B 1.618 and the UK variant B 1.1.7 are highly infectious but less virulent and less lethal. We believed that like the cases during the first wave, 85% are asymptomatic or mild symptomatic. Realising that proportionately high number of infected people are reporting with symptoms, we deleted the terminology “asymptomatic” and started saying these strains are more infectious and more virulent but less lethal, with 85% of the patients being mild symptomatic, continued saying that the CFR is low, around 0.7%. There was also a belief that as a lot of senior citizens and people with co-morbidities have been vaccinated, that could be contributing to the lower number of deaths in the current wave. Added to this is a new variant N440K, first isolated from Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, and found to be at least 10 times more infectious, in the laboratories at Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad. More so, this strain is found in 5 to 9% of new Covid patients from AP, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Maharashtra during last four months. That explains high numbers in these four states.
However, during the last couple of weeks things have taken an ugly turn. We realised that a higher number of infected people were becoming hypoxic, requiring oxygen support, bed support, ICU support and ventilator support. Deaths were increasing—both recorded as well as unrecorded. There was a clear disconnect between recorded deaths with that of the ones at crematoria and funeral grounds. Disturbing visuals ruled last fortnight sending shockwaves not only in different parts of India but globally. The analysis of data of Covid infections during the last six weeks and Covid-related deaths during the last four weeks is revealing. Our initial euphoria based on all those analogies was short-lived. What it shows is that the CFR in India has escalated from 1.2% to 1.8% and then now settled at 1.4% as oxygen supply has been eased.
Similarly, though almost at the peak of the second wave, Maharashtra’s CFR has jumped by 30% in three weeks, from 1% to 1.3%, and more shockingly 44% in the last two weeks, from 0.9% to 1.3% till yesterday. This shows even a so-called wealthy and relatively better prepared state did see higher deaths. It has now settled at 1.2% this week. What have been analysed are only official recorded deaths and not those who have died before reaching healthcare facilities. In these analyses, mere coronavirus or its newer strains cannot be blamed for increased mortality leading to higher CFR in the current wave. A sizeable contribution could have been the want of proper triaging of medical help-seekers—in getting timely medical care including the allocation of bed, oxygen support, ICU and ventilators where triaging has failed.
Triage is a well-documented, effective strategy of staggered degree of medical care, when we face the huge challenges of sudden nature on the healthcare system—be it a man-made, natural catastrophe or a pandemic situation of this proportion. When a large number of people require urgent care with limited resources at disposal, the management decides, classifies and divides patients into multiple categories based on the severity of disease. This could be based on objective as well as subjective criteria but based purely on medical conditions without other factors like rich-poor, influential or commoner etc. It is now standard practice globally and is used effectively during the Covid pandemic. However, barring a few states or cities, it is not used optimally in most places in India. When hospital beds aren’t available home-triage has to be tried and here comes the institutional quarantine as well as Covid Care Centres (CCC) in picture.
Mumbai has used the triage concept during the last several months and that helped staggering and augmenting medical care. Coronavirus has posed a war like situation and to respond to it, the Brihan-Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has set up ward-level war-rooms deploying teachers and administrative staff dealing with every single Covid report with alacrity—by calling them at home, inquiring after their well-being. Oxygen saturation level, symptomatology, if they have access to separate bathroom, if they have care-givers and then deciding to provide home-care through trained personnel including a doctor or shift them to CCC or hospital as needed by even providing an ambulance service. This has maintained Mumbai’s CFR at 0.7 throughout April 2021, not that Mumbai did not face any shortage of oxygen or beds or medicines or medical care-givers, but things were handled in a war-like situation. However, Mumbai’s CFR has escalated to 1% this week. After the declaration of a partial lockdown termed as “breaking the chain” in the state including Mumbai, came handy in reducing the new infections and flattening the curve. The Mumbai model has to be replicated elsewhere in the country albeit with required local modifications.
After bearing the worst brunt of the Covid pandemic, Maharashtra has finally achieved the first important goal—passing the peak. Whether or not any state has passed the peak can be judged only at least two weeks after the peak. The Covid-19 peak in Maharashtra including Mumbai, may have passed possibly during 11-25 April, could be on 18 April, considering different parameters. Maharashtra has done over 2.9 crore tests and recorded 4,996,758 Covid-19 infections till 7 May 2021 with a cumulative positivity yield (test positivity rate among tested samples) of 17% and has recorded 74,413 deaths due to Covid-19, with a cumulative Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 1.5%. Whereas some districts in Maharashtra have been successful in flattening the curve, some 12 districts have still a challenging situation. For the matter of record, on the flipside, Nagpur district tops the country in Covid deaths per million population with 1,168 deaths per million and is second in Covid cases per million population with 98,194 cases per million.
Five of Maharashtra’s districts are among the top ten nationally in deaths per million population. Despite the claims of the National Covid Projection Council that India will peak this week, many states are still having severe surges by 50 to 300 times’ jump in the last eight weeks since 10 March 2021, considered as baseline, when the Covid graph of India was lying dormant barring Maharashtra and Kerala. As a matter of fact, Bihar has jumped from 44 daily cases on 10 March to 13,466 cases on 7 May (306 times); no reason than sheer neglect can be attributed to this. Whereas Uttarakhand, the host state of Kumbh Mela has jumped from reporting 36 cases on 10 March to 9,642 cases reported on 7 May (268 times). The election-bound state of Assam jumped from reporting 22 cases on 10 March to 5,626 cases on 7 May. The states of UP, Rajasthan, MP, West Bengal are all grappling with high daily reported infections as well as deaths. Hence, the other states may see the peak only after a few more weeks and till then burdening the already stretched healthcare system.
The parameters used for deciding the peak are:
1) DAILY RECORDED CASES: Maharashtra recorded 68,631 cases on 18 April 2021, which is the highest single-day number of Covid-19 infections in the state since the pandemic began. From 4 April to 17 April, Maharashtra’s recorded daily cases were between 47,000 and 67,000.
2) COVID-19 POSITIVITY YIELD: The downward trend is not linked to low testing numbers. In fact, the daily testing numbers have been on the higher side. Of the 2.5 crore total tests done, 51 lakh tests are done in the last 26 days, an average of 2 lakh daily and a record 289,535 tests on 25 April. The cumulative positivity yield was 14.4% on 2 April and 16.5% on 26 April. The positivity yield with 68,631 cases in 273,272 tests done on 18 April 2021 was 25% and came down to 20% on 7 May 2021.
3) ACTIVE CASES OF COVID-19 INFECTIONS: Looking at active cases’ parameter, the highest number of active cases of 699,858 was on 22 April, whereas it has been on a downward trend since then, with 654,758 on 7 May. The highest addition to active cases, 29,331 was on 4 April and the highest recovery of 74,075 cases was on 23 April.
4) DAILY DEATHS DUE TO COVID-19: Maharashtra recorded the highest number of daily deaths on 28 April 2021 at 1,035. The decline in deaths is seen two weeks later, as active cases at peak will keep on recovering and some will end up in some deaths at a gap of around two weeks.
Passing the peak is indeed the most important goal; however, subsequent surges can come, as seen in several countries of Europe. India being a vast country, some states may have different peaks. We cannot lower our guard. Mask remains the most important tool and prevents infections from any of the variants and mutants of the coronavirus, and the next being the vaccine; which has another historic day in its trajectory with the beginning of universal vaccination starting 1 May to cover even the 18-44 age group. Challenges are there, so also solutions and opportunities. Human work with admirable capacity during crisis was on display last fortnight. Let us hope that unitedly we can conquer the coronavirus sooner than later. Dr Ishwar Gilada is Mumbai-based Consultant in HIV and Infectious Diseases, Secretary General Organised Medicine Academic Guild (OMAG), President, AIDS Society of India (ASI) & Governing Council Member, International AIDS Society (IAS). |
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