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PanARMENIAN.Net - The European Commission said Monday, April 28, that Google's Motorola Mobility abused its market position in Europe by refusing to grant crucial technology licenses to rival Apple, then suing Apple for patent infringement when the company used them anyway, the Associated Press reports.
Separately, Samsung settled a case where it had tried to use its patents to block Apple from bringing a phone to market. But neither company was slapped with a fine.
At a press conference, the Commission's chief competition authority, Joaquin Almunia, said that's because it can be difficult to determine when a company has the right to protect its patents — which drive innovation — and when a dominant company is wielding the power a patent gives them to stifle competition and harm consumers.
"We are trying to trike the right balance" between patent holder rights and competition rules, Almunia said in Brussels, where the Commission, the European Union's executive arm, is based. "The Motorola case set up the framework we think should be followed."
Almunia said the dividing line should be when patents have become an industry standard.
In those cases, if someone wanting to use a patent agrees to pay "fair and reasonable terms" to use it, the holder must agree. In Motorola and other cases, disagreements about what's fair should be referred to arbitration — not used right away to block someone else from bringing a product to market.
Ultimately, however, companies may still decide to sue each other over patent infringement, as Apple, Samsung and others have been doing in courts around the world for several years.
Samsung agreed Tuesday not to try to seek injunctions against competitors for five years in Europe, and to submit future disagreements to arbitration along the lines Almunia suggested.
Google is in the process of selling Motorola to China's Lenovo.
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Most long-haul diesel trucks are priced around $120,000 and cost tens of thousands of dollars to operate each year.
The application enables users to modify photos in the style of prominent Armenian artists such as Martiros Saryan, Minas Avetisyan
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Armenia to host ArmHiTec armament and defense tech fair in March The ArmHiTec-2018 will this year be held on March 29-31 in Armenia, the defense ministry said in a statement.
$2.9 million plot of land donated to Armenian church of San Diego The donor has expressed a wish that an elder care center be constructed on the territory, with all the proceeds set to go to the church.
Al-Qaeda operation in Syria fails 30 minutes after starting: media A hyped-up offensive operation by jihadist militias linked to Al-Qaeda against the Syrian army in Latakia failed after 30 minutes of starting.
Arsenal officially signs Armenia playmaker Henrikh Mkhitaryan Arsene Wenger said about Mkhitaryan: “He creates chances, he defends well, he can absorb distances and he’s very committed as well." | http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/178454/ |
Archaeologists call it the Persian carpet effect. Imagine you're a mouse running across an elaborately decorated rug. The ground would merely be a blur of shapes and colors. You could spend your life going back and forth, studying an inch at a time, and never see the patterns.
Like a mouse on a carpet, an archaeologist painstakingly excavating a site might easily miss the whole for the parts. That's where the work of aerial photographers like Georg Gerster comes in. For four decades, Gerster, 77, has been flying over sites from the Parthenon to Uluru/Ayers Rock to provide archaeologists with the big picture. Seen from high above, even the most familiar turf can appear transformed, with a coherence and detail invisible on the ground. "In the Middle Eastern and classical [archaeology] world, it's a tool people recognize as extremely valuable," says archaeologist William Sumner, a University of Chicago professor emeritus, of aerial photography. "The thing about Georg's images is they are superb. If there's anything to be seen, it's in his images."
In Gerster's recent book, The Past From Above: Aerial Photographs of Archaeological Sites (J. Paul Getty Museum), places we've seen a thousand times in pictures from ground level take on a whole new meaning. His photographs dramatize the scale of ancient structures and show them, as if for the first time, in relation to their surroundings. Stonehenge, so impressive at eye level, is a little underwhelming from above; the Great Wall of China appears shockingly large. And some mysterious structures—the Nazca lines, some 300 giant figures etched into desert sand beginning in 200 b.c. and located south of Lima, Peru—seem as if they were designed to be seen from above.
Gerster, who was born in Switzerland and lives today near Zurich, developed a passion for aerial photography in 1963, when, at 35, he chartered a small plane to photograph Egyptian and Sudanese sites about to be flooded by the construction of the Aswan High Dam. Since then, he has photographed sites in 108 countries and Antarctica, usually while perched in an open doorway while the plane or helicopter roars over a site.
Of course, the urge to get above it all has obsessed photographers since the invention of the camera. The first known aerial photograph was taken from a balloon in 1858. But not until the invention of the airplane did the idea of photographing ruins become practical. Even then, it was usually a byproduct of military reconnaissance. German pilots documented Egypt's pyramids during World War I. Between the wars, British military fliers made important advances in aerial photography. Even aviator Charles Lindbergh found the idea captivating, making low flights over the jungles of Central America in 1929 to search for hidden Maya ruins while his wife, Anne, took photographs. The Lindbergh pictures, historian Charlotte Trümpler writes in the introduction to The Past From Above, were "unsystematic and lacking in any true understanding of the local geography."
Modern technology has only expanded archaeologists' interest in aerial imaging. Today, "landscape archaeology" is one of the field's hottest disciplines, combining satellite imagery (including declassified spy photos from the 1960s) with Global Positioning System data to tease out a landscape's hidden details, such as long-buried roads and canal systems.
Yet despite the growing academic acceptance (and even appetite) for aerial archaeology, there are places where it has become a virtual impossibility. In unstable areas of the Middle East—a region rich in photogenic ruins—aerial photographers are viewed with hostility. "All the secrecy is ridiculous, but still when you come and want to take aerial photographs, you’re regarded as a spy," says Gerster.
That pressure makes Gerster's work from the 1960s and '70s all the more valuable. "A lot of the areas he covered are denied to us today because of the suspicion of archaeologists," says Harvard University landscape archaeologist Jason Ur. "I just can't get good low-level aerial photography of Syria." Since Gerster visited Iraq in 1973, many of the sites he documented have been damaged by war and looting. As politics, development and time take their toll on the world's precious ruins, the irreplaceable images by Gerster and others become even more important portraits of the past. | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/airborne-archaeology-109053524/ |
Product teams have been integrating analytics into applications for many years. This has helped them differentiate their apps from the competition, lower customer churn, reduce the duration of development cycles and charge more for their products and services.
Users also prefer applications that offer…Continue
Added by Evan Morris on February 16, 2021 at 7:30pm — No Comments
What is the world’s leading secret management platform? There is no definite answer to this question. Different enterprises have different needs and preferences. The best system for them will depend on what suits their needs and wants best. The following top secrets management platforms, however, are definitely worth…Continue
Added by Evan Morris on December 8, 2020 at 7:21pm — No Comments
The emergence of automation has posed a concern for data scientists--will it eventually replace them?
But there is no cause to worry as the eventuality will never happen. Instead, automation will help data scientists to improve the results they derive from analyzing vast amounts of data.
When it comes to the marriage between…Continue
Added by Evan Morris on November 11, 2020 at 10:01pm — No Comments
Artificial intelligence, or AI, technology is continuously reshaping small business processes, techniques, and strategies. Businesses of all sizes are always looking to AI to accelerate repetitive tasks, minimize human errors, and increase accuracy. In fact, over 25% of businesses will use AI in their operational processes by the end of 2020. As a result, AI capability is expected to remain here to stay. To ensure that you are not left behind the competition, small business owners…Continue
Added by Evan Morris on October 19, 2020 at 12:17am — No Comments
With data growing at its highest rate ever, cyberattacks and digital warfare are on the rise to get hold of any crucial data. The malicious actors primarily target the data in organizations; if it’s important to you, so it is to them.
Cybercriminals often target databases since they mostly store sensitive data — customer data, financial…Continue
Added by Evan Morris on October 17, 2019 at 7:19pm — No Comments
Today’s business environment is as competitive as ever. With digital and brick-and-mortar businesses coalescing to create a comprehensive ecosystem of goods and services, differentiation can be difficult.
Efficiency and accuracy are becoming the drivers of success. | https://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blog/list?user=3my6f24q5fqpb |
FIELD
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Functional Configuration
Effect
System
Hardware
The embodiments discussed herein are related to an extraction program, an extraction method, and an extraction device.
2015-028732
A technique of optimizing advertising placement has been known. Particularly, in digital marketing, planning and implementation of a measure for the optimization can be done based on results of log data analysis (for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. ).
However, the above technique has a problem that it can be difficult to increase efficiency of planning and implementation of a measure. For example, a case in which a significance of each item value in log data is calculated by logistic regression or the like, and based on the significance, analysis is further performed, combining multiple item values is considered. In this case, the number of combinations is enormous, and it is difficult to perform the analysis, considering all kinds of combinations by the related technique. Therefore, in the related technique, it can be difficult to bring the results of log data analysis to contribute to improvement of efficiency of planning and implementation of a measure.
Accordingly, it is an object in one aspect of an embodiment of the invention to provide an extraction program, an extraction method, and an extraction device to improve efficiency of planning and implementation of a measure.
According to an aspect of the embodiments, an extraction program causes a computer to execute a process including: generating a plurality of combinations of conditions relating to a plurality of item values included in data; calculating an index value that indicates a degree of cooccurrence between a specified response variable and each of the plurality of combinations, by using a machine learning model that estimates a response variable from the plurality of item values, the machine learning model having been trained by using the data; and extracting a specific combination from among the plurality of combinations based on any one of the condition and the index value.
FIG. 1
illustrates an example of a functional configuration of an extraction device according to an embodiment;
FIG. 2
illustrates an example of log data;
FIG. 3
illustrates an example of hypothesis information;
FIG. 4
illustrates an example of variable information;
FIG. 5
is an illustration of relationship between a variable and data;
FIG. 6
is an illustration of generation of a hypothesis;
FIG. 7
is an illustration of generation of a hypothesis;
FIG. 8
is an illustration of generation of a hypothesis;
FIG. 9
is an illustration of an example of a generated hypothesis;
FIG. 10
is an illustration of calculation of a significance by logistic regression;
FIG. 11
is a flowchart illustrating a flow of extraction processing; and
FIG. 12
is an illustration of a hardware configuration example.
Preferred embodiments will be explained with reference to accompanying drawings. Note that the embodiment is not intended to limit the present invention. Moreover, the embodiments can be combined within a range not causing a contradiction.
FIG. 1
A functional configuration of an extraction device according to an embodiment will be described, using .
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
illustrates an example of a functional configuration of the extraction device according to an embodiment. As illustrated in , an extraction device 10 includes a communication unit 11, an input unit 12, an output unit 13, a storage unit 14, and a control unit 15.
The communication unit 11 is an interface to perform data communication with other devices. For example, the communication unit 11 is a network interface card (NIC), and performs data communication through the Internet.
The input unit 12 is a device for a user to input information. For example, the input unit 12 is a mouse and a keyboard. Moreover, the output unit 13 is a display, or the like that displays a screen. Furthermore, the input unit 12 and the output unit 13 may be a touch panel display.
The storage unit 14 is an example of a storage device that stores data, a program executed by the control unit 15, and the like, and is, for example, a hard disk or a memory. The storage unit 14 stores log data 141, hypothesis information 142, and variable information 143.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
The log data 141 is data having a response variable and multiple explanatory variables with respect to the response variable as item values. illustrates an example of log data. As illustrated in , the log data 141 has a date as a key. The log data 141 thus has a date as a key, and may be chronological data, data of which increases as time passes.
In the embodiment, the log data 141 is data in which information about an advertisement placed on the Web collected on a predetermined date, and a measure taken for the information are associated with each other.
The log data 141 is sometimes used as training data to train s model to draw an effective measure. Therefore, for example, a measure in the log data 141 may be one that is planned by a skilled planner. Moreover, the log data 141 may be collection of data of cases in which an implemented measure has been successful.
FIG. 2
As illustrated in , the log data 141 includes, as the explanatory variables, "click count", "day", "time period", "preceding event", and "remaining budget". Moreover, the log data 141 includes "advertised price" as the response variable. The response variable "advertised price" indicates whether to raise an advertised price, to maintain the advertised price, or to lower the advertised price.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
For example, in a first row in , it is indicated that information indicating that the click count of one advertisement in the afternoon of a holiday is 100 times, and the remaining budget of the advertisement is 10,000 yen is collected at 10:00 on 6/5/2019. Furthermore, in the first row in , it is indicated that a measure to lower the advertised price has been taken for the advertisement.
FIG. 3
The hypothesis information 142 is information in which a combination of a responsible variable and a condition relating to one or more explanatory variables corresponding to the response variable and a significance are associated with each other. The significance herein is an example of an index value. illustrates an example of the hypothesis information. In the following description, the combination in the hypothesis information 142 can be referred to as hypothesis. Moreover, a calculation method of the significance will be described later.
FIG. 3
For example, in the first row in , it is indicated that the significance of a hypothesis that "raise the advertised price when remaining budget is availableAclick count≥100^day=holiday" is 0.85.
FIG. 3
Furthermore, the hypothesis may be a combination of conditions relating to multiple item values, without distinguishing the explanatory variable and the response variable. In this case, the hypothesis in the first row in may be expressed as "remaining budget is availableAclick count>100^day=holiday^raise advertised price".
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
The variable information 143 indicates a significance of each variable. illustrates an example of the variable information. For example, in the first row in , it is indicated that the significance of the variable "remaining budget" is 0.91. The significance of each variable may be one calculated by the same method as the significance of the hypotheses, or may be one calculated by a method different from that of the significance of the hypotheses. For example, the significance of each variable may be one calculated by a known method, such as the logistic regression.
The control unit 15 is implemented by a program stored in the internal storage device executed by a central processing unit (CPU), a micro processing unit (MPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or the like, using a random-access memory (RAM) as a working area. Moreover, the control unit 15 may be implemented by an integrated circuit, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The control unit 15 includes a generating unit 151, a calculating unit 152, and an extracting unit 153.
The generating unit 151 generates a combination of conditions relating to plural item values included in data, namely, a hypothesis. The generating unit 151 can generate a hypothesis from data including an explanatory variable and a response variable, such as the log data 141. In this case, the generating unit 151 generates a combination of a response variable and a condition relating to one or more explanatory variables corresponding to the response variable, as a hypothesis.
Moreover, the generating unit 151 generates a combination of conditions relating to plural item values included in data that increases as time passes. For example, the generating unit 151 can generate a combination from chronological data to which data is added as time passes, such as the log data 141.
FIG. 5 to FIG. 9
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
-
-
-
A method of generation by the generating unit 151 will be described by using . is an illustration of a relationship between a variable and data. As illustrated in , conditions relating to each explanatory variable in the log data 141 includes four conditions of A, B, C, and D. Moreover, negation of A is expressed as A (- right above A). For example, when A indicates a condition that "remaining budget is available", A indicates a condition that "remaining budget is not available". Furthermore, for example, when B indicates a condition that "click count≥100", B indicates that "click count<100".
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
i
j
FIG. 2
Moreover, P, P, P, P, N, N, N are data included in the log data 141, and expresses data in which a response variable and a condition of an explanatory variable are associated with each other. In this example, P expresses data indicating that a value of the response variable is "raise", and P expresses data indicating that a value of the response variable is "lower" (where I and j are arbitrary positive integer). As illustrated in , "maintain" is included in values of the response variable, besides "raise" and "lower", but it is explained herein, assuming that the values of the response variable have two kinds, "raise" and "lower". Furthermore, in the following description, "raise" may be expressed as +, and "lower" as
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
First, as illustrated in , the generating unit 151 comprehensively enumerates possible combinations of values, for each of the explanatory variables included in P, P, P, P, N, N, N. is an illustration of the generation of a hypothesis. Possible values herein are * (not used), 1 (used), and 0 (use negation of a condition).
The generating unit 151 may limit the number of explanatory variables to be combined, to the number equal to or smaller than a predetermined number. For example, the generating unit 151 may limit the number of explanatory variables to be combined to two or less in a case of four explanatory variables of A to D. In this case, the generating unit 151 combines at least two out of the four explanatory variables to be * (not used). When the number of explanatory variables increases (for example, 1000 variables), the number of combinations explosively increases. Therefore, by limiting the number, increase in the number of combinations to be enumerated can be suppressed in advance.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
The generating unit 151 classifies the enumerated combinations to either of P, P, P, P, N, N, N, and determines whether it is an effective combination that satisfies a specific condition. For example, the specific condition is that the frequency of agreement between a condition of an explanatory variable and data in the log data 141 is equal to or higher than a predetermined value. In this case, the generating unit 151 can generate a combination of conditions, the frequency of which of agreement with data is equal to or higher than the predetermine value, out of the conditions.
FIG. 6
-
In the example in , a combination C01 in which all of the four explanatory variables A to D are *, a combination C04 being C, a combination C09 being CD (C and D are 1, and A and B are *), and the like are enumerated.
FIG. 6
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
As illustrated in , the generating unit 151 enumerates data corresponding to each of the combinations C01 to C09 based on the explanatory variables of P, P, P, P, N, N, N. For example, the generating unit 151 enumerates P, N, N as data corresponding to the combination C02. IN this case, the data enumerated for the combination C02 includes data in which the response variable is + (P), and data in which the response variable is - (N, N) in a mixed manner. Therefore, the combination C02 has a low possibility of being a hypothesis correctly explaining whether the response variable is + or -. As a result, the generating unit 151 does not adopt the combination C02 as an effective hypothesis.
1
2
1
2
On the other hand, the generating unit 151 enumerates N, N as data corresponding to the combination C08. In this case, data enumerated for the combination C08 includes only data in which the response variable is - (N, N). Therefore, the generating unit 151 adopts the combination C08 as an effective hypothesis.
Moreover, even when different response variables are included in a mixed manner, the generating unit 151 may adopt the combination as an effective hypothesis depending on the ratio of mixed variables. For example, when 80% or more of response variables of data corresponding to one combination are +, the generating unit 151 may adopt the combination as an effective hypothesis.
FIG. 6
Furthermore, the generating unit 151 exclude a combination corresponding to a special case of one combination from the hypothesis. For example, the combinations C05 and C06 in are a special case of the combination C04. This is because the combinations C05 and C06 are only ones in which a literal is added to the combination C04.
FIG. 7
-
The generating unit 151 adopts combinations illustrated in as hypotheses. That is, the generating unit 151 adopts the combinations C01, C02, C03, C04a, C07, C08, and C09 as an effective hypothesis. Note that a combination C04a is one in which a special case of C04 is omitted among combinations satisfying C.
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
FIG. 7
-
is an illustration of the generation of a hypothesis. illustrates contents of and in a Karnaugh map. AS illustrated in , the generating unit 151 examines an effective combination while changing combinations in sequence of a combination of A (B, C, D are * (not used)) (S31), a combination of A (B, C, D are * (not used)) (S32), ... (S31 to S35, ...).
1
3
4
1
3
4
-
-
To a combination of C at S33, data in which the response variable is + (P, P, P) corresponds. That is, at S33, the number or the ratio of the data classified to a class of + (P, P, P) is equal to or larger than a predetermined value. Therefore, the generating unit 151 determines that the combination of C at S33 as an effective combination (hypothesis) classified to the class of +. Note that a combination in which a literal is added to C is excluded in the following processing.
-
-
1
2
1
2
Next, the generating unit 151 starts examination of combinations in which two explanatory variables are * (not used) after examination of all combinations in which three explanatory variables are * (not used) (S34). To a combination of AB at S35, training data in which the response variable is + (P, P) corresponds. That is, at S35, the number of the ratio of the training data (P, P) classified to the class of + is equal to or higher than the predetermined value. Therefore, the generating unit 151 determines that the combination of AB at S35 is an effective combination (hypothesis) classified to the class of +.
FIG. 9
FIG. 9
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
is an illustration of an example of a generated hypothesis. As illustrated in , the generating unit 151 generates hypotheses H1 to H11, the classification result of which is + or -, from P, P, P, P, N, N, N, and stores the generated hypotheses in the storage unit 14 as the hypothesis information 142.
Each of the hypotheses H1 to H11 is an independent hypothesis satisfying a requirement that the classification result of each data being + or - is correctly explained. Accordingly, there is a case in which hypotheses are contradictory to each other, as the hypothesis H2 and the hypothesis H6.
FIG. 10
FIG. 10
1
11
The calculating unit 152 calculates a significance, which is a degree of cooccurrence of data per combination, by using a model that has learned data. For example, the calculating unit 152 calculates the significance of each hypothesis by the logistic regression. is an illustration of the calculation of the significance by the logistic regression. The calculating unit 152 applies the log data 141 to a model expression illustrated in , to calculate optical coefficients β to β. The calculating unit 152 updates the significance of the hypothesis information 142 with the calculated coefficients.
At this time the significance of each hypothesis is an index value that increases as the cooccurrence in the log data 141 increases. Moreover, the significance can be regarded as a plausibility of the response variable when the condition of each explanatory variable is satisfied. Therefore, the calculating unit 152 calculates the plausibility of satisfying the condition of the response variable as the significance.
The extracting unit 153 extracts a specific combination from among the combinations based on the condition or the significance. That is, the extracting unit 153 extracts a hypothesis that is considered to be significantly important from the hypothesis information 142, based on the significance. For example, the extracting unit 153 extracts a combination, the significance of which is equal to or higher than the predetermined value from among the combinations.
Moreover, the hypothesis extracted by the extracting unit 153 and the significance of each hypothesis are displayed by the output unit that functions as a display device, such as a display, in list form. At this time, the output unit 13 displays a condition relating to a variable that is not important singly but becomes important when combined with another variable in an emphasized manner.
The output unit 13 displays, when the significance of a first combination, which is a combination of a first condition and another condition, is higher than a first criterion and the significance of only the first condition is equal to or lower than a second criterion, the first combination in an emphasized manner compared to other combinations.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
For example, suppose that the first criterion is that "the significance of a hypothesis is 0.5 or higher". Moreover, suppose that the second criterion is that "the significance of a variable is 0.1 or lower". In this case, from , the significance of a hypothesis, "when remaining budget not availableAtime period=AM, the price is lowered" is 0.78, and is higher than the first criterion. Moreover, from , the significance of the variable, "time period" is 0.03, and is equal to or lower than the second criterion. Therefore, for example, the output unit 13 displays the part of "time period=AM" in an emphasized manner by changing the font or style, and by marking or the like.
FIG. 11. FIG. 11
FIG. 11
A flow of processing performed by the extraction device 10 will be described by using is a flowchart illustrating a flow of the extraction processing. As illustrated in , first, the extraction device 10 enumerates combinations of a response variable and conditions of the predetermined number of explanatory variables, and generates hypotheses (step S11). For example, the extraction device 10 excludes a combination not satisfying a specific condition, or a combination being a special case of one combination from the hypotheses.
Next, the extraction device calculates the significance of each hypothesis (step S12). The extraction device 10 then displays the hypotheses and the significances in list form, and displays a condition for a variable, the significance of which alone is equal to or lower than the predetermined value in an emphasized manner (step S13)
As described above, the extraction device 10 generates combinations of conditions relating to plural item values included in data. The extraction device 10 calculates the significance, which is a degree of cooccurrence of data per combination, by using a model that has learned data. The extraction device 10 extracts a specific combination from among the combinations based on the condition or the significance. As described, the extraction device 10 can perform evaluation of the significance per condition in which plural item values are combined. Therefore, according to the embodiment, the enormous number of hypotheses generated by combinations of item values can be evaluated, and the efficiency of planning and implementation of a measure can be improved.
The extraction device 10 generates a combination of the response variable and a condition relating to one or more explanatory variables corresponding to the response variable. The extraction device 10 calculates a plausibility of satisfying the condition of the response variable per combination as the significance. Therefore, according to the embodiment, evaluation of hypothesis based on a model to estimate the response variable from the explanatory variable is enabled.
The extraction device 10 extracts a combination, the significance of which is equal to or higher than a predetermined value, from among the combinations. Thus, the extraction device 10 comprehensively calculates the significance of the respective combinations, and then extracts a combination considered to be important. Accordingly, the extraction device 10 can provide a hypothesis that is particularly important for measure planning.
The extraction device 10 displays a list of combinations extracted by the extracting unit, emphasizing a first combination compared to other combinations when the significance of the first combination, which is a combination of a first condition and another condition, is higher than a first criterion, and when the significance of only the first condition is equal to or lower than a second criterion. A hypothesis including a variable, the significance of which is not high when it is considered singly is particularly difficult to be found by humans . According to the embodiment, it is possible to present such a hypothesis, while indicating that it is difficult to find.
The extraction device 10 generates a combination of conditions, the frequency of which of matching with data is equal to or higher than a predetermined value, out of the conditions. Thus, the extraction device 10 excludes a condition that is considered to be not important in advance and, therefore, can improve the efficiency of calculation.
The extraction device 10 generates a combination of conditions relating to plural item values included in data that increases as time passes. Therefore, the extraction device 10 can perform extraction of hypothesis when the number of pieces of data is still small.
FIG. 6
In the above embodiment, a case in which the response variable indicates whether to raise, maintain, or lower the advertised price has been described. On the other hand, the response variable may indicate whether a conversion (CV) has occurred in each advertisement. In this case, similarly to the example in and the like, the response variable can be expressed in a binary value.
The processing procedure, the control procedure, the specific names, and the information including various kinds of data and parameters described in the above document and the drawings can be changed arbitrarily, unless otherwise specified. Moreover, the specific example, the distribution, numeric values, and the like described in the embodiment are only examples, and can be changed arbitrarily.
Moreover, the illustrated respective components of the respective devices are of functional concept, and it is not necessarily requested to be configured physically as illustrated. That is, specific forms of distribution and integration of the respective devices are not limited to the ones illustrated, and all or a part thereof can be configured to be distributed or integrated functionally or physically in arbitrary units according to various kinds of loads, usage conditions, and the like. Furthermore, as for the respective processing functions performed by the respective devices, all or an arbitrary part thereof can be implemented by a CPU and a program that is analyzed and executed by the CPU, or can be implemented as hardware by wired logic.
FIG. 12
FIG. 12
FIG. 12
is an illustration of a hardware configuration example. As illustrated in , the extraction device 10 includes a communication interface 10a, a hard disk drive (HDD) 10b, a memory 10c, and a processor 10d. Moreover, the respective parts illustrated in are connected to each other through a bus, or the like.
FIG. 1
The communication interface 10a is a network interface card, or the like, and performs communication with other servers. The HDD 10b stores a program and database (DB) to activate the functions illustrated in .
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
The processor 10d executes a process to implement the respective functions described in and the like by reading a program to perform processing similar to that of the respective processing units illustrated in , from HDD 10b or the like, and developing it on the memory 10c. That is, the process implements functions similar to those of the respective processing units included in the extraction device 10. Specifically, the processor 10d reads a program having functions similar to those of the generating unit 151, the calculating unit 152, and the extracting unit 153 from the HDD 10b. The processor 10d then executes the process to implement the processing similar to those of the generating unit 151, the calculating unit 152, the extracting unit 153, and the like. The processor 10d is a hardware circuit, such as a CPU, an MPU, and an ASIC.
As described, the extraction device 10 operates as an information processing device that performs the classification method by reading and executing a program. Moreover, the extraction device 10 can implement functions similar to those in the embodiment described above by reading the above program from a recording medium with a medium reader device, and by executing the read program. The program in other embodiments are not limited to be executed by the extraction device 10. For example, the present invention can be similarly applied also when the program is executed by another computer or server, or when the program is executed by those in cooperation.
This program can be distributed through a network such as the Internet. Moreover, this program can be recorded on a computer-readable recording medium, such as a hard disk, a flexible disk (FD), a compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), a magneto-optical disk (MO), and a digital versatile disk (DVD), and be executed by being read by a computer from the recording medium.
In one aspect, it is possible to improve the efficiency of planning and implementation of a measure. | |
Your safety and the safety of all forest visitors, employees and volunteers is our primary concern. This can mean that we must issue closure orders or restrictions on activities to protect communities and our natural and cultural resources. These orders may be across the region or specific to an individual forest or even a district based on the local situation. When planning your visit, review access and restrictions in the area you wish to visit.
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View larger map
Fire restrictions are implemented in an effort to help decrease human-caused fires during periods of high fire potential by restricting activities which are the most common causes of wildfires. This map that is designed to provide fire restrictions information for public lands in the Southwest.
InciWeb is an managed by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group, consolidating reported wildland fires on this map.
View Fire Information on InciWeb
The Southwestern Region uses a stratgy of opening and closing developed recreation sites based on assessments at the local level. Assessments include staffing and availability of site maintenance, weather, fire and other conditions.
The vast majority of the National Forests acres remain open for dispersed camping, hiking, nature watching and other activities. Specific site closures, are managed at the each forest. Please review the Alerts and Notices for each forest and specific recreation sites you wish to visit. Preparation and planning are key to an enjoyable visit to our National Forests while reducing waste and minimizing natural resource damage.
Respect wildlife and be considerate of other visitors. Leave what you find, Pack it in, Pack it out and Leave No Trace.
The group size limit order 03-00-00-21-001 restricts entering open areas with a group in excess of the number specified in any public health order. All visitors still must comply with all current public health orders, including limiting the number of people in a group.
The Restricted Area includes any areas and/or facilities in the following National Forests and Grasslands:
View Group Size Order
Date(s): May 30, 2019 - Jun 1, 2023
To prevent fires and for public safety, throughout the Southwestern Region, these actions are prohibited:
View Full Order 03-00-00-19-001
Throughout the Southwestern Region, these actions are prohibited: | https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/kaibab/home/?cid=FSEPRD716261 |
Crompton House students ‘thoroughly deserve’ excellent GCSE grades
STUDENTS at Crompton House Church of England School ‘thoroughly deserve’ their excellent GCSE grades after working incredibly hard over the last two years, said headteacher Karl Newell.
Attainment at the school is well above the national average, with 27 per cent of all results at grades 7-9, 66 per cent grades 5-9 and 81 per cent grades 4-9. In total, Crompton House students received 109 top grade 9s.
Pupils with Mr Newell celebrating their GCSE results
Mr Newell said: “I am very pleased to congratulate our Year 11 students on their excellent GCSE results.
“As you know, this year’s GCSE results had to be awarded differently from usual, after exams were unable to go ahead due to Covid-19.
“However, we need to remember our students have worked incredibly hard over the last two years and thoroughly deserve the grades that they have been awarded.
“Exams are only the conclusion to many 1000s of hours of lesson and independent work. I am confident that the grades achieved by our pupils are a true reflection of their ability.
“I am particularly pleased that a significant number of our pupils have achieved top grades.
“We are looking forward to seeing many of our students return to Crompton House Sixth Form in September and to hearing how others have been successful in gaining places on various college courses.”
Pupils and Mr Newell jumping for joy at their GCSE results
Outstanding results include Katie Meyrick with seven grade 9s, one grade 8 and two grade 7s; Dylan Roberts with five grade 9s and 5 grade 8s; James Catanach with six grade 9s, one grade 8 and three grade 7s; Alexander Bateman with four grade 9s, four grade 8s and two grade 7s; Holly Maguire with four grade 9s, four grade 8s and two grade 7s; Zachary Woodward with four grade 9s, four grade 8s and two grade 7s.
Freya Liles with three grade 9s, five grade 8s and two grade 7s; Annie Meaden with four grade 9s, three grade 8s and three grade 7s; Erin Leavy with four grade 9s, two grade 8s, three grade 7s and one grade 6; Olivia Wild with three grade 9s, three grade 8s and four grade 7s; Oscar Adamson with four grade 9s, one grade 8, four grade 7s and one grade 6; Daniel Kelly with three grade 9s, three grade 8s, three grade 7s and one grade 6; Jake Murray achieved three grade 9s, four grade 8s, one grade 7 and two grade 6s. | |
The Usemi Racial Trauma Clinic was launched as a virtual clinic at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, thanks to funding from the National Lottery Coronovirus Community Support Fund, in response to high levels of demand from people from BAME communities.
People living with psychosis experience altered perceptions and interpretations of reality: they are prone to harbouring unusual beliefs or experiencing hallucinations or delusions. Psychosis may be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression but there are many other causes. It can be a debilitating and frightening experience and can impair behaviour, disrupt lives and relationships, making people feel overwhelmed, threatened, or confused. Many find it hard to trust people, organisations, and authority and are fearful of engaging with statutory mental health services.
Usemi aims to support people in the community, with or without a diagnosis who may or may not be engaged with other mental health service providers.
Specialised therapy for culturally specific target groups
Black people and people of colour benefit from working with therapists of similar backgrounds as well as specialists in working with psychosis, both of which Usemi provides. Alongside individualised psychosis therapy, Usemi’s programme offers targeted therapy groups led by specialist facilitators for Black African/African Caribbean Women, Asian Women, Latin American Women, Black African/African Caribbean Men and mixed groups. By sharing their experiences with peers, service users feel understood and their experiences validated.
Creative and physical activities are also on offer including writing, music, art, dance and pilates delivered online and in-person when possible. The service will deliver improvements by offering the continuity of longer-term support.
Many of those who could benefit from Usemi’s services have experienced racial trauma and discrimination and have become marginalised and disconnected from society and in many cases, from their own families. Most of their service users are unemployed, on a low income or in receipt of benefits and are both economically and socially disadvantaged. They may live alone or in overcrowded accommodation and in poor housing in deprived areas of Lambeth and Southwark.
New approaches to the treatment of racial trauma
Maudsley Charity funding will enable Lambeth and Southwark Mind to continue not only to provide individual and group therapy, but to develop approaches to the treatment of psychosis that allow people to overcome the debilitating impact of severe mental ill-health as a result of racial trauma, and to empower people to build trust, develop solutions, manage their behaviour and feel less disenfranchised from society.
From their experience, the team has seen improvements arise through people feeling seen, heard and validated as they begin to feel a restored sense of hope and increased confidence, better able to recognise situations that trigger negative thoughts, feelings and behaviours and cause them to internalise the impact of racist encounters that give rise to feelings of guilt, anger, and shame.
Usemi accepts self-referrals and referrals from professionals. For more information, visit https://www.lambethandsouthwarkmind.org.uk/our-services/usemi-racial-trauma-clinic/
The recent grant awarded by the Maudsley Charity will give the Usemi clinic the fantastic opportunity to expand and provide long-term support (in-person as well as online) to under-served communities across Southwark and Lambeth where the needs for specialist therapeutic support are higher than ever. | https://maudsleycharity.org/case-studies/usemi-racial-trauma-clinic/ |
BACKGROUND
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a cabinet for electronic equipment.
2. Description of Related Art
To assemble electronic equipment, such as a server to a cabinet, two slide rails are often provided. Each slide rail includes a first rail and a second rail slidably connected to the first rail. The first rails are respectively fixed to opposite inner sides of the cabinet, and the second rails are respectively fixed to opposite sides of the server. Thereby, the server is slidable inward and outward relative to the cabinet. However, this procedure is laborious and troublesome.
The disclosure, including the accompanying drawings, is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation. It should be noted that references to “an” or “one” embodiment in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references mean at least one.
FIGS. 1 and 2
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Referring to , an embodiment of a cabinet is provided to receive a plurality of electronic equipment, such as servers . The cabinet includes a housing , a plurality of pivoting elements , and a plurality of rail assemblies. Each rail assembly includes two first rails , two first stop elements , two second rails , and two second stop elements .
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A plurality of rollers is installed to two opposite sides of each server .
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The housing includes two front posts and two rear posts . A plurality of fixing holes is defined in each of the front posts and the rear posts . Two doors are pivotably mounted to opposite sides of a front end of the housing . A plurality of elongated recesses is defined in an inner side of each door . Two spaced first pivoting portions (not shown) each defining a through hole is formed on each recess .
FIG. 4
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Referring to , a first notch is defined in a middle of a first end of each pivoting element . A second notch is defined in a middle of a second end of each pivoting element . Two portions bounding opposite sides of the first notch of each pivoting element define a first pivot hole communicating with the first notch . Two portions bounding opposite sides of the second notch of each pivoting element define a second pivot hole communicating with the second notch .
FIG. 3
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Referring to , a cross-section of each first rail is substantially C-shaped. A slide slot is defined lengthwise in an inner side of each first rail , with a front end of the slide slot extending through a front end of the first rail . Two fixing plates respectively extend from opposite ends of an outer side of each first rail . A fixing hole is defined in each fixing plate . Two latching slots are respectively defined in top and bottom sides of the front end of each first rail . A stop plate is formed on a rear end of each first rail .
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Each first stop element includes a main body , and two latches substantially perpendicularly extending from top and bottom ends of the main body , respectively.
FIG. 4
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Referring to , a cross-section of each second rail is substantially C-shaped. A slide slot is defined lengthwise in an inner side of each second rail , with opposite ends of the slide slot extending through front and rear ends of the second rail . Two second pivoting portions respectively extend from opposite ends of an outer side of each second rail . A vertical through hole is defined in each second pivoting portion . Two latching slots are respectively defined in top and bottom sides of the front end of each second rail .
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Each second stop element includes a main body , and two latches substantially perpendicularly extending from top and bottom ends of the main body , respectively.
FIGS. 1 to 4
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Referring to , to assemble each rail assembly to the housing , the fixing plates of the first rails are positioned to sandwich the front and rear posts and . Four screws are respectively extended through the fixing holes of the fixing plates of the first rails , and engage in the corresponding fixing holes of the front and rear posts and on a same level, thereby the first rails are respectively fixed to left and right insides of the housing . Two pivoting elements are placed in a recess of each door in alignment with a corresponding first rail , with the first pivoting portions in the recess inserted into the first notches of the corresponding pivoting elements . Four pins are respectively extended through the first pivot holes of the pivoting elements and the through holes of the corresponding first pivoting portions. Thereby, the first ends of the pivoting elements are pivotably installed in the corresponding recesses of the doors . The second rails are respectively coupled to the doors , with the second pivoting portions inserted in the second notches of the corresponding pivoting elements . Four pins are respectively extended through the second pivot holes of the pivoting elements and the through holes of the corresponding second pivoting portions . Thereby, the second rails are pivotably connected to the second ends of the corresponding pivoting elements of the doors . Each second rail can make a translational motion toward or away from the corresponding door because of the corresponding pivoting elements . The first and second stop elements and are respectively installed to the front ends of the first and second rails and , with the latches of the first stop elements engaging in the latching slots of the corresponding first rails , and the latches of the second top elements engaging in the latching slots of the corresponding second rails .
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When there is no need to use the slide assembly, the second rails and the second ends of the pivoting elements connected to the corresponding second rails are moved forwards and towards the corresponding doors , until the pivoting elements are entirely received in the corresponding recesses and parallel to the second rails . The second rails are positioned near the corresponding doors , and occupy little space.
FIG. 5
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Referring to , to assemble a server , the doors are opened parallel to the first rails . The first and second stop elements and are detached from the corresponding first and second rails and . The second rails and the second ends of the pivoting elements connected to the corresponding second rails are moved rearwards and away from the corresponding doors , until the second rails align with the corresponding first rails to form two extended sliding rails, and the slide slots align with the corresponding slide slots . At this time, the pivoting elements are perpendicular to the corresponding doors and second rails , respectively. The rollers at two sides of the server are inserted into the slide slots of the corresponding second rails . The server is pushed rearwards to slide along the second rails and first rails , until two rollers at a distal end of the server abut against the stop plates of the corresponding first rails . The server is entirely received in the housing and arranged between the first rails .
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To work on the server , the server is pulled outwards and arranged between the second rails . The second stop elements are respectively installed to the front ends of the second rails , to prevent the server from being detached from the front ends of the second rails .
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To close the doors , the second rails are moved forward and toward the corresponding doors , to allow the pivoting elements to be entirely received in the corresponding recesses , and the second rails position near the corresponding doors . The first stop elements are respectively installed to the front ends of the first rails , to prevent the server from being detached from the front ends of the first rails . The doors are closed.
It is to be understood, however, that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the embodiments have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the embodiments, the disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in details, especially in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of parts within the principles of the embodiments to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Many aspects of the present embodiments can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, the emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present embodiments. Moreover, in the drawing, all the views are schematic, and like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views.
FIG. 1
is an isometric view of an embodiment of a cabinet and a server.
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is an exploded, isometric view of the cabinet of .
FIG. 3
FIG. 2
is an enlarged, isometric view of a first rail, a first stop element, and two screws of the cabinet of .
FIG. 4
FIG. 2
is an enlarged, isometric view of a second rail, a second stop element, two pivoting elements, and four pins of the cabinet of .
FIG. 5
FIG. 1
is an assembled, isometric view of the cabinet and the server of . | |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
First Embodiment
Second Embodiment
Third Embodiment
Other Embodiment
The present disclosure relates to a fan shroud, a fan device having the fan shroud, and a manufacturing method for the fan shroud.
A fan module is generally equipped to a vehicle for cooling heat exchanger such as a radiator and a condenser. The fan module includes a shroud equipped with an electric motor to drive a fan to produce an airflow.
A fan module is equipped with electric wires to connect a motor with an external connector to supply electric power to the motor. The wires may be bundled together and may be routed on the surface of the shroud. Consequently, the wires may be laid on a lengthy path from the motor to the connector. In actual use, the wires may be detached from the shroud and may be tangled into a shaft of the fan. The wires may be exposed to heat of engine components and may be deteriorated.
It is an object of the present disclosure to produce a fan shroud configured to restrict wires from detachment from a shroud body. It is another object to produce a fan device having the fan shroud and to produce a manufacturing method for the fan shroud.
The present disclosure addresses the above-described concerns. According to an aspect of the preset disclosure, a shroud body may have a hollow space. A shroud ring may be located in the hollow space. A plurality of arms may radially extend in the hollow space and may connect the shroud body with the shroud ring. A plurality of terminals may be electrically conductive and may be equipped to the shroud ring. A plurality of wires may be electrically connected with the terminals. At least one of the wires may be integrally molded with and maybe embedded in at least one of the arms.
FIGS. 1 and 2
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As follows, a first embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to drawings. As shown in , a fan device includes a fan shroud , a motor , and a fan . The fan device is equipped to, for example, an engine compartment of a vehicle. The fan device may be combined with a condenser and a radiator to form a condenser, radiator, and fan module (CRFM).
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The fan shroud includes a shroud body , a shroud ring , multiple arms , and a connector . In the present example, the shroud body , the shroud ring , the arms , and the connector are integrally molded of resin such as ABS resin. The shroud body has a circular hollow space at the center. The shroud ring is located at the center of the hollow space . The arms radially extend in the hollow space from the outer circumferential periphery of the shroud ring to the inner circumferential periphery of the shroud body . The arms connect the shroud body with the shroud ring . The arms form a spoke structure in a star shape to suspend the shroud ring in the hollow space . In the present example, the arms include five arms located at a constant angular interval of 72 degrees. The arms form passages in the hollow space to enable air to flow therethrough in the thickness direction of the fan shroud .
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For example, the connector is raised from a front surface of the shroud body . The connector has a socket structure to receive an external cable. The connector includes connector pins , which are electrically conductive. The connector is to be connected with the external cable on the side of the vehicle.
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The motor is, for example, a direct-current brushless motor . More specifically, the motor includes a motor body including a rotor, a stator, a hall element, and internal windings, which are accommodated in a motor cover . The internal windings of the motor are conceded with a positive, a negative wire, and a signal wire. Internal windings for generating a magnetic field are wound around the stator and are configured to produce a magnetic field on receiving a direct current through the positive and negative wires. In this way, the internal windings and the stator rotates the rotor, which is equipped with a shaft . The hall element detects a rotational position of the rotor and sends a detection signal through an internal wiring, which is connected with the signal wire. The detection signal may be sent to an external controller such as an electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU may control the direct current supplied to the motor according to the detection signal. The motor is equipped to the shroud ring and supported by the fan shroud body via the shroud ring and the arms .
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The fan has multiple blades. The fan is equipped to the shaft of the motor . In the present structure, the fan is driven by the motor thereby to produce an airflow to pass through the airflow passage formed in the hollow space of the shroud body .
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
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shows the fan shroud and the motor from which the fan in is detached. In , multiple wires are shown by bold dotted lines. shows the motor to be equipped to the shroud ring and arms of the fan shroud . In , the wires , which are embedded in the shroud ring and the arms , are shown by dotted lines substantially in actual shapes.
FIGS. 2 and 3
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As shown in , the motor is electrically connected with the wires via the terminals , respectively, when being mounted to the fan shroud . The motor includes the motor body and multiple tabs . Each of the tabs is in a triangular plate shape and extends from the motor cover radially outward. Each of the tabs includes a motor electrode, which is conductive and is connected with the internal wire . The motor cover is formed of resin. The motor cover electrically isolates the motor electrodes of the tabs from each other. The tab may be formed of metal. In this case, the tab may function as the motor electrode.
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FIG. 2
The shroud ring is embedded with the terminals each formed of a conductive material. The terminals are electrically connected with the wires , respectively. The wires are further connected with the connector pins of the connector (). In the state in which the motor is mounted on the shroud ring via the tabs , the terminals are electrically connected with the motor electrodes of the tab , respectively. In this state, the internal windings and the internal wiring of the motor is connected with the connector pins of the connector through the motor electrodes of the tabs , the terminals , and the wires .
FIG. 2
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As shown by the dotted lines in , the wires extend from the terminals through the shroud ring and the arms to the connector pins of the connector . The wires are integrally molded with the shroud ring , the arm , and the shroud body , such that the wires are embedded in the shroud ring , the arm , and the shroud body . In the present example, the wires include a first wire , a second wire , and a third wire . The first wire extends from the corresponding one terminal along the periphery of the shroud ring through the corresponding one arm and further extends along the outer periphery of the shroud body to corresponding one connector pin of the connector . The second wire extends from the corresponding one terminal directly through the corresponding one arm and further extends along the outer periphery of the shroud body to corresponding one connector pin of the connector . The third wire extends from the corresponding one terminal along the periphery of the shroud ring through the corresponding one arm and an intermediate portion of the shroud body to corresponding one connector pin of the connector .
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In the example, the first and second wires and are embedded in the singular one arm . In the example, each wire is integrally molded with the arm , which is closest one to the connector . In this way, the wire is arranged to take a shortest path to the connector .
FIGS. 3 and 4
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show a state before the motor is mounted to the shroud ring . In the present example, each of the terminals is in a pin shape. The wire is, for example, crimpled to the terminal . The terminals and the wires are integrally molded with the shroud ring and the arms , such that the terminals are exposed from the shroud ring at upper ends, and such that the wires are embedded in the arms to extend through the arms .
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The shroud ring has a center hole in a circular shape. The center hole has an inner diameter, which is greater than the outer diameter of the motor body . When the motor is mounted to the shroud ring , the bottom of the motor body is inserted through the center hole of the shroud ring , such that a bottom portion of the motor cover of the motor extends through the center hole of the shroud ring . Subsequently, the tabs are placed on the terminals , respectively, such that the motor is suspended on the shroud ring via the tabs . In the present state, the motor is electrically connected with the terminals via the electrodes of the tabs . Fasteners are screwed through the tabs into screw holes of the terminals , respectively.
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FIG. 5
The fan is mounted to the shaft of the motor . Thus, as shown in , the fan shroud device is assembled into one component.
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The fan shroud device assembled in this way may be placed, as one component of the CFRM, in an engine compartment of the vehicle. The external cable of the vehicle may be coupled with the connector of the fan device installed in the vehicle.
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Subsequently, a method for manufacturing the fan shroud will be described. According to the present example, the terminals , the wires , and the connector are insert-molded of resin in a condition where the terminals , the wires , and the connector pins are electrically connected with each other by, for example, crimping, soldering, and/or welding, to form a wire harness assembly .
FIG. 6
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Subsequently, as shown in , the wire harness assembly is located in a molding die for molding the fan shroud . The wires are positioned in a portion of a molding cavity , which is for molding an arm . In the present example, the terminals , the wires , and the connector pins are supported by jigs and formed on a bottom surface of the molding die . In this way, the jigs and may be used to support the wire , the connector pins , and the terminals against a flow of resin. Subsequently, resin is injected into the molding cavity thereby to insert mold the wire harness assembly in the fan shroud . Thus, the fan shroud is molded such that the wires are insert-molded at predetermined positions in the shroud ring , the arms , and the shroud body .
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Each of the jigs may be in a U-shape and configured to be fitted to the outer surface of the wire or the outer surface of the connector pin . The jig may be in a wedge form reducing in width to the tip end to facilitate removal of the molded product from the molding die . The jig for the terminal may be in a ring shape and configured to be fitted to the tip end of the terminal . The jigs for the wires and the connector pins and the jigs for the terminals may be protruded integrally from the bottom surface of the molding die . The installation of the wire harness assembly into the molding cavity may be implemented in an automated process or in a manual process by a human worker.
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As described above, by injecting resin into the molding cavity of the molding die , in which the wire harness assembly is installed beforehand, the wire harness assembly is insert-molded in the molded product of the fan shroud .
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According to the present embodiment, the wire harness assembly are integrally molded with the fan shroud . Therefore, the present structure may enable to protect the wire harness assembly , in particular the wires , from heat emitted from an engine and other components and to cause the resin material of the fan shroud to insulate the wires , the terminals , and the connector pins electrically from other components. The present structure may reduce manufacturing time and cost for the fan shroud caused by routing the wires on the fan shroud in a relatively narrow engine compartment.
FIG. 7
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As shown in , according to the second embodiment, the arms include three arms , which are located at a constant angular interval of 120 degrees. The first wire extends along the periphery of the center hole of the shroud ring . In the present example, the third wire extends along the periphery of the hollow space . In this way, the wire may be arranged to take short path by passing through a closest arm .
FIG. 8
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As shown in , according to the third embodiment, dummy wires are integrally molded with arms , which do not include the first to third wires . That is, all the arms are integrally molded with at least one of the first to third wires or at least one of the dummy wires . The dummy wire extends through the arm to connect the shroud ring with the shroud body . The dummy wire is not connected with the terminal . A singular dummy wire may extend through two arms and the shroud ring . The dummy wire may branch into two or more ends in the shroud body or in the shroud ring . The present structure may render the arms to have a uniform mechanical strength.
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At least one of the shroud body , the shroud ring , the arms , and the connector may be separately molded of resin from the other component(s).
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The number of the arms may be arbitrarily determined in consideration of various factors such as an amount airflow and/or a mechanical strength of the fan shroud . The number of the wires may be arbitrarily determined in consideration of various factors such as a type of the motor and electrical components equipped to the fan shroud .
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The motor may be a three-phase alternate current motor configured to be supplied with three-phase alternate current. In this case, the wires may include three wires corresponding to the three-phase alternate current.
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The wires may be integrally molded with the arms , respectively. Specifically, for example, the wires include three wires , which are integrally molded with three arms , respectively. At least two wires may be integrally molded with one of the arms .
84
84
In the above-described embodiments, a brushless motor is used as the motor . However, a brush motor that does not use a signal wire may be used as the motor .
It should be appreciated that while the processes of the embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein as including a specific sequence of steps, further alternative embodiments including various other sequences of these steps and/or additional steps not disclosed herein are intended to be within the steps of the present disclosure.
While the present disclosure has been described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the preferred embodiments and constructions. The present disclosure is intended to cover various modification and equivalent arrangements. In addition, while the various combinations and configurations, which are preferred, other combinations and configurations, including more, less or only a single element, are also within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description made with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
FIG. 1
is a top view showing a fan device;
FIG. 2
is a top view showing the fan device excluding a fan;
FIG. 3
is an exploded perspective view showing components of the fan device;
FIG. 4
is an exploded side view showing components of the fan device;
FIG. 5
is a side view showing the fan device being assembled;
FIG. 6
is a perspective view showing a wire harness in a molding die;
FIG. 7
is a top view showing a fan device according to a second embodiment; and
FIG. 8
is a top view showing a fan device according to a third embodiment. | |
Adobe Systems released an emergency update for the ColdFusion application server to fix a critical remote code execution that’s already being exploited by attackers. The vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2019-7816, is located in ...
Six Critical Vulnerabilities in Adobe ColdFusion Get Patches
Adobe recently released a series of 11 security patches, including six rated critical, and urged Adobe ColdFusion users to start applying the updates ASAP. The security advisory mentions that the 2018 and ...
Microsoft Fixes 17 Critical Vulnerabilities
Microsoft has released its monthly batch of security patches fixing 61 vulnerabilities across its products, including 17 that are rated critical and four that have been publicly disclosed. Four critical memory corruption ... | https://securityboulevard.com/tag/coldfusion/ |
Scooper - Entertainment News: Culture: Do you know Chinese traditional festival-Li Xia?
Culture: Do you know Chinese traditional festival-Li Xia?
When you first hear Li xia, you will feel confused about it. Is it a person? Is it a kind of food? Absolutely not! It is an important Chinese day symbolizing the beginning of the summer. Let's know more about it!
The traditional Chinese lunar calendar sees the start of the solar term Li Xia, or the "Start of Summer", at 3:31 p.m(Beijing time) on Friday. As the seventh solar term and the first of summer, Li Xia signifies an increase in temperatures as well as thunderstorms. Ancient Chinese folklore says that crops planted in the spring have all grown tall by this point. | https://m.scoopernews.com/detail?newsId=45437 |
PNLA – wins an award
Pilot National Legal Aid (PNLA) was established by the Government of Sierra Leone and the Justice Sector Development Programme funded by the Department for International Development (DFID) on January 6th 2010 to provide a sustainable, affordable, credible and accessible legal aid scheme for those living in Sierra Leone who cannot afford to pay for the services of a lawyer.
PNLA’s main focus is to provide advice, assistance and representation, in the criminal justice system at the entry points of prisons, police stations and courts. The majority of people held in our prisons, due to lack of financial resources, have had no access to a lawyer or legal advice and assistance at any stage of their court proceedings, prior to the advent of PNLA. One of the strengths of the scheme is its ability to follow-through on matters from inception at the police station, to court and right the way up to appeals.
PNLA in its effort to assist the poor, vulnerable and the marginalized, focus on women and children and as a result they are automatically granted legal aid and need not go through the required merit test for qualification for legal aid.
In recognition of the advice, assistance and representation PNLA renders to children who come in conflict with the law, PNLA’s pupil barrister Ms HAFFIE HAFFNER on Monday 21st November 2011 won an award as the most outstanding lawyer and Activist on issues relating to child protection in Sierra Leone. The programme was organized by Youth and Child Advocacy Network Sierra Leone (YACAN-SL) in their 5th annual Children’s Creative Contest award ceremony marking the World Day for prevention of Abuse and Violence against children.
PNLA wishes to thank YACAN-SL for recognizing the role PNLA plays in enhancing juvenile justice. PNLA pledges its continued service to providing a voice and an avenue for equality of justice for the poor marginalized and most vulnerable in our society.
In our strife to enhance juvenile justice, we call on other stakeholders to partner with PNLA for the establishment of a safety net programme for accused persons and offenders discharged at court (especially children between 14-17+ and young adults between ages 18-25), for the provision of counselling, rehabilitation/ reformation and reintegration of discharged offenders/accused persons aforesaid, in order to prevent them from committing the same and similar offences or becoming repeat offenders.
PNLA’s records clearly show that huge strides are being made to ensure a solid foundation for a national legal aid scheme that will benefit poor Sierra Leoneans and the office strives to continue to live up to its Motto: “Opening the Doors to Justice”Pilot National Legal Aid 4th Floor Ministerial Building 078-200204, 078- 200205
Stay with Sierra Express Media, for your trusted place in news!
© 2011, https:. All rights reserved. | https://sierraexpressmedia.com/?p=32706 |
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PS280 – Chapter 8
Mood Disorders & Suicide
Historical Perspective
Ancient Times – All mental disorders were explained as possession by
supernatural forces
Classical Greek Era – Attempts made to explain mental disorders using scientific
approaches
o I.e. Hippocrates – The first to extend ideas on the relationship between
bodily fluids and emotional impairment (including depression)
Roman Times – Recognized importance of emotional factors in causing
depression
4th Century – Christian church predominated Western thinking – supernatural
explanations flourished
17th Century – Natural theories of mental illness re-emerged
Emil Kraepelin (1855 – 1926) – Began modern age of theories about etiology of
depression
o Coined term manic-depression, described both depressive and manic
forms of this disorder
o Formed basis for definition of the mood disorders contained in DSM-5
Early 20th Century – Resurgence of psychological explanations of mental
disorders
o Freud and Abraham
o Psychodynamic model drew parallel between depression and grief
o Individuals most likely to be depressed following a loss are those whose
needs either were not met, or were excessively met, during oral stage of
development
o Imagined Loss – The individual interprets other types of events as severe
loss events
Diagnostic Issues
What distinguishes normal mood fluctuations from the changes seen in clinical
mood disorders are their duration (acute, chronic, or intermittent) and their
severity (the # of life areas that are impaired and the degree of impairment)
DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder states that the symptoms of
depression must be present for most of the day, more days than not, for at least
two weeks
o Require 1+ hour to fall asleep nearly every night
Mood disorders in DSM-5 are classified into 2 categories:
1. Unipolar – Lowered mood followed by return to normal or baseline mood
2. Bipolar – Alternating period of mood lowering and mood elevation
Depressive Disorders – Involve a change in mood in the direction of depression
Bipolar and Related Disorders – Involve periods of depression cycling with
periods of mania
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Depressive Disorders
Include common features such as presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, along
with additional somatic and cognitive symptoms that significantly impact
functioning
Disorders differ from each other in terms of duration, timing, or cause
Major Depressive Disorder
According to WHO, is leading cause of disability worldwide
Involves abnormalities in all systems (biological, emotional, cognitive, and
behavioural) that can impair functioning an all areas of life
To meet criteria, must show a persistent sad mode and/or lack of pleasure or
enjoyment in activities for at least 2 weeks
o Must be accompanied by at least 4 or more of the following:
Weight loss, difficulty sleeping, psychomotor agitation or
retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, diminished
concentration, suicidal thoughts
Prevalence and Course
Prevalence about 8%
Approx. 50% of individuals who experience one episode of depression will have a
second, 90% of those that experience 2-3 episodes will have future recurrences
Periods of wellness between episodes become shorter and shorter as disorder
progresses
Episodes last between 6-9 months on average
Average age of onset is early/mid twenties
Rates of depression continue to increase dramatically throughout adolescence for
girls, but tend to level off for boys
o 2x more common in women than men
Estimated only 50% of people with depression receive a diagnosis (not seeking
help, misdiagnosis, stigma)
High comorbidity with anxiety (overlapping symptoms of poor concentration,
irritability, hypervigilance, fatigue, guilt, memory loss, sleep difficulties, worry)
and also with obsessions, phobias, relationship difficulties, and substance abuse
In DSM-5, can be diagnosed with MDD even if symptoms have come on after
death of a loved one
o In DSM-IV-TR, after death of a loved one, a descriptor of normal grief
rather than a diagnosis of depression was to be made
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Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Chronic low mood, lasting for at least 2 years, along with at least 3 associated
symptoms (poor appetite/overeating, sleep disturbance, fatigue, low self-esteem,
poor concentration, hopelessness)
Only brief returns to normal mood
3% prevalence
Same symptoms as major depression but fewer of them
Higher levels of impairment, younger age of onset, higher rates of comorbidity,
stronger family history of psychiatric disorder, lower levels of social support,
higher levels of stress, higher levels of dysfunctional personality traits than does
episodic major depression
Less likely to respond to standard depression treatment than those with episodic
major depression
2-3x more women than men
Bipolar Mood Disorders
Mania
A distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 1
week & is accompanied by at least 3 associated symptoms
Hallmarks are flamboyance and expansiveness; often display pressure of speech, | https://oneclass.com/textbook-notes/ca/wlu/ps/ps-280/1131658-ps280-chapter-8.en.html |
What is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is usually diagnosed after a person has one or more manic episodes. People who have the classic form of bipolar disorder experience alternating periods of depressed moods and periods of manic or excited moods. This condition is sometimes referred to as “mood swings” or manic depressive disorder. Other people with bipolar disorder have episodes of a manic mood without episodes of depression. Still others with bipolar disorder have a mixture of depression and mania, a state of hyperactivity, at the same time.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a serious brain disease that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and functioning. It affects approximately 2.3 million adult Americans-about 1.2 percent of the population.2 Men and women are equally likely to develop this disabling illness. The disorder typically emerges in adolescence or early adulthood, but in some cases appears in childhood.3 Cycles, or episodes, of depression, mania, or? Mixed? Manic and depressive symptoms typically recur and may become more frequent, often disrupting work, school, family, and social life.
Depression: Symptoms include a persistent sad mood; loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed; significant change in appetite or body weight; difficulty sleeping or oversleeping; physical slowing or agitation; loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt; difficulty thinking or concentrating; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Mania: Abnormally and persistently elevated (high) mood or irritability accompanied by at least three of the following symptoms: overly-inflated self-esteem; decreased need for sleep; increased talkativeness; racing thoughts; distractibility; increased goal directed activity such as shopping; physical agitation; and excessive involvement in risky behaviors or activities.
Mixed? State: Symptoms of mania and depression are present at the same time. The symptom picture frequently includes agitation, trouble sleeping, significant change in appetite, psychosis, and suicidal thinking. Depressed mood accompanies manic activation.
Especially early in the course of illness, the episodes may be separated by periods of wellness during which a person suffers few to no symptoms. When four or more episodes of illness occur within a 12-month period, the person is said to have bipolar disorder with rapid cycling. Bipolar disorder is often complicated by co-occurring alcohol or substance abuse.4
Severe depression or mania may be accompanied by symptoms of psychosis. These symptoms include: hallucinations (hearing, seeing, or otherwise sensing the presence of stimuli that are not there) and delusions (false personal beliefs that are not subject to reason or contradictory evidence and are not explained by a person’s cultural concepts). Psychotic symptoms associated with bipolar typically reflect the extreme mood state at the time
What is a manic episode?
Some of the characteristics of mania appear as opposites of depression. Rather than a general slowing down of thought and activity, which is very common in depression, the person with mania experiences a speeding up of thought and activity. Also, with a manic episode the person’s self-esteem and mood are elevated, which is unlike what happens in depression. A person experiencing a manic episode frequently encounters difficulty with relationships and problems at work, at school, or with the law.
There is a milder form of mania which is called hypomania. The person who is hypomanic experiences speeded up speech, thought, and behaviors, but usually functions normally.
What characteristics are associated with bipolar disorder?
Characteristics of bipolar disorder include the manic and depressed phases.
Characteristics associated with mania include:
- Irritability
- Euphoria
- Hostility
- Decreased sleep
- Rapid speech
- Difficulty focusing attention
- Abundance of energy
- Inflated self-esteem
- Grandiose or lofty plans
- Poor judgment
- Hypersexual feelings
If not controlled, mania can escalate and become a severe condition with psychotic behavior. A manic episode is diagnosed if elevated mood occurs with 3 or more of the other symptoms most of the day, nearly every day, for 1 week or longer. If the mood is irritable, 4 additional symptoms must be present.
Depressive characteristics include:
- Increased or decreased sleep
- Weight gain or weight loss
- Severe sadness
- Crying spells
- Loss of joy
- Loss of interest in activities
Severe depression may lead to thoughts and plans of suicide. If not treated adequately, death through suicide is a very real possibility in the severely depressed person with bipolar disorder. A depressive episode is diagnosed if 5 or more of these symptoms last most of the day, nearly every day, for a period of 2 weeks or longer.
A mild to moderate level of mania is called hypomania. Hypomania may feel good to the person who experiences it and may even be associated with good functioning and enhanced productivity. Thus even when family and friends learn to recognize the mood swings as possible bipolar disorder, the person may deny that anything is wrong. Without proper treatment, however, hypomania can become severe mania in some people or can switch into depression.
Sometimes, severe episodes of mania or depression include symptoms of psychosis (or psychotic symptoms). Common psychotic symptoms are hallucinations (hearing, seeing, or otherwise sensing the presence of things not actually there) and delusions (false, strongly held beliefs not influenced by logical reasoning or explained by a person’s usual cultural concepts). Psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder tend to reflect the extreme mood state at the time. For example, delusions of grandiosity, such as believing one is the President or has special powers or wealth, may occur during mania; delusions of guilt or worthlessness, such as believing that one is ruined and penniless or has committed some terrible crime, may appear during depression. People with bipolar disorder who have these symptoms are sometimes incorrectly diagnosed as having schizophrenia, another severe mental illness.
It may be helpful to think of the various mood states in bipolar disorder as a spectrum or continuous range. At one end is severe depression, above which is moderate depression and then mild low mood, which many people call “the blues” when it is short-lived but is termed “dysthymia” when it is chronic. Then there is normal or balanced mood, above which comes hypomania (mild to moderate mania), and then severe mania.
In some people, however, symptoms of mania and depression may occur together in what is called a mixed bipolar state. Symptoms of a mixed state often include agitation, trouble sleeping, and significant change in appetite, psychosis, and suicidal thinking. A person may have a very sad, hopeless mood while at the same time feeling extremely energized.
WHAT IS THE COURSE OF BIPOLAR DISORDER?
Episodes of mania and depression typically recur across the life span. Between episodes, most people with bipolar disorder are free of symptoms, but as many as one-third of people have some residual symptoms. A small percentage of people experience chronic unremitting symptoms despite treatment.4
The classic form of the illness, which involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression, is called bipolar I disorder. Some people, however, never develop severe mania but instead experience milder episodes of hypomania that alternate with depression; this form of the illness is called bipolar II disorder. When 4 or more episodes of illness occur within a 12-month period, a person is said to have rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Some people experience multiple episodes within a single week, or even within a single day. Rapid cycling tends to develop later in the course of illness and is more common among women than among men.
People with bipolar disorder can lead healthy and productive lives when the illness is effectively treated (see below — “How Is Bipolar Disorder Treated?”). Without treatment, however, the natural course of bipolar disorder tends to worsen. Over time a person may suffer more frequent (more rapid-cycling) and more severe manic and depressive episodes than those experienced when the illness first appeared.5 But in most cases, proper treatment can help reduce the frequency and severity of episodes and can help people with bipolar disorder maintain good quality of life.
Treatments
A variety of medications are used to treat bipolar disorder.5 But even with optimal medication treatment, many people with the illness have some residual symptoms. Certain types of psychotherapy or psychosocial interventions, in combination with medication, often can provide additional benefit. These include cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, family therapy, and psychoeducation.6,7
Lithium has long been used as a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder. Approved for the treatment of acute mania in 1970 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), lithium has been an effective mood-stabilizing medication for many people with bipolar disorder.
Anticonvulsant medications, particularly valproate and carbamazepine, have been used as alternatives to lithium in many cases. Valproate was FDA approved for the treatment of acute mania in 1995. Newer anticonvulsant medications, including lamotrigine, gabapentin, and topiramate, are being studied to determine their efficacy as mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder. Some research suggests that different combinations of lithium and anticonvulsants may be helpful.
According to studies conducted in Finland in patients with epilepsy, valproate may increase testosterone levels in teenage girls and produce polycystic ovary syndrome in women who began taking the medication before age 20.8 Increased testosterone can lead to polycystic ovary syndrome with irregular or absent menses, obesity, and abnormal growth of hair. Therefore, young female patients taking valproate should be monitored carefully by a physician.
During a depressive episode, people with bipolar disorder commonly require additional treatment with antidepressant medication. Typically, lithium or anticonvulsant mood stabilizers are prescribed along with an antidepressant to protect against a switch into mania or rapid cycling. The comparative efficacy of various antidepressants in bipolar disorder is currently being studied.
In some cases, the newer, atypical antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine or olanzapine may help relieve severe or refractory symptoms of bipolar disorder and prevent recurrences of mania. More research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of atypical antipsychotics as long-term treatments for this
Are there any genetic factors associated with bipolar disorder?
Yes, bipolar disorder tends to run in families. It is quite likely that people with bipolar disorder have close relatives who also have bipolar disorder or depressed moods. More than two-thirds of people with bipolar disorder have at least one close relative with the disorder or with unipolar major depression, indicating that the disease has a heritable component.9 Studies seeking to identify the genetic basis of bipolar disorder indicate that susceptibility stems from multiple genes. Scientists are continuing their search for these genes using advanced genetic analytic methods and large samples of families affected by the illness. The researchers are hopeful that identification of susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder, and the brain proteins they code for, will make it possible to develop better treatments and preventive interventions targeted at the underlying illness process.
Researchers are using advanced imaging techniques to examine brain function and structure in people with bipolar disorder.10,ll An important area of imaging research focuses on identifying and characterizing networks of interconnected nerve cells in the brain, interactions among which form the basis for normal and abnormal behaviors. Researchers hypothesize that abnormalities in the structure and/or function of certain brain circuits could underlie bipolar and other mood disorders. Better understanding of the neural circuits involved in regulating mood states will influence the development of new and better treatments, and will ultimately aid in diagnosis.
Does bipolar disorder affect males, females, or both?
Bipolar disorder is equally common in men and women in the United States. The first episode in men is usually a manic episode. Women are more likely to experience depression as a first episode of their bipolar disorder.
At what age does bipolar disorder appear?
Young people under the age of thirty (30) are at greater risk than older people for developing bipolar disorder.
How often is bipolar disorder seen in our society?
About one percent (1%) of the population has bipolar disorder.
DO OTHER ILLNESSES CO-OCCUR WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER?
Alcohol and drug abuse are very common among people with bipolar disorder. Research findings suggest that many factors may contribute to these substance abuse problems, including self-medication of symptoms, mood symptoms either brought on or perpetuated by substance abuse, and risk factors that may influence the occurrence of both bipolar disorder and substance use disorders.24 Treatment for co-occurring substance abuse, when present, is an important part of the overall treatment plan.
Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, also may be common in people with bipolar disorder.25, 26 Co-occurring anxiety disorders may respond to the treatments used for bipolar disorder, or they may require separate treatment. For more information on anxiety disorders, contact NIMH (see below). | http://littleangelslv.org/diagnosis-overview/bipolar-disorder/ |
We are about to see an amazing transformation over the next decade, as the generation that grew up with the internet, wireless communication and geo-location starts to take over the work force. Never before has a generation had such a technological leap over their parents. As technologically savvy as ‘baby boomers’ perceive themselves to be, they are no match for their offspring. It is so common that parents defer to their offspring or grandchildren for technological guidance that it’s no longer a cliché or point of humour; it just “Is what it is”. This ‘download generation’ will change our charting...
(read more)
2009-12-29 01:55:15
Improving Overall Resolution of Bathymetric Survey
Integrated Use of Multi-beam Echo Sounder and Towed Interferometric Sonar
Designing offshore engineering facilities requires large amounts of information. To acquire it, suites of engineering and geophysical surveys are run, which as a rule include such techniques of seabed and sub-bottom investigation as seismic profiling, acoustic, magnetic and bathymetric surveys. Obtaining accurate and detailed seabed bathymetry is extremely important because the quality of other surveys depends on the quality of the bathymetry. One of the most accurate and cost-effective ways to acquire high-resolution bathymetric data is the use of shipborne bathymetric systems such as multi-beam echo sounders (MBES) or interferometers. The drawback of this method is that the resolution of...
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2012-04-19 03:50:13
Measuring the Uncertainty of a Swath Bathymetric Sonar
A Statistical Analysis for System Performance and IHO Compliance
In the last few decades, substantial efforts have been made to improve and facilitate the way hydrographic data is obtained. One technology is the EdgeTech 4600, an interferometric phase difference sonar. Unlike traditional interferometers, the EdgeTech 4600 is the first of its kind to offer complete swath coverage of the seafloor, even at nadir. Combining this kind of coverage with a vertical accuracy that exceeds IHO Special Order requirements in depths less than 30 metres, results in a sonar with superior area coverage rates, especially in shallow water. In the summer of 2012, bathymetric survey data was collected using an...
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2013-05-23 02:50:53
Hydrographic Surveying: Where Do We Stand?
The Ever-increasing Accuracy of Mapping Surface Waters
Hydrographic surveying is highly specific and requires a suite of advanced acquisition and positioning sensors attached to a mobile survey platform as well as sophisticated software to allow the correct combination of all the data. For those in the industry, the advances over the last decade may feel more like an evolution rather than a revolution. If we look back one, two or even three decades, we can see the enormous leap that hydrographic surveying has taken. Where do we stand, and what can we expect for the near future? In this article, we compare the present with the past...
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2018-12-11 02:51:31
The Study of Mapping the Seafloor
What is the Difference Between a Bathymetry Chart and a Hydrographic Chart?
This article will immerse you into the deep water of bathymetry. It explains in detail what a bathymetry map is, what it shows, what methods we use to collect the bathymetry data and, last but not least, how to create a good-quality bathymetry map. It will also cover the difference between a bathymetry chart and a hydrographic chart and the techniques our ancestors used in the past to collect and record depths. What is Bathymetry? Bathymetry is the study of mapping the seafloor. Bathymetric maps represent the ocean (sea) depth as a function of geographical coordinates, just as topographic maps represent...
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2019-01-15 08:58:54
Fugro's CEO: “Working for a Safer and More Sustainable World”
Interview with Mark Heine
Mark Heine is chairman of the board and CEO of Fugro, with the headquarters in the Netherlands. Fugro is the leading and largest specialised survey company in the world, serving the full lifecycle of assets, and calls itself a Geo-data specialist. For the avid mountaineer Heine, challenges are never too high to take on, not even heading up a multinational in transition, from a company largely dependent on the oil and gas industry to one that wants to co-create a sustainable and liveable world. We talked to Mark Heine about leadership style, strategies for finding new employees, and Seabed 2030. About this ambitious project, Heine says ‘Commercial companies need to work together with NGOs and academia to make this happen.’ Mark Heine is chairman of the board and CEO of Fugro, which is headquartered in the Netherlands. Fugro is among the leading and largest specialized survey companies in the world, serving the full lifecycle of assets, and describes itself as a geodata specialist. For the avid mountaineer Heine, no challenge is too great to take on, not even heading up a multinational in transition from a company largely dependent on the oil and gas industry to one that wants to co-create a sustainable and liveable world. We talked to Mark Heine about leadership styles, strategies for finding new employees, and...
(read more)
2020-03-19 02:28:42
New Golden Age of Exploration
Hydro International interviews Jyotika Virmani
Jyotika Virmani was executive director of the Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE before she entered Schmidt Ocean Institute (SOI), also as executive director. Two positions at the forefront of state-of-the-art and new technological developments and discoveries, shaping both the future of ocean research and a sustainable future for the oceans, forming the perfect job switch. Hydro International spoke with Jyotika Virmani about SOI and other ambitious projects that are helping to save the ocean. First of all, Virmani explained how she landed the position with the non-profit foundation that Eric and Wendy Schmidt started back in 2009. It was all about...
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2021-01-12 08:51:10
Wave Radars
A comparison of concepts and techniques
Radar Remote Sensing of ocean surface waves may in general be defined as measuring characteristics of the sea surface by means of electromagnetic waves so that the sea surface is itself not disturbed. The electro-magnetic waves transmitted by the radar antenna are scattered back from the sea surface, modulated in amplitude and phase or frequency by the interaction with the sea surface in motion. This modulation carries information about sea-surface characteristics, surface waves and currents. Oceanographic data is extracted from the backscatter signal by sophisticated signal processing and data analysis. Why remote sensing? Surface ocean waves may be measured by...
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2008-01-01 01:00:00
LBL Underwater Positioning
Long baseline (LBL) positioning has many applications both commercially and in research, from surveying a ship hull to positioning offshore platforms in deeper waters. The technique consistently provides accuracies in the order of decimetres over large areas, independent of depth. Recent advances include the integration with other acoustic techniques or with inertial navigation systems for greater levels of accuracy. Since navigation by GPS isbased on electromagnetic signals that cannot penetrate water, subsea positioning requires a different approach. As sounds waves travel through the sea they alternately compress and decompress the water molecules; these compressions/decompressions are detected as changes in pressure....
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2008-01-19 12:00:00
USGS Tethered ACP Platforms
New design means more safety and accuracy
The US Geological Survey has developed an innovative tethered platform that supports an Acoustic Current Profiler (ACP) in making stream-flow measurements (use of the term ACP in this article refers to a class of instruments and not a specific brand name or model). The tethered platform reduces the hazards involved in conventional methods of stream-flow measurement. The use of the platform reduces or eliminates time spent by personnel in streams and boats or on bridges and cable-way and stream-flow measurement accuracy is increased. One vital mission of the US Geological Survey (USGS) is to provide flow data for streams across... | https://www.hydro-international.com/search?q=Pitch&sort=score&direction=asc&page=2 |
Netflix delivered a Halloween hit in 2018 with filmmaker Mike Flanagan’s chilling series The Haunting of Hill House, and followed it up this year with another gothic horror masterpiece, The Haunting of Bly Manor.
Adapted from the stories of Henry James, The Haunting of Bly Manor follows a young woman who agrees to serve as the governess for a pair of orphaned children at their family’s secluded estate, only to be tormented by a series of terrifying supernatural encounters that hint at the manor’s dark past. Like its predecessor, The Haunting of Bly Manor offered plenty of nightmare fuel, from the massive, foreboding manor itself to the ghosts haunting its halls — all of which were brought to the screen through a mix of practical, in-camera techniques and clever visual effects.
Digital Trends spoke to Rob Price, Zoic Studios‘ visual effects supervisor on The Haunting of Bly Manor, whose team worked on more than 600 shots across the series’ nine episodes, to find out how much of a role VFX played in creating the series’ most terrifying elements.
Digital Trends: There were so many parts of the series that I suspect visual effects played a role in. What were some of the elements your team handled?
Rob Price: The biggest element was the house itself. I don’t think many people have caught on to the house being an entirely computer-generated element throughout the entire series. The exterior facade is CG and the interiors are built on soundstages. So we kind of married everything together with visual effects.
We also did a lot of the ghosts’ faces. The ghosts all have a unique look to them, which is kind of a marriage of practical special effects makeup and CG faces. We tried to take the best of both worlds and bring it all together. There are also a few ghosts like Edmund who follow our main character around. He has a unique look that’s developed by visual effects. So much of what we do is invisible stuff, which is always part of the challenge.
Bly Manor itself was such a key part of the series. How did visual effects help create the house and establish the tone the creative team wanted it to have in the show?
From the very onset of this project, Mike Flanagan and the creative team knew the story of this house over the entire course of the season. One of the biggest reasons for not using a real, practical house for filming was that the story needed to take place over several hundred years. The house was going to need to make sense, visually, in the 1980s as well as several hundred years earlier. So the house was going to need to be able to change over time.
We went to a castle in Washington state called Thornewood Castle, and we used lidar [a method of scanning 3D environments using laser light] and photo reference to scan the entire house as a base for the creative space that we needed to build. We then went through some iterations with Mike and the art department to form the version of Bly Manor that actually made it to the screen. The wear and tear on the house had to be shown, so little details like the ivy were very important to us during the creation of it — because we knew the ivy was going to have to grow as it aged over the years.
So from the moment we were brought on, that was understood to be the best approach: Not actually shooting at a location, but creating everything digitally so we could have the latitude to tell a bigger story. I think that’s the beauty of it: That it is so invisible, and it’s almost its own main character, but nobody really knows it’s CG.
If the exterior of the house is CG and the interior is on multiple soundstages, what was the process like for making those two elements work together cleanly?
We scanned the interior sets, because we knew we were going to have some practical scenes where we see into the house through windows, so being able to marry what they practically built on set with the magical CG exterior was another way we could take this to another level. I don’t think a lot of people realize the house is so large that they couldn’t build the set in one location. The first floor is separate from the second floor, and they’re actually built on two different soundstages.
There’s a handful of shots throughout the series where you see these two elements together. For example, when we’re shooting on the second floor set and you see down to the first floor, that was actually a green floor. We had to put in our CG version of the first floor to make that shot work. We were able to do that by using that same technique of using a laser scanner — what we call lidar — and scanning the entire interior of the house to make sure that we have a one-to-one representation of everything they had on set in our CG model.
The set design team and everybody else who worked on this show did such a wonderful job, and it was so important to make sure we could use all of that in the CG we added.
You worked on some of the show’s creepiest characters: The faceless ghosts that haunt the manor. How did those characters evolve from a visual-effects standpoint?
Mike had a vision for them from the beginning, and having rules established early on helps. The idea is that over time, as memory fades, so would your features. In our early, creative discussions, there was a lot of reference to how a statue erodes over time. With ancient Greek statues, the features of their faces can barely be seen now. It’s not grotesque, though. It’s just faded away in such a way that you lose the identity of what was once there. So that idea was there from the very beginning.
We did a lot of concept work in partnership with Mike and the creative team to lay everything out. There are ghosts trapped in this gravity well of the house by the Lady of the Lake throughout time, and each one of them is slightly different, because each one is slightly newer than the last. So you have a full range of early ghosts like the Lady of the Lake or her sister, Perdita, and then you have the newer ghosts, which have more of their facial features. So there’s a spectrum we were able to design into the show with their facial features and how they go away over time.
Much like The Haunting of Hill House, this series hid a lot of ghosts in the background of shots for the audience to spot. Were you involved in any of that?
To be perfectly honest, those ghosts are all practically there. They do a lot of planning when they’re doing their shooting, and we don’t have to do a lot of digital work to make the hidden ghosts possible. They really take that as a point of pride, making those elements happen in-camera instead of with visual effects. It’s amazing how much can be hidden in a frame, isn’t it?
Is there another element of the series you’re particularly proud of that people wouldn’t realize is a visual effect?
At one point in the story, we see Viola (Kate Siegel) getting progressively sicker. We were able to help out the practical makeup effects by making her seem a little more gaunt than she could be in real life. Working in partnership with the practical makeup team, we were able to enhance what they were doing, and take away some of the flesh that builds up on a person to make her seem a little thinner than she really is. It’s a subtle touch, and one of the things that I don’t think a lot of people would notice. We were able to digitally help her makeup in such a way as to take her past where you could go in reality for how sick or how thin a person could or should get.
What was your favorite part of working on The Haunting of Bly Manor? When you think about your experience working on the show, what comes to mind?
The exterior of the house was one of my favorite parts of working on the show, as well as any of the Lady of the Lake scenes. When she’s doing her walk through the house and grabbing people and pulling them into the lake, those scenes are some of my favorites that we worked on.
And really, I’m just happy that everyone’s loving the show. It really does make us happy to not be noticed at all, in this case.
All nine episodes of The Haunting of Bly Manor are available now on Netflix. | https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/haunting-of-bly-manor-visual-effects-vfx-interview-netflix-zoic-studios/ |
o Likewise, the various types/flavors of quark-masses constitute many of the other subatomic particles.
o The method by which quarks related inside a proton and neutron is unknown.
§ A complex system of gluons, quarks, and antiquarks has been hypothesized as the units of charge that constitute the subatomic zoo.
o The theory is elegant, and largely explanatory and predictive of how particles form and decay. The success in predicting the existence of new particles gives a strong confirmatory voice in support of the quark theory.
§ Thus, we shall assume that at least some aspect of the quark theory is reflective of the way that the structure of the subatomic particles is configured.
o Quarks may reflect the units that DPs organize themselves internally inside the subatomic particles.
§ Or, the quarks may merely be units of charge that appear for short times when particles decay or are broken by collision.
§ The quarks do not appear to be a sufficiently long-lived particle to be detectable as tracks in bubble chambers. Thus, the existence of the quark has been conjectured from the decay-product essence produced by the particle showers they create upon collision.
§ The formation of the protons and neutrons from DPs may have resulted from the highly energetic, and super dense state after the Big Bang.
§ A neutron has a half life of about 10 minutes, unless it is bonded with a proton, in which case its lifetime may be indefinite, depending on the nuclear ratio of neutrons to protons. | http://www.theoryofabsolutes.com/QuarkTheory2.html |
INTRODUCTION
============
Challenges with using electronic health records (EHRs) continue to be among the top complaints of physicians, yet most physicians recognize the value and do not want to return to paper-based records.[@ocz021-B1] While some research has suggested improved workflow, productivity, and efficiency with EHR use,[@ocz021-B2]^,^[@ocz021-B3] other evidence shows that end users are dissatisfied with many aspects of the EHR.[@ocz021-B4]
Many of the frustrations physicians experience with EHRs are related to the time required for documentation. One study of physicians determined that for every hour a physician spent on direct clinical care, he or she spent nearly 2 additional hours on EHR and desk work during the day and another 1-2 hours each evening.[@ocz021-B9] Another study of family physicians found they spent almost 6 hours per day interacting with the EHR during and after work; half of this time used for clerical and administrative tasks such as documentation, order entry, billing, coding, and system security.[@ocz021-B10]
The primary goal of the EHR should be to support patient care. However, many physicians feel the time spent interacting with the EHR is on non--value-added tasks. The American College of Physicians developed a framework to categorize administrative tasks by the source of task, intent of the task, effect of the task, and approach to addressing the task. While there is important administrative work for physicians or their delegates to complete, we define burdensome administrative tasks as those that "have a negative effect on quality and patient care, that unnecessarily question the judgment of physicians and other clinicians, and/or that increase costs."[@ocz021-B13] These could include tasks that are mandated to be performed by the physician but could safely be delegated to trained and supervised staff. Many of these incremental administrative tasks are requested by external entities, including government regulators, payers, and oversight entities. In addition, many do not require the unique skill set of a physician and thus are inappropriately consuming physician resources.
EHR USER EXPERIENCE
===================
While much of physician frustration is directed at the EHR system, the user experience with an EHR is multidimensional with a variety of influences, some visible to and controllable by the end user, and others outside the end user's control. Decisions made by vendors, healthcare organizations, payers, lawmakers, and regulatory bodies impact the EHR user experience. The key influences can be represented in a conceptual framework to demonstrate overarching categories and areas of overlap ([Figure 1](#ocz021-F1){ref-type="fig"}). This conceptual framework considers the complexity of the EHR user experience and the elements that affect physician interactions with the technology in practice.
{#ocz021-F1}
The U.S. healthcare system influences EHR usability through government regulation, payment and quality reporting, and lack of widespread interoperability. Organizational decisions include those about governance, practice design, task distribution, resource allocation, implementation, and training. In addition, EHR vendors are often unable to devote significant resources to user-centered design or consider physician cognitive workload which can shape a physician's experience with an EHR. Vendors also make recommendations to institutions about implementation, role-type permissions, and workflows, and have an important role in the interoperability of an EHR.
U.S. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM INFLUENCES
=================================
Factors rooted in the U.S. healthcare system influence how EHRs are designed, implemented, and utilized in practice. Various government and industry entities have created some valuable, yet time-consuming and sometimes costly and burdensome, administrative tasks that affect the use of the EHR.
Government regulation
---------------------
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) implemented meaningful use standards in 2011.[@ocz021-B14] These regulations add to the amount of data entry required by clinicians to comply with regulatory requirements, above and beyond the data needed solely for patient care.[@ocz021-B15] In addition, these regulations provide standards by which EHR developers must design and update their systems to maintain certification and be listed on the certified health information technology (IT) product list. Furthermore, the ONC's safety-enhanced design standards provide precise requirements for user-centered design. Despite these criteria, evidence suggests there is a lack of vendor adherence to ONC certification requirements and usability testing standards in their certified EHR products.[@ocz021-B16] There is no current government requirement or mechanism for assessing and quantifying the user experience across EHR vendors and across different installations of an EHR vendor's product.[@ocz021-B17] In addition, vendors have misperceptions about and variability with their approach to user-centered design practices.[@ocz021-B18] There is no evidence that the ONC requirements for user-centered design have resulted in better patient outcomes or user experiences.[@ocz021-B19]^,^[@ocz021-B20] The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which provides privacy and security provisions for protecting personal health information, also raises EHR compliance concerns for healthcare organizations.[@ocz021-B21]
Payment and quality reporting
-----------------------------
CMS consolidated reporting through the Advancing Care Information requirements in the Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) track of the Quality Payment Program (QPP) in 2017. Certified EHR technology is required for participation in this performance category of the QPP. Reporting requirements for MIPS have been phased in to provide organizations time to ramp up to the requirements; however, navigating the shifting targets has proven challenging, as only 65% of physicians surveyed in 2017 felt prepared to meet the 2018 MIPS requirements.[@ocz021-B22] Lack of clarity and frequent changes in reporting requirements for the use of certified EHRs and EHR-related measures, including electronic clinical quality measures, add further barriers to the efficient use of EHRs in daily practice.[@ocz021-B22]
Administrative tasks completed in EHRs include those mandated by payers, such as collecting data required for claim submission, prior authorization, prescription coverage, billing, and quality reporting. Quality reporting, specifically, has become progressively more important as both CMS and private payers increasingly link quality and performance to payment. Physician practices spend more than 3 staff and physician hours per physician per day on quality reporting.[@ocz021-B23] Furthermore, there is a disconnect between quality reporting requirements among private and public payers[@ocz021-B24] that creates additional complexity.
There are also concerns about the perceived misalignment between data entered into an EHR for the purposes of patient care, and data entered for quality reporting and meeting MIPS and QPP requirements.[@ocz021-B1]^,^[@ocz021-B25]^,^[@ocz021-B26] The increasing demands that the EHR be used as a tool for documenting mandatory payment data and quality reporting, paired with the possibility that EHR functionality may not be sufficient to support all of these demands, affect EHR usability.[@ocz021-B27] Modifying EHRs to collect data needed to succeed in alternative payment models also continues to be a challenge for physicians and their practices.[@ocz021-B26]
Systems interoperability
------------------------
Improving interoperability has been a focus of many regulatory programs; however, progress has been slow. Despite significant investments in technology, physicians do not always have access to patient records that originated in another clinic or hospital, or even from within their organization, which creates frustration, delays in care, and patient safety risks.[@ocz021-B28] Some organizations share information internally and interface with laboratories, pharmacies, and imaging centers; however, interoperability with external health systems, vendors, registries, and state and local public health systems remains a challenge.[@ocz021-B28]^,^[@ocz021-B29]
There are several organizations working to achieve interoperability through the creation of technical standards, principles on governance and use, and connecting health information exchanges; however, these disparate efforts have yet to realize their collective impact.[@ocz021-B28] While the 21st Century Cures Act, MIPS, and the need for information to support value-based care create incentives for interoperability, strong disincentives such as cost and business interests continue to limit information exchange.[@ocz021-B30] In addition, fearing penalties for HIPAA violations, some organizations have adopted conservative approaches to sharing information, which often hinders interoperability and can have a negative impact on both patients and physicians.[@ocz021-B31]^,^[@ocz021-B32] Finally, lack of education about or misinterpretation of HIPAA regulations can result in unnecessary information blocking.[@ocz021-B33]
ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES
=========================
Decisions made at the organizational level have significant implications for how effectively an EHR is implemented and used in a practice, and can have lasting effects on the end-user experience.
Governance
----------
Healthcare organizations have created complex governance practices related to the implementation and management of their EHR.[@ocz021-B34] These governance policies include those related to compliance and risk management. Policies adopted at the organizational level can aim to ensure patient safety, maximize efficiency, improve reporting data, or favorably impact financial performance, but may also have inadvertent effects on end users of the EHR, and even instigate the use of workarounds that expose new risks. For example, "note bloat" has become an issue with the rise of copy-and-paste functions in the EHR as physicians and organizations attempt to maximize efficiency and guard against legal disputes.[@ocz021-B35] This note bloat can make it more difficult to find and read key clinical information, perpetuating documentation errors and enabling new errors.[@ocz021-B36]
Some governance decisions limit the ability to adopt team-based care because they require the physician to complete all documentation and order entry. While these decisions on the surface appear to limit the risk for the organization, requiring the physician alone to complete all documentation can increase burnout and the risk for other potential errors in the workflow, such as diagnostic, therapeutic, and communication errors related to inattention, multitasking, and cognitive and information overload.
Implementation and training
---------------------------
Implementing or upgrading an EHR is a major endeavor for any healthcare organization. Factors that can negatively impact implementation include lack of engagement across stakeholders, overly cautious or misinformed compliance departments, inadequate allocation of IT resources pre- and postimplementation, poor system design and functionality decisions, intensity and delivery of training, inadequate staffing levels, and inattention to workflow redesign necessary to effectively integrate new technology.[@ocz021-B37] The costs of implementation can include not only the staff time for implementation and the purchase of the software, but also the additional hardware, workflow redesign, and training, as well as decreased productivity and revenue.[@ocz021-B38]
Decisions on the implementation process, including user training and customization of the product, can have long-term implications for the usability of the EHR. While many EHR vendors offer a suggested implementation process and product design, customization decisions made by the purchasing organization can contribute to long-term challenges in upgrades, variability in product design across locations, and difficulty in training.
Practice design and resource allocation
---------------------------------------
The way a practice is designed requires consideration when deploying or updating an EHR. Practice design---defined as the way in which members of a healthcare team are organized and assigned, how the delivery of patient care is coordinated and executed, and how clinical care space is utilized---is an important factor that impacts the EHR user experience. Attention to team workflow, including diagraming organizational processes, can allow organizations to compare their EHR to their stated workflow. Data extracted from an EHR database that show time spent on specific activities by physicians may be a useful tool to assess practice design.[@ocz021-B10]
Many practices are designed in ways that require the physician to be primarily responsible for documentation. In a practice using a team-based care model, however, various members of the care team, such as documentation assistants, medical assistants, nurses, and advanced practice clinicians, help facilitate medical record documentation in the EHR. Dictation and transcription devices can also help streamline the documentation process. This additional support enables physicians to engage in more face-to-face time with their patients.[@ocz021-B9]
Clinical care space is another key aspect of practice design that can affect the way EHRs are used and how their use can impact the patient-physician relationship. For example, widescreen monitors and printers in every exam room can increase efficiency. In addition, improving the patient room arrangement can enable better eye contact and the ability to share the computer screen with a patient.[@ocz021-B18]^,^[@ocz021-B39] Finally, a leadership decision to maintain outdated servers or EHR software to reduce operational costs could result in slow systems, loss of information, unplanned downtime, or dangerous workarounds---all which have the potential to cause loss of productivity or risks to patients.
EHR VENDOR INFLUENCES
=====================
The ONC has established criteria that require vendors to use a user-centered design process and test 8 specific EHR functions to become certified; however, physicians still report clunky interfaces and confusing displays.[@ocz021-B18] Variation in user-centered design processes and nonadherence to postcertification standards have resulted in disparate practices and usability.[@ocz021-B16]^,^[@ocz021-B18] Additionally, it is not uncommon for there to be no clinician or physician participation in the usability testing of vendor products.[@ocz021-B16] Many EHR products were designed with billing, payer requirements, and meaningful use criteria in mind, rather than clinician use, resulting in a user experience laden with data entry that causes decreased productivity and efficiency, and a diminished patient-physician relationship.[@ocz021-B40]
Health IT vendors can also have a significant influence on interoperability. Across vendors, there is variation in data formats (technical interoperability), lack of shared meaning (semantic interoperability), and unusable delivery to physicians, further limiting interoperability.[@ocz021-B21]^,^[@ocz021-B41] Lack of health IT standards conformance testing, validation, and transparency continues to hinder seamless information exchange.[@ocz021-B42] Additionally, some vendors have imposed contractual, technical, or financial limitations on their clients in an effort to thwart competition and lock customers into their products.[@ocz021-B33] These practices are a form of information blocking and hinder interoperability.
Vendors play a key role in the success of an organization's implementation of their EHR product. Vendors can provide guidance on realistic go-live timelines and make recommendations about resources and training to ensure a successful implementation.[@ocz021-B43] In addition, many vendors have product versions and training programs that have yielded positive outcomes for end users; however, due to timing, pressures to increase productivity, or cost limitations, these best practices are not always implemented. As a result, similar installations of the same EHR product at different institutions can require a different number of clicks to complete the same task.[@ocz021-B44]
RECOMMENDATIONS
===============
The classifications defined here identify the influences on the EHR user experience. However, this does not imply that these factors are isolated or mutually exclusive. There are areas in which these factors overlap or even result from the effects of another influence. It is also important to emphasize that easing the administrative burden cannot be accomplished by a single-stakeholder approach because the EHR user experience is varied and influenced by a multitude of factors.
EHR vendors, regulatory agencies, insurance payers, and healthcare organizations all must understand how their decisions may influence the usability of an EHR and the effects it may have on professional satisfaction and patient care. To enable progress,[@ocz021-B12]^,^[@ocz021-B45]^,^[@ocz021-B46]Payers and regulators can transition to less burdensome documentation requirements for payment and quality reporting, remembering clinicians' first job is patient care.Quality officers and practice administrators can track EHR use, including click, motion, and time-in-screen data, along with "work after work" data, to measure and improve task time and activity patterns through training and staffing.Organizational leadership can actively engage physicians in the EHR implementation process, taking personal interaction needs and workflow design into consideration and supporting advanced models of team-based care, coordination of care, and new models of charting.Implementation teams can complete pre- and postimplementation testing using rigorous, real-world scenarios focused on improving safety and reducing clinician burden.Health IT vendors can increase transparency around product costs, functionality, and performance, and support advances in voice recognition, artificial intelligence, and other technologies with a focus on user-centered design that could catalyze improvements in EHR usability and interoperability and reduce cognitive work load.
CONCLUSION
==========
EHRs are powerful tools that, despite the challenges experienced in their use, are an integral element of the U.S. healthcare system. There are multiple opportunities for regulators, policymakers, EHR developers, payers, health system leadership, and users each to make changes to collectively improve the use and efficacy of EHRs. Using a conceptual framework to understand the complexity of and influences on the EHR user experience is an important step in finding and implementing solutions to the burdens associated with administrative EHR tasks.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
====================
MT developed the conceptual framework; LC completed the literature review; all authors were involved in the writing and editing of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
==============================
The authors are employed by the American Medical Association. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as American Medical Association policy.
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Most people are honest, fair, and hardworking. We’ve been taught to take responsibility and own up to our mistakes. As a result, we think when a mistake is made which results in damage or injury, the person responsible should admit fault and pay to make it right.
Unfortunately, this is not how most litigation typically progresses. In many cases, such as vehicle accident cases, the driver responsible will have insurance, and the driver’s insurance company, not the driver, will take an active role in litigation. In these situations, the insurance company is not concerned about being fair or trying to do the right thing. They do not have any obligation to the person injured.
While a driver or other defendant often would like to admit fault and have their insurance company pay, in most cases if they did apologize and admit fault, their insurance company could claim that the driver damaged case representation, and, possibly, that the insurance company should not have to pay. In other words, once an insurance company becomes involved, defendants must not take actions that could be detrimental without the consent of their insurance company.
Litigation in the real world typically does not proceed as it does on TV shows or in movies, where once defendants realize they are at fault, they write a check for millions of dollars, or the jury makes an award in their favor the following week.
Defendants and their insurance companies can be expected to take whatever actions may be available to reduce or eliminate liability. As plaintiff’s counsel, we have the burden to not only prove each and every aspect of our client’s case, but in the course of pre-trial litigation, to communicate to defendant’s counsel why a jury is highly unlikely to believe their defenses or theories concerning why they are not liable.
To do so, among other matters, we typically take depositions, serve interrogatories, interview witnesses, retain experts, and develop legal theories that will favor out client’s case.
Depositions and Interrogatories
In Arizona, both plaintiffs and defendants are allowed to take depositions and serve interrogatories on the other party. Depositions involve answering questions under oath by the attorney(s) for the other side. In a civil litigation matter, such as an injury or wrongful death case, the party being deposed (the individual under questioning), cannot refuse to answer. All questions must be answered truthfully under penalty of perjury.
Similarly, the parties in civil litigation matters are entitled to serve questions on the other party, which the other party must also answer in writing under oath.
Interviewing Witnesses
We not only interview witnesses to injury accidents, but also those involved in other matters related to a plaintiff’s case, such as those working with clients through rehabilitation. Witnesses are not only helpful in proving liability, but also in conveying the true manner of suffering endured by an accident victim and his or her family.
Experts
While there are many different types of experts, in litigation experts tend to fall into two categories: those that help establish fault and liability (such as accident reconstructionists) and those that help establish damages (such as medical and vocational experts).
When it is beneficial to do so, we retain experts to help advance the cases of our clients. The particular type of experts will vary depending upon the facts and circumstances of a case. For instance, in a severe motor vehicle accident, the following experts may be helpful:
Legal Theory Advancement
In some cases, there will be a number of purely legal matters that must be considered, including whether certain evidence is admissible at trial. The court’s ruling on such matters sometimes will have a significant impact on the value of a case. We will want to take whatever legal actions are prudent in order to best advance the cases of our clients.
We offer a free, no-obligation consultation so that you can learn about how we can help in your case. At this time, once we learn about the facts of your case, we can advise you as to how we can help. Please call us to schedule your consultation at a time that is convenient with your schedule. | http://azcrimevictimslaw.com/how-we-advance-client-cases-in-seeking-full-compensation/ |
Triple Pendulum Suspension
The central elements in all gravitational wave detectors are mirrors weighing up to 10 kg, which are used to direct the laser beams. These mirrors are suspended as pendulums, so that they are isolated from various disturbances. The mirror suspensions must meet several special requirements: they have to hold the heavy mirrors securely and must not cause disturbances of their own.
Zoom Image
Monolithic suspension
Monolithic suspension
© AEI Hannover/H. Lück
© AEI Hannover/H. Lück
The Institute for Gravitational Research (IGR) of the University of Glasgow has developed suspensions meeting these requirements: thin threads made of quartz glass – fused silica fibres. Such fibres have far less internal losses than equivalent steel wires, for instance. They are bonded directly onto the mirrors and a second pendulum mass, which means there is no friction at the point of contact. This increases the overall sensitivity of GEO600 through reduced mechanical loss. | http://www.geo600.org/1078027/Triple_Pendulum_Suspension |
Geneticists often refer to the “genome” of a species, the DNA sequences that specify the development and physiology of an animal. In reality though, the genome is only a set of instructions for creating that individual, it is the RNAs and proteins within each cell that carry out the DNA’s instructions. Under the “Central Dogma” of molecular biology, the DNA sequence of an active gene directs the production of RNA molecules, mobile pieces of nucleic acid that reflect the subset of genes turned on in each different cell type. The RNA molecules in turn direct the production of proteins, the true workhorses of a cell. The DNA complement of each cell in an animal is identical, yet the cells making up that animal are widely varied in form and function. It is the way the DNA is handled in each cell that confers their uniqueness - which genes are activated, and to what level, and which genes remain silent. The RNAs produced in a cell, and therefore the proteins they direct, specify the identity of a liver cell or a brain cell or a heart cell. Among the genomic resources that have become available within the last few decades is the ability to identify the entire complement of RNAs made within any given cell or tissue type in the body. Such a collection of sequences is called the “transcriptome” of that organ or tissue. While this was previously a slow and laborious process, the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies over the past 10 years has allowed the generation of transcriptomes for many tissues of humans, mice and other research organisms. Less common, at least so far, are the transcriptomes of elasmobranchs -- not surprising perhaps, as genomic resources in general have been slow to be applied to the study of sharks and rays.
A recent report by Richards et al has now produced one of the first transcriptome collections for elasmobranchs of any species, and the first for white sharks. Specifically, they have identified the entire collection of RNA sequences - representing all the genes that are active - in the heart tissue of a juvenile white shark. Obtaining a full transcriptome sequence is only the beginning of such an experiment, more complicated is to sort and study the 20,000 individual RNA sequences that were generated. To make sense of such large data sets, researchers often use Gene Ontology (GO) terms, categories of biological function to which various RNAs are assigned. Richards et al sorted the white shark heart transcriptome by GO terms, and then compared it with the transcriptome of humans, and with the widely used model fish species Danio rerio, the zebrafish.
While their results are preliminary, and suffer from certain limitations - the human and zebrafish transcriptomes used for comparison were not limited to the heart, for example - interesting data can be gleaned from these comparisons. The percentage of white shark RNAs that are involved in metabolic processes, for example, is more similar to that of endothermic (warm-blooded) humans than of exothermic (cold-blooded) zebrafish. It has been proposed that certain pelagic fishes - swordfish, tuna, and lamnid sharks such as white and mako sharks - possess some characteristics of endothermy, including elevated muscle and stomach temperatures. These modifications may allow for long-distance swimming and/or the active pursuit of prey. The greater similarity of the white shark heart transcriptome to that of mammals, in comparison to the zebrafish, may identify genes involved in controlling shark endothermy. Further investigation of these metabolic transcripts will lead to a better understanding of shark physiology.
The article is: Richards, VP, Suzuki, H, Stanhope, MJ and Shivji, MS. (2013) Characterization of the heart transcriptome of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). BMC Genomics 14:697. | https://www.sharks.org/shark-research-institute-blogs/blogs/science-blog/warm-hearts-white-sharks |
BACKGROUND
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In human hearing, hair cells in the cochlea respond to sound waves and produce corresponding auditory nerve impulses. These nerve impulses are then conducted to the brain and perceived as sound.
Hearing loss, which may be due to many different causes, is generally of two types: conductive and sensorineural. Conductive hearing loss typically occurs where the normal mechanical pathways for sound to reach the hair cells in the cochlea are impeded, for example, from damage to the ossicles. Conductive hearing loss may often be helped by using conventional hearing aids that amplify sounds so that acoustic information can reach the cochlea and the hair cells. Some types of conductive hearing loss are also treatable by surgical procedures.
Many people who are profoundly deaf, however, have sensorineural hearing loss. This type of hearing loss can arise from the absence or the destruction of the hair cells in the cochlea which then no longer transduce acoustic signals into auditory nerve impulses. Individuals with sensorineural hearing loss may be unable to derive significant benefit from conventional hearing aid systems alone, no matter how loud the acoustic stimulus is. This is because the natural mechanism for transducing sound energy into auditory nerve impulses has been damaged. Thus, in the absence of properly functioning hair cells, auditory nerve impulses cannot be generated directly from sounds.
To overcome sensorineural deafness, cochlear implant systems, or cochlear prostheses, have been developed that can bypass the hair cells located in the cochlea by presenting electrical stimulation directly to the auditory nerve fibers. This leads to the perception of sound in the brain and provides at least partial restoration of hearing function. Most of these cochlear prosthesis systems treat sensorineural deficit by stimulating the ganglion cells in the cochlea directly using an implanted electrode or lead that has an electrode array. Thus, a cochlear prosthesis operates by directly stimulating the auditory nerve cells, bypassing the defective cochlear hair cells that normally transduce acoustic energy into electrical activity in the connected auditory nerve cells.
The implantation of the cochlear prosthesis involves the insertion of an electrode array into the cochlea of the patient. The interior structures of the cochlea can be delicate and sensitive to forces generated by the insertion of the electrode array. Minimizing trauma to the cochlea during implantation improves patient outcomes and preserves residual hearing.
Throughout the drawings, identical reference numbers designate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements.
As mentioned above, individuals with hearing loss can be assisted by a number of hearing devices, including cochlear implants. The cochlear implant includes a cochlear lead that is surgically implanted into the patient. The distal portion of the lead contains a number of electrodes that electrically stimulate the auditory nerve system. This electrode array is typically constructed out of biocompatible silicone, platinum-iridium wires, and platinum electrodes. To place the lead of a cochlear implant, the distal (or apical) portion of a cochlear lead is pushed through an opening into the cochlea. To reduce trauma and hearing loss, it is desirable that the cochlear lead be inserted into the cochlea with minimal force and reduced contact with the interior structures in the cochlea. In one example, an atraumatic cochlear lead has a thin cross section and mid-scalar placement to prevent or minimize damage to the internal structures of the cochlea. Creating a cochlear lead with a curvature and size that are compatible with the interior geometry of the cochlea can be challenging. In particular, a precurved electrode array with a thin cross section and straight wire may lose the molded curvature due to the resilience of the straight wires. Additional silicone can be added to the electrode array to counteract resilience of the wires. However, the additional silicone makes the electrode array thicker and more difficult to atraumatically insert into the cochlea.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present systems and methods. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present systems and methods may be practiced without these specific details. Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “an example,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least that one embodiment, but not necessarily in other embodiments. The various instances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or similar phrases in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
An electrode array for implantation into the scala tympani typically comprises several separately connected stimulating electrodes, conventionally numbering about 6 to 30, longitudinally disposed on a thin, elongated, flexible carrier. The electrode array is pushed into the scala tympani duct in the cochlea, typically to a depth of about 13-30 mm via a cochleostomy or via a surgical opening made in the round window at the basal end of the duct.
As used in the specification and appended claims, the term “apical” refers to portions or components that are closer to the tip of the cochlear lead. The term “basal” refers to portions or components that are closer to the base of the cochlear lead. For example, an apical electrode is inserted farther into the cochlea than a more basal electrode.
In use, the cochlear electrode array delivers electrical current into the fluids and tissues immediately surrounding the individual electrode contacts to create transient potential gradients that, if sufficiently strong, cause the nearby auditory nerve fibers to generate action potentials. The auditory nerve fibers branch from cell bodies located in the spiral ganglion, which lies in the modiolus, adjacent to the inside wall of the scala tympani. The density of electrical current flowing through volume conductors such as tissues and fluids tends to be highest near the electrode contact that is the source of the current. Consequently, stimulation at one contact site tends to selectively activate those spiral ganglion cells and their auditory nerve fibers that are closest to that electrode.
FIG. 1
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is a diagram showing an illustrative cochlear implant system () having a cochlear implant () with an electrode array () that is surgically placed within the patient's cochlea (). Ordinarily, sound enters the external ear, or pinna, () and is directed into the auditory canal () where the sound wave vibrates the tympanic membrane (). The motion of the tympanic membrane () is amplified and transmitted through the ossicular chain (), which includes of three bones in the middle ear. The third bone of the ossicular chain (), the stapes (), contacts the outer surface of the cochlea () and causes movement of the fluid within the cochlea (). Cochlear hair cells respond to the fluid-borne vibration in the cochlea () and trigger neural electrical signals that are conducted from the cochlea to the auditory cortex by the auditory nerve ().
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As indicated above, the cochlear implant (, ) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing. The cochlear implant (, ) operates by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve cells, bypassing the defective cochlear hair cells that normally transduce acoustic energy into electrical energy.
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External components () of the cochlear implant system can include a Behind-The-Ear (BTE) unit (), which contains the sound processor and has a microphone (), a cable (), and a transmitter (). The microphone () picks up sound from the environment and converts it into electrical impulses. The sound processor within the BTE unit () selectively filters and manipulates the electrical impulses and sends the processed electrical signals through the cable () to the transmitter (). The transmitter () receives the processed electrical signals from the processor and transmits them to the implanted antenna () by electromagnetic transmission.
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The components of the cochlear implant () include an internal processor (), an antenna (), and a cochlear lead () having an electrode array (). The internal processor () and antenna () are secured beneath the user's skin, typically above and behind the pinna (). The antenna () receives signals and power from the transmitter (). The internal processor () receives these signals and performs one or more operations on the signals to generate modified signals. These modified signals are then sent along a number of signal wires that pass through the cochlear lead () and are individually connected to the electrodes in the electrode array (). The electrode array () is implanted within the cochlea () and provides electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve ().
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The cochlear implant () stimulates different portions of the cochlea () according to the frequencies detected by the microphone (), just as a normal functioning ear would experience stimulation at different portions of the cochlea depending on the frequency of sound vibrating the liquid within the cochlea (). This allows the brain to interpret the frequency of the sound as if the hair cells of the basilar membrane were functioning properly.
FIG. 2
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is an illustrative diagram showing a more detailed view of the external components () of a cochlear implant system. External components () of the cochlear implant system include a BTE unit (), which comprises a microphone (), an ear hook (), a sound processor (), and a battery (), which may be rechargeable. The microphone () picks up sound from the environment and converts it into electrical impulses. The sound processor () selectively filters and manipulates the electrical impulses and sends the processed electrical signals through a cable () to the transmitter (). A number of controls (, ) adjust the operation of the processor (). These controls may include a volume switch () and program selection switch (). The transmitter () receives the processed electrical signals from the processor () and transmits these electrical signals and power from the battery () to the cochlear implant () by electromagnetic transmission.
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
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is an illustrative diagram showing one embodiment of a cochlear implant (), including an internal processor (), an antenna (), and a cochlear lead () having an electrode array (). The cochlear implant () is surgically implanted such that the electrode array () is internal to the cochlea, as shown in . The internal processor () and antenna () are secured beneath the user's skin, typically above and behind the pinna (), with the cochlear lead () connecting the internal processor () to the electrode array () within the cochlea. As discussed above, the antenna () receives signals from the transmitter () and sends the signals to the internal processor (). The internal processor () modifies the signals and passes them along the appropriate wires to activate one or more of the electrodes within the electrode array (). This provides the user with sensory input that is a representation of external sound waves sensed by the microphone ().
FIG. 4A
FIG. 3
FIG. 4A
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is a diagram of an illustrative cochlear lead () formed using a two-step molding process. In this example, the cochlear lead () includes an electrode array () made up of electrodes (), wires () that electrically connect each of the electrodes () to the internal processor (, ), and a flexible body () that encapsulates the wires () and electrodes (). As discussed above, the cochlea has a spiral shape. In this example, the electrode array () has a tight curvature that matches interior geometry of the cochlea. For example, the apical portion of the electrode array () may have a radius of curvature R between 1.5 and 1.8 millimeters. The radius of curvature in the electrode array () is formed by placing the wires () and electrodes () in a mold and then filling the mold with a curable encapsulant. For example, the curable encapsulant may be medical grade silicone. The mold has a tighter radius of curvature than the cochlea. When the electrode array () is removed from the mold, the electrode array () opens up slightly to the relaxed state shown in . The relaxed state balances the forces produced by the wires and the flexible body. In general, the straight wires tend to open up the electrode array and the silicone tends to resist this opening motion. In the relaxed state, these forces are balanced and the shape of the electrode array approximates the geometry of the interior of the cochlea.
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However, the formation of the tight radius of curvature in the mold does not allow enough room for the flexible body () to be molded all at once. Instead, a two-step molding process is used. An illustrative two-step molding apparatus and process are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,319,906 to Janusz Kuzma et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. A first mold forms an initial silicone body (-) and a second mold is used to overmold a second silicone body (-) over the apical portion of the electrode array (). Alternatively, the electrode array could be formed into a tighter curvature after the first molding and then manually apply an additional silicone layer. Both of these techniques increase the amount of silicone in the apical portion of the electrode array () to resist the straightening forces produced by the wires () and maintain the tight curvature of the apical portion of the electrode array ().
FIG. 4B
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shows an illustrative step in the insertion of the electrode array () into the cochlea. In this step, the electrode array () is straightened by inserting a stiffening element () into a lumen in the electrode array (). The tip () of an insertion tool is shown supporting the electrode array () and stiffening element (). A cochleostomy is created in the cochlea and the electrode array () is inserted into the cochlea through the cochleostomy. To move the electrode array () deeper into the cochlea, the electrode () is advanced off the stiffening element (). As it is advanced off the stiffening element (), the electrode array () progressively returns to its relaxed, curved shape. Ideally, the electrode array () makes minimal contact with the interior walls of the cochlea and has a relaxed shape that places the electrode array () in the desired position within the cochlea. The stiffening element () and insertion tool () are withdrawn, leaving the cochlear lead () in place.
FIG. 4C
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is a cross sectional view of a cochlea () and shows an illustrative electrode array () placed within the cochlea (). As discussed above, the primary structure of the cochlea () is a hollow, helically coiled, tubular bone, similar to a nautilus shell. The coiled tube is divided through most of its length into three fluid-filled spaces (scalae). The scala vestibuli () is partitioned from the scala media () by Reissner's membrane () and lies superior to it. The scala tympani () is partitioned from the scala media () by the basilar membrane () and lies inferior to it. A typical human cochlea includes approximately two and a half helical turns of its various constituent channels. The cochlear lead () is inserted into one of the scalae, typically the scala tympani (), to bring the individual electrodes into close proximity with the tonotopically organized nerves.
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FIG. 4A
FIG. 4A
As can be seen in the cross section, the size of the scala tympani () becomes smaller as it spirals upward. As discussed above, the additional silicone layer (-, ) added to counteract the resiliency of the straight wires (, ) thickens the apical portion of the electrode array (). However, this thicker apical cross section can be undesirable for several reasons. Because the apical portion of the electrode array () is inserted farthest into the cochlea (), the space in the narrowing ducts can become limiting. A thicker apical cross section can lead to more contact and more disruption to structures in the narrow channels. Further, the additional silicone layer stiffens the apical portion of the electrode array. This can lead to higher insertion forces and more forceful contact between the electrode array and interior of the cochlea. Ideally, the apical portion of the electrode array would maintain the desired curvature without the additional silicone layer. This would allow the electrode array to be thin and compliant so as not to damage the cochlear structures.
FIG. 4D
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shows a cross sectional view of a single coil of the cochlea (). As discussed above, the coiled tube is divided into three fluid-filled spaces (, , ). The scala vestibuli () is partitioned from the scala media () by Reissner's membrane () and lies superior to it. The scala tympani () is partitioned from the scala media () by the basilar membrane () and lies inferior to it. The bony walls of the cochlea are lined with a membrane, called the periosteum (), which, in the scala media, is greatly thickened and called the spiral ligament (). The spiral ligament () connects the basilar membrane () to the wall of the cochlea.
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FIG. 1
The cochlea () is filled with a fluid that moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear via the stapes (, ). As the fluid moves, a tectorial membrane () and thousands of hair cells () in a normal, functioning cochlea are set in motion. The hair cells () convert that motion to electrical signals that are communicated via neurotransmitters to the auditory nerve (), and transformed into electrical impulses known as action potentials, which are propagated to structures in the brainstem for further processing. The electrode array is inserted into the scala tympani () and the electrical potentials generated by the electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve ().
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The electrode array may be positioned within the scala tympani () in one of three general positions that are shown as dashed circles. A medial position () locates the electrode array in proximity to the medial wall. A lateral position () locates the electrode array in proximity to the lateral wall and adjacent to the spiral ligament (). Insertion in either of these two positions can involve frictional contact between the electrode array and the walls of the cochlea. This frictional contact may increase the forces used to insert the electrode array into the cochlea.
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A third position is the mid-scalar position () that locates the electrode array near the center of the scala tympani (). This position minimizes contact and frictional forces between the electrode array and the walls of the scala tympani. However, achieving an electrode geometry that has both a small cross section and the desired shape for mid-scalar placement can be challenging. As discussed above, the additional silicone layer that overcomes the resilience of the signal wires also thickens and stiffens the apical portion the electrode array.
The inventors have discovered that by forming flexural loops or arches in the wires between the electrodes, the straightening tendency of the signal wires can be minimized. These flexural geometries may have a number of functions. The flexural geometries may reduce the overall stiffness of the wires and electrode array. Additionally or alternatively, the flexural geometries may create a spring force that tends to return the electrode array to a curved shape after straightening.
When the flexural geometries are included in the wire, the reduced stiffness and/or curling spring force of the wire may allow for the use of a one-step molding process to form the electrode array. In contrast to a two-step mold, a one-step mold may have a number of advantages. First, the handling and time associated with a one-step molding process can be less than with a two-step molding process. Consequently, a one step molded electrode arrays may be more cost effective than two-step molded electrode arrays. Additionally, the one-step molding process is adapted to produce an electrode array with a relatively small apical cross section. This relatively small apical portion is inserted into the deeper portions of the cochlea where the cochlear channels narrow. This may decrease contact between the electrode array and cochlear structures and require less insertion force during implantation.
FIG. 5A
FIG. 3
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shows a top view of three apical electrodes () and the signal wires () that connect the electrodes () to the processor (, ). For purposes of illustration, the flexible body that covers the signal wires () and electrodes () has not been shown. In this implementation, the electrodes () are formed from shaped pieces of metal foil, that are then folded to capture the signal wires (). As discussed above, each electrode () is electrically connected to one of the signal wires (). In this example, the most apical electrode (-) is electrically connected to a first signal wire (-), the second electrode (-) is electrically connected to the second signal wire (-), and the third electrode (-) is electrically connected to the third signal wire (-). The electrodes () include wings () that fold over signal wires that pass to more apical electrodes. The wings () physically contain the wires () and form a wire bundle.
FIGS. 5B-5D
FIGS. 5B and 5C
FIG. 5D
show a variety of flexural geometries that can be formed in the wire between the electrodes. The term “flexural geometry” is used broadly to describe curved wire shapes between two electrodes. In some examples, the curved wire geometries may be formed between each of the electrodes in the electrode array. The flexural geometry may be any of a number of shapes, including but not limited to, an arch as shown in or a loop as shown in .
The flexural geometry is formed in wire sections between electrodes and may reduce the bending stiffness of the wires and/or provide a spring force that returns the electrode array to its curled spiral shape. Because of the reduced bending stiffness and/or spring force produced by the flexural geometry in the wires, less silicone material is needed to hold the curvature of the apical portion of the electrode array. This results in a thinner curved electrode array. Because the additional silicone layer is not necessary, a single shot molding process can be used to produce the thinner, more flexible electrode array. This thinner, more flexible electrode array is suited for mid-scalar placement and reduces insertion trauma.
FIG. 5B
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is a cross sectional view taken along the line A-A. Electrodes (-, -) are shown connected by a wire or bundle of wires (). The wire () is formed into an arch between the electrodes (), with each end of the arched wire () secured by an electrode (). The arch is in a plane that is substantially parallel to the plane of curvature of the electrode array. The shape of the arch decreases the stiffness of the wires and provides a resilient spring force which allows the electrode array to conform more closely to its “as-molded” shape. The arch may be formed prior to, during, or after placing the electrodes in the mold. The arch may have a variety of geometries. In this example, the arch has a first leg (), a second leg (), and a central curved portion (). The radius of curvature of the central curved portion () may be adapted to the distance between the electrodes () or other design parameters.
FIG. 5C
FIG. 5D
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shows a flexural geometry that is made up of a substantially uniform arch () between the first electrode (-) and the second electrode (-). shows flexural geometry that includes a looped wire () that intersects itself. In each of the examples given above, the plurality of wires that passes along the array of electrodes have a flexural geometry between each pair of adjacent electrodes and a substantially straight geometry over the electrodes and beneath the wings. The possibility of undesired short circuiting of the wires to the contact pads is reduced because the flexural geometry minimizes the tension in the wires. The substantially straight geometry of the wires as they pass over the electrodes allows the wings to fold over the wires and form a wire bundle. The examples given above are only illustrative examples of flexural geometries that reduce the overall bending stiffness of the wires and allow for straightening of the electrode without breaking wires or weld joints.
The wire flexural geometries may be formed in variety of ways. One method includes preforming the wire prior to connecting the wires to the electrodes. Another method includes forming the wire and electrode assembly and then manipulating the wires to form the desired flexural geometry. Other methods may include placing an object between the electrodes and under the wires, then forcing the wires over the object. In one example, the wires may be formed from small diameter wire, such as platinum/iridium wire with a diameter of 25 microns or less. For example, the wire is formed from an 80/20 platinum/iridium alloy and has a diameter of 20 microns. This relatively small diameter reduces the stiffness of the wire. In some examples, the flexural geometry may be partially formed during the assembly of the electrodes and wires. The flexural geometry is then further formed during the molding process. As described below, the wire/electrode assembly is wrapped around and inner wall of the mold. This plastically deforms the wires to create more pronounced curvature in the wires. The plastically deformed wires then have a memory or spring force which tends to curl the electrode back toward the molded shape after straightening.
FIG. 6A
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shows a single shot mold () for a mid-scalar electrode array with a reduced apical thickness. The electrodes () and connecting arched wires () are placed in the mold (). The arched wires () readily conform to the shape of the mold () and have a reduced bending stiffness compared to similar wires with a straight geometry. Further, when wrapped around the inner curve of the mold, the wires are overbent. This puts some ‘spring’ tension in the flexural geometry between each and every electrode that holds the curvature and resists the straightening of the electrode.
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The combination of reduced bending stiffness and bending of the wires into tight radius in the mold reduces the tendency of the electrode array to undesirably increase in the radius of curvature after molding or after straightening. Consequently, less silicone is need at the apical end of the electrode array to hold the curved shape and thickness of the apical portion can be reduced. This allows the molded shape of the electrode array to be formed in a single mold at the desired radius of curvature without self interference by the electrode array. As discussed above, the silicone is injected into the mold cavity () to encapsulate the wires (, ) and electrodes. The contact surface of the electrodes () is not covered with the silicone. After curing, the electrode array is removed from the mold ().
FIG. 6B
FIG. 6B
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shows the completed cochlear lead () which has been removed from the mold. When the cochlear lead () is removed from constraints of the mold, the cochlear lead tends to relax and uncurl. This uncurling tendency is driven primarily by the silicone. Because the wires and the flexural geometries in the wires have been formed around the tighter radius of curvature of the mold, the wires tend to generate a spring force which resists the uncurling motion. This produces an electrode array which has a thin apical cross section and a mid-scalar geometry for insertion to 360 degrees or more into the cochlea. The insertion depths of the electrode array are shown in for purposes of illustration. According to one illustrative example, the insertion depth or curvature of the electrode array in degrees is determined by drawing a line from the cochleostomy marker () to the center () of the curvature. The intersection between the line and the electrode array indicates an insertion depth of 360°. When inserted into the cochlea to the full depth, the tip of this illustrative cochlear lead () is designed to extend into the cochlear duct significantly more than 360°. Other cochlear lead designs may be inserted deeper or shallower than the illustrated cochlear lead (). In the relaxed geometry shown in , the cochlear lead has a shape that corresponds to a mid-scalar position in a cochlear duct.
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The cochlear lead has a decreasing cross sectional area from the basal end of the electrode array to the apical end of the electrode array. A first cross section C-C is taken through a basal electrode and a second reduced cross sectional area B-B is taken through an apical electrode. In one embodiment, the first cross section has an area of approximately 0.40 mmand the reduced cross section area has an area of approximately 0.23 mm. Thus, for this precurved electrode array with a lumen, the reduced cross sectional area is approximately 50 percent smaller than the first cross sectional area.
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Additionally or alternatively, the reduction in cross-sectional area can be described as the ratio between the overall cross sectional area and wire cross sectional area at a given region of the electrode array. At the basal electrode, the cross sectional area of the array body is 0.40 mmand the cross sectional area of the 17 wires is approximately 0.021 mm. Thus, the ratio of the total cross sectional area to the cross sectional area of the wires at the most basal electrode is approximately 19.
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At the most apical electrode, the cross sectional area of the array body is 0.23 mmand the cross section of two 20 micron diameter wires is approximately 0.0025 mm. Thus, at the most apical electrode, the ratio of the cross sectional area of the array body to the cross sectional area of the wires at the most apical electrode is approximately 92. In other illustrative implementations, the ratio of cross sectional area of the array body to the cross sectional area of the wires at the most apical electrode is less than 120.
FIG. 6C
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is a cross sectional diagram of a portion of the electrode array (). A stiffener () has been inserted through a lumen () in the flexible body (). This straightens the electrode array () and flattens the arch ().
FIG. 6D
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shows the stiffening element removed from the lumen () and contraction of the arch () shown by two curved arrows. The contraction of the arch may be due to both the spring force of the wire and compression of the silicone around the wire. Similar contraction occurs in the arches between each of the other electrodes. This curls the electrode array () into its relaxed shape and the shape of the cochlea. In one implementation, at least a portion of the arch () or other flexural geometry extends past the neutral bending axis () of electrode array (). The neutral bending axis () passes through the electrode array () along a plane in which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains during bending. A variety of factors may influence where the neutral bending axis occurs, including, the stiffness of the various components within the electrode array (), the amount of curvature in the electrode array (), and the cross sectional geometry of the electrode array (). Extending the flexural geometry to the neutral bending axis minimizes the stresses in the wire when straightening the electrode.
The wire configurations given above are illustrative examples geometries which could reduce the stiffness of the electrode array and/or provide a spring force which tends to tighten the curl of the electrode array. For example, if an annealed wire with a small diameter and pliable characteristics is selected, the flexural geometries may serve primarily to further reduce the stiffness of the wire. The annealed/soft wire may not significantly contribute a spring force which tends to tighten the curl of the electrode array. If, on the other hand, a relatively stiffer and/or larger wire was used, the bending stiffness of the electrode array may not substantially decrease, but the wire may exert a substantial amount of spring force on the electrode array that tends to curl it into the desired spiral shape. Either of these approaches could be used to create a mid-scalar electrode array with a reduce cross section apical portion that is designed to be inserted at least 360° into the cochlea. Additionally, these two approaches could be combined by selecting a wire with an intermediate diameter and/or stiffness. The flexural geometries in the wire could then simultaneously reduce the stiffness of the electrode array and produce a spring force that tends to resist the straightening of the electrode array.
FIG. 7
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is a cross sectional view of a portion of a cochlea () that shows an illustrative electrode array () in a mid-scalar position. Ideally the curvature of the electrode array () matches the curvature of the ducts in the cochlea () and maintains the mid-scalar placement along the length of the electrode array. The electrode array () includes electrodes () and a flexural wire geometry () between each of the electrodes. In this implementation, the plane () of the wire geometry () intersects both the lateral wall () and the medial wall (). An alternative method for measuring the orientation of the flexural geometries is to measure the plane () of the wire geometry with respect to the exposed surface of the electrodes (). For example, flexural geometry may be oriented in a plane () that is perpendicular to exposed surfaces of the adjacent electrodes (). The plane () of the wire geometry is defined as a plane that passes through the center line of the wire or wire bundle.
FIG. 8
is a graph that compares average insertion forces for lateral wall cochlear leads and mid-scalar cochlear leads. The horizontal axis shows insertion depth in millimeters and vertical axis shows insertion force in millinewtons. The force measurements were made using a three axis force measurement system during the insertion of cochlear leads into fixed human temporal bones without lubricating agents other than saline. The lateral wall data is shown as a dotted line that represents the average insertion force of 12 lateral wall cochlear leads. The solid line represents the average insertion force of 9 mid-scalar cochlear leads. The lateral wall forces rise exponentially with insertion depth. For example, at an insertion depth of 14 millimeters, the average insertion force for a lateral wall cochlear lead was about 80 millinewtons. At an insertion depth of 18 millimeters, the insertion force is approximately 160 millinewtons, and at a depth of 20 millimeters, the insertion force was approximately 290 millinewtons. In contrast, the mid-scalar designs were inserted with consistently lower forces than the lateral wall designs. The highest peak on the mid-scalar data occurs at an insertion depth of approximately 17 millimeters. This peak is due to stylet extraction from the lumen in the mid-scalar cochlear leads. The peak can be reduced by using an insertion tool with an automated stylet retraction mechanism. The lower insertion forces indicate that the illustrative mid-scalar designs cause less trauma to the cochlear tissues.
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is a method () for forming an illustrative mid-scalar electrode array using a single step molding process which produces a completed silicone body. Flexural geometries are formed in wire sections which will be located between electrodes (block ). The wires may be formed from a variety of materials, including platinum and platinum/iridium alloys. For example, the wires may be formed from a platinum iridium alloy and have a diameter of less than 25 microns. The wire may be selected so that it retains the flexural geometry in portions of the wire located between the electrodes through multiple bending cycles. The flexural geometry may be oriented in a plane which intersects both the medial and laterals walls of the scala tympani.
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The wires are individually paired and connected to the electrodes (block ). For example, the wires may be welded or soldered to the individual electrodes. The wires that pass over the electrodes to more apical positions are enclosed by the wings of the electrodes. This technique is described in U.S. Pat. App. No. 12/781,137 entitled “Cochlear Electrode Array” to Timothy Beerling et al., filed on May 17, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The wires and electrodes are placed in a single shot mold and encapsulating material is injected into the mold (block ). For example, liquid injection of silicone can be used to encapsulate the wires and electrodes. The encapsulating material is cured and the electrode array is removed from the mold (block ). The flexural geometries in portions of the wire located between the electrodes may be formed such that the flexural geometry extends into the silicone body at least to the neutral bending axis of the electrode array. This minimizes the stress in the portion of the wire near the neutral axis when straightening or bending the electrode.
The steps described above are only illustrative examples. The steps in the method may be combined, eliminated, reordered, or additional steps may be added. The order in which the steps are presented is not limiting. For example, the steps of connecting the wires to the electrodes and forming flexural geometries in the wires can be performed simultaneously or in reverse order. Examples of additional steps that may be added to the method include cleaning and testing steps.
In sum, flexural geometries in wires between electrodes in a cochlear electrode array reduce the tendency of the electrode array to uncoil/open after molding. This reduces the amount of encapsulation material on the apical portion of the electrode array and allows the electrode array to be produced using a single shot mold. The thinner electrode array can be more easily inserted into a mid-scalar position with reduced trauma to the cochlea.
The preceding description has been presented only to illustrate and describe embodiments and examples of the principles described. This description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit these principles to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings illustrate various embodiments of the principles described herein and are a part of the specification. The illustrated embodiments are merely examples and do not limit the scope of the claims.
FIG. 1
is an illustrative diagram showing a cochlear implant system in use, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIG. 2
is a diagram showing external components of an illustrative cochlear implant system, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIG. 3
is a diagram showing the internal components of an illustrative cochlear implant system, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIGS. 4A-4D
are views of an illustrative electrode array and its positioning within the cochlea, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIGS. 5A-5D
are a top view and a cross sectional views of flexural geometries that are formed in signal wires in the electrode array, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIG. 6A
is a diagram of an illustrative single shot mold for creating a mid-scalar cochlear lead, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIG. 6B
shows an illustrative mid-scalar electrode formed in a single shot mold, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIGS. 6C-6D
are cross sectional diagrams of a portion of an illustrative mid-scalar electrode, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIG. 7
is a cross sectional view of an illustrative mid-scalar electrode inserted into a cochlear duct, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIG. 8
is a graph that compares average insertion forces for lateral wall cochlear leads and mid-scalar cochlear leads, according to one example of principles described herein.
FIG. 9
is a method for forming a mid-scalar electrode, according to one example of principles described herein. | |
Friday, October 11, 2013
I'm not gonna teach you how to perform AES encryption or decryption. So if you are looking for that, then you can turn right around and go. But I will tell you some interesting things that I learned about AES. These may help you in conjunction with other tutorials.
1. Multiply is not multiply. You will need a function to perform gmul. It is multiply in a Galois field. I don't really know much about what a Galois field is, but it is an alternate universe when it comes to mathematics. So when they say multiply, this is what they mean.
3. Decryption is harder than encryption. Yes, that sounds weird, but it's true. What I mean is that to perform encryption you just need the key to begin with. You can actually generate the keys on the fly. To perform decryption, you MUST perform full key expansion to get the final key. They you can work backwards on the fly. Also decryption's inverse mix columns step requires 4 multiply look-up tables as opposed to 2 for encryption's mix columns step.
4. AES 256 is easier to implement than AES 192. The biggest difficulty is on the fly key generation. If you want to generate AES 128 on the fly, then it is the same sequence for each round of encryption. For 256, it is the same round every 2 times. For 192, it is different. B/c each round of key expansion produces 192 bits (24 bytes) and each round of encryption uses 16 bytes, you have to loop through 1.5 rounds of encryption before starting a new line of key expansion. Of course AES 256 requires more flops.
| |
An encrypted document is surrounded by an array of commercially available encryption products at the FBI office in Washington, D.C.
The Greeks were also the first to use ciphers, specific codes that involve substitutions or transpositions of letters and numbers.
As long as both generals had the correct cipher, they could decode any message the other sent. To make the message more difficult to decipher, they could arrange the letters inside the grid in any combination.
Most forms of cryptography in use these days rely on computers, simply because a human-based code is too easy for a computer to crack. Ciphers are also better known today as algorithms, which are the guides for encryption -- they provide a way in which to craft a message and give a certain range of possible combinations. A key, on the other hand, helps a person or computer figure out the one possibility on a given occasion.
In the following sections, you'll learn about each of these systems.
One of the weaknesses some point out about symmetric key encryption is that two users attempting to communicate with each other need a secure way to do so; otherwise, an attacker can easily pluck the necessary data from the stream. In November 1976, a paper published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, titled "New Directions in Cryptography," addressed this problem and offered up a solution: public-key encryption.
Also known as asymmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption uses two different keys at once -- a combination of a private key and a public key. The private key is known only to your computer, while the public key is given by your computer to any computer that wants to communicate securely with it. To decode an encrypted message, a computer must use the public key, provided by the originating computer, and its own private key. Although a message sent from one computer to another won't be secure since the public key used for encryption is published and available to anyone, anyone who picks it up can't read it without the private key. The key pair is based on prime numbers (numbers that only have divisors of itself and one, such as 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and so on) of long length. This makes the system extremely secure, because there is essentially an infinite number of prime numbers available, meaning there are nearly infinite possibilities for keys. One very popular public-key encryption program is Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), which allows you to encrypt almost anything.
The sending computer encrypts the document with a symmetric key, then encrypts the symmetric key with the public key of the receiving computer. The receiving computer uses its private key to decode the symmetric key. It then uses the symmetric key to decode the document.
To implement public-key encryption on a large scale, such as a secure Web server might need, requires a different approach. This is where digital certificates come in. A digital certificate is basically a unique piece of code or a large number that says that the Web server is trusted by an independent source known as a certificate authority. The certificate authority acts as a middleman that both computers trust. It confirms that each computer is in fact who it says it is, and then provides the public keys of each computer to the other.
Look for the "s" after "http" in the address whenever you are about to enter sensitive information, such as a credit-card number, into a form on a Web site.
In your browser, you can tell when you are using a secure protocol, such as TLS, in a couple of different ways. You will notice that the "http" in the address line is replaced with "https," and you should see a small padlock in the status bar at the bottom of the browser window. When you're accessing sensitive information, such as an online bank account or a payment transfer service like PayPal or Google Checkout, chances are you'll see this type of format change and know your information will most likely pass along securely.
TLS and its predecessor SSL make significant use of certificate authorities. Once your browser requests a secure page and adds the "s" onto "http," the browser sends out the public key and the certificate, checking three things: 1) that the certificate comes from a trusted party; 2) that the certificate is currently valid; and 3) that the certificate has a relationship with the site from which it's coming.
The padlock symbol lets you know that you are using encryption.
The browser then uses the public key to encrypt a randomly selected symmetric key. Public-key encryption takes a lot of computing, so most systems use a combination of public-key and symmetric key encryption. When two computers initiate a secure session, one computer creates a symmetric key and sends it to the other computer using public-key encryption. The two computers can then communicate using symmetric-key encryption. Once the session is finished, each computer discards the symmetric key used for that session. Any additional sessions require that a new symmetric key be created, and the process is repeated.
You can see how hard it would be to determine that the value 1,525,381 came from the multiplication of 10,667 and 143. But if you knew that the multiplier was 143, then it would be very easy to calculate the value 10,667. Public-key encryption is actually much more complex than this example, but that's the basic idea.
Public keys generally use complex algorithms and very large hash values for encrypting, including 40-bit or even 128-bit numbers. A 128-bit number has a possible 2128, or 3,402,823,669,209,384,634,633,746,074,300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 different combinations -- this would be like trying to find one particular grain of sand in the Sahara Desert.
As stated earlier, encryption is the process of taking all of the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Another process, authentication, is used to verify that the information comes from a trusted source. Basically, if information is "authentic," you know who created it and you know that it has not been altered in any way since that person created it. These two processes, encryption and authentication, work hand-in-hand to create a secure environment.
Password - The use of a user name and password provides the most common form of authentication. You enter your name and password when prompted by the computer. It checks the pair against a secure file to confirm. If either the name or the password does not match, then you are not allowed further access.
Pass cards - These cards can range from a simple card with a magnetic strip, similar to a credit card, to sophisticated smart cards that have an embedded computer chip.
Digital signatures - A digital signature is basically a way to ensure that an electronic document (e-mail, spreadsheet, text file) is authentic. The Digital Signature Standard (DSS) is based on a type of public-key encryption method that uses the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). DSS is the format for digital signatures that has been endorsed by the U.S. government. The DSA algorithm consists of a private key, known only by the originator of the document (the signer), and a public key. The public key has four parts, which you can learn more about at this page. If anything at all is changed in the document after the digital signature is attached to it, it changes the value that the digital signature compares to, rendering the signature invalid.
Checksum - Probably one of the oldest methods of ensuring that data is correct, checksums also provide a form of authentication because an invalid checksum suggests that the data has been compromised in some fashion. A checksum is determined in one of two ways. Let's say the checksum of a packet is 1 byte long. A byte is made up of 8 bits, and each bit can be in one of two states, leading to a total of 256 (28 ) possible combinations. Since the first combination equals zero, a byte can have a maximum value of 255.
If the sum of the other bytes in the packet is 255 or less, then the checksum contains that exact value.
If the sum of the other bytes is more than 255, then the checksum is the remainder of the total value after it has been divided by 256.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) - CRCs are similar in concept to checksums, but they use polynomial division to determine the value of the CRC, which is usually 16 or 32 bits in length. The good thing about CRC is that it is very accurate. If a single bit is incorrect, the CRC value will not match up. Both checksum and CRC are good for preventing random errors in transmission but provide little protection from an intentional attack on your data. Symmetric- and public-key encryption techniques are much more secure.
All of these various processes combine to provide you with the tools you need to ensure that the information you send or receive over the Internet is secure. In fact, sending information over a computer network is often much more secure than sending it any other way. Phones, especially cordless phones, are susceptible to eavesdropping, particularly by unscrupulous people with radio scanners. Traditional mail and other physical mediums often pass through numerous hands on the way to their destination, increasing the possibility of corruption. Understanding encryption, and simply making sure that any sensitive information you send over the Internet is secure (remember the "https" and padlock symbol), can provide you with greater peace of mind.
For more information on encryption and related topics, check out the links on the next page. | https://computer.howstuffworks.com/encryption.htm/printable |
---
abstract: 'We calculate baryon decuplet to octet electromagnetic transition form factors in quenched and partially quenched chiral perturbation theory. We work in the isospin limit of $SU(3)$ flavor, up to next-to-leading order in the chiral expansion, and to leading order in the heavy baryon expansion. Our results are necessary for proper extrapolation of lattice calculations of these transitions. We also derive expressions for the case of $SU(2)$ flavor away from the isospin limit.'
author:
- Daniel Arndt
- 'Brian C. Tiburzi'
title: |
Baryon Decuplet to Octet Electromagnetic Transitions in\
Quenched and Partially Quenched Chiral Perturbation Theory
---
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\#1
\#1[[(\[\#1\])]{}]{}
Introduction
============
The study of the baryon decuplet to octet electromagnetic transitions provides important insight into the strongly interacting regime of QCD. Spin-parity selection rules for these transitions allow for magnetic dipole (M1), electric quadrupole (E2), and Coulumb quadrupole (C2) amplitudes. Understanding these amplitudes, both in theory and experiment, gives insight into the ground state wavefunctions of the lowest lying baryons. For example, in the transition of the $\D(1232)$ to the nucleon, if both baryon wavefunctions are spherically symmetric then the E2 and C2 amplitudes vanish. Experimentally, M1 is seen to be the dominant amplitude. However, recent experimental measurements of the quadrupole amplitudes in the $\D\to N\g$ transition [@Mertz:1999hp; @Joo:2001tw] show that the quadrupole amplitudes E2 and C2 are likely non-zero. This has revitalized the discussion as to the mechanism for deformation of the baryons. Although we expect more experimental data in the future, progress will be slower for the remaining transitions as the experimental difficulties are significant.
First-principle lattice QCD calculations of these matrix elements can provide a theoretical explanation of these experimental results. In fact, the experimental difficulties may force us to rely on lattice data for the non-nucleonic transitions. Recently several such lattice calculations [@Alexandrou:2002pw; @Alexandrou:2003ea], which improve upon an earlier one [@Leinweber:1993pv], have appeared. Although these calculations still largely employ the quenched approximation of QCD, we expect partially quenched calculations to be performed in the near future. Unfortunately now and foreseeably, these lattice calculations cannot be performed with the physical masses of the light quarks as the calculation time would be prohibitively long. Therefore, to make physical predictions, it is necessary to extrapolate from the heavier quark masses used on the lattice (currently on the order of the strange quark mass) down to the physical light quark masses. Chiral perturbation theory () provides model-independent input for the behavior of observables as a function of quark masses.
For lattice calculations that use the quenched approximation of QCD (QQCD), where the fermion determinant that arises from the path integral is set equal to one, quenched chiral perturbation theory () [@Morel:1987xk; @Sharpe:1992ft; @Bernard:1992ep; @Bernard:1992mk; @Golterman:1994mk; @Sharpe:1996qp; @Labrenz:1996jy] has been developed to aid in the extrapolation. The problem with the quenched approximation is that the Goldstone boson singlet, the $\eta'$, which is heavy in QCD, remains light in QQCD and must be retained in , requiring the addition of new operators and hence new low-energy constants in the Lagrangian. In general, the low-energy constants appearing in the Lagrangian are unrelated to those in and extrapolated quenched lattice data is unrelated to QCD. In fact, several examples show that the behavior of meson loops near the chiral limit is frequently misrepresented in [@Booth:1994rr; @Kim:1998bz; @Savage:2001dy; @Arndt:2002ed; @Arndt:2003ww; @Arndt:2003we].
These problems of QQCD can be remedied by using partially quenched lattice QCD (PQQCD). Unlike QQCD, where the masses of quarks not connected to external sources are set to infinity, these “sea quark” masses are kept finite in PQQCD. The masses of the sea quarks can be varied independently of the valence quark masses; usually they are chosen to be heavier. By keeping the sea quarks as dynamical degrees of freedom, the fermion determinant is no longer equal to one and needs to be computed. However, by efficaciously giving the sea quarks larger masses it is much less costly to calculate. Moreover, since PQQCD retains a $U(1)_A$ anomaly, the equivalent to the singlet field in QCD is heavy (on the order of the chiral symmetry breaking scale $\L_\chi$) and can be integrated out [@Sharpe:2000bn; @Sharpe:2001fh]. As a consequence, the low-energy constants appearing in partially quenched chiral perturbation theory () [@Bernard:1994sv; @Sharpe:1997by; @Golterman:1998st; @Sharpe:1999kj; @Sharpe:2000bn; @Sharpe:2000bc; @Sharpe:2001fh; @Shoresh:2001ha], which is the low-energy effective theory of PQQCD, are the same as those appearing in . By fitting to partially quenched lattice data, one can determine these constants and actually make physical predictions for QCD. has been used recently to study heavy meson [@Savage:2001jw] and octet baryon observables [@Chen:2001yi; @Beane:2002vq; @Savage:2002fm; @Leinweber:2002qb; @Arndt:2003ww]. The available lattice calculations for the $\D\to N\g$ transition [@Alexandrou:2002pw; @Alexandrou:2003ea] use the quenched approximation; there are currently no partially quenched simulations. However, given the recent progress that lattice gauge theory has made in the one-hadron sector and the prospect of simulations in the two-hadron sector [@LATTICEproposal1; @LATTICEproposal2; @Beane:2002np; @Beane:2002nu; @Arndt:2003vx], we expect to see partially quenched calculations of these form factors in the near future.
This paper is organized as follows. First, in Section \[sec:PQCPT\], we briefly review including the treatment of the baryon octet and decuplet in the heavy baryon approximation [@Jenkins:1991jv; @Jenkins:1991ne]. Since we will use the conventions used in our recent related work on the octet and decuplet baryons [@Arndt:2003ww; @Arndt:2003we] we will keep this section brief. In Section \[sec:ff\] we calculate baryon decuplet to octet transition form factors in both and up to next-to-leading (NLO) order in the chiral expansion and keep contributions to lowest order in the heavy baryon mass, $M_B$. These calculations are done in the isospin limit of $SU(3)$ flavor. For completeness we also provide the results for the transitions using the $SU(2)$ chiral Lagrangian with non-degenerate quarks in the Appendix. In Section \[sec:conclusions\] we conclude.
\[sec:PQCPT\]
=============
In PQQCD the quark part of the Lagrangian is written as [@Sharpe:2000bn; @Sharpe:2001fh; @Sharpe:2000bc; @Sharpe:1999kj; @Golterman:1998st; @Sharpe:1997by; @Bernard:1994sv; @Shoresh:2001ha] $$\label{eqn:LPQQCD}
{\cal L}
=
\sum_{j,k=1}^9
\bar{Q}_j(i\Dslash-m_Q)_{jk} Q_k$$ that differs from the QCD $SU(3)$ flavor Lagrangian by the inclusion of three bosonic ghost quarks, $\tilde{u}$, $\tilde{d}$, and $\tilde{s}$, and three fermionic sea quarks, $j$, $l$, and $r$, in addition to the fermionic light valence quarks $u$, $d$, and $s$. These nine quarks are in the fundamental representation of the graded group $SU(6|3)$ [@BahaBalantekin:1981kt; @BahaBalantekin:1981qy; @BahaBalantekin:1982bk] and have been accommodated in the nine-component vector $$Q=(u,d,s,j,l,r,\tilde{u},\tilde{d},\tilde{s})$$ that obeys the graded equal-time commutation relation $$\label{eqn:commutation}
Q^\a_i({\bf x}){Q^\b_j}^\dagger({\bf y})
-(-1)^{\eta_i \eta_j}{Q^\b_j}^\dagger({\bf y})Q^\a_i({\bf x})
=
\d^{\a\b}\d_{ij}\d^3({\bf x}-{\bf y})
,$$ where $\a$ and $\b$ are spin and $i$ and $j$ are flavor indices. The graded equal-time commutation relations for two $Q$’s and two $Q^\dagger$’s can be written analogously. The grading factor $$\eta_k
= \left\{
\begin{array}{cl}
1 & \text{for } k=1,2,3,4,5,6 \\
0 & \text{for } k=7,8,9
\end{array}
\right.$$ takes into account the different statistics for fermionic and bosonic quarks. The quark mass matrix is given by $$m_Q=\text{diag}(m_u,m_d,m_s,m_j,m_l,m_r,m_u,m_d,m_s)$$ so that diagrams with closed ghost quark loops cancel those with valence quarks. Effects of virtual quark loops are, however, present due to the contribution of the finite-mass sea quarks.
As has been recently realized [@Golterman:2001yv], the light quark electric charge matrix $\cQ$ is not uniquely defined in PQQCD and the only constraint one imposes is for $\cQ$ to have vanishing supertrace so that, as in QCD, no new operators involving the singlet component are introduced. Following [@Chen:2001yi] we use $$\cQ
=
\diag
\left(
\frac{2}{3},-\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},q_j,q_l,q_r,q_j,q_l,q_r
\right)
.$$ QCD is recovered in the limit $m_j\to m_u$, $m_l\to m_d$, and $m_r\to m_s$ independently of the $q$’s.
For massless quarks, the Lagrangian in Eq. (\[eqn:LPQQCD\]) exhibits a graded symmetry $SU(6|3)_L \otimes SU(6|3)_R \otimes U(1)_V$ that is assumed to be spontaneously broken down to $SU(6|3)_V \otimes U(1)_V$. The low-energy effective theory of PQQCD that emerges by expanding about the physical vacuum state is . The dynamics of the emerging 80 pseudo-Goldstone mesons can be described at lowest order in the chiral expansion by the $\order(E^2)$ Lagrangian[^1] $$\label{eqn:Lchi}
{\cal L} =
\frac{f^2}{8}
\str\left(D^\mu\Sigma^\dagger D_\mu\Sigma\right)
+ \l\,\str\left(m_Q\Sigma+m_Q^\dagger\Sigma^\dagger\right)
+ \a\partial^\mu\Phi_0\partial_\mu\Phi_0
- \mu_0^2\Phi_0^2$$ where $$\label{eqn:Sigma}
\Sigma=\exp\left(\frac{2i\Phi}{f}\right)
= \xi^2,
\quad
\Phi=
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
M & \chi^{\dagger} \\
\chi & \tilde{M}
\end{array}
\right)
,$$ $f=132$ MeV, and the gauge-covariant derivative is $D_\mu\S=\partial_\mu\S+ie\cA_\mu[\cQ,\S]$. The str() denotes a supertrace over flavor indices. The $M$, $\tilde{M}$, and $\chi$ are matrices of pseudo-Goldstone bosons with quantum numbers of $q\ol{q}$ pairs, pseudo-Goldstone bosons with quantum numbers of $\tilde{q}\ol{\tilde{q}}$ pairs, and pseudo-Goldstone fermions with quantum numbers of $\tilde{q}\ol{q}$ pairs, respectively. $\Phi$ is defined in the quark basis and normalized such that $\Phi_{12}=\pi^+$ (see, for example, [@Chen:2001yi]). Upon expanding the Lagrangian in one finds that to lowest order the mesons with quark content $Q\bar{Q'}$ are canonically normalized when their masses are given by $m_{QQ'}^2=\frac{4\lambda}{f^2}(m_Q+m_{Q'})$.
The flavor singlet field given by $\Phi_0=\str(\Phi)/\sqrt{6}$ is, in contrast to the case, rendered heavy by the $U(1)_A$ anomaly and can therefore be integrated out in . Analogously its mass $\mu_0$ can be taken to be on the order of the chiral symmetry breaking scale, $\mu_0\to\Lambda_\chi$. In this limit the flavor singlet propagator becomes independent of the coupling $\a$ and deviates from a simple pole form [@Sharpe:2000bn; @Sharpe:2001fh].
Just as there are mesons in PQQCD with quark content $\ol{Q}_iQ_j$ that contain valence, sea, and ghost quarks, there are baryons with quark compositions $Q_iQ_jQ_k$ that contain all three types of quarks. To this end, one decomposes the irreducible representations of $SU(6|3)_V$ into irreducible representations of $SU(3)_{\text{val}} \otimes SU(3)_{\text{sea}} \otimes SU(3)_{\text{ghost}}
\otimes U(1)$. The method to construct the octet baryons is to use the interpolating field $$\cB_{ijk}^\g
\sim
\left(Q_i^{\a,a}Q_j^{\b,b}Q_k^{\g,c}-Q_i^{\a,a}Q_j^{\g,c}Q_k^{\b,b}\right)
\e_{abc}(C\g_5)_{\a\b}
.$$ The spin-1/2 baryon octet $B_{ijk}=\cB_{ijk}$, where the indices $i$, $j$, and $k$ are restricted to $1$-$3$, is contained as a $(\bf 8,\bf 1,\bf1)$ of $SU(3)_{\text{val}} \otimes SU(3)_{\text{sea}} \otimes SU(3)_{\text{ghost}}$ in the $\bf 240$ representation. The octet baryons, written in the familiar two-index notation $$B=
\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\L+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\S^0 & \S^+ & p \\
\S^- & \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\L-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\S^0 & n \\
\Xi^- & \Xi^0 & -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}\L
\end{array}
\right)
,$$ are embedded in $B_{ijk}$ as [@Labrenz:1996jy] $$B_{ijk}
=
\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\left(
\e_{ijl}B_{kl}+\e_{ikl}B_{jl}
\right)
.$$ The remaining baryon states needed for our calculation have at most one ghost or one sea quark and have been constructed explicitly in [@Chen:2001yi].
Similarly, the familiar spin-3/2 decuplet baryons are embedded in the $\bf 165$. Here, one uses the interpolating field $$\label{eqn:Tstate}
\cT_{ijk}^{\a,\mu}
\sim
\left(
Q_i^{\a,a}Q_j^{\b,b}Q_k^{\g,c}
+Q_i^{\b,b}Q_j^{\g,c}Q_k^{\a,a}
+Q_i^{\g,c}Q_j^{\a,a}Q_k^{\b,b}
\right)
\e_{abc}
\left(C\g^\mu\right)_{\b\g}$$ that describes the $\bf 165$ dimensional representation of $SU(6|3)_V$. The decuplet baryons $T_{ijk}$ are then readily embedded in $\cT$ by construction: $T_{ijk}=\cT_{ijk}$, where the indices $i$, $j$, and $k$ are restricted to $1$–$3$. They transform as a $(\bf 10, \bf 1, \bf1)$ under $SU(3)_{\text{val}} \otimes SU(3)_{\text{sea}} \otimes SU(3)_{\text{ghost}}$. Because of Eqs. (\[eqn:commutation\]) and , $T_{ijk}$ is a totally symmetric tensor. Our normalization convention is such that $T_{111}=\D^{++}$. For the spin-3/2 baryons consisting of two valence and one ghost quark or two valence and one sea quark, we use the states constructed in [@Chen:2001yi].
At leading order in the heavy baryon expansion, the free Lagrangian for the $\cB_{ijk}$ and $\cT_{ijk}$ is given by [@Labrenz:1996jy] $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqn:L}
{\mathcal L}
&=&
i\left(\ol\cB v\cdot{\mathcal D}\cB\right)
+2\a_M\left(\ol\cB \cB{\mathcal M}_+\right)
+2\b_M\left(\ol\cB {\mathcal M}_+\cB\right)
+2\sigma_M\left(\ol\cB\cB\right)\str\left({\mathcal M}_+\right)
\nonumber \\
&&-i\left(\ol\cT^\mu v\cdot{\mathcal D}\cT_\mu\right)
+\D\left(\ol\cT^\mu\cT_\mu\right)
+2\g_M\left(\ol\cT^\mu {\mathcal M}_+\cT_\mu\right)
-2\ol\sigma_M\left(\ol\cT^\mu\cT_\mu\right)\str\left({\mathcal M}_+\right)
,\end{aligned}$$ where ${\mathcal M}_+
=\frac{1}{2}\left(\xi^\dagger m_Q \xi^\dagger+\xi m_Q \xi\right)$. The brackets in (\[eqn:L\]) are shorthands for field bilinear invariants originally employed in [@Labrenz:1996jy]. The Lagrangian describing the relevant interactions of the $\cB_{ijk}$ and $\cT_{ijk}$ with the pseudo-Goldstone mesons is $$\label{eqn:Linteract}
{\cal L}
=
2\a\left(\ol{\cB}S^\mu \cB A_\mu\right)
+
2\b\left(\ol{\cB}S^\mu A_\mu \cB\right)
+
\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\cC
\left[
\left(\ol{\cT}^\nu A_\nu \cB\right)+\text{h.c.}
\right]
+
2{\mathcal H}\left(\ol{\cT}^\nu S^\mu A_\mu \cT_\nu\right)$$ where the axial-vector and vector meson fields $A^\mu$ and $V^\mu$ are defined in analogy to those in QCD, $A^\mu=\frac{i}{2}(\xi\partial^\mu\xi^\dagger-\xi^\dagger\partial^\mu\xi)$ and $V^\mu=\frac{1}{2}(\xi\partial^\mu\xi^\dagger+\xi^\dagger\partial^\mu\xi)$. The latter appears in Eq. in the covariant derivatives of $\cB_{ijk}$ and $\cT_{ijk}$ that both have the form $$({\mathcal D}^\mu \cB)_{ijk}
=
\partial^\mu \cB_{ijk}
+(V^\mu)_{il}\cB_{ljk}
+(-)^{\eta_i(\eta_j+\eta_m)}(V^\mu)_{jm}\cB_{imk}
+(-)^{(\eta_i+\eta_j)(\eta_k+\eta_n)}(V^\mu)_{kn}\cB_{ijn}
.$$ By restricting the indices of $\cB_{ijk}$ to $i,j,k=1,2,3$ one can relate the constants $\a$ and $\b$ to $D$ and $F$ that are used for the $SU(3)_{\text{val}}$ analogs of these terms in QCD and finds $$\a=\frac{2}{3}D+2F,\quad
\b=-\frac{5}{3}D+F
,$$ while $\cC$ and $\cH$ are the constants of QCD.
\[sec:ff\]Baryon Decuplet to Octet Transition
=============================================
The electromagnetic baryon decuplet to octet transitions have been investigated previously in [@Butler:1993pn; @Butler:1993ht; @Napsuciale:1997ny; @Gellas:1998wx]. Very recently there also has been renewed interest in these transitions in the large $N_c$ limit of QCD [@Jenkins:2002rj]. Here we calculate these transitions in and . While we have reviewed briefly in the last section and our recent papers [@Arndt:2003ww; @Arndt:2003we], for we refer the reader to the literature [@Morel:1987xk; @Sharpe:1992ft; @Bernard:1992ep; @Bernard:1992mk; @Golterman:1994mk; @Sharpe:1996qp; @Labrenz:1996jy].
Using the heavy baryon formalism [@Jenkins:1991jv; @Jenkins:1991ne], transition matrix elements of the electromagnetic current $J^\rho$ between a decuplet baryon with momentum $p'$ and an octet baryon with momentum $p$ can be parametrized as$$\langle{\ol B}(p)|J^\rho|T(p')\rangle
=
{\ol u}(p)\cO^{\rho\mu}u_\mu(p')
,$$ where $u_\mu(p)$ is a Rarita-Schwinger spinor for an on-shell decuplet baryon satisfying $v^\mu u_\mu(p)=0$ and $S^\mu u_\mu(p)=0$. The tensor $\cO^{\rho\mu}$ can be parametrized in terms of three independent, Lorentz invariant, dimensionless form factors [@Jones:1973ky] $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{O}^{\rho \mu}
&=&
\frac{G_1(q^2)}{M_B}
\left(q\cdot S g^{\mu\rho} -q^\mu S^\rho\right)
+
\frac{G_2(q^2)}{(2M_B)^2}
\left(q\cdot v g^{\mu\rho}-q^\mu v^\rho\right)S\cdot q
\nonumber \\
&&+
\frac{G_3(q^2)}{4M_B^2\D}
\left(q^2 g^{\mu\rho}-q^\mu q^\rho\right)S\cdot q
,\end{aligned}$$ where the momentum of the outgoing photon is $q = p' - p$. Here we have adopted the normalization of the $G_3(q^2)$ form factor used in [@Gellas:1998wx] so that the leading contributions to all three form factors are of order unity in the power counting.
Linear combinations of the above form factors at $q^2=0$ make the magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole, and Coulombic quadrupole moments, $$\begin{aligned}
G_{M1}(0)&=&\left(\frac{2}{3}-\frac{\D}{6M_B}\right)G_1(0)
+\frac{\D}{12M_B}G_2(0), \nonumber \\
G_{E2}(0)&=&\frac{\D}{6M_B}G_1(0)+\frac{\D}{12M_B}G_2(0), \nonumber \\
G_{C2}(0)&=&\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{\D}{6M_B}\right)G_1(0)
+\left(\frac{1}{6}+\frac{\D}{6M_B}\right)G_2(0)
+\frac{1}{6}G_3(0)
.\end{aligned}$$
###
Let us first consider the transition form factors in . Here, the leading tree-level contributions to the transition moments come from the dimension-5 and dimension-6 operators[^2] $$\label{eqn:Lbob}
\cL
=
\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\mu_T \frac{i e}{2 M_B}
\left( \ol \cB S^\mu \cQ \cT^\nu \right)F_{\mu \nu}
+
\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\mathbb{Q}_T \frac{e}{\L_\chi^2}
\left( \ol \cB S^{\{\mu} \cQ \cT^{\nu\}} \right)
v^\a \partial_\mu F_{\nu \a}$$ where the action of ${}^{\{}\ldots{}^{\}}$ on Lorentz indices produces the symmetric traceless part of the tensor, [*viz.*]{}, $\mathcal{O}^{\{\mu \nu\}}
= \mathcal{O}^{\mu \nu} + \mathcal{O}^{\nu \mu} -
\frac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \mathcal{O}^{\alpha}{}_{\alpha}$. Here the PQQCD low-energy constants $\mu_T$ and $\mathbb{Q}_T$ have the same numerical values as in QCD.
The NLO contributions in the chiral expansion arise from the one-loop diagrams shown in Figs. (\[F:D2B-PQ-thatarezero\]) and (\[F:D2B-PQ\]).
![\[F:D2B-PQ-thatarezero\] Loop diagrams that contribute to the transition moments but are zero to the order we are working. A thin (thick) solid line denotes an octet (decuplet) baryon whereas a dashed line denotes a meson.](F-D2B-PQ-thatarezero.eps){width="80.00000%"}
![\[F:D2B-PQ\] Loop diagrams contributing to the transition moments.](F-D2B-PQ.eps){width="40.00000%"}
However, because of the constraints satisfied by the on-shell Rarita-Schwinger spinors, the diagrams in Fig. (\[F:D2B-PQ-thatarezero\]) are all identically zero. Calculation of the diagrams in Fig. (\[F:D2B-PQ\]) gives $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqn:G1}
G_1(0)
&=&
\frac{\mu_T}{2}\a
+
\frac{M_B}{\L_\chi^2}4\cH\cC
\sum_X\b_X^T
\int_0^1 dx\,\left(1-\frac{x}{3}\right)
\left[
x\D\log\frac{m_X^2}{\mu^2}
-m_X\cR\left(\frac{x\D}{m_X}\right)
\right] \nonumber \\
&&-
\frac{M_B}{\L_\chi^2}4\cC(D-F)
\sum_X\b_X^B
\int_0^1 dx\,(1-x)
\left[
x\D\log\frac{m_X^2}{\mu^2}
+m_X\cR\left(-\frac{x\D}{m_X}\right)
\right]
,\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
G_2(0)
&=&
\frac{M_B^2}{\L_\chi^2}
\Bigg\{
-4\mathbb{Q}_T\a \nonumber \\
&&\phantom{xxxxx}+
16\cH\cC
\sum_X\b_X^T
\int_0^1 dx\,\frac{x(1-x)}{3}
\left[
\log\frac{m_X^2}{\mu^2}
+\frac{x\D m_X}{m_X^2-x^2\D^2}
\cR\left(\frac{x\D}{m_X}\right)
\right]\nonumber \\
&&-
16\cC(D-F)
\sum_X\b_X^B
\int_0^1 dx\,x(1-x)
\right]
\Bigg\}
,\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqn:G3}
G_3(0)
&=&
-\frac{M_B^2}{\L_\chi^2}16
\left[
\cH\cC
\sum_X\b_X^T
\int_0^1 dx\,\frac{x(1-x)}{3}\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)
\frac{\D m_X}{m_X^2-x^2\D^2}
\cR\left(\frac{x\D}{m_X}\right)
\right.\nonumber \\
&&\left.
+
\cC(D-F)
\sum_X\b_X^B
\int_0^1 dx\,x(1-x)\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)
\frac{\D m_X}{m_X^2-x^2\D^2}
\cR\left(-\frac{x\D}{m_X}\right)
\right]
,\end{aligned}$$ where the function $\mathcal{R}(x)$ is given by $$\cR (x)
=
\sqrt{x^2 - 1} \,
\log
\frac{x - \sqrt{x^2 - 1 + i \epsilon}}{x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1 + i \epsilon}}$$ and we have only kept loop contributions that are non-analytic in the meson mass $m_X$. The tree-level coefficients $\a$ are listed in Table \[t:tree\]
$\alpha$
------------------------------------ -----------------------
$\D \to N \gamma$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,+} \to \Sigma^+ \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Sigma^0 \gamma$ $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Lambda \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{2}$
$\Sigma^{*,-} \to \Sigma^- \gamma$ $0$
$\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^{0} \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$
$\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ $0$
: \[t:tree\] Tree-level coefficients $\alpha$ in , , and .
and the coefficients for the loop diagrams in Fig. (\[F:D2B-PQ\]), $\b_X^T$ and $\b_X^B$, are given in Tables \[t:clebschT\] and \[t:clebschB\], respectively. In these tables we have listed values corresponding to the loop meson with mass $m_X$. As required, in the QCD limit the coefficients reduce to those of .
------------------------------------ ------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
$\pi$ $K$ $\pi$ $K$ $\eta_s$ $ju$ $ru$ $js$ $rs$
$\D \to N \gamma$ $\frac{5}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ $0$ $0$ $\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $0$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,+} \to \Sigma^+ \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{5}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}} $ $-\frac{11 - 3 q_{jl} + 3 q_r}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_r}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{4 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 - 3 q_r}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 + 3 q_r}{9\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Sigma^0 \gamma$ $0$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{13 - 6 q_{jl} + 6 q_r}{18 \sqrt{3}}$ $- \frac{1 + 3 q_r}{9 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 - 6 q_r}{18 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Lambda \gamma$ $-\frac{2}{3}$ $-\frac{1}{3}$ $-\frac{1}{3}$ $-\frac{1}{6}$ $0$ $-\frac{1}{3}$ $-\frac{1}{6}$ $0$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,-} \to \Sigma^- \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 - 3 q_{jl} + 3 q_r}{9 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{9 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{9 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9 \sqrt{3}}$
$\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^{0} \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{5}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{11 - 3 q_{jl} + 3 q_r}{9 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{4 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 - 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$
$\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 - 3 q_{jl} + 3 q_r}{9 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{9\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{9\sqrt{3}}$
------------------------------------ ------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
: \[t:clebschT\] The $SU(3)$ coefficients $\beta_X^T$ in and .
------------------------------------ --------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------
$\pi$ $K$ $\pi$ $K$ $\eta_s$ $ju$ $ru$ $js$ $rs$
$\D \to N \gamma$ $-\frac{D + F}{\sqrt{3}(D-F)} $ $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} $ $\frac{D - 3 F}{\sqrt{3}(D-F)}$ $0$ $0$ $-\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}$ $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ $0$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,+} \to \Sigma^+ \gamma$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} $ $\frac{D + F}{\sqrt{3}(D-F)} $ $- \frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}} $ $- \frac{D - 7 F}{3\sqrt{3}(D-F)} + \frac{q_{jl}-q_r}{\sqrt{3}}$ $- \frac{1 + 3 q_r}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{4 - 3 q_{jl}}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 - 3 q_r}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_r}{3\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Sigma^0 \gamma$ $0$ $-\frac{D}{\sqrt{3}(D-F)} $ $\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{D + 5 F}{6\sqrt{3}(D-F)} - \frac{q_{jl}-q_r}{\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_r}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 - 6 q_{r}}{6\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2+ 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1+ 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Lambda \gamma$ $\frac{2D}{3(D-F)}$ $\frac{D}{3(D-F)}$ $-\frac{D-3F}{3(D - F )}$ $-\frac{D-3F}{6(D - F )}$ $0$ $1$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $0$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,-} \to \Sigma^- \gamma$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} $ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 - 3 q_{jl} + 3 q_r}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1+ 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1+ 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1+ 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$
$\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^{0} \gamma$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} $ $\frac{D + F}{\sqrt{3}(D-F)} $ $-\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $- \frac{D - 7 F}{3\sqrt{3}(D-F)} + \frac{q_{jl}-q_r}{\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1+ 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{4 - 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2- 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$
$\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} $ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} $ $\frac{1 - 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2 - 3 q_{jl} + 3 q_r}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $- \frac{2 + 3 q_{jl}}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1 + 3 q_{r}}{3\sqrt{3}}$
------------------------------------ --------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------
: \[t:clebschB\] The $SU(3)$ coefficients $\beta_X^B$ in and .
It is comforting that the one-loop results for the $G_3(q^2)$ form factor are finite. This is consistent with the fact that one cannot write down a dimension-7 operator that contributes at the same order in the chiral expansion as our one-loop result for $G_3(q^2)$. The full one-loop $q^2$ dependence of these form factors can easily be recovered by replacing $$m_X\to\sqrt{m_X^2-x(1-x)q^2}
.$$
Notice that the tree-level transitions $\S^{*,-} \to \S^- \gamma$ and $\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ are zero because they are forbidden by $d\leftrightarrow s$ $U$-spin symmetry [@Lipkin:1973rw]. There is also symmetry between the $\S^{*,+} \to \S^+ \gamma$ and $\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^0 \gamma$ transitions as well as the $\S^{*,-} \to \S^- \gamma$ and $\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ transitions that holds to NLO in and .
###
The calculation of the transition moments can be repeated in . At tree level, the operators in Eq. contribute, but their low-energy coefficients cannot be matched onto QCD. Therefore we annotate them with a “Q”. At the next order in the chiral expansion, there are again contributions from the loop diagrams in Fig. (\[F:D2B-PQ\]). The results are the same as in the partially quenched theory, Eqs. –, with the coefficients $\b_X^T$ and $\b_X^B$ replaced by $\b_X^{T,Q}$ and $\b_X^{B,Q}/(D^Q-F^Q)$, which are listed in Table \[t:clebschQ\].
------------------------------------ ---------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------
$\pi$ $K$ $\pi$ $K$
$\D \to N \gamma$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ $0$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q - 3 F^Q)$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,+} \to \Sigma^+ \gamma$ $0$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ $0$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (D^Q - 3 F^Q)$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Sigma^0 \gamma$ $0$ $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}$ $0$ $\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{3}}(D^Q - 3 F^Q)$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Lambda \gamma$ $-\frac{1}{3}$ $-\frac{1}{6}$ $-\frac{1}{3} ( D^Q - 3 F^Q)$ $-\frac{1}{6} (D^Q - 3 F^Q)$
$\Sigma^{*,-} \to \Sigma^- \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$
$\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^{0} \gamma$ $0$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ $0$ $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q - 3 F^Q)$
$\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0 $ $0$
------------------------------------ ---------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------
: \[t:clebschQ\] The $SU(3)$ coefficients $\beta_X^{B,Q}$ and $\beta_X^{T,Q}$ in .
In addition, there are contributions of the form $\mu_0^2\log m_q$ at the same order in the chiral expansion that are artifacts of quenching. These come from hairpin wavefunction renormalization diagrams and from the four loop diagrams in Fig. (\[F:D2B-Q\]).
![\[F:D2B-Q\] Loop diagrams contributing to the transition form factors in . The four diagrams correspond to terms involving the parameters $A_{XX'}$, $B_{XX'}$, $C_{XX'}$, and $D_{XX'}$ in Eqs. and .](F-D2B-Q.eps){width="40.00000%"}
In these diagrams the photon can couple to the baryon line via $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqn:LDF}
{\cal L}
&=&
\frac{ie}{2M_B}
\left[
\mu_\a^Q\left(\ol{\cB}[S_\mu,S_\nu]\cB\cQ\right)
+\mu_\b^Q\left(\ol{\cB}[S_\mu,S_\nu]\cQ\cB\right)
\right]
F^{\mu\nu} \nonumber \\
&&+
\mu_c^Q \frac{ 3 i e }{M_B} \big(\ol\cT_\mu \cQ \cT_\nu \big) F^{\mu \nu}
-
\mathbb{Q}_{\text{c}}^Q \frac{3 e}{\L_\chi^2}
\big(\ol \cT{}^{\{\mu} \cQ \cT^{\nu\}} \big)
v^\alpha \partial_\mu F_{\nu \alpha}\end{aligned}$$ and via the terms in Eq. including their hermitian conjugates (with quenched coefficients).[^3] It is easier to work with the combinations $\mu_D^Q$ and $\mu_F^Q$ defined by $$\mu_\a^Q
=
\frac{2}{3} \mu_D^Q + 2 \mu_F^Q \quad \text{and} \quad
\mu_\b^Q
=
-\frac{5}{3} \mu_D^Q + \mu_F^Q
.$$ Although the argument presented in [@Chow:1998xc] does not apply to the case of different initial and final states, the axial hairpin interactions still do not contribute simply because their presence requires closed quark loops. The hairpin wavefunction renormalization diagrams have been calculated in for the baryon octet [@Savage:2001dy] ($Z^Q_B$) and decuplet [@Arndt:2003we] ($Z^Q_T$) and we do not reproduce them here. We find the hairpin contributions to the transition form factors to be $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqn:G1HP}
G^{HP}_1(q^2)
&=&
\frac{\mu_T^Q}{2}\a\frac{Z_B^Q-1}{2}\frac{Z_T^Q-1}{2} \nonumber \\
&&+
\frac{\mu_0^2}{16\pi^2f^2}
\sum_{X,X'}
\Bigg[
\frac{5}{108}\cH^Q\mu_T^Q A_{XX'}I_{XX'}
-\frac{1}{18}\left(\cC^Q\right)^2\mu_T^QB_{XX'}I_{XX'}^{-\D,\D}
\nonumber \\
&&\phantom{xxxx}
-\frac{20}{27}\cH^Q\cC^QQ_T\mu_c^QC_{XX'}I_{XX'}^\D
-\frac{2}{3}\cC^Q\left(Q_T\mu_F^Q+\a_D\mu_D^Q\right)D_{XX'}I^{\D}_{XX'}
\Bigg]
,\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqn:G2HP}
G^{HP}_2(q^2)
&=&
-4{\mathbb Q}_T^Q\a\frac{M_B^2}{\L_\chi^2}
\frac{Z_B^Q-1}{2}\frac{Z_T^Q-1}{2}
\nonumber \\
&&+
\frac{\mu_0^2}{16\pi^2f^2}\frac{M_B^2}{\L_\chi^2}
\sum_{XX'}
\Bigg[
\frac{2}{9}\cH^Q{\mathbb Q}_T^QA_{XX'}I_{XX'}
+\frac{4}{3}\left(C^Q\right)^2
{\mathbb Q}_T^QB_{XX'}I^{-\D\,\D}_{XX'}
\nonumber \\
&&\phantom{xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx}
-\frac{16}{9}\cH^Q\cC^QQ_T{\mathbb Q}_C^QC_{XX'}I^\D_{XX'}
\Bigg]
,\end{aligned}$$ and $G^{HP}_3(q^2)=0$. Thus in : $G_j^Q(q^2)=G_j^{PQ}(q^2)+G_j^{HP}(q^2)$, where the $\b_X^T$ and $\b_X^B$ coefficients of $G_j^{PQ}(q^2)$, Eqs. (\[eqn:G1\])–(\[eqn:G3\]), are understood to be replaced by their quenched values $\b_X^{T,Q}$ and $\b_X^{B,Q}/(D^Q-F^Q)$. Above we have used the shorthand notation $I_{\eta_q\eta_{q^\prime}}=I(m_{\eta_q},m_{\eta_{q^\prime}},0,0,\mu)$, $I^{\D}_{\eta_q\eta_{q^\prime}}=I(m_{\eta_q},m_{\eta_{q^\prime}},\D,0,\mu)$, and $I^{\D_1,\D_2}_{\eta_q\eta_{q^\prime}}
=I(m_{\eta_q},m_{\eta_{q^\prime}},\D_1,\D_2,\mu)$ for the function $I(m_1,m_2,\D_1,\D_2,\mu)$ that is given by $$I(m_1,m_2,\D_1,\D_2,\mu)
=
\frac{Y(m_1,\D_1,\mu) +Y(m_2,\D_2,\mu) - Y(m_1,\D_2,\mu) - Y(m_2,\D_1,\mu)}
{(m_1^2 - m_2^2)(\D_1 - \D_2)}$$ with $$Y(m,\D,\mu)
=
\D\left(m^2-\frac{2}{3}\D^2\right)\log\frac{m^2}{\mu^2}
+\frac{2}{3}m(\D^2-m^2)\mathcal{R}\left(\frac{\D}{m}\right)
.$$ The coefficients $A_{XX'}$, $B_{XX'}$, $C_{XX'}$, and $D_{XX'}$ are listed in Tables \[t:QclebschAB\] and \[t:QclebschCD\].
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------- ------------------------
$\eta_u \eta_u$ $\eta_u \eta_s$ $\eta_s \eta_s$ $\eta_u \eta_u$ $\eta_u \eta_s$ $\eta_s \eta_s$
$\D \to N \gamma$ $2\sqrt{3}(D^Q-3F^Q)$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,+} \to \Sigma^+ \gamma$ $\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}} F^Q$ $-\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}} ( D^Q - 2 F^Q)$ $-\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} (D^Q - F^Q)$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Sigma^0 \gamma$ $-\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}} F^Q$ $\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} ( D^Q - 2 F^Q)$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (D^Q - F^Q)$ $-\frac{1}{6\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1}{6\sqrt{3}}$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Lambda \gamma$ $-\frac{4}{3} ( 2 D^Q - 3 F^Q)$ $-\frac{2}{3} ( D^Q - 6 F^Q)$ $\frac{1}{3} ( D^Q + 3 F^Q)$ $0$ $0$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,-} \to \Sigma^- \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$
$\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^{0} \gamma$ $-\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} ( D^Q - F^Q) $ $-\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}} ( D^Q - 2 F^Q)$ $\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}} F^Q$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2}{3 \sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}}$
$\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------- ------------------------
: \[t:QclebschAB\] The $SU(3)$ coefficients $A_{XX'}$ and $B_{XX'}$ in .
------------------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ---------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
$\eta_u \eta_u$ $\eta_u \eta_s$ $\eta_s \eta_s$ $\eta_u \eta_u$ $\eta_u \eta_s$ $\eta_s \eta_s$
$\D \to N \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $0$
$\Sigma^{*,+} \to \Sigma^+ \gamma$ $-\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} F^Q$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (D^Q+F^Q)$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (D^Q-F^Q)$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Sigma^0 \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}F^Q$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q+F^Q)$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q-F^Q)$
$\Sigma^{*,0} \to \Lambda \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $-\frac{4}{3} D^Q+2F^Q$ $\frac{5}{3} D^Q-F^Q$ $- \frac{1}{3}D^Q-F^Q$
$\Sigma^{*,-} \to \Sigma^- \gamma$ $\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}F^Q$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q+F^Q)$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q-F^Q)$
$\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^{0} \gamma$ $0$ $0$ $0$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q - F^Q)$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (D^Q+F^Q)$ $\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}F^Q$
$\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ $\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}$ $-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(D^Q - F^Q)$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (D^Q+F^Q)$ $-\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}F^Q$
------------------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ---------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
: \[t:QclebschCD\] The $SU(3)$ coefficients $C_{XX'}$ and $D_{XX'}$ in .
Note that the symmetry between the $\S^{*,+} \to \S^+ \gamma$ and $\Xi^{*,0} \to \Xi^0 \gamma$ transitions as well as the $\S^{*,-} \to \S^- \gamma$ and $\Xi^{*,-} \to \Xi^- \gamma$ transitions that holds in and is now broken by singlet loop contributions.
\[sec:conclusions\]Conclusions
==============================
We have calculated the baryon octet to decuplet transition form factors in and using the the isospin limit of $SU(3)$ flavor and have also derived the result for the nucleon doublet in two flavor away from the isospin limit. Extrapolating lattice calculations that employ the quenched or partially quenched approximation can only be done by using their respective low-energy theories, and . Whereas PQQCD can be smoothly connected to QCD, QQCD exhibits pathological behavior, in particular QQCD observables are usually more divergent in the chiral limit than in QCD. This stems from the fact that new operators not present in QCD must be included in the QQCD Lagrangian.
For the decuplet to octet transition form factors our NLO results are not more divergent than their counterparts: $G_1,G_2\sim\a+\b\log m_Q$ and $G_3\sim\a$. This, however, does not mean that this result is free of quenching artifacts. The quenched transition moments pick up contributions from hairpin loops. A particular oddity is that the quark mass dependence of the $\Sigma^{*,-}$ and $\Xi^{*,-}$ quenched transition moments is solely due to the singlet parameter $\mu_0^2$; even worse, $G_3^Q(q^2)=0$ at this order. These transitions thus present extremes of the quenched approximation in agreement with the quenched lattice data of [@Leinweber:1993pv] where the $\Sigma^{*,-}$ and $\Xi^{*,-}$ E2 moments were found to be significantly different from the other transitions. In contrast to results, our results will enable not only the extrapolation of PQQCD lattice simulations of the transition moments but also the extraction of predictions for the real world: QCD.
We would like to thank Martin Savage for very helpful discussions and for useful comments on the manuscript. This work is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG03-97ER4014.
\[s:su2\] $\D\to N\g$ Transitions in $SU(2)$ flavor with non-degenerate quarks
==============================================================================
In this Appendix, we repeat the calculation of the transition moments for the case of $SU(2)$ flavor with non-degenerate quarks, i.e., the quark mass matrix reads $m_Q^{SU(2)} = \diag(m_u, m_d, m_j, m_l, m_u, m_d)$. Since defining ghost and sea quark charges is constrained only by the restriction that QCD be recovered in the limit of appropriately degenerate quark masses, the most general form of the charge matrix is $$\cQ^{SU(2)}
= \diag\left(\frac{2}{3},-\frac{1}{3},q_j,q_l,q_j,q_l \right)
.$$ The symmetry breaking pattern is assumed to be $SU(4|2)_L \otimes SU(4|2)_R \otimes U(1)_V
\longrightarrow
SU(4|2)_V \otimes U(1)_V$. The baryon field assignments are analogous to the case of $SU(3)$ flavor. The nucleons are embedded as $$\label{eqn:SU2nucleons}
\cB_{ijk}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\left(\e_{ij} N_k + \e_{ik} N_j\right)
,$$ where the indices $i,j$ and $k$ are restricted to $1$ or $2$ and the $SU(2)$ nucleon doublet is defined as $$N = \left(\begin{matrix} p \\ n \end{matrix} \right)$$ The decuplet field $\cT_{ijk}$, which is totally symmetric, is normalized to contain the $\Delta$-resonances $T_{ijk}=\cT_{ijk}$ with $i$, $j$, $k$ restricted to 1 or 2 and $\cT_{111} = \D^{++}$. The construction of the octet and decuplet baryons containing one sea or one ghost quark is analogous to the $SU(3)$ flavor case [@Beane:2002vq] and will not be repeat here.
The free Lagrangian for $\cB$ and $\cT$ is the one in Eq. (\[eqn:L\]) (with the parameters having different numerical values than the $SU(3)$ case). The connection to QCD is detailed in [@Beane:2002vq]. Similarly, the Lagrangian describing the interaction of the $\cB$ and $\cT$ with the pseudo-Goldstone bosons is the one in Eq. (\[eqn:Linteract\]) that can be matched to the familiar one in QCD (by restricting the $\cB_{ijk}$ and $\cT_{ijk}$ to the $qqq$ sector), $$\begin{aligned}
\cL
&=&
2g_A{\ol N}S^\mu A_\mu N+g_1{\ol N}S^\mu N\tr(A_\mu)
+
g_{\D N} \left( \ol{T}{}^{kji}_{\nu} A_{il}^{\nu} N_j \e_{kl}
+ \text{h.c}
\right) \nonumber \\
&&+
2 g_{\D \D} \ol{T}{}^\nu_{kji} S_\mu A^\mu_{il} T_{\nu,ljk}
+
2 g_X \ol{T}{}^\nu_{kji} S_\mu T_{\nu,ijk} \tr (A^\mu)
,\end{aligned}$$ where one finds at tree-level $g_1=-2(D - F)$, $g_A = D + F$, ${\mathcal C} = - g_{\D N}$, and $\mathcal{H} = g_{\D \D}$, with $g_X = 0$. The leading tree-level operators which contribute to $\D\to N\g$ have the same form as in Eq. , of course the low-energy constants have different values.
Evaluating the transition moments at NLO in the chiral expansion yields expressions identical in form to those in Eqs. – with the SU$(2)$ identifications made for $\mathcal{C}$, $\mathcal{H}$, $D$, and $F$. For the $SU(2)$ coefficients in one finds $\b_X^B=g_A/\sqrt{3}$ and $\b_X^T=5/(3\sqrt{3})$ for the $\pi^\pm$. The corresponding values for the case of appear in Table \[t:clebschSU2\].
$\beta_X^B$ $\beta_X^T$
------ -------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
$uu$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}} (2 - 3 q_j)$ $-\frac{1}{9 \sqrt{3}}(2 - 3 q_j)$
$ud$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\,[1 + q_j - q_l + 2 \frac{g_A}{g_1}]\; $ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}} (4 - q_j + q_l)$
$dd$ $\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}} (1 + 3 q_l)$ $-\frac{1}{9 \sqrt{3}}(1 + 3 q_l)$
$ju$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}} (2 - 3 q_j)$ $\frac{1}{9 \sqrt{3}}(2 - 3 q_j)$
$lu$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}} (2 - 3 q_l)$ $\frac{1}{9 \sqrt{3}}(2 - 3 q_l)$
$jd$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}} (1 + 3 q_j)$ $\frac{1}{9 \sqrt{3}}(1 +3 q_j)$
$ld$ $-\frac{1}{3 \sqrt{3}} (1 + 3 q_l)$ $\frac{1}{9 \sqrt{3}}(1 +3 q_l)$
: \[t:clebschSU2\] The $SU(2)$ coefficients $\beta_X^B$ and $\beta_X^T$ in for $\Delta \to N \gamma$.
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<http://www.jlab.org/~dgr/lhpc/march00.pdf>.
<http://www.jlab.org/~dgr/lhpc/sdac_proposal_final.pdf>.
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[^1]: Here, $E\sim p$, $m_\pi$ where $p$ is an external momentum.
[^2]: We use $F_{\mu\nu}=\partial_\mu A_\nu-\partial_\nu A_\mu$.
[^3]: Note that possible contributions from diagrams involving $${\cal L}
=
\frac{e}{\L_\chi^2}
\left[
c_\a^Q(\ol{\cB}\cB\cQ)+c_\b^Q(\ol{\cB}\cQ\cB)
\right]
v_\mu\partial_\nu F^{\mu\nu}
+
c_c^Q \frac{3 e}{\L_\chi^2}
\big( \ol \cT{}^\sigma \cQ \cT_{\sigma} \big)
v_\mu \partial_\nu F^{\mu \nu}$$ are identically zero.
| |
CD4 T cells have long been thought to be orchestrators of the rest of the immune system, but the past decade of CD4 T cell research has revealed many new functions and new subsets of CD4 T cells such that the interactions between these subsets and the rest of the immune system in regards to viral pathogenesis need to be examined. We propose here a collaborative U19 program in response to RFA-AI-12-048, Immune Mechanisms of Virus Control. The work proposed is highly consistent with the aims of the RFA, including (1) examining the interactions between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in viral systems, (2) examining such actions at mucosal sites, in this case the lung, (3) examining how different T and B cell subsets are maintained after infection, and (4) defining the impact of multiple infections on viral immunity and pathogenesis. This U19 studies viruses of interest to this RFA, including Group 1 (HHV-6), Group 3A (LCMV, vaccinia virus), and Group 3C (influenza virus) pathogens. Further, our program uses mouse models that have provided valuable information regarding the immune response to viral infections, and it translates these findings into human immunology. This program is directed by Dr. Raymond Welsh and involves already collaborating scientists within one department (Pathology) at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). It consists of four research projects, one administrative core, and two scientific cores that will provide reagents to the projects as well as pursue novel technology development. Project 1 (Dr. Welsh) examines the ability of NK cells to act as natural suppressors of CD4 T cells and regulate B cells and CD8 T cell-dependent pathology and persistence in the lung; Project 2 (Dr. Swain) examines how memory CD4 T cells alter both innate and adaptive immunity to influenza A virus and contribute to long term antibody responses; Project 3 (Dr. Selin) examines how CD4 and CD8 T cells cross-reactive between different viruses mediate detrimental heterologous immunity in the lung in mouse models and in human influenza subjects; Project 4 (Dr. Stern) examines how human HHV-6-specific CD4 T cell responses regulate and are regulated by CD8 cells and NK cells. These highly collaborative projects will rely on a core B (Dr. Stern), which will provide MHC reagents for T cell analyses, and a core C (Dr. Huseby), which will provide T cell receptor cloning and transgenic mice. This program will be coordinated by an administrative Core A (Dr. Welsh), which will arrange meetings, consultations, resource sharing, and provide statistical analysis and data management. This work should provide insights into how to best harness these properties in the design of vaccine strategies. RELEVANCE: Infections of the respiratory track are among the leading cause of human illnesses, and they can be caused by many different viruses, which elicit strong immune responses and immunopathological lesions. This program project examines how CD4 T cells, considered the orchestrators of the immune system, interact with B cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells and the innate immune system to mediate or preclude virus-induced immunopathology. Knowledge gained form this study should help in the construction of vaccines and treatments for respiratory infections.
| |
The deadline for Digitizing Hidden Collections final proposals has now passed. Notification for the final round will be sent to applicants on or before December 29, 2017. For questions about the program e-mail [email protected].
Proposal Planning Resources
General Resources
- Google Docs Template: Applicants may use this template to assist with collaborative writing on draft proposals. If you are working with the Google Docs template, you will need to copy your final answer from each question into the official application form and submit your completed proposal by the deadline in order to be considered for a Digitizing Hidden Collections grant.
- Applicant Webinars: CLIR has scheduled two webinars in 2017 to orient applicants of the Digitizing Hidden Collections program and answer questions. The webinar schedule and any available links to recordings can be found below.
- Thursday, February 2, 2017, 2:00 pm Eastern time: Introductory Webinar. See recording, slides (including presentation transcript), and Q&A transcript.
- Thursday, March 2, 2017, 2:00 pm Eastern time: Q&A Webinar 1. See recording and a Q&A transcript.
- In 2017 CLIR also held three office hours for applicants over Twitter.
- All webinars are first come, first served. If you are unable to attend the webinar or the room is at capacity, complete recordings of each session will be posted here shortly following their conclusion.
- Digitizing Special Formats wiki: This is a list of external resources to help applicants plan projects involving the digitization of rare and unique materials. Content is curated by the Digital Library Federation (DLF).
Sample Proposals
- Japanese Historical Maps – University of California Berkeley, C.V. Starr East Asian Library (2016)
- Home Movies and Amateur Films by Women 1925-1997 – Northeast Historic Film, Chicago Film Archives, and the Lesbian Home Movie Project (2016)
- Digitizing the House of Beadle and Adams and their Nickel and Dime Novels – Northern Illinois University and Villanova University (2016)
- Photographic Collections of the Erie Canal – Erie Canal Museum and the Canal Society of New York State (2015)
- Gabriel Garcia Marquez Online Archive – University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransom Center (2015)
- Bibliotheca Philadelphiensis: Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts in PACSCL Libraries – Lehigh University, Linderman Library; Free Library of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania Libraries; Bryn Mawr College; College of Physicians of Philadelphia; Haverford College; Library Company of Philadelphia; Rosenbach Museum and Library; Swarthmore College; Temple University; University of Delaware; Chemical Heritage Foundation; Franklin & Marshall College; Villanova University; and the Philadelphia Museum of Art (2015)
Document Library
Application Documents
- Final proposal cover sheet (final round only)
- Institutional Letter of Support Cover Sheet (final round only)
- List of Collections to be Digitized
- Budget Form
- Intellectual Property agreement (to be signed if awarded a grant):
Blog Posts
- Building Bridges: Creating Collaborative Partnerships Between Large and Small Institutions
- Missed Connections
- So what do we mean by “hidden”?
- Making the Rules: Where to Start?
- Addressing tensions between rights and access in CLIR’s proposed digitization program
- Digitizing Hidden Collections: What You’ve Told Us
Frequently Asked Questions
For questions that are not answered below or in the application guidelines [update link], contact CLIR program staff at [email protected]. During the application period, CLIR accepts inquiries by e-mail only; no phone calls, please.
General Questions
Through its support of digitization, this program will enhance the emerging global digital research environment in ways that support new kinds of scholarship for the long term. It will help to ensure that the full wealth of resources held by collecting institutions becomes integrated with the open Web, where it can be made easily discoverable and accessible alongside related materials. To promote broad access, careful preservation, standardization, and usability, approaches to digitization should be coordinated across institutions when feasible. By encouraging strategic collaboration and communication among this program’s grant recipients, CLIR expects to help broaden understanding of the complexity of these issues in the professional communities responsible for rare and unique collections.
- Associations or societies, including local historical societies and cultural associations.
- Libraries and archives, including public libraries, college and university libraries, research libraries, and library consortia or parent organizations such as academic institutions that are responsible for the administration of the library. Archives that are not part of an institution of higher education are also eligible, so long as they are non-profit institutions and their services and materials are made publicly available in support of scholarly research.
- Museums, including aquariums, arboretums and botanical gardens, art museums, youth museums, general museums, historic houses and sites, history museums, nature centers, natural history and anthropology museums, planetariums, science and technology centers, specialized museums, and zoological parks.
- Government units and their agencies or instrumentalities not organized under IRS Section 501(c)3, provided that collecting and disseminating scholarly and cultural resources are among the primary functions of the unit and grant funds will be used for charitable purposes within the scope of the Digitizing Hidden Collections program. We recommend that government units wishing to apply for the Digitizing Hidden Collections grant contact us at [email protected] to ascertain their eligibility.
- Any combination of the above institutions may apply to undertake a collaborative, multi-institution project.
The applicant institution(s) must be located in the United States or in an associated entity, e.g., the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or American Samoa. CLIR also accepts proposals for collaborative projects that include partnerships between U.S. and Canadian institutions. Collaborators at Canadian institutions may serve as co-principal investigators, but the lead institution (i.e., the institution that will lead the work; that will manage the project, including assuming financial responsibility for any funds awarded; and that submits the application) must be a U.S. institution that meets the criteria listed above.
CLIR will accept applications for collections that have been fully or partially cataloged as well as those for which no catalog records exist. Because most finding aids for archival materials do not include item-level descriptions, CLIR understands that some digitization projects will require the production of original descriptive metadata, even if these collections have already been described in a finding aid or in a catalog at the collection or series level. Such descriptive metadata would be in addition to the technical and administrative metadata required to manage the digital objects.
See also: So what do we mean by “hidden”?, Re:Thinking (Blog post, February 12, 2015)
Applicants may find information from the Digitizing Special Formats wiki, which is curated by the Digital Library Federation, helpful in planning project proposals.
Questions About Initial Proposals
While reviewers consider all proposals separately on their own merits, applicants from institutions submitting multiple proposals should consult with one another as they craft their applications and demonstrate an awareness of other planned projects in their proposal narratives, where relevant, keeping in mind the program’s emphasis on strategic collaborations.
If our institution does not submit an initial proposal, will it still be possible for us to submit a final proposal by the final deadline?
If our institution submits an initial proposal that is deemed not sufficiently competitive by reviewers will it still be possible to submit a final proposal?
- Representative samples of materials to be digitized: Maximum of 10 pages, containing images of up to 10 selected items.
- Rights, Ethics, and Re-Use Statement: Maximum of 4 pages, plus appendices for additional documentation.
- Project Plan: Maximum of 3 pages.
- Technical Plan: Maximum of 4 pages.
- Digital Preservation and Sustainability Plan: Maximum of 2 pages.
Submitted documents that exceed the above page limits will be truncated by program staff before proposals are read by reviewers, and will need to be revised if the proposal moves on to the final round of consideration. For example, if a five-page document is submitted for the Project Plan (limit 3 pages), reviewers will only recieve the first three pages of the submitted plan, along with a note explaining that the plan exceeded the page limit.
How specific must applicants be in giving details of their proposed project's budget in the initial proposal?
If working with outside vendors, formal quotes for the project work will not be required until the final application round, at which point a minimum of two quotes must be submitted. In the initial round, applicants should provide an informed estimate of the cost of outsourced work; applicants are encouraged to reach out to potential vendors for a preliminary price point.
The information from your application that will be made public is as follows:
- Name(s) and title(s) of the Principal Investigator(s); the
- Collection/Project Title, Goals and Project Summary; and the
- Description of Content: Public section: all information. (Information provided in the Description of Content: Confidential section will not be made public.)
- Cover sheet: Applicants will be required to complete and include a cover sheet with their final proposal.
- TODO: Update URLs
Vendor quotes (if applicable): Applicants working with an external digitization vendor will need to provide copies of at least two quotes or proposed contracts for subcontracted work associated with this project, in which the relevant work to be conducted and costs incurred are clearly delineated. See CLIR’s Guidelines for grants involving consultants or subcontractors (.pdf) for more information.
Questions About Core Values
The six core values are: scholarship, comprehensiveness, connectedness, collaboration, sustainability, and openness. Additional information on the program’s core values can be found here.
See also: Making the Rules: Where to Start, Re:Thinking (Blog post, November 25, 2014).
Who does CLIR consider to be a "scholar" for the purposes of assessing the significance of a project for "scholarship"?
What do you mean by "comprehensiveness"? Under what circumstances may an applicant propose the digitization of parts of a larger collection?
It is permissible to propose the digitization of portions of larger collections, so long as those portions have inherent research value on their own and provide by themselves or in tandem with other available digitized collections comprehensive coverage of a topic or topics of broad scholarly interest. Applicants may propose to digitize a portion, rather than an entire collection, in instances when that portion is part of a collection that is too large to be digitized within the restrictions of the program, when that portion is the only portion of a collection likely to be of any interest to scholars, or when, in the case of a multi-institutional collaboration, that portion is the only portion of a collection relevant to the overall theme of the project. It is not permissible to apply to this program to digitize select items within a collection in cases where those selections have not already been made or to provide “digitize on demand” services. It is not permissible to apply to digitize only “highlights” of a particular collection or collections.
Guidance and Criteria for Selections
For further information about how reviewers evaluate Hidden Collections proposals, consult the list of questions CLIR asks reviewers (PDF).
While innovation is not a requirement for participation in the program, applications that propose sound yet truly ground-breaking approaches often are more attractive to reviewers. Applications that propose adopting others’ established best practices in ways that strengthen the coherence of local activities with national and international efforts to protect and promote the use of unique and rare cultural heritage resources are also highly valued. CLIR leaves the definitions of “ground-breaking” and “innovative” deliberately open so that applicants may describe what these mean in their own institutional and professional contexts. All applicants should demonstrate an understanding of how their proposed approach to digitization fits into current understanding of professional practice, regardless of whether they propose unique improvements to this practice.
No more than $4,000,000 in grant funds may be awarded in a given year. For this reason, the number of large grants in any single year is likely to be small. However, all submissions are solely evaluated on the extent to which they exemplify the program’s core values in the context of the overall pool of applications. Smaller grant requests are thus not necessarily favored over large ones.
What kinds of information must applicants include in the Budget Narrative? What costs may be requested in the budget?
Eligibility for Collaborative Projects
Prerequisites:
- To qualify as a multi-institutional—e.g., partnership or consortial—effort, the proposed project must involve at least one U.S. 501(c)(3) or educational institution as the lead applicant and at least one additional U.S. or Canadian non-profit or educational institution as a participating partner. Formalized consortia that represent a membership of one or more eligible organizations also are eligible to submit collaborative proposals.
- The applicant institution and its partners must be governed by at least two distinct entities. Proposals from collaborating subunits of an entity, established by one overarching charter—such as different centers, libraries, archives, or museums governed by the same university—do not qualify as partnerships or consortia and therefore are limited to the same restrictions as proposals from single institutions.
The following are factors reviewers will also consider:
Contributing factors:
- Both the applicant institution and any named partner institutions must have substantial responsibilities for and interests in the project beyond the mere fiscal management of grant funds or the receipt of funds for services provided. Vendors providing services in exchange for grant funds do not qualify as partners even if the vendor is a non-profit organization.
May consortia or multiple partnering institutions, as well as single institutions, apply for a grant?
Any division of funds and responsibilities should be addressed in the project plan and other explanatory sections of the proposal. Applicants submitting a joint or consortial project must include a detailed list of collections to be digitized in their final proposals.
Applicants should also clearly explain how the collaboration or partnership advances the missions and meets the priorities of the partner organizations or institutions and how it enhances the capacity of each partner to support the creation of new knowledge. Collaborating partners should identify benefits of the project that would not be possible if the partners worked individually.
CLIR also encourages applicants to consider working together on a less formal basis, even when submitting separate proposals. Applicants may note in their proposals that they are interested in collaborating with other applicants holding similar collections or engaging in similar activities. The review panel will consider the potential benefits of these informal partnerships when recommending proposals for funding. | https://staging.clir.org/hiddencollections/applicant-resources/ |
Also See: Dragoon, AZ ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos
The Dragoon Census Designated Place had a population of 198 as of July 1, 2019.
The primary coordinate point for Dragoon is located at latitude 32.0281 and longitude -110.0387 in Cochise County. The formal boundaries for the Dragoon Census Designated Place encompass a land area of 1.75 sq. miles and a water area of 0 sq. miles. Cochise County is in the Mountain time zone (GMT -7). The elevation is 4,632 feet.
The Dragoon Census Designated Place (GNIS ID: 2582774) has a U1 Census Class Code which indicates a census designated place with an official federally recognized name. It also has a Functional Status Code of "S" which identifies a statistical entity.
Arizona is one of 20 states where Census County Divisions (CCDs) are used for statistical tracking of subdivisions within each county. The Dragoon Census Designated Place is located within Benson Division of Cochise County.
Also See: Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX
|Dragoon, AZ Housing Affordability Index is 163 |
State of Arizona Housing Affordability Index is 118
|The Housing Affordability Index base is 100 and represents a balance point where a resident with a median household income can normally qualify to purchase a median price home. Values above 100 indicate increased affordability, while values below 100 indicate decreased affordability.|
WEALTH INDEX
|Dragoon, AZ Wealth Index is 111 |
State of Arizona Wealth Index is 94
|The Wealth Index is based on a number of indicators of affluence including average household income and average net worth, but it also includes the value of material possessions and resources. It represents the wealth of the area relative to the national level. Values above or below 100 represent above-average wealth or below-average wealth compared to the national level.|
These new demographic attributes are availiable for Neighborhoods, Cities, Counties, and ZIP Codes.
More Tools and Resources:
POPULATION
|Total Population||198 (100%)|
|Population in Households||198 (100.0%)|
|Population in Families||162 (81.8%)|
|Population in Group Quarters1||0|
|Population Density||113|
|Diversity Index2||32|
INCOME
|Median Household Income||$62,696|
|Average Household Income||$80,355|
|Per Capita Income||$34,375|
|Wealth Index4||111|
HOUSING
|Total Housing Units||115 (100%)|
|Owner Occupied HU||76 (66.1%)|
|Renter Occupied HU||17 (14.8%)|
|Vacant Housing Units||22 (19.1%)|
|Median Home Value||$215,909|
|Housing Affordability Index3||163|
HOUSEHOLDS
|Total Households||93|
|Average Household Size||2.13|
|Family Households||61|
|Average Family Size||3|
| |
GROWTH RATE / YEAR
|2010-2019||2019-2024|
|Population||-0.58%||-0.61%|
|Households||-0.45%||-0.65%|
|Families||0.74%||-0.66%|
|Median Household Income||2.06%|
|Per Capita Income||2.85%|
The table below compares Dragoon to the other 450 incorporated cities, towns and CDPs in Arizona by rank and percentile using July 1, 2019 data. The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value. A location that ranks higher than 75% of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group.
|Variable Description||Rank||Percentile|
|Total Population||# 355||21st|
|Population Density||# 274||39th|
|Diversity Index||# 281||38th|
|Median Household Income||# 46||90th|
|Per Capita Income||# 50||89th|
Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Arizona Census Data Comparison Tool. | https://arizona.hometownlocator.com/az/cochise/dragoon.cfm |
One in every 13 cybersecurity professionals are considered to be ‘grey hats’ by their colleagues while 20 percent have considered becoming black hats.
The findings were released in a report published today by IT security company Malwarebytes.
The report also found that an organisation in the United Kingdom with 2,500 employees should expect to pay more than £821,000 per year in cybersecurity-related costs.
In cybersecurity terminology, a black hat is a hacker with malicious intent and are responsible for ransomware and cyber breaches. Whereas a white hat are cyber professionals who use their hacking skills to help companies identify vulnerabilities within their security systems. | https://techmonitor.ai/technology/cybersecurity/grey-hats-under-the-bed |
MAXQDA is one of the pioneers of method integration. Functionality for working with both qualitative and quantitative data was already available in the very first version of the software, which came out in the late 1980s. The option to view a matrix of quantitative data parallel to the texts has been a keystone of these mixed methods. In the previous version, MAXQDA 10, the option to create code variables was added, which makes it possible to assign variable values to different sections of a single document. Since version 12.2, the “Stats” module has provided a fully integrated statistical function for the implementation of descriptive and inferential statistical calculations, the results of which can be used for integrative analyses of your qualitative data.
Activate by document variables – lets you activate documents to be included in the Coding Query based on document variable values. You could, for example, use this function to identify what men between the ages of 40 and 50 said about migration issues.
Interactive Quote Matrix – creates a Word file showing what different groups said about a theme based on certain variable values that you specify. Each group’s coded segments for the specified codes are in a different column. You could, for example, choose to see how those with various levels of education differ on their approach to combating homelessness.
Crosstabs – works parallel to the Code Matrix Browser, except that this function doesn’t work on the document level. Instead, you can create groups based on your variable values and compare how often each of these groups talks about each theme. You could, for example, compare how often men talk about relationships in your life satisfaction interviews in comparison to women.
Quantitizing – This is the transformation of qualitative coding information into quantitative variables. Quantitizing allows you to store the code frequencies as document variables, such that for each document you have information about how often a code appears in that document. This information can then be analyzed statistically or used for the selection of cases.
Similarity analysis for documents – selected documents are analyzed on the basis of existing coded segments and document variables for their similarity, and the results are presented in a similarity or distance matrix.
Joint Displays – MAXQDA offers a variety of displays that integrate qualitative and quantitative data and that are related to often used mixed methods designs. “Side-by-side displays” array qualitative and quantitative results, “Qualitative themes for quantitative groups” display coded segments or summaries in a table for groups that have been defined by document variable values, and the display “Statistics for qualitative groups” divides documents into groups by the documentts’ variable values and compares mean, standard deviation and relative frequencies for selected variables.
Transform code into document variable or categorical document variable – Codes can be added as document variables that specify how often the code occurs in the document (“Quantitizing” as described above) or which subcode occurs most frequently in a document. The latter is particularly useful for evaluative qualitative content analyses. | https://www.maxqda.com/help-max18/mixed-methods-functions/general |
PUBLIC-PRIVATE MEDICAL PRACTICE: Is it really the greedy preying on the needy?
The Ministry of Health has launched the debate on private practice by doctors working in public hospitals…once more. The public perception is being shaped around the supposition that doctors are the culprits of some wrongdoing and need to be brought back in line. By the looks of it, the public workshop planned for the 16th of January sounds more like a reproachfest than a consultative exercise, given that it will also be open to members of the public. There are perhaps certain points that the minister, people working in his ministry and those who remain in offices deciding the sanctions to be dealt to doctors from the comfort of their ivory towers, are not aware of. The aim of this article is to bring same to their attention.
First of all, the perspective should be moved from the doctors to patients. Why do patients go for private care with doctors working in public hospitals while undergoing a treatment there? Because there is a general perception that whatever is paid for will be better than what is obtained for free. Healthcare is no different. As a doctor, working in a public hospital, I have received countless requests of patients wishing to attend my private practice. Patients who are regularly seen by a doctor in public, will want a private care from the same doctor because (s)he believes that in private, the doctor will have more time to allocate to the patient; which is not far from the truth.
Doctors routinely have to see 70-80 patients in less than 4 hours during an outpatient consultation, which means less than five minutes per patient. Given this tight timeframe, doctors often have to call in the next patient to be prepped for examination, while taking care of a patient already, to gain time, which compromises both patients’ privacy. Let’s not forget, this is the public hospital, where people feel entitled to raise their voices, and occasionally their hands on doctors when they get tired of waiting… for doctors who are trying their best to do their jobs in not-so-favourable conditions. The same patient, in the waiting room of a private consultation room, will bide his time because he thinks that since he is paying good money, he needs to show some manners. This brings us to the next point.
Doctors, working in public, wishing to engage into private practice, respond to a demand that is highly present. When a patient asks a public doctor for private care, it means that a relation of trust has already been established between the two, which discredits the perception that public doctors are not competent. In private practice, the doctor gets to control many variables which leads to a better service, thus benefitting both the doctor and the patient. The doctor gets to choose the number of patients he can accommodate in order to give enough time to all patients indiscriminately. Moreover, without having to go through red-tape hospital procedures, tests can be carried out and results can obtained more quickly. The doctor is also not limited to giving patients only medicines that are available in the hospital pharmacy, but better performing ones.
Patients are also astute when it comes to surgeries. Many patients commit to long-term treatments privately with doctors working in public hospitals to get preferential treatment when it comes to surgeries; where they do not have to wait their turn on the public list. The competition for a privileged turn on the hospital surgery list is not limited to patients of doctors practising both in private and public. It is a very common practice among hospital staff as well. Several members of the paramedical staff of a large public hospital often bring in their family members who do not live in the catchment area of the hospital for treatment with a doctor who they like. Such internal pressure from staff means that doctors find themselves in a delicate situation where it is diffcult for them to refuse. If a doctor is pressured by internal staff, why cannot he do the same for a patient who is paying him?
Patients do not come to us out of pity because they think we are underpaid, and wish to contribute to our well-being. Patients come to us because they trust that we can give them better care in private. We public doctors are not here to give solutions to the minister on a silver platter, since he is not ready to engage with us objectively. We put forward our day-to-day experiences. We are after all, public servants, whom the public and ministry alike think are not worthy of a thank you, despite keeping the free health system of this country running. Unlike the minister and his appointees, we are here for more than five years, out of commitment for our jobs and dedication for helping others. Unless and until he decides to match conditions that a private practice offers, he might as well let doctors do their jobs to the best of their abilities in public and private, so that a maximum of people can be reached. I conclude on this note: if there is to be a regulation for the health sector regarding private/public practice, it is only fair that the same is extended to all sectors. I think of the education sector for instance. | |
Home » Tell Me Why Numerous Questions and Answers » What Is Beelining?
Beelining also known as bee lining, bee hunting, and coursing bees is an ancient art used to locate feral bee colonies by capturing and marking foraging worker bees, then releasing them from various points to establish (by elementary trigonometry) the direction and distance of the colony’s home.
Beeliners generally have homemade capture boxes which aid them in their quest. Beelining was formerly a serious occupation in Appalachia where it was a means to obtain honey as a sweetener, and sometimes to capture wild colonies for domestication.
When a hollow tree (gum) was found, it often was sawed above and below the colony and carried back to be set up as a kept hive near home. Honey was harvested from such colonies by “sulphuring,” (using burning sulfur) to kill the insects.
Feral hives in the USA are uncommon since the arrival of varroa mites in the 1980s, and may represent an important, though small, pool of genetic resistance to the mites. Their value as potential breeding stock may far outweigh the value of their honey. | http://www.juniorsbook.com/tell-me-why-numerous-questions-and-answers/what-is-beelining/ |
PuSh Blog
Vancouver, BC – The 14th annual PuSh International Performing Arts Festivaltook place January 16 to February 4, 2018 at venues across Vancouver and, for the first time, in New Westminster. The festival closes a successful year furthering its reputation of presenting groundbreaking live performing arts experiences from around the world.Artists hailing from Australia, Belgium, Canada, England, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Taiwan and the US descended on the city to speak, perform, enlighten and engage in dialogue as part of the 2018 PuSh Festival. More than 17,500 Vancouverites and visitors were in attendance at more than 150 performances and events over the 20 days of the Festival. In addition, 176 delegates from Canada and abroad participated in the annual PuSh Assembly’s Industry Series Week, attending performances, creative pitches on new shows, roundtables on sector trends and innovation, and the PushOFF platform of tour-ready shows.
Coming off a jam-packed three weeks, PuSh Festival Artistic and Executive Director Norman Amour reflected, “I’m not one to compare one edition of the Festival to the next, but in light of the works presented in 2018, many long in development, immense in scale and ambition, technically demanding, intellectually rigorous, and all thematically compelling, the PuSh Festival outdid itself this time. We find ourselves in a precarious political, environmental and social moment. In response, artists are creating works to invoke much-needed empathy—impassioned works that connect us to the world at large, to each other, and to the issues at hand. Such performance offerings were in abundance at PuSh—from Inside/Out to King Arthur’s Night, from MDLSX to The Eternal Tides—drawing audiences in droves, while affirming our Festival as one of Canada’s, and indeed the world’s, most noteworthy performing arts events.”
The 2018 Festival was a monumental success in its entirety; however, several standouts left a lasting impression with audiences and critics. The one-night dance/rock show Some Hope for the Bastards kicked things off. Montreal’s Frédérick Gravel electrified the crowd with this show, which was co-commissioned by the PuSh Festival, setting an exhilarating tone for the following three weeks. At The Cultch, this year’s Spotlight on Ireland suite provided encounters with cutting-edge works from the Emerald Isle: Dublin Oldschool, I’m Not Here, and Reassembled, Slightly Askew.
For the first time, the edgy, late-night Club PuSh series came to New Westminster patrons as part of a proud partnership with the Anvil Centre. This also marked the first time Club PuSh was presented at two venues simultaneously; the showcase continued at its Vancouver location at The Fox Cabaret on Main Street.
Among other highlights, GRAMMY-winning drummer Antonio Sánchez brought the house down with his virtuosic live score for BiRDMAN LiVE at the Vogue Theatre. Neworld Theatre flipped perceptions of possibilities in theatre with a relaxed performance of its radically inclusive King Arthur’s Night. At The Eternal Tides, awestruck audiences could hear a pin drop as the meditative dancers of Legend Lin Dance Theatre performed in this epic work that helped close the festival. Presenting partners of TAIWANfest and members of Vancouver’s vibrant Taiwanese community were among the 1,900 attendees to fill the Queen Elizabeth Theatre.
2018 PuSh Festival Overview
150+ performances and events at 18 venues across Vancouver over 20 days
More than 17,500 patrons attended over three weeks, including nearly 400 PuSh Passholders who came out to the festival 2,000 times
70 sold-out performances and events
179 artists representing 11 countries performed in 20 Main Stage shows, eight Club PuSh shows and many other ancillary events
250+ youth, aged 16 to 24, participated in the Youth Program, which included $5 Youth tickets, professional work experience, networking and learning opportunities in the performing arts industry
176 arts industry professionals representing 14 countries participated in business exchange, networking and professional development at the PuSh Assembly
550+ people were served by Accessible PuSh initiatives, which included free or discounted tickets for community organizations serving underserved communities
About the PuSh International Performing Arts Festival (pushfestival.ca)
The PuSh International Performing Arts Festival is Vancouver’s signature, mid-winter cultural event, taking place over three weeks each January in theatres and venues across the city. The PuSh Festival presents groundbreaking, contemporary works of theatre, dance, music, and multimedia by acclaimed local, national, and international artists.
The 15th anniversary edition of the PuSh Festival will take place January 14 – February 3, 2019. Full programming will be announced in November 2018.
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The body of work on this subject explores not only pet ownership’s positive impact on our overall health but also its role in treating specific conditions. Having a pet has been credited with reducing stress, lowering blood pressure and helping children become better, more confident readers, to name just a few examples, and various species are also proving to be helpful in working with people with Alzheimer’s disease, depression, cancer, autism spectrum disorders and trauma.
For the latest developments, check the Human Animal Bond Research Initiative (HABRI) Foundation and Pet Partners (formerly the Delta Society), both of which are excellent sources for keeping tabs on the latest research findings, expert commentary and media coverage.
Even with new science coming out, I always recommend the classic Between Pets and People: The Importance of Animal Companionship (revised in 1996). Co-authored by Dr. Alan Beck, the Dorothy N. McAllister Professor of Animal Ecology and Director of the Center for the Human-Animal Bond at the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, and Aaron H. Katcher, a psychiatrist and professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, this book explores the emotional and physical benefits of owning a pet and analyzes the complex relationship between people and their pets.
Dr. Beck is widely recognized for his leadership and scholarship in human-animal bond studies. Before joining the faculty at Purdue, he directed the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at Penn and was director of animal programs for the New York City Department of Health. He has published five books, more than 70 professional articles, 75 book chapters and over 40 popular articles on the nature of our bond with animals.
Dr. Beck also edited, with colleagues Rebecca Johnson of the University of Missouri and Sandra McCune of the WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition in Leicestershire, England, The Health Benefits of Dog Walking for Pets and People (2011). This volume deals with how human-animal interaction may help fight obesity at all stages of life.
While much research has been done focusing on people and their dogs, clearly this bond is not just the dog’s domain. We know, too, that a similar dynamic is at work in the interaction between people and other species, and the research bears this out.
In one study conducted last year at Purdue, for example, an aquarium of fish was found to have a calming effect on people with severe dementia and their caretakers. And in “What the Sparrows Told Me,” a poignant opinion piece published recently in the New York Times, birds are both the inspiration and the teachers. As these accounts suggest, species seems to matter less than the attachment that develops between us and our pets – and what we can learn from each other.
My own experiences over the years have taught me about the strength of the human-animal bond and the different ways it can improve our lives. I look forward to sharing those stories and lessons here over the coming weeks. | https://pijac.org/blog/human-animal-bond-101-recommended-reading-ed-sayres-pijac-pres-ceo |
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CUBAN Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez has accused the US of pressing members of the Organisation of American States (OAS) to sign a joint statement condemning the socialist island.
Mr Rodriguez claimed that all 35 of the Washington-based international organisation’s members had been urged to sign a letter, reportedly signed by hawkish US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, that accuses Cuba of arresting peaceful protesters during the disturbances which took place on July 11.
In the letter, Mr Blinken reportedly states that “thousands of Cubans participated in peaceful demonstrations to protest against deterioration of living conditions and demand a change” and condemns arrests made during the protests.
“We urge the Cuban government to free the detained for exercising the right to peaceful protest,” the draft document seen by Cuban authorities states.
The OAS has been accused of collusion with the November 2019 coup that ousted Bolivian president Evo Morales.
It has also been used as a vehicle to undermine Venezuela, adopting a US-backed motion to reject the outcome of Venezuelan elections in December 2020, which it branded fraudulent.
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro has accused the OAS of being reduced to a tool of US imperialism, with plans to overthrow his democratically elected government and seize control of the country’s vast oil reserves.
Mr Rodriguez denied the accusations made in the letter and challenged Mr Blinken to “recognise or deny the authenticity of this text.”
“I denounce that the US State Department is exercising brutal pressures on the governments of a group of OAS states, forcing them to support this statement or issue a similar one,” the Cuban official added.
Cuban Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Johana Tablada accused Washington of weaving “a Walt Disney narrative” of the recent anti-government protests to justify military intervention.
US hostilities towards Cuba have escalated since the recent protests as Washington seeks to exploit an economic crisis that is largely of its own making.
Mr Rodriguez has blamed the protests on a Twitter campaign which was orchestrated using US-based automated accounts.
Miami Mayor Francis Suarez called for military intervention – including air strikes – to overthrow the Cuban government headed by President Miguel Diaz-Canel.
US President Joe Biden has professed support for the Cuban people but refuses to lift an economic blockade that has cost the Cuban economy some $754 billion (£547bn) since it was imposed in 1959.
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# Béhierite
Béhierite is a very rare mineral, a natural tantalum borate of the formula (Ta,Nb)BO4. Béhierite is also one of the most simple tantalum minerals. It contains simple tetrahedral borate anions, instead of more common among minerals, planar BO3 groups. It forms a solid solution with its niobium-analogue, schiavinatoite. Both have zircon-type structure (tetragonal, space group I41/amd) and are found in pegmatites. Béhierite and holtite are minerals with essential tantalum and boron.
Béhierite was named for Jean Béhier (1903–1965), who discovered the mineral in 1959, as a French mineralogist, active in the Service Géologique, on the island of Madagascar.
## Occurrence and association
Béhierite occurs in granitic pegmatites in Manjaka and Antsongombato, Madagascar. Associated minerals are albite, manganese-bearing apatite-group mineral, lepidolite, elbaite or elbaite–liddicoatite, feldspar, pollucite, quartz, rhodizite, and schiavinatoite.
## Crystal structure
Crystal structure of synthetic TaBO4 was refined by Range et al. (1996). As béhierite is analogous to schiavinatoite, their crystal structures are expected to be similar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9hierite |
0001 The present invention relates to the use of a compound or a plurality of compounds that inhibit function of Hsp90; or activate expression of both Hsp40 and Hsp70 for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of a disease associated with protein aggregation and amyloid formation. Preferably, said compound is geldanamycin. The present invention relates further to methods of producing compounds within proved potency and/or decreased side-effects that may be successfully employed as medicaments for the treatment of said diseases.
0002 Although since the cloning of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene significant advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this neurodegenerative disease, there is still no effective treatment for HD. HD is caused by an unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion located in the exon 1 of the IT-15 gene encoding huntingtin, a 350 kDa protein of unknown function (1-3). Evidence has been presented that the formation of neuronal inclusions with aggregated huntingtin protein is associated with the progressive neuropathology in HD (4). However, it is unclear today whether the process of aggregate formation is the cause of HD or merely a consequence of this disorder (5-7). Using in vitro model systems it was demonstrated recently, that the formation of huntingtin protein aggregates critically depends on polyglutamine repeat length, protein concentration and time (8,9). Furthermore, formation of insoluble aggregates with a fibrillar amyloid-like morphology can be inhibited by small chemical compounds such as Congo red and thioflavine S and the monoclonal antibody 1C2 that specifically recognizes an elongated polyglutamine tract (10). This suggested that inhibition of huntingtin protein aggregation in patients by small molecules could be a promising therapeutic strategy. Histochemical studies revealed that inclusions containing insoluble polyglutamine-containing protein aggregates in brains of patients and transgenic animals are immunoreactive for ubiquitin, various molecular chaperones and components of the 20 S proteasome (2,11). This suggests that neuronal cells recognize the aggregated huntingtin protein as abnormally folded and by recruiting chaperones and proteasomal components try to disaggregate and/or degrade the mutant protein. Consistent with this view, overexpression of the heat shock proteins Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp104 in cell culture, yeast, C. elegans and fly model systems has blocked the accumulation of polyglutamine-containing protein aggregates (12-15). However, whether the formation of insoluble protein aggregates can be suppressed by activation of a heat shock response is unknown.
0003 However, whereas several papers (14, 15, 26) report on a critical involvement Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperones in the suppression of polyglutamine induced neurodegeneration, these data leave many important questions open and do not allow without further ado for the direct development of medicaments useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases associated with protein aggregation or amyloid formation. For example, Chan and colleagues (14) demonstrated that suppression of neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model may depend on the Hsp40 chaperone involved. In addition, lethality of the flies as a possible result of neurodegeneration was mitigated by chaperone overexpression in a sex-dependent manner. Accordingly, it appears questionable whether the results obtained in the Drosophila systems may easily adapted to a human system. According to Jana and colleagues (15), the challenge for future investigations is to determine whether Hsp40 and Hsp70 family chaperones really suppress the aggregation and protect neurodegeneration in poly Q related diseases such as Huntington disease. Should this indeed turn out to be the case, then Jana et al. suggest to directly use such chaperones as therapeutic agents for the treatment of said diseases. Furthermore, the previous findings that Hsp40 and Hsp70 are able to suppress polyglutamine aggregation in a Drosophila and cell culture model can not easily be used for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, because gene therapy in human patients has been shown to be very problematic. Therefore, in order to use the expression of heat shock proteins for therapy it is necessary to find small molecules that are nontoxic and penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and that efficiently activate a heat shock response in patients. Such molecules have not been described yet.
0004 Accordingly, there remains a need in the art to provide a suitable approach for the effective prevention/treatment of diseases associated with protein aggregation and amyloid formation.
0005 The solution to this technical problem is achieved by providing the embodiments characterized in the claims.
0006 Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of a compound or a plurality of compounds that inhibit function of Hsp90; or inhibit binding of HSF1 to Hsp90; or activate expression of both Hsp40 and Hsp70 for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of a disease associated with protein aggregation and amyloid formation.
0007 The term HSF1 refers to the heat shock transcription factor described, e.g. in Zou (25) and references cited therein.
0008 The term Inhibit function throughout this specification means an inhibition of at least 30% of the function, preferably at least 50%, more preferred at least 70%, even more preferred at least 90% and most preferred more than 95% such as 98% or even more than 99%.
0009 In accordance with the present invention, it was surprisingly found that compounds, preferably small molecules, that inhibit the function of Hsp90 may effectively be used in the prevention of protein aggregation and amyloid formation and may, thus, successfully be employed in diseases caused by the recited phenomena. This result was not to be expected since the involvement of Hsp90 in the formation of protein aggregation or amyloid formation has so far not been shown in the art. Similarly, it was surprising to find that one compound, preferably a small molecule, is able to simultaneously activate expression of Hsp40 and Hsp70 and consequently form a basis for the prevention or treatment of the referenced diseases. Comprised by the present invention are also uses wherein the compound or compounds both inhibit function of Hsp90 and activate expression of Hsp40 and Hsp70. In accordance with the present invention, the term function of Hsp90 is intended to mean the function including or consisting of ATPase activity of Hsp90. In accordance with the present invention it is expected that inhibition of ATPase activity results in a dissociation of the ATPase/HFS1 complex whereupon HSF1 migrates into the nucleus and activates expression of Hsp40 and Hsp70. These proteins, in turn, bind to the mutated huntingtin protein and prevent protein aggregation. It is also to be understood that each compound of the plurality of compounds either inhibits function of Hsp90 or simultaneously activates expression of Hsp40 and Hsp70.
0010 Accordingly, the present invention provides an entirely different solution to the approach of developing a medicament useful in the prevention or treatment of diseases associated with protein aggregation or amyloid formation than was suggested by Jana et al., supra. Whereas Jana et al. suggest to directly use chaperones of the Hsp40 and Hsp70 family as therapeutically active agents, the present invention chooses a different approach: namely, the solution underlying the present invention is to provide molecules that modulate function or the expression pattern of the above indicated chaperones. In so far, the approach taken by the present invention is much more amenable to the actual preparation of a medicament since small compounds may be selected that fulfil the above requirements.
0011 Further in accordance with the present invention, either single compounds or a plurality of compounds (with the definition of activity as provided above) may form the active ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions produced. If more than one compound forms the active ingredient, then the pharmacological effect should be enhanced. For example, it may be additive or synergistic.
0012 Preferred in accordance with the use of the invention is that said disease is associated with polyglutamine expansions.
0013 In a further preferred embodiment of the use of the invention said compound is geldanamycin.
0014 Geldanamycin (GA) is a naturally occuring antitumor drug that has been shown to be active in tumor cell lines as well as in mouse models (16). The antitumor effects of GA result from its ability to deplete cells from proto-oncogenic protein kinases and nuclear hormone receptors (17-19). Initially it was thought that GA is a nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor. However, subsequent biochemical and structural studies have demonstrated that GA binds specifically to the heat shock protein Hsp90, thereby inhibiting its chaperone function (20-22). Hsp90 is specifically involved in folding and conformational regulation of several medically relevant signal transduction molecules, including nuclear receptors and proto-oncogenic kinases (18,23). Inhibition of Hsp90 function by GA causes degradation of these regulatory proteins (18,24). Recently, Zou et al. (25) have shown that GA also disrupts a complex consisting of Hsp90 and the heat shock transcription factor HSF1 and triggers the activation of a heat shock response in mammalian cells. It was particularly surprising in accordance with the present invention that this compound is also useful for the effective treatment of the above recited diseases. Specifically, it could be shown that geldanamycin (GA) exerts a negative effect on the formation of insoluble huntingtin exon 1 aggregates in a cell culture model of HD and thus forms a basis for an active ingredient of a medicament effective in the treatment of diseases associated with protein aggregation and amyloid formation. In particular, it was found that treatment of cells with GA leads to enhanced expression of both Hsp40 and Hsp70 which has a direct implication and appears to be necessary for inhibition of huntingtin protein aggregation which is exemplary of the above recited class of diseases. Although it is state of the art that GA bind to Hsp90 and is able to modulate HSP function, it was absolutely unpredictable whether treatment of cells with GA activates a heat shock response that is sufficient to prevent polyglutamine aggregation.
0015 In another preferred embodiment of the use of the invention said plurality of compounds comprises geldanamycin.
0016 In a further preferred embodiment of the use of the invention said compound or one of said compounds comprised in said plurality of compounds is derived from geldanamycin by modeling geldanamycin by peptidomimetics; and chemically synthesizing the modeled compound.
0017 Methods for the generation and use of peptidomimetic combinatorial libraries are described in the prior art, for example in Ostresh, Methods in Enzymology 267 (1996), 220-234 and Dorner, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4 (1996), 709-715. Furthermore, the three-dimensional and/or crystallographic structure of activators of the expression of the polypeptide of the invention can be used for the design of peptidomimetic activators, e.g., in combination with the (poly)peptide of the invention (Rose, Biochemistry 35 (1996), 12933-12944; Rutenber, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4 (1996), 1545-1558).
0018 In a different preferred embodiment of the use of the invention said compound or one of said compounds comprised in said plurality of compounds are derived from geldanamycin by modification to achieve modified site of action, spectrum of activity, organ specificity, and/or improved potency, and/or decreased toxicity (improved therapeutic index), and/or decreased side effects, and/or modified onset of therapeutic action, duration of effect, and/or modified pharmakinetic parameters (resorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion), and/or modified physico-chemical parameters (solubility, hygroscopicity, color, taste, odor, stability, state), and/or improved general specificity, organ/tissue specificity, and/or optimized application form and route by esterification of carboxyl groups, or esterification of hydroxyl groups with carbon acids, or esterification of hydroxyl groups to, e.g. phosphates, pyrophosphates or sulfates or hemi succinates, or formation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or formation of pharmaceutically acceptable complexes, or synthesis of pharmacologically active polymers, or introduction of hydrophilic moieties, or introduction/exchange of substituents on aromates or side chains, change of substituent pattern, or modification by introduction of isosteric or bioisosteric moieties, or synthesis of homologous compounds, or introduction of branched side chains, or conversion of alkyl substituents to cyclic analogues, or derivatisation of hydroxyl group to ketales, acetales, or N-acetylation to amides, phenylcarbamates, or synthesis of Mannich bases, imines, or transformation of ketones or aldehydes to Schiff's bases, oximes, acetales, ketales, enolesters, oxazolidines, thiozolidines; or combinations thereof.
0019 The various steps recited above are generally known in the art. They include or rely on quantitative structure-action relationship (QSAR) analyses (Kubinyi, Hausch-Analysis and Related Approaches, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 1992), combinatorial biochemistry, classical chemistry and others (see, for example, Holzgrabe and Bechtold, Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 140(8), 813-823, 2000).
0020 In an additional preferred embodiment of the use of the invention said plurality of compounds comprises at least one of the following: Radicicol, Herbimycin A, Novobiocin and 17-Allylamino, 17-demethoxygeldanamycin and macbecin.
0021 In another preferred embodiment of the use of the invention said compound is obtained by (a) screening an at least partially randomized peptide library and/or chemical compound library for molecules that (aa) inhibit function of Hsp90; or (ab) inhibit binding of HSF1 to Hsp90; or (ac) activate the expression of both Hsp40 and Hsp70, and optionally repeating step (a) one or more times.
0022 The term partially randomized peptide library refers to collections of synthetic peptides ranging in numbers from less than 10 to thousands (37, 38). The premise of such libraries is that they enable the identification of complete novel, biologically active peptides through screening without any prior structural and sequence knowledge. Partially randomized peptide libraries contain synthetic peptides which are randomized at specific amino acid positions in the peptides.
0023 Peptide libraries presented to date fall into three broad categories, the difference being the manner in which the sequences are synthesized and/or screened. The first category represents synthetic approaches, in which peptide mixtures are synthesized, cleaved from their support and assayed as free compounds in solution. The second category includes synthetic combinatorial libraries of peptides that are assayed while attached to either plastic, pins, resins beads, or cotton. The third category includes the molecular biology approaches, in which peptides or proteins are present on the surface of filamentous phage particles or plasmids. All these categories are comprised by the use of the present invention.
0024 In a particularly preferred embodiment of the use of the invention inhibition or activation of said heat shock protein(s) is assayed by Reporter assays, immunofluorescence microscopy, a filter retardation assay or ATPase assays.
0025 In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the use of the invention the following-further steps are conducted for obtaining said compound: modeling said compound by peptidomimetics; and chemically synthesizing the modeled compound.
0026 In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use of the invention said compound is further modified to achieve modified site of action, spectrum of activity, organ specificity, and/or improved potency, and/or decreased toxicity (improved therapeutic index), and/or decreased side effects, and/or modified onset of therapeutic action, duration of effect, and/or modified pharmakinetic parameters (resorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion), and/or modified physico-chemical parameters (solubility, hygroscopicity, color, taste, odor, stability, state), and/or improved general specificity, organ/tissue specificity, and/or optimized application form and route by esterification of carboxyl groups, or esterification of hydroxyl groups with carbon acids, or esterification of hydroxyl groups to, e.g. phosphates, pyrophosphates or sulfates or hemi succinates, or formation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or formation of pharmaceutically acceptable complexes, or synthesis of pharmacologically active polymers, or introduction of hydrophilic moieties, or introduction/exchange of substituents on aromates or side chains, change of substituent pattern, or modification by introduction of isosteric or bioisosteric moieties, or synthesis of homologous compounds, or introduction of branched side chains, or conversion of alkyl substituents to cyclic analogues, or derivatisation of hydroxyl group to ketales, acetates, or N-acetylation to amides, phenylcarbamates, or synthesis of Mannich bases, imines, or transformation of ketones or aldehydes to Schiff's bases, oximes, acetates, ketales, enolesters, oxazolidines, thiozolidines or combinations thereof.
0027 The invention also relates to a method of designing a drug for the treatment of a disease associated with protein aggregation and amyloid formation identification of the site(s) of a compound that bind(s) to heat shock proteins 40 and/or 70; or identification of site(s) of a compound that bind(s) to the heat shock protein Hsp90 or to HSF1 and/or homologues thereof or other components participating in the regulation of the stress protein response; molecular modeling of both the binding site(s) in the compound and the heat shock protein(s); and modification of the compound to improve its binding specificity for the heat shock protein(s) or HSF1.
0028 All techniques employed in the various steps of the method of the invention are conventional or can be derived by the person skilled in the art from conventional techniques without further ado. Thus, biological assays based on the herein identified nature of the compounds may be employed to assess the specificity or potency of the drugs wherein the increase of one or more activities of the compounds may be used to monitor said specificity or potency. Steps (1) and (2) and (3) can be carried out according to conventional protocols described, for example, as described herein below.
0029 For example, identification of the binding site of said drug by site-directed mutagenesis and chimerical protein studies can be achieved by modifications in the primary sequence, for example, if the compound is a (poly)peptide, that affect the drug affinity; this usually allows to precisely map the binding pocket for the drug. As regards step (2), the following protocols may be envisaged: Once the effector site for drugs has been mapped, the precise residues interacting with different parts of the drug can be identified by combination of the information obtained from mutagenesis studies (step (1)) and computer simulations of the structure of the binding site provided that the precise three-dimensional structure of the drug is known (if not, it can be predicted by computational simulation). If said drug is itself a peptide, it can be also mutated to determine which residues interact with other residues in the compound of interest.
0030 Finally, in step (3) the drug can be modified to improve its binding affinity or its potency and specificity. If, for instance, there are electrostatic interactions between a particular residue of the compound of interest and some region of the drug molecule, the overall charge in that region can be modified to increase that particular interaction.
0031 Identification of binding sites may be assisted by computer programs. Thus, appropriate computer programs can be used for the identification of interactive sites of a putative inhibitor and the polypeptide by computer assisted searches for complementary structural motifs (Fassina, Immunomethods 5 (1994), 114-120). Further appropriate computer systems for the computer aided design of protein and peptides are described in the prior art, for example, in Berry, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22 (1994), 1033-1036; Wodak, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 501 (1987), 1-13; Pabo, Biochemistry 25 (1986), 5987-5991. Modifications of the drug can be produced, for example, by peptidomimetics and other inhibitors can also be identified by the synthesis of peptidomimetic combinatorial libraries through successive chemical modification and testing the resulting compounds.
0032 Compounds binding with improved specificity to Hsp90 or HSF1 are expected to increase the dissociation of Hsp90 and HSF1.
0033 In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention identification of binding site(s) in step (a) is effected by site-directed mutagenesis or chimeric protein studies or a combination thereof.
0034 Site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric protein studies are techniques well known in the art and described, forexample, in (39-42).
0035 In another preferred embodiment of the method of the invention the compound is the compound as described in any one of the preceding embodiments.
0036 The invention further relates to a method of identifying an activator of the expression of heat shock proteins 40 and/or 70 comprising testing a compound for the activation of translation wherein said compound is selected from small molecules or peptides; or testing a compound for the activation of transcription wherein said compound binds to the promoter region of the genes encoding said heat shock protein(s) and preferably with transcription factors and responsive elements thereof; and selecting a compound that tests positive in any of the preceding steps.
0037 The term small molecule refers to a compound having a relative molecular weight of not more than 1000 D and preferably of not more than 500 D. Said compound may be of differing chemical nature, for example, it may be of proteinaceous nature RNA or DNA.
0038 Additionally, the invention further relates to a method of identifying an inhibitor of Hsp90 function comprising testing a compound for inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity function wherein said compound is selected from small molecules or peptides; and selecting a compound that tests positive in the preceding step. In order to select an inhibitor of Hsp90 function mammalian cell lines may be generated which contain reporter constructs with the promoter regions of the genes encoding Hsp90, Hsp40, Hsp70 or HSF1. Then, chemical compounds will be added to cell lines and the activation of a heat shock response will be tested using the reporter constructs. Chemicals which inhibit, for example, Hsp90 ATPase activity should induce the expression of the reporter proteins. The expression of the reporter proteins in cells can, e.g. be monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy, ELISA assays or chemiluminescence. As reporters, proteins such as GFP, -lactamase or luciferase can be used which are well known in the art. First, derivatives and structural analogues of geldanamycin which are on the basis of the teachings of the invention and the prior art supposed to induce Hsp40 and/or Hsp70 expression will be used to evaluate the reporter assays. Later, the same cell lines will be used to screen libraries of chemical compounds.
0039 In addition, the present invention relates to a method of identifying an inhibitor of binding of HSF1 to Hsp90 comprising testing a compound for inhibition of binding of HSF1 to Hsp90; and selecting a compound that tests positive in the preceding step.
0040 In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention the method further comprises modeling said compound by peptidomimetics; and chemically synthesizing the modeled compound.
0041 In a further preferred embodiment of the method of the invention said compound is further modified to achieve modified site of action, spectrum of activity, organ specificity, and/or improved potency, and/or decreased toxicity (improved therapeutic index), and/or decreased side effects, and/or modified onset of therapeutic action, duration of effect, and/or modified pharmakinetic parameters (resorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion), and/or modified physico-chemical parameters (solubility, hygroscopicity, color, taste, odor, stability, state), and/or improved general specificity, organ/tissue specificity, and/or optimized application form and route by esterification of carboxyl groups, or esterification of hydroxyl groups with carbon acids, or esterification of hydroxyl groups to, e.g. phosphates, pyrophosphates or sulfates or hemi succinates, or formation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or formation of pharmaceutically acceptable complexes, or synthesis of pharmacologically active polymers, or introduction of hydrophilic moieties, or introduction/exchange of substituents on aromates or side chains, change of substituent pattern, or modification by introduction of isosteric or bioisosteric moieties, or synthesis of homologous compounds, or introduction of branched side chains, or conversion of alkyl substituents to cyclic analogues, or derivatisation of hydroxyl group to ketales, acetates, or N-acetylation to amides, phenylcarbamates, or synthesis of Mannich bases, imines, or transformation of ketones or aldehydes to Schiff's bases, oximes, acetates, ketales, enolesters, oxazolidines, thiozolidines or combinations thereof.
0042 In another preferred embodiment of the use of the invention or in a another preferred embodiment of the method of the invention said disease is Creutzfeld Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, dentarorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia type-1, -2, -3, -6 or -7, Alzheimer disease, BSE, primary systemic amyloidosis, secondary systemic amyloidosis, senile systemic amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy I, hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hemodialysis-related amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy III, Finnish hereditary systemic amyloidosis, type II diabetes, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, spongiform encephalopathies: Kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), familial insomnia, scrapie, atrial amyloidosis, hereditary non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis, injection-localized amyloidosis, hereditary renal amyloidosis, or Parkinson's disease.
0043 In a different embodiment the invention relates to a method of producing a pharmaceutical composition comprising formulating the compound described in the use of the invention or the method of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
0044 The invention in yet another embodiment relates to a method or to a use described in the invention wherein said heat shock protein is/said heat shock proteins are human heat shock proteins.
0045 Finally, the invention additionally relates to a method of the invention wherein the human heat shock protein 40 is Hdj-1 or Hdj-2.
0046 The pharmaceutical composition produced in accordance with the present invention may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are well known in the art and include phosphate buffered saline solutions, water, emulsions, such as oil/water emulsions, various types of wetting agents, sterile solutions etc. Compositions comprising such carriers can be formulated by well known conventional methods. These pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to the subject at a suitable dose. Administration of the suitable compositions may be effected by different ways, e.g., by intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, topical, intradermal, intranasal or intrabronchial administration. The dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician and clinical factors. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. A typical dose can be, for example, in the range of 0.001 to 1000 g; however, doses below or above this exemplary range are envisioned, especially considering the aforementioned factors. Generally, the regimen as a regular administration of the pharmaceutical composition should be in the range of 1 g to 10 mg units per day. If the regimen is a continuous infusion, it should also be in the range of 1 g to 10 mg units per kilogram of body weight per minute, respectively. Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment. The compositions of the invention may be administered locally or systemically. Administration will generally be parenterally, e.g., intravenously. Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholiclaqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringers, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise further agents such as interleukins or interferons depending on the intended use of the pharmaceutical composition.
0047 The specification recites a number of documents. The disclosure content of said documents is herewith incorporated by reference.
0048 The figures show:
0049FIG. 1: GA induces a heat shock response and inhibits aggregation of EGFP-HD72Q in COS-1 cells.
0050 (A) Expression of EGFP-HD72Q, Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 in COS-1 cells. Cells expressing pEGFP-HD72Q were treated for 40 hours with increasing concentrations of GA. Protein extracts prepared from GA treated and untreated cells (control) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using the indicated antibodies. Equal amounts (10 g) of protein were loaded. (B) GA treatment of COS-1 cells prevents the formation of SDS-insoluble EGFP-HD72Q protein aggregates. Aggregates were detected using the filter retardation assay. Filters were probed with the HD1 antibody and signal intensities quantified using a Fuji-imager (LAS 2000). The signal intensity obtained from the sample without added GA was arbitrarily set as 100 (control). Values shown are the mean of three independent experiments (S.E).
0051FIG. 2: Fluorescence analysis of GA treated COS-1 cells expressing EGFP-HD 72Q.
0052 COS-1 cells grown for 24 h in the absence (A-B) or presence of GA (C-F) were examined for EGFP-HD72Q expression by fluorescence microscopy (green). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst.
0053FIG. 3: Co-localization of EGFP-HD72Q with Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp90 in GA treated COS-1 cells.
0054 Following incubation of cells for 40 hours with GA at 360 nM, cells expressing EGFP-HD72Q (green) were immunolabeled with antibodies directed against Hsp40 (A-C), Hsp70 (D-F) and Hsp90 (G-l) coupled to a Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody (red). Co-localization of EGFP-HD72Q with Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp90 is shown in C, F and I, respectively. Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst.
0055FIG. 4: Overexpression of Flag-Hdj-1 and HA-Hsp70 inhibits HD51Q protein aggregation in COS-1 cells.
0056 (A) Western blot analysis. COS-1 cells were transfected with constructs as indicated on top of the figure. 40 hours post transfection protein extracts were prepared and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal amounts (10 g) of protein were loaded. (B) Inhibition of HD51Q aggregation by overexpression of Flag-Hdj1 and HA-Hsp70. Aggregates were detected and quantified as in FIG. 1B. The signal intensity obtained from the sample without overexpression of heat shock proteins (HD51Q) was arbitrarily set as 100. Data represent means of five independent experiments (S.E). 2 indicates that the double amount of plasmid DNA was transfected.
0057FIG. 5: Immunofluorescence analysis of HD51Q aggregation in COS-1 cells. 42 hours post transfection COS-1 cells co-expressing HD51Q/Flag-Hdj1 (A-C), HD51Q/HA-Hsp70 (D-F) or HD51Q/Flag-Hdj1 /HA-Hsp70 (G-I) were examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. HD51Q protein aggregates were immunolabled with the HD1 antibody coupled to a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (green). Flag-Hdj1 and HA-Hsp70 were labeled with anti-Flag and anti-Hsp70 antibodies, respectively, coupled to a Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody (red). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst.
0058FIG. 6: Ultrastructural analysis of HD51Q aggregates following Flag-Hdj1 and HA-Hsp70 overexpression.
0059 COS-1 cells expressing HD51Q alone (A-C) or co-expressing HD51Q/Flag-Hdj1 (D), HD51Q/HA-Hsp70 (E) or HD51Q/Flag-Hdj1/HA-Hsp70 (F) were viewed by electron microscopy. (A-C) Different magnifications of a cell containing a typical perinuclear inclusion body. At higher magnification HD51Q fibrils can be observed (C). Immunogold labeling of cells with the anti-AG51 antibody confirms the identity of the HD51Q fibrils (B). Immunogold labeling of cells also reveals that Flag-Hdj1 (D) and HA-Hsp70 (E) are associated with HD51Q fibrils. In cells co-expressing HD51Q/Flag-Hdj1/HA-Hsp70 no HD51Q fibrils but homogenous cytoplasmic labeling was observed with the HD1 antibody (F).
0060 The examples illustrate the invention.
0061 Exon 1 of the human HD gene containing 51 glutamines was derived from pCAG51 (30) and cloned into pTL1 (31) resulting in construct pTL1-CAG51. pTL1-HA was generated by insertion of a Kozak sequence (32) and a sequence encoding a HA-tag (MAYPYDVPDYASLRS) into pTL1. A further linker was introduced in order to generate the appropriate reading frame, resulting in pTL1-HA3. Hsp70-pTLHA3 was generated by PCR amplification of the human Hsp70A gene and cloning into pTL1-HA3. Hdj-1-pTL10Flag was generated by ligating the human HDJ-1 gene, derived from pQE9-His-Hsp40 (33), into pTL10SFlag (a kind gift of D. Devys and J.-L. Mandel). pEGFP-HD72Q was generated by PCR amplification of the exon 1 of human HD from patient DNA and cloning into pEGFP-C1 (Clontech). All constructs were verified by sequencing.
0062 The following antibodies were used for Western blot and/or immunofluorescence analysis: rabbit polyclonal HD1 IgG (30) diluted 1:5000 (WB) or 1:1000 (IF), rabbit polyclonal AG51 IgG (8) diluted 1:100 (immunolabeling in electron microscopy), goat polyclonal anti-Hsp70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) diluted 1:2000 (WB) or 1:200 (IF), mouse monoclonal anti-Hsp70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) diluted 1:5000 (WB), rabbit polyclonal anti-Hsp40 (StressGen) diluted 1:10000 (WB) or 1:500 (IF), rabbit polyclonal anti-Hsp90 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) diluted 1:1000 (WB) or 1:100 (IF), mouse monoclonal anti-HA (Boehringer Mannheim) diluted 1:2000 (WB) or 1:200 (IF), and mouse monoclonal M2 anti-Flag (Sigma) diluted 1:10000 (WB) or 1:1000 (IF).
0063 COS-1 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Gibco BRL) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) and containing penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 g/ml). Transfection was performed by the calcium phosphate co-precipitation technique (34). For the expression of the HD51Q, Flag-Hdj-1 and HA-Hsp70 proteins, cells were plated to 30% confluence in 90 mm plates, and co-transfected with 3 g of pTL1-CAG51 and 3 or 6 g of Hsp 70-pTLHA3 and 3 or 6 g of Hdj-1-pTL10Flag along with 5 or 11 g of carrier pBluescript DNA. After 16 hours the calcium phosphate precipitate was washed from the cells, and new medium was added on the plates. 40 to 42 hours after transfection the cells were harvested and lysed in presence of protease inhibitors.
0064 Geldanamycin (GibcoBRL Life Technologies, at 1.8 mM stock in DMSO) was diluted into fresh medium to give final concentrations of 18-360 nM and added to cells at the time of transfection. After 16 h cells were washed and new medium containing GA was added. A further medium change with GA was done 24 hours after transfection. Control cells were treated with DMSO. As alternative transfection method, the Lipofectamine Plus Reagent (GibcoBRL Life Technologies) was used according to the manufacturer's instruction.
0065 Cell lysis and preparation of the soluble and insoluble protein fractions were performed as described (35). For preparation of whole cell extracts cell lysis was performed on ice for 30 min in buffer containing protease inhibitors and nucleic acids were digested with 125 U/mi Benzonase (Merck). Protein concentration was determined by the BioRad assay.
0066 SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis was performed according to standard procedures. For the filter retardation assay (27,30) protein samples (1-20 g) were heated at 98 C. for 3 min in 2% SDS and 50 mM DTT and filtered through a 0.2 m cellulose acetate membrane (Schleicher & Schuell) using a BRL dot-blot filtration unit. Captured aggregates were detected by incubation with HD1 IgG (diluted 1:5000) followed by incubation with alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-rabbit IgG and the fluorescent substrate AttoPhos. Quantitation of the captured aggregates was performed using a Fuji-imager (LAS 2000) and AIDA 1.0 image analysis software.
0067 Immunofluorescence microscopy of transfected COS-1 was performed as described (35) using the anti-huntingtin HD1 IgG (1:1000) coupled to FITC-conjugated donkey anti rabbit IgG (1:200, Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories), the mouse monoclonal anti-FLAG antibody (1:1000, Sigma) coupled to Cy3-conjugated donkey anti mouse IgG (1:200, Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories), the goat polyclonal anti-Hsp70 antibody (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) coupled to Cy3-conjugated donkey anti goat IgG (1:200, Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories), the anti-Hsp40 (1:500, StressGen) and the anti-Hsp90 (1:300, StressGen) coupled to Cy3-conjugated secondary antibodies. Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst (bis-benzimide, Sigma). The samples were examined with a fluorescence microscope Axioplan-2 (Zeiss). COS-1 cells transfected with pEGFP-HD72Q were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde for 4 min at room temperature followed by direct observation of the green fluorescent fusion protein.
0068 For electron microscopic analysis, monolayers of cells were fixed with 1% formaldehyde-0.2% glutaraldehyde for 1 hour, dehydrated in an ethanol series and embedded in LR Gold (London Resin Company, Ldt). Post-embedding immunogold labeling was performed as described (36) using the anti-huntingtin antibodies HD1 (1:400) and AG51 (1:100), or goat anti-Hsp70 (1:400) and goat anti-Hsp40 (1:150) antibodies, followed by secondary antibodies conjugated with 10 nm gold (1:100, British Bio Cell). Sections were poststained with uranyl acetate and lead Citrate. Samples were viewed in a Philips CM100 electron microscope.
0069 In order to induce a heat shock response COS-1 cells expressing the fusion of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and the huntingtin exon 1 protein with 72 glutamines (H72Q) were treated with various concentrations of GA. Forty hours post transfection, total cell extracts were prepared and expression of EGFP-HD72Q and the heat shock proteins Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp90 was examined by immunoblot analysis using specific antibodies. As shown in FIG. 1A, soluble EGFP-HD72Q protein migrating in the SDS-gel at 57 kDa was detected in protein extracts prepared from transfected cells (lanes 1-6) but not in protein extracts of untransfected control cells (lane 7). Treatment of cells with increasing concentrations of GA (18-360 nM) had no effect on EGFP-HD72Q expression. In contrast, the expression of each of the molecular chaperones Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp90 increased with increasing GA-concentrations (lanes 1-4), indicating that treatment of cells with GA triggers a heat shock response. Addition of GA to a final concentration of 360 nM resulted in a 3-4-fold up-regulation of Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp90 compared to the untreated controls.
0070 To determine whether induction of Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 expression by GA treatment has an effect on EGFP-HD72Q aggregation, COS-1 cells grown in the presence of various concentrations of GA were lysed and analyzed by a filter retardation assay for the presence of aggregated huntingtin protein (27). Using this assay SDS-resistant huntingtin protein aggregates can be immunologically detected and quantified. As shown in FIG. 1B, treatment of cells with GA resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of SDS-insoluble EGFP-HD72Q protein aggregates. At 18, 90, 180 and 360 nM, GA reduced the amount of insoluble protein aggregates by approximately 30, 60, 70 and 80%, respectively, as detected by the filtration assay.
0071 The results obtained by the filter retardation assay were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Whereas in untreated control cells (FIG. 2A and B) large perinuclear EGFP-HD72Q protein aggregates with a diameter of 2-5 m were detected, these structures were no longer visible in GA treated cells (FIG. 2C-F). At GA concentrations of 18-90 nM the large perinuclear inclusion bodies were replaced by smaller dot-like protein aggregates (diameter, 0.1-0.5 m) that were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. At higher GA concentrations (180-360 nM) these smaller aggregates were no longer detectable indicating that GA is a potent inhibitor of huntingtin protein aggregation in mammalian cells.
0072 To examine whether the molecular chaperones Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp90 co-localize with mutant huntingtin protein, GA treated COS-1 cells were permeabilized and analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Comparison of the fluorescence of EGFP-HD72Q with the immunostaining of Hsp40 and Hsp70 revealed that both chaperones co-localize with the mutant huntingtin protein (FIG. 3 A-F); At a GA concentration of 360 nM, EGFP-HD72Q as well as the chaperones Hsp40 and Hsp70 were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and no perinuclear inclusion bodies with aggregated huntingtin protein were observed. Interestingly, under the same conditions, fluorescence of EGFP-HD72Q did only partially overlap with the immunostaining of Hsp90 (FIG. 3G-I), suggesting that a physical interaction of Hsp90 with the aggregation-prone huntingtin protein is not required to prevent aggregate formation. A direct interaction of Hsp40 and Hsp70 with EGFP-HD72Q, however appears to be critical for inhibition of polyglutamine assembly, consistent with previous findings (26).
0073 To determine whether overexpression of heat shock proteins mimics the GA effect on huntingtin protein aggregation, the Flag- and HA-tagged heat shock proteins Hdj1 (Hsp40) and Hsp70, respectively, were transiently co-expressed with mutant HD51Q protein in COS-1 cells. Protein extracts were prepared 40 h post transfection and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. As shown in FIG. 4A, the recombinant proteins HDQ51, Flag-Hdj1 and HA-Hsp70 migrating in the SDS-gel at about 30, 40 and 73 kDa, respectively, were detected in transfected but not in untransfected cells. In transfected cells both HA-Hsp70 and Flag-Hdj1 chaperones were overexpressed approximately 4-fold compared to the endogenous levels (data not shown). The effect of chaperone overexpression on HD51Q aggregation is shown in FIG. 4B. Co-expression of either Flag-Hdj1 or HA-Hsp70 with HD51Q resulted in an approximately 30-40% reduction of the amount of SDS-insoluble huntingtin aggregates in COS-1 cells. In comparison, when both chaperones were simultaneously co-expressed with HD51Q the amount of insoluble aggregates formed was diminished by 60-80%, indicating that a cooperation between Flag-Hdj1 and HA-Hsp70 is required for an efficient inhibition of HD51Q aggregation in COS-1 cells. Co-expression of Hsp90 with HD51Q had no discernible effect on the formation of insoluble protein aggregates suggesting that this chaperone is not directly involved in the inhibition of huntingtin protein aggregation in mammalian cells (data not shown).
0074 Analysis by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that neither the overexpression of Flag-Hjd1 nor that of HA-Hsp70 was able to prevent the accumulation of large perinuclear inclusions with aggregated HD51Q protein (FIG. 5A-F). In strong contrast, when both chaperones were co-expressed with HD51Q the large perinuclear inclusion bodies totally disappeared and smaller dot-like aggregates with a diameter of 0.2-0.5 m were observed (FIG. 5G-I). These aggregates were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and were structurally similar to the ones observed after treatment of COS-1 cells with lower concentrations (18-90 nM) of geldanamycin (FIGS. 2C and D).
0075 As morphological changes of protein aggregates in cells are poorly detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy, we also examined the effect of chaperone overexpression on aggregate formation by electron microscopy. At the ultrastructural level, most cells expressing HD51Q contained large perinuclear inclusion bodies (diameter 1-5 m) composed of electron-dense filamentous material (FIG. 6A-C). The identity of the HD51Q fibrils was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy using the anti-huntingtin antibodies AG51 (FIG. 6A and B) or HD1 (not shown) and a gold colloid secondary antibody. Interestingly, the anti-AG51 antibody immunolabeled mainly the periphery but not the interior of the inclusion bodies, suggesting that the HD exon 1 protein in the inclusion bodies is so densely packed that it is no longer accessible for the antibodies. Both Flag-Hdj1 and HA-Hsp70 co-localized with the perinuclear inclusion bodies; however, their association did not significantly alter the fibrillar structure of the HD51Q protein aggregates (FIG. 6D-E). As expected, in cells co-expressing Flag-Hdj1 and HA-Hsp70 no perinuclear HD51Q inclusion bodies were detected, once again indicating that overexpression of both heat shock proteins suppresses aggregate formation . Although more than 500 different cells co-expressing Flag-Hdj1/HA-Hsp70/HD51Q were examined by immunoelectron microscopy, in none of these cells large inclusion bodies with aggregated HD51Q protein could be observed. The mutant HD51Q protein appeared to be distributed homogenously in the cytoplasm of the transfected cells (FIG. 6F).
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EXAMPLE 1
Plasmid Constructions
EXAMPLE 2
Antibodies
EXAMPLE 3
Cell Lines and Cell Transfection
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of Protein Extracts
EXAMPLE 5
Western Blot Analysis and Filter Retardation Assay
EXAMPLE 6
Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy
EXAMPLE 7
GA Activates a Heat Shock Response in Mammalian Cells
EXAMPLE 8
Activation of a Heat Shock Response by GA Inhibits Huntingtin Protein Aggregation
EXAMPLE 9
Hsp40 and Hsp70 Co-localize with Mutant Huntingtin in GA Treated Cells
EXAMPLE 10
Overexpression of Hsp70 and Hsp40 Inhibits HD Exon 1 Protein Aggregation in COS-1 Cells
EXAMPLE 11
Overexpression of Hsp70 and Hsp40 Prevents Formation of Fibrillar Protein Aggregates
References | |
Noah Pitcher is a U.S. and global politics writer at Today News Africa who specializes in covering the White House. A full-time undergraduate student at California Polytechnic State University of San Luis Obispo, Noah is studying Political Science with a concentration in global politics. Noah’s background and experience include working on congressional campaigns, with elected members of the American government, and as part of numerous research teams.
Continued regional coordination and cooperation is fundamentally important in combatting violent extremism, terrorist attacks, and inter-communal violence throughout the Sahel, said United States Representative to the U.N. Linda Thomas-Greenfield Tuesday.
“Already in 2021, at least 300 civilians were killed in attacks, and nearly 2.2 million people were internally displaced in the Sahel,” said the ambassador at a United Nations Security Council briefing.
Since 2017, the United States has committed more than $588 million in security assistance and other counter-violent extremism support to the G5 Sahel countries, which consist of Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Mali and Mauritania.
[read_more id="2" more="Read full article" less="Read less"]
Ambassador Thomas-Greenfield asserted that the existing G5 Sahel Trust Fund and bilateral support to the Joint Force are the “right approach toward addressing the Sahel’s security concerns.”
Yet, tactical counterterrorism measures are not enough to establish stability and ensure security in the region. “Instability and violence are also symptoms of a crisis of state legitimacy,” the ambassador asserted.
She emphasized the importance of health and development, security, and humanitarian assistance in the Sahel, of which the United States has contributed $2 billion.
“Stability comes from providing economic opportunity, protecting the rule of law, and engaging communities in decisions that affect them,” said Ambassador Thomas-Greenfield.
Millions of people across the Sahel have been affected by the ongoing violent extremism and jihadism, which have led to a humanitarian crisis. Across the region, there have been reports of human rights abuses committed by extremist groups as well as by security forces.
Ambassador Thomas-Greenfield called on African leadership to implement legal framework that protects human rights and hold those responsible for these atrocities accountable, in many cases including conducting trials.
As the people who live in the Sahel hope for an improved future and better protection of human rights, there are practical counterterrorism measures that ought to be taken but there are also changes that can be taken on a governmental and administrative level to help promote regional stability and security.
The promotion of democratic ideals and the unwavering defense of fundamental human rights are integral in improving the situation in the Sahel, which is an issue that is best faced cooperatively by its countries’ governments with the assistance of foreign actors such as the United States and United Nations.
“Democracy leads to good governance. Good governance leads to stability. And stability will lead to peace and prosperity for all,” concluded Thomas-Greenfield of the United States. | https://todaynewsafrica.com/united-states-says-cooperation-with-african-nations-instrumental-in-ending-extremism-and-terrorism-in-sahel/ |
Portico explores emerging preservation challenges in the Journal of Electronic Publishing
As scholars experiment with diverse technologies to present their research, publishers are supporting digital formats that go far beyond traditional text-based publications. These complex works may include embedded media, supporting materials such as software and data, interactive features, nonlinear forms of navigation, and more. However, such innovative characteristics can create challenges for the long-term sustainability of these publications. How can we ensure that this important scholarly content is preserved for future generations?
In a new article in the Journal of Electronic Publishing, Preserving Innovation: Ensuring the Future of Today’s Scholarship, Karen Hanson, Senior Research Developer for Portico, discusses some of the findings of a recent research project on this issue. A project initiated by NYU Libraries brought together preservation services and publishers concerned about the long-term survival of their most innovative publications. Their research led to a set of guidelines to make these new forms of scholarship more preservable, and a second phase of the project is focusing on embedding preservation specialists into publisher workflows to help test and implement these guidelines. In the article, Hanson describes how publishers and preservation services can work together more closely to ensure the longevity of scholarship.
Read the full article in the Journal of Electronic Publishing. | https://www.portico.org/news/portico-explores-emerging-preservation-challenges-in-the-journal-of-electronic-publishing/ |
Calculates approximate omega in C, given vertical velocity, water vapor mixing ratio, temperature, and pressure from WRF model output.
Water vapor mixing ratio in [kg/kg]. The rightmost dimensions are bottom_top x south_north x west_east.
Temperature in [K]. An array with the same dimensionality as qv.
Vertical velocity in [m/s]. An array with the same dimensionality as qv.
Pressure in [mb]. An array with the same dimensionality as qv.
Approximate omega [dp/dt]. The rightmost three dimensions will be bottom_top x south_north x west_east, and the leftmost dimensions, if any, will be the same as qv's. The array will contain the same named dimensions as qv; otherwise, the rightmost two dimensions will be named "south_north" and "west_east". The type will be double if any of the input is double, and float otherwise.
This function calculates approximate omega in C, given vertical velocity, water vapor mixing ratio, temperature, and pressure from WRF model output.
You can use wrf_user_getvar with an argument of "omg" to calculate this diagnostic. | http://ncl.ucar.edu/Document/Functions/Built-in/wrf_omega.shtml |
What gives Money its Value?
It’s just paper and cheap metal, so why does it have any value at all?
There has been much discussion about how gold and even bitcoin can have value, and that value is often expressed in terms of a currency. So let’s take the next step and investigate why currency has a value.
Coercive payments
Whereas gold would once have been the only source of metal and therefore a valuable commodity, the same cannot be said for currency, which hasn’t had a fixed value against gold since 1972. And over the years and centuries before that, currencies were debased and tended to fall when valued in gold.
Consider this. You live in a place where you are under the protection of a warlord. The warlord insists that to pay for your protection you must deliver a certain number of tokens each year. In order to receive tokens, you have to borrow or work. The tokens can’t be manufactured using any process you know of, so what do you do? Yes, you could borrow with interest, and perhaps do well trading tokens against goods, but if you can’t repay the tokens you face a life of slavery. The safest thing to do is to work.
So who do you work for? Someone who can pay you tokens, of course. These tokens either come from someone who has borrowed them or they come from the ruler. So in effect, the ruler controls the circulation of tokens. Some of what you earn, you pay back to the ruler. The rest you give to others for goods and services so they can do the same.
Depending on the availability of goods, it becomes easy to place a value on the tokens. And it becomes easy to place a value on the tokens against other currencies, because those same goods will have a cost associated with them in those currencies too.
Taxes
And so we move from the simple model of coercive payments to taxes. Aren’t these coercive payments too? Well, yes, to the extent that the law allows various punitive measures to be taken against those who don’t pay, usually involving seizing assets (theft) and imprisonment (denial of freedom). We don’t equate these laws with the coercive protection payments a warlord might impose, because we generally recognise that our society wouldn’t function without taxes, although we often grumble about whether taxes are too high or are being raised for purposes we don’t agree with. But in the end, what gives money its value is our government insisting that taxes are paid in the national currency.
Anyone charging for goods and services in a jurisdiction will likely want to be paid in local currency because their tax liabilities are also in that currency. Indeed large corporations frequently hedge their income streams arising outside of their home country into local currency to neutralise the risk that foreign currency falls in value.
Government Spending
Because governments raise taxes in a local currency, it follows that their spending must also be in that currency. This means that anyone paid from the public purse will receive that currency in return. And any money paid by way of wealth redistribution like unemployment benefits and state pensions will also be in local currency, again giving rise to currency circulation and this is what gives money its value.
Social Contract
Governments and warlords aside, how can money have a value purely as a means of exchange? This is a more complicated question, although in many ways it also appears very simple. We buy and sell goods and services, so rather than my employer giving me a basket of everything I need for the next month, I am given an amount of money instead, which I exchange for said basket. The system works because everyone I do business with accepts the same currency as I do. This doesn’t explain exactly why a bottle of beer costs $5 or why an hour of a lawyer’s time costs $500 but it does quantify how many beers the lawyer can afford to buy with an hour’s work. In that sense, we might only need to own money for very short periods of time, between earning it and spending it. But many of us save or borrow too.
The values of goods and services will vary, of course. Next year the lawyer might be able to afford 110 bottles of beer, or perhaps only 90. The saver and borrower are therefore taking risks, because neither will know how much the value of their purchase changes before the end of their saving or borrowing period. Generally speaking, however, prices tend to rise rather than fall, reflecting the fact that it’s currency that’s losing real value rather than goods and services increasing in an arbitrary value against a currency.
Legacy value
An argument put forward by Frank Shostak at the Mises Institute is that currency has its value because it was once used as receipts for gold. Even though there is no gold standard today, currency has continued being used because it always has been. This contradicts the idea that society somehow collectively agrees that currency has a value, and suggests that attempts to introduce a new currency by social convention would not easily work (sorry Bitcoin!)
Bank lending
No discussion about currency can take place without mentioning banking. Most of the currency in circulation is created by banks, who create it out of nothing and demand it back with interest. All they need to do is to retain a small amount as “reserves”, out of money they have borrowed, relative to each loan. In fact the same money can be deposited and lent any number of times, each time creating even more money so that the total amount of currency in circulation (the money supply) can rise and fall according to demand. According to monetarists like Friedman, a plentiful money supply is inflationary, and to tighten money supply, banks need to raise interest rates thus making credit more expensive. Now we see the link between money and how its value changes. Although prices are driven by supply and demand, the money side can be tempered or stimulated by raising or lowering interest rates. Consequently, governments control, as much as they are able, how much the value of their currency changes. Central banks can also provide even more stimulus by creating more money, known as Quantitative Easing, especially when interest rates are already close to zero.
What can go wrong?
Quite a lot, actually. In fact fiat currencies tend to only have a short life, the UK’s Pound Sterling being the longest surviving currency, having been around since 1694. The average lifespan for a fiat currency is just 27 years! A quick trawl through google and youtube will uncover many doom merchants predicting the end of the US Dollar, and for convincing reasons, but beware that some of these are gold dealers who are very happy to tell you to hold the yellow stuff instead!
This doesn’t mean that currencies are useless. It means that as a medium of exchange, they are in fact very useful. But to hold a fiat currency as an investment, as one might hold gold, land or shares in a business, is perhaps riskier than we might be inclined to think. | http://moneyquestioner.co.uk/money/what-gives-money-its-value/ |
Samuel Brown Mormon Scholar on Cross Pressure
Earlier this month, Bill Reel did an interview with Samuel Brown, Mormon Scholar, where Sam gave some fascinating insight into the cross pressure many of us feel between religion like Mormonism and intellectualism or the secular. The interview was for the purpose of introducing the day long seminar on Book of Mormon translation held March 16 at USU, which I’m excited to watch as soon as the video comes out.
Bill is asking Sam about the anachronisms and 19th century content in the Book of Mormon that LDS scholars are beginning to accept and not deny as an “anti-Mormon lie”. Sam is talking about the new understanding we have of what Joseph was doing when he was “translating”, which may be more of a translation of a world or an idea or an understanding of God than a translation of an ancient text. Sam agrees with Bill that faithful LDS can take on an Expansion Model (ancient text with significant expansion by Joseph) or pure non-historical model of viewing the Book of Mormon. Then Bill asks the question we all have. The question that I had after spending several years flailing around in faith crisis and reconstruction. Paraphrasing Bill here:
That’s great that you have come to this understanding. And I have too. But why doesn’t anyone know about this??!! Why aren’t these theories more accessible in the church? Why don’t we talk about them? Why doesn’t the church address them? Why are so many people hurting and struggling with all this information and not know how to process it? So many people think this is all or nothing? How do we get to a place where this awareness is not on the fringe of Mormon academia?
This is a big question I have. And the main reason I am banging loudly to get this message out. Sam Brown spends most of the rest of the interview answering this question. It’s a brilliant answer. A lot of people are asking this question, myself included, and he handles it masterfully.
1. Not everyone needs it. For many people, the literal, simple view of the gospel works best. He uses the example of salt in the medical world. A study came out salt was bad for health, and it caused a massive overreaction. But it turns out it’s only a minority of people that are negatively affected. For most people, salt is just fine. Salt enhances flavor and increases our pleasure, and many people unnecessarily cut it out because of this study.
I don’t totally buy this part, but I do think there’s something important here. I think it’s most obvious for children. And maybe some adults. This correlates to the Fowler Stages of Faith. People naturally move from one stage to another. Moving from a literal to a nuanced view of religion is a natural phase of human development for most humans, but it’s best when it happens naturally and organically.
2. Cross pressure of modern and non-modern. Oh I loved this part. Quote from Sam:
I would resist just a little bit the notion that the best path forward for the LDS church as a whole or for the large majority of members is to embrace an academic gently postmodern intellectual approach to the experience of their religion…If we did have a church that continuously over the pulpit was encouraging us to take a basically secular view and I’m using secular in a more formal, precise term I don’t mean by secular as nonreligious I mean by secular the way Charles Taylor intended. A world in which religious faith and belief is seen as one option in many in which the complexities of earthly life are seen as the highest priority for engagement and acknowledgment in which a faith that is spontaneous or automatic or part of the environment is fundamentally untrustworthy. If for example under this counterfactual we had a church community in which every week over the pulpit we heard Mormon inspired or Mormon relevant secularist rhetoric, would that ultimately lead to even under its own terms greater human flourishing among the people who are in the pews or lead to a greater retention of people who are present. My sense is that Mormonism in its natural expression as a not particularly modern faith full of angels and demons and miracles and deep loyalty in an essentially ethnic identification is really a beautiful thing and it’s a beautiful thing on average for the people for whom it is natural as breathing and is a beautiful thing for people like me who have never been able to make that work. I was an atheist agnostic until I was 18 and although I am a devout theist since age 18, I am always intensely cross pressured. And I find that having Mormonism, speaking now about both the LDS church institutionally and about the majority of my coreligionists, be non-modern allows the kind of balance in my life even as someone who does not remotely fit the stereotype of the believing practicing Mormon. I feel like I’m better off for the institution being non-modern and letting me be cross pressured.
I want to do more study on Charles Taylor’s work here that Sam is riffing on. And especially the commentary James K. A. Smith has done on that. I highly recommend the interview Blair Hodges did with Jamie Smith. The idea here is that secularism is not bad. Through it, we are extending life, solving many of the world’s mysteries, and increasing quality of life. But it doesn’t answer everything. Humans still have a God itch. We seek for higher meaning. We understand intellectually the traditional, literal narratives of world religions don’t make sense. But we also feel secularism is inadequate in addressing our spiritual needs. That conflict is a cross pressure. We need to find new religious narratives that can balance the two.
I like the term cross pressure better than cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance implies to me that there’s a right and a wrong, I’m doing the “wrong” and I’m feeling the underlying dissonance of the “right”. Exmormons use this to describe the uncomfortable feeling of disbelief before testimony is shattered, sometimes only seeing two options belief or disbelief in a literal narrative. I love the term cross pressure which seems more agnostic on the morality or priority of the two competing ideas. There’s something important about the modern message of secularism. And there’s something important about the non-modern message I’m getting each week in church. From a review of Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age:
Taylor’s landmark work, A Secular Age, tells a complex story about the fate of religion in the West over the past 500 years. Taking issue with an overly-simplistic secularization theory, Taylor portrays a cultural landscape that, rather than speeding the withering of religion, has instead proliferated a dizzying array of spiritual options. This pluralistic reality places “cross-pressure” on those who inhabit these spiritual positions, fragilizing them through exposure to other lived possibilities. The widely adopted modern value of authenticity increases this pressure, encouraging people to carve out their own unique spiritual path and to eschew traditional, ‘spoon-fed’ answers to life’s existential questions. Yet what remains throughout these modern challenges to religion, says Taylor, is the quintessentially human quest for meaning, and the struggle against a modern nihilism that threatens to deny it. In this contested space, he suggests, humanity’s religious past is being called into an as yet unimagined future.
Adam Miller expresses this in LDS voculary:
Given my careful, decades-long cultivation for doubt and skepticism, still even in that context it would be dishonest and in bad faith to say that regardless of how unlikely some of these beliefs are something very real and powerful and real is happening to me in the pew on Sunday when I bring myself back again. When I come back, again. When I kneel down, again. When I read the Book of Mormon, again. Regardless of all my skepticism of all the different kinds of questions we could raise, something is happening to me in a substantial, first person way that I can’t deny regardless of what doubts I have of these peripheral, historical third person questions. The pull for that is sufficiently strong that there’s no place else for me to go.
3. We are doing something. A lot of this information caught everyone off guard, all the way to the top. The church is working through this. First step is to get clean on the history. They’re doing that with the Gospel Topics Essays. This doesn’t happen over night, but it’s happening. As the new information is distributed, we will work on the nuanced narrative as we go.
4. It’s better to work for the new paradigm than have it handed to you. Brown quoted Alexander Pope.
“A little learning is a dangerous thing; drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: there shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, and drinking largely sobers us again.”
He talked about how you used to have to work hard to learn all this information that you can now get in one click by googling CES Letter. Because you had to work hard to get all the information, you took it in naturally along with other material that helped you build a more mature understanding of history and nuance. So that by the time you sorted it all out, you also had more of an intellectual view of the world. A caterpillar that has to fight through the cocoon develops the strength to fly as a butterfly. Do the work for the caterpillar and watch it die, too weak to do the work required in its new life.
So there are four pretty good reasons that push back at the entire purpose of my ministry. I spent several years in turmoil going through faith crisis before it leading to faith reconstruction. Mormon voices like Adam Miller and Terryl Givens responding to my questions gave me more hope than the traditional old FARMS type answers. But I just didn’t get it. It wasn’t spelled out clearly for me. I’m too literal minded, I guess. Even though I intuitively felt the answers were with them, the nuanced Mormon scholar view was just making me frustrated, even angry, because I couldn’t piece it all together. But along with the the secular/intellectual world destroying my view of the dominant LDS narrative, I was intensely cross pressured by the abundance that the LDS Christ-centered life offered me and my family. That fueled me to power through until I reached a nuanced intellectual perspective of things that was sustainable.
So I said, I’m going to make a difference. I’m going to show people this view is possible. I’ve spent a lot of time and energy on this project, and I’m proud of the results so far. But Sam Brown does make me pause to think. Maybe it was best for me to suffer through those years. Maybe this paradigm doesn’t need to be popularized.
In conclusion, a few comments as we get ready for General Conference. We will hear non-modern messages that will cross pressure our secular sensibilities. Messages ranging the gamut, some we will like some we won’t like. Messages on Christian discipleship, sacrifice, sexuality, service, gender roles, deference to authority. We might hear Adam and Eve referenced to as real people. We probably won’t get nuanced messages like BOM non-historicity. Some messages will cross pressure us intensely. But I think that’s OK. We’re immersed in the secular world nearly 24-7, it’s OK to check out of that and into a non-modern world and let the cross pressure do its job. | http://www.churchistrue.com/blog/samuel-brown-mormon-scholar/ |
Policing and police practices have changed dramatically since the 9/11 terrorist attacks and those changes have accelerated since the summer of 2014 and the death of Michael Brown at the hands of then-police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri. Since the November 2016 election of Donald Trump as president, many law enforcement practitioners, policy makers, and those concerned with issues of social justice have had concerns that there would be seismic shifts in policing priorities and practices at the federal, state, county, and local and tribal levels that will have significant implications for constitutional rights and civil liberties protections, particularly for people of color. Perilous Policing: Criminal Justice in Marginalized Communities provides a much-needed interrogatory to law enforcement practices and policies as they continue to evolve during this era of uncertainty and anxiety. Key topics include the police and marginalized populations, the use of technology to surveil individuals and groups, the emergence of the Black Lives Matter movement and the erosion of the police narrative, the use of force (particularly deadly force) against people of color, the role of the police in immigration enforcement, the "war on cops," and police militarization.
Thomas Nolan’s critique of current practice and his preliminary conclusions as to how to navigate contemporary policing away from the pitfalls of discredited and counterproductive practices will be of interest to advanced undergraduates and graduate students in Policing, Criminology, Justice Studies, and Criminal Justice programs, as well as to researchers, law enforcement professionals, and police policy makers.
Table of Contents
1. The Police, the Constitution, and Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
2. Technology and Privacy in the Era of Homeland Security
3. Deadly Force: Compliance, Confrontation, and Consequences for African Americans
4. Black Lives Matter: Interrogating and Challenging the Law Enforcement Narrative
5. The "War Against the Police": The Fictive Response to the New Accountability
6. The "Immigration Police": The Demonization of the "Other"
7. "Soldier Up": The Consequences of Militarization for Communities of Color
8. "Taking Off the Cuffs": Police Retrenchment and Resurgence
9. Fusion Centers: An Unholy Alliance of Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement
10. Perilous Policing: "That’s the Signpost Up Ahead"
View More
Author(s)
Biography
Thomas Nolan has been an Associate Professor in Criminal Justice at Boston University, the State University of New York at Plattsburgh, and Merrimack College. He was a Senior Policy Advisor at the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the Department of Homeland Security in Washington, D.C., and a 27-year veteran (and former lieutenant) with the Boston Police Department. His doctoral work focused on moral probity among police officers, and his recent publications deal with such topics as civil rights and civil liberties in policing and constitutional issues of surveillance.
Reviews
A solid academic book tackling some of policing’s most important issues—written by a police practitioner/scholar. The topics are timely, and there couldn’t be a better time in our field for a policing book of this nature than now.
Peter Kraska, Professor, School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, USA
Tom Nolan has produced this scholarly scrutiny that supplements his thirty-plus years of policing experience. It's an important book that should be widely read. Use it in your courses. The "narrative" of US law enforcement's too often violent interaction with the public it serves has rightly given way to a national conversation in the marketplace of ideas.
Wm. Peters, Coordinator for Legal Studies and Associate Professor of Criminal Justice State University of New York College at Plattsburgh, USA
The human race faces immense challenges: climate collapse, economic inequality, racism and nativism, mass migration, and crises in democratic governance. Cutting across all of these issues are the problems of police and policing. This timely book examines policing's role in upholding the status quo, and the failures of ostensibly free societies to rise to the challenge of adequately policing the police.
Kade Crockford, Director, Technology for Liberty Program, American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts, USA
Perilous Policing is provocative and well-written. It gives fresh insights into the service practices and patterns of policing. Tom Nolan utilizes his insider perspective to illuminate the modern issues that face police departments today. Unlike many other books on policing, Perilous Policing could be used in an upper-level undergraduate course, a graduate-level seminar, or by practitioners in the field.
Alexa D. Sardina Ph.D., Assistant Professor, California State University Sacramento Division of Criminal Justice, USA
This book is very timely with its focus on immigration, militarization and Black Lives Matter. While the book is based on American policing, these issues resonate globally, and policing has become increasingly contested and perilous (for citizens and for the police themselves). | https://www.routledge.com/Perilous-Policing-Criminal-Justice-in-Marginalized-Communities/Nolan/p/book/9780367026707 |
California law currently allows law enforcement personnel to expand its efforts to collect DNA from any person arrested on a felony charge. The law has created quite a bit of controversy, pitting the state’s law enforcement agencies against privacy advocates, including the American Civil Liberties Union. At the beginning of December, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals considered whether challenges to that law may move forward in light of a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding a similar Maryland law.
Some judges on the Ninth Circuit’s 11-judge panel appeared to believe that the California law is clearly broader than the Maryland law because it allows the collection of DNA from individuals prior to any criminal conviction. Arguments in the Supreme Court case compared the Maryland law allowing DNA collection to fingerprinting, widely considered a routine collection at every arrest.
The California law being considered in the present case was passed as a 2004 voter initiative. The challenge to the law is being brought by four individuals whose DNA was collected using cheek swabs following their arrests. Two of the plaintiffs were arrested at public demonstrations and were never subsequently charged with a crime. The four plaintiffs, who are represented by the American Civil Liberties Union, are challenging the law as a violation of “their Fourth Amendment right to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures.”
The decision in the case will be released in the coming months.
Laws that sanction California’s DNA-collection efforts place a massive burden on the accused, despite the presumption of innocence that is the backbone of our criminal justice system. If you or a loved one have been accused of committing a crime, don’t fight an uphill battle against prosecutors and the police on your own. Don’t make the mistake of believing that you can go without counsel. Seek the confidential advice of an experienced Riverside criminal defense attorney immediately, and preserve the rights guaranteed to you by the U.S. Constitution. | https://danielgreenberglaw.com/ninth-circuit-court-appeals-considers-californias-dna-collection-law/ |
What is Astigmatism?
Astigmatism is a common vision condition, or refractive error, that often accompanies myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness). A refractive error means that the shape of your eye doesn’t refract the light properly, so that the image you see is blurred. Astigmatism occurs when the curvature of the cornea is irregularly shaped, scattering light rays entering the eye so that they are focused both in front of and behind the retina, rather than directly on the retina. Vision is blurred at all distances. For our eyes to be able to see, light rays must be bent or “refracted” so they can focus directly on the retina, the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye. Together the cornea and the lens refract light rays. The retina receives the picture formed by these light rays and sends the image to the brain through the optic nerve.
What causes Astigmatism?
Astigmatism results when the eye is shaped more like a football than a baseball, which is the normal shape of the eye. Many people are born with this oblong shape and the resulting vision problem may get worse over time.
What are the symptoms?
Common symptoms of astigmatism include difficulty maintaining a clear focus on both near and far objects, eyestrain, fatigue, and headaches.
How is Astigmatism diagnosed?
Astigmatism is detected during a comprehensive eye exam through a test called refraction. Using a phoropter, an instrument that determines the type and measures the amount of refractive error present, your eye doctor will determine your exact prescription.
What are the treatment options?
Prescription glasses, contact lenses, and LASIK surgery (laser vision correction) are treatment options to optically correct astigmatism. | https://eyecenterct.com/patient-education/ophthalmic-education/astigmatism.html |
4th Annual International Conference on Sensors and Electronic Instrumentation Advances (SEIA' 2018), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 19-21 September 2018.
The 4th Annual International Conference on Sensors and Electronic Instrumentation Advances (SEIA' 2018) is a forum for presentation, discussion, and exchange of information and latest research and development results in both theoretical and
experimental research in sensors, transducers and their related fields. It brings together researchers, developers, and practitioners from diverse fields including international scientists and engineers from academia, research institutes, and
companies to present and discuss the latest results in the field of sensors and measurements. After successful events in 2015 (Dubai, UAE), 2016 (Barcelona, Spain) and 2017 (Moscow, Russia), the SEIA' 2018 will take place in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 19-21 September 2018.
The SEIA conference is focusing any significant breakthrough and innovation in Sensors, Electronics, Measuring Instrumentation and Transducers Engineering Advances and its applications with broadest concept. The conference is organized by the International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA) and Asian Society of Applied Mathematics and Engineering (ASAME).
Topic of Interest:
Sensors and Sensing Technology
- Accelerometers
- Inclinometers
- Gyroscopes
- Mechanical Sensors
- Optical Sensors
- Optical Fiber Sensors
- Photonic Sensors
- Chemical Sensors
- Biosensors
- Immunosensors
- BioMEMS
- Temperature Sensors
- Pressure Sensors
- Acoustic Sensors
- Electromagnetic Sensors
- Gas Sensors
- Humidity Sensors
- Infrared Sensors, Devices and Thermography
- Radiation Sensors
- Multi Sensor Fusion
- Smart Sensors
- Intelligent Sensors
- Virtual Sensors
- Sensor Interfacing and Signal Conditioning
- Sensor Calibration
- Nanomaterials and Electronics Technology for Sensors
- Semiconductor Materials for Sensors
- Polymer Materials for Sensors
- MEMS and NEMS
- Remote Sensors and Telemetry
- Sensor Applications
Sensor Instrumentation and Measuring Technology
- Metrology and Measurement Science
- Methods of Measurements
- Calibrations and Standards
- Measurement of Electrical Quantities
- Time and Frequency Measurements
- Measurement of Force, Mass, Torque, Inclination and Acceleration
- Magnetic Measurements
- Hardness Measurements
- Measurement of Geometrical Quantities
- Temperature and Thermal Measurements
- Pressure and Vacuum Measurements
- Vibration and Noise Measurement
- Flow Measurements
- Chemical Measurements
- Quantum Measurements and Photonics
- Acoustics and the Ultrasonic Measurements
- Environmental Measurements
- Power and Energy Measurements
- Measurement of Human Functions
- Measurements in Biology and Medicine
- Mathematical Tools for Measurements
- Optical and Radiation Measurements
- Microwave Measurements
- Virtual Instruments and Data Acquisition Systems
- Software Measurements
- Measurement Systems
- Distributed Measurements
- Analog-to-Digital Converters, Digital and Mixed Signal Processing
- Waveform Analysis and Measurements
- Scientific and Industrial Instrumentation
- Cyber-Physical Systems and IoT
- Experimental Mechanics
- Measurement in Robotics
- Metrology in Food and Nutrition
- Intelligent and Computer Vision Instruments
- Reliability of Instrument and Measurement Systems
- Nanometrology
- Technical Diagnostics and Testing
- Nondestructive Testing
- Education and Training in Measurement and Instrumentation
Deadline for 2-page abstract: 30 March 2018
Contribution Types:
- Keynote presentations
- Industrial presentations
- Regular papers
- Posters
More details are availabelon the conference web site: | https://www.mdpi.com/journal/chemosensors/events/7100 |
0001 The present invention relates to a method of molding elastomeric article.
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0002 When a pneumatic tire which is a typical elastomeric article is molded or vulcanized, conventionally, a green tire is first built and in a mold it is heated by steam under a constant pressure PU for a predetermined time T and then the inside thereof is pressurized by a gas at a constant high pressure PU for a predetermined T as shown in FIG. 5. By pressurizing the inside, the softened rubber is pressed against the inner surface of the mold.
0003 However, when the inner surface of the mold is provided with relatively deep hollows for example as a negative tire tread pattern, it is difficult to fill all the corners of the hollows with rubber, and defective molding such as rubber bareness on the outer surface of the tire is liable to occur.
0004 In general, in order to prevent rubber bareness, a large number of vent holes are provided in the hollows. Accordingly, a large number of spews of rubber are formed on the molded article. It takes a lot of time and labor to remove the spews. The time and labor may be reduced if the number of the vent holes is decreased, but rubber bareness increases.
0005 It is therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a method of molding an elastomeric article, in which the pushing of the elastomer into hollows on the inner surface of the mold is improved to prevent the occurrence of bareness of elastomer on the surface of the molded elastomeric article and also to decrease the number of bent holes.
0006 According to the present invention, a method of molding an elastomeric article comprises
0007 putting an elastomeric article in a mold,
0008 softening the elastomeric article in the mold by heating the elastomeric article,
0009 pressing the elastomeric article against the mold by pressurizing an inside of the elastomeric article by letting a fluid therein, and
0010 changing the pressure of said fluid in a short cycle so as to beat the elastomeric article against the mold repeatedly.
0011 The cyclic pressure change must be carried out after the elastomeric article is softened at latest. Each cycle of the pressure change is made up of a decompression step in which the pressure decreases from a higher pressure to a lower pressure, and a subsequent repressurizing step in which the pressure increases from the lower pressure to the higher pressure. The number of cycles, namely the number of the repressurizing or decompression steps is at least two but at most about 50, usually at most about 30, preferably at most 20. The duration time of one decompression step is not more than about 60 seconds, and the duration time of one repressurizing step is also not more than about 60 seconds. If these duration times are longer than 60 seconds, the beating effect decreases, and it is difficult to prevent the bareness of elastomer.
0012 Taking a method of vulcanizing a pneumatic tire for example, embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
0013FIG. 1 is a time chart showing an example of the pressure change according to the present invention.
0014FIG. 2 is a time chart showing another example of the pressure change according to the present invention.
0015FIG. 3 is a schematic cross sectional view of a mold for vulcanizing a pneumatic tire showing an example of the piping for the heating medium and pressurizing medium.
0016FIG. 4 is a diagram showing another example of the piping for the heating medium and pressurizing medium.
0017FIG. 5 is a time chart showing a pressure change employed in the under-mentioned comparison test.
Embodiments (Tire Vulcanizing Method)
Embodiment (I)
Embodiment (II)
0018 Embodiments (I) and (II) according to the present invention will now be described in detail. In each embodiment, accordingly, the elastomeric article is a pneumatic tire J, and the method of vulcanizing a pneumatic tire comprises
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0019 a process S of heating the tire J up to a vulcanizing temperature by letting a heating medium A in the inside of the tire J which tire is disposed in a mold , and
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0020 a process S of pressing the softened tire J against the inner surface of the mold by pressurizing the inside of the tire by letting a pressurizing medium B in the inside of the tire J.
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0021 The heating medium A is a high-temperature gas having a high heat capacity. The temperature thereof is higher than the vulcanizing temperature which is usually about 140 degrees C. For instance, the heating medium A is a steam which is substantially saturated. The temperature thereof is about 200 degrees C. The delivery pressure PA thereof is about 1500 kPa.
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0022 The pressurizing medium B is a high-pressure inert gas having a low heat capacity. If it is necessary to prevent cooling down of the tire, the temperature thereof is preferably the substantially same as or higher than the vulcanizing temperature. However, as the heat capacity is low, the temperature may be lower than the vulcanizing temperature. If not necessary, the temperature may be set at a low temperature of about 40 or 50 degrees for example. The delivery pressure PB thereof is higher than the delivery pressure PA of the heating medium A. For instance, the pressurizing medium B is nitrogen gas. The temperature is about 160 degrees C. The delivery pressure PB is about 2100 kPa.
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0023 In case of a tire size for passenger cars or the like, the duration time T of the heating process S is usually about 3 to about 4 minutes, and the duration time T of the pressurizing process S is usually about 6 to about 9 minutes.
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0024 Hereinafter, the heating medium A and pressurizing medium B are generically called fluid .
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0025 According to the present invention, after the tire is softened at latest, the pressure of the fluid in the inside of the tire is changed in a short cycle to press the tire against the mold repeatedly.
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0026FIG. 1 is a chart showing a change in the pressure of the inside of the tire. In this example, the pressure is cyclically changed in the heating process S.
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0027FIG. 2 is a chart showing another example of the change in the pressure of the inside of the tire. In this example, the pressure is cyclically changed in the pressurizing process S.
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0028 In FIG. 1, the pressure is first increased from the initial pressure of 0 kPa to a maximum pressure PU. The maximum pressure PU is that in the heating process not in the pressurizing process. This is the initial pressurizing step. Thereafter, a decompression step D in which the pressure decrease from the maximum pressure PU to a lower pressure PD, and a repressurizing step U in which the pressure increases from the lower pressure PD to the maximum pressure PU are alternately carried out.
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0029 The maximum pressure PU is equal to the delivery pressure PA of the heating medium A. The lower pressure PD is set in a range of not less than times the maximum pressure PU. However, the lower pressure PD may be set in a range of less than times the maximum pressure PU.
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1
0030 In this embodiment, the duration time Td of one decompression step D is set in a range of not more than about 10 seconds, preferably in a range of from almost 0 (practically about 0.5 sec.) to about 4 seconds. Also, the duration time Tu of one repressurizing step U is set in a range of not more than about 10 seconds, preferably in a range of from almost 0 (practically about 0.5 sec.) to about 4 seconds.
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0031 The number of cycles, namely, the number Nd of the decompression steps D or the number Nu of the repressurizing steps U is set in a range of from 2 to about 20. In case of a usual tread pattern (not deep pattern), five to seven cycles may be enough for preventing the rubber bareness. Therefore, the number of cycles is preferably in a range of from 2 to 10. If the number Nu, Nd is too large, the total time T of the heating process S becomes excessively long, and there is a tendency toward over cure.
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0032 The heating process S may be provided before or between, preferably after the decompression/repressurizing cycles with a constant pressure step F in which the pressure is constant.
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0033 In the pressurizing process S, on the other hand, the pressure is first increased to a maximum pressure PU from an initial pressure in a short time. Then, the pressure is kept constant (the maximum pressure PU) until vulcanized. Here, the initial pressure is the maximum pressure PU in the heating process. The maximum pressure PU is that in the pressurizing process, which is equal to the delivery pressure PB of the pressurizing medium B (2100 kPa in this example).
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0034 In FIG. 2, the heating process S is carried out under a substantially constant pressure. That is, the pressure is increased in a short time from the initial pressure of 0 kPa to the maximum pressure PU in the heating process. Under the maximum pressure PU (constant pressure), the heating is continued for a predetermined time after the temperature of the tire reaches to the vulcanizing temperature.
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0035 In the pressurizing process S, on the other hand, the pressure is first increased to the maximum pressure PU from the initial pressure which is equal to the maximum pressure PU in the heating process. Thereafter, a decompression step D in which the pressure is decreased from the maximum pressure PU to a lower pressure PD, and a repressurizing step U in which the pressure is increased from the lower pressure PD to the maximum pressure PU are alternately carried out. The duration time Td of one decompression step D, the duration time Tu of one repressurizing step U, and the number of cycles of the pressure change may be set in the same way as in the former embodiment. In this embodiment, it is preferable that the pressurizing process S includes a constant pressure step after the decompression/repressurizing cycles.
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0036 As another example of the tire vulcanizing method, it is also possible to change the pressure in both of the heating process S and pressurizing process S.
0037 Tire Mold
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0038 As shown in FIG. 3, the above-mentioned tire mold has a vulcanizing cavity or an annular hollow in which a green tire is put. The tire mold is, for example, a split mold which is split into an upper mold piece U and an lower mold piece L disposed coaxially of the tire around a central machinery . The central machinery is provided with two ports and for the passage of the fluid . The ports and open towards the vulcanizing cavity . In this example, in order to avoid direct contact of the fluid with the tire J, an expandable bladder made of a rubber compound is provided therebetween. The above-mentioned heating medium A is led to the vulcanizing cavity from a heating medium supply source through a heating medium piping A. The pressurizing medium B is led to the vulcanizing cavity from a pressurizing medium supply source through a pressurizing medium piping B.
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0039 In FIG. 3, the heating medium piping A extending from the heating medium supply source is connected to the port , and the pressurizing medium piping B extending from the pressurizing medium supply source is also connected to the same port . But, in order to exclusively allow one of the heating medium and pressurizing medium to flow into the inside of the mold, each piping A, B is provided with a valve . That is, if one of them is opened, the other is closed. On the other hand, a release piping A for the heating medium (steam) and a release piping B for the pressurizing medium (nitrogen gas) are connected to the other port . Similarly, each piping A, B is provided with a valve . At the time of releasing the heating medium, the valve on the release piping A is opened but the other is closed. At the time of releasing the pressurizing medium, the valve on the release piping B is opened but the other is closed. The other end of the release piping B is connected to a suction pump in order to exhaust the gas in order to contract the bladder when the tire vulcanization is finished, and also in order to collect the gas. It is also possible to connect the other end of the release piping A to a suction pump in order to collect the steam and its heat. The opening and closing of these valves are executed by a programmable controller . And the above-mentioned cyclic change in the pressure is made by the opening and closing of the valves .
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0040 In FIG. 4 which shows another example of the fluid circuit, the release piping A and the release piping B are connected to the port as shown in FIG. 3. But, the heating medium piping A (in case of FIG. 1) or the pressurizing medium piping B (in case of FIG. 2) and a further release piping are connected to the port through a switching valve and the above-mentioned valve . The remainder, that is, the pressurizing medium piping B (in case of FIG. 1) or the heating medium piping A (in case of FIG. 2) is connected to the port through the valve in the same way as in FIG. 3. The opening and closing of the valves and the switching of the valve are executed by a programmable controller . In this example, the above-mentioned cyclic change in the pressure is made by the switching of the valve , namely, the switching of the connection of the port between the medium piping (A, B) and the release piping .
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0041 The programmable controller operates the valves , according to the outputs of various sensors such as a sensor for the pressure in the vulcanizing cavity , a sensor for the temperature and the like, and an internal clock, following a stored program which realizes the timetable shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. The temperature sensor is disposed on the mold and used to detect conditions that the pressure reaches to a) the maximum pressure PU or the lower pressure PD in case of FIG. 1, or b) the maximum pressure PU or the lower pressure PD in case of FIG. 2.
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0042 By the way, in any embodiment, a process of releasing the pressurizing medium, a process of taking out the tire from the mold, etc. follow after the pressurizing process S.
0043 Comparison Test
TABLE 1
Molding
Ref.
Ex. 1
Ex. 2
Pressure chart type
Heating process S1
Total time T1
3′00
5′30″
3′00″
Pressure
constant
variable
variable
Maximum pressure P1U (kPa)
1500
1500
1500
Lower pressure P1D (kPa)
—
500
1000
Pressurizing steps
Number Nu*<highlight><superscript>1</superscript></highlight>
1
6
7
Time Tu (sec.)
30
30
2
Decompression steps
Number Nd
0
5
6
Time Td (sec.)
—
30
2
Heating medium
steam
steam
steam
Temperature (deg. C.)
200
200
200
Delivery pressure PA (kPa)
1500
1500
1500
Pressurizing process S2
Total time T2
5′00″
3′00″
3′00″
Pressure
constant
constant
constant
Maximum pressure P2U (kPa)
2100
2100
2100
Pressurizing steps
Number Nu*<highlight><superscript>1</superscript></highlight>
1
1
1
Time Tu (sec.)
15
15
15
Decompression steps
Number Nd*<highlight><superscript>2</superscript></highlight>
0
0
0
Time Td (sec.)
—
—
—
Pressurizing medium
N
N
N
Temperature (deg. C.)
40
40
40
Delivery pressure PB (kPa)
2100
2100
2100
Rate of defective moldings (%)
20
0
0
<footnote id="FOO-00001">*<highlight><superscript>1</superscript></highlight>including the initial pressurizing step </footnote>
<footnote id="FOO-00002">*<highlight><superscript>2</superscript></highlight>not including the last decompression step </footnote>
0044 Green tires (Tire size 225/40ZR18) were made and vulcanized using the same mold but different time charts shown in Table 1. And a visual external examination on rubber bareness on the outer surface of the tire, and a cut-open inspection for adhesive failure between laminated layers, namely the inner liner and carcass ply, etc. due to residual air therebetween were made to obtain the rate of defective moldings. The results are also show in Table 1.
0045 As described above, in the tire vulcanizing methods according to the present invention, the short-cycle pressure change can beat the elastomer repeatedly against the inside of the mold. As a result, the elastomer is pushed in the hollows on the inner surface of the mold, and at the same time, the air trapped between the elastomeric article and the mold can be removed. Therefore, the occurrence of bareness of the elastomeric material can be effectively prevented. Further, the air trapped between laminated layers such as an inner liner and a carcass ply during tire building processes can be also removed to prevent adhesive failures.
0046 As described above, the present invention suitably applied to a pneumatic tire as a vulcanizing method therefor. But, it can be applied to elastomeric articles having unevenness on the outer surface and a hollow which the fluid can be let in. | |
Rock N Growl Records is a Record label founded in 2009 by Axel Wiesenauer based in Berglen, Germany. They focus on the rock and metal genre. Distributor for CD’s is Cargo Records, England and digital distribution by iMusicianDigital, Switzerland. The label working also with their division Rock’N’Growl Promotion heavily in the fields of band/artist management, consulting, promotion and booking.
About Tommy Sonne Skøtt 1877 Articles
I began my writing career in the year of 2012 due to my love for the metal community, and have since moved onto a second role as the Tech-Wiz of PoM - taking good care of our website. My favourite music genres are Progressive Metal in all its different shapes and Melodic Death Metal. | https://powerofmetal.dk/partner/rock-n-growl-records |
Terminating Parental Rights on the Basis of Mental Injury to a Child Requires Express Qualification and Opinion of an Expert Witness
An Alaska superior court terminated parental rights upon finding that the parents had caused mental injury to a child, based partly on testimony from a therapist who had not been qualified as an expert witness. In Cora G. v. State, 461 P.3d 1265 (Alaska 2020), the Alaska Supreme Court concluded that this mental injury finding required express qualification and opinion of an expert witness.
Facts of the Case
The Office of Children's Services (OCS) in Alaska received a report in 2016 alleging that a child had been physically and sexually abused by his mother, Cora G., and neglected by his father, Justin D. (both pseudonyms). The OCS initially removed the child from the mother's care and placed him with his father. A superior court denied visitation with Ms. G.; upon discovering that the father had taken the child to see her, the OCS later removed the child from the father's care, which was upheld in court. The father subsequently moved out of Alaska for work and allegedly maintained little to no contact with the child for a period of time. The child was seen by at least two therapists, who identified behavioral concerns potentially related to trauma and expressed concern about child visitation with Ms. G.
In 2018, the OCS filed a petition to terminate parental rights to the child. During a termination trial, the child's second therapist, who was unlicensed but held a master's degree in marriage and family therapy, testified that the child had demonstrated adverse reactions regarding visitation with Ms. G. Based in part on results of a neuropsychologist's evaluation of the child, the therapist also testified that she had diagnosed the child with mental disorders including acute stress disorder and reactive attachment disorder. The OCS did not expressly offer this therapist as an expert witness or request to qualify her as an expert witness on these matters. According to Alaska Stat. § 47.10.011(8) (1998), a court may find a child in need of aid (CINA) if the conduct or conditions created by parents have resulted in mental injury to a child. The superior court ordered termination of parental rights, finding that the child was in need of aid under this mental injury provision. The parents appealed the decision, including a challenge that the court did not qualify an expert witness to support the mental injury finding.
Ruling and Reasoning
The Alaska Supreme Court vacated the superior court's termination order of parental rights and remanded the case for further proceedings. The court pointed out that trial courts often have discretion about whether qualified expert witness testimony is indicated in criminal or civil cases but statutes may delineate expert witness requirements for specific cases. An Alaska CINA statute required that the existence of a mental injury to a child must be “supported by the opinion of a qualified expert witness” (Alaska Stat. § 47.17.290(10) (2019)).
As noted by the court, the statute did not define whether “qualified” referred to a witness's professional background and experience, as opposed to formal qualification of an expert witness by the trial court. After reviewing materials, including legislator statements and committee reports, to determine legislative intent, the court inferred that the language of a “qualified expert witness” in the Alaska CINA statute was derived from the federal Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA; 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901–1963 (1978)).
The court examined conflicting case law from Montana (In re K.H., 981 P.2d 1190 (Mont. 1999)) and Arkansas (Howell v. Arkansas Department of Human Services, 517 S.W.3d 431 (Ark. Ct. App. 2017)). In the Montana case, the Montana Supreme Court reversed termination of a mother's parental rights, concluding that the burden under the ICWA fell upon the state to produce expert witness testimony in these cases. By comparison, in the Arkansas case, an intermediate appellate court concluded that a mother had not objected to an ICWA's expert witness qualifications in trial court and therefore could not raise this challenge on appeal. The Alaska Supreme Court supported the analysis in the Montana decision and held that, “in this limited context of a judge-tried CINA matter, it is legal error for a trial court not to expressly qualify an expert witness to testify about a child's mental injury under Alaska Stat. § 47.10.011(8)(A) and Alaska Stat. § 47.17.290(10)” (Cora G., p 1285).
Applying such reasoning to this case, the court noted that the child's second therapist who testified at the termination trial had not been qualified as an expert witness. Although the superior court relied on other evidence, such as a neuropsychologist's written report, the Alaska Supreme Court noted that the CINA statute required qualified expert witness opinion for a mental injury finding and that nontestimonial statements did not fulfill this requirement. The court added that, while the therapist held a master's degree in marriage and family therapy, she was unlicensed and there was “no ready indication she could have been qualified as an expert for diagnosing complex mental injury to a child or opining on the cause of such an injury” (Cora G., p 1287). Absent qualified expert witness opinion on the matter, the court could not “conclude that the superior court's finding that [the child] had a mental injury caused by parental conduct or conditions, rather than congenital conditions, is sound” (Cora G., p 1288).
Dissent
Chief Justice Bolger wrote a dissenting opinion, stating that the court had misinterpreted the meaning of a “qualified” expert witness. Referring to Alaska Evidence Rule 702, he wrote that a witness becomes “qualified” as a result of factors including knowledge, training, and experience, as opposed to a requirement for affirmative qualification in open court. Citing prior cases in Alaska, he wrote, “If the opposing party believes that a witness is not properly qualified, then that party must raise an objection to the witness's expert testimony when it is offered” (Cora G., p 1289).
Discussion
The Alaska Supreme Court's conclusions in Cora G. may have several implications for trials involving mental injury and child welfare, as well as the roles of expert witnesses. First, the court clarified that a mental health professional is not necessarily assumed to be an expert witness in CINA cases on the basis of professional background and credentials. Instead, to terminate parental rights on the basis of mental injury to a child, a trial court must expressly qualify an expert witness to support this finding. In laying out this procedural requirement, the court seems to have raised the bar for expert witness testimony under these circumstances.
Second, the Cora G. case addressed whether specific professional credentials might qualify someone to testify as an expert witness on mental injury to a child in a CINA case. The court expressed doubts about whether an unlicensed therapist with a master's degree in marriage and family therapy had the qualifications to be an expert witness on the matter. Clinicians with expertise in child and adolescent mental health are often in short supply, particularly in rural areas; as a result, courts may face a balancing act between maintaining high standards for expert witness qualification in these contexts and finding available mental health professionals who can meet these standards and are willing to provide expert witness opinions.
Third, this decision might more broadly influence the ways in which mental health professionals enter into expert witness roles. For many mental health professionals, the nuances of legal proceedings, including the standards for providing expert witness testimony, can be unfamiliar. Courts often require evidence of specialized knowledge, training, and experience for expert witness qualification, and academic degrees alone may not be sufficient for these purposes. If asked to provide opinions or testimony to courts, mental health professionals might wish to clarify what services are being requested and whether their backgrounds fit these needs. Discussing these matters early on with retaining attorneys or court officials may help mental health professionals navigate the complexities of expert witness requirements, which can vary between jurisdictions and types of legal proceedings.
Footnotes
Disclosures of financial or other potential conflicts of interest: None. | http://jaapl.org/content/49/2/254 |
A Master of Arts or Master of Science degree is a graduate-level course of study that typically requires more rigorous and focused work than an undergraduate degree. Students may pursue this education to deepen their understanding of topics learned in undergraduate school or to train for a specific career field.
Education in the United States is mainly provided by the public sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: state, local, and federal, in that order. The common requirements to study at a higher education level in United States will include your admissions essay (also known as the statement of purpose or personal statement), transcript of records, recommendation/reference letters, language tests
Saint Louis is located in Missouri, USA. The city is home of some highly accredited universities. The IT graduates from different higher education institutions generally start their profession in the city.
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The Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Cybersecurity degree is a STEM designated, CIP Code 11.1003 (Computer and Information Systems Security/Information Assurance) interdisciplina ... +
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The Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in Global Health program prepares students to understand global health issues and become professionals with international competencies. | https://www.bachelorstudies.com/Bachelor/USA/Missouri/St.-Louis/ |
Unilateral deafness means that your child has a hearing loss in one ear – it’s sometimes called one-sided hearing loss or single-sided deafness (SSD). The deafness can range from mild to profound in the affected ear.
Children with unilateral deafness may have a sensorineural deafness which is caused by a fault in the inner ear (cochlea) or conductive deafness, which is often caused by microtia and/or atresia. The deafness may be permanent or temporary.
You may be offered medical tests to find the reason for your child’s hearing loss; however, it isn’t always possible to identify the cause. Our information on the causes of deafness gives more detail about some of the most common causes of hearing loss in children.
Your child's hearing tests will help you understand the level of deafness your child has by showing how loud, and at what frequency, a sound must be before they can hear it.
How will unilateral deafness affect my child?
This can affect a child with unilateral deafness in a number of different ways.
Incidental learning is learning that takes place in everyday settings, at home or out and about, and is not taught at school. Children learn language through play and by hearing things going on around them. This helps them build vocabulary, and gives them grammar and general knowledge.
Because children with unilateral deafness may not always overhear what people are saying or hear what’s going on around them, they may appear ‘out of it’, as though they don’t know what’s happening or appear unconnected to their environment.
when in a group, speak one at a time.
Our Being Deaf-Friendly section contains other tips for communicating with children who have a hearing loss and advice on how to create better listening environments.
Our resource Helping your Deaf Child to Develop Communication and Language: For parents with a 0–2 year old is full of practical ideas about how to promote communication and language development.
You may also find our information on speech and language therapy helpful.
Children with unilateral deafness may be using more energy concentrating on listening, particularly in noisy environments, and as a result may experience problems in concentrating, tiredness and frustration that affects their behaviour. They may prefer to play alone and experience more difficulties than other children in reading and learning.
Unilateral deafness makes it difficult for a child to tell which direction traffic is coming from, so it's important to teach your child to take extra care when crossing the road.
When out cycling, rear view mirrors on your child’s bike can help them to see a car when it’s behind them. Our page on cycling is full of tips on how you can help your child to ride their bike safely.
Will hearing aids or implants help?
The importance of providing hearing aids or hearing implants to children with deafness in both ears as early as possible is widely recognised because this type of deafness will have a significant effect on a child’s ability to learn speech and language skills if left unsupported.
However, there is currently no clear agreement on the benefits of providing hearing aids or implants to all children with unilateral deafness. Some children with unilateral deafness require additional support with their speech and language development, while others appear to manage very well without additional support. Your child should be assessed on an individual basis depending on their particular needs.
Will my child need extra support at nursery or school?
It’s important that your child gets the support they need in all early years settings including playgroups, childcare and nurseries, as well as at school.
To help with this we have produced a series of Personal passports which are documents you can fill in and give to anyone working with or caring for your child which describe how they can support your child in the best way possible.
You could also share our Supporting Achievement resources with staff working with or caring for your child.
Many children with unilateral deafness will manage well at school and it won’t affect their schoolwork. However, due to the extra effort listening can take, children with unilateral deafness may become distracted more easily and find concentrating difficult.
the teacher checking that your child has understood instructions especially when they are changing topic or task.
Your child’s teacher should know about their hearing loss so that their progress can be monitored closely. If you’re worried about your child's school work speak to their teacher, special educational needs coordinator (SENCO) or special education needs advisor (Scotland).
There is technology available that can help improve listening conditions for your child at school like a soundfield system which uses speakers fitted in the classroom. Classroom soundfield systems are increasingly popular and may already be fitted at your child’s school.
Your child could also benefit from using a radio aid, which consists of a radio transmitter worn by the teacher and a receiver worn by your child. Radio aids can be worn with or without a hearing aid and help to make the teacher's voice clearer wherever they are in the classroom.
For more information about soundfield systems and radio aids download our resource How radio aids can help — A guide for families.
For more information about education for children with a hearing loss visit our Education and learning section. | https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/what-is-deafness/unilateral-deafness/ |
Browse: Home » 2011 » October » Do our Genes Control our Behaviour?
Do our Genes Control our Behaviour?
Williams syndrome, which is characterized by unique genetic markers and distinct behaviors, may actually hold the secrets to understanding other better-known disorders — including autism.
Those with Williams syndrome have a distinctive pattern of intellectual peaks and valleys, including low IQs, developmental delays and learning disabilities, all coupled with rich, imaginative capacity for language — and exuberantly social personalities.
Williams syndrome is the perfect test case for studying the link between genes and behavior, Bellugi said. The disorder is very specific, occurring only when a certain cluster of genes is missing from one of two copies of chromosome 7.
The aim is understand better how genes affect traits as vastly different as the super-social behavior of the Waldner boys and the withdrawn, alienated behavior of many people with autism.
Read more at Super-social gene may hold clues to autism, other disorders. | https://reichlerclinic.org/2011/10/do-our-genes-control-our-behaviour/ |
The next block of school vacation days comes up next month. For many high school students with mandatory community service (volunteer) hours, this two week break can be a great time to either complete the number of volunteer hours needed (hopefully!) or get started. Here are some suggestions to help your kids get their volunteer hours completed and where to find non-profit organizations that could use their help.
And just to remind parents, feel free to make ‘giving back’ a family affair. I like to teach my kids that volunteering isn’t something to be done because you have to, but instead because you want to. As a parent you can use the following questions and suggestions to start a dialogue with your kids about volunteering over the holidays and get organized to get the most out of the time available.
Get the Volunteering Conversation Started: When to Volunteer and Where
1) Get started now. Check the family schedule for days and times that are available.
2) Decide upon what type of volunteer activities or groups the you/your kids would like to work with.
3) Put out feelers to friends and family. Ask if anyone knows about specific volunteer events scheduled.
4) Look for volunteer opportunities in hobbies or employment fields that interest your kids.
5) Contact organizations now to reserve open spots. Many non-profits have online booking tools to schedule volunteers.
Where to Find Opportunities to Volunteer
Besides Second Harvest, local food banks, Giving Tree and local shelters, I’ve listed some other organizations and events that might interest your kids and family.
Family Volunteer Day 11/21/2015
This is a great event because there are so many groups with so many different needs that volunteer opportunities can be found to be done on site, at home, on Nov 21, 2015 or other dates. Some opportunities are for kids as young as 10 years old.
Large scale local events, such as Christmas in the Park (for those of us in San Jose)
Even though this event begins Thanksgiving and runs through Jan 1, 2016, most of the volunteer hours are already booked.
Save The Bay
Interested in the environment or want to volunteer outside?
Maddie’s Fund, Paws for Kids.org Paws for Kids Oakland Zoo Teen Volunteers
Love animals and want to help them find forever homes? Step out on the wild side and volunteer at a local zoo.
Other suggestions for Volunteer Opportunities
Local bike charities that need labor to assemble bikes and toys the holidays.
VolunteerMatch.org a clearing house for volunteer opportunities. Using their database you can search by location, age or interest. You can also subscribe to their newsletter to receive updated notices about volunteer opportunities.
Volunteers at Project Linus make blankets homemade blankets to children in need.
There are so many more organizations that deserve to be listed here. Share the word about your favorites. Leave a comment with the name, web url and why you would volunteer with the organization. I will post a shout out about the group on Twitter or Facebook.
Thanks! | https://siliconvalleymom.com/volunteer-opportunities-during-the-holidays/ |
What causes high blood pressure hypertension? Luke's Medical Center Cardiology Cardiovascular Disease Both your lifestyle and genes can cause high blood pressure, but other factors can be involved as well.
Summary What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries.
Your blood pressure is highest when your heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure. When your heart is at rest, between beats, your blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure. Your blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
How is high blood pressure diagnosed? High blood pressure usually has no symptoms. So the only way to find out if you have it is to get regular blood pressure checks from your health care provider.
Your provider will use a gauge, a stethoscope or electronic sensor, and a blood pressure cuff.
He or she will take two or more readings at separate appointments before making a diagnosis. For children and teens, the health care provider compares the blood pressure reading to what is normal for other kids who are the same age, height, and gender.
What are the different types of high blood pressure? There are two main types of high blood pressure: Primary, or essential, high blood pressure is the most common type of high blood pressure. For most people who get this kind of blood pressure, it develops over time as you get older.
Secondary high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or use of certain medicines.
It usually gets better after you treat that condition or stop taking the medicines that are causing it. Why do I need to worry about high blood pressure?
When your blood pressure stays high over time, it causes the heart to pump harder and work overtime, possibly leading to serious health problems such as heart attackstrokeheart failureand kidney failure.
What are the treatments for high blood pressure? Treatments for high blood pressure include heart-healthy lifestyle changes and medicines.
You will work with your provider to come up with a treatment plan. It may include only the lifestyle changes. These changes, such as heart-healthy eating and exercise, can be very effective.
But sometimes the changes do not control or lower your high blood pressure. Then you may need to take medicine.Hypertension or increased blood pressure is a major US health problem attracting the attention of public, physicians, and medical organizations.
The aim of this thesis is to provide a brief yet a comprehensive review of the problem. Dec 29, · Cardiovascular disease risk. According to the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VII), in individuals older than 50 years, SBP of greater than mm Hg is a more important cardiovascular disease risk factor than DBP.
Beginning at a BP of /75 mm Hg, the cardiovascular disease risk doubles for each increment of . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
- Hypertension Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure about 25% of all adults have high blood pressure, normal blood pressure in an adult is measure is less than /80 the top number is known as systolic and the bottom diastolic any reading above this is known as hypertension.
Jun 27, · High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is the most common cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure refers to the force of blood pushing against artery walls as it flows through the body.
Symptoms & Types.
Are there hypertension symptoms? What are the complications of high blood pressure? Learn about hypertension, its symptoms, complications, and types. | https://xojojedacupoh.monstermanfilm.com/hypertemsion-and-prevention-essay-21482pj.html |
A woman and her daughter were left waiting 12 hours for the RAC after their car broke down.
Tea shop owner Wendy Williams from Terrington, near King's Lynn, had travelled to Lincoln to collect her daughter Anna from university when the electronic hand brake became stuck on her Volvo.
Mrs Williams, 50, called the RAC - which promises "a superior service at the roadside".
She rang at 3.30pm on Monday, July 1. Help arrived at 3.30am the following day.
"He got out of the van and told me how tired he was and how he had fallen asleep at the wheel getting to me," said Mrs Williams. "He walked towards my car, stopped and said: 'I'm not touching that - it's an electronic hand brake.
"I was completely shocked. He phoned his office and informed them he had just fallen asleep at the wheel. He told them he was not touching my car.
"He told them I would need a specific recovery truck as the car could not be moved. He informed me that a recovery truck would not be available until 9 am.
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"He said they could taxi me back to Norfolk and when I said I would go and get my daughter he said I would have to leave her in Lincoln as she had left the car. It was this point I reached breaking point and informed him he should leave and I would sort out this mess myself."
Mrs Williams and Anna were collected by a taxi at 5.15am and taken back to Norfolk at the RAC's expense.
Her car was also returned - too late for the garage to look at it that same day. She has complained and been told an investigation will take 20 days.
"How could I have been a priority case," she said. "I was left stranded in a strange city. I had to take my daughter to her student accommodation as she was so distressed by the experience. I have not been told how to claim for my food.
"The lack of communication throughout and since has been disgraceful. I was on hold for 24 minutes on one of the many occasions I contacted the RAC for an update." The RAC said: "We are sorry for the service Mrs Williams' received after breaking down, which was not of the standard she rightly expects of us. We are in contact with her about her experience.
"Due to a high number of breakdowns that evening and the closure of the A17, one of our contractor partners attended. We expect the highest standards of our partners, but it is clear they did not communicate well with Mrs Williams after she broke down. We are discussing this with the contractor to help prevent a similar situation happening in the future.
"All drivers who work for us have to follow strict rules regarding driving hours and rest periods.
"We continue to investigate Mrs Williams' case and have been in touch with her to discuss a suitable gesture of goodwill." | |
Coach’s Corner: Q&A with Jeanne Rice
This month, in the AJO Coach’s Corner blog series, we are delighted to present some inspiring thoughts and leadership advice from executive coach, communications expert and author Jeanne Westervelt Rice.
As an executive coach, Jeanne has helped hundreds of business leaders refine their communication, public speaking and executive presence. Her expertise in these areas runs deep as she has worked with leaders around the world to help them create and deliver powerful messages, speak with confidence, motivate their teams and inspire others to take action. She is also the co-author of the book, “Brave Leaders: Finding the Guts to Make Meaningful and Lasting Change” (Advantage Media, 2020). Following are some of her latest leadership tips.
AJO: What’s a workplace trend that you think needs to change?
Jeanne Rice: The last two years of remote working have knocked some leaders off their game when it comes to interpersonal communication. It’s an unfortunate consequence of trying to overcome “Zoom fatigue.” Well-intentioned leaders trying to limit virtual conference overload, may do so by reducing the number of meetings, but may also find that team alignment and connection is suffering as a result.
It’s important to not lose sight of the value of two-way communication. Reducing the number of meetings is fine as long as leaders pay close attention to the quality of those meetings so that they continue to connect on a human level. Consider these tips for enhancing your interpersonal communication and increasing connection with your team:
- Model the behavior you want. After months of Zooming there is an increased tendency to turn off your camera or only engage when asked. I urge leaders to start the call with their camera on to encourage everyone to join in and be present. You can miss important body language when cameras are off. As leaders, model being fully engaged in virtual meetings and you’ll find that everyone is more connected.
- Keep communication direct and timely. If information is shared on a delay or not communicated with intent, honesty and clarity, employees will feel “out of the loop” and not important. Be sure to engage quickly with teams on important news and create a culture where feedback and input is heard and valued.
- Be accessible. As a leader you need to prioritize time for your direct reports and key stakeholders. One-to-one conversations should not be limited to reduce “Zoom fatigue.” This interpersonal time is particularly valuable in a remote-work world.
- Truly listen. Really listening to what is being said, or not being said, is also critical in today’s virtual work environment. Be aware of potential barriers to direct communication and get creative on how to overcome them. Consider a “listening tour” with no agenda except to listen to others. You may be surprised how energizing this can be for your team.
- Be imaginative. Is a meeting your only option? Get creative and look for other ways to engage with your team. A leader I know opens a daily White Board that others add to throughout the day. Another picks up the tab for team members who schedule a virtual lunch together. These are humanizing elements that create leadership magic.
AJO: What is one thing that makes or breaks a workplace culture?
Jeanne Rice: Courage! It’s the new word for resilience. Whereas business resilience was all about mitigating risk and enhancing recovery, courage goes a little deeper, adding the capacity for doing something different. By nurturing courage in the workplace, you can instill a culture that’s bold enough to make big moves.
In a courageous culture, people feel safe speaking out about issues, or challenging the status quo. Without fear of retribution, the workforce is motivated, inspired, and energized. The company becomes innovative rather than stagnant.
To create a courageous workforce, become more inclusive. Invite people to share different experiences and diverse points of view; encourage more storytelling. Facilitate constructive conflict by allowing people to speak up without being shut down. And be humble enough to listen – really listen to new ideas. That is the definition of a brave leader, and they are the ones who bring about meaningful and lasting change.
AJO: What’s your favorite part of partnering with other businesses?
Jeanne Rice: Many coaches work independently, so partnering with AJO and collaborating with their network of experts, helps me with my own professional development. I value the diversity of the AJO coaching team, including the range of cultural backgrounds, coaching specialties, and industry experience. This network helps me stay current with industry trends and challenges me to break old habits and consider new perspectives. | https://www.ajoconnor.com/coachs-corner-qa-with-jeanne-rice/ |
Just as Middle Eastern nations were readying to host the world with Expo 2020 Dubai, Saudi Arabia’s G20 Presidency, the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 and other events, the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a new dynamic between the biological, spatial and digital worlds.
This will shape the world for decades and also has huge implications for the region’s cities. An unintended experiment is underway and it has thrown up fundamental questions about whether we can learn to live differently in our cities and how we can adapt them to the new normal. This unintended experiment has the potential to become a demonstration project in “low carbon, low touch, low mobility” living.
High density hotspots
Over centuries, and especially in the last 40 years, we have flocked to cities that provide us with access to jobs, services, and amenities, and become drivers of social mobility. But what kinds of cities do we want and need once the pandemic and global lockdown has ended?
There are options: We can allow cities to sprawl and spread out; we can build new cities; or we can make better use of the cities we already have.
With the accelerating population growth in the Middle East and North Africa, the building of new districts and cities - such as Masdar City in Abu Dhabi, Neom in Saudi Arabia, New Cairo in Egypt, and District 2020 in Dubai - and the densifying of existing cities should produce the best social, environmental, and economic outcomes.
But COVID-19 has ignited a fresh debate about what kinds of densities are desirable in cities. Disease spreads faster through close human proximity. So is density good or bad, friend or a foe?
Build on the networks
Rather than sprawling outwards to create endless cities, another option is to link up cities that neighbour one another to create and exploit network effects. Groups of cities and “systems of cities” that work together can both accommodate more growth and distribute it more evenly, while also retaining a manageable and local feel. They use better connections and complementary specialisations to produce “borrowed scale”, where they stay smaller and more livable but are able to leverage the advantages of the wider network.
Cities that connect together can produce “distributed urbanisation”. This can be more resilient, better for managing risks, and less susceptible to problems that come with more concentrated cities, such as congestion, crowding, and poor air. Faster connections between cities enable more sharing of amenities and specialist facilities. This allows more choices for people in terms of access to jobs and housing.
City bonding
In the EU and Southeast Asia, many cities work together as teams. What kind of team do Abu Dhabi, Beirut, Casablanca, Cairo, Dubai, Istanbul and Riyadh make when they work together? The answer - a potent one.
This way of thinking about groups and networks of cities is not new – it dates back at least 5,000 years – but as we adapt to our new normal post COVID-19 and new technologies provide additional communications and connections, a new set of collaborative opportunities is rapidly emerging.
Built to last
Cities in the Middle East are moving towards good urbanisation, where they can optimise livability benefits for people, sustainability outcomes for the planet, and productivity advantages for capital and for businesses.
By causing us all to change and review the way we live, work and interact with each other, COVID-19 is prompting us to review many long-held assumptions, and may influence how these cities now emerge, grow and interconnect. The pandemic has brought severe pain to many of us.
But in the long-run, it may yet prove to be an accelerator of long-term plans for healthy, livable cities in the Middle East that are built to last, and able to evolve, in the future.
- Greg Clark is Senior Advisor, Future Cities and New Industries, HSBC. | https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/lets-build-the-post-covid-19-middle-east-city-1.71590873 |
This accessibility statement applies to the Dudley Integrated Health and Care Trust website.
This website is run by Midlands and Lancashire Commissioning Support Unit (MLCSU). We want as many people as possible to be able to use this website. For example, that means you should be able to:
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We’ve also made the website text as simple as possible to understand.
AbilityNet has advice on making your device easier to use if you have a disability.
How accessible this website is
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We’re always looking to improve the accessibility of this website. If you find any problems not listed on this page or think we’re not meeting accessibility requirements, contact MLCSU.
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The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) is responsible for enforcing the Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) (No. 2) Accessibility Regulations 2018 (the ‘accessibility regulations’). If you’re not happy with how we respond to your complaint, contact the Equality Advisory and Support Service (EASS).
Contacting us by phone or visiting us in person
We provide a text relay service for people who are D/deaf, hearing impaired or have a speech impediment.
Our offices have audio induction loops, or if you contact us before your visit we can arrange a British Sign Language (BSL) interpreter.
Find out how to contact us.
Technical information about this website’s accessibility
Dudley Integrated Health and Care Trust is committed to making its website accessible, in accordance with the Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) (No. 2) Accessibility Regulations 2018.
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This website is fully compliant with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines version 2.1 AA standard.
Content that’s not within the scope of the accessibility regulations
PDFs and other documents
The accessibility regulations do not require us to fix PDFs or other documents published before 23 September 2018 if they’re not essential to providing our services. For example, we do not plan to fix previous board papers from before this date. Any new PDFs or Word documents we publish will meet accessibility standards.
Live video
We do not plan to add captions to live video streams because live video is exempt from meeting the accessibility regulations.
Preparation of this accessibility statement
This statement was prepared on 01.07.2020. It was last reviewed on 01.07.2020.
This website was last tested on 01.07.2020. The test was carried out by MLCSU.
We have tested the homepage, content pages and custom pages (searches, custom functionality) by doing the below: | https://www.dihc.nhs.uk/accessibility |
Autobiographical Details in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre: Part 2 — The Origin of Mr. Rochester
Hello dear readers! Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre (which I adore and have read about 197 times) is so full of real and true experiences from Charlotte’s own life, that I couldn’t fit them all into one blog post—so here is part two of this ongoing series. Today I will concentrate on the origin of the fascinating, iconic hero of Jane Eyre, Mr. Rochester.
Where did the inspiration for Mr. Rochester come from? In fact, it came from two sources, both real and imaginary. Charlotte and her siblings, to feed their active imaginations during their growing-up years, wrote countless stories (which they often illustrated) about exotic lands filled with heroic characters. One of Charlotte’s favorite characters was her Duke of Zamorna. Mr. Rochester, with his pride and sarcastic wit, his string of past mistresses, his attractiveness to women, and his illegitimate child, seems to be a re-creation of Zamorna.
Rochester differed from Zamorna, however, in one important aspect: his physical appearance. Zamorna was handsome, as you can see in Charlotte’s sketch of him. Even though Mr. Rochester is often portrayed as handsome in the film and mini-series versions of Jane Eyre, in the novel, Charlotte describes him as “an ugly man … yet, there was so much unconscious pride in his port; so much ease in his demeanour; such a look of complete indifference to his own external appearance; so haughty a reliance on the power of other qualities, intrinsic or adventitious, to atone for the lack of mere personal attractiveness, that, in looking at him, one inevitably shared the indifference.”
She further described him as being “of middle height, with stern features, broad and jetty eyebrows, a square forehead, and black hair.”
Could she have been describing this man?
This is Constantin Heger, the Belgian professor at the Pensionnat Heger, where Charlotte studied for two years beginning at age 26. Charlotte fell in love with Monsieur Heger, who was 33 years old at the time—and a married man. Charlotte’s frustrated, unreturned feelings for M. Heger permeated her life for a great many years.
It seems incontrovertible that Charlotte based Mr. Rochester on M. Heger when you compare the other ways in which she described them. Mr. Rochester—like M. Heger—has “a decisive nose, more remarkable for character than beauty; full nostrils, denoting choler; a grim mouth, chin, and jaw.” He was not handsome, she said, but had “a good figure in the athletic sense of the term—broad-chested and thin-flanked, though neither tall nor graceful.” “Perhaps,” she added, “he might be thirty-five.”
Charlotte’s depiction of Monsieur Heger, in a letter to Ellen Nussey, is eerily similar: “He is a man of power as to mind, but very choleric and irritable as to temperament; a little black ugly being, with a face that varies in expression. Sometimes he borrows the lineaments of an insane tomcat; occasionally, he assumes an air not above 100 degrees removed from mild and gentle-man-like.” Isn’t that an excellent description of George C. Scott’s rendition of Mr. Rochester in the 1970 version of Jane Eyre?
The real-life man and the hero from Jane Eyre share many other personality traits and habits. For example, Charlotte writes with flair about Mr. Rochester’s penchant for smoking cigars—and M. Heger was an avid cigar-smoker as well.
And what of Charlotte’s passion for her married professor? How does that play out in the novel Jane Eyre?
We know of Charlotte’s feelings for M. Heger, because her letters to him after she returned to England are filled with admissions of attachment.
Although M. Heger’s side of that correspondence is missing, one of his surviving letters written to another former pupil several decades later, breathes an intimacy and sensuality which a susceptible woman might find deeply erotic. He wrote to the lady in question:
“I only have to think of you to see you. I often give myself the pleasure when my duties are over, when the light fades. I postpone lighting the gas lamp in my library, I sit down, smoking my cigar, and with heart will I evoke your image—and you come (without wishing to, I dare say) but I see you, I talk with you—you, with that little air, affectionate undoubtedly, but independent and resolute—just as I knew you, my dear… as I have esteemed and loved you.”
This could be Mr. Rochester talking to Jane Eyre. A friend of the Hegers wrote in 1870, long before Charlotte’s passion became public knowledge: “That was his practice with all his wife’s most intellectual pupils, and let me hasten to add, there was no illicit affection on his part. He was a worshipper of intellect and he worshipped Charlotte Brontë thus far and no further.”
It is not surprising though that Charlotte—lonely, vulnerable, and aware that her mental acuity made her special in M. Heger’s eyes—was seduced by him, mentally, if not physically. She fell in love with a married man, knowing that to be a great sin, but powerless to do anything about it. And so she gave that sin to an unwitting Jane Eyre.
In the novel, Charlotte articulated all the pent-up emotion which had been fermenting in her soul for years. She could not declare her love for M. Heger, a married man, but her heroine could and would. Jane, like Charlotte, took the moral line and fled from temptation. But Jane Eyre, unlike Charlotte, could eventually return and have a happy ending with the man she loved.
I learned this and so much more while researching and writing my novel The Secret Diaries of Charlotte Brontë, which explores Charlotte’s impassioned relationship with Monsieur Heger, her journey to becoming a published author, and her romance with Arthur Bell Nicholls, the Irishman who was secretly in love with her for years before he had the nerve to propose. I hope you’ll find it compelling!
Stay tuned for future blog posts, in which I’ll share more autobiographical details in Jane Eyre and Charlotte’s other novels.
Reader, did you find any of these autobiographical details in Jane Eyre surprising? If so, I’d love to hear your thoughts. Please leave a comment! | https://syriejames.com/2021/06/16/autobiographical-details-in-charlotte-brontes-jane-eyre-part-2-the-origin-of-mr-rochester/ |
Born into a lower-middle class Jewish family in Vienna in 1874, Schoenberg was a mostly self-taught composer. He learnt counterpoint with composer and pedagogue, Alexander Von Zemlinsky and was also taken under the wing by Gustav Mahler. Schoenberg is perhaps most famous for his innovative twelve-tone technique, which at the time was a massive milestone for classical music. Schoenberg also worked a lot on atonality (pieces with no tonal center), as well as developing variation without returning to the centralised melodic ideas. Schoenberg’s String Quartet No. 2 was composed in 1908. It is comprised of four movements and is a prime example of Schoenberg’s transition into his experimental style. Schoenberg’s compositional career can loosely be described in four periods. The first (1895-1908) comprises of largely tonal works, which begin to allude to the second period (1909-1914) which saw Schoenberg experimenting with atonality (works with no set key). The third period came between 1923-1933, after a hiatus from composing. This particular period is very important, as it is when he developed the twelve-tone technique. The final period is a culmination of all the periods, and sees Schoenberg going back to tonality at points. At the time of composing the second string quartet, Schoeberg was transitioning into his second creative period. Also around the time of composition, Schoenberg was caught in a rather unsavoury dilemma as he found out that his wife, Mathilde was having an affair with their neighbour, Richard Gerstl. After Mathilde going to and fro between the two men, she settled back down with Schoenberg, only for Gerstl to commit suicide over his depression over losing Mathilde. Whilst all of this was happening, Schoenberg was still writing music, and some of the more radical choices that were made about this work can be seen as a bridge between his life and his music.
The Music
There is a real sense of transitioning within this work, which can largely be seen in Schoenberg’s use of tonality. The first three movements use a key signature, whereas the fourth does not. Moreover, Schoenberg’s highly chromatic writing throughout the movements, and his exploitation of augmented and non-harmonic chords lead to extreme dissonances. Below is an outline of the movements and their respective keys:
I. Mäßig (Moderate) in F# minor
II. Sehr rasch (Very Brisk) in D minor
III. ‘Litanei’, langsam (‘Litany’, slow) in Eb minor
IV. ‘Entrückung’, sehr langsam (‘Rapture’, very slow) with no key
The First Movement
The first movement, marked moderato, is fundamentally in F# minor and follows a sonata form structure. The quiet opening provides a slightly reserved feel until the faster quaver movement emerges from the second violin. The extremities in range that Schoenberg writes is incredibly effective, with the first violin and the cello playing in very high but also very low octaves. There is a sense of a melody, which is led by the top violin, but then passed around the ensemble. Schoenberg’s persistent use of chromatic harmony is what pushes this movement away from functional harmony. His use of semitone cadences leaves you on edge and wanting more. Opposing rhythms and multiple themes makes the moments of togetherness all the more emphasised. There are many direction changes within this movement, with it leaving it very open as to where it will go next, making it an exciting movement of music.
The Second Movement
This movement is essentially a scherzo and a trio movement, with the scherzo being divided into three sections: exposition, development and a closing section. This movement is framed with D at the tonal centre, with the key being D minor. Although this does not stay for long as Schoenberg does not support the harmony with functional movement. Rather, the note D is used as a reference point for the melodic lines and some cadence points. Beginning with a cello solo, which Schoenberg then subsequently layers the other parts on top of. Within this movement a quasi-humorous quotation to the children’s song “O du lieber Augustin – alles ist hin” (Oh my dear Augustin, all is at an end) is made, which has sent musicologists and Schoenberg listeners into a complete tailspin. The quotation is heard when Schoenberg modulates to F# minor and the start of the new section begins with harsh ff pizzicato from all parts bar the first violin which plays a descending chromatic theme. This then leads into the quotation and this part of the movement feels slightly calmer due to the ‘poco rit’ direction Schoenberg writes in. The exciting, finale section, marked ‘presto’ sees the parts come together in unison, playing a dramatic and very technically demanding conclusion to this movement. In the penultimate bar the cello returns with the initial solo on D, which is a huge contrast in texture from full instrumentation to just one. The ending is intriguing as all parts end on a D marked pp and are marked pizzicato.
The Third Movement
The third and fourth movements differ from common conventions, as Schoenberg introduces a female soprano into the chamber group. The voice sings two poems by Stefan George, the first being ‘Litany’ and the second being ‘Entrueckung.’ It has been said that the poems represent Schoenberg’s tonal methods and how he handles his new musical ideas. ‘Litanei’, the poem used within the third movement, follows the form of theme and variations. Five variations correspond to the first five lines of the text, with the finale comprising the remaining three lines of the poem:
Litanei – German Original with English Translation
Variation I – Tief ist die trauer die mich umdustert/Ein tret ich wieder/Herr! in dein haus. Deep is the sadness that gloomily comes over me/Again I step/ Lord, in your house. Variation II – Lang war die reise/matt sind die glieder/Leer sind die schreine/voll nur die qual. Long was the journey/my limbs are weary/The shrines are empty/only anguish is full. Variation III – Durstende zunge darbt nach dem weine/Hary war gestritten/starr ist mein arm. My thirsty tongue desires wine./The battle was hard/my arm is stiff. Variation IV – Gönne die ruhe schwankenden schritten/Hungrigem gaume bröckle dein brot! Grudge peace to my staggering steps/For my hungry gums break your bread! Variation V – Schwach ist mein atem rufend dem traume/Hohl sind die hände/fiebernd der mund. Weak is my breath/calling the dream/my hands are hollow/my mouth fevers. Finale – Leih deine kühle/lösche die brände./Tilge das hoffen, sende das licht! Lend your coolness/douse the fires/rub out hope/send the light! Gluten im herzen/lodern noch offen/Innerst im grunde/wacht noch ein schrei. Fires in my heart still glow, open/inside my heart a cry wakes. Töte das sehnen,/schliesse die wunde!/Nimm mir die liebe/gib mir dein glück! Kill the longing/close the wound!/Take my love away/give me your joy! The text, which is a type of prayer, is at the core of the structure for the third movement. Schoenberg commented on the poem saying: “I was afraid the great dramatic emotionality of the poem might cause me to surpass the borderline of what should be admitted in chamber music.” This movement is said to be the ‘development’ of the quartet, as it takes previous themes and bridges the transition between tonality and atonality. Schoenberg develops structures within this movement, which are used as the basis for the fourth movement, which has no tonal center.
The Fourth Movement
Based on the setting of Stefan George’s poem ‘Entrückung’, the fourth movement pushes the most boundaries. Below is the poem and translations: | https://classicalexburns.com/2019/01/17/arnold-schoenberg-string-quartet-2-a-fond-farewell-to-common-conventions/ |
The wind foiling jibe is the most difficult part of wind foiling and at the same time also with most cool part. Below you will find a step-by-step instruction on how to learn this yourself. We have experienced that the ideal wind is about 12 knots, as it does not blow too hard, but it is enough to stay in the air easily.
Basic instruction
- Move as little as possible, every move causes imbalance, so chances are you’ll fall or your board hits the water.
- Keep the movements as small as possible – > everything is enlarged on a wind foil factor of 6 x
- The place where you stand/weight is in every step is even more important than with just windsurfing
- We know from experience that learning jibes is easiest with a smaller sail (about 6.5 m2) without cambers with a wind force 4
- A large front wing or longer fuselage (allowing the front wing to be far forward) helps enormously to jibe
- Keep the weight as good as possible right above the board
- You take a lot more time and space with wind-foiling jibes than windsurfing. So try to forget about windsurfing 🙁
Using the video below, we try to get you started. At the bottom of the article is a drawing with the different angles in which you windfoiled in the different phases. Lots of viewing pleasure and good luck
Step 1
At this stage, prepare the jibe
- This is the easiest step, which most closely resembles just windsurfing
- Remove the rear foot from the foot strap and put it in the middle (centre line) on the board just before the rear foot straps
- Slowly go down wind and release the pressure in your sail a bit (keeping your sail closed can also, but is a bit trickier at first)
- By discharging the pressure in your sail, your board will want to go up, compensate for this by placing your weight slightly forward
- If you go down wind even more, you notice that the pressure in your sail is decreasing, which is nice to have the sail knocked over later
- You turn quietly to about 135 degrees* (so down wind the other way, see drawing at the bottom)
- With very little wind (< 9 knots) the sailing speed can be higher than the wind speed, making it difficult for your sail to turn over.
- As you can see in the video you go quite long for the wind (about 20 meters)
Step 2
At this stage, balance, speed and control are the most important. This is the hardest and scariest step:
- If you have the nose of the board at about 135 degrees*, then you step in 1x to the other side (without turning your sail)
- Make sure you stand straight on your board, so this is different from just windsurfing! This also keeps your weight straight on your board
- In order to move as little as possible, we recommend removing the front foot from the foot strap in 1 x and placing it next to the other foot (i.e. in the middle, just in front of the rear foot straps)
- And then immediately after placing your back foot in the other front footstrap. Therefore, it helps if your back foot is already in the middle and just in front of the rear foot straps, so that the distance is not too large
- Steps 3 and 4 follow directly on top of each other (so you only stand for a fraction of a second with 2 feet next to each other)
- This is really the critical moment because; a) So you are not in a footband for a while and b) So you more or less cope (points 3 and 4), which disturbs the balance
- Placing the new front foot directly back into the front strap has 2 advantages; a) You are quickly ‘stuck’ on your board again and b) You have 1x the final position on your board, so that the balance is not disturbed again
- The more you can leave your weight (and therefore your feet) in the middle above the front wing, the easier this step is
Step 3
- You are now on the new side of your board with only your front foot in the foot strap.
- Often the speed (and therefore upward pressure of the foil) has decreased
- You compensate for this by hanging a bit more backwards
- At the same time, you’ll save your sail and continue to go upwind
- Please note! By turning your sail (and especially with a sail with cambers) you generate a lot of downward pressure, which makes the tip of your board want to go down. This also compensates you by placing your weight backwards
- You’re on the ‘new’ side now and your sail has also flipped over. Due to you go up wind now, your board will quickly speed up again, which will cause the foil to generate more lift. Time to put your weight back forward
- Once you’re stable again, you can also place your back foot in the foot strap
* Depends on which way you go. 135 degrees is a.o. | https://www.windfoilen.nl/en/windfoiling-jibe-instruction/ |
Key Changes to Security of Payment Regime in Western Australia
The Western Australian Government’s long-awaited response to review of the Construction Contracts Act 2004 (WA) (“CCA”) was recently released amid further scrutiny on government-managed construction projects and contractor insolvencies. Professor Evans’s report on the operation of the CCA made 28 recommendations for the improvement of the CCA and the adjudication process. A brief summary of the key recommendations and the potential reforms to the security of payment regime in Western Australia is below.
Government Projects
Project Bank Accounts: From 30 September 2016. The Government has indicated that it will mandate the use of project bank accounts (“PBAs”) on public projects valued between $1.5 million and $100 million from 30 September 2016. The wider use of PBAs may introduce further regulatory headaches for government contractors and their financiers.
Statutory Retention Trusts: To Be Evaluated. In addition to the use of PBAs for WA government projects, the Building Commission is evaluating the use of statutory retention trusts for public and private projects following the trial of the retention trust scheme in NSW.
Code of Conduct and Sanctions: To Be Implemented. In light of recent issues on certain public projects, the Government is developing a code of conduct for the construction sector. The code will be used to assess a contractor’s eligibility to bid on government projects and may contain sanctions for businesses that fail in their payment obligations or seek to impose unfair contract terms on small businesses.
CCA Amendments
The ‘Mining Exclusion’: Here to Stay … For Now. Despite recommendations in the Evans Report to do so, the Government is unwilling to repeal the ‘mining and process plant exclusions’. However, the Government has indicated that it will clarify the scope of the exclusions, which could result in a broader exclusion.
Maximum Payment Terms: 30 Business Days. Although the Evans Report did not directly deal with prohibition on payment terms exceeding 50 calendar days, the Government has indicated that it will reduce the maximum permitted payment term of 50 calendar days to 30 business days.
Time Limit for Adjudication Applications: Extended. Despite the Evans Report recommendations, the Government has stated its intention to increase the time limit for adjudication applications from 28 calendar days to 90 business days. Surprisingly, the Government also flagged a removal of the prohibition on ‘recycled claims’ which may see an end to absolute time limits for adjudication applications altogether.
Other Time Limits: Minor Amendments. Despite changes to the timing of adjudication applications, the current time limits for adjudication responses and determinations look likely to remain, other than for a welcome shift from calendar to business days and a moratorium in the holiday season from 24 December to 7 January.
Offences and Penalty Provisions: Introduced. The Government has indicated that it will consider imposing penalties on businesses that include prohibited terms in construction contracts. This could unwittingly affect a range of principals and contractors given the present uncertainty as to the scope of the mining and process plant exclusions.
Deeming Provisions: To Remain. No change to implied terms in the CCA. Respondents to payment claims should continue to be wary of the ‘deeming provisions’ and the potentially significant consequences of failing to formally respond to or dispute a payment claim within 14 days.
Lawyer Contacts
For further information, please contact your principal Firm representative or one of the lawyers listed below. General email messages may be sent using our “Contact Us” form, which can be found at www.jonesday.com/contactus/.
Simon Bellas
Perth
+61.8.6214.5711
[email protected]
Stephen McComish
Perth
+61.8.6214.5710
[email protected]
Paul Riethmuller
Perth
+61.8.6214.5714
[email protected]
Jones Day publications should not be construed as legal advice on any specific facts or circumstances. The contents are intended for general information purposes only and may not be quoted or referred to in any other publication or proceeding without the prior written consent of the Firm, to be given or withheld at our discretion. To request reprint permission for any of our publications, please use our “Contact Us” form, which can be found on our website at www.jonesday.com. The mailing of this publication is not intended to create, and receipt of it does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. The views set forth herein are the personal views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Firm. | https://www.jonesday.com/en/insights/2016/08/key-changes-to-security-of-payment-regime-in-western-australia |
My engine runs at about 2800 rpms on a cold start for about 40 seconds, then drops to 1200. After a few minutes it settles in at 950. I changed the warm up regulator and the rpms came down a little (2400) but the engine wouldn't run half the time so I put the old one back in. I bought the car not running so I haven't changed anything to make this happen. Is there another regulator or valve that controls cold start rpms?
You must log in to view answers associated with technical questions. Join PCA to participate in our community. | https://www.pca.org/tech/1977-930-cold-start-idle-2800-rpm |
Inspired by a super delicious earl grey chocolate bar, this vegan ice cream is simple, ready in just two minutes, and only needs a few basic ingredients.
Ingredients
Nice Cream:
- 3 frozen bananas
- 2 tbsp cacao powder
- 3 dashes of good salt (yep THREE — it needs it!)
- 1 tsp earl grey tea leaves (grind/crush fresh leaves into a finer consistency, or use some from an organic earl grey tea bag — I use Numi aged earl grey for mine)
- optional: a hint of maple syrup if you like things crazy sweet (I didn’t use)
Optional Toppings:
- cacao nibs, dried mulberries, salt flakes
Instructions
- Blend all nice cream ingredients in a high power blender (use your tamper if using a Vitamix). Scoop into a bowl, sprinkle with toppings and enjoy!
Enjoy!
x Audrey
~~
Disclaimer: this post contains affiliate links to the earl grey tea and dried mulberries I used to make this. | https://www.unconventionalbaker.com/recipes/chocolate-earl-grey-dairy-free-ice-cream/ |
Bowls of Love highlights Ali’s philosophy that cooking is the most pure and simple way to share love and invest in the health of yourself and your loved ones. There is no easier or better way to nourish the people in your life than by feeding them a healthy, beautiful, and delicious meal. Food is a celebration, a promotion of good health, a gesture of appreciation and generosity, and a gateway to conversation. All relationships are built and sustained through communication, and sharing a meal every day with the ones you love is the perfect catalyst.
“What’s better than a hug in a bowl? This book – infused with charm and thoughtfulness – shows you how to create your own bowls of love with imaginative recipes made from high-quality ingredients to nourish the spirit as well as the body.” – Melissa Joulwan, author of Well Fed: Paleo Recipes For People Who Love To Eat
For questions about book orders, email [email protected] or call: | http://www.intersectioncoaching.com/bowls-of-love-paleo-soups-for-the-seasons |
Eva Mendes is “experimenting” with colors in quarantine, courtesy of her little girls.
On Saturday, the 46-year-old actress shared the final product of her wild makeover from daughters Esmeralda, 5, and Amada, 4, whom she shares with longtime love Ryan Gosling.
“They’ve won ❤️,” Mendes captioned the snap.
In the photo, the “Hitch” star is seen wearing blue eyeshadow and purple lipstick with black scribble scattered on her face, in addition to splashes of orange and green. Some of Mendes’ famous pals later commented on her bold look.
“Love this,” Salma Hayek wrote.
“They did a great job,” Debi Mazar replied.
Earlier this month, Mendes posted a shot of her daughters’ previous work, writing, “I’ve lost any control I once had.”
Mendes recently spoke about her presence on social media, noting while she enjoys connecting with others, elements of her personal life will remain off Instagram.
“My man and kids are private,” she said at the time. | https://pagesix.com/2020/05/17/eva-mendes-reveals-colorful-makeover-from-her-daughters/ |
The purpose of this memorandum is to provide you with information on the Agency's actions regarding fiberglass and the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS).
On May 20, I transmitted a memorandum to your attention which included Assistant Secretary Scannell's May 6 letter to Mr. Richard Munson, Chairman, Victims of Fiberglass, along with a March 28 memorandum from the Directorate of Health Standards Programs which presented a review of the scientific literature linking exposure to fibrous glass in fiberglass production workers to an increased mortality rate from respiratory tract cancer.
Since that time, OSHA has issued a news release on fiberglass which clarified that the requirement to place warning labels regarding potential carcinogenicity on fiberglass products and to provide information on carcinogenic effects on MSDSs is part of the information transmittal requirements under the HCS. This requirement is not the same as the Agency regulating fiberglass as a carcinogen; at the present time, exposure to fiberglass is regulated under the PNOR (particulates not otherwise regulated) PEL of 15 mg/m(3) (5 mg/m(3) respirable).
One statement which we would like to clarify on the (attached) news release occurs in the fourth paragraph, which states that there is "no requirement to identify any target organs on fibrous glass warning labels." This statement was intended to indicate that there is no requirement to identify the target organ for carcinogenic effects. With regard to fiberglass, it would not be necessary to warn of "lung cancer"; the mention of "cancer" (or "potential carcinogen" or "carcinogenic", etc.) is sufficient itself without mention of the cancer target site.
However, consistent with OSHA's long-standing policy on labeling requirements under the HCS, fiberglass' (and all other hazardous chemicals') warning labels must state the target organ effected for health effects other than cancer. For example, other health effects have long been established as being associated with exposure to fiberglass, such as skin, lung and eye irritation. These health effects, which are based on the target organ effected, must appear on the label.
It is important to note, also, that the epidemiology studies upon which the Agency based its statement with regard to fiberglass and carcinogen labeling presented evidence that had been collected on fiberglass production workers. Other forms of glass fibers not specifically considered in these studies may or may not have similar health effects established in the available scientific literature. Hazard communication information transmittal requirements are specific to the substance to which it applies. As the attached letter to Mr. Anthony J. Thompson points out, hazard determinations are not to be based on analogy to another substance, but rather must assess existing data on the specific material under consideration.
Also attached for your information is a copy of another letter (to Mr. Don L. Cross) which presents further discussion on the issue of fibrous glass product labeling. These letters may be useful to you in responding to inquiries on this subject. If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact Melody Sands of my staff at (FTS) 523-8986.
The U.S. Labor Department's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) today reaffirmed that while it does not regulate fibrous glass as a carcinogen, manufactures are to identify it as a potential carcinogen on warning labels and provide information on material safety data sheets (MSDSs) required by the agency's hazard communication standard.
"Recently there has been a great deal of confusion about health risks posed by fibrous glass," said Gerard F. Scannell, OSHA's administrator.
Safety Emporium has all kinds of labels for assisting with your OSHA compliance needs. OSHA requires that manufacturers and importers of fibrous glass and other hazardous materials advise employers and employees using their products of various health risks suggested by toxicological data through warning labels on containers and more detailed information on the MSDSs. This requirement ensures that employers and employees receive as much information as possible, as soon as possible, to carry out their jobs in a safe and healthful manner and make decisions about proper protective measures to be taken in their workplaces.
"We want to make clear," Scannell added, "that for fibrous glass this includes transmittal of information suggesting potential carcinogenicity. There is, however, no requirement to identify any target organs on fibrous glass warning labels."
While OSHA does not set forth specific label language for fibrous glass products, the warning statement must contain information on possible carcinogenicity.
"Our understanding is that major producers of fibrous glass are providing, and will continue to provide, appropriate MSDSs and are properly labeling their products in line with our hazard communication standard," said Scannell.
While OSHA currently has a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for airborne particulates not otherwise regulated, which includes fibrous glass, the agency does not have a specific PEL for the substance nor does the agency regulate it as a carcinogen. In any case, OSHA does not "ban" substances, but sets PELs.
"The agency is currently considering establishing a PEL for workers using fibrous glass products in all industries," notes Scannell. "We are beginning this effort to continue our mission of protecting American Workers."
Thank you for your letter of August 21, to Mr. Douglas Fuller, requesting a clarification of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard's (HCS) requirements as they apply to textile glass fibers.
You specifically expressed concern about OSHA's position that fibrous glass products are to be considered as a carcinogen for product label and material safety data sheet (MSDS) purposes. You stated that "I am concerned that this position does not differentiate between glass wool and textile glass fibers" and asked "if it is OSHA's intent to require that all fibrous glass be treated as posing a similar risk."
Hazard determinations under the HCS are substance-specific, and data required under OSHA's HCS to be reported on MSDSs and product labels is specific to the information available for the particular hazardous chemical. The HCS, 29 CFR 1910.1200, requires employers to perform a hazard determination for the product(s) they manufacture to determine if, under normal conditions of use or in an emergency, workplace handling or use of their product could result in employee exposure to a hazardous chemical(s). OSHA does not perform these hazard determinations for employers; rather, it is up to the employer to consider all available scientific evidence concerning the hazardous effects of that chemical. No testing is required and the evaluation may be based solely on information currently available in the scientific literature (see 29 CFR 1910.1200, paragraph (d)).
If statistically significant evidence exists that exposure to the textile glass products you manufacture (you specifically mentioned "glass wool" and "textile glass fibers"), or the fibers emitted during workplace handling of these products, is or has been associated with a health effect from those exposures, then that information must appear on the MSDS, and appropriate hazard warnings conveying that information must appear on container labels for the product. As discussed above, the hazard determination, in this regard, is your responsibility as the manufacturer to perform and substantiate.
You must identify the studies that involve the type of fiber you produce. Hazard determinations are not based on analogy (as to the recent OSHA news release on "fibrous glass"), but rather must assess existing data on the specific material involved. If the material is not available for exposure due to its physical form, this should also be factored into the hazard determination. For example, if fibers are not ever of respirable size, inhalation hazards would not be of concern.
For your further clarification on this subject, we are enclosing a copy of OSHA's compliance Instruction on the HCS, CPL 2-2.38C. A copy of the Agency's July 28 news release on this topic is also included for your reference.
We hope this has been responsive to the concerns you raised. Please feel free to contact us again if we can be of further assistance.
Thank you for your letter of August 22, to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), in which you requested a clarification of the application of the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), 29 CFR 1910.1200, to continuous glass filaments. You specifically were concerned about the requirement that continuous filament (also known as, according to your letter, "textile glass fibers") products bear a carcinogen warning label.
The HCS requires employers to perform a hazard determination for the product(s) they manufacture to determine if, under normal conditions of use or in an emergency, workplace handling or use of their product can or could result in employee exposure to a hazardous chemical(s). OSHA does not perform these hazard determinations for manufacturer; rather, it is up to the manufacturer to consider all available scientific evidence concerning the hazardous effects of that chemical. No testing is required and the evaluation may be based solely on information currently available in the scientific literature (see 29 CFR 1910.1200, paragraph (d)).
In your letter you mention that the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) "concluded that continuous filaments are not classifiable as carcinogenic to humans" and therefore, you requested that OSHA "confirm" that no carcinogen warning label is needed for these products. IARC is recognized in the text of the HCS itself as one source manufacturers of hazardous chemicals must consider regarding a chemical's carcinogenicity, but it is not the only source. For health hazards including carcinogenicity, evidence which is statistically significant and which is based on at least one positive study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles is considered to be sufficient to establish a hazardous effect.
Get your spill control pallets and more at Safety Emporium. If statistically significant evidence exists that exposure to the textile glass or continuous glass filament products your client manufactures, or the fibers emitted during workplace handling of these products, is or has been associated with a health effect from those exposures, then that information must appear on the MSDS, and appropriate hazard warnings conveying that information must appear on container labels for the product. As discussed above, the hazard determination, in this regard, is your client's responsibility as the manufacturer to perform and substantiate.
The manufacturer must identify the studies that involve the type of fiber they produce. Hazard determinations are not based on analogy (as to the recent OSHA news release on "fibrous glass"), but rather must assess existing data on the specific material involved. If the material is not available for exposure due to its physical form, this should also be factored into the hazard determination. For example, if fibers are not ever of respirable size, inhalation hazards would not be of concern.
For your further clarification on this subject, we are enclosing a copy of OSHA's compliance Instruction on the HCS, CPL 2-2.38C. A copy of the Agency's July 28 news release on fibrous glass is also included for your reference.
A copy of this letter to you will be transmitted to all of OSHA's Regional Offices in response to your concerns regarding labeling of the products you mentioned. Please feel free to contact us again if we can be of further assistance. | http://www.ilpi.com/msds/osha/I19911119A.html |
CA3, 1-260aa, Human, 01-1800 | ARP American Research Products, Inc.
CA3, also known as carbonic anhydrase III, is an enzyme that catalyses rapid conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons (CO2 + H2O = HCO3 + H+). This protein is involved in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcifica-tion, acid-base balance, bone resorption and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and gastric juice. It contains a zinc ion in their active site and the primary function of this enzyme is known to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide of tissues. Recombinant CA3 protein was expressed in E.coli and purified by using conventional chromatography techniques.
Lindskog S., et al (1997) Pharmacol Ther, 74(1):1-20. | https://www.arp1.com/suppliers/arp/ca3-1-260aa-human-e-coli.html |
Q:
$\int_0^1 \frac{{f}(x)}{x^p} $ exists and finite $\implies f(0) = 0 $
Need some help with this question please.
Let $f$ be a continuous function and
let the improper inegral
$$\int_0^1 \frac{{f}(x)}{x^p} $$
exist and be finite for any $ p \geq 1 $.
I need to prove that
$$f(0) = 0 $$
In this question, I really wanted to use somehow integration by parts and/or the Fundamental theorem of calculus.
Or even maybe use Lagrange Means value theorem,
but couldn't find a way to se it up.
I'll really appreciate your help on proving this.
A:
Assume $f(0) > 0$. Since $f$ is continuous, we can find $\epsilon > 0$ so that $\forall x \in [0, \epsilon] : f(x) > 0$. Since $[0, \epsilon]$ is compact, we can find $m > 0$ so that $\forall x \in [0, \epsilon] : f(x) > m$. Thus:
$$
\int_0^\epsilon \frac{f(x)}{x^p}dx \ge m \int_0^\epsilon \frac{dx}{x^p}
$$
But the integral on the RHS diverges for all $p \ge 1$.
What's left is to show that this implies that the integral on $[0, 1]$ diverges too, and handle the case $f(0) < 0$. Both should be easy.
| |
With the month of love upon us, I have been thinking quite a bit about love. There are different types of love, and I think about the many different ways we experience and express love. The Ancient Greeks categorized love in four different types: Agape, Phileo, Storge, and Eros.
Agape love is unconditional and love that sees beyond imperfections, mistakes, and shortcomings. It is similar to what I would describe as Christ’s love because it is the kind of love that one would feel towards all human beings. I feel this love for some of my coworkers, acquaintances, and others I meet or see in passing. When I think of the people I read about in the news, those people who have lost loved ones or are struggling, I feel this kind of love for them. With these feelings, I have hope for them that they will experience comfort and peace. “A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another.”
Phileo love is the kind that is affectionate. It is the love of friendship. I feel this love for my friends and some of my coworkers. I desire to understand them, to talk to them, to share a bit of my life with them. The people I share these feelings for are the ones I go to in times of need. “What! You too? I thought that no one but myself!” (C. S. Lewis)
Storge love refers to love we feel for our family. It is the kind of love that is unconditional and allows us to want familial relationships despite wrongdoings. I have a very small family, and we have had many trials. I put my family through much turmoil as a young teenager. I have caused them much heartache, but we all still love each other and desire to be in each other’s lives despite the things that have happened. “It is my pleasure that my children are free and happy, and unrestrained by parental tyranny. Love is the chain whereby to bind a child to its parents.” (Abraham Lincoln)
Eros love describes a passionate or romantic love. This love is the type that compels us to want intimate relationships. This is the love one would feel towards a significant other. I would say that I have felt this before, but because those relationships did not last, I am wondering about what I really felt. I definitely want the lasting love in a future relationship. I will not settle for anything less. It must be genuine and come from a place of faith. “Eros is not tranquil – it gives us spikes of happiness rather than a constant feeling of wellbeing. It’s the love we feel at the beginning of a love affair and corresponds to the expression ‘falling in love’ since it is as involuntary an impulse as a physical fall.” (Francois Lelord)
There is so much love at Act of Love Adoptions for all of our children, birth parents and adoptive families! It is truly “A Act of Love”! We celebrate all of you in this month of LOVE! | https://aactofloveadoptions.com/birth-parents/month-love-part-1/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
FIELD
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present application is a continuation of, and claims benefit under 35 USC 120 to, international application PCT/EP2016/057966, filed Apr. 12, 2016, which claims benefit under 35 USC 119 of German Application No. DE 10 2015 206 635.5, filed Apr. 14, 2015, and DE 10 2015 226 531.5, filed Dec. 22, 2015. The entire disclosure of these applications is incorporated by reference herein.
The disclosure relates to an imaging optical unit or projection optical unit for imaging an object field into an image field. Further, the disclosure relates to an optical system including such a projection optical unit, a projection exposure apparatus including such an optical system, a method for producing a microstructured or nanostructured component using such a projection exposure apparatus and a microstructured or nanostructured component produced by this method. Furthermore, the disclosure relates to a mirror as a constituent of such an imaging optical unit.
Projection optical units of the type set forth at the outset are known from JP 2002/048977 A, U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,806, which describes a “proximity type” projection exposure apparatus, and from WO 2008/141 686 A1 and WO 2015/014 753 A1.
The present disclosure seeks to develop an imaging optical unit with relatively low production costs.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides an imaging optical unit for projection lithography. The imaging optical unit includes a plurality of mirrors for guiding imaging light from an object field in an object plane into an image field in an image plane along an imaging light beam path. The object field is spanned by a first Cartesian object field coordinate and a second Cartesian object field coordinate. A third Cartesian normal coordinate is perpendicular to both object field co-ordinates. The imaging optical unit is embodied in such a way that the imaging light propagates in a first imaging light plane, in which an imaging light main propagation direction lies. The imaging light propagates in the second imaging light plane, in which the imaging light main propagation direction lies and which is perpendicular to the first imaging light plane. The number of first plane intermediate images of the imaging light which propagates in the first imaging light plane, and the number of second plane intermediate images of imaging light which propagates in the second imaging light plane differ from one another.
The imaging optical unit is designed for use in projection lithography, in particular for use in EUV projection lithography.
The imaging optical unit is embodied as a choristikonal-type optical unit with a different number of intermediate images in the two imaging light planes. This number difference can be exactly 1, but it may also be greater, for example 2 or even greater.
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The first imaging light plane (xz) is spanned by the respective imaging light main propagation direction (z) and the first Cartesian object field coordinate (x). The imaging light main propagation direction (z) results by tilting the normal coordinate z in the plane that is spanned by the second Cartesian object field coordinate (x) and the normal coordinate (z), until the current propagation coordinate z, originally extending in the z-direction, extends in the direction of the imaging light main propagation direction. Thus, a position of the first imaging light plane changes with each directional change of the imaging light main propagation direction.
The different number of intermediate images in the two imaging light planes can be used as an additional design degree of freedom in order to narrow the entire imaging light beam where this is desired for beam guiding reasons, for example in the region of mirrors for grazing incidence, to ensure their extent does not become too large, and/or in the region of constrictions that are involved for installation space reasons. It was recognized that, particularly if an object field with an aspect ratio that is clearly different from 1 is intended to be imaged, the desired properties on the extent of the imaging light beam in the two cross-sectional dimensions thereof are by all means different in the two imaging light planes, and so these desired properties can be taken into account with the aid of a choristikonal-type design. The greater number of intermediate images in one of the two imaging light planes can be 2, can be 3 or can be greater. The smaller number of the number of intermediate images in the two imaging light planes can be 0, can be 1, can be 2 or can be even greater. The number of mirrors can be 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. The number of mirrors can also be smaller or greater.
A position of the intermediate images can be, in principle, at any location between the object field and the image field along the imaging light main propagation direction. A respective first plane intermediate image or second plane intermediate image can lie between two mirrors or at the location of the reflection at one mirror. In each case, at least one mirror can lie between a field plane and one of the intermediate images.
All mirrors of the imaging optical unit can be embodied as NI mirrors, i.e. as mirrors on which the imaging light impinges with an angle of incidence that is less than 45°. This leads to the option of embodying the imaging optical unit in a compact manner. The small angles of incidence on all mirrors moreover facilitate a high overall transmission of the imaging optical unit, i.e. a high used light throughput.
An object-image offset, measured in a plane parallel to the image plane of the imaging optical unit, can be less than 1000 mm, can be less than 800 mm, can be less than 600 mm, can be less than 400 mm, can be less than 300 mm, can be less than 200 mm, can be less than 180 mm, and can, in particular, be 177.89 mm.
The object plane can be tilted relative to the image plane by a finite angle.
The imaging optical unit can have an aperture stop, arranged in the imaging light beam path, between two of the mirrors of the imaging optical unit, wherein the aperture stop delimits a whole external cross section of a beam of the imaging light. Such an aperture stop can be designed as accessible from the outside from all sides. With the aid of such an aperture stop, it is possible to provide a defined prescription of a pupil form of the imaging optical unit.
The aperture stop can lie in a partial beam path of the imaging light between two of the mirrors, wherein the aperture stop lies spatially adjacent to one of the second plane intermediate beams, which is arranged in a further partial beam path of the imaging light between two of the mirrors. Such an arrangement of the aperture stop leads to the option of embodying the imaging optical unit with small folding angles, even in the region of the aperture stop.
A pupil obscuration of the imaging optical unit can be 15% at most. Such a pupil obscuration, which is defined as a surface portion of an obscured pupil surface, i.e. a pupil surface that cannot be used for imaging, in relation to the entire pupil surface, has few effects on the imaging. The pupil obscuration can be less than 15%, can be less than 12%, can be less than 10% and can be e.g. 9%.
A maximum angle of incidence of the imaging light on all mirrors of the imaging optical unit can be less than 25°. Such a maximum angle of incidence of the imaging light facilitates the configuration of the mirror with a high reflectivity, even if EUV light is used as used light. The maximum angle of incidence can be less than 22°.
A maximum angle of incidence of the imaging light on the first four mirrors of the imaging optical unit in the imaging light beam path downstream of the object field can be less than 20°. Such maximum angles of incidence of the imaging light on the first four mirrors have corresponding advantages. The maximum angle of incidence can be less than 19°, can be less than 18°, can be at most 17.5° and can also be at most 16.6°.
The object plane of the imaging optical unit can be tilted relative to the image plane by an angle that is greater than 0°. Such a tilt of the object plane in relation to the image plane has been found to be suitable, in particular for achieving small maximum angles of incidence on all mirrors. The tilt angle can be greater than 1°, can be greater than 2°, can be greater than 4°, can be greater than 5°, can be greater than 7°, can be greater than 8°, and can be e.g. 10°.
One of the first plane intermediate images and one of the second plane intermediate images of the imaging optical unit can lie in the region of a passage opening of one of the mirrors of the imaging optical unit for the passage of the imaging light. Such an intermediate image arrangement leads to an advantageous constriction of both cross-sectional dimensions of the whole imaging light beam.
At least one of the mirrors can be embodied as a GI mirror (mirror with angle of incidence greater than 45°). In such a configuration of the imaging optical unit the advantages of the choristikonal-type embodiment come to bear particularly well.
A used reflection surface of the GI mirror can have an aspect ratio of its surface dimensions of at most 3. Such an aspect ratio condition for the GI mirror leads to a manageably large GI mirror, the production cost of which can be justified accordingly. When calculating the aspect ratio, the largest extent of the reflection surface of the GI mirror is measured first and the associated dimensional value is then divided by the extent of the reflection surface perpendicular to this direction of largest extent. The aspect ratio of the used reflection surface of the GI mirror can be at most 2.5, can be at most 2, can be at most 1.95, can be at most 1.9, can be at most 1.75, can be at most 1.5, can be at most 1.25, can be at most 1.2, can be at most 1.1, and can also be at most 1.05.
The imaging light plane in which the greater number of intermediate images is present can coincide with a folding plane of the at least one GI mirror. Such a number distribution of the intermediate images leads to the imaging light beam in the GI mirror folding plane, i.e. in the incidence plane of a chief ray of a central field point on the GI mirror, advantageously being able to be constricted.
One of the intermediate images can be embodied in the imaging light plane coinciding with the folding plane in the beam path upstream of the GI mirror between the latter and a mirror disposed directly upstream thereof in the beam path, and a further one of the intermediate images can be embodied in the imaging light plane coinciding with the folding plane in the beam path downstream of the GI mirror between the latter and a mirror disposed directly downstream thereof in the beam path. Such a distribution of intermediate images has been found to be particularly advantageous for the compact design of GI mirrors. There can also be a plurality of GI mirror pairs with an intermediate image lying therebetween within the same imaging optical unit.
At least two mirrors that follow one another in the beam path of the imaging light can be embodied as GI mirrors with the same folding plane, wherein an intermediate image in the imaging light plane coinciding with the folding plane is in the beam path between these two GI mirrors. Such a distribution of intermediate images has been found to be particularly advantageous for the compact design of GI mirrors. There can also be a plurality of GI mirror pairs with an intermediate image lying therebetween within the same imaging optical unit.
At least one of the mirrors can have a passage opening for the passage of the imaging light, the at least one of the mirrors being embodied around the passage opening to reflect the imaging light, wherein at least one intermediate image lies in the region of the passage opening. Such an intermediate image arrangement leads to an advantageous constriction of the imaging light beam in the region of the mirror passage opening. The intermediate image can lie in the imaging light plane with a spanning coordinate along the greater object field dimension in the case of an object field with an aspect ratio of greater than 1. Such an intermediate image ensures that the entire imaging light beam is constricted more strongly along the coordinate in which the beam tends to have a larger diameter on account of the larger field dimension. Then, the intermediate image lies in the region of the passage opening for as long as a distance between the passage opening and the image field is more than three times larger than a distance between the passage opening and the intermediate image. The ratio between these distances can be greater than 3.5, can be greater than 4, can be greater than 5, can be greater than 7, can be greater than 10 or can be even greater. The passage opening can be the one which has both one of the first plane intermediate images and one of the second plane intermediate images lying in the region thereof.
At least one of the mirrors can be embodied as an NI mirror (mirror with an angle of incidence close to perpendicular incidence; angle of incidence less than 45°). The choristikonal-type design of the imaging optical unit has also been found to be advantageous in the case of an embodiment with at least one such NI mirror. Here, a corresponding distribution of the intermediate images among the various imaging light planes can simplify, for example, a placement of field stops or field-side auxiliary devices. Then, it is also possible to simplify the position prescription for an aperture stop. A mixed embodiment of an imaging optical unit with at least one GI mirror and at least one NI mirror is possible. Alternatively, the imaging optical unit can have only NI mirrors.
An odd number of mirrors can be in the imaging beam path between the object field and the image field. In such an imaging optical unit, a difference in the number of the intermediate images in the two imaging light planes of exactly 1 can lead to a compensation of an image flip caused on account of the odd number of mirrors.
At least one of the mirrors of the imaging optical unit can have a reflection surface that is embodied as a free-form surface. Examples of such free-form surfaces will still be described in detail below.
An optical system can include an imaging optical unit described herein and an auxiliary device in an intermediate image plane of one of the intermediate images. Such an optical system exploits the option of the design degree of freedom about the different numbers of intermediate images in the various imaging light planes. The auxiliary device can be a field stop, or else an intensity prescription device in the style of a UNICOM.
An optical system can include an imaging optical unit described herein and an illumination optical unit for illuminating the object field with illumination light from a light source. The advantages of such an optical system correspond to those which have already been explained above with reference to the imaging optical unit and the optical system with the auxiliary device. Such an optical system can also have an auxiliary device in an intermediate image plane of one of the intermediate images.
The light source can be an EUV light source. Alternatively, use can also be made of a DUV light source, that is to say, for example, a light source with a wavelength of 193 nm.
A projection exposure apparatus can include an optical system as described herein and a light source for producing the illumination light. A method for producing a structured component, can include providing a reticle and a wafer, projecting a structure on the reticle onto a light-sensitive layer of the wafer with the aid of such a projection exposure apparatus, and producing a microstructure or nanostructure on the wafer. The advantages of such a projection exposure apparatus, of such a production method, and of a microstructured or nanostructured component produced by such a method correspond to those which have already been explained above with reference to the imaging optical unit and the optical system. In particular, a semiconductor component, for example a memory chip, may be produced using the projection exposure apparatus.
The disclosure also seeks to provide a mirror that can be manufactured with justifiable outlay as a component of an imaging optical unit for guiding imaging light from an object field in an object plane into an image field in an image plane along an imaging light beam path.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides a mirror as constituent of an imaging optical unit for guiding imaging light from an object field in an object plane into an image field in an image plane along an imaging light beam path. The mirror includes a reflection surface that is usable for reflection. The reflection surface has a boundary con-tour having a basic form. The basic form corresponds to a basic form of the object field. At least two contour bulges are arranged along a side edge of this boundary contour.
According to the disclosure, it has been recognized that a boundary contour of a whole imaging light beam need not necessarily have a convex profile. The reflection surface boundary contour of the mirror including at least two contour bulges according to the disclosure ensures that a boundary contour, formed with a corresponding bulge, of a whole imaging light beam can be reflected. Moreover, the mirror for such reflection objects does not have an unnecessarily large design, reducing the production costs thereof.
In particular, the mirror can be used in an imaging optical unit including the features specified above. The mirror can be embodied as an EUV mirror and carry a corresponding highly reflecting coating. This coating can be embodied as a multi-ply coating. The mirror according to the disclosure can be combined with the features relating to the superordinate “imaging optical unit”, “optical system”, “projection exposure apparatus” components.
The imaging optical unit may have a plurality of such mirrors with contour bulges. The mirror having the contour bulges can be arranged, in particular, in the region of an intermediate image of the imaging optical unit. The mirror having the contour bulges can be an NI (normal incidence) mirror or a GI (grazing incidence) mirror.
The mirror can have a reflection surface with a curved basic form or with a rectangular basic form.
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FIG. 1
A microlithographic projection exposure apparatus has a light source for illumination light or imaging light . The light source is an EUV light source, which produces light in a wavelength range of e.g. between 5 nm and 30 nm, in particular between 5 nm and 15 nm. The light source can be a plasma-based light source ((laser-produced plasma (LPP), gas-discharge produced plasma (GDP)) or else a synchrotron-based light source, for example a free electron laser (FEL). In particular, the light source may be a light source with a wavelength of 13.5 nm or a light source with a wavelength of 6.9 nm. Other EUV wavelengths are also possible. In general, even arbitrary wavelengths are possible for the illumination light guided in the projection exposure apparatus , for example visible wavelengths or else other wavelengths which may find use in microlithography (for example, DUV, deep ultraviolet) and for which suitable laser light sources and/or LED light sources are available (e.g. 365 nm, 248 nm, 193 nm, 157 nm, 129 nm, 109 nm). A beam path of the illumination light is depicted very schematically in .
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An illumination optical unit serves to guide the illumination light from the light source to an object field in an object plane . Using a projection optical unit or imaging optical unit , the object field is imaged into an image field in an image plane with a predetermined reduction scale.
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FIG. 1
In order to facilitate the description of the projection exposure apparatus and the various embodiments of the projection optical unit , a Cartesian xyz-coordinate system is indicated in the drawing, from which system the respective positional relationship of the components illustrated in the figures is evident. In , the x-direction runs perpendicular to the plane of the drawing into the latter. The y-direction runs toward the left, and the z-direction runs upward.
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In the projection optical unit , the object field and the image field have a bent or curved embodiment and, in particular, an embodiment shaped like a partial ring. A radius of curvature of this field curvature can be 81 mm on the image side. A basic form of a boundary contour of the object field or of the image field has a corresponding bend. Alternatively, it is possible to embody the object field and the image field with a rectangular shape. The object field and the image field have an x/y-aspect ratio of greater than 1. Therefore, the object field has a longer object field dimension in the x-direction and a shorter object field dimension in the y-direction. These object field dimensions extend along the field coordinates x and y.
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Accordingly, the object field is spanned by the first Cartesian object field coordinate x and the second Cartesian object field coordinate y. The third Cartesian coordinate z, which is perpendicular to these two object field coordinates x and y, is also referred to as normal coordinate below.
FIGS. 2
FIG. 2
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One of the exemplary embodiments depicted in et seq. can be used for the projection optical unit . The projection optical unit according to reduces by a factor of 4 in a sagittal plane xz and reduces by factor of 8 in a meridional plane yz. The projection optical unit is an anamorphic projection optical unit. Other reduction scales in the two imaging light planes xz, yz are also possible, for example 3×, 5×, 6×, 7× or else reduction scales that are greater than 8×. Alternatively, the projection optical unit may also have the respective same reduction scale in the two imaging light planes xz, yz, for example a reduction by a factor of 8. Then, other reduction scales are also possible, for example 4×, 5× or even reduction scales which are greater than 8×. The respective reduction scale may or may not be accompanied by an image flip, which is subsequently also elucidated by an appropriate sign specification of the reduction scale.
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FIG. 2
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In the embodiment of the projection optical unit according to , the image plane is arranged parallel to the object plane . What is imaged in this case is a section of a reflection mask , also referred to as reticle, coinciding with the object field . The reticle is carried by a reticle holder . The reticle holder is displaced by a reticle displacement drive
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a.
The imaging by way of the projection optical unit is implemented on the surface of a substrate in the form of a wafer, which is carried by a substrate holder . The substrate holder is displaced by a wafer or substrate displacement drive
FIG. 1
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schematically illustrates, between the reticle and the projection optical unit , a ray beam of the illumination light that enters into the projection optical unit and, between the projection optical unit and the substrate , a ray beam of the illumination light that emerges from the projection optical unit . An image field-side numerical aperture (NA) of the projection optical unit is not reproduced to scale in .
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The projection exposure apparatus is of the scanner type. Both the reticle and the substrate are scanned in the y-direction during the operation of the projection exposure apparatus . A stepper type of the projection exposure apparatus , in which a stepwise displacement of the reticle and of the substrate in the y-direction is effected between individual exposures of the substrate , is also possible. These displacements are effected synchronously to one another by an appropriate actuation of the displacement drives and
FIGS. 2 and 3
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show the optical design of a first embodiment of the projection optical unit . shows the projection optical unit in a meridional section, i.e. the beam path of the imaging light in the yz plane. The meridional plane yz is also referred to as the second imaging light plane. shows the imaging beam path of the projection optical unit in the sagittal plane xz. A first imaging light plane xzis the plane which is spanned at the respective location of the beam path of the imaging light by the first Cartesian object field coordinate x and a current imaging light main propagation direction z. The imaging light main propagation direction zis the beam direction of a chief ray of a central field point. As a rule, this imaging light main propagation direction zchanges at each mirror reflection at the mirrors M to M. This change can be described as a tilt of the current imaging light main propagation direction zabout the first Cartesian object field coordinate x about a tilt angle which equals the deflection angle of this chief ray of the central field point at the respectively considered mirror M to M. Subsequently, the first imaging light playing xzis also referred to as first imaging light plane xz for simplification purposes.
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The second imaging light plane yz likewise contains the imaging light main propagation direction zand is perpendicular to the first imaging light plane xz.
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Since the projection optical unit is only folded in the meridional plane yz, the second imaging light plane yz coincides with the meridional plane.
FIG. 2
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depicts the beam path of in each case three individual rays emanating from three object field points which are spaced apart from one another in the y-direction in . What is depicted are chief rays , i.e. individual rays which pass through the center of a pupil in a pupil plane of the projection optical unit , and in each case an upper coma ray and a lower coma ray of these two object field points. Proceeding from the object field , the chief rays include an angle CRA of 5.1° with a normal of the object plane .
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The object plane lies parallel to the image plane .
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The projection optical unit has an image-side numerical aperture of 0.55.
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The projection optical unit according to has a total of eight mirrors, which, proceeding from the object field , are numbered M to M in the sequence of the beam path of the individual rays .
FIGS. 2 to 4
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depict sections of the calculated reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M. A portion of these calculated reflection surfaces is used. Only this actually used region of the reflection surfaces, plus an overhang, is actually present in the real mirrors M to M. These used reflection surfaces are carried in a known manner by mirror bodies.
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In the projection optical unit according to , the mirrors M, M, M and M are configured as mirrors for normal incidence, that is to say as mirrors onto which the imaging light impinges with an angle of incidence that is smaller than 45°. Thus, overall, the projection optical unit according to has four mirrors M, M, M and M for normal incidence. These mirrors for normal incidence are also referred to as NI (normal incidence) mirrors.
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The mirrors M, M, M and M are mirrors for grazing incidence of the illumination light , that is to say mirrors onto which the illumination light impinges with angles of incidence that are greater than 45° and, in particular, greater than 60°. A typical angle of incidence of the individual rays of the imaging light on the mirrors M, M and M, M for grazing incidence lies in the region of 80°. Overall, the projection optical unit according to has exactly four mirrors M, M, M and M for grazing incidence. These mirrors for grazing incidence are also referred to as GI (grazing incidence) mirrors.
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6
3
The mirrors M and M form a mirror pair arranged in succession directly in the beam path of the imaging light . The mirrors M and M also form a mirror pair arranged directly in succession in the beam path of the imaging light .
2
3
5
6
3
15
2
3
5
6
3
6
2
3
5
6
2
5
15
2
3
5
6
The mirror pairs M, M on the one hand and M, M on the other hand reflect the imaging light in such a way that the angles of reflection of the individual rays add up at the respective mirrors M, M and M, M of these two mirror pairs. Thus, the respective second mirror M and M of the respective mirror pair M, M and M, M increases a deflecting effect which the respective first mirror M, M exerts on the respective individual ray . This arrangement of the mirrors of the mirror pairs M, M and M, M corresponds to that described in DE 10 2009 045 096 A1 for an illumination optical unit.
2
3
5
6
2
3
5
6
2
3
5
6
The mirrors M, M, M and M for grazing incidence each have very large absolute values for the radius, that is to say they have a relatively small deviation from a planar surface. These mirrors M, M, M and M for grazing incidence each have a comparatively weak refractive power, i.e. a lower beam-forming effect than a mirror which is concave or convex overall. The mirrors M, M, M and M contribute to a specific imaging aberration correction and, in particular, to a local imaging aberration correction.
7
2
7
1
5
7
7
7
7
1
8
FIG. 2
A deflection direction is defined below on the basis of the respectively depicted meridional sections for the purposes of characterizing a deflecting effect of the mirrors of the projection optical unit . As seen in the respective incident beam direction in the meridional section, for example according to , a deflecting effect of the respective mirror in the clockwise direction, i.e. a deflection to the right, is denoted by the abbreviation “R”. By way of example, the mirror M of the projection optical unit has such a deflecting effect “R”. A deflecting effect of a mirror in the counterclockwise direction, i.e. toward the left as seen from the beam direction respectively incident on this mirror, is denoted by the abbreviation “L”. The mirrors M and M of the projection optical unit are examples of the “L” deflecting effect. A weakly deflecting effect, or an effect that does not deflect at all, of a mirror with a folding angle f, for which the following applies: −1°<f<1°, is denoted by the abbreviation “0”. The mirror M of the projection optical unit is an example for the “0” deflecting effect. Overall, the projection optical unit for the mirrors M to M has the following sequence of deflecting effects: LRRRLL0R.
7
In principle, all described exemplary embodiments of the projection optical units can be mirrored about a plane extending parallel to the xz-plane without this changing fundamental imaging properties in the process. However, this naturally then changes the sequence of deflecting effects, which has the following sequence in the case of a projection optical unit which emerges by appropriate mirroring from the projection optical unit : RLLLRR0L.
4
2
3
5
6
7
A selection of the deflection effect, i.e. a selection of a direction of the respective incident beam, for example on the mirror M, and a selection of a deflection direction of the mirror pairs M, M and M, M, is respectively selected in such a way that an installation space that is available for the projection optical unit is used efficiently.
1
8
1
8
3
2
3
5
6
1
4
7
8
4
The mirrors M to M carry a coating optimizing the reflectivity of the mirrors M to M for the imaging light . Here, this can be a ruthenium coating, a multilayer with, in each case, an uppermost layer made of e.g. ruthenium. In the mirrors M, M, M and M for grazing incidence, use can be made of a coating with e.g. one ply of molybdenum or ruthenium. These highly reflecting layers, in particular of the mirrors M, M, M and M for normal incidence, can be configured as multi-ply layers, wherein successive layers can be manufactured from different materials. Alternating material layers can also be used. A typical multi-ply layer can have fifty bilayers, respectively made of a layer of molybdenum and a layer of silicon. These may contain additional separation layers made of e.g. C (carbon), BC (boron carbide) and can be terminated by a protective layer or a protective layer system toward the vacuum.
7
For the purposes of calculating an overall reflectivity of the projection optical unit , a system transmission is calculated as follows: A mirror reflectivity is determined at each mirror surface depending on the angle of incidence of a guide ray, i.e. a chief ray of a central object field point, and combined by multiplication to form the system transmission.
Details in respect of calculating the reflectivity are explained in WO 2015/014 753 A1.
Further information in respect of reflection at a GI mirror (mirror for grazing incidence) are found in WO 2012/126 867 A. Further information in respect of the reflectivity of NI mirrors (normal incidence mirrors) can be found in DE 101 55 711 A.
7
1
8
7
An overall reflectivity or system transmission of the projection optical unit , emerging as a product of the reflectivities of all mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit , is R=8.02%.
8
8
17
3
6
7
8
17
1
7
The mirror M, that is to say the last mirror upstream of the image field in the imaging beam path, has a passage opening for the passage of the imaging light which is reflected from the antepenultimate mirror M toward the penultimate mirror M. The mirror M is used in a reflective manner around the passage opening . All other mirrors M to M do not have a passage opening and are used in a reflective manner in a region connected in a gap-free manner.
7
18
6
7
18
17
17
8
17
18
In the first imaging light plane xz, the projection optical unit has exactly one first plane intermediate image in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M. This first plane intermediate image lies in the region of the passage opening . A distance between the passage opening and the image field is more than four times greater than a distance between the passage opening and the first plane intermediate image .
FIG. 2
3
19
20
19
2
3
20
3
6
In the second imaging light plane yz that is perpendicular to the first imaging light plane xz (cf. ), the imaging light passes through exactly two second plane intermediate images and . The first of these two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path. The other one of the two second plane intermediate images lies in the region of the reflection of the imaging light at the mirror M.
7
7
7
7
The number of the first plane intermediate images, i.e. exactly one first plane intermediate image in the projection optical unit , and the number of the second plane intermediate images, i.e. exactly two second plane intermediate images in the projection optical unit , differ from one another in the projection optical unit . In the projection optical unit , this number of intermediate images differs by exactly one.
19
20
2
3
5
6
16
16
HR
The second imaging light plane yz, in which the greater number of intermediate images, namely the two second plane intermediate images and , are present, coincides with the folding plane yz of the GI mirrors M, M and M, M. This folding plane is the plane of incidence of the chief ray of the central field point upon reflection at the respective GI mirror. The second plane intermediate images are not, as a rule, perpendicular to the chief ray of the central field point which defines the imaging light main propagation direction z. An intermediate image tilt angle, i.e. a deviation from this perpendicular arrangement, is arbitrary as a matter of principle and may lie between 0° and +/−89°.
18
19
20
18
19
20
18
20
18
20
a
a
a
a
a
Auxiliary devices , , can be arranged in the region of the intermediate images , , . These auxiliary devices to can be field stops for defining, at least in sections, a boundary of the imaging light beam. A field intensity prescription device in the style of an UNICOM, in particular with finger stops staggered in the x-direction, can also be arranged in one of the intermediate image planes of the intermediate images to .
1
8
7
1
8
1
8
The mirrors M to M are embodied as free-form surfaces which cannot be described by a rotationally symmetric function. Other embodiments of the projection optical unit , in which at least one of the mirrors M to M is embodied as a rotationally symmetric asphere, are also possible. An asphere equation for such a rotationally symmetric asphere is known from DE 10 2010 029 050 A1. It is also possible for all mirrors M to M to be embodied as such aspheres.
A free-form surface can be described by the following free-form surface equation (equation 1):
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>-</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>y</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow></msqrt></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>xy</mi></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>5</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>…</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>9</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>10</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>…</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>12</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>…</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>14</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>15</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>5</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>…</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>20</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>5</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>21</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>6</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>…</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>24</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>…</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>27</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>6</mn></msup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>…</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
The following applies to the parameters of this equation (1):
2
2
2
Z is the sag of the free-form surface at the point x, y, where x+y=r. Here, r is the distance from the reference axis of the free-form equation (x=0; y=0).
1
2
3
In the free-form surface equation (1), C, C, C. . . denote the coefficients of the free-form surface series expansion in powers of x and y.
x
y
x
x
y
y
x
y
In the case of a conical base area, c, cis a constant corresponding to the vertex curvature of a corresponding asphere. Thus, c=1/Rand c=1/Rapplies. Here, kand keach correspond to a conical constant of a corresponding asphere. Thus, equation (1) describes a biconical free-form surface.
An alternative possible free-form surface can be generated from a rotationally symmetric reference surface. Such free-form surfaces for reflection surfaces of the mirrors of projection optical units of microlithographic projection exposure apparatuses are known from US 2007-0058269 A1.
Alternatively, free-form surfaces can also be described with the aid of two-dimensional spline surfaces. Examples for this are Bezier curves or non-uniform rational basis splines (NURBS). By way of example, two-dimensional spline surfaces can be described by a grid of points in an xy-plane and associated z-values, or by these points and gradients associated therewith. Depending on the respective type of the spline surface, the complete surface is obtained by interpolation between the grid points using for example polynomials or functions which have specific properties in respect of the continuity and the differentiability thereof. Examples for this are analytical functions.
FIG. 4
3
1
8
7
1
8
1
8
17
8
shows boundary contours of the reflection surfaces in each case impinged upon by the imaging light on the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit , i.e. the so-called footprints of the mirrors M to M. These boundary contours are in each case depicted in an x/y-diagram, which corresponds to the local x- and y-coordinates of the respective mirror M to M. The illustrations are true to scale in millimeters. Moreover, the form of the passage opening is depicted in the illustration relating to the mirror M.
1
8
The following table summarizes the parameters “maximum angle of incidence”, “extent of the reflection surface in the x-direction”, “extent of the reflection surface in the y-direction” and “maximum mirror diameter” for the mirrors M to M:
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
Maximum
17.6
81.3
79.4
14.1
80.4
83.2
22.5
6.3
angle of
incidence
[°]
Extent of the
497.3
441.9
524.9
731.8
464.7
314.0
298.0
1003.7
reflection
surface
in the
x-direction
[mm]
Extent of the
252.4
462.4
250.5
130.0
231.8
132.6
183.2
984.2
reflection
surface
in the
y-direction
[mm]
Maximum
497.3
494.0
524.9
731.8
464.7
314.0
298.0
1004.0
mirror
diameter
[mm]
19
20
2
3
5
6
2
3
6
7
2
4
1
8
7
On account of the second plane intermediate images and in the region of the GI mirrors M, M, M and M, these GI mirrors, too, do not have an extreme extent in the y-direction. A y/x-aspect ratio of corresponding surface dimension of the reflection surfaces of these GI mirrors M, M, M and M is only greater than 1 for the mirror M and is approximately 1.05 there. None of the GI mirrors has a y/x-aspect ratio that is greater than 1.05. The y/x-aspect ratio deviates most strongly from the value of 1 at the mirrors M of the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit and there it has a value of approximately 1:5.6. In all other mirrors, the y/x-aspect ratio lies in the range between 3:1 and 1:3.
8
1
7
8
The mirror M that predetermines the image-side numerical aperture has the largest maximum mirror diameter with a diameter of 1004 mm. None of the other mirrors M to M have a maximum diameter which is greater than 80% of the maximum mirror diameter of the mirror M.
1
2
7
A pupil-defining aperture stop AS is arranged in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M in the projection optical unit . In the region of the aperture stop AS, the entire imaging light beam is accessible over its entire circumference.
6
7
6
4
6
4
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
The mirror M of the projection optical unit (cf. ) has a reflection surface that can be used for reflection, with a boundary contour RK. This boundary contour RK has a basic form GF which is indicated by dashed lines in relation to the mirror M in . This basic format GF corresponds to a curved basic form of the object field . The basic form GF of the mirror M corresponds to that of the object field , i.e. it is likewise curved.
6
FIG. 4
Two contour bulges KA are arranged along a side edge of the boundary contour RK of the mirror M that lies at the top in .
6
6
20
The boundary contour RK of the mirror M follows a boundary contour of an entire imaging light beam at the reflection at the mirror M. This boundary contour of the entire imaging light beam has corresponding contour bulges, which is due to the intermediate imaging by the second plane intermediate image .
FIG. 4
Two further contour bulges KA are arranged on the opposite side edge of the boundary contour RK, depicted at the bottom in .
The contour bulges KA are respectively arranged along the two long sides of the basic form GF.
1
8
7
9
3
9
5
The optical design data of the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables. These optical design data in each case proceed from the image plane , i.e. describe the respective projection optical unit in the reverse propagation direction of the imaging light between the image plane and the object plane .
7
The first of these tables provides an overview of the design data of the projection optical unit and summarizes the numerical aperture NA, the calculated design wavelength for the imaging light, the reduction factors βx and βy in the two imaging light planes xz and yz, the dimensions of the image field in the x-direction and y-direction, image field curvature, and an image aberration value rms and a stop location. This curvature is defined as the inverse radius of curvature of the field. The image aberration value is specified in mλ (ml), i.e. it depends on the design wavelength. Here, this is the rms value of the wavefront aberration.
x
y
3
The second of these tables provides vertex point radii (Radius_x=R, Radius_y=R) and refractive power values (Power_x, Power_y) for the optical surfaces of the optical components. Negative values of radius mean curves which are concave toward the incident illumination light in the section of the respective surface with the considered plane (xz, yz), which is spanned by a surface normal at the vertex point with the respective direction of curvature (x, y). The two radii Radius_x, Radius_y may have explicitly different signs.
8
FIG. 2
The vertex points at each optical surface are defined as points of incidence of a guide ray which travels from an object field center to the image field along a plane of symmetry x=0, i.e. the plane of the drawing of (meridional plane).
x
y
The refractive powers Power_x (P), Power_y (P) at the vertex points are defined as:
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mi>AOI</mi></mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></mfrac></mrow></mrow></math>
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mn>2</mn><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mi>AOI</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></math>
Here, AOI denotes an angle of incidence of the guide ray with respect to the surface normal.
1
8
x
y
x
n
n
The third table specifies, for the mirrors M to M, in millimeters, the conic constants kand k, the vertex point radius R(=Radius_x) and the free-form surface coefficients C. Coefficients Cnot tabulated in the table each have the value of 0.
4
The fourth table still specifies the magnitude along which the respective mirror, proceeding from a reference surface, was decentered (DCY) in the y-direction, and displaced (DCZ) and tilted (TLA, TLC) in the z-direction. This corresponds to a parallel shift and a tilting in the case of the freeform surface design method. Here, a displacement is carried out in the y-direction and in the z-direction in mm, and tilting is carried out about the x-axis and about the z-axis. In this case, the angle of rotation is specified in degrees. Decentering is carried out first, followed by tilting. The reference surface during decentering is in each case the first surface of the specified optical design data. Decentering in the y-direction and in the z-direction is also specified for the object field . In addition to the surfaces assigned to the individual mirrors, the fourth table also tabulates the image plane as the first surface, the object plane as the last surface and optionally a stop surface (with the label “Stop”).
8
1
The fifth table still specifies the transmission data of the mirrors M to M, namely the reflectivity thereof for the angle of incidence of an illumination light ray incident centrally on the respective mirror. The overall transmission is specified as a proportional factor remaining from an incident intensity after reflection at all mirrors in the projection optical unit.
The sixth table specifies an edge of the stop AS as a polygonal line in local coordinates xyz. As described above, the stop AS is decentered and tilted.
TABLE 1
for FIG. 2
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 2
NA
0.55
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.0
mm
Field curvature
0.012345
1/mm
rms
12.0
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 2
Surface
Radius_x [mm]
Power_x [1/mm]
Radius_y [mm]
Power_y [1/mm]
Operating mode
M8
−977.9363886
0.0020361
−929.6273166
0.0021610
REFL
M7
1294.8209643
−0.0015445
435.8531595
−0.0045890
REFL
M6
18365.5486866
−0.0000231
−46554.4044838
0.0002030
REFL
M5
5259.3234531
−0.0000933
−9321.2739117
0.0008744
REFL
M4
−1765.3339870
0.0011067
−1142.0480083
0.0017928
REFL
M3
2922.7328266
−0.0001820
−2482.4542085
0.0030292
REFL
M2
1651.2946943
−0.0003085
−8489.6411649
0.0009249
REFL
M1
−2632.7505211
0.0007257
−1790.4348754
0.0011694
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 2
Coefficient
M8
M7
M6
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
−0.11558328
−0.06317830
−0.67536006
RX
−977.93638860
1294.82096400
18365.54869000
C7
−3.26431733e−09
−9.19931196e−07
6.01520941e−08
C9
1.58538114e−09
−1.11351361e−07
8.67911005e−10
C10
−2.62749675e−11
1.65294576e−09
2.46957387e−11
C12
−3.89038959e−11
5.8094008e−09
5.62790766e−11
C14
−1.02513051e−11
5.53161746e−09
2.39097835e−11
C16
−5.05646011e−15
−5.96237142e−12
−2.22416819e−14
C18
−4.92292703e−15
−1.27228894e−11
2.83846346e−13
C20
1.16365138e−15
5.18801779e−12
5.76795483e−15
C21
−3.04440558e−17
5.32997236e−15
−1.09361216e−16
C23
−7.98657435e−17
4.06529865e−14
7.9007479e−16
C25
−6.41119264e−17
7.80652921e−14
−4.56580147e−16
C27
−1.39235463e−17
8.10562525e−14
−2.24207356e−15
C29
−6.20803428e−21
−2.93716245e−17
9.54358468e−19
C31
−1.24534312e−20
−1.84555197e−16
−5.3458423e−18
C33
−4.42030372e−21
−1.84586928e−16
−1.86756383e−17
C35
1.07126508e−21
1.91912568e−16
1.00354655e−17
C36
−2.91575118e−23
9.09001497e−20
6.26271473e−21
C38
−1.08152276e−22
6.67834705e−19
−6.49920584e−20
C40
−1.4917793e−22
1.73448182e−18
1.11297067e−19
C42
−8.53194437e−23
2.43380836e−18
3.95874101e−19
C44
−1.41286848e−23
5.65275748e−19
5.41032235e−19
C46
−5.48565523e−27
−6.08367951e−22
−2.03215013e−22
C48
−1.54244255e−26
−3.0535911e−21
−4.18114672e−22
C50
−8.36720446e−27
−1.37751887e−22
−5.5893905e−22
C52
−5.14729095e−28
1.06533988e−20
8.75292138e−21
C54
4.65607389e−28
1.19886682e−21
−4.41429933e−21
C55
−3.994753e−29
−1.37140533e−24
−2.55530798e−25
C57
−1.95743945e−28
−1.10267807e−23
3.51112917e−24
C59
−3.82935802e−28
−1.41353816e−23
−6.14784987e−24
C61
−3.52698144e−28
9.07886953e−24
−6.9704448e−23
C63
−1.4336365e−28
−7.49817063e−24
−7.39060153e−23
C65
−1.94273034e−29
3.91695015e−23
−5.92226689e−23
C67
−1.57733117e−32
−4.88361615e−27
9.64794763e−27
C69
−6.12153839e−32
−3.56715922e−26
5.2372298e−26
C71
−1.18717428e−31
−3.19191477e−25
2.13380099e−25
C73
−1.063393e−31
−7.51279757e−25
2.45159051e−25
C75
−2.89486089e−32
−6.71222307e−25
−1.71851249e−24
C77
6.32013344e−33
7.38715108e−25
9.74025575e−25
C78
1.11262585e−35
3.03620946e−29
2.58218161e−30
C80
4.67368442e−35
4.91226123e−28
−6.72675352e−29
C82
1.23352933e−34
1.67499613e−27
1.55650129e−29
C84
1.53536949e−34
2.38894849e−27
2.90832154e−27
C86
9.5650515e−35
−8.23315242e−29
6.09750745e−27
C88
1.71733925e−35
−8.61039219e−28
6.1107714e−27
C90
−5.94121394e−36
−1.76523408e−27
7.99611209e−28
C92
1.4787702e−38
−2.58993199e−31
−1.58067878e−31
C94
8.90625365e−38
−1.71267929e−30
−1.06702074e−30
C96
2.89055314e−37
−2.40810729e−31
−7.02875699e−30
C98
4.29516754e−37
2.22333849e−29
−3.28419568e−29
C100
3.17681665e−37
5.50483336e−29
−2.1648152e−29
C102
8.36108049e−38
5.43169134e−29
1.11856162e−28
C104
−9.74872514e−39
−7.63910208e−30
−6.57499885e−29
C105
−1.04610049e−40
0
0
C107
−7.41863701e−40
0
0
C109
−2.255693e−39
0
0
C111
−3.77109587e−39
0
0
C113
−3.64577025e−39
0
0
C115
−2.02577223e−39
0
0
C117
−5.69128325e−40
0
0
C119
−4.83815892e−41
0
0
C121
−4.67494483e−44
0
0
C123
−3.13407576e−43
0
0
C125
−8.99958812e−43
0
0
C127
−1.4543934e−42
0
0
C129
−1.2834763e−42
0
0
C131
−6.10286793e−43
0
0
C133
−8.34784383e−44
0
0
C135
2.74349368e−44
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 2
Coefficient
M5
M4
M3
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.77165478
KX
0.27864052
0.19204874
0.00000000
RX
5259.32345300
−1765.33398700
2922.73282700
C7
−1.8652865e−07
−4.24630231e−08
1.94384684e−07
C9
−1.02802052e−07
−6.52977487e−07
−7.17829652e−08
C10
−5.35811112e−11
1.10296456e−11
−7.42346358e−11
C12
−1.99417399e−10
1.00977633e−10
3.76056759e−11
C14
1.01835137e−10
−2.41010461e−09
3.93568892e−11
C16
−2.80626289e−13
−5.69400376e−14
1.25218538e−13
C18
−1.17577236e−13
1.19732124e−12
−2.13740953e−13
C20
−2.50255951e−13
−4.32169574e−12
−9.64163266e−14
C21
2.6907927e−16
2.39267428e−18
−1.53152765e−17
C23
−4.23262886e−16
−4.05603783e−16
4.40460986e−16
C25
2.15191279e−16
1.89419852e−15
2.63263458e−16
C27
−5.663038e−16
7.91269935e−14
−4.09740933e−16
C29
−1.5876173e−19
8.03015961e−21
1.86842113e−20
C31
−2.92538582e−18
−1.25575575e−18
−2.14335016e−19
C33
3.14262906e−18
−7.82872258e−17
3.26621777e−18
C35
−2.0088391e−18
−1.00119594e−15
4.39403082e−19
C36
−5.08999445e−21
2.78323568e−23
−1.48137274e−21
C38
−7.30929047e−21
3.91351204e−22
−6.05704744e−22
C40
−2.98409959e−21
2.36229594e−20
−9.24943789e−21
C42
3.84399776e−20
7.46681843e−19
1.57963955e−21
C44
3.13179317e−20
2.73402949e−18
2.68227984e−21
C46
−5.10842468e−24
8.55981332e−26
1.99536481e−24
C48
2.91936197e−23
3.82725655e−25
9.32028588e−24
C50
1.38453799e−22
−1.24908171e−22
−1.36675154e−23
C52
5.51592482e−22
−1.4570635e−21
−1.17711866e−22
C54
3.41044893e−22
8.01441707e−20
−9.9016006e−23
C55
5.17252551e−26
−1.34968706e−29
−1.52532943e−27
C57
2.00318594e−25
−1.44840346e−27
2.0470899e−26
C59
2.10437127e−25
1.6131965e−26
6.73921181e−26
C61
3.69625695e−25
8.05459452e−25
3.84979616e−25
C63
3.90489396e−24
−9.87992209e−23
7.45595383e−26
C65
1.69415126e−25
−8.02607569e−22
3.07812088e−25
C67
3.23262405e−28
1.14795879e−32
−4.40966022e−29
C69
2.68979529e−29
−1.90474992e−29
−5.89666435e−29
C71
−3.36239328e−27
−8.67278176e−28
−7.78323397e−28
C73
−9.49129081e−27
2.06524492e−26
−4.01125727e−28
C75
9.56175133e−27
5.20174159e−25
3.52455817e−27
C77
−1.16580455e−26
−1.72107549e−24
6.57922701e−28
C78
9.80464919e−32
−4.54180435e−34
7.49347454e−32
C80
−9.31289455e−31
6.32640281e−33
−2.27529195e−31
C82
−7.94127312e−30
1.28727506e−31
1.93638319e−31
C84
−3.16841696e−29
5.32074606e−31
3.0973772e−30
C86
−7.96302059e−29
−1.02870035e−29
−3.39277553e−30
C88
−1.07641552e−29
7.15154387e−27
1.49638592e−29
C90
−5.80007699e−29
5.52471571e−26
−1.81838477e−29
C92
−6.37618517e−35
−1.00673819e−36
4.35344188e−34
C94
−7.23981776e−33
1.93844772e−35
6.92879874e−34
C96
−2.27198696e−32
4.0369611e−34
−1.30815712e−33
C98
−8.07732983e−32
1.1395269e−32
−5.54290471e−33
C100
−1.81611958e−31
−1.72883542e−30
−1.51072988e−32
C102
−5.61071528e−32
−4.78892158e−29
−9.32848301e−32
C104
−8.84936177e−32
−2.47120721e−28
5.24911338e−32
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 2
Coefficient
M2
M1
KY
−0.01234570
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
1651.29469400
−2632.75052100
C7
−1.51550123e−07
−7.36996938e−09
C9
−1.21487821e−08
2.0569377e−08
C10
2.09113187e−10
−1.80026904e−11
C12
−7.96285921e−11
−2.02425339e−10
C14
1.20235152e−10
−1.58699294e−10
C16
−2.42936866e−13
1.14876287e−13
C18
3.56848304e−16
4.28329459e−13
C20
−2.73831533e−13
−3.62201583e−14
C21
4.93325127e−16
5.51321462e−17
C23
1.59461068e−16
−5.36481007e−17
C25
6.66776901e−16
−3.27342504e−16
C27
2.41302066e−16
1.34172814e−15
C29
7.485099e−20
−1.44207244e−19
C31
4.18658537e−19
1.32626192e−18
C33
−2.38338714e−18
4.93631418e−18
C35
−1.15578785e−18
−6.59449991e−18
C36
4.45559292e−21
−7.91898678e−22
C38
1.53820416e−21
−5.64637331e−21
C40
3.30412695e−21
−1.46982681e−20
C42
5.95781353e−21
−3.05459185e−20
C44
4.72401785e−21
6.10830044e−20
C46
6.64520361e−24
7.70691095e−25
C48
3.47713297e−25
9.16676497e−25
C50
−2.00485e−23
−1.06076605e−22
C52
−2.14721965e−23
−1.99224578e−22
C54
−9.43870644e−25
−9.42098864e−23
C55
−5.89271373e−27
8.8726833e−27
C57
−5.14053514e−26
1.32158184e−25
C59
−2.26598784e−26
4.00410895e−25
C61
3.67898874e−26
4.34484571e−25
C63
6.45066115e−26
3.6616824e−25
C65
−1.70603744e−26
−2.44627583e−24
C67
9.80740962e−29
4.64135426e−29
C69
3.87068653e−29
2.42039766e−28
C71
2.12238797e−28
2.00886711e−27
C73
−7.90980539e−29
8.12221417e−27
C75
−1.71846637e−28
9.69211396e−27
C77
−4.83228352e−29
−2.69100732e−27
C78
−3.28414165e−31
−4.34877232e−32
C80
6.2173288e−31
−1.23197166e−30
C82
5.25200248e−31
−5.95477298e−30
C84
4.09914682e−31
−1.20688548e−29
C86
6.87904365e−31
2.4844433e−30
C88
4.06358345e−31
1.08603958e−29
C90
2.87455932e−31
1.73556337e−28
C92
−1.43700292e−33
−6.95582298e−35
C94
6.74298218e−34
−2.81521715e−34
C96
−1.7534426e−33
−1.38405426e−32
C98
−3.15685068e−33
−8.4479462e−32
C100
−1.49584673e−33
−2.7006613e−31
C102
−4.70629963e−34
−2.3767521e−31
C104
−3.32523652e−34
−5.76041521e−31
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 2
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M8
0.00000000
0.00000000
882.77565409
M7
0.00000000
147.74416815
103.43278922
M6
−0.00000000
−82.17184405
1159.82035546
M5
−0.00000000
−195.88699161
1313.90521342
M4
−0.00000000
−689.91126350
1545.33998989
M3
−0.00000000
161.29497309
1546.43843672
M2
0.00000000
732.36714651
1201.83267617
Stop
0.00000000
1015.58933861
693.77057038
M1
0.00000000
1198.65681500
365.37240755
Object
0.00000000
1348.48550683
2077.92168912
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 2
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M8
5.36724017
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M7
191.50652875
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
−65.64698575
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
−39.33707785
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
77.48616539
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
−15.51718699
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
−45.98528751
0.00000000
−0.00000000
Stop
29.56527173
180.00000000
0.00000000
M1
192.06886766
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
Object
−0.00000146
0.00000000
−0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 2
Surface
Angle of incidence [deg]
Reflectivity
M8
5.39974096
0.66267078
M7
0.65775307
0.66564975
M6
77.78202576
0.84766857
M5
75.79531335
0.81712415
M4
12.35481935
0.64834731
M3
74.57586411
0.79655325
M2
75.24373779
0.80800760
M1
17.20845857
0.62924549
Overall transmission
0.0802
TABLE 6
for FIG. 2
X [mm]
Y [mm]
Z [mm]
0.00000000
89.20801645
0.00000000
34.08528121
88.17188871
0.00000000
67.40598766
85.11507465
0.00000000
99.20831752
80.16474983
0.00000000
128.76104217
73.46969353
0.00000000
155.36725085
65.16806914
0.00000000
178.37639394
55.38904414
0.00000000
197.19924577
44.26886612
0.00000000
211.32549205
31.96726025
0.00000000
220.34120483
18.68302504
0.00000000
223.94717509
4.66585955
0.00000000
221.97922526
−9.77769625
0.00000000
214.42559512
−24.28603688
0.00000000
201.43485904
−38.45542703
0.00000000
183.31296701
−51.86145417
0.00000000
160.51193019
−64.08136185
0.00000000
133.61280933
−74.71394168
0.00000000
103.30527919
−83.39836098
0.00000000
70.36584216
−89.83225300
0.00000000
35.63590906
−93.78743681
0.00000000
0.00000000
−95.12190481
0.00000000
−35.63590906
−93.78743681
0.00000000
−70.36584216
−89.83225300
0.00000000
−103.30527919
−83.39836098
0.00000000
−133.61280933
−74.71394168
0.00000000
−160.51193019
−64.08136185
0.00000000
−183.31296701
−51.86145417
0.00000000
−201.43485904
−38.45542703
0.00000000
−214.42559512
−24.28603688
0.00000000
−221.97922526
−9.77769625
0.00000000
−223.94717509
4.66585955
0.00000000
−220.34120483
18.68302504
0.00000000
−211.32549205
31.96726025
0.00000000
−197.19924577
44.26886612
0.00000000
−178.37639394
55.38904414
0.00000000
−155.36725085
65.16806914
0.00000000
−128.76104217
73.46969353
0.00000000
−99.20831752
80.16474983
0.00000000
−67.40598766
85.11507465
0.00000000
−34.08528121
88.17188871
0.00000000
7
An overall reflectivity of the projection optical unit is 8.02%.
9
The reference axes of the mirrors are generally tilted with respect to a normal of the image plane , as is made clear by the tilt values in the tables.
1
4
8
7
2
3
5
6
The mirrors M, M and M have negative values for the radius, i.e. they are, in principle, concave mirrors. The mirror M has a positive value for the radius, i.e. it is, in principle, a convex mirror. The mirrors M, M, M and M have radius values with different signs, i.e. they are toric or saddle mirrors.
8
7
3
The image field has an x-extent of two-times 13 mm and a y-extent of 1 mm. The projection optical unit is optimized for an operating wavelength of the illumination light of 13.5 nm.
6
3
FIG. 2
An edge of a stop surface of the stop (cf., also, table for ) emerges from intersection points on the stop surface of all rays of the illumination light which, on the image side, propagate at the field center point in the direction of the stop surface with a complete image-side telecentric aperture. When the stop is embodied as an aperture stop, the edge is an inner edge.
The stop AS can lie in a plane or else have a three-dimensional embodiment. The extent of the stop AS can be smaller in the scan direction (y) than in the cross scan direction (x).
7
5
9
An installation length of the projection optical unit in the z-direction, i.e. a distance between the object plane and the image plane , is approximately 2080 mm.
7
17
18
7
2
In the projection optical unit , a pupil obscuration is 15% of the entire aperture of the entry pupil. Thus, less than 15% of the numerical aperture is obscured as a result of the passage opening . The obscuration edge is constructed in a manner analogous to the construction of the stop edge explained above in conjunction with the stop . In the case of an embodiment as an obscuration stop, the edge is an outer edge of the stop. In a system pupil of the projection optical unit , a surface which cannot be illuminated due to the obscuration is less than 0.15of the surface of the overall system pupil. The non-illuminated surface within the system pupil can have a different extent in the x-direction than in the y-direction. The non-illuminated surface in the system pupil can be round, elliptical, square or rectangular. Moreover, this surface in the system pupil which cannot be illuminated can be decentered in the x-direction and/or in the y-direction in relation to a center of the system pupil.
OIS
7
9
A y-distance dbetween a central object field point and a central image field point is approximately 1350 mm. A working distance between the mirror M and the image plane is 77 mm.
7
The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with the xyz-edge lengths of 1004 mm×2021 mm×1534 mm.
7
The projection optical unit is approximately telecentric on the image side.
18
7
2
The obscuration edge is constructed in a manner analogous to the construction of the stop edge explained above in conjunction with the stop . In the case of an embodiment as an obscuration stop, the edge is an outer edge of the stop. In a system pupil of the projection optical unit , a surface which cannot be illuminated due to the obscuration is less than 0.15of the surface of the overall system pupil. The non-illuminated surface within the system pupil can have a different extent in the x-direction than in the y-direction. The non-illuminated surface in the system pupil can be round, elliptical, square, rectangular or else have the form of a polygonal line. Moreover, this surface in the system pupil which cannot be illuminated can be decentered in the x-direction and/or in the y-direction in relation to a center of the system pupil.
21
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 5 to 7
FIGS. 1 to 4
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are appropriately denoted by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
1
8
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
8
21
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
Maximum
17.7
83.6
79.1
15.4
82.1
84.1
21.7
8.5
angle of
incidence
[°]
Extent of the
480.9
612.0
734.0
786.4
550.3
348.7
352.8
930.1
reflection
surface in the
x-direction
[mm]
Extent of the
240.7
495.6
227.5
123.4
359.4
121.4
211.1
921.6
reflection
surface in the
y-direction
[mm]
Maximum
480.9
612.8
734.0
786.5
550.8
348.7
353.0
936.4
mirror diameter
[mm]
2
3
5
6
4
None of the GI mirrors M, M, M and M has a y/x-aspect ratio of its reflection surface that is greater than 1. The NI mirror M has the most extreme y/x-aspect ratio at approximately 1:6.4.
8
Here too, the mirror M has the largest maximum mirror diameter, measuring less than 950 mm.
21
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 5
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 5
NA
0.5
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.2
mm
Field curvature
0.0
1/mm
rms
9.2
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
Operating
Surface
Radius_x [mm]
Power_x [1/mm]
Radius_y [mm]
Power_y [1/mm]
mode
M8
−1028.1890922
0.0019300
−959.8491743
0.0021000
REFL
M7
3932.1050547
−0.0005085
641.6674836
−0.0031174
REFL
M6
−5352.1107774
0.0000757
−24854.2346696
0.0003974
REFL
M5
−2870.1334684
0.0001444
−5932.2095215
0.0016270
REFL
M4
−2683.8914762
0.0007230
−1481.1480890
0.0013918
REFL
M3
−3205.8052729
0.0001568
−3694.8995054
0.0021542
REFL
M2
20005.7694322
−0.0000193
−14932.3149158
0.0006929
REFL
M1
−5312.3214757
0.0003611
−2012.9727538
0.0010359
REFL
for FIG. 5
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 5
Coefficient
M8
M7
M6
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
−0.11707187
−0.04806187
−0.41102881
RX
−1028.18909200
3932.10505500
−5352.11077700
C7
−8.32110151e−09
−7.75192759e−07
−8.38431813e−08
C9
−2.65634274e−09
−5.91270104e−07
−3.8859897e−08
C10
−1.7055709e−11
3.50377124e−10
3.03629175e−10
C12
−3.4222558e−11
2.1099725e−09
6.89418154e−11
C14
−1.77106861e−11
4.80002309e−09
−6.72089575e−11
C16
−1.14467378e−14
−8.02970149e−13
6.68672697e−13
C18
−1.24019197e−14
−7.25793342e−12
5.77645684e−13
C20
1.84961531e−15
7.83383236e−13
−2.52644253e−14
C21
−2.15820281e−17
1.42170913e−15
6.13051461e−16
C23
−6.10692437e−17
7.31997494e−15
−3.41664153e−16
C25
−7.16991235e−17
1.49144421e−14
−4.4277313e−17
C27
−1.35420803e−17
−4.03527766e−15
−1.58210976e−14
C29
−8.62061614e−21
−4.29985657e−18
8.20744059e−18
C31
−2.63207728e−20
−3.69588953e−17
−4.68525896e−18
C33
−7.2137657e−21
1.19620901e−18
3.06007835e−17
C35
−9.80087706e−21
−1.70594431e−17
−1.6890856e−16
C36
−2.13708366e−23
−4.21759943e−21
−5.74352644e−21
C38
−8.22434751e−23
2.3951499e−20
5.33179782e−20
C40
−1.43850238e−22
1.30926569e−19
1.67190312e−20
C42
−8.16684483e−23
4.14969602e−19
1.38769568e−18
C44
−2.80014827e−23
1.4099488e−18
1.0296977e−17
C46
−1.18829244e−27
−4.53220944e−24
−1.42509336e−22
C48
−2.81954585e−26
−1.41737217e−22
4.69109246e−22
C50
−1.85733281e−26
−3.26256632e−22
5.80444096e−22
C52
−2.72041596e−26
−3.37691673e−21
−1.98920261e−20
C54
2.37702476e−28
−7.74548198e−21
2.08508467e−19
C55
−2.53602461e−29
1.08361867e−25
7.70794381e−26
C57
−1.39992921e−28
5.30294989e−25
−2.55960339e−24
C59
−2.72691538e−28
1.10149469e−24
−1.59315739e−23
C61
−2.38086239e−28
2.23222466e−25
−4.74854092e−23
C63
−1.24030935e−28
1.09712699e−23
−1.18627931e−21
C65
−1.85427438e−29
1.0229509e−23
−1.02720137e−21
C67
−2.74820055e−32
−7.25647164e−28
4.8045814e−27
C69
−5.18070943e−32
−3.24196497e−27
1.25489123e−26
C71
−7.2409432e−32
−6.87767424e−27
−7.19619324e−26
C73
−1.24626527e−31
−5.1366772e−26
2.03225531e−24
C75
−5.2993749e−32
−1.47904291e−25
−4.00593467e−24
C77
−3.2164977e−32
−9.75767738e−27
−4.61398026e−23
C78
−1.96159183e−35
−5.95503793e−31
−1.02993847e−31
C80
2.07477209e−35
−3.50991441e−30
5.33686479e−29
C82
−6.79009521e−35
9.70294329e−31
5.73736763e−28
C84
−1.54323386e−34
1.54338338e−28
1.87312898e−27
C86
−1.96855426e−34
8.86955354e−28
2.39794826e−26
C88
−1.38189955e−34
1.47179885e−27
1.67777792e−25
C90
−4.9760176e−35
7.92160236e−28
−2.42405976e−25
C92
−1.24122918e−38
8.64955586e−33
−6.17875305e−32
C94
−2.2387216e−37
2.699854e−32
−7.1703801e−31
C96
−3.4409904e−37
−1.55238589e−32
−9.54082667e−31
C98
−2.84279628e−37
−9.78290545e−31
−5.27094915e−29
C100
1.21418438e−38
−3.4681581e−30
−2.14210068e−28
C102
−1.88826532e−38
−4.2071042e−30
1.19333327e−27
C104
1.67545048e−38
−3.90299739e−30
2.27692876e−28
C105
−3.31353145e−41
0
0
C107
−4.0002151e−40
0
0
C109
−1.25330728e−39
0
0
C111
−2.07743415e−39
0
0
C113
−2.25065136e−39
0
0
C115
−1.47353035e−39
0
0
C117
−4.51645253e−40
0
0
C119
−2.28432172e−41
0
0
C121
8.2888995e−44
0
0
C123
4.00545577e−43
0
0
C125
7.56772316e−43
0
0
C127
4.05636636e−43
0
0
C129
−2.53940071e−43
0
0
C131
−6.85819455e−43
0
0
C133
−2.51739126e−43
0
0
C135
−3.47946269e−44
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 5
Coefficient
M5
M4
M3
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.64021352
KX
0.22282184
0.21746393
0.00000000
RX
−2870.13346800
−2683.89147600
−3205.80527300
C7
−1.47299147e−07
−2.64994677e−08
6.28701185e−08
C9
−6.23337864e−08
−1.57634285e−07
−4.65369704e−08
C10
1.48854604e−10
−1.192183e−11
−2.29686752e−11
C12
−1.02913792e−10
−1.86491276e−10
1.57020008e−11
C14
−2.53637748e−11
−2.79043703e−09
1.16183001e−11
C16
2.70788001e−13
−9.12488689e−14
−2.86529362e−15
C18
−1.56818296e−13
−2.21807015e−12
−1.98396494e−14
C20
−1.1477383e−13
1.49107451e−11
1.38283753e−13
C21
1.67397123e−16
−2.28964432e−17
4.39106972e−17
C23
8.37104743e−16
−8.9801365e−16
4.11622891e−17
C25
−7.47250405e−17
7.10807871e−15
−1.21811131e−16
C27
−1.79902189e−16
2.2394936e−14
−5.03509402e−16
C29
8.27076091e−19
−1.70454112e−19
4.82882592e−20
C31
1.84287894e−18
−1.34325393e−18
9.5068104e−20
C33
1.21320541e−18
−3.6138162e−17
5.1685178e−19
C35
5.48084095e−19
−3.8395771e−15
7.87749871e−18
C36
1.85465234e−21
−3.7251701e−23
1.26079958e−22
C38
3.46046896e−21
−1.05875826e−21
−2.79363614e−22
C40
9.44259685e−21
−4.07620659e−20
−2.48686978e−21
C42
1.93639312e−20
−3.72631463e−18
−9.54609358e−21
C44
1.81285681e−20
−3.33714823e−18
4.8548579e−20
C46
5.86611261e−24
−3.27395572e−25
−7.44419579e−26
C48
1.21250192e−23
−2.48877687e−23
−1.45146899e−24
C50
4.70679809e−23
−1.629748e−21
1.70329245e−24
C52
1.35442554e−22
4.947345e−21
−5.74686981e−23
C54
1.89474646e−22
2.46150233e−19
−9.92108773e−22
C55
−8.51982321e−27
−2.55798506e−29
1.77784215e−28
C57
9.55965768e−27
−9.67336823e−27
4.80247741e−27
C59
8.56706064e−27
−5.9830259e−25
4.94864751e−26
C61
5.43620015e−26
2.99229925e−24
2.11534673e−25
C63
5.14940966e−25
2.11963201e−22
9.49895777e−25
C65
1.1325732e−24
−6.55165767e−23
2.64833059e−24
C67
−3.20050186e−29
1.08799851e−31
−4.25371744e−32
C69
−8.93307827e−29
−5.9737815e−29
−2.87246881e−30
C71
−4.40848262e−28
2.50559555e−27
6.01241562e−30
C73
−8.53288765e−28
4.77493797e−26
−1.42915015e−27
C75
1.04138051e−27
−1.07454562e−24
−1.45023879e−27
C77
3.95557803e−27
−1.58374495e−23
3.7330166e−26
C78
7.67993746e−33
1.3603387e−34
−4.70533824e−34
C80
−1.82202453e−31
2.8502332e−32
−2.19064865e−32
C82
−7.59424732e−31
2.35506707e−30
−4.5067788e−31
C84
−2.61465311e−30
4.19888867e−29
−2.62808797e−30
C86
−4.10291005e−30
−2.35024421e−28
3.12051609e−30
C88
9.79786373e−31
−1.33377231e−26
−2.37410837e−29
C90
7.50555478e−30
−1.17432361e−26
−2.93732287e−28
C92
−3.9655732e−35
1.72718937e−36
3.90363721e−36
C94
−4.46917432e−34
4.18220567e−34
1.49283393e−34
C96
−1.56112844e−33
1.35239086e−32
1.97806516e−33
C98
−4.3774859e−33
1.80150492e−31
8.83974058e−33
C100
−5.4549234e−33
−9.86612463e−31
−1.93388477e−33
C102
2.81497244e−34
2.95757417e−29
9.15264296e−32
C104
5.98693118e−33
4.50915131e−28
6.27379138e−31
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 5
Coefficient
M2
M1
KY
0.01610994
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
20005.76943000
−5312.32147600
C7
9.97757392e−08
1.14515844e−09
C9
2.91949621e−10
4.55089269e−08
C10
2.70115051e−11
6.40348255e−11
C12
3.25994029e−11
6.56125263e−11
C14
6.37320775e−11
−1.21032297e−10
C16
−5.70345897e−14
−5.86255456e−14
C18
−2.34998283e−13
−6.57703817e−14
C20
−1.02164563e−13
−4.83818491e−14
C21
1.81446991e−16
−3.12737429e−17
C23
8.47472643e−17
1.02850187e−17
C25
5.297863e−16
5.14354465e−16
C27
−5.75737107e−16
−4.3062722e−16
C29
3.55617149e−20
1.49808819e−20
C31
−5.36437096e−19
5.5378949e−19
C33
2.34497633e−19
−4.15769813e−19
C35
1.69984307e−18
3.04906337e−18
C36
−1.9178023e−22
1.70283147e−22
C38
7.87813152e−23
7.11597023e−22
C40
1.83575044e−21
2.0097976e−21
C42
−2.14115511e−21
5.03016856e−21
C44
1.29072759e−22
−4.06117639e−20
C46
−4.36456706e−24
−4.25906296e−26
C48
−1.08223127e−23
4.71637846e−25
C50
−4.4109074e−24
−1.24191908e−23
C52
1.09242646e−23
−1.79368118e−22
C54
2.91487178e−24
−5.96112215e−24
C55
1.97519267e−27
−1.32162791e−27
C57
7.06505036e−27
−8.3877702e−27
C59
2.358499e−27
−5.87441823e−26
C61
−4.8961744e−26
−2.56618026e−25
C63
−6.59136487e−26
9.06106721e−26
C65
−2.64120864e−26
1.79467821e−25
C67
3.46228797e−29
7.84570376e−30
C69
1.1864846e−28
4.81900485e−31
C71
2.08001966e−28
−1.15249378e−28
C73
1.84703515e−28
1.36349585e−27
C75
3.16029006e−29
6.24230347e−27
C77
−2.54423051e−29
5.21093708e−27
C78
−1.03407606e−33
3.54875723e−33
C80
−3.59466643e−32
4.11652826e−32
C82
−9.23602595e−32
2.71629404e−31
C84
−1.25103753e−31
2.30117719e−30
C86
2.6498546e−31
4.73398183e−30
C88
6.38528862e−31
4.03545839e−30
C90
3.10355559e−31
−8.23151308e−30
C92
−1.05059842e−34
−6.41686536e−35
C94
−5.23779013e−34
−1.71973327e−34
C96
−8.7667225e−34
5.7757545e−34
C98
−8.99395043e−34
2.97547589e−34
C100
−1.13652161e−33
−3.04986257e−32
C102
−1.1517371e−33
−1.32076094e−31
C104
−4.20064583e−34
−5.22857669e−32
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 5
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M8
0.00000000
0.00000000
882.77533922
M7
0.00000000
195.71291787
116.12641402
M6
0.00000000
−112.88128115
1167.50030789
M5
0.00000000
−262.73607799
1347.86961998
M4
−0.00000000
−750.53634909
1589.60226228
M3
−0.00000000
235.35640877
1618.85948606
M2
−0.00000000
927.86499038
1259.80535144
Stop
−0.00000000
1378.82735066
728.11966836
M1
−0.00000000
1754.86756418
284.76737249
Object
−0.00000000
1522.31770430
2073.12928528
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 5
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M8
7.16040462
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M7
195.33928697
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
−61.96084316
0.00000000
0.00000000
M5
−38.32023492
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
77.66939217
−0.00000000
0.00000000
M3
−12.85309098
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
−38.55110875
−0.00000000
0.00000000
Stop
26.91995318
180.00000000
−0.00000000
M1
203.85632932
0.00000000
−0.00000000
Object
1.40889103
−0.00000000
0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 5
Surface
Angle of incidence[deg]
Reflectivity
M8
7.16040462
0.66024220
M7
1.01847774
0.66560265
M6
78.31860788
0.85537503
M5
78.04078388
0.85141092
M4
14.03041098
0.64275475
M3
75.44710587
0.81140397
M2
78.85487636
0.86287678
M1
16.44743829
0.63285937
Overall transmission
0.0911
TABLE 6
for FIG. 5
X[mm]
Y[mm]
Z[mm]
0.00000000
80.61237695
0.00000000
38.90654191
79.83106129
0.00000000
76.96347650
77.46957065
0.00000000
113.32346519
73.48914023
0.00000000
147.14570305
67.86143904
0.00000000
177.60579355
60.59847490
0.00000000
203.91466853
51.76925797
0.00000000
225.34730932
41.50446204
0.00000000
241.27817834
29.99597516
0.00000000
251.21769593
17.49549950
0.00000000
254.84363465
4.31151215
0.00000000
252.02218346
−9.19816293
0.00000000
242.81597223
−22.64006773
0.00000000
227.47918826
−35.60512570
0.00000000
206.44159792
−47.69252180
0.00000000
180.28421807
−58.53347376
0.00000000
149.71031735
−67.81061415
0.00000000
115.51564449
−75.26961108
0.00000000
78.56077700
−80.72207728
0.00000000
39.74742241
−84.04138390
0.00000000
0.00000000
−85.15555607
0.00000000
−39.74742241
−84.04138390
0.00000000
−78.56077700
−80.72207728
0.00000000
−115.51564449
−75.26961108
0.00000000
−149.71031735
−67.81061415
0.00000000
−180.28421807
−58.53347376
0.00000000
−206.44159792
−47.69252180
0.00000000
−227.47918826
−35.60512570
0.00000000
−242.81597223
−22.64006773
0.00000000
−252.02218346
−9.19816293
0.00000000
−254.84363465
4.31151215
0.00000000
−251.21769593
17.49549950
0.00000000
−241.27817834
29.99597516
0.00000000
−225.34730932
41.50446204
0.00000000
−203.91466853
51.76925797
0.00000000
−177.60579355
60.59847490
0.00000000
−147.14570305
67.86143904
0.00000000
−113.32346519
73.48914023
0.00000000
−76.96347650
77.46957065
0.00000000
−38.90654191
79.83106129
0.00000000
21
An overall reflectivity of the projection optical unit is 9.11%.
21
21
21
21
x
y
OIS
The projection optical unit has an image-side numerical aperture of 0.50. In the first imaging light plane xz, the projection optical unit has a reduction factor βof 4.00. In the second imaging light plane yz, the projection optical unit has a reduction factor βof 8.00. An object-side chief ray angle is 6.0°. A pupil obscuration is 17%. An object-image offset dis approximately 1520 mm. The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with xyz-edge lengths of 930 mm×2625 mm×1570 mm.
10
5
FIG. 5
The reticle and hence the object plane are tilted at an angle T of 1.4° about the x-axis. This tilt angle T is indicated in .
7
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is approximately 80 mm.
FIG. 7
1
8
21
shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
22
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 8 to 10
FIGS. 1 to 7
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
22
1
6
3
4
8
1
6
1
6
The projection optical unit has a total of six mirrors M to M in the beam path of the imaging light between the object field and the image field . All six mirrors M to M are embodied as NI mirrors. Once again, the free-form equation (1) specified above applies to the mirrors M to M.
22
1
6
The projection optical unit for the mirrors M to M has the following sequence of deflecting effects: RLRL0L.
1
6
22
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
Maximum
21.7
15.0
14.9
10.5
20.5
9.9
angle of incidence [°]
Extent of the reflection
368.5
707.4
350.4
481.0
383.2
888.8
surface in the
x-direction [mm]
Extent of the reflection
195.0
115.4
75.8
87.3
188.8
866.8
surface in the
y-direction [mm]
Maximum
368.7
707.5
350.4
481.0
383.2
889.4
mirror diameter [mm]
6
Once again, the last mirror in the imaging beam path M has the largest mirror diameter in this case at less than 900 mm. Four of the six mirrors have a maximum mirror diameter that is less than 500 mm. Three of the six mirrors have a maximum mirror diameter that is less than 400 mm.
22
18
19
20
18
3
4
5
17
6
The projection optical unit , too, has exactly one first plane intermediate image and two second plane intermediate images , . The first plane intermediate image lies in the beam path of the imaging light between the mirrors M and M in the region of the passage opening in the mirror M.
19
1
2
19
The first of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path. In the region of this first second plane intermediate image , the entire imaging light beam is accessible from the outside.
20
3
4
4
The second of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path, near the reflection at the mirror M.
FIG. 10
1
6
22
shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
22
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 8
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 8
NA
0.5
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.0
mm
Field curvature
−0.012345
1/mm
rms
30.4
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 8
Surface
Radius_x[mm]
Power_x[1/mm]
Radius_y[mm]
Power_y[1/mm]
Operating mode
M6
−1014.9918248
0.0019477
−893.7079569
0.0022640
REFL
M5
4610.1894926
−0.0004338
445.6719052
−0.0044876
REFL
M4
−1174.3233785
0.0016932
−1051.9540567
0.0019123
REFL
M3
1010.0226976
−0.0019510
−1197.8415209
0.0016946
REFL
M2
−1312.0179701
0.0015026
−457.6913193
0.0044329
REFL
M1
2662.6604435
−0.0007175
−689.9531731
0.0030345
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 8
Coefficient
M6
M5
M4
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−1014.99182500
4610.18949300
−1174.32337800
C7
−1.63639571e−08
6.87483772e−07
5.05861922e−08
C9
−2.56462343e−09
−8.13225055e−08
−6.91885105e−08
C10
−3.47436391e−11
5.1256056e−10
2.20583412e−11
C12
−4.44052628e−11
1.08128581e−09
−1.23932264e−11
C14
−1.24765499e−11
1.98667881e−09
1.3750797e−10
C16
−1.67475636e−14
8.26682729e−13
1.38362898e−14
C18
−9.76310679e−15
4.46159816e−12
2.16077936e−13
C20
−1.45702228e−15
−3.24741965e−12
−2.28312825e−13
C21
−3.24995571e−17
1.05414267e−15
4.08171639e−17
C23
−9.0792086e−17
6.91730224e−15
4.24398459e−16
C25
−7.35193153e−17
8.25850133e−15
−1.75536482e−15
C27
−1.85937479e−17
3.10952802e−14
1.1585979e−14
C29
−3.5703491e−21
3.79157699e−18
1.86810268e−19
C31
−1.62630367e−20
1.17545811e−17
−4.98612502e−18
C33
−6.86959019e−21
5.76661234e−17
4.52757427e−17
C35
8.17002723e−22
1.66090704e−18
−1.08408627e−16
C36
−3.2700837e−23
2.65910919e−21
−2.31577232e−23
C38
−1.34204537e−22
1.56511463e−20
−7.09104552e−21
C40
−2.04464085e−22
1.10292873e−19
7.98817392e−20
C42
−1.28721975e−22
3.17002038e−19
−2.25764225e−19
C44
−2.96501352e−23
8.14163076e−19
−2.01105282e−18
C46
3.53309255e−27
1.82114149e−23
−6.19948554e−24
C48
−7.54713713e−27
1.58912096e−22
6.80341023e−23
C50
−1.78836502e−26
4.08001034e−22
3.63898676e−23
C52
−3.86147907e−27
1.28151939e−21
−7.13925671e−21
C54
7.91589003e−28
−2.63398048e−21
1.04122167e−20
C55
−1.43124789e−29
1.33926566e−26
−1.1354639e−27
C57
−9.15031711e−29
1.44374755e−25
3.20632475e−27
C59
−1.89538308e−28
1.17688068e−24
2.94313435e−25
C61
−1.69419016e−28
3.65160042e−24
−3.37682466e−24
C63
−7.08899858e−29
−5.45288447e−24
−2.87305808e−23
C65
−1.19238698e−29
−4.81365787e−24
1.92631285e−22
C67
8.84476216e−33
0
0
C69
−1.98727303e−32
0
0
C71
−4.96871795e−32
0
0
C73
−1.44538227e−32
0
0
C75
1.04191135e−32
0
0
C77
4.64811674e−33
0
0
C78
−7.8772164e−35
0
0
C80
−4.88956574e−34
0
0
C82
−1.35090835e−33
0
0
C84
−1.94584721e−33
0
0
C86
−1.54538702e−33
0
0
C88
−6.249653e−34
0
0
C90
−9.73653236e−35
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 8
Coefficient
M3
M2
M1
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
1010.02269800
−1312.01797000
2662.66044300
C7
1.22170857e−06
−6.37823316e−08
−1.04546816e−07
C9
3.4882529e−07
−4.66354991e−08
4.33781443e−07
C10
1.79366666e−10
1.60437821e−11
1.67219502e−10
C12
2.29403181e−09
−2.76521017e−10
1.27323858e−10
C14
−2.35161032e−09
−5.10158035e−12
7.40803126e−11
C16
−1.96936012e−12
−5.01626897e−14
1.9388874e−13
C18
−3.06827899e−12
−4.35561341e−13
−2.24745804e−13
C20
9.34367333e−13
1.3947707e−13
1.42809061e−13
C21
−2.08970015e−15
2.70438568e−17
8.36581833e−17
C23
−1.44355508e−14
−4.62969015e−16
9.24640588e−17
C25
−1.03942716e−14
−1.77055219e−15
9.30437101e−16
C27
4.45724605e−14
1.3432402e−15
4.97813101e−16
C29
−1.13501065e−17
−2.08662747e−20
−1.06307014e−18
C31
−7.37625827e−17
−1.11182127e−18
−1.03467077e−19
C33
−5.22864623e−16
1.63709053e−18
−4.43520233e−18
C35
−3.18335684e−15
1.15476436e−16
−7.19972734e−18
C36
−1.48856757e−22
3.17157665e−23
−2.01947584e−22
C38
2.4509923e−20
−1.76326446e−22
−1.15195494e−21
C40
4.57082031e−19
−1.18268185e−21
−1.7753503e−20
C42
5.32101962e−18
2.19596361e−19
−7.59631967e−20
C44
−1.5864064e−17
2.06176518e−18
−5.39549368e−20
C46
5.09328497e−23
4.19812761e−28
−4.26631568e−25
C48
1.03961327e−22
−3.07261947e−24
8.61056344e−24
C50
1.74534839e−21
−8.0086339e−24
6.16639119e−23
C52
7.74976733e−20
1.84308643e−21
7.81194941e−23
C54
1.25718836e−20
9.71541989e−21
1.67382093e−22
C55
2.02154535e−26
−1.81898014e−29
−3.72618487e−27
C57
1.9578895e−25
−7.72527746e−28
1.92836548e−26
C59
3.33959317e−24
7.31594235e−27
1.55354656e−27
C61
−4.88859554e−23
−4.2851618e−26
6.3515115e−25
C63
−5.77450758e−22
2.46460998e−24
2.18154993e−24
C65
−3.46696439e−21
−1.16458004e−23
2.03857604e−24
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 8
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image plane
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M6
0.00000000
0.00000000
851.91437338
M5
0.00000000
−215.33453017
163.05420307
M4
−0.00000000
202.86472499
1489.58314522
M3
−0.00000000
−88.22184657
985.10610976
M2
−0.00000000
34.90345715
1713.07366623
Stop
−0.00000000
−135.82751472
1401.74952443
M1
−0.00000000
−293.49163988
1114.25248790
Object plane
−0.00000000
−414.92461745
2499.99892470
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 8
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image plane
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
−8.67950248
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
162.57155265
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
−23.74155941
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
160.20743108
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
−19.17019370
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
Stop
−73.99216967
180.00000000
0.00000000
M1
168.13377923
0.00000000
−0.00000000
Object plane
0.00803708
−0.00000000
0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 8
Surface
Angle of incidence[deg]
Reflectivity
M6
8.71355191
0.65746407
M5
0.04144783
0.66566082
M4
6.17488689
0.66169307
M3
9.84785496
0.65503404
M2
9.68325312
0.65540855
M1
17.20204356
0.62927702
Overall transmission
0.0782
TABLE 6
for FIG. 8
X[mm]
Y[mm]
Z[mm]
0.00000000
33.91943836
0.00000000
39.06721628
33.65070311
0.00000000
77.39353501
32.85500161
0.00000000
114.21865728
31.55954113
0.00000000
148.74973474
29.79710172
0.00000000
180.16015462
27.59244760
0.00000000
207.60469095
24.95188839
0.00000000
230.25345814
21.86101434
0.00000000
247.34324552
18.29294351
0.00000000
258.23929132
14.22650701
0.00000000
262.49585262
9.66923988
0.00000000
259.90237404
4.67735378
0.00000000
250.50536902
−0.63372866
0.00000000
234.60234893
−6.09139258
0.00000000
212.71071500
−11.47957768
0.00000000
185.51982813
−16.56006824
0.00000000
153.83698419
−21.09555441
0.00000000
118.53749665
−24.86968553
0.00000000
80.52602701
−27.70183298
0.00000000
40.71219752
−29.45685009
0.00000000
0.00000000
−30.05126322
0.00000000
−40.71219752
−29.45685009
0.00000000
−80.52602701
−27.70183298
0.00000000
−118.53749665
−24.86968553
0.00000000
−153.83698419
−21.09555441
0.00000000
−185.51982813
−16.56006824
0.00000000
−212.71071500
−11.47957768
0.00000000
−234.60234893
−6.09139258
0.00000000
−250.50536902
−0.63372866
0.00000000
−259.90237404
4.67735378
0.00000000
−262.49585262
9.66923988
0.00000000
−258.23929132
14.22650701
0.00000000
−247.34324552
18.29294351
0.00000000
−230.25345814
21.86101434
0.00000000
−207.60469095
24.95188839
0.00000000
−180.16015462
27.59244760
0.00000000
−148.74973474
29.79710172
0.00000000
−114.21865728
31.55954113
0.00000000
−77.39353501
32.85500161
0.00000000
−39.06721628
33.65070311
0.00000000
22
An overall reflectivity of the projection optical unit is 7.82%.
22
4
22
x
y
OIS
The projection optical unit has a numerical aperture of 0.50. A reduction factor is 4.0 (β) in the first imaging light plane xz and 8.0 (β) in the second imaging light plane yz. A chief ray angle CRA in relation to a normal of the object field is 5.0°. A maximum pupil obscuration is 15%. An object-image offset dis approximately 415 mm. The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with xyz-edge lengths of 889 mm×860 mm×1602 mm.
5
9
The object plane and the image plane extend parallel to one another.
5
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 129 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is 30.4 mλ.
19
1
2
22
An aperture stop AS is arranged upstream of the first second plane intermediate image in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M in the projection optical unit . The entire imaging light beam is completely accessible at the location of the aperture stop AS.
23
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 11 to 13
FIGS. 1 to 10
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
23
7
21
The basic design of the projection optical unit , in particular the sequence of NI mirrors and GI mirrors, is similar, once again, to the design of the projection optical units and .
1
8
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surfaces, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
8
23
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
Maximum
20.0
76.2
77.4
14.8
78.7
81.0
22.0
7.6
angle of
incidence
[°]
Extent of the
399.2
447.1
565.9
829.9
496.6
329.7
370.5
945.8
reflection
surface in the
x-direction
[mm]
Extent of the
229.5
251.5
251.8
169.3
249.6
235.8
185.3
919.8
reflection
surface in the
y-direction
[mm]
Maximum
399.4
447.4
565.9
830.0
496.6
330.1
370.6
946.3
mirror diameter
[mm]
1
8
2
3
5
6
8
All mirrors M to M and, in particular, the GI mirrors M, M, M and M have a y/x-aspect ratio that is less than 1. Once again, the last mirror in the imaging light beam path, mirror M, has the largest mirror diameter, measuring almost 950 mm. Six of the eight mirrors have a diameter that is less than 570 mm. Five of the eight mirrors have a diameter that is less than 500 mm. Three of the eight mirrors have a diameter that is less than 400 mm.
23
18
17
8
23
19
24
25
24
23
1
2
19
2
3
25
3
4
The projection optical unit has exactly one first plane intermediate image , once again in the region of the passage opening in the mirror M that is last in the imaging light beam path. Furthermore, the projection optical unit has a total of three second plane intermediate images , and . The second plane intermediate image , which is first in the imaging light beam path, of the projection optical unit lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path and is completely accessible. The second plane intermediate images , which is second in the imaging light beam path, lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path. The second plane intermediate images , which is third in the imaging light beam path, lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path.
2
24
2
1
19
2
3
3
19
25
2
3
24
19
19
25
2
3
2
3
In relation to the mirror M, one of the second plane intermediate images, namely the intermediate image , lies upstream of this GI mirror M and the NI mirror M that, in the beam path, is directly upstream of the mirror in the beam path and the next second plane intermediate image lies downstream of the mirror M and upstream of the GI mirror M that, in the beam path, is directly downstream of the mirror. In this way, the GI mirror M, too, lies between two second plane intermediate images and . This arrangement of the two GI mirrors M and M between two second plane intermediate images and and and , respectively, in this case, leads to an extent of these mirrors M and M not becoming too large in the y-direction despite the large angle of incidence on these two GI mirrors M and M.
23
In the projection optical unit , the number of the first plane intermediate images differs from the number of second plane intermediate images by two.
FIG. 13
1
8
shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M.
23
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 11
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 11
NA
0.55
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.5
beta_y
8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.0
mm
Field curvature
0.012345
1/mm
rms
24.8
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 11
Surface
Radius_x[mm]
Power_x[1/mm]
Radius_y[mm]
Power_y[1/mm]
Operating mode
M8
−953.6498674
0.0020852
−863.7070005
0.0023289
REFL
M7
2308.9882772
−0.0008662
391.2204972
−0.0051122
REFL
M6
9658.7357159
−0.0000478
3111.8571118
−0.0027854
REFL
M5
3851.9659125
−0.0001115
5994.4927929
−0.0015541
REFL
M4
−1667.4841416
0.0011730
−752.6104660
0.0027173
REFL
M3
1905.0727177
−0.0002547
−1075.1194517
0.0076679
REFL
M2
2138.0869388
−0.0002430
−864.5423534
0.0089053
REFL
M1
−3536.1125421
0.0005403
−988.4714077
0.0021179
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 11
Coefficient
M8
M7
M6
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−953.64986730
2308.98827700
9658.73571600
C7
−2.22708175e−09
−6.91396275e−07
−4.11083096e−07
C9
6.92896088e−09
6.95739894e−07
−1.35296426e−07
C10
−4.33919499e−12
7.10184469e−10
8.68487959e−11
C12
−2.89123145e−11
1.52069726e−09
8.4433536e−11
C14
−8.71987959e−12
2.08177301e−09
5.45808309e−10
C16
−8.74336708e−15
−1.1921338e−12
−3.78983348e−13
C18
3.54027801e−15
−1.48310938e−12
−1.9991786e−12
C20
7.7050072e−15
1.10792541e−11
−8.1961092e−13
C21
−1.337077e−17
1.13443702e−17
4.98626651e−16
C23
−5.92031494e−17
1.2659377e−14
4.44580625e−16
C25
−5.74369237e−17
1.92128159e−14
2.20063337e−15
C27
−1.40128254e−17
5.55778233e−14
3.41024779e−15
C29
−8.8183677e−21
−1.02813716e−17
3.12210591e−19
C31
−4.70913655e−21
−1.49218467e−17
−1.1994085e−17
C33
1.31878574e−20
1.7182799e−17
−3.37395149e−17
C35
8.8318716e−21
2.06086404e−16
−2.46938063e−17
C36
−2.52492021e−23
2.67591142e−20
−4.5558175e−20
C38
−9.83537761e−23
4.15456058e−20
−1.48484206e−20
C40
−1.57747152e−22
1.53357719e−19
3.50389768e−21
C42
−9.70680981e−23
4.17441636e−19
1.61335261e−19
C44
−1.94775827e−23
1.05280588e−18
−1.2699496e−19
C46
−8.68286173e−27
5.15251583e−23
−4.80088793e−22
C48
−3.08227673e−26
−9.29040968e−23
5.06879666e−22
C50
−1.43858909e−26
−4.10730564e−22
1.33502706e−21
C52
8.30889224e−27
−2.05745722e−21
1.93623086e−21
C54
5.30486044e−27
−2.67755405e−21
−2.17618862e−22
C55
−4.63046046e−30
−3.25292546e−25
1.98546568e−24
C57
−9.39092565e−29
−1.69856578e−25
−1.68377598e−24
C59
−2.07380678e−28
−3.16582308e−24
2.04251254e−24
C61
−2.5301093e−28
−1.04673475e−23
3.7329624e−25
C63
−1.42078456e−28
−5.09423332e−24
2.05490534e−23
C65
−2.90099345e−29
−7.85991524e−24
1.49401369e−23
C67
−1.03726667e−32
−1.32354182e−27
2.65357044e−26
C69
3.43484911e−32
−4.85145166e−28
−2.4662259e−26
C71
1.47350771e−31
1.32173476e−26
−7.52616524e−26
C73
2.20731256e−31
1.18787482e−25
−1.55971922e−25
C75
1.27957619e−31
3.74259495e−25
−8.48519515e−26
C77
3.05045038e−32
6.69790007e−25
2.4106086e−26
C78
−8.08438843e−35
3.10582806e−30
−3.15506345e−29
C80
−5.33507979e−34
1.46918389e−29
1.34252881e−28
C82
−1.45494891e−33
1.63440897e−28
−1.130906e−28
C84
−1.77334302e−33
8.28609845e−28
−1.42102698e−28
C86
−1.0728849e−33
2.0265052e−27
−7.92059242e−28
C88
−3.14533478e−34
2.00292243e−27
−1.90061294e−27
C90
−3.62310307e−35
4.60528862e−27
−8.19891657e−28
C92
−2.10825946e−38
7.75920339e−33
−4.38295239e−31
C94
−1.89410857e−37
−2.76161652e−32
5.5931353e−31
C96
−6.11342862e−37
−2.56662189e−31
1.52276815e−30
C98
−9.82533213e−37
−2.12912577e−30
2.76638929e−30
C100
−7.57114364e−37
−7.1611517e−30
5.30427726e−30
C102
−2.76706333e−37
−1.49858531e−29
1.03346049e−30
C104
−3.91409133e−38
8.168915e−30
−4.71627921e−31
C105
1.30795789e−40
−1.31817471e−35
1.20977915e−34
C107
9.65901044e−40
−1.26931175e−34
−2.45248062e−33
C109
3.13255514e−39
−1.82499426e−33
4.76819617e−33
C111
4.73813484e−39
−1.26748341e−32
2.71472842e−33
C113
3.46842424e−39
−4.55926104e−32
1.42634982e−32
C115
1.05817389e−39
−9.65149938e−32
4.44412642e−32
C117
3.46863288e−41
−1.10688586e−31
5.15740381e−32
C119
−1.95806808e−41
−9.6895382e−33
1.78585218e−32
C121
−9.86388998e−45
0
0
C123
−1.15483765e−43
0
0
C125
2.80307739e−43
0
0
C127
1.48788179e−42
0
0
C129
2.20554522e−42
0
0
C131
1.73538345e−42
0
0
C133
7.32406904e−43
0
0
C135
1.30647414e−43
0
0
C136
−2.51510668e−46
0
0
C138
−2.18777209e−45
0
0
C140
−8.73933701e−45
0
0
C142
−1.84588291e−44
0
0
C144
−2.24093845e−44
0
0
C146
−1.62951234e−44
0
0
C148
−6.95575174e−45
0
0
C150
−1.60650247e−45
0
0
C152
−1.60339863e−46
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 11
Coefficient
M5
M4
M3
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
3851.96591300
−1667.48414200
1905.07271800
C7
1.22859438e−07
1.16740006e−07
3.95673757e−07
C9
9.36510041e−08
4.85163876e−08
3.15401785e−07
C10
−1.19183083e−10
3.19830516e−12
−3.97230764e−10
C12
1.72203066e−10
−1.0052782e−11
−6.69392837e−10
C14
2.23394608e−10
−2.11360925e−10
−7.20620228e−10
C16
−2.31839315e−13
2.59109296e−14
−5.28212155e−13
C18
1.80332614e−13
−4.76153787e−14
1.06006303e−12
C20
7.27536115e−13
−1.1206662e−12
1.944371e−12
C21
−7.88583079e−18
8.07826975e−18
4.2907125e−16
C23
−6.29581241e−16
2.42631794e−17
−1.28611937e−15
C25
8.71627214e−16
−4.19446399e−16
−4.69085643e−15
C27
2.55176244e−15
−2.80158755e−15
−5.87158197e−15
C29
−8.64454797e−19
−8.43084834e−21
1.63376273e−18
C31
−6.0647703e−19
1.36024001e−19
3.96140838e−18
C33
−2.34974902e−18
−2.7865049e−18
1.227677e−17
C35
8.87114798e−18
2.14184133e−17
1.31596761e−17
C36
3.3700367e−21
−1.3712054e−23
1.46270175e−21
C38
−1.85528518e−21
−7.61964911e−23
1.70938412e−21
C40
−1.37962106e−20
4.30922944e−22
−7.14839055e−21
C42
−4.62529356e−20
−4.74458048e−20
−2.3077492e−20
C44
−3.12819501e−20
−8.71004582e−20
3.05152745e−20
C46
3.23184954e−23
9.96979971e−26
1.95058108e−24
C48
1.3694096e−23
1.01755658e−25
3.42145549e−24
C50
2.05573669e−22
1.33621582e−23
9.93301807e−23
C52
3.1180598e−22
−7.13156626e−22
4.04026987e−22
C54
3.57860299e−23
−7.82210858e−21
8.44742313e−22
C55
−3.87334641e−26
6.93046716e−30
−6.72095988e−27
C57
1.49329687e−25
8.08596814e−28
−5.74744789e−26
C59
4.19709817e−25
−1.65358077e−27
−1.59309952e−25
C61
3.94020888e−24
2.81149827e−25
−1.55028309e−24
C63
7.23174029e−24
−2.13334271e−24
−5.74854863e−24
C65
1.07149845e−23
−5.99274968e−23
−9.89232845e−24
C67
−4.64943492e−28
−3.25441971e−31
−7.46767666e−30
C69
1.6981346e−29
−6.47924174e−30
7.63657816e−29
C71
−1.86598355e−27
1.21842872e−29
4.99956952e−28
C73
−7.36494557e−27
1.74514795e−27
1.48529228e−27
C75
−2.04730955e−27
9.98234615e−26
−3.46704751e−27
C77
1.99371493e−26
2.58665375e−25
−4.34329914e−26
C78
1.45038539e−31
8.34095716e−35
2.05909149e−32
C80
−2.5293606e−30
−4.82206167e−33
4.8671983e−31
C82
−3.63634853e−30
−1.40771474e−32
5.11840897e−31
C84
−6.53186569e−29
−6.54331204e−31
 <sup> </sup>1.25252e−29
C86
−2.6613913e−28
1.87631998e−30
8.55280419e−29
C88
−4.62635571e−28
1.48298151e−27
2.86137741e−28
C90
−6.18523745e−28
5.36798943e−27
3.48446373e−28
C92
2.32207396e−33
1.42753873e−37
2.44920451e−34
C94
−2.04745568e−33
2.27330575e−35
−1.27641527e−34
C96
−1.76045972e−33
−1.94737917e−34
−3.41179417e−33
C98
4.49216894e−33
−9.91240601e−33
−8.8221502e−33
C100
−8.24120927e−32
3.56554008e−33
−3.7003387e−32
C102
−5.98019017e−31
8.25368113e−30
9.21723637e−32
C104
−7.43854852e−31
2.44582791e−29
1.21518455e−30
C105
9.61099067e−38
−2.13122119e−40
1.57023792e−38
C107
1.33574615e−35
1.00516673e−38
−6.64416881e−37
C109
3.0413733e−36
8.77932337e−38
−4.68884249e−36
C111
2.63488695e−34
−1.86963182e−36
−6.3997021e−35
C113
2.00767073e−33
−3.0673235e−35
−5.08585923e−34
C115
5.44782166e−33
6.82426904e−35
−2.42661715e−33
C117
9.50194881e−33
1.66156597e−32
−5.80105722e−33
C119
1.41231787e−32
3.55214787e−32
−2.94550628e−33
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 11
Coefficient
M2
M1
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
2138.08693900
−3536.11254200
C7
−5.08202758e−07
2.51152933e−08
C9
−4.64808292e−07
−1.00801413e−07
C10
−5.2152857e−10
2.24633273e−11
C12
−1.2267042e−09
2.81663757e−10
C14
−1.10849009e−09
2.97053626e−10
C16
−2.52456679e−14
7.12707541e−14
C18
−2.43228507e−12
4.33393838e−13
C20
−3.36955187e−12
−1.75916282e−13
C21
−3.84258086e−16
2.33914375e−16
C23
1.24580259e−15
−5.24252881e−16
C25
−7.13518758e−15
9.94837914e−17
C27
−1.09465829e−14
−1.8200099e−16
C29
−2.45456804e−18
−4.06697139e−19
C31
−1.05895518e−18
−9.64572917e−19
C33
−2.56862086e−17
−9.64610367e−20
C35
−3.11915404e−17
−3.47465193e−18
C36
5.42483468e−21
−2.62416646e−21
C38
−1.28767465e−20
−1.44806927e−21
C40
−1.35252884e−20
−1.12861847e−20
C42
−9.46548492e−20
−1.66263444e−20
C44
−3.08566898e−20
−1.69962152e−20
C46
−8.72930921e−24
7.78828244e−24
C48
4.85393634e−23
1.16957458e−24
C50
2.32310873e−23
1.39613061e−23
C52
−2.39006483e−22
−1.04152972e−22
C54
9.02421435e−22
−3.89969663e−22
C55
−1.01540766e−25
1.57448755e−26
C57
2.57150976e−25
1.58418149e−25
C59
4.56583035e−25
1.25865785e−24
C61
6.19287099e−25
3.30511747e−24
C63
1.87389977e−24
3.45411645e−24
C65
9.25959414e−24
2.02675319e−25
C67
1.04592096e−28
−1.69192397e−29
C69
−1.23125975e−27
5.09626594e−28
C71
−3.49347998e−27
1.52966585e−27
C73
−1.24984375e−27
5.22009103e−27
C75
2.53379392e−26
1.58063539e−26
C77
2.22668166e−26
2.90525317e−26
C78
4.36147293e−31
1.14436766e−31
C80
−3.50509868e−30
−4.10818926e−30
C82
−1.09441954e−29
−3.97798422e−29
C84
−2.64435076e−29
−1.48424979e−28
C86
−4.36593909e−30
−2.45523884e−28
C88
1.03536362e−28
−2.03667484e−28
C90
−1.91004648e−28
5.93786093e−30
C92
−3.91796018e−33
−3.34860549e−34
C94
1.20860185e−32
−8.83042357e−33
C96
6.26423498e−32
−3.97981753e−32
C98
1.38594908e−31
−1.28012778e−31
C100
2.04699035e−31
−2.79159426e−31
C102
−6.47529985e−33
−5.09078455e−31
C104
−1.42008486e−30
−5.24494913e−31
C105
−1.83450743e−36
−1.5810545e−36
C107
4.66809471e−36
3.91193275e−35
C109
1.33330289e−34
4.3895162e−34
C111
4.18080915e−34
2.21004026e−33
C113
9.08314357e−34
5.17653775e−33
C115
7.49682185e−34
6.37788931e−33
C117
−8.10366391e−34
4.23046932e−33
C119
−2.83722223e−33
2.68970093e−35
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 11
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M8
0.00000000
0.00000000
825.93553536
M7
0.00000000
152.41225394
120.73685442
M6
−0.00000000
−86.70381571
1227.10679876
M5
−0.00000000
−288.90332638
1486.61328456
M4
−0.00000000
−788.79112975
1720.09206911
M3
0.00000000
63.19842658
1714.10424934
M2
0.00000000
501.09999256
1469.79865760
Stop
0.00000000
709.45610187
1107.00590480
M1
0.00000000
944.01022630
698.59677889
Object
0.00000000
1073.94708727
2183.78189551
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 11
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M8
6.09778402
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M7
192.19556804
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
−64.93990082
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
−38.55543909
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
77.28091044
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
−14.77992460
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
−44.64396244
0.00000000
0.00000000
Stop
24.06892752
180.00000000
0.00000000
M1
192.43462686
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
Object
−0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 11
Surface
Angle of incidence[deg]
Reflectivity
M8
6.13281062
0.66174979
M7
0.12234545
0.66566439
M6
76.65954883
0.83082833
M5
77.60306126
0.84505091
M4
12.04904974
0.64926632
M3
75.95982040
0.81978588
M2
74.94335346
0.80291383
M1
17.19094173
0.62933155
Overall transmission
0.0832
TABLE 6
for FIG. 11
X[mm]
Y[mm]
Z[mm]
0.00000000
−33.70252519
0.00000000
30.86140168
−33.30508715
0.00000000
60.93202620
−32.11151271
0.00000000
89.44636869
−30.12170033
0.00000000
115.68586451
−27.34710426
0.00000000
138.99559433
−23.82429945
0.00000000
158.79775798
−19.62526558
0.00000000
174.60427294
−14.85927900
0.00000000
186.02935604
−9.66597496
0.00000000
192.80157508
−4.20338061
0.00000000
194.77348028
1.36441882
0.00000000
191.92612369
6.87758580
0.00000000
184.36687248
12.18822531
0.00000000
172.32108075
17.16515588
0.00000000
156.11966244
21.69588021
0.00000000
136.18490669
25.68612451
0.00000000
113.01636038
29.05791801
0.00000000
87.17765216
31.74769820
0.00000000
59.28476118
33.70545241
0.00000000
29.99574553
34.89486127
0.00000000
0.00000000
35.29381045
0.00000000
−29.99574553
34.89486127
0.00000000
−59.28476118
33.70545241
0.00000000
−87.17765216
31.74769820
0.00000000
−113.01636038
29.05791801
0.00000000
−136.18490669
25.68612451
0.00000000
−156.11966244
21.69588021
0.00000000
−172.32108075
17.16515588
0.00000000
−184.36687248
12.18822531
0.00000000
−191.92612369
6.87758580
0.00000000
−194.77348028
1.36441882
0.00000000
−192.80157508
−4.20338061
0.00000000
−186.02935604
−9.66597496
0.00000000
−174.60427294
−14.85927900
0.00000000
−158.79775798
−19.62526558
0.00000000
−138.99559433
−23.82429945
0.00000000
−115.68586451
−27.34710426
0.00000000
−89.44636869
−30.12170033
0.00000000
−60.93202620
−32.11151271
0.00000000
−30.86140168
−33.30508715
0.00000000
23
The projection optical unit has an overall transmission of 8.32%.
23
The projection optical unit has an image-side numerical aperture of 0.55.
x
x
OIS
23
In the first imaging light plane xz, the reduction factor βis 4.50. In the second imaging light plane yz, the reduction factor βis 8.00. An object-field-side chief ray angle is 5.0°. A maximum pupil obscuration is 12%. An object-image offset dis approximately 1080 mm. The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with xyz-edge lengths of 946 mm×1860 mm×1675 mm.
23
5
9
7
9
In the projection optical unit , the object plane and the image plane extend parallel to one another. A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 94 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is approximately 24 mλ.
24
1
2
An aperture stop AS is arranged upstream of the first second plane intermediate image in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M. The entire imaging light beam is completely accessible in the region of the aperture stop AS.
26
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 14 to 16
FIGS. 1 to 13
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
1
6
7
2
5
2
5
1
7
26
Mirrors M, M and M are embodied as NI mirrors and the mirrors M to M are embodied as GI mirrors. The GI mirrors M to M have a deflecting effect in the same direction, Overall, the following applies for the sequence of the deflecting effect in the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit : RLLLL0R.
1
7
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
7
26
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
Maximum
16.9
78.6
75.1
72.2
76.5
16.3
10.0
angle of incidence
[°]
Extent of the reflection
366.4
442.6
520.2
464.1
182.3
409.8
821.9
surface
in the
x-direction [mm]
Extent of the reflection
177.5
393.2
193.4
231.3
260.7
100.6
796.0
surface
in the
y-direction [mm]
Maximum
366.5
448.5
520.3
464.1
268.7
409.8
822.4
mirror diameter
[mm]
5
5
Only the mirror M has a y/x-aspect ratio that is greater than 1. The y/x-aspect ratio of the mirror M is less than 1.5.
7
1
6
The last mirror M has the largest mirror diameter, measuring approximately 820 mm. None of the other mirrors M to M has a larger diameter than 525 mm. Five of the seven mirrors have a maximum diameter smaller than 450 mm.
26
18
19
20
18
17
17
19
20
3
4
4
5
4
FIGS. 11 to 13
The projection optical unit , once again, has exactly one first plane intermediate image and two second plane intermediate images , . The first plane intermediate image is arranged exactly level with the passage of the imaging light through the passage opening . This causes a very small x-extent of the passage opening . The two second plane intermediate images , are arranged, firstly, in the imaging light beam path between the GI mirrors M and M and, secondly, in the imaging light beam path between the GI mirrors M and M. Hence, the GI mirror M is, once again, a GI mirror between two second plane intermediate images, as already explained above in conjunction with the embodiment according to .
26
The projection optical unit has, firstly, an odd number of mirrors and, secondly, a difference in the number of first plane intermediate images and second plane intermediate images of exactly 1. This achieves an image position that is the right way round in comparison with the object position; i.e., an “image flip” is compensated.
FIG. 16
1
7
shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M.
26
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 14
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 14
NA
0.45
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
−4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.2
mm
Field curvature
0.0 1/mm
rms
40.1
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 14
Surface
Radius_x[mm]
Power_x[1/mm]
Radius_y[mm]
Power_y[1/mm]
Operating mode
M7
−1118.1920556
0.0017717
−899.8350288
0.0022439
REFL
M6
−77660.0792965
0.0000257
221.9926726
−0.0090093
REFL
M5
−1386.8269930
0.0004288
−2455.8257737
0.0027388
REFL
M4
−811.5247859
0.0008055
−1112.5367564
0.0055003
REFL
M3
−1397.9253073
0.0004552
−2809.2148857
0.0022378
REFL
M2
−16748.6228787
0.0000291
86553.8665992
−0.0000949
REFL
M1
−5806.9159005
0.0003319
−1647.2565533
0.0012601
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 14
Coefficient
M7
M6
M5
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
−0.00137021
0.91505988
0.56499787
RX
−1118.19205600
77660.07930000
−1386.82699300
C7
−1.35972277e−09
−1.31702537e−06
8.21566727e−08
C9
−1.19562911e−09
−1.06795699e−06
6.71317569e−08
C10
−1.27946071e−11
6.00960647e−10
−1.85048127e−10
C12
−3.62273134e−11
1.17179851e−09
−7.91150245e−11
C14
−3.22516678e−12
−2.45659314e−08
−3.48012619e−11
C16
−8.90234813e−15
−6.8386461e−14
−8.39554879e−13
C18
−5.48904832e−15
1.19036933e−11
−7.17409427e−14
C20
−3.99556769e−16
8.45160514e−11
3.60144042e−14
C21
−2.1960617e−17
2.49887747e−16
7.12991585e−16
C23
−5.89249041e−17
9.32259724e−15
−2.90210248e−15
C25
−4.55753256e−17
−6.68675048e−14
−3.70422222e−17
C27
−5.5757165e−18
1.19018192e−12
8.51977396e−17
C29
−2.4344109e−21
−8.62777329e−18
1.74126592e−17
C31
−5.55579318e−21
3.34187564e−17
−7.17207054e−18
C33
−3.31675441e−21
−1.29777485e−15
2.10588262e−18
C35
1.75995157e−21
−8.94713659e−16
1.15186427e−18
C36
−1.41908532e−23
3.26000767e−21
−1.19195804e−20
C38
−7.80332525e−23
−6.53124238e−21
9.90671134e−20
C40
−1.13822672e−22
6.68112351e−19
−5.5105019e−20
C42
−5.90298206e−23
−1.86124502e−18
−5.32734848e−22
C44
−6.65947093e−24
−1.01586039e−16
7.15851654e−21
C46
−2.00312205e−27
8.88928654e−24
−9.36621032e−22
C48
−3.84346115e−27
−5.50464203e−23
−3.68359583e−22
C50
−1.21351091e−26
−1.75186317e−21
−7.42676069e−22
C52
−5.94610051e−27
1.06480223e−19
−2.26019232e−22
C54
−1.02529435e−27
6.80466177e−20
6.85884917e−24
C55
−1.87169414e−29
−3.03257207e−27
−3.53966472e−25
C57
−7.63481393e−29
−1.65155904e−26
−6.31531629e−24
C59
−1.618503e−28
3.24021454e−24
−2.08579182e−24
C61
−1.50863465e−28
−3.30781882e−23
−2.85752418e−24
C63
−7.4694491e−29
−2.05676238e−22
−8.81519764e−25
C65
−8.40416665e−30
1.06163773e−21
−2.93156768e−26
C67
3.03979955e−33
0
0
C69
1.86338693e−33
0
0
C71
−6.61723971e−32
0
0
C73
−1.08032051e−31
0
0
C75
−2.27309233e−32
0
0
C77
6.99250984e−33
0
0
C78
−1.01710204e−35
0
0
C80
−1.77734667e−34
0
0
C82
−4.92421677e−34
0
0
C84
−5.90814608e−34
0
0
C86
−3.58119042e−34
0
0
C88
−7.3533067e−35
0
0
C90
9.04662218e−36
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 14
Coefficient
M4
M3
M2
KY
0.00000000
0.14280139
0.01218901
KX
−0.07494948
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−811.52478590
−1397.92530700
−16748.62288000
C7
−3.86023657e−08
−1.7217439e−07
1.68453717e−07
C9
3.81360594e−07
−2.22668277e−08
5.53150287e−08
C10
−9.50508955e−12
−1.34447743e−10
5.4023144e−11
C12
−5.70678081e−11
9.89796339e−11
1.09720673e−10
C14
8.49743848e−12
−8.20556261e−11
1.13182448e−10
C16
1.61961347e−14
3.16757938e−13
8.17990626e−14
C18
−1.81336141e−12
−1.46692844e−13
−7.87681986e−14
C20
−2.45995083e−12
3.69363439e−13
2.2119085e−13
C21
−6.01959296e−17
2.32061711e−16
4.88073984e−16
C23
9.61849791e−16
−6.62327921e−16
8.33140175e−16
C25
3.76110948e−15
4.1293339e−16
5.11355813e−16
C27
4.07712151e−16
−1.30372287e−15
5.07663031e−16
C29
−6.19189144e−19
−1.12258072e−18
−8.07168061e−19
C31
1.20524092e−18
3.06340009e−19
3.29075739e−18
C33
1.72295617e−17
−8.88294932e−18
3.4168599e−18
C35
1.70676574e−17
−1.38680217e−17
1.83754623e−18
C36
1.43724929e−22
−7.1900244e−22
−3.39550843e−23
C38
−3.38007799e−22
2.93538162e−21
2.70487171e−21
C40
−2.74909383e−20
−1.10840295e−20
1.63959268e−21
C42
−6.45193579e−20
−3.57255186e−20
6.86550247e−21
C44
7.36421248e−20
−8.97646863e−20
4.94290723e−21
C46
2.3853282e−24
3.37918053e−24
3.13909373e−24
C48
1.56518232e−23
−3.28081782e−24
−6.07559407e−24
C50
3.29980178e−23
1.15298309e−23
−1.68311399e−23
C52
−1.06645652e−22
−1.67150633e−22
−1.09033213e−23
C54
−2.15354941e−22
−3.05800431e−22
5.37428244e−24
C55
1.02369612e−28
7.38084675e−28
9.80514031e−27
C57
−3.04109444e−27
−7.17188177e−27
1.00470224e−26
C59
−3.11173505e−26
3.89129269e−26
−2.43587516e−26
C61
2.38777712e−25
−2.43305684e−26
−7.71285207e−26
C63
−1.38932479e−26
−3.05746638e−25
−4.41126952e−26
C65
−4.39598759e−25
−5.10266314e−25
−3.4826267e−28
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 14
Coefficient
M1
KY
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
RX
−5806.91590000
C7
−1.57733574e−08
C9
4.04579031e−08
C10
−4.89660517e−11
C12
4.59750467e−10
C14
8.1358196e−10
C16
2.24075942e−13
C18
−1.3292697e−13
C20
2.50231172e−12
C21
7.03566708e−17
C23
−6.62324975e−17
C25
−8.78933469e−16
C27
−8.82219671e−16
C29
−7.23734311e−19
C31
−1.78828999e−18
C33
2.4711693e−17
C35
1.58549093e−17
C36
−7.87923961e−22
C38
−1.47075761e−21
C40
−6.17727512e−20
C42
−2.51981333e−20
C44
−6.28995506e−20
C46
5.69906696e−24
C48
5.15465198e−23
C50
−4.7110842e−23
C52
−8.65036303e−22
C54
−2.31317136e−22
C55
4.3793195e−27
C57
−1.6423552e−27
C59
1.37172536e−25
C61
1.63243103e−24
C63
−6.69935139e−26
C65
6.65963303e−24
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 14
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M7
0.00000000
0.00000000
871.29627896
M6
0.00000000
218.32338321
98.52317410
M5
0.00000000
−58.06517479
1076.82261676
M4
−0.00000000
−561.60349183
1493.78229143
M3
−0.00000000
−1208.38154717
1510.41842453
M2
0.00000000
−1670.36640710
1179.32899124
Stop
0.00000000
−1788.84239898
938.34283647
M1
0.00000000
−2045.77302675
415.73295536
Object
0.00000000
−2170.48986012
1880.60987391
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 14
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M7
7.88800730
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
195.77601460
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
−56.92538181
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
−20.55009475
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
17.07725962
0.00000000
0.00000000
M2
49.72391045
0.00000000
−0.00000000
Stop
164.02654214
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M1
169.34310441
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
Object
9.09286877
0.00000000
180.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 14
Surface
Angle of incidence [deg]
Reflectivity
M7
7.88800730
0.65901737
M6
0.00000000
0.66565840
M5
72.70139641
0.76171724
M4
70.92331654
0.72452174
M3
71.44932909
0.73598206
M2
75.90402008
0.81888591
M1
15.52321404
0.63691659
Overall transmission
0.0929
TABLE 6
for FIG. 14
X [mm]
Y [mm]
Z [mm]
−0.00000000
60.12634248
0.00000000
−31.00173429
59.39348922
0.00000000
−61.23683000
57.21904481
0.00000000
−89.95971748
53.67233536
0.00000000
−116.46546521
48.86006031
0.00000000
−140.10740705
42.91611197
0.00000000
−160.31308861
35.99125711
0.00000000
−176.59845642
28.24503313
0.00000000
−188.57919514
19.84317315
0.00000000
−195.97740908
10.96270342
0.00000000
−198.62281719
1.80162097
0.00000000
−196.45010574
−7.41479310
0.00000000
−189.49577612
−16.43782216
0.00000000
−177.89719433
−25.01004611
0.00000000
−161.89435001
−32.88564405
0.00000000
−141.83277687
−39.84892316
0.00000000
−118.16525762
−45.72666520
0.00000000
−91.45022545
−50.39326310
0.00000000
−62.34514559
−53.76818640
0.00000000
−31.59291444
−55.80674921
0.00000000
−0.00000000
−56.48822373
0.00000000
31.59291444
−55.80674921
0.00000000
62.34514559
−53.76818640
0.00000000
91.45022545
−50.39326310
0.00000000
118.16525762
−45.72666520
0.00000000
141.83277687
−39.84892316
0.00000000
161.89435001
−32.88564405
0.00000000
177.89719433
−25.01004611
0.00000000
189.49577612
−16.43782216
0.00000000
196.45010574
−7.41479310
0.00000000
198.62281719
1.80162097
0.00000000
195.97740908
10.96270342
0.00000000
188.57919514
19.84317315
0.00000000
176.59845642
28.24503313
0.00000000
160.31308861
35.99125711
0.00000000
140.10740705
42.91611197
0.00000000
116.46546521
48.86006031
0.00000000
89.95971748
53.67233536
0.00000000
61.23683000
57.21904481
0.00000000
31.00173429
59.39348922
0.00000000
26
4
8
26
The projection optical unit has an image field dimension of two-times 13.0 mm in the x-direction and of 1.2 mm in the y-direction. Unlike in the preceding embodiments, the object field and the image field each are rectangular in the projection optical unit . Accordingly, the field curvature is 0.
26
x
y
In the projection optical unit , an image-side numerical aperture is 0.45. A reduction factor is 4.00 (β) in the first imaging light plane xz and 8.00 (β) in the second imaging light plane yz. An object-side chief ray angle CRA is 4.2°. A pupil obscuration is at most 13%.
26
The projection optical unit has an overall transmission of 9.29%.
OIS
26
26
An object-image offset dis approximately 2170 mm in the projection optical unit . The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with the xyz-edge lengths of 822 mm×2551 mm×1449 mm.
26
5
9
In the projection optical unit , the object plane is tilted relative to the image plane by 9.1° about the x-axis.
6
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 80 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is approximately 35 mλ.
27
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 17 to 19
FIGS. 1 to 16
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
27
1
9
1
2
3
5
6
7
4
8
9
9
17
3
27
27
2
3
6
7
28
The projection optical unit has a total of 9 mirrors M to M. The mirrors M, M, M, M, M, M are embodied as GI mirrors. The remaining mirrors M, M and M are embodied as NI mirrors. Like in all projection optical units described above, the last mirror M in the imaging light beam path is embodied with a passage opening for the imaging light in the projection optical unit as well. In the projection optical unit , the imaging light beam path has a crossing point. Here, the imaging light partial beams, firstly, between the mirrors M and M and, secondly, between the mirrors M and M cross in a crossing region .
27
18
17
9
19
20
27
19
4
5
5
7
8
7
In the projection optical unit too, a first plane intermediate image is present near the passage opening in the mirror M and two second plane intermediate images , . In the projection optical unit , the first of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path, near the reflection at the mirror M. The second of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path, near the reflection at the mirror M.
2
3
28
An aperture stop AS lies in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M and downstream of the crossing point . The imaging light beam is completely accessible in the region of the aperture stop AS.
1
9
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
9
27
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
Maximum
83.1
75.4
82.3
16.1
78.8
75.6
82.9
75.6
68.8
angle of incidence
[°]
Extent of the reflection
169.8
255.3
441.6
753.3
670.0
589.6
304.4
354.8
750.4
surface
in the x-direction
[mm]
Extent of the reflection
326.6
366.7
407.7
134.7
97.9
264.6
132.0
176.2
731.9
surface
in the y-direction
[mm]
Maximum mirror
330.5
369.8
442.2
753.3
670.0
589.6
305.5
354.8
751.8
diameter
[mm]
27
1
2
1
9
1
In the projection optical unit , the mirrors M and M have a y/x-aspect ratio that is greater than 1. None of the mirrors M to M has a y/x-aspect ratio that is greater than 2. The mirror M has the largest y/x-aspect ratio in the region of 1.9.
27
4
9
1
9
1
9
In the projection optical unit , the mirror M has the largest maximum diameter, measuring 753.3 mm. This diameter is slightly larger than that of the last mirror M, which has a diameter of 751.8 mm. Five of the nine mirrors M to M have a diameter that is less than 450 mm. Four of the nine mirrors M to M have a diameter that is less than 400 mm.
FIG. 19
1
9
shows the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M.
27
7
FIGS. 2 to 4
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 17
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 17
NA
0.5
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
−4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.0
mm
Field curvature
0.012345 1/mm
rms
10.4
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 17
Surface
Radius_x [mm]
Power_x [1/mm]
Radius_y [mm]
Power_y [1/mm]
Operating mode
M9
−866.8072275
0.0022782
−774.1551842
0.0026165
REFL
M8
16799.3113404
−0.0001190
468.0718547
−0.0042729
REFL
M7
−2294.4146894
0.0002863
−1705.1686250
0.0035712
REFL
M6
−1428.0401884
0.0003739
−1527.9490527
0.0049036
REFL
M5
−1803.1480743
0.0003449
1798.9550061
−0.0035758
REFL
M4
−3252.9549354
0.0005968
−979.9292401
0.0021027
REFL
M3
4728.4030238
−0.0000695
9129.5671479
−0.0013325
REFL
M2
5562.6987709
−0.0000997
−5283.6560864
0.0013653
REFL
M1
−60685.4143772
0.0000065
−9650.8869136
0.0010566
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 17
Coefficient
M9
M8
M7
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−866.80722750
16799.31134000
−2294.41468900
C7
−1.16750793e−08
8.78095547e−07
−6.17468179e−08
C9
−3.227879e−08
−1.8198111e−06
−1.04202991e−07
C10
1.9034586e−11
6.23675302e−10
7.3871998e−11
C12
−6.93669116e−11
9.021444e−10
−5.40603404e−11
C14
−9.10699557e−12
6.12688457e−09
−6.46020015e−11
C16
3.15819834e−14
1.17072896e−12
−3.52872023e−14
C18
−5.07731957e−14
6.23133942e−12
9.05095754e−13
C20
−3.43495607e−14
−9.16741216e−12
2.0007813e−12
C21
−3.27663144e−17
9.71634515e−16
1.09224112e−16
C23
−1.23584293e−16
9.4783838e−15
4.07690678e−15
C25
−1.48878993e−16
7.54253173e−15
1.5218218e−14
C27
−2.01063297e−17
−1.52044449e−13
6.05641827e−15
C29
1.5610135e−20
8.3013727e−18
5.29921031e−18
C31
−1.99814617e−20
5.36304932e−18
8.07953201e−18
C33
−1.11450808e−19
−2.50804621e−16
−3.2570662e−16
C35
−6.07436807e−20
1.39798089e−15
−8.05811987e−16
C36
−3.55570338e−23
3.89794855e−21
−4.65712112e−22
C38
−2.50288622e−22
2.41971723e−20
−7.26833672e−20
C40
−4.27782804e−22
−6.12588427e−20
−3.22790412e−18
C42
−2.71769746e−22
2.15559322e−18
−1.50014564e−17
C44
−4.35242415e−23
−3.53718368e−18
−2.10967102e−17
C46
3.98426924e−26
−1.32724993e−23
−1.02393958e−22
C48
5.7285325e−27
5.76804727e−24
−1.07933989e−20
C50
−1.74816328e−25
8.93039513e−22
−8.20017408e−20
C52
−2.51560547e−25
−6.17750026e−21
−2.58788551e−19
C54
−5.59816005e−26
−2.62650678e−20
−2.59842357e−19
C55
−2.27621057e−29
−4.92904916e−27
5.63858543e−26
C57
−4.68887693e−28
2.28490721e−25
−1.91342595e−23
C59
−1.21077926e−27
1.24045883e−24
−1.95979904e−22
C61
−1.34960352e−27
6.99435043e−24
−1.01941857e−21
C63
−6.45173081e−28
−3.32275577e−23
−2.41468045e−21
C65
−5.87726468e−29
1.50175538e−22
−1.7630178e−21
C67
4.45396788e−32
5.1119351e−28
−2.04915236e−26
C69
5.51131174e−32
2.63032348e−27
−2.53651339e−25
C71
−2.08374464e−31
7.53232015e−27
−1.75316445e−24
C73
−6.43925301e−31
−1.0184489e−25
−6.62874977e−24
C75
−3.80140733e−31
5.90051712e−25
−1.2861965e−23
C77
−2.62734124e−31
1.34460748e−24
−6.1504095e−24
C78
−1.81539619e−34
1.4112104e−31
−1.28307565e−29
C80
−3.87877832e−34
−3.22975415e−31
−1.77832019e−28
C82
−9.50620474e−34
−2.74623061e−30
−1.52243334e−27
C84
−1.22684771e−33
−1.52852009e−28
−7.00528843e−27
C86
−4.68273715e−34
4.63890933e−28
−2.14475826e−26
C88
−3.31350093e−34
−3.31483992e−27
−3.7840444e−26
C90
−2.36738088e−34
−1.42151698e−26
−6.47532148e−27
C92
−9.00803971e−38
−1.98638804e−33
−4.9137387e−32
C94
4.1621932e−37
−1.61097703e−32
−5.58389838e−31
C96
−3.03008076e−37
−6.312729e−32
−2.80619132e−30
C98
−1.85579089e−36
1.07008134e−30
−9.56158675e−30
C100
−1.23900393e−36
−2.08486148e−31
−2.7250613e−29
C102
−1.34403292e−36
6.69649223e−30
−5.09959978e−29
C104
6.21670071e−37
3.5356384e−29
1.28713474e−29
C105
−1.98093774e−40
0
0
C107
−2.5557529e−39
0
0
C109
−1.05792795e−38
0
0
C111
−2.0513119e−38
0
0
C113
−2.38857043e−38
0
0
C115
−1.66561627e−38
0
0
C117
−5.21569492e−39
0
0
C119
−4.32149861e−40
0
0
C121
5.86326897e−43
0
0
C123
1.71432174e−43
0
0
C125
9.72731414e−43
0
0
C127
8.87965167e−43
0
0
C129
−1.24386669e−42
0
0
C131
−6.0507722e−42
0
0
C133
−1.87199557e−42
0
0
C135
−2.70433567e−42
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 17
Coefficient
M6
M5
M4
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−1428.04018800
−1803.14807400
−3252.95493500
C7
4.27764592e−07
1.267072e−07
1.00985236e−07
C9
−6.14217231e−08
−7.14563402e−09
−6.1822491e−08
C10
2.85032609e−10
−1.59934504e−12
−7.25353647e−11
C12
−2.10890593e−10
4.51122111e−10
−5.08897932e−11
C14
−1.04116732e−09
1.3708745e−09
−3.6473465e−10
C16
−5.47215882e−13
−1.15113425e−13
1.49177251e−14
C18
−1.21252244e−12
−6.08056768e−13
2.58895804e−13
C20
−8.04452139e−13
−7.24133342e−12
−1.04297967e−12
C21
6.24395637e−17
1.12122965e−16
3.46316226e−17
C23
−1.22488487e−15
5.31682676e−16
−4.3573283e−17
C25
1.93894654e−15
3.79094438e−15
4.88555627e−16
C27
6.1182821e−15
−8.66426346e−14
7.49855686e−16
C29
−6.02877018e−19
9.12169339e−19
4.78255626e−20
C31
3.15486125e−18
−1.00992269e−18
−6.70828206e−20
C33
1.71876661e−17
9.37575205e−17
6.34973765e−19
C35
8.81823493e−18
3.41647588e−15
1.22964652e−17
C36
1.8107487e−22
−2.89061035e−22
−5.13743928e−23
C38
2.81007224e−21
1.01682473e−21
−5.57192066e−23
C40
2.10783719e−21
−5.76887097e−20
−2.77676738e−21
C42
−2.02106332e−20
−1.68705709e−18
−2.72529513e−20
C44
−2.47262722e−19
1.4815978e−16
8.55807158e−20
C46
−2.18867888e−24
−1.98347379e−24
−9.52054888e−26
C48
−5.58835437e−24
2.67202796e−23
6.51265722e−25
C50
−1.32824471e−22
−6.16516709e−22
3.20028199e−23
C52
−7.55905184e−22
−5.2956271e−20
1.76590223e−22
C54
−1.38795101e−21
1.22196395e−18
−5.1899596e−21
C55
−1.95572414e−27
9.54335495e−28
7.11250833e−29
C57
−1.54116067e−27
5.51567556e−27
8.95991852e−28
C59
−1.10763545e−25
4.96695555e−25
1.69284305e−27
C61
−5.90773942e−25
−2.72829594e−23
−1.5115867e−25
C63
−1.98933904e−24
−4.01265763e−23
2.1243805e−24
C65
1.26252468e−24
−4.02328436e−20
2.08401169e−23
C67
1.81326459e−29
5.67543261e−30
2.714e−32
C69
−5.52644338e−29
−3.72306985e−28
−1.38037069e−30
C71
−6.23281305e−29
2.22465939e−26
−5.8554786e−29
C73
1.81738193e−27
−3.90182078e−25
−6.6606928e−27
C75
2.14916057e−26
3.31383345e−23
−1.15631076e−26
C77
2.45531374e−26
−1.08852997e−21
1.19941073e−25
C78
5.61446965e−33
−1.62996535e−33
−6.54978682e−35
C80
−3.14271637e−33
−2.13205986e−32
−3.84844227e−33
C82
3.91267533e−32
−4.18395599e−30
−1.88731708e−32
C84
5.72404322e−31
2.50482179e−28
4.0887544e−30
C86
2.04498774e−29
−6.91099846e−27
3.03868316e−29
C88
1.54960845e−28
6.02044471e−25
−1.88015638e−28
C90
5.17527548e−30
−1.0374045e−23
−3.16125863e−27
C92
−6.42753428e−35
−9.97525491e−36
1.2646031e−37
C94
1.52301705e−35
1.82950393e−33
2.23965486e−35
C96
−1.47788252e−34
−8.72657446e−32
−6.71336498e−34
C98
1.50892249e−34
1.35409691e−31
−1.04126049e−32
C100
3.98962853e−32
−4.13438548e−29
2.263743e−31
C102
3.01155182e−31
3.44434789e−27
1.40136966e−30
C104
−1.89515076e−31
−3.63109737e−26
2.19047602e−29
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 17
Co-
efficient
M3
M2
M1
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
4728.40302400
5562.69877100
−60685.41438000
C7
3.61924163e−08
−2.6704986e−08
3.18396583e−08
C9
−9.09400287e−09
4.92069061e−08
−5.61785678e−08
C10
1.66121272e−10
2.85945157e−10
2.00099393e−11
C12
3.14017712e−11
1.7543017e−10
−1.96165665e−11
C14
2.4941173e−11
1.9667076e−11
−1.06060991e−10
C16
2.31506575e−14
−5.96445065e−14
−7.74363249e−14
C18
1.76964023e−13
−8.28471598e−14
−3.1260441e−14
C20
1.63396775e−14
5.89862775e−14
−2.21560889e−13
C21
−7.28717776e−17
−4.02951969e−16
−3.69444556e−17
C23
−3.75579206e−17
3.45033757e−16
−9.78225945e−16
C25
4.59399079e−16
1.24492889e−17
−1.70892112e−16
C27
−1.18304491e−16
−2.78756077e−16
−4.32330918e−16
C29
−7.50643063e−19
−3.0805972e−18
−6.64795481e−20
C31
−9.33852618e−20
1.94354444e−18
9.2062443e−19
C33
1.86784143e−18
1.72349432e−18
−4.0341719e−19
C35
2.66729478e−19
9.34868812e−19
7.75268883e−19
C36
4.01258937e−22
−2.33334008e−21
1.28461574e−19
C38
−8.23187379e−22
−1.92684343e−20
1.99616288e−19
C40
1.49421902e−21
2.31550048e−21
5.47670117e−20
C42
4.72750154e−21
−1.86112917e−21
1.95018351e−20
C44
−2.61134724e−21
9.05455405e−21
3.19738342e−21
C46
−8.1476518e−24
1.04531901e−22
−3.14500232e−22
C48
−4.67926054e−24
−3.07010776e−23
3.55621884e−22
C50
9.96367582e−24
4.05168914e−23
1.15857141e−21
C52
−5.63570004e−24
−4.25589231e−23
1.50292097e−22
C54
−1.96315571e−23
2.69155178e−24
−4.22027773e−23
C55
−6.32105216e−26
2.36074182e−25
−2.0609926e−23
C57
−5.5869514e−26
7.49827714e−25
−2.67127439e−23
C59
−6.03481823e−27
1.27721888e−25
−4.72519756e−24
C61
5.72251835e−26
3.75574802e−25
2.43544621e−24
C63
−4.81078871e−26
1.38096394e−25
−3.61474814e−25
C65
−5.293619e−28
−1.47197601e−25
−2.58312448e−25
C67
−1.05665619e−28
5.70444448e−29
1.04981547e−26
C69
−9.35967107e−29
1.54864005e−27
−5.00353406e−26
C71
−7.45163445e−29
8.49518579e−28
−9.69578012e−26
C73
3.23937637e−29
1.17862243e−27
−5.21036133e−26
C75
1.23502373e−28
1.42504572e−27
−5.29641094e−27
C77
1.99884473e−28
−9.05697691e−29
−4.96757793e−29
C78
4.62768807e−31
−3.66791362e−30
1.17108755e−27
C80
2.01004484e−31
−1.33376517e−29
1.96800952e−27
C82
−2.04780369e−31
−9.59453599e−30
4.90123394e−28
C84
−1.83439038e−31
−6.383457e−30
−7.65331985e−28
C86
2.22521716e−31
−1.45702307e−30
−3.04755827e−28
C88
1.4576265e−30
−1.04939729e−30
−1.27821433e−29
C90
4.89653954e−31
1.6223442e−30
2.60372926e−30
C92
1.291584e−33
−4.48909307e−32
4.05041524e−30
C94
1.68046406e−34
−6.48100172e−32
8.44993426e−30
C96
8.98812615e−34
−8.87297065e−32
1.19335237e−31
C98
1.44926189e−33
−3.33931372e−32
−1.58514417e−30
C100
1.61667889e−33
−1.1191494e−32
−4.87213504e−31
C102
2.9240278e−33
−1.34011075e−32
−6.07148296e−33
C104
4.46022792e−34
2.24305766e−33
5.01077783e−33
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 17
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M9
0.00000000
0.00000000
713.83346098
M8
0.00000000
−199.50194718
110.47777299
M7
0.00000000
128.62607427
1098.64247245
M6
0.00000000
515.91461114
1356.40753743
M5
0.00000000
742.37411066
1363.84229101
M4
0.00000000
1340.69974378
969.49103752
M3
0.00000000
507.31215558
1051.71634870
Stop
0.00000000
308.06159909
1147.17260780
M2
0.00000000
−176.78443109
1379.45094669
M1
0.00000000
−469.61783006
1834.00281766
Object
0.00000000
−525.34409896
2142.75119785
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 17
Surface
TLA [deg]
TLB [deg]
TLC [deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M9
−9.14833640
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M8
161.66708308
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M7
52.63856031
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
17.76332452
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
−15.75408205
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
250.48833875
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
164.38361154
−0.00000000
0.00000000
Stop
64.83614755
−0.00000000
180.00000000
M2
138.59631791
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M1
111.51091807
−0.00000000
0.00000000
Object
15.48957967
−0.00000000
180.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 17
Surface
Angle of incidence [deg]
Reflectivity
M9
9.10898391
0.65665659
M8
0.15757055
0.66566547
M7
70.82640064
0.72236638
M6
74.51795811
0.79553776
M5
71.88564195
0.74519096
M4
13.92249363
0.64314446
M3
80.53767244
0.88529643
M2
73.90465970
0.78455360
M1
78.68907114
0.86057777
Overall transmission
0.0720
TABLE 6
for FIG. 17
X [mm]
Y [mm]
Z [mm]
0.00000000
33.09539039
0.00000000
27.98016280
32.83576102
0.00000000
55.32425435
32.05074898
0.00000000
81.40074512
30.72264495
0.00000000
105.58948827
28.82419673
0.00000000
127.29244915
26.32536013
0.00000000
145.94921302
23.20382833
0.00000000
161.05688683
19.45738748
0.00000000
172.19243862
15.11500672
0.00000000
179.03446120
10.24419289
0.00000000
181.38115751
4.95267331
0.00000000
179.16172567
−0.61635830
0.00000000
172.43973897
−6.29280692
0.00000000
161.40839010
−11.88969195
0.00000000
146.37862928
−17.21448827
0.00000000
127.76237102
−22.08081609
0.00000000
106.05334108
−26.31822001
0.00000000
81.80784000
−29.77880701
0.00000000
55.62700619
−32.34167284
0.00000000
28.14162808
−33.91669706
0.00000000
0.00000000
−34.44802533
0.00000000
−28.14162808
−33.91669706
0.00000000
−55.62700619
−32.34167284
0.00000000
−81.80784000
−29.77880701
0.00000000
−106.05334108
−26.31822001
0.00000000
−127.76237102
−22.08081609
0.00000000
−146.37862928
−17.21448827
0.00000000
−161.40839010
−11.88969195
0.00000000
−172.43973897
−6.29280692
0.00000000
−179.16172567
−0.61635830
0.00000000
−181.38115751
4.95267331
0.00000000
−179.03446120
10.24419289
0.00000000
−172.19243862
15.11500672
0.00000000
−161.05688683
19.45738748
0.00000000
−145.94921302
23.20382833
0.00000000
−127.29244915
26.32536013
0.00000000
−105.58948827
28.82419673
0.00000000
−81.40074512
30.72264495
0.00000000
−55.32425435
32.05074898
0.00000000
−27.98016280
32.83576102
0.00000000
27
The projection optical unit has an overall transmission of 7.2%.
27
The projection optical unit has an image-side numerical aperture of 0.50.
x
y
A reduction factor in the first imaging light plane xz is 4 (β). A reduction factor in the second imaging light plane xy is 8 (β). An object-side chief ray angle CRA is 5.5°. A maximum pupil obscuration is 15%.
OIS
27
27
An object-image offset dof the projection optical unit is approximately 530 mm. The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with the xyz-edge lengths of 753 mm×1869 mm×1860 mm.
27
5
9
In the projection optical unit , the object plane is tilted relative to the image plane by 15.5% about an axis that is parallel to the x-axis.
8
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 83 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is 10.4 mλ.
29
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 20 to 22
FIGS. 1 to 19
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
FIG. 20
FIG. 21
FIG. 22
29
29
1
9
29
shows a meridional section of the projection optical unit . shows a sagittal view of the projection optical unit . shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
29
1
8
9
29
2
7
The projection optical unit has 3 NI mirrors, namely the mirrors M, M and M. The projection optical unit has 6 GI mirrors, namely the mirrors M to M.
2
7
29
26
FIGS. 14 to 16
The mirrors M to M all have the same direction in terms of the mirror deflection effect. In this respect, the projection optical unit is similar to the projection optical unit according to .
1
9
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
9
29
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
Maximum
12.1
84.2
80.6
79.1
75.8
78.8
85.3
17.9
10.4
angle of incidence
[°]
Extent of the reflection
567.4
681.0
749.5
752.9
644.5
538.0
281.4
589.1
929.8
surface
in the x-direction
[mm]
Extent of the reflection
280.0
584.6
369.2
312.1
169.0
98.4
450.0
200.5
889.4
surface
in the y-direction
[mm]
Maximum mirror
567.6
681.3
750.7
752.7
644.5
538.1
452.3
589.1
930.3
diameter
[mm]
7
29
7
Apart from the mirror M, none of the mirrors of the projection optical unit have a y/x-aspect ratio that is greater than 1. The y/x-aspect ratio of the mirror M is approximately 1.6.
9
1
8
1
9
The last mirror M in the imaging beam path has the largest maximum diameter, measuring 930.3 mm. The maximum diameters of all other mirrors M to M are less than 800 mm. Four of the nine mirrors M to M have a maximum diameter that is less than 600 mm.
29
18
17
9
19
20
19
4
5
20
6
7
Once again, the projection optical unit has exactly one first plane intermediate image in the region of the passage opening in the mirror M and two second plane intermediate images , . The first of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the GI mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path. The second of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the two GI mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path.
29
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 20
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 20
NA
0.5
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
−4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.2
mm
Field curvature
0.0 1/mm
rms
11.4
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 20
Surface
Radius_x [mm]
Power_x [1/mm]
Radius_y [mm]
Power_y [1/mm]
Operating mode
M9
−1221.3204850
0.0016299
−934.3318163
0.0021506
REFL
M8
−4215.6636573
0.0004744
484.8221637
−0.0041252
REFL
M7
−3514.6574105
0.0000960
−8774.5487881
0.0013514
REFL
M6
−1322.0337936
0.0004485
−1544.1607213
0.0043686
REFL
M5
−1225.5513700
0.0004448
−1165.4051512
0.0062957
REFL
M4
−2025.8551251
0.0002369
−3191.5729569
0.0026117
REFL
M3
−2688.6482003
0.0001407
26540.8770199
−0.0003984
REFL
M2
−5902.4437402
0.0000558
6888.6468544
−0.0017631
REFL
M1
−8202.7105009
0.0002401
−1786.9980352
0.0011365
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 20
Coefficient
M9
M8
M7
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−1221.32048500
−4215.66365700
−3514.65741100
C7
6.48621457e−09
−2.70181739e−07
8.70215332e−08
C9
2.51048646e−09
−2.09527218e−08
1.0113038e−07
C10
1.11165132e−11
1.39330486e−10
1.53416608e−10
C12
−2.91336189e−11
2.28376849e−10
−3.98919589e−10
C14
−3.29969657e−12
−7.78019798e−10
−1.19879074e−10
C16
−3.30962098e−14
−3.14365711e−13
6.78606735e−13
C18
−5.74881439e−15
−1.38334025e−12
2.50172985e−13
C20
1.80725216e−16
−1.91669172e−12
1.37309377e−13
C21
−1.51549926e−17
3.1057383e−17
−1.60011616e−15
C23
−2.05973575e−17
4.30103776e−16
1.40263065e−15
C25
−4.20086457e−17
6.9930155e−16
−8.79758937e−16
C27
−2.12400508e−18
−4.03780946e−14
−1.20104305e−16
C29
1.46401176e−20
3.26975136e−19
−1.42943118e−17
C31
−3.24776004e−20
−1.36352471e−18
4.18802461e−18
C33
−1.58227638e−20
−1.65158046e−17
2.50288724e−18
C35
4.55306998e−22
4.30975727e−17
2.83728882e−19
C36
4.37750241e−25
3.33999042e−22
8.85677189e−21
C38
−6.15751054e−23
7.72867676e−21
−7.76607264e−20
C40
−7.41239376e−23
6.55036238e−20
5.92531624e−21
C42
−4.2219319e−23
1.92030538e−19
−5.82582739e−21
C44
4.71729051e−24
−1.1750837e−18
−4.39302422e−22
C46
−3.00005887e−26
−3.07649844e−24
9.31126292e−23
C48
−5.02441216e−26
−6.78983324e−23
−3.53569596e−22
C50
−5.54469897e−26
−2.02571647e−22
8.15194828e−24
C52
−5.86302543e−27
2.66454688e−21
3.01898725e−24
C54
1.18379859e−26
1.2454532e−20
−1.19322371e−24
C55
−1.46294994e−29
−6.51798397e−28
−2.12225804e−25
C57
−3.92398918e−29
−9.21288857e−27
−4.70156385e−25
C59
−1.07024742e−28
−1.55766648e−26
−2.8868744e−24
C61
−1.03272515e−28
−1.62790893e−24
−4.10931912e−25
C63
−2.52905737e−29
−1.66410272e−23
−3.27456225e−26
C65
6.01515241e−30
1.15374037e−23
5.46227836e−27
C67
−6.77138154e−33
6.29495646e−30
−3.98723172e−27
C69
−3.36895071e−32
2.74167033e−28
−1.31637748e−26
C71
−5.91932375e−32
3.25317607e−27
−1.64283121e−26
C73
−5.65496784e−32
9.06080301e−27
−1.13987301e−27
C75
−4.22550137e−33
−5.47076775e−26
2.26180236e−28
C77
1.86347639e−33
−2.69737159e−25
−2.47129491e−30
C78
−5.69521668e−36
9.676187e−34
−2.32708681e−33
C80
−1.44414441e−36
−1.96827508e−32
−2.4890295e−29
C82
−1.99322435e−34
−1.56292087e−30
−4.63833458e−29
C84
−2.96282143e−34
−1.35084229e−29
−3.19539678e−29
C86
−8.59003806e−35
−1.65029179e−29
2.64292864e−30
C88
2.78969129e−35
2.719885e−28
−3.38078195e−31
C90
2.7443014e−35
5.38264343e−28
−8.02912406e−33
C92
2.63716255e−38
0
0
C94
−1.41483782e−38
0
0
C96
−5.25192176e−38
0
0
C98
−2.20234859e−37
0
0
C100
−4.82347119e−38
0
0
C102
1.86723295e−37
0
0
C104
8.8737411e−38
0
0
C105
−4.36464732e−42
0
0
C107
−1.21008936e−40
0
0
C109
−3.65476297e−41
0
0
C111
−6.15824076e−41
0
0
C113
−7.64763975e−41
0
0
C115
−3.96878813e−41
0
0
C117
7.7510377e−41
0
0
C119
5.35056123e−41
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 20
Co-
efficient
M6
M5
M4
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−1322.03379400
−1225.55137000
−2025.85512500
C7
4.27950112e−08
−5.84703546e−08
−8.97366121e−08
C9
4.17284284e−07
−9.39099159e−07
−8.97651368e−08
C10
−1.7358341e−12
−2.04679461e−11
−3.35542823e−11
C12
−4.21877305e−10
5.37555035e−10
−6.64926214e−11
C14
−3.15656821e−09
−2.68438704e−09
−1.78345381e−11
C16
−1.08839994e−13
−6.61750395e−13
3.15319489e−14
C18
4.01366751e−12
1.44422461e−12
−7.98256204e−15
C20
1.30233138e−11
−1.03660478e−11
−1.25346627e−13
C21
−1.07645526e−17
1.82221706e−17
4.02332593e−17
C23
−2.11833236e−15
−2.48580207e−15
4.75597672e−17
C25
−9.67123493e−15
1.30554838e−14
−2.10674203e−16
C27
−1.33144249e−13
2.09485848e−14
1.99899839e−16
C29
1.88196584e−18
4.56414396e−19
8.74600426e−20
C31
9.71980395e−18
−3.44014518e−18
−8.86388592e−19
C33
1.82639944e−16
8.1516558e−17
1.23472448e−19
C35
1.5126297e−15
2.78986798e−16
1.09548579e−19
C36
−4.625507e−22
2.18674967e−22
1.21593626e−22
C38
−2.76640535e−21
5.38282737e−21
−1.20532003e−21
C40
6.93994125e−20
−2.09335725e−20
1.49330284e−21
C42
6.12829851e−19
−3.19701569e−19
5.02053714e−21
C44
9.01881312e−19
2.42814691e−18
−4.27170182e−21
C46
−1.38069564e−23
−1.2039556e−24
−1.15189186e−24
C48
−2.58649381e−22
7.77124773e−24
3.16705352e−24
C50
−2.90784805e−21
−3.59675767e−22
4.0653013e−24
C52
−5.42006595e−20
−3.5170037e−21
−1.91026596e−23
C54
−2.29979118e−19
−1.07320159e−20
9.44350026e−24
C55
4.3212238e−27
−6.42267011e−28
−6.34734328e−28
C57
1.22210193e−25
−4.99247996e−27
3.71231003e−27
C59
−1.30493616e−24
−1.21918885e−25
1.0081319e−27
C61
−6.14045583e−23
2.30701112e−24
−4.23834329e−26
C63
−2.46817892e−22
−4.92852048e−23
−7.42880115e−26
C65
5.49135377e−21
−9.47901007e−23
3.62157818e−26
C67
7.03790422e−29
5.43910058e−30
3.15461775e−30
C69
2.97708262e−27
8.70163166e−30
−5.37401656e−30
C71
1.01856775e−25
1.02008574e−27
−1.05505788e−29
C73
2.19711129e−24
1.35856777e−26
1.68378824e−29
C75
1.26099993e−23
−2.42376141e−25
1.4961554e−28
C77
−7.11644827e−23
7.74230426e−25
−1.92517608e−28
C78
−1.25601496e−32
8.04588789e−34
1.07210323e−33
C80
−1.08697771e−30
1.08540263e−32
−4.28340028e−33
C82
−3.07198117e−29
6.63449584e−31
1.41427412e−33
C84
−8.12369626e−28
−3.04722399e−30
1.04543684e−31
C86
−1.50045253e−26
7.92742778e−29
6.73484186e−31
C88
−6.8056223e−26
−5.58379196e−28
1.28702955e−30
C90
3.36436769e−25
6.19385096e−27
3.17119137e−31
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 20
Coefficient
M3
M2
M1
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−2688.64820000
−5902.44374000
−8202.71050100
C7
−5.4242055e−09
8.83048352e−08
6.2978424e−09
C9
−1.34994231e−08
6.69061957e−08
−2.81576029e−08
C10
−4.50309645e−11
−9.75267665e−11
2.48161861e−11
C12
−9.28536251e−12
−4.70618898e−11
2.99096443e−12
C14
8.67137628e−12
5.02797113e−11
−5.9279665e−11
C16
1.06056197e−13
−3.32025035e−13
−4.50793228e−14
C18
4.2812029e−14
−1.4148906e−13
4.96691078e−14
C20
−8.67184017e−14
−2.05141367e−14
−1.048468e−13
C21
−1.1873352e−16
3.58039305e−17
2.89600708e−17
C23
−2.77948857e−16
−3.09393609e−16
1.28726971e−16
C25
−6.49893216e−17
−3.62342671e−16
5.07326679e−16
C27
6.02898901e−17
−1.8762241e−16
−4.00525976e−16
C29
−1.57467526e−20
6.13077125e−19
6.09790017e−20
C31
−3.54755545e−19
−2.24632097e−19
3.76370302e−19
C33
1.16755371e−19
−7.61264438e−19
1.10116263e−19
C35
−1.70088294e−19
−4.44194779e−19
−2.63499738e−18
C36
−7.01576249e−23
1.88463965e−22
−4.5509124e−23
C38
1.0799985e−21
3.89264895e−22
−4.42107849e−22
C40
−1.82739825e−21
2.09684763e−23
−3.53826268e−22
C42
−4.2205569e−21
−1.20838494e−21
−8.47370257e−21
C44
−3.93429468e−22
−8.84141926e−22
−5.43189415e−21
C46
−4.18972217e−25
−1.84113508e−25
−4.34461019e−25
C48
3.46458657e−24
3.40575576e−24
−7.24968778e−24
C50
5.62145231e−24
5.45106155e−24
−2.09880353e−23
C52
9.15011889e−24
9.21654467e−25
1.16157164e−23
C54
4.19488997e−24
−1.59119253e−24
4.16022167e−23
C55
4.72464228e−28
−1.39930124e−27
7.24355278e−30
C57
−4.91680241e−27
1.56494908e−27
−4.09367164e−28
C59
5.25537606e−27
1.26075995e−26
−2.48389699e−26
C61
3.29546805e−26
1.44671246e−26
−7.79737962e−26
C63
4.56591637e−26
8.83632165e−27
2.60595725e−25
C65
4.78091055e−26
−1.98660532e−27
4.34169209e−25
C67
2.17612083e−30
−8.37804268e−31
1.59224842e−30
C69
−8.5439834e−30
6.28752374e−31
4.76515206e−29
C71
−2.65983135e−29
2.4285503e−30
3.30166016e−28
C73
−5.98513653e−29
1.42242261e−29
7.65304059e−28
C75
−7.69832277e−29
1.55423735e−29
2.64998122e−28
C77
−1.11232906e−28
−9.76791313e−31
−4.26662374e−28
C78
−4.63832043e−34
3.39359504e−33
5.21447544e−34
C80
5.20269628e−33
9.14348231e−34
1.00883236e−32
C82
−1.31600486e−32
−1.12272624e−32
2.25573959e−31
C84
−1.5855366e−31
−1.22099672e−32
1.698327e−30
C86
−4.77316653e−31
5.53234051e−33
2.80871381e−30
C88
−9.19684751e−31
9.25716556e−33
−3.34205539e−30
C90
−5.58433631e−31
4.34744206e−34
−8.11996042e−30
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 20
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M9
0.00000000
0.00000000
874.92613231
M8
0.00000000
149.96653386
108.05779848
M7
0.00000000
−63.62123637
1200.25946018
M6
0.00000000
−271.52684626
1553.41894167
M5
−0.00000000
−470.91963555
1646.49107699
M4
−0.00000000
−1082.43401319
1575.57656013
M3
−0.00000000
−1402.07740902
1356.86559672
M2
−0.00000000
−1675.34361170
948.86652584
Stop
−0.00000000
−1780.47276911
552.55974886
M1
−0.00000000
−1939.88081432
−48.36287033
Object
−0.00000000
−2133.49017642
2102.38048006
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 20
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M9
5.53247750
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M8
191.06495501
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M7
−69.22482399
0.00000000
0.00000000
M6
−42.26836342
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
−9.20367069
0.00000000
0.00000000
M4
20.49802677
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
45.28410877
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
65.66507482
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
Stop
170.67859831
−0.00000000
0.00000000
M1
175.14354488
0.00000000
0.00000000
Object
0.15719400
−0.00000000
180.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 20
Surface
Angle of incidence[deg]
Reflectivity
M9
5.53247750
0.66251340
M8
0.00000000
0.66565840
M7
80.28977900
0.88208835
M6
72.75376044
0.76274834
M5
74.18154684
0.78956505
M4
76.11675570
0.82230133
M3
79.09716229
0.86620474
M2
80.52187166
0.88509282
M1
10.00034173
0.65468031
Overall transmission
0.0967
TABLE 6
for FIG. 20
X[mm]
Y[mm]
Z[mm]
−0.00000000
75.15520054
0.00000000
−47.96870740
74.37166721
0.00000000
−94.83418130
72.01003446
0.00000000
−139.51000833
68.04638564
0.00000000
−180.94300303
62.46695638
0.00000000
−218.12954032
55.29607159
0.00000000
−250.13349992
46.62001118
0.00000000
−276.10831313
36.59891053
0.00000000
−295.32537634
25.46381611
0.00000000
−307.20933498
13.50153273
0.00000000
−311.37631602
1.03396852
0.00000000
−307.66695882
−11.59968020
0.00000000
−296.16560163
−24.05538106
0.00000000
−277.19991698
−35.99362549
0.00000000
−251.32062868
−47.08956739
0.00000000
−219.26580101
−57.04356306
0.00000000
−181.91736137
−65.58890956
0.00000000
−140.25750388
−72.49589183
0.00000000
−95.33052822
−77.57496890
0.00000000
−48.21392686
−80.68258848
0.00000000
−0.00000000
−81.72869195
0.00000000
48.21392686
−80.68258848
0.00000000
95.33052822
−77.57496890
0.00000000
140.25750388
−72.49589183
0.00000000
181.91736137
−65.58890956
0.00000000
219.26580101
−57.04356306
0.00000000
251.32062868
−47.08956739
0.00000000
277.19991698
−35.99362549
0.00000000
296.16560163
−24.05538106
0.00000000
307.66695882
−11.59968020
0.00000000
311.37631602
1.03396852
0.00000000
307.20933498
13.50153273
0.00000000
295.32537634
25.46381611
0.00000000
276.10831313
36.59891053
0.00000000
250.13349992
46.62001118
0.00000000
218.12954032
55.29607159
0.00000000
180.94300303
62.46695638
0.00000000
139.51000833
68.04638564
0.00000000
94.83418130
72.01003446
0.00000000
47.96870740
74.37166721
0.00000000
29
The projection optical unit has an overall transmission of 9.67%.
29
x
y
An image-side numerical aperture of the projection optical unit is 0.50. The reduction factor βin the first imaging light plane xz is 4. The reduction factor βin the second imaging light plane yz is 8. Here too, the different number of intermediate images in the two imaging light planes leads to a correction of the image flip on account of the odd number of mirrors.
OIS
29
An object-side chief ray angle CRA is 5.0°. A maximum obscuration of the entry pupil is 12%. An object-image offset dis approximately 2150 mm. The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with xyz-edge lengths of 930 mm×2542 mm×1713 mm.
5
9
The object plane is tilted relative to the image plane about the x-axis by an angle T of 0.2°.
8
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 80 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is 11.4 mλ.
1
2
29
The aperture stop AS is arranged in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M in the projection optical unit . The imaging light beam is completely accessible in the region of the aperture stop AS.
30
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 23 to 25
FIGS. 1 to 22
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
FIG. 23
FIG. 24
FIG. 25
30
30
1
10
30
shows a meridional section of the projection optical unit . shows a sagittal view of the projection optical unit . shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the ten mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
30
1
9
10
30
2
8
The projection optical unit has three NI mirrors, namely the mirrors M, M and M. The projection optical unit has seven GI mirrors, namely the mirrors M to M.
2
8
30
26
FIGS. 14 to 16 and 29
FIGS. 20 to 22
The mirrors M to M all have the same direction in terms of the mirror deflection effect. In this respect, the projection optical unit is similar to the projection optical units according to according to .
1
10
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
10
30
The following tables once again show the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
Maximum
13.1
83.4
80.9
83.0
81.1
angle of incidence [°]
Extent of the reflection
585.6
573.4
596.4
684.0
746.7
surface in the x-direc-
tion [mm]
Extent of the reflection
298.5
234.7
366.9
417.9
419.8
surface in the y-direc-
tion [mm]
Maximum
585.6
573.5
603.1
689.3
748.8
mirror diameter [mm]
M6
M7
M8
M9
M10
Maximum
83.5
80.6
80.9
24.0
8.2
angle of incidence [°]
Extent of the reflection
731.5
643.0
524.9
323.8
1008.4
surface in the x-direc-
tion [mm]
Extent of the reflection
262.5
153.0
213.1
258.0
996.9
surface in the y-direc-
tion [mm]
Maximum
733.0
643.0
525.0
324.0
1008.9
mirror diameter [mm]
1
10
30
All mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit have a y/x-aspect ratio that is less than 1.
10
1
9
The last mirror M in the imaging beam path has the largest maximum diameter, measuring 1008.9 mm. The maximum diameters of all other mirrors M to M are less than 750 mm. Seven of the ten mirrors have a maximum diameter that is less than 700 mm. Four of the ten mirrors have a maximum diameter that is less than 600 mm.
30
18
17
10
19
20
18
17
10
8
Once again, the projection optical unit has exactly one first plane intermediate image in the region of the passage opening in the mirror M and two second plane intermediate images , . A distance between the first plane intermediate image and the passage opening is less than a third of the distance between the last mirror M and the image field .
30
19
3
4
20
6
In the projection optical unit , the first of the two second plane intermediate images lies in the region of a reflection of the imaging light at the GI mirror M. The second of the two second plane intermediate images lies in the imaging light beam path in the region of the reflection at the GI mirror M.
30
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 23
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 23
NA
0.55
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.0
mm
Field curvature
−0.012345
1/mm
rms
10.4
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 23
Surface
Radius_x[mm]
Power_x[1/mm]
Radius_y[mm]
Power_y[1/mm]
Operating mode
M10
−975.5487706
0.0020377
−962.5583837
0.0020905
REFL
M9
1786.9869429
−0.0011192
611.2039578
−0.0032722
REFL
M8
−2095.9442088
0.0002189
3875.9706125
−0.0022490
REFL
M7
−1045.4690941
0.0004223
−10312.0596231
0.0008787
REFL
M6
−1215.3805004
0.0002681
−38549.7142600
0.0003185
REFL
M5
−1644.5074901
0.0002579
−2517.0332413
0.0037473
REFL
M4
−214162.6635241
0.0000017
−3370.4881649
0.0032692
REFL
M3
4047.7543473
−0.0000871
−7308.5674280
0.0015528
REFL
M2
5005.1733746
−0.0000808
1156.6671379
−0.0085532
REFL
M1
−3798.9753152
0.0005177
−1377.9111045
0.0014761
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 23
Coefficient
M10
M9
M8
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−975.54877060
1786.98694300
−2095.94420900
C7
−5.95804097e−09
−8.03929648e−07
8.3011434e−08
C9
1.52364857e−08
7.43589206e−07
4.7181499e−07
C10
9.28099e−13
2.37499492e−10
−2.02775452e−11
C12
−2.03295286e−11
1.68623915e−09
9.33342076e−10
C14
−3.41805e−12
1.15900623e−09
1.88007174e−09
C16
−1.42799093e−14
−2.01463554e−12
6.11396757e−13
C18
4.97214041e−15
2.06895474e−13
4.85149273e−12
C20
1.32525577e−14
2.94709467e−12
8.94508956e−12
C21
1.49502256e−18
2.85556664e−16
−7.74114074e−17
C23
−3.1935411e−17
9.04365887e−15
4.65092634e−15
C25
−3.31420566e−17
1.05454924e−14
3.08749913e−14
C27
−5.86281511e−18
7.34133351e−15
5.17090551e−14
C29
−1.26997904e−20
5.76866938e−18
9.30619914e−19
C31
−7.76177662e−21
−1.79812907e−17
4.34796101e−17
C33
1.50829309e−20
8.14507407e−18
2.19762816e−16
C35
1.22801974e−20
2.27167577e−17
2.99980346e−16
C36
2.1467814e−24
7.6583843e−20
−1.11004135e−21
C38
−4.69712554e−23
6.25650447e−20
4.461594e−20
C40
−7.77443045e−23
3.54035566e−20
4.26992684e−19
C42
−4.52759935e−23
2.60958385e−20
1.54031954e−18
C44
−4.5075988e−24
−1.97889894e−19
1.4763913e−18
C46
−1.2818549e−26
−2.24761699e−22
5.00232186e−23
C48
−1.56907351e−26
−9.99234563e−23
3.46718952e−22
C50
7.63880336e−27
3.04672894e−22
2.81615015e−21
C52
2.62423865e−26
1.12872852e−21
7.73566576e−21
C54
1.3223325e−26
−1.39660252e−21
7.25601264e−21
C55
−4.91404028e−31
−1.7749894e−24
7.28168609e−27
C57
−5.49015313e−29
−4.18918707e−25
−2.27362519e−25
C59
−1.19636029e−28
2.37980171e−24
1.10460061e−24
C61
−1.21575333e−28
1.30384498e−24
7.85664558e−24
C63
−4.81080894e−29
3.8847099e−24
3.09055201e−23
C65
−1.11934428e−29
6.79231048e−24
6.70387564e−23
C67
−3.35019698e−32
−2.38620726e−28
−2.44599566e−28
C69
−5.67292204e−32
−1.19770461e−27
1.34268575e−27
C71
−6.03548629e−32
−8.03882829e−27
1.73920457e−26
C73
6.30996158e−33
−1.53983174e−26
1.45057385e−25
C75
5.19267709e−32
−6.20914706e−26
4.77275337e−25
C77
1.23924124e−32
4.47651624e−26
6.11524253e−25
C78
−2.3725453e−36
2.34547492e−29
4.49789027e−32
C80
−8.83337074e−35
1.30801418e−30
5.00787029e−30
C82
−3.20486752e−34
−5.45618829e−29
6.24961973e−29
C84
−4.31424577e−34
−1.19872753e−28
6.80689304e−28
C86
−2.83533832e−34
−1.66096044e−29
3.1258368e−27
C88
−8.20994418e−35
−2.02826868e−28
6.05199729e−27
C90
−1.16789084e−35
−6.83570559e−29
2.9852638e−27
C92
−2.843655e−38
1.53289092e−32
1.35088954e−33
C94
3.36094687e−38
−1.7850554e−32
4.90992003e−32
C96
1.49968333e−37
4.20515949e−32
9.22306786e−31
C98
1.69899738e−37
1.4826376e−31
6.47768699e−30
C100
8.80150382e−38
4.50266357e−31
2.24773669e−29
C102
−7.03462778e−38
1.46581483e−30
3.28786082e−29
C104
−2.97045845e−38
−3.94310002e−31
5.81148918e−30
C105
−4.76141065e−42
−1.41949569e−34
−1.69050404e−37
C107
1.6878978e−40
4.95411568e−35
6.59328032e−37
C109
2.60807696e−40
9.52116258e−34
3.43622241e−34
C111
3.44175669e−40
2.38482471e−33
3.4960256e−33
C113
3.99153873e−40
2.88133837e−33
1.87453448e−32
C115
1.03370812e−40
7.70741325e−34
5.38181997e−32
C117
−1.35912164e−40
5.14237082e−33
6.45183346e−32
C119
−2.83877758e−41
1.15789492e−34
5.47296591e−34
C121
−5.9855365e−44
0
0
C123
−3.58371657e−43
0
0
C125
−6.74451435e−43
0
0
C127
−5.68244733e−43
0
0
C129
−8.7411743e−44
0
0
C131
2.72373418e−43
0
0
C133
3.47596581e−43
0
0
C135
1.15763536e−43
0
0
C136
7.3034626e−48
0
0
C138
−4.12182647e−46
0
0
C140
−1.49526036e−45
0
0
C142
−3.2358839e−45
0
0
C144
−4.18920423e−45
0
0
C146
−3.39263213e−45
0
0
C148
−1.33209474e−45
0
0
C150
−1.863829e−47
0
0
C152
6.14799467e−47
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 23
Coefficient
M7
M6
M5
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−1045.46909400
−1215.38050000
−1644.50749000
C7
9.5792129e−08
9.85907747e−08
1.54027134e−07
C9
6.62613291e−08
−2.44290281e−08
−9.05741401e−09
C10
−7.40502097e−11
−4.12531064e−11
−3.18252976e−11
C12
4.08948603e−10
−2.13920421e−10
1.69205919e−10
C14
−9.87692725e−10
9.31726672e−11
−1.13306483e−12
C16
2.14106934e−13
6.28352563e−14
−2.24154389e−13
C18
3.43955471e−13
4.40526697e−13
1.46427009e−15
C20
1.97092267e−12
−5.12351393e−13
−5.17690392e−15
C21
−2.27675195e−16
1.18505694e−16
2.22667245e−16
C23
2.42352609e−16
−4.14773002e−16
1.79837464e−17
C25
8.58109566e−15
−1.56476746e−15
1.13489728e−16
C27
−2.25847919e−14
1.80874528e−15
2.01629864e−16
C29
−9.27614962e−19
−3.8444837e−19
−6.10856847e−19
C31
7.90475103e−19
6.61811399e−19
−4.27607556e−19
C33
−8.76130063e−18
6.63551226e−18
−3.51912523e−19
C35
−1.35523796e−18
−1.18525201e−17
−6.95837547e−19
C36
1.98141766e−22
2.92380598e−22
−4.45944546e−22
C38
3.654101e−21
1.43515228e−21
4.39560373e−22
C40
3.03300085e−21
−7.04841407e−21
1.80506109e−21
C42
3.96315687e−19
−2.20895897e−20
3.79556064e−21
C44
−7.54291762e−19
4.26828311e−20
6.39845413e−21
C46
1.35299802e−23
8.61301054e−24
2.48638664e−24
C48
1.7517203e−24
−5.90539907e−25
−2.7786426e−24
C50
3.03043526e−22
1.90322534e−23
−1.2995714e−23
C52
4.48492838e−22
1.34714972e−22
−3.17115678e−23
C54
2.61364128e−21
−2.00099998e−22
−2.27789546e−23
C55
2.62872082e−27
−3.52236706e−27
4.46219179e−28
C57
−8.29018857e−26
−7.37835617e−27
3.23080215e−27
C59
−9.87595964e−26
2.59399915e−28
5.88214824e−27
C61
−1.33683359e−24
−1.20217809e−25
2.37543587e−26
C63
2.38226885e−24
−5.62138903e−25
−1.29437348e−26
C65
1.12061078e−23
1.57580136e−24
−5.84130015e−26
C67
−8.62369094e−29
−3.44232588e−29
−1.30394282e−30
C69
1.0856691e−28
6.66914299e−29
5.00509797e−30
C71
−2.00936961e−27
1.43708604e−28
3.39871859e−29
C73
−9.21543403e−27
3.23430874e−28
2.92457247e−28
C75
−8.74991463e−26
3.06388254e−28
6.08263151e−28
C77
−7.71033623e−25
−1.17311277e−26
3.80152335e−28
C78
−6.23778722e−33
1.26615681e−32
−4.13882349e−33
C80
6.21014273e−31
3.5254233e−33
−1.46703005e−32
C82
8.95894887e−31
−2.19232643e−31
1.85054171e−32
C84
−2.18641836e−31
−1.17554177e−30
−1.84470244e−32
C86
1.3695322e−29
5.18933781e−30
−9.47400187e−32
C88
1.75395859e−27
−9.16361654e−30
4.88248476e−31
C90
−1.43209341e−26
7.8544656e−29
1.17574141e−30
C92
2.05090173e−34
3.9960171e−35
−1.08187025e−35
C94
−7.60088632e−34
−1.09957929e−34
−1.18791897e−35
C96
1.00872099e−32
4.54994406e−34
−3.05105106e−34
C98
2.26804397e−31
4.51060461e−33
−2.50549956e−33
C100
2.46369136e−30
−4.31519977e−32
−7.93503412e−33
C102
1.13090407e−29
1.35113735e−31
−1.22506006e−32
C104
1.44593604e−29
−3.99172166e−31
−9.13299628e−33
C105
−4.19017572e−38
−1.38399499e−38
1.89493701e−38
C107
−1.50992299e−36
−1.40332039e−38
2.1432617e−38
C109
−4.25127052e−36
3.01861848e−37
1.09876139e−38
C111
1.05208601e−34
−6.8370801e−37
1.2616574e−36
C113
1.76414667e−33
−6.60279764e−36
7.4946947e−36
C115
3.99316502e−33
9.13127758e−35
1.86018645e−35
C117
1.48508087e−32
−3.68280235e−34
2.26682249e−35
C119
7.17664912e−31
8.31069559e−34
1.34001465e−35
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 23
Coefficient
M4
M3
M2
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−214162.66350000
4047.75434700
5005.17337500
C7
2.98068193e−07
−3.40159923e−08
1.53289528e−07
C9
5.61609225e−08
−1.0109082e−07
−1.19599907e−06
C10
−2.31126138e−10
−1.13587051e−10
−1.71565532e−10
C12
−9.68157642e−12
−1.96351094e−12
−9.69554638e−10
C14
1.78309191e−11
−2.07056507e−10
2.52024483e−09
C16
−1.43916345e−13
−1.39220002e−13
−3.34685833e−13
C18
−1.38913507e−13
−6.9799513e−14
2.79609875e−12
C20
−4.27413144e−14
−5.7781008e−13
−3.54664231e−14
C21
−4.76669999e−16
−2.33642412e−16
5.21059427e−16
C23
4.42788651e−16
−7.61513304e−17
1.96357314e−15
C25
3.27344931e−17
−6.04184022e−16
−6.04569672e−16
C27
−6.38302953e−17
−1.53772654e−15
−5.41292875e−14
C29
−1.40930006e−18
1.96589441e−19
−2.38101659e−18
C31
3.79697584e−19
−6.83863216e−19
−1.51800562e−17
C33
3.33127907e−19
−2.23362525e−18
−8.74528208e−17
C35
−1.65970278e−20
−5.24001813e−18
4.78342984e−16
C36
2.46259394e−21
−7.31967756e−22
−1.77577302e−21
C38
−9.63192307e−22
6.52093992e−22
4.99470817e−21
C40
−4.6441045e−22
−2.83339637e−21
5.13512935e−20
C42
6.32863913e−22
−1.31280497e−20
8.91850061e−19
C44
5.74325671e−22
−2.16776697e−20
−3.00994968e−18
C46
6.35531003e−24
3.38804527e−24
−5.59164118e−24
C48
−5.57913557e−25
−3.20270766e−24
−8.48881414e−24
C50
−1.7256835e−24
−1.3538911e−23
2.8296468e−22
C52
−3.33754858e−24
−6.04654145e−23
−6.46376294e−21
C54
3.48516782e−25
−7.28443369e−23
1.32941809e−20
C55
−5.23980471e−27
−3.85287855e−27
−4.04572356e−27
C57
−4.69201423e−27
1.14702936e−26
−4.39721795e−27
C59
−3.05001052e−27
1.13591604e−26
−1.44344469e−25
C61
8.5077925e−28
−2.82985611e−26
−5.73252344e−24
C63
−1.61770546e−26
−9.78900011e−26
2.58611178e−23
C65
−1.33708124e−26
−1.27638251e−25
−1.54141621e−23
C67
−1.10490492e−29
−1.44433652e−29
1.70927884e−28
C69
−4.15774494e−30
4.27636912e−29
−8.23476294e−29
C71
−2.07939058e−29
8.82142368e−29
−2.37746803e−28
C73
6.3114047e−29
1.79835007e−28
5.30603865e−26
C75
1.19639508e−28
−2.14539274e−28
6.20757645e−26
C77
1.38131207e−29
−6.24476296e−28
−2.94223714e−25
C78
−1.27622264e−33
8.64007915e−32
−4.19387448e−33
C80
4.1304249e−32
−9.26936252e−32
−3.59838074e−31
C82
3.73020917e−32
8.32970473e−32
4.82922533e−31
C84
−3.48343186e−32
4.58966665e−31
1.04705138e−29
C86
−1.27316151e−31
1.50473043e−31
−1.405332e−28
C88
1.02926202e−31
−4.84455042e−30
−1.06018689e−27
C90
1.5520292e−31
−5.08388151e−30
2.33228215e−27
C92
−5.77087985e−36
−2.3208429e−35
−4.51778365e−34
C94
3.27155345e−35
−2.05177822e−34
5.85507675e−34
C96
2.22541179e−34
−1.4182386e−34
−5.47410971e−33
C98
1.2929922e−34
−7.3618392e−34
−2.13598023e−31
C100
−1.21610939e−33
−3.56951639e−34
−1.18107064e−30
C102
−1.38966172e−33
−2.11845232e−32
3.21534062e−30
C104
−2.04957978e−34
−1.52325188e−32
−7.77916404e−30
C105
2.32832807e−38
−3.20761498e−37
5.85487373e−38
C107
−1.15973567e−37
1.32126849e−37
1.86190597e−36
C109
−1.3025795e−37
−6.18369858e−37
2.34340078e−36
C111
−6.82017694e−37
−2.75175491e−36
9.43098976e−35
C113
7.41982901e−37
−3.00662899e−36
1.09550777e−33
C115
2.83757994e−36
5.08471416e−36
5.96651054e−33
C117
2.33564828e−36
−2.86756309e−35
−1.87181852e−33
C119
−6.03189805e−37
−1.32771814e−35
1.02742882e−32
TABLE 3d
for FIG. 23
Coefficient
M1
KY
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
RX
−3798.97531500
C7
−4.03766338e−09
C9
4.3194842e−09
C10
6.01080824e−11
C12
1.63211364e−11
C14
−3.27624583e−11
C16
3.92017522e−15
C18
−2.92031813e−14
C20
2.05676259e−14
C21
3.06304743e−17
C23
−2.76883852e−17
C25
−6.03618233e−17
C27
−1.63598483e−16
C29
−1.25011464e−19
C31
1.42263601e−19
C33
2.19802e−19
C35
−7.16733765e−19
C36
−2.29879048e−22
C38
−4.25456289e−23
C40
6.77664934e−22
C42
−5.73097971e−23
C44
1.03597287e−20
C46
1.49835059e−25
C48
−4.94722185e−26
C50
−4.46231936e−24
C52
3.41955215e−24
C54
−9.96533789e−24
C55
3.57497059e−28
C57
−2.65994162e−27
C59
−3.06521007e−26
C61
−6.30968074e−26
C63
−1.0307333e−25
C65
−3.32819547e−25
C67
1.85388921e−30
C69
−3.53159276e−30
C71
3.10470607e−29
C73
4.14868733e−29
C75
−7.66872797e−29
C77
8.66901471e−28
C78
4.01154289e−33
C80
1.8007793e−32
C82
2.61587328e−31
C84
1.39265589e−30
C86
3.42875335e−30
C88
4.66556397e−30
C90
5.03706516e−30
C92
−1.9480775e−36
C94
2.1044583e−35
C96
3.40943999e−34
C98
−1.69349476e−34
C100
−2.17147474e−34
C102
−4.10866825e−33
C104
−2.24081208e−32
C105
−1.3866307e−38
C107
5.17463408e−39
C109
−8.29771816e−37
C111
−8.04376424e−36
C113
−2.81931438e−35
C115
−6.54260577e−35
C117
−5.75688991e−35
C119
2.42635211e−36
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 23
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M10
0.00000000
0.00000000
887.59443974
M9
0.00000000
172.59978370
121.13732975
M8
−0.00000000
−99.24967241
1334.28063207
M7
−0.00000000
−43.11388355
1572.24075699
M6
−0.00000000
112.95031228
1761.46566363
M5
−0.00000000
503.77097618
2006.77295677
M4
−0.00000000
1183.14523455
2114.39526090
M3
−0.00000000
1743.06358961
1985.12864378
M2
−0.00000000
2003.97800329
1804.40694815
Stop
−0.00000000
2113.61386051
1637.66603203
M1
−0.00000000
2492.77847092
1061.00930582
Object
−0.00000000
2076.12855898
3021.09698946
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 23
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M10
6.34541885
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M9
192.66070633
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M8
89.67846951
0.00000000
0.00000000
M7
63.60604245
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
41.30053662
−0.00000000
0.00000000
M5
20.55849861
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
−1.99914258
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
−23.85411988
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
−45.69125060
−0.00000000
0.00000000
Stop
−3.79702826
180.00000000
−0.00000000
M1
202.66318975
0.00000000
−0.00000000
Object
17.00057091
−0.00000000
0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 23
Surface
Angle of incidence[deg]
Reflectivity
M10
6.31397756
0.66150254
M9
0.06437817
0.66566199
M8
76.73613039
0.83201039
M7
77.24808925
0.83978524
M6
80.62494847
0.88641903
M5
77.75809141
0.84731989
M4
79.54253199
0.87222913
M3
79.84982464
0.87631951
M2
78.33671121
0.85563145
M1
10.48014292
0.65352413
Overall transmission
0.0988
TABLE 6
for FIG. 23
X[mm]
Y[mm]
Z[mm]
0.00000000
58.63894911
0.00000000
42.42944258
58.04084453
0.00000000
83.98447050
56.24367346
0.00000000
123.78358698
53.24189366
0.00000000
160.93247075
49.03816514
0.00000000
194.52480961
43.66001421
0.00000000
223.65792956
37.17775396
0.00000000
247.46839690
29.71554726
0.00000000
265.18506321
21.45178837
0.00000000
276.18941267
12.61227118
0.00000000
280.07094098
3.45771151
0.00000000
276.66743077
−5.73341781
0.00000000
266.08310291
−14.68331396
0.00000000
248.68009273
−23.13096284
0.00000000
225.04389947
−30.84493482
0.00000000
195.93172761
−37.63275631
0.00000000
162.21535772
−43.34567089
0.00000000
124.82654256
−47.87714206
0.00000000
84.71129442
−51.15623627
0.00000000
42.80037098
−53.13928275
0.00000000
0.00000000
−53.80277791
0.00000000
−42.80037098
−53.13928275
0.00000000
−84.71129442
−51.15623627
0.00000000
−124.82654256
−47.87714206
0.00000000
−162.21535772
−43.34567089
0.00000000
−195.93172761
−37.63275631
0.00000000
−225.04389947
−30.84493482
0.00000000
−248.68009273
−23.13096284
0.00000000
−266.08310291
−14.68331396
0.00000000
−276.66743077
−5.73341781
0.00000000
−280.07094098
3.45771151
0.00000000
−276.18941267
12.61227118
0.00000000
−265.18506321
21.45178837
0.00000000
−247.46839690
29.71554726
0.00000000
−223.65792956
37.17775396
0.00000000
−194.52480961
43.66001421
0.00000000
−160.93247075
49.03816514
0.00000000
−123.78358698
53.24189366
0.00000000
−83.98447050
56.24367346
0.00000000
−42.42944258
58.04084453
0.00000000
30
The projection optical unit has an overall transmission of 9.88%.
30
x
y
An image-side numerical aperture of the projection optical unit is 0.55. The reduction factor βin the first imaging light plane xz is 4. The reduction factor βin the second imaging light plane yz is 8.
OIS
30
An object-side chief ray angle CRA is 5.0°. A maximum obscuration of the entry pupil is 20%. An object-image offset dis approximately 2080 mm. The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with xyz-edge lengths of 1008 mm×3091 mm×2029 mm.
5
9
The object plane is tilted relative to the image plane about the x-axis by an angle T of 17°.
10
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 87 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is 10.60 mλ.
1
2
30
The aperture stop AS is arranged in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M in the projection optical unit . The imaging light beam is completely accessible in the region of the aperture stop AS.
31
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 26 to 28
FIGS. 1 to 25
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
FIG. 26
FIG. 27
FIG. 28
31
31
1
10
31
shows a meridional section of the projection optical unit . shows a sagittal view of the projection optical unit . shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the ten mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
31
1
9
10
31
2
8
The projection optical unit has three NI mirrors, namely the mirrors M, M and M. The projection optical unit has seven GI mirrors, namely the mirrors M to M.
2
8
31
30
FIGS. 23 to 25
The mirrors M to M all have the same direction in terms of the mirror deflection effect. In this respect, the projection optical unit is similar to the projection optical unit according to .
1
10
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
10
31
The following tables once again show the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
Maximum
12.8
82.0
79.3
83.0
80.4
angle of incidence [°]
Extent of the reflection
507.0
348.8
349.6
328.9
399.0
surface in the x-direc-
tion [mm]
Extent of the reflection
266.7
235.5
309.7
283.1
329.1
surface in the y-direc-
tion [mm]
Maximum
507.1
349.1
385.0
408.8
421.5
mirror diameter [mm]
M6
M7
M8
M9
M10
Maximum
83.0
80.4
79.5
21.6
7.0
angle of incidence [°]
Extent of the reflection
388.8
358.0
290.1
233.2
891.4
surface in the x-direc-
tion [mm]
Extent of the reflection
194.1
117.0
206.0
197.3
879.5
surface in the y-direc-
tion [mm]
Maximum
393.8
358.0
290.3
234.2
892.0
mirror diameter [mm]
1
10
31
All mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit have a y/x-aspect ratio that is less than 1.
10
1
9
The last mirror M in the imaging beam path has the largest maximum diameter, measuring 892.0 mm. The maximum diameters of all other mirrors M to M are less than 550 mm. Eight of the ten mirrors have a maximum diameter that is less than 500 mm. Six of the ten mirrors have a maximum diameter that is less than 400 mm.
31
18
17
10
19
20
19
4
20
7
Once again, the projection optical unit has exactly one first plane intermediate image in the region of the passage opening in the mirror M and two second plane intermediate images , . The first of the two second plane intermediate images lies in the imaging beam path, the region of the reflection at the GI mirror M. The second of the two second plane intermediate images lies in the imaging beam path in the region of the reflection at the GI mirror M.
7
4
8
31
6
7
FIG. 28
FIG. 28
FIGS. 2 to 4
The mirror M (cf. ) has a reflection surface boundary contour RK with a basic form GF which, once again, corresponds to the curved basic form of the object field or of the image field of the projection optical unit . Two contour bulges KA are arranged along the side edge of this boundary contour RK, which is shown at the top in and which is the long side edge in relation to the basic form GF. The function of these contour bulges KA corresponds to that which was already explained above with reference to the mirror M of the projection optical unit in the embodiment according to .
31
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 26
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 26
NA
0.55
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.0
beta_y
−7.5
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.0
mm
Field curvature
−0.012345 1/mm
rms
7.8
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 26
Surface
Radius_x[mm]
Power_x[1/mm]
Radius_y[mm]
Power_y[1/mm]
Operating mode
M10
−850.9984003
0.0023394
−842.5330814
0.0023847
REFL
M9
690.4525083
−0.0028966
439.5683912
−0.0045499
REFL
M8
−1626.5101949
0.0003056
18899.4493659
−0.0004259
REFL
M7
−894.6483361
0.0005281
−33415.4312586
0.0002534
REFL
M6
−1304.5130313
0.0002811
−18951.9259358
0.0005756
REFL
M5
−2002.4714622
0.0002249
−1848.6392687
0.0048054
REFL
M4
−13571.6618991
0.0000291
−2667.7243909
0.0038029
REFL
M3
2929.4401727
−0.0001380
−5283.0628904
0.0018729
REFL
M2
1765.1515098
−0.0002484
1283.3399004
−0.0071079
REFL
M1
−2088.8983816
0.0009404
−1280.5878935
0.0015901
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 26
Coefficient
M10
M9
M8
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−850.99840030
690.45250830
−1626.51019500
C7
−7.03002946e−09
−1.12832575e−06
6.12641257e−08
C9
1.55280432e−08
1.2159954e−06
1.3921232e−07
C10
−1.12111283e−11
1.70900183e−09
−1.05449944e−10
C12
−3.09329566e−11
5.22963449e−09
5.54183446e−10
C14
−1.74817678e−12
1.12031112e−09
3.43759946e−10
C16
−1.17459377e−14
−1.10629457e−11
1.01509149e−12
C18
6.10523134e−15
9.95900689e−12
6.2656672e−13
C20
1.61333143e−14
−4.44954285e−12
1.72502948e−12
C21
−1.59220258e−17
1.52048436e−14
5.145233e−16
C23
−7.04797949e−17
6.22062916e−14
5.09268635e−17
C25
−5.27874467e−17
7.53214031e−14
2.67922335e−15
C27
−1.10240684e−17
1.53301075e−14
7.76389234e−15
C29
−2.16726344e−20
−1.38206693e−16
−2.15656063e−18
C31
−9.04198121e−21
3.08632687e−17
−8.64279245e−18
C33
2.30879218e−20
−5.76656034e−17
1.5099794e−17
C35
1.00834913e−20
−1.03425145e−16
2.63359643e−17
C36
−2.14878734e−23
7.59951862e−20
−9.46694556e−21
C38
−1.19644095e−22
6.67732433e−19
1.9173226e−21
C40
−1.66028267e−22
1.35355603e−18
−6.98066679e−20
C42
−9.26934025e−23
6.38737212e−19
−5.18396999e−20
C44
−2.71890576e−23
1.08072084e−19
2.45233569e−19
C46
−3.03368513e−26
−2.20243567e−21
1.5327447e−22
C48
−3.19077558e−26
−2.43245202e−21
1.04282583e−21
C50
1.16311692e−26
−7.73188086e−21
−1.17201163e−21
C52
1.8557501e−26
−1.40710351e−20
−4.02316222e−21
C54
−1.13552496e−26
−1.34258539e−20
5.39197892e−21
C55
−3.49082911e−29
−5.77685598e−24
1.5698251e−24
C57
−3.19623602e−28
3.81572271e−23
−2.70267218e−24
C59
−6.62888681e−28
1.13738432e−22
−2.77569561e−24
C61
−5.49474662e−28
9.8457023e−23
−8.1161275e−24
C63
−2.33723415e−28
6.44703944e−23
−8.56751222e−24
C65
−6.11229244e−29
−7.54582826e−23
4.1168243e−23
C67
−8.43043691e−32
−2.50016809e−26
−1.2946523e−26
C69
−2.12547632e−31
5.66061831e−26
−9.65290282e−26
C71
−1.79344385e−31
4.54813421e−25
−6.79293961e−26
C73
1.06815298e−31
1.29533612e−24
4.956337e−25
C75
1.05755587e−31
1.55384636e−24
6.14365077e−25
C77
8.46368304e−33
5.60304945e−25
−3.49493613e−25
C78
1.06144694e−35
8.75573136e−28
−1.03825281e−28
C80
7.27835685e−34
−2.58893701e−27
2.13916224e−28
C82
2.42013765e−33
−1.2067901e−26
1.24128655e−28
C84
2.59612915e−33
−1.49597539e−26
1.36300786e−27
C86
8.89251311e−34
−5.08486485e−27
2.54214587e−27
C88
4.24278168e−35
−4.81867076e−27
2.75194399e−27
C90
−8.34509197e−36
5.09469282e−27
−5.79969549e−27
C92
1.70298609e−37
8.27996984e−31
4.94243267e−31
C94
7.35037693e−37
−5.9450189e−30
3.34975554e−30
C96
1.54424725e−36
−2.94477093e−29
8.03367696e−30
C98
6.13331746e−37
−1.01069595e−28
−3.3727749e−29
C100
−1.28065428e−36
−2.0690222e−28
−7.64674986e−29
C102
−9.35297851e−37
−2.09170374e−28
−3.50268561e−29
C104
−8.72230446e−38
−1.92939795e−29
1.77267398e−29
C105
−4.33579071e−40
−3.92839494e−32
2.73420503e−33
C107
−6.67869952e−39
1.31611785e−31
−6.73493598e−33
C109
−2.55657274e−38
9.19416961e−31
−8.86390859e−34
C111
−4.10862904e−38
1.67494418e−30
−1.04183129e−31
C113
−3.02138728e−38
1.02449935e−30
−3.89787802e−31
C115
−1.06320348e−38
−3.76885269e−31
−4.0813407e−31
C117
−2.62841711e−39
−3.60960998e−31
−6.43010051e−32
C119
−3.19060904e−40
−9.39336476e−32
7.0451153e−31
C121
−8.77211122e−43
−4.89468126e−35
−7.66026768e−36
C123
−3.85601224e−42
6.89110707e−35
−3.23128947e−35
C125
−9.53448338e−42
6.3366408e−34
−2.45165302e−34
C127
−9.67154428e−42
2.01379939e−33
6.53749443e−34
C129
6.71055197e−43
6.28157945e−33
2.58964212e−33
C131
6.86184229e−42
9.91715428e−33
3.69905543e−33
C133
3.00403221e−42
9.21971687e−33
2.53197671e−33
C135
2.12945038e−43
1.25764882e−33
4.45495448e−33
C136
1.13878838e−45
6.8751793e−37
−2.4618018e−38
C138
1.87411622e−44
−2.13811275e−36
5.65630181e−38
C140
8.54897409e−44
−2.28771775e−35
−2.62366196e−37
C142
1.78978429e−43
−5.83739868e−35
2.3076713e−36
C144
1.87587925e−43
−6.00556142e−35
1.27178851e−35
C146
9.29426856e−44
−4.29425805e−37
2.38221259e−35
C148
2.25947742e−44
4.99346508e−35
2.24046545e−35
C150
5.2803677e−45
4.17428318e−35
1.09648004e−35
C152
5.67509953e−46
6.18032669e−36
9.30861482e−36
C154
7.54374179e−49
0
0
C156
4.33032443e−48
0
0
C158
1.44192772e−47
0
0
C160
2.32499596e−47
0
0
C162
1.17862963e−47
0
0
C164
−1.16609868e−47
0
0
C166
−1.42697874e−47
0
0
C168
−4.03481152e−48
0
0
C170
−2.03671085e−49
0
0
C171
−1.661131e−51
0
0
C173
−2.82534838e−50
0
0
C175
−1.41975872e−49
0
0
C177
−3.59720313e−49
0
0
C179
−5.05571087e−49
0
0
C181
−3.89904427e−49
0
0
C183
−1.57429847e−49
0
0
C185
−4.02999425e−50
0
0
C187
−1.06893714e−50
0
0
C189
−1.25335447e−51
0
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 26
Coefficient
M7
M6
M5
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−894.64833610
−1304.51303100
−2002.47146200
C7
1.08112771e−07
1.04335481e−07
1.10979512e−07
C9
−1.13000051e−07
−2.20798445e−08
6.00145368e−09
C10
−1.17589399e−10
−4.78714462e−11
6.40363293e−11
C12
4.20978683e−10
−2.5290518e−10
1.95262505e−10
C14
−1.39671003e−09
4.11188896e−10
−1.57759281e−11
C16
−1.06370796e−13
2.58531409e−14
−2.55096961e−13
C18
1.63118441e−12
−5.99630932e−13
−4.64367829e−13
C20
−5.21760043e−12
−1.84885391e−12
1.78763837e−13
C21
−4.20095046e−16
5.35288064e−18
4.78304505e−16
C23
−1.28788127e−15
1.16592841e−15
6.76366991e−16
C25
2.24603177e−14
−4.24493445e−16
6.43409213e−16
C27
−6.66272337e−14
1.37793734e−14
−1.3197354e−16
C29
3.41059778e−18
9.53689977e−20
−2.58200642e−19
C31
−3.68397697e−18
−2.92104626e−19
−1.45175003e−18
C33
1.52001612e−16
−6.90020201e−18
−1.00464425e−18
C35
−4.91058447e−16
−1.20787125e−16
−2.98913737e−19
C36
4.98603076e−21
−1.41092473e−21
−2.74358727e−21
C38
−9.16903491e−21
1.97406532e−21
5.24074149e−22
C40
−1.47271995e−19
−3.34460739e−20
1.40871746e−20
C42
3.07422757e−18
1.06724041e−19
9.53341509e−21
C44
−6.2957705e−18
1.32000706e−18
1.47064843e−20
C46
−1.85365336e−22
4.76594089e−24
8.2933825e−24
C48
−1.28210118e−21
2.58185303e−23
6.44879498e−24
C50
−8.73336698e−21
−1.26595369e−22
−1.53890294e−23
C52
−1.99451811e−20
−3.26154339e−21
9.77860571e−24
C54
−1.35148582e−19
−7.66852471e−21
7.3231509e−25
C55
−2.04919022e−25
−2.00836232e−25
1.76764762e−25
C57
−2.13209361e−25
2.12156909e−25
1.07292061e−25
C59
6.67031327e−24
−6.13616768e−25
−2.86382758e−25
C61
−1.2510699e−22
4.10599237e−24
−5.40705817e−25
C63
−5.62409591e−22
6.38112745e−23
−5.83425481e−25
C65
−2.932744e−23
−3.11441795e−23
−1.829156e−24
C67
9.07561132e−27
−1.37972111e−27
9.8408785e−29
C69
1.12029331e−25
1.70924762e−27
−2.63624292e−28
C71
2.34177287e−25
9.92372194e−27
−1.3177282e−27
C73
4.9855072e−24
−5.32263488e−26
−1.64852392e−28
C75
1.07981493e−23
−8.2123685e−25
1.25617763e−27
C77
4.20616759e−23
1.17407193e−25
9.365847e−27
C78
5.17650497e−30
8.29545495e−30
−4.04537672e−30
C80
8.1321703e−29
−2.18697679e−29
−2.11123385e−30
C82
−5.05010944e−28
5.08995306e−29
1.04180761e−29
C84
4.1407741e−27
1.63285579e−28
3.49688833e−29
C86
7.54993507e−26
4.12929765e−28
2.55288354e−29
C88
2.95901058e−25
3.9753868e−27
2.10034523e−29
C90
−4.47805219e−25
2.10900597e−26
4.9364073e−29
C92
−3.17297336e−31
2.7136031e−32
−1.0925254e−32
C94
−4.39871315e−30
7.74413927e−32
−7.37173106e−33
C96
−2.21978454e−30
−1.3340811e−30
2.05419638e−32
C98
−3.51293551e−29
−6.54025347e−30
−4.22617588e−32
C100
−1.7393042e−27
1.14443482e−29
−3.18007759e−32
C102
2.21659182e−27
1.63902209e−29
−9.69320597e−32
C104
−2.261453e−26
−3.72776469e−28
−4.37544226e−31
C105
−4.12534461e−35
−1.14480182e−34
3.01382907e−35
C107
−2.76513255e−33
2.48225368e−34
3.82965838e−35
C109
6.66123874e−33
7.08107492e−34
−2.24841818e−34
C111
5.68286568e−32
1.28989041e−32
−8.72165939e−34
C113
−2.21079604e−30
6.06542575e−32
−7.27967829e−34
C115
−2.37579413e−29
−2.19301557e−31
−4.91779127e−34
C117
−6.27847083e−30
−2.24385315e−31
−2.37594002e−34
C119
−4.78585387e−29
2.80185274e−30
−1.6756456e−34
C121
3.90632846e−36
−3.01907852e−37
1.34464067e−37
C123
6.26723855e−35
−7.38603762e−36
6.76565399e−38
C125
1.05715992e−34
9.61938133e−36
−1.51891289e−37
C127
−3.09523937e−33
−8.01514865e−35
5.00274107e−37
C129
1.20382485e−32
−1.890792e−34
8.2689123e−37
C131
1.5791079e−31
1.25739753e−33
1.40678273e−36
C133
−4.84783534e−31
6.43336332e−34
2.19255971e−36
C135
3.25553962e−30
−1.01661431e−32
7.71863723e−36
C136
−6.44594661e−41
5.18329556e−40
−3.10095869e−41
C138
3.35868415e−38
6.80645707e−39
−4.35334696e−41
C140
1.80786666e−37
1.78639777e−38
2.42366057e−39
C142
−2.38820743e−36
−9.21396534e−38
1.02431909e−38
C144
−2.22167615e−35
3.78975523e−37
1.04663468e−38
C146
3.32759736e−34
−2.96891077e−37
6.10106481e−39
C148
2.06724289e−33
−1.82263628e−36
−4.98328999e−40
C150
−3.9794396e−33
−7.77903373e−37
−3.42284275e−39
C152
2.3470777e−32
1.47710607e−35
−1.59359975e−38
TABLE 3c
for FIG. 26
Coefficient
M4
M3
M2
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−13571.66190000
2929.44017300
1765.15151000
C7
2.4867906e−07
4.08857083e−08
−5.7556894e−09
C9
1.31816749e−07
−9.89325337e−08
−1.14539535e−06
C10
−1.48061453e−10
−9.97694826e−11
−5.45484776e−11
C12
−1.21532663e−10
2.57218721e−10
−6.04005833e−10
C14
1.16631039e−10
−4.04653062e−10
2.16860795e−09
C16
−1.2664286e−14
−5.04233236e−14
2.44731848e−13
C18
−5.47315517e−13
3.35933025e−13
2.42823996e−12
C20
2.41591161e−13
−8.111824e−13
−7.35728966e−14
C21
−1.59004743e−16
−1.59830806e−15
−2.30482615e−15
C23
1.04464337e−15
−2.87520329e−16
−4.20889256e−16
C25
−1.55721846e−15
8.61175146e−16
−7.33809515e−15
C27
7.50169667e−16
−4.10119512e−15
−2.88368567e−14
C29
−2.18585533e−18
−6.13843321e−19
1.48260706e−17
C31
2.70123455e−18
−1.38332816e−18
−2.53495907e−17
C33
−4.38939645e−18
5.67758167e−18
5.60276862e−17
C35
1.86451426e−18
−1.33485001e−17
1.48945852e−16
C36
5.00909256e−21
−5.45445522e−21
−4.95064554e−21
C38
−3.00745498e−21
6.14787355e−21
−4.91817794e−20
C40
1.78924217e−20
−3.67760273e−21
1.6957518e−19
C42
−6.33866332e−21
2.49007667e−20
−2.45066144e−19
C44
−9.33191026e−21
−7.67966033e−20
2.10705647e−19
C46
2.84838666e−23
5.43800202e−23
1.29798113e−22
C48
3.60495373e−23
1.02681305e−22
7.8287201e−23
C50
1.16022145e−22
4.84478465e−23
−1.64313217e−21
C52
−7.7979898e−24
2.37125083e−22
1.04461941e−21
C54
−8.35587682e−23
−3.51811104e−22
−5.38944309e−21
C55
1.14055283e−26
−2.62138126e−25
−4.35489266e−25
C57
−2.65384423e−26
−3.11299601e−25
−1.3762689e−24
C59
−3.70188932e−25
−9.09956536e−25
5.9051924e−25
C61
3.01756263e−25
−8.80462249e−25
4.52988194e−24
C63
−4.07672634e−25
1.39144761e−24
−2.30701197e−23
C65
1.09635103e−24
−5.99660749e−25
−3.82791002e−23
C67
−1.38494804e−27
−2.82529724e−27
−2.5491701e−27
C69
−2.73347994e−27
−6.39440845e−27
−4.86335108e−27
C71
−5.51982944e−27
−7.63567546e−27
4.16119656e−26
C73
−2.9413266e−27
−7.47710103e−27
1.53698552e−25
C75
−8.74573032e−28
1.49764036e−27
3.27774011e−25
C77
7.16378196e−27
5.65452184e−27
9.56022723e−25
C78
−2.49097034e−30
1.18516516e−29
1.89603348e−29
C80
−1.94277476e−30
6.00108899e−30
1.24066875e−28
C82
4.00548354e−30
4.83120236e−29
4.6099092e−29
C84
−4.09297855e−30
4.89571367e−29
−1.18235574e−28
C86
−2.79175815e−29
−4.54130678e−30
−3.51054923e−29
C88
3.46634258e−29
−5.10942244e−29
−3.26522615e−28
C90
−6.98750754e−29
3.42818363e−30
−3.78078944e−27
C92
2.78034443e−32
7.07006655e−32
8.91891738e−32
C94
6.87000404e−32
1.91992861e−31
1.68682533e−31
C96
1.31346242e−31
3.33161247e−31
−5.25800206e−31
C98
1.91021348e−31
3.25505098e−31
−5.93272094e−30
C100
1.22327875e−31
1.57698995e−31
−1.54795048e−29
C102
4.57847514e−32
−1.14929139e−31
−1.44958724e−29
C104
−2.87175318e−31
−3.24308979e−31
−3.25867584e−29
C105
7.49234545e−35
−2.23778665e−34
−3.95765903e−34
C107
1.36436739e−34
−5.50218186e−35
−4.14957517e−33
C109
4.06669286e−35
−1.30072273e−33
−3.38295815e−33
C111
1.44266678e−34
−2.12805306e−33
1.03803927e−33
C113
7.55798972e−34
−5.77392498e−34
1.72138239e−32
C115
1.24090466e−33
4.04630096e−35
3.80780335e−32
C117
−1.51672627e−33
2.20736189e−33
3.60119016e−32
C119
2.54322977e−33
−1.94012119e−33
3.7836678e−31
C121
−1.47062443e−37
−4.95634083e−37
−6.48736325e−37
C123
−6.76764495e−37
−2.62857791e−36
−3.07063488e−36
C125
−1.52780264e−36
−5.42778062e−36
−8.49236895e−36
C127
−2.43152897e−36
−6.8744822e−36
6.411214e−35
C129
−3.9070541e−36
−2.64110857e−36
3.34055113e−34
C131
−1.52422552e−36
−4.57033388e−36
4.96867057e−34
C133
−6.94885323e−37
1.42202438e−35
3.35741831e−34
C135
4.46614262e−36
−4.43260704e−36
−1.41983923e−33
C136
−5.82720549e−40
1.2738577e−39
2.95962778e−39
C138
−1.48616538e−39
4.40022068e−40
4.81277463e−38
C140
−1.59901737e−39
1.67191433e−38
6.61371003e−38
C142
−4.27476461e−39
3.36569747e−38
8.78235469e−38
C144
−7.9967858e−39
2.28602413e−38
−3.4335812e−37
C146
−2.28492536e−38
1.51730517e−39
−1.52442242e−36
C148
−1.59254776e−38
−1.46051228e−38
−1.97429432e−36
C150
2.45997969e−38
2.36937048e−38
−1.26580266e−36
C152
−3.70175785e−38
−4.00174707e−39
1.93212266e−36
TABLE 3d
for FIG. 26
Coefficient
M1
KY
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
RX
−2088.89838200
C7
−3.42683525e−08
C9
−1.6512688e−08
C10
4.38584664e−11
C12
4.18259048e−11
C14
−4.6250256e−12
C16
2.38962576e−14
C18
−1.19663942e−13
C20
2.61037397e−13
C21
2.63044596e−17
C23
−2.37150015e−17
C25
1.57559118e−16
C27
4.7889248e−16
C29
7.53232216e−20
C31
−2.05517927e−19
C33
−1.61629336e−19
C35
1.45937682e−18
C36
4.9764225e−23
C38
−3.27842891e−22
C40
−2.80802645e−21
C42
2.769078e−21
C44
1.47214512e−21
C46
4.70047246e−25
C48
7.39186519e−24
C50
7.57901529e−23
C52
1.65362047e−22
C54
1.09834948e−22
C55
3.21208271e−27
C57
5.61919098e−27
C59
1.22809043e−25
C61
5.60328258e−25
C63
5.47540805e−25
C65
−1.79792769e−25
C67
4.27223866e−31
C69
−1.52895416e−28
C71
−1.99104409e−27
C73
−8.52429426e−27
C75
−1.37557711e−26
C77
−4.93968315e−27
C78
−6.87550869e−32
C80
−7.80050004e−32
C82
−2.51344446e−30
C84
−2.2898419e−29
C86
−6.02505261e−29
C88
−3.61828628e−29
C90
5.5528325e−30
C92
−9.50562723e−36
C94
1.49044558e−33
C96
2.78503789e−32
C98
1.77498716e−31
C100
5.21503374e−31
C102
5.64843247e−31
C104
1.0992411e−31
C105
6.42767711e−37
C107
1.21466068e−36
C109
2.44962564e−35
C111
3.69492236e−34
C113
1.7711647e−33
C115
3.09168063e−33
C117
1.83366676e−33
C119
1.3402897e−34
C121
6.32273889e−41
C123
−7.53170421e−39
C125
−1.44659913e−37
C127
−1.19754969e−36
C129
−5.25380881e−36
C131
−1.09748045e−35
C133
−9.51371783e−36
C135
−1.14567726e−36
C136
−2.32228213e−42
C138
−8.71321698e−42
C140
−1.04819209e−40
C142
−2.03692092e−39
C144
−1.44529556e−38
C146
−4.48708715e−38
C148
−6.21272731e−38
C150
−3.74464272e−38
C152
−8.57142389e−39
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 26
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M10
0.00000000
0.00000000
786.31794313
M9
0.00000000
135.66761714
90.09404872
M8
−0.00000000
−80.64099022
1189.77813151
M7
−0.00000000
−15.95855480
1398.24950705
M6
0.00000000
93.52154823
1507.83829965
M5
0.00000000
413.44248899
1650.69955943
M4
−0.00000000
950.27772844
1645.50394918
M3
−0.00000000
1417.56980610
1433.50578895
M2
−0.00000000
1602.36234269
1221.51469689
Stop
−0.00000000
1657.11014994
1042.75065199
M1
−0.00000000
1849.90639774
413.22704495
Object
0.00000000
1995.41823598
2076.33636439
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 26
Surface
TLA[deg]
TLB[deg]
TLC[deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M10
5.51329727
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M9
191.07732290
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M8
86.94524857
−0.00000000
0.00000000
M7
58.89543640
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
34.54583072
0.00000000
0.00000000
M5
11.75436531
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
−12.47852673
0.00000000
0.00000000
M3
−36.66195105
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
−60.94687944
−0.00000000
0.00000000
Stop
−17.62929935
180.00000000
−0.00000000
M1
186.01364938
−0.00000000
−0.00000000
Object
−0.00029494
0.00000000
0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 26
Surface
Angle of incidence[deg]
Reflectivity
M10
5.47743096
0.66257916
M9
0.16980600
0.66566578
M8
75.61143735
0.81411830
M7
76.33505862
0.82576260
M6
79.43553650
0.87079247
M5
76.98906045
0.83587884
M4
78.63034221
0.85975915
M3
78.33822296
0.85565285
M2
77.33481505
0.84108094
M1
10.82988596
0.65263931
Overall transmission
0.0872
TABLE 6
for FIG. 26
X[mm]
Y[mm]
Z[mm]
0.00000000
55.07179086
0.00000000
28.32134635
54.58202803
0.00000000
55.98211712
53.09558841
0.00000000
82.33019561
50.57144987
0.00000000
106.73054258
46.97017287
0.00000000
128.57548660
42.28058930
0.00000000
147.29804478
36.53990071
0.00000000
162.38870287
29.84523566
0.00000000
173.41580382
22.35491655
0.00000000
180.04860871
14.27850894
0.00000000
182.08062285
5.85873273
0.00000000
179.44972021
−2.65150686
0.00000000
172.25003968
−11.00899969
0.00000000
160.72981012
−18.99114170
0.00000000
145.27218516
−26.39671205
0.00000000
126.36269179
−33.04140748
0.00000000
104.55198226
−38.75465411
0.00000000
80.42276570
−43.38151418
0.00000000
54.56592829
−46.78945614
0.00000000
27.56670420
−48.87682670
0.00000000
0.00000000
−49.57985235
0.00000000
−27.56670420
−48.87682670
0.00000000
−54.56592829
−46.78945614
0.00000000
−80.42276570
−43.38151418
0.00000000
−104.55198226
−38.75465411
0.00000000
−126.36269179
−33.04140748
0.00000000
−145.27218516
−26.39671205
0.00000000
−160.72981012
−18.99114170
0.00000000
−172.25003968
−11.00899969
0.00000000
−179.44972021
−2.65150686
0.00000000
−182.08062285
5.85873273
0.00000000
−180.04860871
14.27850894
0.00000000
−173.41580382
22.35491655
0.00000000
−162.38870287
29.84523566
0.00000000
−147.29804478
36.53990071
0.00000000
−128.57548660
42.28058930
0.00000000
−106.73054258
46.97017287
0.00000000
−82.33019561
50.57144987
0.00000000
−55.98211712
53.09558841
0.00000000
−28.32134635
54.58202803
0.00000000
31
The projection optical unit has an overall transmission of 8.72%.
31
x
y
An image-side numerical aperture of the projection optical unit is 0.55. The reduction factor βin the first imaging light plane xz is 4. The reduction factor βin the second imaging light plane yz is 7.5.
OIS
31
An object-side chief ray angle CRA is 5.0°. A maximum obscuration of the entry pupil is 16%. An object-image offset dis approximately 3230 mm. The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with xyz-edge lengths of 891 mm×2395 mm×1615 mm.
31
5
9
In the projection optical unit , the object plane extends parallel to the image plane .
10
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 65 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is 7.65 mλ.
1
2
31
The aperture stop AS is arranged in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M in the projection optical unit . The imaging light beam is completely accessible in the region of the aperture stop AS.
32
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 29 to 31
FIGS. 1 to 28
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
FIG. 29
FIG. 30
FIG. 31
32
32
1
7
32
shows a meridional section of the projection optical unit . shows a sagittal view of the projection optical unit . shows, once again, the boundary contours of the reflection surfaces of the seven mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
32
1
6
7
32
2
5
The projection optical unit has three NI mirrors, namely the mirrors M, M and M. The projection optical unit has four GI mirrors, namely the mirrors M to M.
2
5
32
26
FIGS. 14 to 16
The mirrors M to M all have the same direction in terms of the mirror deflection effect. In this respect, the projection optical unit is similar to the projection optical unit according to .
1
7
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1), specified above, applies.
1
7
32
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
Maximum
17.4
76.8
74.4
73.1
77.0
14.7
8.0
angle of incidence [°]
Extent of the reflection
376.0
475.6
562.6
479.7
181.9
468.4
902.7
surface in the x-
direction [mm]
Extent of the reflection
182.5
372.5
198.5
263.3
288.3
109.2
874.7
surface in the y-
direction [mm]
Maximum
376.1
476.1
562.6
479.7
294.6
468.4
903.2
mirror diameter [mm]
1
7
32
5
Six of the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit have a y/x-aspect ratio that is less than 1. The y/x-aspect ratio of the mirror M is less than 1.6.
7
1
6
The last mirror M in the imaging beam path has the largest maximum diameter, measuring 903.2 mm. The maximum diameters of all other mirrors M to M are less than 600 mm. Five of the seven mirrors have a maximum diameter that is less than 500 mm.
32
18
17
7
19
20
19
3
4
20
4
5
Once again, the projection optical unit has exactly one first plane intermediate image in the region of the passage opening in the mirror M and two second plane intermediate images , . The first of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging beam path. The second of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging beam path.
32
x
y
An image-side numerical aperture of the projection optical unit is 0.45. The reduction factor βin the first imaging light plane xz is 4. The reduction factor βin the second imaging light plane yz is 8.
OIS
An object-side chief ray angle CRA is 5.2°. An object-image offset dis approximately 2470 mm.
7
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is 87 mm. A mean wavefront aberration rms is 30.60 mλ.
1
2
32
The aperture stop AS is arranged in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M in the projection optical unit . The imaging light beam is completely accessible in the region of the aperture stop AS.
33
1
7
FIG. 1
FIGS. 32 and 34
FIGS. 1 to 31
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
33
FIGS. 32 and 34
The projection optical unit according to reduces by a factor of 4 in the sagittal plane xz and by a factor of 8 in the meridional plane yz.
FIG. 32
FIG. 2
FIG. 34
FIG. 32
33
3
15
33
15
3
16
1
6
16
1
6
HR
HR
HR
HR
HR
HR
shows the projection optical unit in a meridional section, i.e. the beam path of the imaging light (cf. individual rays in ) in the yz plane. shows the projection optical unit in a view in which the individual rays are projected onto the xz plane, i.e. in a sagittal view. The meridional plane yz is also referred to as the second imaging light plane. A first imaging light plane xzis the plane which is spanned at the respective location of the beam path of the imaging light by the first Cartesian object field coordinate x and a current imaging light main propagation direction z. The imaging light main propagation direction zis the beam direction of a chief ray of a central field point. As a rule, this imaging light main propagation direction zchanges at each mirror reflection at the mirrors M to M. This change can be described as a tilt of the current imaging light main propagation direction zabout the first Cartesian object field coordinate x about a tilt angle which equals the deflection angle of this chief ray of the central field point at the respectively considered mirror M to M. The respective first imaging light planes xzare indicated by dashed lines in and are perpendicular to the plane of the drawing (yz plane) in each case.
HR
Subsequently, the first imaging light playing xzis also referred to as first imaging light plane xz for simplification purposes.
HR
HR
The second imaging light plane yz likewise contains the imaging light main propagation direction zand is perpendicular to the first imaging light plane xz.
33
Since the projection optical unit is only folded in the meridional plane yz, the second imaging light plane yz coincides with the meridional plane.
FIG. 32
FIG. 32
15
16
15
33
4
16
5
depicts the beam path of in each case three individual rays emanating from three object field points which are spaced apart from one another in the y-direction in . What is depicted are the chief rays , i.e. the individual rays which pass through the center of a pupil in a pupil plane of the projection optical unit , and in each case an upper coma ray and a lower coma ray of these two object field points. Proceeding from the object field , the chief rays include an angle CRA of 5.2° with a normal of the object plane .
5
9
The object plane lies parallel to the image plane .
33
The projection optical unit has an image-side numerical aperture of 0.55.
33
4
1
6
15
FIG. 32
The projection optical unit according to has a total of six mirrors, which, proceeding from the object field , are numbered M to M in the sequence of the beam path of the individual rays .
FIG. 32
1
6
1
6
depicts sections of the calculated reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M. A portion of these calculated reflection surfaces is used. Only this actually used region of the reflection surfaces, plus an overhang, is actually present in the real mirrors M to M. These used reflection surfaces are carried in a known manner by mirror bodies.
33
1
6
3
7
1
6
FIG. 32
FIG. 32
In the projection optical unit according to , all mirrors M to M are configured as mirrors for normal incidence, that is to say as mirrors onto which the imaging light impinges with an angle of incidence that is smaller than 45°. Thus, overall, the projection optical unit according to has six mirrors M to M for normal incidence. These mirrors for normal incidence are also referred to as NI (normal incidence) mirrors.
7
The projection optical unit does not have a mirror for grazing incidence (GI mirror, grazing incidence mirror).
In principle, all described exemplary embodiments of the projection optical units can be mirrored about a plane extending parallel to the xz-plane without this changing fundamental imaging properties in the process.
1
6
1
6
3
4
The mirrors M to M carry a coating that optimizes the reflectivity of the mirrors M to M for the imaging light . These highly reflective layers can be embodied as multi-ply layers, where successive layers can be manufactured from different materials. Alternating material layers can also be used. A typical multi-ply layer can have fifty bilayers, respectively made of a layer of molybdenum and a layer of silicon. These may contain additional separation layers made of e.g. C (carbon), BC (boron carbide) and can be terminated by a protective layer or a protective layer system toward the vacuum.
Further information in respect of the reflectivity of NI mirrors (normal incidence mirrors) can be found in DE 101 55 711 A.
33
1
8
33
An overall reflectivity or system transmission of the projection optical unit , emerging as a product of the reflectivities of all mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit , is approximately R=7.0%.
6
8
17
3
4
5
6
17
1
5
The mirror M, that is to say the last mirror upstream of the image field in the imaging beam path, has a passage opening for the passage of the imaging light which is reflected from the antepenultimate mirror M toward the penultimate mirror M. The mirror M is used in a reflective manner around the passage opening . None of the other mirrors M to M have passage openings and the mirrors are used in a reflective manner in a continuous region without gaps.
33
18
4
5
18
17
17
8
17
18
In the first imaging light plane xz, the projection optical unit has exactly one first plane intermediate image in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M. This first plane intermediate image lies in the region of the passage opening . A distance between the passage opening and the image field is more than four times greater than a distance between the passage opening and the first plane intermediate image .
3
19
20
19
1
2
20
4
5
18
18
20
17
6
3
17
17
3
4
5
In the second imaging light plane yz that is perpendicular to the first imaging light plane xz, the imaging light passes through exactly two second plane intermediate images and . The first of these two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path. The other one of the two second plane intermediate images lies between the mirrors M and M in the imaging light beam path, in the region of the first plane intermediate image . Thus, both the first plane intermediate image and the second plane intermediate image lie in the region of the passage opening in the mirror M. The entire beam of the imaging light has a small diameter at the location of the passage opening . Accordingly, the diameter of the passage opening can be selected to be small without curtailing the imaging light in the partial beam path between the mirrors M and M.
33
33
33
33
The number of the first plane intermediate images, i.e. exactly one first plane intermediate image in the projection optical unit , and the number of the second plane intermediate images, i.e. exactly two second plane intermediate images in the projection optical unit , differ from one another in the projection optical unit . In the projection optical unit , this number of intermediate images differs by exactly one.
19
20
1
6
16
1
6
16
HR
The second imaging light plane yz, in which the greater number of intermediate images, namely the two second plane intermediate images and , are present, coincides with the folding plane yz of the mirrors M to M. This folding plane is the plane of incidence of the chief ray of the central field point upon reflection at the respective mirror M to M. The second plane intermediate images are not, as a rule, perpendicular to the chief ray of the central field point which defines the imaging light main propagation direction z. An intermediate image tilt angle, i.e. a deviation from this perpendicular arrangement, is arbitrary as a matter of principle and may lie between 0° and +/−89°.
18
19
20
18
19
20
18
20
18
20
a
a
a
a
a
Auxiliary devices , , can be arranged in the region of the intermediate images , , . These auxiliary devices to can be field stops for defining, at least in sections, a boundary of the imaging light beam. A field intensity prescription device in the style of an UNICOM, in particular with finger stops staggered in the x-direction, can also be arranged in one of the intermediate image planes of the intermediate images to .
1
6
33
1
6
1
6
The mirrors M to M are embodied as free-form surfaces which cannot be described by a rotationally symmetric function. Other embodiments of the projection optical unit , in which at least one of the mirrors M to M is embodied as a rotationally symmetric asphere, are also possible. An asphere equation for such a rotationally symmetric asphere is known from DE 10 2010 029 050 A1. It is also possible for all mirrors M to M to be embodied as such aspheres.
1
6
33
The following table summarizes the parameters “maximum angle of incidence”, “extent of the reflection surface in the x-direction”, “extent of the reflection surface in the y-direction” and “maximum mirror diameter” for the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit :
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
Maximum angle of
12.7
12.5
17.5
13.5
22.0
10.9
incidence [°]
Extent of the
763.7
426.9
524.9
913.0
407.7
793.7
reflection surface in the
x-direction [mm]
Extent of the reflection
315.7
148.3
256.7
354.4
206.6
767.7
surface in the
y-direction [mm]
Maximum mirror
763.9
426.9
524.9
913.0
407.8
793.8
diameter [mm]
1
6
5
A maximum angle of incidence of the imaging light on all mirrors M to M is less than 25°. This maximum angle of incidence is present on the mirror M and is 22.0°.
3
1
4
4
1
4
3
The maximum angle of incidence of the imaging light on the first four mirrors M to M in the imaging light beam path downstream of the object field is less than 20°. This largest angle of incidence on the first four mirrors M to M is present on the mirror M and is 17.5°.
4
1
6
33
1
4
A y/x-aspect ratio deviates most strongly from the value of 1 at the mirrors M of the mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit and there it has a value of approximately 1:2.6. In all other mirrors, the y/x-aspect ratio lies in the range between 1:1 and 1:2.5. An x/y-aspect ratio of the mirrors M to M is greater than 2:1 in each case.
4
1
3
5
6
The mirror M has the largest maximum mirror diameter with a diameter of 913 mm. None of the other mirrors M to M, M, M have a maximum diameter which is greater than 800 mm.
2
3
33
19
1
2
2
3
3
2
A pupil-defining aperture stop AS is arranged in the imaging light beam path between the mirrors M and M in the projection optical unit . In the region of the aperture stop AS, the entire imaging light beam is accessible over its entire circumference. The aperture stop AS restricts the entire external cross section of the entire imaging light beam. The aperture stop AS is arranged spatially adjacent to the second plane intermediate image . This arrangement renders it possible to fold the imaging light partial beam between the mirrors M and M little in relation to the imaging light partial beam between the mirrors M and M, and so a correspondingly low maximum angle of incidence of the entry rays of the imaging light on the mirror M results.
1
6
33
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the reflection surfaces of the mirrors M to M from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 32
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 32
NA
0.55
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.025
mm
Field curvature
0.012055 1/mm
rms
14.8
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 32
Surface
Radius_x[mm]
Power_x[1/mm]
Radius_y[mm]
Power_y[1/mm]
Operating mode
M6
−858.8749765
0.0023024
−737.8428816
0.0027415
REFL
M5
11682.0944369
−0.0001709
534.1551388
−0.0037506
REFL
M4
−1809.2188844
0.0010846
−1922.0843519
0.0010605
REFL
M3
6440.5662221
−0.0003000
−50750.8327561
0.0000408
REFL
M2
4674.6964470
−0.0004248
−1689.0780794
0.0011926
REFL
M1
−3024.6211530
0.0006495
−1563.8351466
0.0013020
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 32
Coefficient
M6
M5
M4
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−858.87497650
11682.09444000
−1809.21888400
C7
−1.75601165e−08
9.76351323e−07
9.24894814e−09
C9
4.12151659e−08
−1.56366742e−06
−1.30495858e−08
C10
−2.3717266e−11
4.05325511e−10
−5.79972529e−12
C12
−7.77186732e−11
8.75399624e−10
−3.79452218e−12
C14
−9.96610891e−12
4.36073106e−09
−4.96523891e−13
C16
−4.78999259e−14
1.32627983e−12
3.34101424e−15
C18
3.80178838e−14
2.2544009e−12
−4.32759723e−15
C20
6.511239e−14
−1.98197357e−11
1.12275782e−14
C21
−3.92631731e−17
5.49613894e−16
−2.56249544e−18
C23
−1.90245505e−16
4.01086987e−15
−4.40565287e−18
C25
−1.74273842e−16
−1.5885968e−14
8.76955689e−18
C27
−2.10056418e−17
7.29644441e−14
−4.39478392e−17
C29
−6.92447499e−20
7.26806853e−19
−1.16221193e−21
C31
−9.67320853e−22
−9.07342399e−18
2.09560033e−20
C33
1.58051548e−19
8.64687575e−17
9.71341566e−20
C35
1.31073342e−19
−6.14527486e−16
1.0702907e−19
C36
−7.37235909e−23
1.62385505e−21
−1.65841605e−24
C38
−3.82619485e−22
−2.24043808e−21
−2.45488766e−24
C40
−6.28798296e−22
9.40837613e−20
−4.20470613e−23
C42
−3.62609295e−22
−1.26850842e−18
3.32122136e−22
C44
−1.13486477e−23
2.74573501e−18
1.21683021e−22
C46
−1.37331048e−25
4.2081407e−23
5.7969842e−27
C48
−1.47293299e−25
2.88686689e−22
−2.23585834e−26
C50
2.07891229e−25
−2.45657195e−22
−8.67407678e−25
C52
5.16694591e−25
4.84753531e−21
−2.97297137e−24
C54
2.27538477e−25
6.32501824e−21
−1.05704009e−23
C55
−3.24119108e−29
−3.08147298e−26
5.64088431e−30
C57
−6.41610415e−28
3.57346972e−25
−2.00859294e−29
C59
−1.69412665e−27
2.06843583e−24
−9.52490119e−29
C61
−1.72411595e−27
−2.47503441e−24
1.97416699e−27
C63
−5.7995256e−28
4.01267717e−23
−3.83090877e−26
C65
−1.635162e−29
−4.62428375e−23
1.21532476e−25
C67
1.22726086e−31
−1.2494157e−27
−6.17049136e−32
C69
2.84133671e−31
−5.44453482e−27
−7.76588296e−31
C71
4.44381319e−31
−3.78606642e−26
−2.18932157e−31
C73
1.77800746e−30
−4.15333379e−26
1.78648032e−29
C75
1.6160079e−30
−1.24201006e−25
3.46971259e−29
C77
3.10049067e−31
−3.13835508e−25
−2.00008177e−29
C78
−4.00765463e−34
3.71999699e−31
−2.61982192e−35
C80
−2.12693373e−33
−8.2624255e−30
5.31477481e−34
C82
−4.00467472e−33
−9.39873312e−29
8.16603132e−33
C84
−6.27063161e−33
−1.0314431e−28
1.14008163e−32
C86
−3.54293249e−33
9.4886599e−28
−3.12780164e−32
C88
−9.29818695e−34
−5.58939473e−27
2.06573781e−30
C90
−7.896513e−34
−1.32131239e−27
−6.03635915e−30
C92
−5.73838546e−37
1.70280303e−32
2.4443233e−37
C94
−3.39136484e−36
9.34845871e−32
5.29050095e−36
C96
−2.86917081e−36
5.06073109e−31
3.61960832e−35
C98
5.07534678e−37
3.15612468e−30
4.78854298e−35
C100
−2.99347712e−36
−6.44314e−30
5.76086779e−35
C102
−1.31255149e−36
3.67811047e−29
4.76487931e−34
C104
1.74787841e−36
−1.59011113e−29
2.31589865e−32
C105
−1.31762349e−40
1.09344483e−36
5.14787253e−41
C107
3.54057177e−39
1.10846109e−34
−2.64963079e−39
C109
−1.78073131e−39
1.72014461e−33
−6.49527987e−38
C111
−1.55177824e−39
3.05219736e−33
−3.04866424e−37
C113
9.44170173e−40
−1.606718e−32
3.01731009e−37
C115
−6.64945728e−39
−5.29558524e−33
6.40489097e−37
C117
−3.11940525e−39
7.18345117e−32
−4.90591508e−35
C119
5.50110677e−39
7.25898814e−31
6.03700342e−35
C121
−9.71158605e−43
−6.95775525e−38
−3.26101881e−43
C123
7.23217134e−43
−3.34409103e−37
−1.06619266e−41
C125
−5.69478444e−43
−2.68711867e−36
−1.08286695e−40
C127
1.01640903e−41
−1.59432765e−35
−5.65210621e−40
C129
3.54945098e−41
−6.92583272e−35
−6.24703952e−40
C131
5.75167037e−41
1.44445437e−34
−5.42019444e−39
C133
3.08126364e−41
−1.06727558e−33
−1.50612862e−38
C135
2.19317005e−42
−4.78626916e−33
−4.47539966e−37
C136
−2.9364696e−46
−2.35545286e−41
−3.64930823e−47
C138
−1.90854146e−44
−2.28045861e−40
4.04460613e−45
C140
−4.87396267e−44
−1.12315129e−38
1.50547812e−43
C142
−1.22392623e−43
−5.18269145e−39
1.08187079e−42
C144
−1.5701492e−43
8.12616097e−38
2.14893577e−42
C146
−1.41544082e−43
7.94029513e−37
−2.09572031e−41
C148
−4.16578745e−44
−1.02187357e−37
−5.68091764e−42
C150
−4.93563592e−45
2.08165148e−36
4.3697037e−40
C152
−1.23605467e−44
9.57945472e−36
5.32462749e−40
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 32
Coef-
ficient
M3
M2
M1
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
6440.56622200
4674.69644700
−3024.62115300
C7
−2.75621082e−08
1.33344077e−07
8.13680852e−09
C9
2.13772967e−07
−4.88439323e−07
−5.25766875e−08
C10
9.05428093e−11
2.4651278e−10
−4.04575459e−12
C12
9.97338804e−11
3.42470844e−10
−1.29491379e−11
C14
8.68032839e−11
7.31944141e−10
7.96400769e−12
C16
−2.05047244e−13
−1.75843577e−13
5.544904e−16
C18
1.34167844e−13
−1.38921296e−12
−7.29182129e−15
C20
1.73209287e−13
−1.66984422e−12
3.01026401e−14
C21
9.16122712e−17
4.83036548e−16
−8.06064519e−19
C23
−1.09772479e−16
1.07200979e−15
−1.50707101e−18
C25
−7.56588666e−16
5.73756053e−15
−8.45373733e−18
C27
−1.67309364e−15
4.42677763e−15
3.25143759e−17
C29
2.16545447e−19
−1.13834484e−18
−9.71555651e−22
C31
−5.68407901e−19
−8.59930026e−18
1.00947506e−21
C33
−6.38803875e−18
−1.94419133e−17
−2.20716112e−20
C35
−6.0317108e−18
−1.84553665e−16
−9.50209226e−19
C36
4.37147715e−22
8.94388533e−22
3.17263448e−25
C38
−2.31254227e−22
5.73932727e−21
−5.13351486e−24
C40
−4.04758904e−21
1.11881151e−20
3.52315788e−23
C42
−3.17472839e−20
3.32163198e−19
6.48990287e−22
C44
−9.85162714e−20
1.8034724e−18
7.74038563e−21
C46
−4.1324221e−24
1.07264182e−23
6.57538448e−27
C48
−1.08450683e−23
1.14076514e−22
−1.23024327e−27
C50
3.68038057e−23
1.77193073e−21
−5.48205165e−26
C52
2.16095044e−22
6.33924939e−21
−2.14983022e−24
C54
2.41539568e−22
3.18513118e−20
4.11656476e−23
C55
−5.4475152e−27
8.76303942e−27
−2.46528392e−30
C57
8.2180888e−27
−4.28356923e−26
1.32430341e−28
C59
1.53403997e−25
−9.18224618e−25
−1.73597019e−28
C61
4.03258962e−25
2.60047232e−24
−4.7745939e−27
C63
3.53575651e−24
−7.63901326e−23
−6.04547381e−26
C65
8.31549041e−24
−4.35078172e−22
−7.54618751e−25
C67
9.87087274e−29
−3.56838335e−28
−8.88835362e−32
C69
6.42776984e−28
−2.84407951e−27
−5.61337491e−31
C71
1.01602965e−27
−4.57862438e−26
−4.00758063e−30
C73
1.41613033e−30
−6.37072226e−25
9.87094819e−30
C75
4.43477538e−27
−1.92873559e−24
1.24431428e−28
C77
5.64483223e−27
−2.99431785e−24
−1.94178739e−27
C78
6.57189519e−32
−3.55474086e−32
4.93765851e−36
C80
−3.95411808e−31
−6.34983549e−32
−1.37798134e−33
C82
−6.45360265e−30
5.97194435e−30
−1.79738233e−33
C84
−1.76221617e−29
−3.4243908e−28
9.45814317e−32
C86
−4.93632546e−29
−2.90233773e−27
4.84143104e−31
C88
−3.47366201e−28
1.64734281e−26
2.85035612e−30
C90
−5.69693718e−28
8.7332442e−26
3.51411701e−29
C92
−9.41428626e−34
4.07301235e−33
4.99363876e−37
C94
−9.52828137e−33
3.91076643e−32
6.51134396e−36
C96
−4.03443132e−32
6.72956002e−31
4.31274648e−35
C98
−8.16791536e−32
1.07442969e−29
2.93394382e−34
C100
−5.06109148e−31
1.46674302e−28
−1.25604389e−33
C102
−2.27324283e−30
4.12153973e−28
−4.12484361e−33
C104
−3.25497507e−30
3.17476096e−28
7.96225335e−32
C105
−2.84264594e−37
−8.01264065e−37
6.15642053e−41
C107
4.14759235e−36
2.17790829e−35
6.4351619e−39
C109
1.13957341e−34
3.89579308e−34
2.3184794e−38
C111
3.64220606e−34
1.62536408e−32
−7.22249316e−37
C113
4.64657733e−34
1.53002667e−31
−5.7129879e−36
C115
2.88642202e−34
1.00791788e−30
−2.03780388e−35
C117
7.44826089e−33
−4.72609071e−31
−5.56109055e−35
C119
1.00966682e−32
−7.69819227e−30
−6.86936805e−34
C121
3.10161513e−39
−1.4205369e−38
−9.82000697e−43
C123
4.61926649e−38
−8.58182682e−38
−2.14923463e−41
C125
2.73215469e−37
−4.42601259e−36
−1.52471202e−40
C127
9.55584866e−37
−5.38081705e−35
−1.039324e−39
C129
4.89550473e−36
−1.37871892e−33
−4.79859802e−39
C131
2.76267148e−35
−1.46401094e−32
3.70949403e−38
C133
1.08744782e−34
−3.75359399e−32
5.38604799e−38
C135
1.43759826e−34
−3.76390962e−32
−1.31857729e−36
C136
3.12192213e−43
8.75181853e−42
−2.53432908e−46
C138
−1.15972236e−41
−2.91207673e−40
−1.15659019e−44
C140
−6.88975315e−40
−6.99129714e−39
−4.69836892e−44
C142
−2.90125414e−39
−2.13001905e−37
1.46558091e−42
C144
−4.26224447e−39
−2.15878626e−36
2.57968797e−41
C146
2.12388457e−38
−1.92354163e−35
8.70323809e−41
C148
1.00587068e−37
−1.25257261e−34
3.0826717e−40
C150
2.69054759e−37
−1.60142154e−34
2.17287446e−40
C152
3.45264757e−37
4.28993407e−35
3.7668963e−39
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 32
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M6
0.00000000
0.00000000
680.26363148
M5
0.00000000
175.01413342
115.40717146
0
0.00000000
67.03531830
696.81352059
M4
0.00000000
−177.89118720
2015.60763050
M3
0.00000000
463.67514111
1019.61228072
Stop
0.00000000
437.35060541
1536.16364485
M2
0.00000000
411.13780579
2050.52247554
M1
0.00000000
916.20837074
360.59865458
Object
0.00000000
1103.19655335
2500.12593849
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 32
Surface
TLA [deg]
TLB [deg]
TLC [deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
8.60749020
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
13.86804194
180.00000000
0.00000000
Stop
1.91361326
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M4
21.65427373
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
17.85241632
180.00000000
0.00000000
AS
−1.32428889
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
9.77865522
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M1
5.82256804
180.00000000
0.00000000
Object
0.00521430
0.00000000
−0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 32
Surface
Angle of incidence [deg]
Reflectivity
M6
8.60749020
0.65767358
M5
3.34693847
0.66458709
M4
11.13317026
0.65184268
M3
14.93502767
0.63931878
M2
6.86126657
0.66070757
M1
10.81735374
0.65267164
Overall transmission
0.0785
TABLE 6
for FIG. 32
X [mm]
Y [mm]
Z [mm]
−0.00000000
−112.29771418
0.00000000
−33.95300806
−110.50829091
0.00000000
−67.19709735
−105.23305301
0.00000000
−99.02112992
−96.74222105
0.00000000
−128.70836648
−85.46276877
0.00000000
−155.53408145
−71.94865414
0.00000000
−178.77033514
−56.83454541
0.00000000
−197.70656829
−40.78032165
0.00000000
−211.69220377
−24.42406785
0.00000000
−220.19846094
−8.34604314
0.00000000
−222.88505781
6.96008041
0.00000000
−219.65050117
21.10835728
0.00000000
−210.64850400
33.82750503
0.00000000
−196.26500687
44.95249418
0.00000000
−177.06410535
54.40979859
0.00000000
−153.72103885
62.20042270
0.00000000
−126.96076580
68.38008729
0.00000000
−97.51311407
73.03741008
0.00000000
−66.08745553
76.27157774
0.00000000
−33.36449943
78.17125573
0.00000000
−0.00000000
78.79727683
0.00000000
33.36449943
78.17125573
0.00000000
66.08745553
76.27157774
0.00000000
97.51311407
73.03741008
0.00000000
126.96076580
68.38008729
0.00000000
153.72103885
62.20042270
0.00000000
177.06410535
54.40979859
0.00000000
196.26500687
44.95249418
0.00000000
210.64850400
33.82750503
0.00000000
219.65050117
21.10835728
0.00000000
222.88505781
6.96008041
0.00000000
220.19846094
−8.34604314
0.00000000
211.69220377
−24.42406785
0.00000000
197.70656829
−40.78032165
0.00000000
178.77033514
−56.83454541
0.00000000
155.53408145
−71.94865414
0.00000000
128.70836648
−85.46276877
0.00000000
99.02112992
−96.74222105
0.00000000
67.19709735
−105.23305301
0.00000000
33.95300806
−110.50829091
0.00000000
33
An overall reflectivity of the projection optical unit is approximately 7.85%.
9
The reference axes of the mirrors are generally tilted with respect to a normal of the image plane , as is made clear by the tilt values in the tables.
8
33
3
The image field has an x-extent of two-times 13 mm and a y-extent of 1 mm. The projection optical unit is optimized for an operating wavelength of the illumination light of 13.5 nm.
6
3
FIG. 32
An edge of a stop surface of the stop (cf., also, table for ) emerges from intersection points on the stop surface of all rays of the illumination light which, on the image side, propagate at the field center point in the direction of the stop surface with a complete image-side telecentric aperture. When the stop is embodied as an aperture stop, the edge is an inner edge.
The stop AS can lie in a plane or else have a three-dimensional embodiment. The extent of the stop AS can be smaller in the scan direction (y) than in the cross scan direction (x).
33
5
9
An installation length of the projection optical unit in the z-direction, i.e. a distance between the object plane and the image plane , is approximately 2500 mm.
33
17
18
33
2
In the projection optical unit , a pupil obscuration is 15% of the entire aperture of the entry pupil. Thus, less than 15% of the numerical aperture is obscured as a result of the passage opening . The obscuration edge is constructed in a manner analogous to the construction of the stop edge explained above in conjunction with the stop . In the case of an embodiment as an obscuration stop, the edge is an outer edge of the stop. In a system pupil of the projection optical unit , a surface which cannot be illuminated due to the obscuration is less than 0.15of the surface of the overall system pupil. The non-illuminated surface within the system pupil can have a different extent in the x-direction than in the y-direction. The non-illuminated surface in the system pupil can be round, elliptical, square or rectangular. Moreover, this surface in the system pupil which cannot be illuminated can be decentered in the x-direction and/or in the y-direction in relation to a center of the system pupil.
OIS
5
9
A y-distance d(object-image offset) between a central object field point and a central image field point is approximately 1100 mm. A working distance between the mirror M and the image plane is 90 mm.
33
The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with the xyz-edge lengths of 913 mm×1418 mm×1984 mm.
33
The projection optical unit is approximately telecentric on the image side.
34
1
7
34
FIG. 1
FIGS. 33 and 35
FIG. 33
FIG. 35
FIGS. 1 to 32 and 34
A further embodiment of a projection optical unit , which can be used in the projection exposure apparatus according to instead of the projection optical unit , is explained in the following text on the basis of . shows, once again, a meridional section and shows a sagittal view of the projection optical unit . Components and functions which were already explained above in the context of are denoted, where applicable, by the same reference signs and are not discussed again in detail.
1
6
The mirrors M to M are once again embodied as free-form surface mirrors, for which the free-form surface equation (1) specified above applies.
1
6
34
The following table once again shows the mirror parameters of mirrors M to M of the projection optical unit .
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
Maximum angle of
9.0
14.2
16.6
11.3
21.4
9.7
incidence [°]
Extent of the
509.7
525.9
442.0
857.3
464.6
950.6
reflection surface in the
x-direction [mm]
Extent of the reflection
210.7
153.5
171.9
293.9
172.2
917.1
surface in the
y-direction [mm]
Maximum mirror
509.7
526.0
442.1
857.3
464.6
950.9
diameter [mm]
1
6
2
None of the mirrors M to M has a y/x-aspect ratio of its reflection surface that is greater than 1. The mirror M has the smallest y/x-aspect ratio at approximately 1:3.4.
6
Here, the mirror M has the largest maximum mirror diameter, measuring 950.9 mm.
34
7
FIG. 2
The optical design data from the projection optical unit can be gathered from the following tables, which, in terms of their design, correspond to the tables for the projection optical unit according to .
TABLE 1
for FIG. 33
Exemplary embodiment
FIG. 33
NA
0.55
Wavelength
13.5
nm
beta_x
4.0
beta_y
−8.0
Field dimension_x
26.0
mm
Field dimension_y
1.2
mm
Field curvature
0.012345
1/mm
rms
15.3
ml
Stop
AS
TABLE 2
for FIG. 33
Operating
Surface
Radius_x [mm]
Power_x [1/mm]
Radius_y [mm]
Power_y [1/mm]
mode
M6
−1006.7284257
0.0019693
−842.2517827
0.0023954
REFL
M5
5965.3172078
−0.0003353
391.8243663
−0.0051043
REFL
M4
−1561.8151501
0.0012619
−1649.3044398
0.0012306
REFL
M3
1880.6366574
−0.0010299
3383.4646405
−0.0006104
REFL
M2
−5843.2989604
0.0003379
−914.8700717
0.0022144
REFL
M1
−4100.6049314
0.0004851
−898.9161353
0.0022371
REFL
TABLE 3a
for FIG. 33
Coef-
ficient
M6
M5
M4
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
−1006.72842600
5965.31720800
−1561.81515000
C7
−2.36080773e−08
1.28554798e−06
3.94514132e−09
C9
−4.2069464e−09
1.07681842e−06
−1.62903175e−09
C10
−1.17644873e−11
4.17941495e−10
−6.48276378e−12
C12
−3.59134517e−11
2.88742693e−09
1.76483997e−11
C14
−1.63305797e−11
6.95203918e−09
3.4186017e−13
C16
−3.32910335e−14
1.11774422e−12
7.60337079e−16
C18
−3.36483434e−14
1.32703447e−11
6.40178912e−15
C20
−7.90772381e−15
1.3867734e−11
2.20113512e−14
C21
−2.39696783e−17
7.7521509e−16
−5.4865664e−18
C23
−7.21389701e−17
1.13884842e−14
4.97674411e−18
C25
−8.58520679e−17
5.1496675e−14
1.61922965e−17
C27
−2.49737385e−17
1.03640903e−13
5.2042106e−17
C29
−2.36771533e−20
6.69920634e−18
−2.46740499e−21
C31
−7.23068755e−20
7.48829488e−17
2.94884664e−20
C33
−5.04364058e−20
3.19263293e−16
9.68386762e−20
C35
−8.81491788e−21
4.7637767e−17
1.61788245e−19
C36
−3.07931348e−23
1.88599363e−21
−4.7228178e−25
C38
−1.2368233e−22
3.86262162e−20
1.5000994e−23
C40
−2.10717929e−22
3.74624343e−19
−1.71575087e−22
C42
−1.55975256e−22
5.55280341e−19
−2.29927658e−21
C44
−3.49712831e−23
2.54793079e−19
−4.86801861e−21
C46
−2.66204224e−26
6.027065e−24
8.05564747e−27
C48
−1.06852252e−25
1.35565132e−22
−2.12494726e−26
C50
−1.39905245e−25
1.28558155e−21
3.31373857e−25
C52
−7.38507052e−26
3.91068516e−21
5.70573409e−24
C54
−1.20370276e−26
−7.12291126e−21
1.41345158e−24
C55
−2.69457175e−29
−2.23174837e−27
−2.1395474e−30
C57
−1.77986898e−28
3.32509965e−25
−1.48447807e−28
C59
−3.66895205e−28
3.53118757e−24
3.27794124e−28
C61
−3.98218369e−28
2.6586045e−23
1.89615686e−26
C63
−2.03566054e−28
4.0294128e−23
1.00894697e−25
C65
−5.30268041e−29
3.23594134e−22
1.13309229e−25
C67
−3.0047318e−32
2.9829458e−28
−1.83843732e−32
C69
−1.55074503e−31
7.06201039e−27
−2.03057508e−31
C71
−4.70669939e−31
7.46696177e−26
1.53278455e−30
C73
−3.89482265e−31
1.82406791e−25
−5.45541074e−29
C75
−8.18915595e−32
8.6022715e−25
−3.66861957e−28
C77
−8.15530371e−33
6.57527779e−25
−1.39584841e−28
C78
−3.3235481e−35
6.71728717e−32
1.15787845e−35
C80
−2.61100277e−34
−1.18245822e−30
1.13061166e−33
C82
−1.07477883e−33
3.624861e−29
3.47838169e−33
C84
−1.84308773e−33
−9.0142297e−29
−5.12555002e−32
C86
−1.82743964e−33
−1.42012455e−27
−5.72799315e−31
C88
−9.28722157e−34
−1.85608864e−27
−1.62324547e−30
C90
−1.04744708e−34
−2.7671563e−26
−3.15634748e−31
C92
−1.28436626e−37
−3.28236635e−33
4.59915186e−38
C94
−4.58925734e−37
−6.13084953e−32
1.76190676e−36
C96
1.46331065e−37
−1.19479671e−30
1.11464545e−35
C98
5.73381884e−37
−1.06320106e−29
9.94287718e−36
C100
2.03899668e−37
−2.83336892e−29
1.19466153e−33
C102
−3.72313868e−37
−1.09821473e−28
6.56891196e−33
C104
−1.33892457e−37
8.26930634e−29
6.75668551e−34
C105
2.54605643e−42
−2.91865459e−37
−2.91255207e−41
C107
4.2759669e−40
4.89002957e−36
−3.18092396e−39
C109
1.37326821e−39
−5.61432253e−34
−2.61564889e−38
C111
2.26926013e−39
−8.66021369e−33
−3.59867394e−38
C113
3.77714415e−39
−1.88255881e−32
1.06600252e−36
C115
3.89548381e−39
−7.64730421e−32
6.80748387e−36
C117
2.09996643e−39
−3.16857153e−32
2.850714e−36
C119
2.54320661e−40
3.19444666e−31
−1.04473406e−35
C121
1.21614444e−43
2.32998757e−38
0
C123
6.49368051e−44
5.04254106e−37
0
C125
−2.89343618e−42
7.30943297e−36
0
C127
−6.07402874e−42
1.21067923e−34
0
C129
−6.32771343e−42
7.23619769e−34
0
C131
−3.36969492e−42
1.2428046e−33
0
C133
−2.104793e−43
3.52791806e−33
0
C135
1.77306314e−43
−1.02737596e−32
0
C136
−1.52575809e−46
2.12924071e−42
0
C138
−2.30237851e−45
2.07292225e−40
0
C140
−7.87878875e−45
4.36510753e−39
0
C142
−1.5800379e−44
9.4878367e−38
0
C144
−2.52175277e−44
9.4252e−37
0
C146
−2.658207e−44
3.21331684e−36
0
C148
−1.73727174e−44
1.06350303e−35
0
C150
−6.65813017e−45
−1.05592399e−35
0
C152
−8.98636196e−46
3.26212163e−35
0
TABLE 3b
for FIG. 33
Coef-
ficient
M3
M2
M1
KY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
KX
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
RX
1880.63665700
−5843.29896000
−4100.60493100
C7
−4.94029343e−08
1.49179578e−07
7.73453613e−09
C9
1.90649177e−07
−1.56715489e−08
3.20483091e−08
C10
8.97962559e−11
1.04449418e−10
−2.45522201e−11
C12
−8.62966033e−10
−3.739312e−12
−1.01617201e−10
C14
1.72078355e−10
−1.31318293e−10
−2.77000383e−10
C16
−2.00154532e−13
−9.73768186e−14
2.03576356e−14
C18
−9.11364311e−13
−1.58355358e−13
1.94910249e−13
C20
−2.01758014e−12
4.96235302e−13
−6.81883948e−13
C21
7.35882998e−16
8.20220031e−17
−4.61681069e−18
C23
4.83251272e−16
1.51701684e−16
−7.82206035e−18
C25
2.49131175e−15
−7.21394993e−16
3.21596342e−16
C27
−4.5294101e−15
−2.73671786e−15
−1.27108558e−15
C29
1.74504569e−18
−1.9860959e−21
−2.12228815e−20
C31
−2.18679872e−18
5.75861209e−19
−2.22428091e−19
C33
−9.36508454e−18
−1.31083424e−18
−9.06535225e−20
C35
−4.96430229e−17
−3.13301142e−17
−3.51793744e−17
C36
3.43328396e−22
8.20150186e−23
3.04376562e−23
C38
−1.35049644e−20
1.73800191e−21
1.58444309e−22
C40
7.32106265e−21
2.64009548e−20
1.87047244e−21
C42
4.07732261e−19
2.4290507e−19
1.91910499e−20
C44
6.44543663e−19
9.92250873e−19
−1.3098699e−19
C46
−1.1357514e−23
−6.85737803e−25
−6.72152116e−26
C48
1.88750153e−23
−8.28542257e−24
9.48692673e−25
C50
2.43074745e−22
1.86471291e−22
2.91710329e−24
C52
4.11977741e−22
2.03147349e−21
−2.07056289e−23
C54
4.49237652e−21
3.61364485e−23
−2.45380768e−23
C55
−1.28868081e−27
1.40543445e−27
−8.73981974e−28
C57
3.3048524e−25
−3.74175772e−26
−2.95434759e−28
C59
3.91588107e−25
−5.74632156e−25
6.78617966e−27
C61
−1.12703785e−23
−9.65404462e−24
−5.41578074e−25
C63
−5.52941228e−23
−6.43759572e−23
−3.28650311e−24
C65
−1.17857183e−24
−2.55557626e−22
1.29846463e−24
C67
5.60276243e−30
1.246671e−29
2.14903234e−30
C69
−2.96093489e−28
1.81147151e−28
6.03676056e−30
C71
−1.53896678e−26
1.04355606e−27
6.52210129e−29
C73
−5.38762556e−27
−6.35307839e−26
2.61271121e−28
C75
7.03953591e−26
−3.37289815e−25
3.72205453e−28
C77
−2.39732418e−25
4.3699226e−25
6.61454986e−26
C78
−7.38287739e−32
−5.15111147e−33
7.78620254e−33
C80
−8.0679497e−30
5.93676557e−31
−1.10593906e−32
C82
−1.86642027e−29
7.6402297e−30
−7.5135761e−31
C84
1.46666077e−28
1.53054394e−28
4.2156926e−30
C86
1.16839579e−27
1.93800725e−27
7.20454782e−29
C88
2.71039548e−27
9.64306599e−27
2.63101456e−28
C90
−5.57449245e−27
3.35251116e−26
1.62675507e−28
C92
6.90715973e−35
−7.74524297e−35
−1.59436458e−35
C94
−3.53289956e−33
−9.77085827e−34
−6.04425154e−35
C96
1.38988534e−31
−2.7791015e−32
−8.37212226e−34
C98
1.05676201e−30
4.47091465e−32
−4.218493e−33
C100
−2.8300685e−31
4.8671863e−30
−9.32282295e−33
C102
−4.21395731e−30
1.61442883e−29
−2.37304382e−32
C104
4.27990879e−30
−4.06284648e−29
−3.24174527e−30
C105
8.74018101e−37
9.1640292e−39
−2.68034362e−38
C107
7.20609305e−35
−3.31672266e−36
6.17847878e−38
C109
3.05138754e−34
−4.71797412e−35
6.49183349e−36
C111
−1.16191956e−33
−6.0757407e−34
1.55751393e−35
C113
−1.12796824e−32
−1.48310841e−32
−4.66813792e−34
C115
−4.60817817e−32
−1.3034314e−31
−2.94237332e−33
C117
−5.07248021e−32
−5.0498434e−31
−8.09943855e−33
C119
3.25810602e−31
−1.65054488e−30
−1.34504174e−32
TABLE 4a
for FIG. 33
Surface
DCX
DCY
DCZ
Image
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
M6
0.00000000
0.00000000
823.56702252
M5
0.00000000
180.17345446
156.98468248
M4
0.00000000
−344.49567167
2142.94126767
M3
0.00000000
169.32702293
1392.39086385
Stop
0.00000000
124.47525498
1855.02797681
M2
0.00000000
62.86723152
2490.50255031
M1
0.00000000
488.47152498
1529.14826845
Object
0.00000000
177.89305993
3000.03510500
TABLE 4b
for FIG. 33
Surface
TLA [deg]
TLB [deg]
TLC [deg]
Image
−0.00000000
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M6
7.56264709
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M5
14.96206408
180.00000000
0.00000000
M4
24.59708091
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M3
19.96636844
180.00000000
0.00000000
Stop
8.44368788
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M2
14.70850835
0.00000000
−0.00000000
M1
17.90125287
180.00000000
0.00000000
Object
16.92289808
0.00000000
−0.00000000
TABLE 5
for FIG. 33
Surface
Angle of incidence [deg]
Reflectivity
M6
7.56264709
0.65958150
M5
0.16323010
0.66566562
M4
9.79824693
0.65514770
M3
14.42895939
0.64127863
M2
9.17109930
0.65652593
M1
5.97835478
0.66195441
Overall transmis-
0.0802
TABLE 6
for FIG. 33
X [mm]
Y [mm]
Z [mm]
−0.00000000
−74.47687523
0.00000000
−33.42303871
−73.30016348
0.00000000
−66.20895326
−69.81789891
0.00000000
−97.69836577
−64.16914383
0.00000000
−127.19700543
−56.57212560
0.00000000
−153.97830881
−47.30798153
0.00000000
−177.30271236
−36.70256857
0.00000000
−196.45254533
−25.10940417
0.00000000
−210.77915870
−12.89656449
0.00000000
−219.75712654
−0.43675223
0.00000000
−223.03684474
11.90374040
0.00000000
−220.48252499
23.78006122
0.00000000
−212.18414282
34.88544628
0.00000000
−198.44034760
44.96581894
0.00000000
−179.71982840
53.82983649
0.00000000
−156.61422236
61.35361805
0.00000000
−129.79477480
67.47742250
0.00000000
−99.97891473
72.19240955
0.00000000
−67.90733792
75.52146833
0.00000000
−34.33014480
77.49927798
0.00000000
−0.00000000
78.15483696
0.00000000
34.33014480
77.49927798
0.00000000
67.90733792
75.52146833
0.00000000
99.97891473
72.19240955
0.00000000
129.79477480
67.47742250
0.00000000
156.61422236
61.35361805
0.00000000
179.71982840
53.82983649
0.00000000
198.44034760
44.96581894
0.00000000
212.18414282
34.88544628
0.00000000
220.48252499
23.78006122
0.00000000
223.03684474
11.90374040
0.00000000
219.75712654
−0.43675223
0.00000000
210.77915870
−12.89656449
0.00000000
196.45254533
−25.10940417
0.00000000
177.30271236
−36.70256857
0.00000000
153.97830881
−47.30798153
0.00000000
127.19700543
−56.57212560
0.00000000
97.69836577
−64.16914383
0.00000000
66.20895326
−69.81789891
0.00000000
33.42303871
−73.30016348
0.00000000
34
An overall reflectivity of the projection optical unit is approximately 8.02%.
34
34
21
34
7
x
y
OIS
OIS
FIG. 32
The projection optical unit has an image-side numerical aperture of 0.55. In the first imaging light plane xz, the projection optical unit has a reduction factor βof 4.00. In the second imaging light plane yz, the projection optical unit has a reduction factor βof −8.00. An object-side chief ray angle is 5.2°. An installed length of the projection optical unit is approximately 3000 mm. A pupil obscuration is 9%. An object-image offset dis approximately 177.89 mm and is therefore significantly smaller than the object-image offset dof the projection optical unit according to .
34
The mirrors of the projection optical unit can be housed in a cuboid with xyz-edge lengths of 951 mm×1047 mm×2380 mm.
10
5
9
FIG. 33
The reticle and hence the object plane are tilted relative to the image plane at an angle T of 10° about the x-axis. This tilt angle T is indicated in .
5
9
A working distance between the mirror M closest to the wafer and the image plane is approximately 126 mm.
Some data of projection optical units described above are summarized again in tables I and II below. The respective first column serves to assign the data to the respective exemplary embodiment.
The following table I summarizes the optical parameters of numerical aperture (NA), image field extent in the x-direction (Fieldsize X), image field extent in the y-direction (Fieldsize Y), image field curvature (field curvature) and overall reflectivity or system transmission (transmission).
8
1
FIG. 2
The following table II specifies the parameters “sequence of the mirror type” (mirror type order), “sequence of the mirror deflection effect” (mirror rotation order), “refractive power sequence in the xz-plane” (x power order) and “refractive power sequence in the yz-plane” (y power order). These sequences respectively start with the last mirror in the beam path, i.e. follow the reverse beam direction. By way of example, the sequence “R0LLRRRL” relates to the deflection effect in the sequence M to M in the embodiment according to .
TABLE I
FIG.
NA
FIELDSIZE X
FIELDSIZE Y
FIELD CURVATURE
TRANSMISSION %
2
0.55
26
1
0.0123455
8.02
5
0.5
26
1.2
0
9.11
8
0.5
26
1
−0.0123455
7.82
11
0.55
26
1
0.0123455
8.32
14
0.45
26
1.2
0
9.29
17
0.5
26
1
0.0123455
7.2
20
0.5
26
1.2
0
9.67
23
0.55
26
1
−0.0123455
9.88
26
0.55
26
1
−0.0123455
8.72
TABLE II
MIRROR TYPE
MIRROR ROTATION
FIG.
ORDER
ORDER
xPOWER ORDER
yPOWER ORDER
2
NNGGNGGN
ROLLRRRL
+−−−+−−+
+−++++++
5
NNGGNGGN
RRLLRRRL
+−++++−+
+−++++++
8
NNNNNN
LOLRLR
+−+−+−
+−++++
11
NNGGNGGN
ROLLRRRL
+−−−+−−+
+−−−++++
14
NNGGGGN
ROLLLLR
+++++++
+−+++−+
17
NNGGGNGGG
LORRRRRRR
+−++++−−+
+−++−+−++
20
NNGGGGGGN
ROLLLLLLR
+++++++++
+−++++−−+
23
NNGGGGGGGN
RORRRRRRRL
+−+++++−−+
+−−+++++−+
26
NNGGGGGGGN
RORRRRRRRL
+−+++++−−+
+−−+++++−+
FIG. 5
In the mirror type, the specification “N” relates to a normal incidence (NI) mirror and the designation “G” relates to a grazing incidence (GI) mirror. In the refractive power sequences, “+” represents a concave mirror surface and “−” represents a convex mirror surface. When comparing the refractive power sequences in x and y, it is possible to see that all exemplary embodiments, with the exception of e.g. the embodiment according to , have different refractive power sequences in x and y. These mirrors with different signs in the refractive power in x and y represent saddles or toric surfaces. To the extent that GI mirrors occur in one of the exemplary embodiments, these respectively occur at least in pairs, as can be gathered from the mirror type sequence in table II.
1
10
11
10
11
1
11
In order to produce a microstructured or nanostructured component, the projection exposure apparatus is used as follows: First, the reflection mask or the reticle and the substrate or the wafer are provided. Subsequently, a structure on the reticle is projected onto a light-sensitive layer of the wafer with the aid of the projection exposure apparatus . Then, a microstructure or nanostructure on the wafer , and hence the microstructured component, is produced by developing the light-sensitive layer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Exemplary embodiments of the disclosure are explained in greater detail below with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1
schematically shows a projection exposure apparatus for EUV microlithography;
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
shows, in a meridional section, an embodiment of an imaging optical unit which can be used as a projection lens in the projection exposure apparatus according to , wherein an imaging beam path for chief rays and for an upper coma ray and a lower coma ray of two selected field points is depicted;
FIG. 3
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
shows a view of the imaging optical unit according to , as seen from the viewing direction III in ;
FIG. 4
FIGS. 2 and 3
shows plan views of boundary contours of optically used areas of the mirrors of the imaging optical unit according to ;
FIG. 5
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
shows, in an illustration similar to , a further embodiment of an imaging optical unit which can be used as a projection lens in the projection exposure apparatus according to ;
FIG. 6
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
shows a view of the imaging optical unit according to , as seen from the viewing direction VI in ;
FIG. 7
FIGS. 5 and 6
shows plan views of boundary contours of optically used areas of the mirrors of the imaging optical unit according to ;
FIGS. 8-31
FIGS. 5 to 7
FIG. 1
show, in illustrations similar to , further embodiments of an imaging optical unit which can be used as a projection lens in the projection exposure apparatus according to ;
FIG. 32
FIG. 1
shows, in a meridional section, an embodiment of an imaging optical unit which can be used as a projection lens in the projection exposure apparatus according to , wherein an imaging beam path for chief rays and for an upper coma ray and a lower coma ray of two selected field points is depicted;
FIG. 33
FIG. 32
FIG. 1
shows, in an illustration similar to , a further embodiment of an imaging optical unit which can be used as a projection lens in the projection exposure apparatus according to ;
FIG. 34
FIG. 32
shows a view from viewing direction XXXIV in ; and
FIG. 35
FIG. 33
shows a view from viewing direction XXXV in . | |
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In 2020, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) became the top global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) destination. As the world’s second-largest economy, with a large consumer base and integrated supply chains, China’s economic recovery following COVID-19 reassured investors and contributed to higher FDI and portfolio investments. In 2020, China took significant steps toward implementing commitments made to the United States on a wide range of IP issues and made some modest openings in its financial sector. China also concluded key trade agreements and implemented important legislation, including the Foreign Investment Law (FIL).
China remains, however, a relatively restrictive investment environment for foreign investors due to restrictions in key economic sectors. Obstacles to investment include ownership caps and requirements to form joint venture partnerships with local Chinese firms, industrial policies such as Made in China 2025 (MIC 2025) that target development of indigenous capacity, as well as pressure on U.S. firms to transfer technology as a prerequisite to gaining market access. PRC COVID-19 visa and travel restrictions significantly affected foreign businesses operations increasing their labor and input costs. Moreover, an increasingly assertive Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and emphasis on national companies and self-reliance has heightened foreign investors’ concerns about the pace of economic reforms.
Key investment announcements and new developments in 2020 included:
On January 1, the FIL went into effect and effectively replaced previous laws governing foreign investment.
On January 15, the U.S. and China concluded the Economic and Trade Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China (the Phase One agreement). Under the agreement, China committed to reforms in its intellectual property regime, prohibit forced transfer technology as a condition for market access, and made some openings in the financial and energy sector. China also concluded the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement on November 15 and reached a political agreement with the EU on the China-EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) on December 30.
In mid-May, PRC leader Xi Jinping announced China’s “dual circulation” strategy, intended to make China less export-oriented and more focused on the domestic market.
On June 23, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) announced new investment “negative lists” to guide foreign FDI.
Market openings were coupled, however, with restrictions on investment, such as the Rules on Security Reviews on Foreign Investments – China’s revised investment screening mechanism.
While Chinese pronouncements of greater market access and fair treatment of foreign investment are welcome, details and effective implementation are still needed to ensure foreign investors truly experience equitable treatment.
Table 1: Key Metrics and Rankings
|Measure||Year||Index/Rank||Website Address|
|TI Corruption Perceptions Index||2020||78 of 180||http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview|
|World Bank’s Doing Business Report||2020||31 of 190||http://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings|
|Global Innovation Index||2020||14 of 131||https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator|
|U.S. FDI in partner country ($M USD, historical stock positions)||2020||USD 116.2||https://apps.bea.gov/international/factsheet/|
|World Bank GNI per capita||2020||USD 10,410||http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD|
1. Openness To, and Restrictions Upon, Foreign Investment
13. Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment Statistics
Table 2: Key Macroeconomic Data, U.S. FDI in Host Country/Economy
|Host Country Statistical source*||USG or international statistical source||USG or International Source of Data: BEA; IMF; Eurostat; UNCTAD, Other|
|Economic Data||Year||Amount||Year||Amount|
|Host Country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ($M USD)||2020||$14,724,435||2019||$14,343,000||www.worldbank.org/en/country|
|Foreign Direct Investment||Host Country Statistical source*||USG or international statistical source||USG or international Source of data: BEA; IMF; Eurostat; UNCTAD, Other|
|U.S. FDI in partner country ($M USD, stock positions)||2019||$87,880||2019||$116,200||BEA data available at https://apps.bea.gov/international/factsheet/|
|Host country’s FDI in the United States ($M USD, stock positions)||2019||$7,721,700||2019||$37,700||BEA data available at https://www.bea.gov/international/direct-investment-and-multinational-enterprises-comprehensive-data|
|Total inbound stock of FDI as % host GDP||2020||$16.5%||2019||12.4%||UNCTAD data available at https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/156/index.html|
* Source for Host Country Data: | https://www.state.gov/report/custom/e19edae414/ |
The Travel Markets Insider newsletter is attached to this post as a PDF file. To open the PDF file, please click on this link.
The year may be coming to a close, but news that impacts the travel retail industry continues to develop at a very fast pace.
In today’s issue, TMI looks at Advent International‘s sale of AERODOM, the company that operates six airports in the Dominican Republic, to Vinci Airports, the airport subsidiary of French concessions and building company VINCI Group. Page 1.
In Argentina, the new government announced the end of restrictions on the buying and selling of dollars, among other key fiscal and business provisions. Less than a week after taking office as president after narrowly beating incumbent Cristina Fernandez in a run-off election, Mauricio Macri has lost no time beginning to reverse the currency controls, trade restrictions and subsidies implemented by his predecessor. John Gallagher reports. Page 4.
Developments from the thaw in relations between the United States and Cuba are also accelerating. On Wednesday evening the US and Cuba reached an agreement to resume commercial air travel between the two countries for the first time in 50 years; while last Saturday, Dec. 12, Los Angeles International Airport and American Airlines celebrated the inaugural charter flight from the West Coast to Havana – the first since the White House eased travel restrictions to Cuba earlier this year. Even the mail is moving. Last week, the U.S. Postal Service and Cuba agreed upon a pilot program to send mail directly instead of routing it through a third country. See stories on pages 1 & 2.
PEOPLE. Erik Juul-Mortensen has been re-elected as president of TFWA for 2016, and announces the launch of a strategy review to plan for the future. Page 2.
William Grant & Sons CEO Stella David is stepping down, to be replaced by the current CCO. Page 1.
Also: SSP America adds industry leader Bob Stanton to its development team, Sylvia Sulkes joins Distell. Page 4.
SUPPLY SIDE. Brown-Forman celebrates Frank Sinatra’s 100th birthday with limited editions and global promotions. Page 3.
Bacardi highlights its premium rums at San Juan International Airport with Dufry. Page 4.
Luxottica, Marcolin announce new sunglasses license renewals. Page 3.
Canada’s Frontier Duty Free Association is moving to new offices. See page 4. | http://travelmarketsinsider.net/travel-markets-insider-newsletter-vol-17-no-28/ |
Who wrote the bridge song?
Elton John
The Bridge/Composers
How do you know what bridge a song is in?
Bridges work really well after the second chorus of your song. So in the ABAB song structure, it would go Verse 1 → Chorus → Verse 2 → Chorus → Bridge → Chorus. When people hear a bridge, they expect the end of the song to be coming pretty soon.
Can a song have two bridges?
Yes, but with two or more bridges, they aren’t usually called bridges any more but transitions between parts. The most famous example is “Band on the Run” by Wings.
How long should a bridge be in a song?
The typical length of a song bridge is 4 or 8 bars. A bridge is also known as the “middle 8” because this section usually occurs in the middle of songs for 8 bars. However, the duration depends on your songwriting needs. Moreover, a bridge is often the only part of the song that plays once.
What song has the best bridge?
More videos on YouTube
|1||Best Thing I Never Had Beyoncé||4:13|
|2||Loved By You (feat. Burna Boy) Justin Bieber, Burna Boy||2:39|
|3||ON BTS||4:06|
|4||Ghost Of You 5 Seconds of Summer||3:17|
|5||All Too Well Taylor Swift||5:27|
Is a bridge necessary in a song?
Remember that a bridge is your way to extend your song, to enhance the emotion of your lyric, and to contour the song’s energy level. Not all songs need a bridge, so don’t feel that your song is incomplete without one.
How many bridges are in a song?
While having two bridges in a song is not that common there are multiple examples where a song does have two bridges also changes within the lyrical or musical spectrum are often present for to keep the listener’s attention. One of the key determining factors is of course, the overall song length.
What is the most played song of the 21st century?
Chasing Cars
‘Chasing Cars’ by Snow Patrol the Most Played track of the 21st century. The Most Played song of the 21st Century is Snow Patrol’s ‘Chasing Cars’, according to data from music licensing company PPL.
Who sings the bridge theme song?
The Bridge theme tune The theme tune to The Bridge is called Hollow Talk , performed by Copenhagen group Choir of Young Believers, taken from the album This Is for the White in Your Eyes.
What is the bridge of a song?
Many songs have a “bridge” section. A bridge is the point in the song that “bridges” the first part of the song to the last by way of introducing something new and different than the verses (see “Songwriting – The Verse”), and the choruses (see “Songwriting – The Chorus”).
Can the bridge be at the end of a song?
Bridge – generally comes after a chorus, doesn’t repeat in any other place during the song, has different vocal melody and chord progression than any other part of the song. Outro – the ending of a song. Could be as simple as a fade-out on a repeated chorus.
What is the meaning of the song under the bridge? | https://runyoncanyon-losangeles.com/other/who-wrote-the-bridge-song/ |
The ALS patient with respiratory insufficiency who is on home non-invasive ventilation is at high risk for COVID-19 complications. It is the ALS neurologist\'s task to alert patients and families about this risk and potential adaptations for patient and caregiver safety.
The current knowledgebase includes 1) a detailed advisory from the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), on managing patients with neuromuscular disease who are suspected to have or have already been diagnosed with COVID-19 \[[@bb0005]\] and 2) the Muscular Dystrophy Association guidelines for breathing support written by experts in the field of ALS Neurology and Respiratory Medicine \[[@bb0010]\].
An ALS patient\'s infection with COVID-19 may not appear in symptoms associated with recent diagnostic algorithms. Current algorithms include clinical signs and symptoms providing evidence for COVID-19 infection. A recently published case series of 214 hospitalized coronavirus patients in Wuhan, China, identified more than a third of patients had non-specific symptoms including headache, dizziness, anorexia and diarrhea, and neurological symptoms such as loss of taste, hearing, and vision; confusion or a decreased level of consciousness; or a new seizure or cerebrovascular accident \[[@bb0015]\]. Such information further reduces the threshold for suspecting COVID-19 infection and raises safety concerns for the ALS patient -- caregiver dyad.
Among patients who test positive for COVID-19 based on real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay from nasopharyngeal swabs, the rate of transmission of COVID-19 to household contacts, specifically spouses, was found to be 27.8% \[[@bb0020]\]. When treating ALS patients in the home environment, the potential for generating infectious aerosols should be a primary concern. Viral particles from an ALS patient may be dispersed when using airway clearance devices during respiratory treatment, nebulization, suctioning, and use of cough assist. When using non-invasive ventilation, the spread of viral particles occurs due to wearing vented masks or poorly fitting full-face masks. Particles are also spread through CO2 exhalation ports \[[@bb0005]\]. For the advanced ALS patient dependent on a home non-invasive ventilator, equipment modifications may reduce virus transmission and the infection of caregivers.
The non-invasive ventilator modifications recommended by the ACCP convert the tubing and mask circuitry to a closed system by using both a double lumen tube with a viral/bacterial filter and a non-vented full-face mask to restrict viral spread \[[@bb0005],[@bb0030]\]. This conversion is performed in three steps and is overseen by the ALS Neurologist or the ALS Pulmonologist. First, a respiratory therapist must set-up a new ventilator or revise an existing one. Second, the respiratory therapist titrates equipment settings to the patient\'s comfort. Finally, the respiratory therapist instructs the patient and family in the use of the new or modified equipment, including providing instruction in sterile precautions. Please note that these modifications during a pandemic, when medical resources become low, may not be easily feasible due to a lack of personnel or medical and protective equipment. Ventilator equipment adapters may be in short supply. Furthermore, patients that do not tolerate a non-vented mask will require sealing the vent ports on their existing mask. Caution must be taken when modifying/sealing existing vented masks as they contain an anti-asphyxia valve that MUST be removed or disabled or risk asphyxia in the event of a machine malfunction.\[[@bb1000]\]. A further limit to feasibility may occur when patients or the patient\'s family may bar medical personnel from the home out of concern for increasing their risk of exposure to infection.
Despite all precautionary measures to prevent infection, an ALS patient may succumb to COVID-19. Due to severe underlying illness, hospitalization may be recommended. The need for an advocate to assist an ALS patient requiring hospital admission is indicated by state of quadriplegia, loss of speaking abilities and cognitive impairment. These medical needs must be anticipated well in advance and require equipment preparation prior to hospitalization.
Another factor merits attention and may increase the desire of the ALS patient to choose home rather than hospital care. Some healthcare systems provide Virtual Hospital management that employs active home telemonitoring devices to treat **COVID-19** patients \[[@bb0025]\]. For the advanced ALS patient that may require hospitalization, a no-visitor hospital policy may affect the patient\'s decision to ensure that end-of-life care happens at home surrounded by family. In such a situation it is important to have input from palliative or hospice care to provide the appropriate end-of-life treatment options.
To minimize the potential for increased COVID-19 infection and spread in the ALS patient using non-invasive ventilation - caregiver dyad, we endorse the ACCP / MDA recommendations and recommend immediate modification of non-invasive ventilators well in advance of the anticipated COVID-19 surge The current estimates predict a drawn-out lower than anticipated, but higher than expected, continued exposure to community-acquired COVID-19 infection.
This strategy may not be immediately feasible. Equipment resources may be low or unavailable, as acute care hospitals require the same ventilators modified for prevention of aerosol generation to prevent exposure of healthcare workers. As equipment becomes more easily available, the recommended modifications may be fully implemented. The ALS ambulatory care **COVID-19** pandemic model is one that minimizes the risk of aerosol infection of caregivers and healthcare workers Ventilator equipment modification should be pursued in all ALS patients supported by non-invasive ventilation. Successful implementation is essential in resuming in-person care and will shape the face-to-face ALS clinics of the future.
The authors would like to acknowledge David McLain, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Technology and Innovation Management, State University of New York at Oswego, and Christopher J Burgess, BS, RRT-NPS, RCP, Vice President of Clinical Services, Med Emporium, LLC, Charlotte NC, who suggested revisions and proofread this article.
Supported in part by Muscular Dystrophy Association Care Center and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association Certified Treatment Center of Excellence grants.
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
| |
and storytelling is shared.
ABOUT THE COMPANY,
THE THEATRE DU SHABANO
Growing up, children are natural philosophers, in tune with their feelings.
Plays provide us with a chance to accompany children through the different questions they will face as they grow into their future.
We firmly believe that what happens onstage can make a lasting impression on young audiences.
OUR LANGUAGE
From the beginning, we have explored what types of language will make our work accessible to the wide range of levels and the cultural diversity present in our young audiences.
For Shabano, theatrical adaptation weaves together words, music, the movement of the actor’s body and that of the puppet’s in a stage composition, both alive and poetic. Our performances are meeting places where audience members of all generations can come together.
Today, object theater is opening up new possibilities that we are eager to put to use in the adaptation of the novel “Le Bleu des Abeilles” (story about a 10-year-old who leaves Argentina under the dictatorship to join her mother in France, no English translation).
PRODUCTIONS
2020 Le Bleu des Abeilles (The Blue of Bees)
Adapted from the novel by Laura Alcoba, published by Gallimard in 2013
2015 Amaranta
Contemporary Latin American legend, based on the story by Nicolas Buenaventura
2013 La princesse et le garçon porcher
(The Princess and the Swineherd)
Theater and animation, adapted from the fairytale by Hans Christian Anderson
2010 Contes et Murmures du Grand Tambour
(Legends and Whispers from the Big Drum)
Three fables for two puppeteers and one musician
2007 Wayra et le sorcier de la Grande Montagne
(Wayra and the Wizard on the Big Mountain)
Mapuche legend (Chile)
2006 Inti et le Grand Condor
(Inti and the Giant Condor)
Legend from the Andes Mountains
2005 La Fille du Grand Serpent
(Daughter of the Long Snake)
A Tupi legend, based on the version by Béatrice Tanaka.
VALENTINA ARCE,
ARTISTIC DIRECTOR
« My father was born on the edge of the Amazon.
I think that is why storytelling and its relationship to the sacred
and to popular culture have always fascinated me. . »
Fascinated by Theatrical Anthropology and the legends of South America, Valentina Arce came to children’s theater through the adaptation of fairytales and myths after studying in Paris (École Charles Dullin and Theater Studies at the Université Paris VIII), as well as studying directing at the National Institute of the Performing Arts in Belgium and Quechua at the National Institute of Oriental Languages.
After doing field work for the city hall of Saint-Denis (in France’s 93rd department), and searching for a way to reach young audiences across the cultural diversity she encountered there, the Peruvian director found her answer in myths and legends, and particularly in the traces of the supernatural found there.
Mother of three Franco-Peruvian children, she strives to be a bridge, to stay close to the Latin-American literature and imagination of her childhood. Amaranta, her most recent creation, is the adaptation of a contemporary tale by the Columbian storyteller Nicolas Buenaventura. Her upcoming production will be an adaptation of Le Bleu des Abeilles (The Blue of Bees), written by Argentinian author Laura Alcoba, published by Gallimard in 2013. It will be the Théâtre du Shabano’s 7th original production.
La compagnie est adhérente à l’Association Nationale des Marionnettes et Arts Associés (THEMAA),
ainsi que Scènes d’Enfance ASSITEJ – FRANCE.
With the support of: Département du Val-de-Marne, Studios de Virecourt (86), Théâtre de l’Abbaye de Saint Maur (94), Compagnie Tro-Héol (29), a company subsidised by the Minister of Culture and Communication DRAC (Regional Management of Cultural Affairs) of Brittany, Théâtre aux Mains Nues (75).
ARTISTIC DIRECTION,
ACTORS, COMPOSITION
Artistic direction, director
and stage composition: Valentina Arce
Actors, puppeteers, and live stage musician:
Hernan Bonet, Emilie Chevrillon, Sarah Helly, Edwige Latrille, Vincent Marguet, Christine Kotschi
Composition and playwriting: | https://shabano.fr/en/company-en/ |
It was about this time three years ago when Ginger and I began making plans to move her parents here to Durham to live with us. Her father’s Alzheimer’s was progressing to the point that her mother couldn’t take care of him on her own and a nine hour drive was too far a distance for us to be of much help. We all became real estate moguls that spring, selling our house here and their house there and then buying one big enough for all of us. We found a wonderful old home just north of downtown. The house was built in 1926 and had been redone; the yard, however, had not.
We turned to our friends from Bountiful Backyards to help us turn the yard from garbage into garden. When they finished, we had three fig trees, two Asian pear trees, a peach tree, blueberry bushes, blackberry bushes, an elderberry bush, a pomegranate bush, and all kinds of other things that build a permaculture, along with two big beds for vegetables. And not a blade of grass in sight. Our little urban farm, if you will, has kept me on a learning curve of how to compost and fertilize and plant and harvest.
I’ve also had to learn how to prune — or, should I say, I’m learning.
My latest lesson came last week when Sarah and Kate came over to help give the garden its winter trim. I asked for help because my life was as overgrown as the backyard and I couldn’t catch up on my own. I also still cut back most anything with some trepidation because I’m not sure what goes and what stays. In my backyard, the wheat and the chaff are not so clearly labeled. We spent a couple of hours one crisp and sunny morning working our way around the yard.
They talked and pruned and I listened and asked questions. They were gentle and judicious in their cutting, paying attention to the shape of the tree, the direction of the growth, and the ability for all the branches to see the light. Each tree had its own pruning map, so to speak. The peach tree wants to take on a bowl shape, the branches growing out first and then up, like an open hand. The pear grows straight up, centered around one central branch that calls the others to follow. The fig tree grows every way it can, its size limited only by how much it’s cut back. The muscadine grape renders more fruit when cut back to one vine instead of many. As we worked, I took notes both mental and physical, and I couldn’t help but think in metaphor: I was being offered a visual picture of Lent. This is a pruning season.
At the risk of this post becoming “FIve Things I Learned in My Garden,” I want to mention a few things that I am taking as markers for these forty days, as guides for my thoughts and actions on the way to the Resurrection. I suppose the other risk is that I am stating the obvious. I’m willing to risk both as I begin my spiritual practice of writing everyday from now till Easter. The first is old growth has to be cut away for new growth to be possible. When they pruned the blackberry bushes, they told me the new growth that came from the cut would be what fruited. The old branches were spent. They weren’t making a statement of judgement; they were stating what they knew. What grew and fruited last year had to be cut away to make room for new growth.
I hear two things. One — some things in our lives need to be finished in order for new things to be able to begin. Attending to life in the same way Sarah and Kate attended to our garden means looking for what needs to go. Two — pruning is not clear cutting, or even random cutting. They were attentive. They discussed which branch had to be cut and where it had to be cut. Pruning in the wrong place would not produce new growth. How the new growth happens depends on where we cut.
The next thing is all growth is not necessarily good for the plant. Growth is not actually the point. Healthy fruiting is the point. Letting the plant grow into its fullness is the point of pruning. Therefore, good growth doesn’t always mean just getting bigger. Part of what Kate and Sarah took into account was how the different plants fit into the larger garden. Our biggest fig tree was significantly cut back because the peach tree close by needs the room and the sun. The fig tree will grow and produce figs and will also stay smaller than it could because its best growth will be to let the peach tree come into its own.
One last lesson, at least for this time around: what grows now will need to be pruned in time. This year’s new growth will be old next winter and will need to provide nutrition for the new branches that will bear their fruit. As we grow and change, so do our roles in the world.
Wait. One last thing — how things grow is ultimately out of my control. I can only do what I can do. Last year I had trees full of peaches and pears and figs and the squirrels got every last piece. Until I saw the barren branches I didn’t realize the century-old pin oaks that line our alley were a squirrel highway and I had inadvertently built a Cracker Barrel. I pruned this year knowing that their traffic patterns haven’t changed. I’ve been told hanging empty aluminum pie pans from the trees will deter them. My neighbors have old CDs hanging in theirs. If the little bushy tailed varmints get all of the fruit this summer, we will prune and try again.
P. S. — I know it’s Lent, but there’s a new recipe.
This gardener, pruner of g’mother’s fig trees, nurturer (hope not over-nurturer) of fruit trees likes these “Things I Learned in my Garden.” Always gardening takes us beyond…Thanks, Milton. Come back to Houston for a longer visit….. | http://donteatalone.com/lenten-journal-gardening-notes/ |
Regulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis.
Regulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2020 Jan 01;100(1):321-356 Authors: Hoorn EJ, Gritter M, Cuevas CA, Fenton RA Abstract Daily dietary potassium (K+) intake may be as large as the extracellular K+ pool. To avoid acute hyperkalemia, rapid removal of K+ from the extracellular space is essential. This is achieved by translocating K+ into cells and increasing urinary K+ excretion. Emerging data now indicate that the renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is critically involved in this homeostatic kaliuretic response. This suggests that the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a K+ sensor that can modify sodium (Na+) delivery to downstream segments to promote or limit K+ secretion. K+ sensing is mediated by the basolateral K+ channels Kir4.1/5.1, a capacity that the DCT likely shares with other nephron segments. Thus, next to K+-induced aldosterone secretion, K+ sensing by renal epithelial cells represents a second feedback mechanism to control K+ balance. NCC's role in K+ homeostasis has both physiological and pathophysiological implications. During hypovolemia, NCC activation by the renin-angiotensin system stimulates Na+ reabsorption while preventing K+ secretion. Conversely, NCC inactivation by high dietary K+ intake maximizes kaliuresis and limits Na+ retention, despite high aldosterone levels. NCC activation by a low-K+ diet contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. K+-induced ...
Source: Physiological Reviews - Category: Physiology Authors: Hoorn EJ, Gritter M, Cuevas CA, Fenton RA Tags: Physiol Rev Source Type: research
Related Links:
[Vanguard] In recent times, the number of people coming down with kidney disease has been on the increase and many reasons have been adduced to explain the rise in number of cases. Chief among the reasons are the rise in cases of diabetes and high blood pressure; which experts say, increase the risk of chronic kidney disease. However, one disease which experts say could lead to kidney failure, respiratory disease, meningitis, liver failure and even death if left untreated, is little known leptospirosis, considered th
Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine - Category: African Health Source Type: news
(World Scientific) A search using medical data bases reveals that hundreds of meta-analysis papers conducted with tens of millions of people worldwide have confirmed clinically the efficacies of 30 antioxidant-rich foods to prevent or treat chronic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and more. Professor Monte Lai, former professor of biophysics at the Medical College of Wisconsin talks about this and more in his new book 'The Food Cure.'
Source: EurekAlert! - Biology - Category: Biology Source Type: news
A Self-management Approach for Dietary Sodium Restriction in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Publication date: Available online 16 January 2020Source: American Journal of Kidney DiseasesAuthor(s): Jelmer K. Humalda, Gerald Klaassen, Hanne de Vries, Yvette Meuleman, Lara C. Verschuur, Elisabeth J.M. Straathof, Gozewijn D. Laverman, Willem Jan W. Bos, Paul J.M. van der Boog, Karin M. Vermeulen, Olivier A. Blanson Henkemans, Wilma Otten, Martin H. de Borst, Sandra van Dijk, Gerjan J. Navis, P.J.M. van der Boog, S. van Dijk, G.J. Navis, J.K. Humalda (project coordination), G. KlaassenRationale &ObjectivePatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are particularly sensitive to dietary sodium. We evaluated a self-man...
Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases - Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
AbstractCardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke and atherosclerosis, are common in patients with chronic kidney disease. Aside from the standard biomarkers, measured to determine cardiovascular risk, new ones have emerged: markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, vascular endothelium dysfunction, atherosclerosis, organ calcification and fibrosis. Unfortunately, their utility for routine clinical application remains to be elucidated. A causal relationship between new markers and cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease remai...
Source: International Urology and Nephrology - Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Conclusion There is a long way ahead regarding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and as an adjunctive treatment of hypertension. Treatment of dysbiosis could be a useful therapeutic approach to add to traditional antihypertensive therapy. Manipulating gut microbiota using prebiotics and probiotics might prove a valuable tool to traditional antihypertensives.
Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine - Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Source Type: research
The objective of the current review is therefore twofold. First, we aim to demonstrate the emerging role of gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic kidney disease. Second, we highlight specific mechanisms as to how microbiome dysbiosis is provoked in chronic kidney disease.Recent FindingsCurrent work has shown that microbiome dysbiosis can directly and indirectly influence renal physiology and contribute to the onset and development of chronic kidney disease, such as by stimulating hypertension. It is also becoming evident that the composition and function of both the intestinal...
Source: Current Oral Health Reports - Category: Dentistry Source Type: research
SUMMARY Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem, with a significant impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease. Various hypoglycemic therapies have proved to be beneficial to clinical outcomes, while others have failed to provide an improvement in cardiovascular and renal failure, only reducing blood glucose levels. Recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, represented by the empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin, have been showing satisfactory and strong results in several clinical trials, especially regarding...
Source: Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira - Category: General Medicine Source Type: research
Abstract Epidemiological studies show that hyperuricemia independently predicts the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with normal kidney function both in the general population and in subjects with diabetes. As a matter of fact, an unfavorable role of uric acid may somewhat be harder to identify in the context of multiple risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms typical of overt CKD such as proteinuria and high blood pressure. Although the discrepancy in clinical results could mean that urate lowering treatment does not provide a constant benefit in all patients with hyperuricemia and CKD,...
Source: Journal of Nephrology - Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Bonino B, Leoncini G, Russo E, Pontremoli R, Viazzi F Tags: J Nephrol Source Type: research
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Presenting With hypertensive urgency in the Office Setting: The Campania Salute Network.
Abstract BACKGROUND: Hypertensive urgencies (HypUrg) are define as severe elevation in blood pressure (BP) without acute target organ damage (TOD). In the office setting, treated asymptomatic patients, with severe BP elevation meeting criteria for urgency are often seen. We evaluate incident CV events (fatal and non-fatal stroke or acute myocardial infarction, TIA, coronary or carotid revascularization, atrial fibrillation (n=311)) during follow-up (FU) in patients with HypUrg at first outpatient visit. METHODS: From the Campania Salute Network (CSN) Registry. HypUrg was define by systolic BP ≥180mmHg and/...
Source: American Journal of Hypertension - Category: Cardiology Authors: Mancusi C, Losi MA, Albano G, De Stefano G, Morisco C, Barbato E, Trimarco B, De Luca N, de Simone G, Izzo R Tags: Am J Hypertens Source Type: research
IJERPH, Vol. 17, Pages 456: Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cuttack District of Odisha, India
This study estimates the prevalence of CKD in the Narsinghpur block of Cuttack district, Odisha. A cross-sectional study was conducted among population members aged 20–60 years. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling. 24 villages were randomly selected for mass screening for CKD. Blood samples were collected and glomerulus filtration rates were calculated. It was found that among the 2978 people screened, 14.3% were diagnosed with CKD and 10.8% were diagnosed with CKD without either diabetes or hypertension. In one-third of the sampled villages, about 20% population was diagnosed with CKD. The prevalence was higher... | https://medworm.com/748477238/regulation-of-the-renal-nacl-cotransporter-and-its-role-in-potassium-homeostasis/ |
Other types of soft tissue sarcomas include alveolar soft part sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, desmoplastic small cell tumor, and clear cell sarcoma. At this time, scientists do not know the types of tissue in which these sarcomas begin. Many sarcomas have specific chromosomal alterations, which are used to help classify the tumors.
X-rays create images of areas inside the body on film.
Computed tomography (CT), a procedure that uses special x-ray equipment to obtain cross-sectional pictures of the body, can determine whether a soft tissue tumor has metastasized (spread) to the lung or abdomen. CT scans, also called CAT scans, can also be helpful in determining the size of the tumor and whether the tumor can be accessed through surgery.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a powerful magnet linked to a computer to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. MRI scans can aid in diagnosis, particularly in helping to distinguish soft tissue sarcomas from benign tumors, as well as showing the extent of the tumor. MRIs are also used to monitor the patient after treatment to see if the tumor has recurred.
A biopsy is the removal of cells or tissue for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist studies tissue samples under a microscope or performs other tests on the cells or tissue. A biopsy is the only sure way to tell whether a person has cancer.
Specialized testing of the tumor cells for chromosomal alterations may also be conducted to aid in diagnosis.
Soft tissue sarcomas can arise almost anywhere in the body. About 43 percent occur in the extremities (e.g., arms, legs); 34 percent occur in and around the internal organs (e.g., uterus, heart); 10 percent occur in the trunk (e.g., chest, back); and 13 percent occur in other locations. In very rare cases, these tumors develop in the gastrointestinal tract. A small percentage of these are GISTs. Malignant GISTs occur most commonly in the stomach and small intestine.
Soft tissue sarcomas usually appear as a lump or mass, but they rarely cause pain, swelling, or other symptoms. A lump or mass might not be a sarcoma; it could be benign (noncancerous), a different type of cancer, or another problem. It is important to see a doctor about any physical change, such as a lump or mass, because only a doctor can make a diagnosis.
Treatment for soft tissue sarcomas is determined mainly by the stage of the disease. The stage depends on the size of the tumor, the grade, and whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. The most important component of the stage is the tumor grade (how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread). Treatment options for soft tissue sarcomas include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. A multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists can help plan the best treatment for patients with soft tissue sarcomas.
Surgery is the usual treatment for soft tissue sarcomas. For surgery to be effective, the surgeon must remove the entire tumor with negative margins (no cancer cells are found at the edge or border of the tissue removed during surgery). The surgeon may use special surgical techniques to minimize the amount of healthy tissue removed with the tumor. Some patients need reconstructive surgery.
Radiation therapy involves the use of high-energy x-rays to kill cancer cells. This therapy may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor, after surgery to kill any cancer cells that may remain in the body, or both before and after surgery. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external radiation therapy). It can also come from radioactive materials placed directly into or near the area where the cancer cells are found (internal radiation therapy or radiation implant).
Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery, and with or without radiation therapy.
The effectiveness of current anticancer drugs depends on the type of sarcoma. Some sarcomas are very responsive to chemotherapy, while others do not respond to current anticancer drugs. Some sarcomas with specific chromosomal alterations can be treated with therapies targeted to the alteration. | https://www.stjudemedicalcenter.org/our-services/cancer-institute/cancers-treated/soft-tissue-sarcoma/ |
Here's 6 sample swim workouts - easy, medium and hard. Get your swim on with our swim routines, including warm up, main set and cool down. Additional tips on lap swimming.
Wednesday, August 14, 2013 1:31 PM
- Vacation Pool Planning
Rob Cox
How to take care of your pool, when you're not there to take care of it! Vacation preparedness for your swimming pool - how to get ready to leave your swimming pool for 1-3 weeks, and not have it be a disaster when you return.
Friday, August 09, 2013 2:18 PM
- Reviews of Kids & Babies Pool Floats
Rob Cox
Baby pool floats and toddler swim helpers floatation devices. Which ones are the best? Reviews of baby floats and kids swim vests. Reviews from staff, friends and relatives with young swimmers under 5 years old that they know. Many of these were also tested at our staff picnic pool party this year.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 2:39 PM
- Pool Deck Painting: A How-To
Mark Garcia
How to paint your pool deck. Color choice advice, Preparation and Painting procedures. We like to call them pool deck 'coatings', but they are really close to underwater pool paint. And, so is the process - very similar to painting a pool. The secret, as with most things, is in the prep - make sure the pool deck is very, very clean before you apply.
Friday, July 19, 2013 4:54 PM
- Poolscaping - Planting a Poolside Garden
Poolscaping, or landscaping around the pool - requires some thought to plants that do well in your growing zone, but also plants that don't shed a lot of litter, attract bugs or bees, require too much maintenance, or have expansive root systems. Guest blogger Brent Pittman offers some suggestions for plantings around a swimming pool - PoolScaping!
Thursday, July 11, 2013 4:36 PM
- 10 Benefits to Swimming
Rob Cox
Every summer, once the water is warm, I start an exercise program in my pool. I swim. 1000 yds / 3-4 times per week. I started early this year, June 7th. I'm always amazed at how quickly swimming restores my muscle tone, and although I've not stepped on a scale, I've slimmed down by at least 5 lbs. After just a few weeks of swimming, I get very visible results. Slimmer, Tanner. :-)
Saturday, June 29, 2013 8:36 AM
- 5 ways to Have More Fun in Your Backyard Pool
Rob Cox
5 ways to get more fun out of your pool this summer - take underwater photos, play volleyball, light up the night, update the pool furniture, and yes - even race micro RC boats in the pool. Have a great summer!
Sunday, June 23, 2013 5:03 PM
- DIY Swimming Pool Toys
How about some old fashioned fun? Making paper boats, and racing them across the pool can be great fun. A great idea for a group of youngsters, use wood scraps, or a table of many different items, and have a sailboat derby, with prizes for different awards (fastest, most creative, most unsinkable).
Friday, June 14, 2013 2:11 PM
- The Therapeutic Power of Water Exercise
Rob Cox
Water workouts with AquaJogger and Pool Noodles as water exercise equipment. Aquatic exercise is sweeping the nation as one of the best ways to strengthen your body and lose weight! Exercising in water gives you a greater range of motion to maximize your muscle toning results!
Monday, April 08, 2013 11:16 AM
- Hot New Pool Toys for 2013
Rob Cox
New Pool Toys for 2013 - top pool toys for today's pool owners. Fun new inflatables and pool noodle varieties you may have never seen!
Monday, January 14, 2013 12:28 PM
- 5 Ways to Enhance Your Swimming Pool Area
Rob CoxSwimming pools are great for your own little holiday, whenever you need to get away, or spend more time with your family. Perhaps your pool ambiance has slipped a bit over the years? Simply put, all you need is a bit of redecoration, adding things to enhance it's visual appeal. Although there are many ways through which you can enhance the swimming pool area, given below are 5 tips to point you in the right direction. | https://blog.poolcenter.com/search.aspx?pagetype=Search&categoryid=247&startindex=12 |
AUSTIN, Texas — Austin health leaders are urging residents who participated in recent crowded gatherings or Halloween parties to stay home and get tested after seeing a spike in COVID-19 cases.
On Nov. 4, Austin Public Health reported 1,034 active coronavirus cases in Austin and Travis County. That is the highest report of active cases since Aug. 15.
"It is a gradual but significant increase in the number of cases, and more than half of those who tested positive through APH test sites have been adults between 20 and 39 years old," Austin Public Health said.
On Halloween night Saturday, Oct. 31, photos were taken that show thousands of people on Sixth Street in Downtown Austin. While some wore masks, as depicted in these viewer photos, you can see few were practicing social distancing.
PHOTOS: Large crowds spotted on Sixth Street on Halloween
"These numbers indicate that those who recently participated in a gathering have had a higher risk of encountering someone infected with the virus," APH said in a statement. "We encourage everyone who was involved in gatherings outside of their household this weekend [ex. Halloween parties] to get tested for COVID-19 this week."
Health leaders said getting tested and maintaining social distancing is important ahead of the holidays.
"APH cannot prevent a spike in cases ahead of the winter holidays without the support and cooperation of our entire community," APH said. "An increase in case numbers will lead to needless hospitalizations and deaths."
On Thursday, Dell Medical School held a panel with local physicians to discuss long-term effects of COVID-19.
"The longer that the pandemic drags on, it becomes more obvious that COVID-19 is the unwelcomed house guest that won't pack up and leave," said Dr. Esther Melamed, UT Austin Health.
KVUE spoke with University of Texas students on Sixth Street who explained it's been hard to try to balance a social life while also remaining safe during this time.
"I think a lot of people think that what they do only affects them but it doesn't," said Kami Johnston, a pharmaceutical student.
Another student shared some of the awkward moments young people are feeling right now, feeling pressure by friends.
"I was hanging out with a friend on Halloween and we pulled into Sixth and I called someone to come get me and told them I didn't want to be there," said Shankari Sureshbabu, student at UT.
APH offers free COVID-19 testing. You can sign up online here or by calling 512-972-5560.
PEOPLE ARE ALSO READING: | https://www.kvue.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-austin-travis-county-texas-highest-active-cases-since-aug-15/269-18721009-05be-444c-835d-735d3441edba |
MARS (TV-Show)0.0/5 (0 Votes)0
Lukrum pushes its corporate interest too far and unintentionally jeopardizes the safety of both colonies. IMSF springs into action to stabilize the situation, but for some, it will be too late. In the current climate on Earth, human activity has destabilized the natural world. NASA's Operation Icebridge studies Arctic sea ice in an attempt to bring awareness to global warming and the dramatically changing state of our planet, the only home we have… for now!
Lukrum strikes a deal with Russia for exclusive mining rights. Uneasiness spreads over Olympus Town as LT. Commander Mike Glenn undermines Hana and endangers the members of Lukrum Colony as a result. And, a new baby – the first-generation Martian – arrives two months early! In the Arctic Circle in present day, nations attempt to work together to reign in corporate interests, protect fragile ecosystems and preserve indigenous lifestyles while fossil-fuel companies prioritize their own profit over the public good.
Marta convalesces as a mysterious illness sweeps through Olympus Town and Lukrum Colony. When IMSF realizes one of its own has died as a result, it races to determine the cause, origin and mode of transmission before time runs out—and more lives are claimed. Back in present day, Vladimir Chuprov, a Greenpeace activist, sheds light on an indigenous health crisis being kept quiet by the Russian state to benefit their Arctic oil endeavors.
When a solar flare strikes the planet and knocks out communications between and within the colonies, the Olympus Town team races against the clock to locate Marta, who becomes stranded on the surface during a rogue research expedition. In present day, a scientist and his team brave harsh and dangerous conditions in the pursuit of data that will help predict the effects of glacial melt on global sea levels.
The tenuous coexistence between the two Mars colonies threatens to dissolve. Relations between IMSF and Lukrum, now sharing a common water and power source, face rising tensions set off by a new discovery, Hana deals with a personal tragedy, and Amelie prepares to return to Earth. In present day, Greenpeace activists take to the seas to protest Arctic oil drilling in the Barents Sea and the effectiveness of such tactics are examined.
After almost a decade alone on Mars, scientists at IMSF's now fully developed Olympus Town settlement prepare for the arrival of a group of highly skilled astronauts working for Lukrum, a for-profit corporation specializing in natural-resource extraction. On board the world's northernmost oil platform, extreme conditions make for a Mars-like work environment. A worker shares the struggles of being away from his family for three weeks at a time.
Exploring the genesis of the initiative and diving into the process of how such an ambitious endeavor, accurately portraying the first human mission and settlement on the red planet, came to life.
In 2037, a devastating tragedy in the colony forces everyone on Mars and Earth to question the mission. While the Olympus Town settlement tries to cope and continue its mission, controlling groups back on Earth struggle with a potential decision to end the mission. In the present-day documentary, commercial space company SpaceX again attempts to pioneer the rocket technology that would help mankind reach the red planet.
In 2037, the dust storm has lasted for months and the Olympus Town settlement's infrastructure is suffering as well as the mental well-being of its residents. The psychological pressures of life on Mars reveal themselves while the crew is trapped inside the habitat. In the present-day documentary, scientists study the effects of extreme isolation in various long-term analog missions in order to prepare for a future manned mission to Mars.
Four years have passed since the Daedalus crew landed on Mars and established the first settlement, Olympus Town. A new crew arrives to help execute plans for expansion and search for life. But a dust storm threatens the outpost. In the present-day documentary, the bustling McMurdo Station in Antarctica serves as a modern example of how humans will settle Mars, as scientists look for insights on how to discover life on another planet.
In 2033, the Daedalus mission is in jeopardy as the crew struggles to find a permanent shelter that can provide long-term protection from radiation. The team must locate a suitable site for their settlement before their mission is cut short. In the present day documentary, the European Space Agency and Roscosmos, Russia's former federal space agency, partner to launch an orbiter that will help future Mars missions prepare for settlement through advanced imagery.
In 2033, the Daedalus crew battles across the harsh Martian terrain to reach their prebuilt base camp. A race against the clock to reach the safety of camp begins when the ship commander reveals he has been injured during landing. In the present-day documentary, NASA astronaut Scott Kelly undergoes a historic yearlong mission on the International Space Station, revealing both the physical and emotional hardships astronauts face for space exploration.
In 2033, the first human mission to Mars enters the red planet's atmosphere but the crew of the Daedalus faces a life-threatening emergency when the ship's landing system goes offline. The crew's commander risks his life to fix the problem as mission control monitors back on Earth. In the present-day documentary, SpaceX attempts to land the world's first reusable rocket in order to pioneer the critical technology that will help humans reach Mars.
OnMyTV was started as on-my.tv by Ben Agricola who after a while decided to abandon the project and make it open source.
This was when we decided to step in and not only to continue hosting the site but also to pimp it with some new
functions and adding new styles.
Data is provided by TVrage.com, tvmaze.com and TheTvDB.com. | http://on-my.tv/show/mars |
- Participate in donor meetings and public information events, as delegated.
Provide technical support to inter-agency coordination for the implementation of “Making Every Woman and Girl Count programme.
- Provide substantive technical support to the country program director on inter-agency coordination related activities by drafting background reports and briefs.
- Provide technical support to resource mobilization strategies and efforts; analyze and maintain information and databases;
- Prepare relevant documentation such as project summaries, conference papers, briefing notes, speeches, and donor profiles;
- Participate in donor meetings and public information events, as delegated.
Provide technical assistance and capacity development to project/programme partners
- Provide technical support in the implementation of programme activities; develop technical knowledge products
- Maintain relationships with national partners to support implementation of the “Making Every Woman and Girl Count programme.
- Identify opportunities for capacity building of partners and facilitate technical/ programming support and trainings to partners, in consultation with immediate supervisor;
Facilitate the organization of user-producer forums and conferences on gender statistics
- Prepare necessary documents for initiating workshops, seminars, and conferences on gender statistics
- Facilitate logistics for organizing workshops, seminars, and conferences
- Prepare end-of-event reports /proceedings for wider circulation and record
- Provide technical support and trainings to experts of CSA and MoPD on mainstreaming gender in their respective work
- Provide technical support to mainstream gender considerations in monitoring and evaluation of National plan and National Statistics Development strategy
CompetenciesCore Values
- Integrity
- Professionalism
- Respect for Diversity
Core Competencies
- Awareness and Sensitivity Regarding Gender Issues
- Accountability
- Creative Problem Solving
- Effective Communication
- Inclusive Collaboration
- Stakeholder Engagement
- Leading by Example
Functional Competencies
- Technical capability on women’s rights, gender equality and women’s empowerment
- Strong programme formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation skills
- Ability to develop detailed operational plans, budgets, and deliver on them
- Strong analytical skills and knowledge of Results Based Management
- Good knowledge of UN programme management systems
- Knowledge in gender and development/normative and institutional aspects
- A proven ability to liaise with a variety of stakeholders and partners, including government, legislative bodies, media, civil society, international organizations.
- An excellent understanding of the legal, social, cultural, and political context of Ethiopia and its relation to gender.
Required Skills And ExperienceEducation
- Master’s degree or equivalent in social sciences, human rights, gender/women's studies, international development, or a related field is required
- A first-level university degree in combination with two additional years of qualifying experience may be accepted in lieu of the advanced university degree.
- A project/programme management certification would be an added advantage
Expeirence
- At least 4 years of progressively responsible work experience in development programme/project implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation, donor reporting and capacity building.
- Experience in the area of gender equality and women empowerment and specifically on gender statistics is an asset.
- Experience coordinating and liaising with government agencies and/or donors is an asset.
Language
- Fluency in English is required
- Knowledge of the other UN official working language is an asset;
Application
- All applications must include (as an attachment) a completed UN Women Personal History form (P-11) which can be downloaded from http://www.unwomen.org/about-us/employment .
- Kindly note that the system will only allow one attachment and candidates are required to include in the P-11 form links for their previously published reports and articles completed within the last two years. Applications without the completed UN Women P-11 form will be treated as incomplete and will not be considered for further assessment. | https://newjobsethiopia.com/job/programme-officer-gender-statistics-re-advert/ |
My purpose in writing this Blog is to stimulate us (including myself) to explore issues in health and wellness so that we can work towards a more balanced and healthier life.
I don’t know the best way to live life or to be healthy. In my day job, I am a medical doctor with a passion to help my patients engage in better lifestyle habits. All of the topics and information here is for educational purposes and is not medical or personal health advice. Please consult with your licenced health care providers for medical advice and treatments.
In this health and wellness blog, my mission is to raise issues in health and wellness to a higher level in our consciousness and promote us to live a healthier lifestyle. I want to act as a “Health Advocate” and stimulate interest, conversation and action for health.
We all want to live a “good” life, but how do we increase the odds that we can make it happen? Life becomes busy and hectic and we must always strive to create a balance that fulfills our long-term needs: To live, learn, love and create a life with meaning.
The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health is: “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity “
According to the WHO, the primary determinants of health include our social, economic, and physical environments combined with the person’s individual characteristics and behaviors.
Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Wellness is the state of living a healthy lifestyle, aiming to enhance well-being.
The maintenance and improvement of health depends on external factors and our intelligent lifestyle choices. In fact, it depends on wellness or an awareness of our ability to make choices that may lead to a more successful life existence.
Every day we have choices to develop our Physical, Mental/Psychological, Spiritual and Social/Emotional well-being – The Four Dimensions of Life (as per SR Covey and others).
The Four Dimensions of Life:
Optimizing health comes from making decisions and practicing behaviors that are based on sound health knowledge and health-promoting habits.
I will follow up with topics on a weekly basis. I invite your comments and suggestions and look forward to learning more about health with you.
I will end with a beautiful expression important for our mindset (and health). It was provided to me by one of my patients:
“Live life with an attitude of gratitude”. We should aim to be thankful every day. | https://blufolio.com/blog/blogdetail.aspx?id=6 |
M.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
How Robots Benefit Different Industries
The science fiction novels of decades past are coming true at last. Many industries utilize robots to improve efficiency, carry out precise tasks, or cut down on employment costs. Recent years have seen vast improvements in the world of robotics. In today’s article, we’ll explore a few different industries that use robots.
Health Care
Robots are sometimes used to perform intricate surgeries. A number of surgical applications require cuts so miniscule that doctors cannot make them. As a result, robotic arms are increasing in popularity for this task. Though doctors control the arms, the arms carry out the physical work. Robots can also package and distribute some medications as well as sanitize rooms.
Automotive
Several welding applications
in the automotive industry require the use of robots, which can complete jobs in a more timely manner. Robots can also assemble small parts such as windshields and wheel bearings.
Agriculture
Robotics have greatly improved the agricultural industry during the last several years. Robotics can complete simple chores such as harvesting and spraying, and drones can monitor large fields and take detailed pictures that allow farmers to collect essential data. GPS, joined with other applications, can also be used to drive some farming equipment autonomously.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing often requires a large amount of monotonous movements, many of which are easily carried out by robotic devices. Robots are used for tasks such as material handling, removal, and assembly. They can also apply materials such as glue or paint to objects.
Food
Robots are being introduced to several areas of the food industry. They’re often programmed to clean, blend, and sort different types of food, such as meat or vegetables. Robots can also package food before it’s shipped out and stack boxes. Robots can also be used for different forms of food delivery.
Published
10/10/2019 08:40:00 AM
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BlogThis! | https://www.digital-lifestyle.com/2019/10/how-robots-benefit-different-industries.html |
The atom, the basic building block of matter, consists of a core nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Everything in the world is made up of atoms, and while there are many different types of atoms in the universe they are all built the same way; with electrons, protons, and neutrons. When talking about atoms, you often hear the term elements. Elements are the building blocks of all matter, and matter is the stuff around us that is used to create atoms. So atoms create elements, and elements create molecules. Everything in the world is built by using something else. While atoms make up every object in the world, they are so small by themselves that you can’t see them without the help of a special microscope called an electron microscope. In fact, atoms are so small that one drop of water contains over a million atoms and molecules.
Subatomic particles, a scientific term for electrons, protons, and neutrons, are the individual atomic components that determine classification of certain molecules. These particles are considered the three parts that make up an atom. The protons and neutrons of an atom are always in the center or nucleus of the atom while the electrons are found buzzing around the nucleus in areas called orbitals. Electrons are particles of atoms that have a negative charge. Protons are particles of atoms that have a positive charge, and neutrons have a neutral or no charge. If an atom contains an equal number of electrons and protons then the charge will cancel each other out to create an atom with a neutral charge. An atom has a negative charge if it has more electrons than protons and a positive charge if it has more protons than electrons.
Matter is the stuff all around us; everything in the world is made up of matter. Matter comes in three main states, including solids, liquids, and gases. Let’s take water for example, in its solid state it would be ice, in its liquid state it would be water, and in its gas state it will be steam or water vapor. Matter can change states and this is done based on temperature. When the temperature of water is lowered it turns into its solid state of ice and when the temperature is increased it turns into steam or water vapor.
Atoms and molecules are the building blocks that create the necessary states of matter that allow life to function. In fact, atoms and molecules make up everything around us, including our own bodies. The subatomic particles of an atom allow the universe to evolve. The spinning and binding of atoms to create elements that react with other elements are the primary cause of an ever-evolving universe with ecosystems, populations, biospheres, planets, planetary and star systems, and galaxies that exist within it. Science continues to develop more and complex theories and discoveries that attempt to unravel the mysteries of the universe that began with non-reactive subatomic particles, which eventually began its creation of an unforeseen matrix around us.
Sand Point Middle School: Atoms and Molecules: A brief explanation behind the basic building blocks of matter, which are also known as atoms.
Chem4kids – Some great information for kids on atoms and what materials make up atoms.
Rockingham County Schools; Atoms, Matter, and Molecules (PPT): A power-point presentation linking direct evidence obtained through the senses that explain the basic building blocks of life.
Estrella Mountain Community College: Chemistry: Atoms and Molecules: An atom has three differentiating subatomic particles: proton, neutron, and electron.
Learning Development Institute: Basic Books in Science: Atoms, Molecules, and Matter (PDF): An extensive resource detailing the science behind the matter surrounding us, including the composition of atoms and functioning movement of all molecules.
Miami Science Museum: The Atoms Family: A science project idea illustrating the composition of atoms.
New York Hall of Science: All About Molecules: Molecules are small particles that make up all organic and non-organic matter.
SK Online: Atoms and Molecules: A science lesson explaining the basic building blocks of life and the composition of all molecules.
American Physical Society: From Atoms to Molecules (and back): Physics developments have led to laser technology that can combine and deconstruct atoms to molecules and molecules to atoms.
4-H Project: Fun with Atoms (PDF): A lesson plan and science project that will help illustrate the composition of atoms into molecules. | http://near-field-communication.us/kids-chemistry-atoms.html |
in a corpus as derived from contextual co-occurrences. They have proven to be a powerful tool and have attracted the attention of many researchers over the last few years. The usage of word embeddings has improved various natural language processing (NLP) areas including named entity recognition, part-of-speech tagging, and semantic role labelling[8, 16]. Word embeddings have also given promising results on machine translation, search and recommendation[21, 22].
Similarly, there are many potential applications of the embeddings in the academic domain such as improving search engines, enhancing NLP tasks for academic texts, or journal recommendations for manuscripts. Published studies have mostly focused on generic text like Wikipedia[14, 23], or informal text like reviews[4, 12] and tweets[18, 33]. We aim to validate word embedding models for academic texts containing technical, scientific or domain specific nuances such as exact definitions, abbreviations, or chemical/mathematical formulas. We will evaluate the embeddings by matching articles to their journals. To quantify the match, we use the ranks derived by sorting similarity of embeddings between each article and all journals. Furthermore, we plot the journal embeddings as a 2-dimensional representation of journal relatedness. Our 2-dimensional plot of embeddings visualizes relatedness in a scatter plot[2, 9].
2 Data and environment
In this study, we compare content models based on TFIDF, embeddings, and various combinations of both. This section describes the training environment and parameters as well as other model specifications to create our content models.
2.1 Dataset:
Previous studies have highlighted the benefits of learning embeddings in a similar context as they are later used in[11, 30]. Thus, we trained our models on title and abstracts of approximately 70 million scientific articles from 30 thousand distinct sources such as journals and conferences. All articles are derived from Scopus abstract and citation database . After tokenizing, removal of stopwords and stemming the dataset contains a total of ca. 5.6 billion tokens (ca. 0.64 million unique tokens). The word occurrences in this training set follow a Pareto-like distribution as described by Wiegand et al. This distribution indicates that our original data has similar properties as standard English texts.
2.2 Tfidf
We used 3 TFIDF alternatives all created by the TFIDF and the hasher from the pySpark mllib. We controlled TFIDF alternatives in two ways, (a) adjusting vocabulary size and (b) adjusting the number of hash buckets. We label the TFIDF alternatives as follows:“vocabulary-size / number-of-hash-buckets”. Thus, we label the TFIDF configuration that has a vocabulary size of 10,000 and 10,000 hash buckets as TFIDF 10K/10K. To select the TFIDF sets, we measured memory footprint of multiple TFIDF configurations vs our accuracy metric (see section 3 for detailed definition). As seen in Table 1, the performance on both title and abstract stagnates; the same is true for the memory usage. Given these results, we selected the 10K/10K, 10K/5K and 5K/5K configurations for our research as reasonable compromises between memory footprint and accuracy. We also do not expect significantly better performance for higher vocabulary sizes such as 20K.
2.3 Embeddings
Our word embeddings are obtained using a spark implementation of the word2vec skip-gram model with hierarchical softmax as introduced by Mikolov et al. In this shallow neural network architecture, the word representations are the weights learned during a simple prediction task. To be precise, given a word the training objective is to maximize the mean log-likelihood of its context. We have optimized model parameters by means of a word similarity task using external evaluation sets[5, 1, 15] and consequently used the best performing model (see 4.1) as reference embedding model in this entire article (referred to as embedding). Additionally, we created 4 variants of TFIDF combined with embedding. All embedding models are listed below:
3 Methodology
To measure the quality of embeddings, we calculate a ranking between each article and its corresponding journal. This ranking, calculated by comparing embedding of the article with the embedding of all journals, will resemble the performance of embeddings in a categorization task. Articles in 2017 are split into 80%-20% training and test sets. Within training set, we average embeddings per journal and define it as the embedding per journal. This study is limited to journals with at least 150 publications in 2017 and those who had papers in both test and training sets (roughly 3700 journals and 1.3 millions articles). We calculate the similarity of embeddings between each article in the test set and all journals in the training set. We order similarity scores such that rank one corresponds to the journal with the most similar embedding. We record the rank of the source journal of each article for evaluations. We do this for both title and abstract separately. We calculate the performance per set, therefore we combine the ranking results of all articles for a set into one score. We use the median and average for that: the average rank takes the total average of all ranks, while the median is the point at which 50% of all the ranks are higher and 50% of all the ranks are lower. We keep track of the following results when ranking: source journal rank, score as well as name of the best matching journal for both abstract and title. We furthermore monitor the memory usage and computation time. To plot the journal embeddings, we use PCA (Principal Component Analysis)-based tSNE. tSNE (t-Stochastic Neighbor Embedding) is a vector reduction method introduced by Maaten et al.
4 Results
In this section, the results of our research are presented; the detailed discussion on the meaning and implications of these results are presented in section 5, Discussion.
4.1 Model Optimization
During optimization, we tested the effect of several learning parameters on training time and quality using three benchmark sets for evaluating word relatedness, i.e. the WordSimilarity-353 , MEN and the Rare Word test collection that contain generic and rare English word pairs along with human-assigned similarity judgments. Only few parameters, i.e. number of iterations, vector size and the minimum word count for a token to be included in the vocabulary had significant effect on the quality. The learning rate was 0.025 and the minimum word count was 25. Our scores were close to external benchmarks from above studies. We manually investigated the differences and they were mostly due to word choice differences between academic context vs non-academic. Indeed, the biggest difference was between television and show pairs (because in academic context show would rarely relate to television). Table 2.3 contains the average scores and training times when tuning the parameters while fixing the remaining one. Our final and reference model is based on 300-dimensional vectors, a context window of 5 tokens, 1 iteration and 160 partitions.
4.2 Ranking
show the result of the categorization task via ranking measures for titles and abstracts. The rank indicates the position of the correct journal in the sorted list of all journals. These graphs show both the average and the median ranks, based on the cosine-similarity between the article and journal embeddings. These embedding vectors, whether calculated by word2vec, TFIDF or their combinations can be considered as the feature vectors used elsewhere for machine-learning tasks.
4.3 Rank Distribution
4.4 Memory Usage and Computation Time
Table 3 shows the total memory usage of each test set in gigabytes. Moreover, it provides the absolute hit percentage of the title and the abstracts, i.e. the percentage of articles that have their source journal as the first result in the ranking. The table furthermore lists the median rank and the median abstract rank, as visualized in Figures 2 and 2. Thus, this table gives an overview of the memory usage of the sets, combined with their accuracy on the ranking task.
We furthermore investigated compute efficiency for different content models. To simulate what can happen during an online application, we selected 1000 random articles and then measured time needed for dot products between all pairs. Time recorded excluded input/output time and all calculations started from cached data with optimized numpy matrix/vector calculations. Table 4 shows computation time in seconds as well as ratios. Generally dot products can be faster for dense vectors as opposed to sparse vectors. Generally TFIDF vectors are stored as sparse vectors while embeddings are dense vectors. Hence, we also created a dense vector version of TFIDF sets to isolate the effect of sparse vs dense representation.
4.5 Journal Plot
Figure 4 shows the 2-dimensional visualization of the (default) journal embeddings based on the abstracts. This plot is color coded to visualize publishers. Some journal names have been added to the plot to indicate research areas.
5 Discussion
5.1 Results Analysis
5.1.1 Highest Accuracy
The data, as presented in Figures 2 and 2 shows that the 10k/10k set performs better than all other TFIDF sets, although the difference with the 5k/10k is low (a median rank difference of 1 on the abstracts and 3 on the titles). For the embeddings, the TFIDF weighted embedding outperforms other embedding models by a narrow margin: 1 median rank higher on the abstracts, and equal on the titles.
5.1.2 Dataset and Model Optimization
The determinants for choosing the final model parameters were constrained by their computational costs. Hence, even if increasing the number of iterations could have led to better performing word embeddings we chose 1 training iteration due to the increased training time. Similarly, we decided to stem tokens prior to training in order to decrease the vocabulary size. This might have led to a loss of syntactical information or caused ambiguous tokens.
5.1.3 Tfidf
The TFIDF feature vectors outperform the embeddings on abstracts, while the embeddings outperform the TFIDF on titles. The main difference between abstract and title is the number of tokens. Hence, embeddings which enhance tokens by their semantic meaning outperform TFIDF on the title. On the other hand, the TFIDF model outperforms on the abstract likely due to additional specification by additional tokens. In other words, longer text provides a better context and hence requires a less accurate semantic model for individual tokens.
Furthermore, none of our various vocabulary size cut-offs improved TFIDF ranks and indeed increasing the vocabulary size monotonically increased the performance of the TFIDF. In other words, we could not find a cut-off strategy to reduce noise and enhance TFIDF results. Although, it could still be possible that at even higher vocabulary sizes the cut-off would result in a sharper signal. However, since we noticed performance stagnation we did not investigate larger vocabulary sizes beyond 10k (presented in Table 1).
5.1.4 Combination of TFIDF and embeddings
The limited TFIDF embeddings all fall short of full TFIDF embedding. We did not find a vocabulary size cut-off strategy to increase accuracy by reducing noise from rare or highly frequent words or their combinations. In other words, it is best not to miss any word. This is in line with what we found with the TFIDF results: larger vocabulary sizes enhances models.
Rank distribution; Although the limited TFIDF embeddings underperform, we found that their rank distribution is different from the other embeddings. The rank distribution of the limited TFIDF embeddings shows the following pattern: a high/average performance on the top-rankings, a below average performance on the middle rankings and an increased ratio of articles with worsened higher ranks. The rank distribution seems to indicate that the cut-offs marginalize ranks. The cut-off moved the “middle-ranked” articles to either the higher end or the lower end with a net effect to deteriorate median ranks. However, the articles that matched with limited TFIDF embedding had higher accuracy scores. The reduction in vocabulary size did not reduce the storage size for the embeddings, except for the 1K-6K case. This indicated that only the 1K-6K cuts removed all tokens from some abstract and titles resulting in null records and hence lower memory.
5.1.5 TFIDF & embeddings
Our hypothesis on the difference between the TFIDF and the standard embedding is as follows:
The embeddings seem to outperform the TFIDF feature vectors in situations where there is little information available (titles). This indicates that the embeddings store some word meaning that enables them to perform relatively well on the titles. The abstracts, on the other hand, contain much more information. Our data seems to indicate that the amount of information available in the abstracts enables the TFIDF to cope with the lack of an explicit semantic model. If this is the case, we could expect that there would be little performance increase on the title when we compare the embeddings to the weighted TFIDF embeddings, because the TFIDF lacks the information to perform well. This can be seen in our data, only the average rank increased by 3, indicating that there is a difference between the two embeddings, but not a significant one. We would also expect on the abstract an increase in performance since the TFIDF has more information in this context. We would expect that the weighting applied by the TFIDF model, an importance weighting, will improves the performance of the embedding. Our data shows a minor improvement in performance: 1 median rank and 10 average ranks. While these improvements cannot be seen as significant, our data at least indicates that weighting the embeddings with TFIDF values has a positive effect on the embeddings.
5.1.6 Memory usage & Calculation time
TFIDF outperforms the embeddings on the abstracts, but requires more memory. Embedding uses 3.13 GB RAM, while the top performing TFIDF, 10K/10K, uses 11.61 GB (3.7 times more RAM footprint). This indicates that the embeddings are able to store the relatedness information more densely than the TFIDF. The embeddings furthermore need less calculation time for online calculations as shown in Table 4. In average, embeddings are 200 times faster than sparse TFIDF. When the vectors are transformed to dense vectors this is reduced to 46 times. The difference between the sparse and dense vectors is due to dense vectors being processed more efficiently by low level vector operations. The difference between the embedding and TFIDF dense vectors is mainly due to the vector size. Embeddings use a 300 dimensional vector, while TFIDF uses a 10000 dimensional vector. Hence a time ratio of 33 is just normal and indeed close to measured values of 40 and 53 in Table 4. Note that even though dense representation is roughly 4-5 times faster, it requires 33 times more RAM which can be prohibitive.
5.2 Improvements
This research demonstrates that even though the embeddings can capture and preserve relatedness, TFIDF is able to outperform the embeddings on the abstracts. We used basic word2vec but earlier research already shows additional improvement potential for word2vec. Dai et al showed that using paragraph vectors improves the accuracy of word embeddings with 4.4% on triplet creation with the Wikipedia corpus and a 3.9% improvement on the same task based on the arXiv articles. Furthermore, Le et al show that the usage of paragraph vectors decrease the error rate (positive/negative) with 7.7% compared to averaging the word embeddings on categorizing text as either positive or negative. While the improvement looks promising, we have to keep in mind that our task differs from earlier research. We do not categorize on two categories but about 3700 journals. Since the classification task is fundamentally the same, still we would expect an improvement by using paragraph vectors. However, the larger scale here complicates the task due to the “grey areas” between categories. These are the areas in which the classification algorithm is “in doubt” and could reasonably assign the article to both journals. There are many similar journals and hence we cannot expect a rank 1 for most of articles. Indeed our classes here are not exactly mutually exclusive. Indeed in general, the number of these grey areas increase with increased target class size.
Pennington et al showed that the GloVe model outperforms the continuous-bag-of-words (CBOW) model, which is used in this research, on a word analogy task. Wang et al introduced the linked document embedding method (LDE) method, which makes use of additional information about a document, such as citations. Their research specifically focused on categorizing documents, showed a 5.89% increase of the micro-F1 score on LDE compared to CBOW, and a 9.11% increase of the macro-F1 score. We would expect that applying this technique to our dataset would improve our scores, given earlier results on comparable tasks. Although our results seem to indicate that the embeddings work for academic texts, Schnabel et al found that the quality of the embeddings are depended on the validation task. Therefore, conservatively we can only state that our research shows that embeddings work on academic texts for journal classifications.
Despite immense existing researches, we have not been able to find published results which are directly comparable to ours. This is due to our large target class size (3700 journals) that requires a ranking measure. Earlier research limited themselves to small number of groups such as binary classes or 3 classes . We have opted median rank as our key measure, but like existing research we have also reported absolute hit . Our conclusions, were indifferent to exact metric used (median vs average rank vs absolute hit).
6 Conclusion
Our research, based on academic corpus, indicates that embeddings provide a better content model for shorter text such as title and fall short of TFIDF for larger texts such as abstracts. The higher accuracy of TFIDF may not be worth it, as it requires 3.7 more RAM and is roughly 200 times slower for online applications. The performance of the embeddings have been improved by weighing them with the TFIDF values on the word level, although this improvement cannot be seen as significant on our dataset. The visualization of the journal embedding shows that similar journals are grouped together, indicating a preservation of relatedness between the journal embeddings.
7 Future work
7.0.1 Intelligent cutting
A better way of cutting could improve the quality of the embeddings. This improvement might be achieved by cutting the center of the vector space out before normalization. All words which are generic are in the center of the spectrum, removing these words prevents the larger texts to be pulled towards the middle of the vector space, where they lose the parts of their meaning which set them apart from the other texts. We expect that this way of cutting, instead of word-occurrence cutting, can enhance embeddings especially for longer texts.
7.0.2 TFIDFs performance point
In our research, TFIDF performed better on the abstracts than on the titles, which we think is caused by the difference in text size. Consequently, there could be a critical length of text where the best performing model switches from embedding to TFIDF. If this length is found, one could skip the TFIDF calculations in certain situations, and skip the embedding training in other scenario’s, reducing costs.
7.0.3 Reversed word pairs
At this point, there are no domain-specific word pair sets available. However, as we demonstrated, we can still test the quality of word embeddings. Once one has established that the word vectors are of high quality, could one create word pairs from these embeddings? If this is the case we could create word pair sets using the embeddings and then reverse engineer domain specific word pairs for future use.
8 Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Bob JA Schijvenaars for his support, advice and comments during this project.
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When you make an agreement of some significance (e.g., to rent an apartment, or join a gym, or divorce), you typically agree to certain terms: you sign a contract. This is for your benefit, and for the other party’s benefit: everyone’s expectations are clear, as are the consequences of failing to meet those expectations.
Contracts are common, and some influential thinkers in the “modern” period of philosophy argued that the whole of society is created and regulated by a contract. Two of the most prominent “social contract theorists” are Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704). This essay explains the origins of this tradition and why the concept of a contract is illuminating for thinking about the structure of society and government.
1. The State of Nature and the First Contract
To see why we might seek a contract, imagine if there was no contract, no agreement, on what society should be like: no rules, no laws, no authorities. This is called “the state of nature.”
What would life in the state of nature be like? Most think it would be very bad: after all, there would be no officials to punish anyone who did anything bad to us, resulting in no deterrent for bad behavior: it’d be every man, woman and child for him or herself, it seems.
Hobbes has famously described life in the state of nature as “solitary, poor nasty, brutish, and short.” Locke describes it as where everyone can be judge and jury in their own disputes, meaning they can personally decide when they have been wronged and how to punish the offender; clearly, this could get out of hand.
Historically, we may not have ever been in a state of nature, but contract theorists use this idea to explain why rules for society, a contract, are desirable. It allows us to peacefully live together with the assurance that no one can simply harm us or take our property without consequence. Contract theorists argue that most people would freely enter into a contract to secure these benefits.
A contract has some costs though: to receive the advantages of an ordered society, everyone agrees to give up some benefits they had in the state of nature. Hobbes says we must give up “the right of nature” or the ability to judge for ourselves what counts as our “preservation.” This means that we could kill someone and claim it contributed to our “preservation,” truthfully or not. Locke argues we must give up the right to be judge and jury of our own disputes.
Suppose, for mutual benefit, people contract to form some society. What are the details of that contract?
2. The Agreement to Form Government
A newly-formed society needs a mechanism for making decisions: who will make and enforce the rules? This authority needs to be established if the new community is to function together peacefully.
Hobbes argues that the sole decision-making authority should be an almighty ruler, who he calls the “Leviathan,” who rules by force so that citizens are afraid of whatever the ruler says. As Hobbes forebodingly reminds his readers: “And covenants [or contracts], without the sword, are but words, and of no strength to secure a man at all.” The contract means that you obey the ruler and his laws or suffer severe consequences, such as imprisonment or even death.
Locke’s proposal for the creation of government reflects a more democratic approach in the sense of majority rule: “. . every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation . . . to submit to the determination of the majority.” According to Locke, the primary function of government is to pass laws through a majority vote regarding the protection of rights, especially one’s right to property: “The great and chief end . . . of men putting themselves under government is the preservation of their property.
Government requires our submitting to someone else’s authority. Submitting yourself to be ruled by someone else requires sacrifice: we give up the right to make laws, enforce those laws, and punish transgressions of them. We transfer these rights to some individual or group who does them on our behalf. These three basic activities—making, enforcing and punishing—form the basis for the three branches of government common in many countries.
3. Conclusion
Living under a contract is likely better than living in the state of nature. Questions remain, however.
First, we usually explicitly agree to contracts, but we’ve done no such thing for society. If it’s said we tacitly agree, meaning that we’ve implicitly agreed, Locke responds: “The difficulty is what ought to be looked at as tacit consent, and . . . how far any one shall be looked on to have consented, and thereby submitted to any government, where he has made no expression of it at all.”
We haven’t explicitly agreed to any social contract. Do citizens agree simply by enjoying the benefits of things only made possible by living in society? For example, being able to drive on public roads is a benefit. But this is possible only through the existence of government-funded roads. Unless someone refuses to drive on public roads, by accepting such a benefit, is one tacitly “consenting”?
Locke’s notion of tacit consent is problematic because it assumes agreement based on our receiving benefits. However, explicit consent is important because this kind of consent is the mark of voluntarily entering into a contract. Explicit consent is often extremely important – consider consent in sexual relationships – but it is never obtained, or even sought, to participate in and receive benefits from being part of society.
A second, deeper problem with the notion of a social contract is who was and is left out of it. Who was not allowed to sign the contract or help create its terms? In many societies, women and non-Europeans were intentionally excluded, and certainly many individuals and groups of people would not consent to much of many governments’ policies and practices, past or present.
Notes
“Modern,” for the purposes of the history of philosophy, refers roughly to the time period from the mid-17th century to the late-18th century. However, “modern” does not only designate a time period but refers to the beginning of the Enlightenment, the rise of modern scientific thinking (Galileo, Newton), and to a turning away from the established order of the Church.
Generally included with Hobbes and Locke is a third theorist, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Rousseau is not discussed here because his views are quite different from Hobbes’ and Locke’s. Rousseau is critical of both Hobbes’s and Locke’s views on the social contract because he is not convinced that society and government are an improvement over the state of nature. He outlines such an argument in his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1754). His own version of the social contract is found in On the Social Contract (1762). See Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contact (Penguin Books, 1968) and Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Hackett, 1992)
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651), ed. Michael Oakeshott (Simon and Schuster, 1962), 100.
Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1690), ed. C.B. Macpherson (Hackett, 1980), 10-11. Locke proposes that we give up the right to be judge and jury of our own disputes in order “to avoid, and remedy those inconveniences of the state of nature, which necessarily follow from every man’s being judge in his own case,” p. 48.
Hobbes, Leviathan, 104.
Hobbes, Leviathan, 129
Locke, Second Treatise, 52.
In Chapter 5 of Locke’s Second Treatise, he famously argues we have a natural right to private property by mixing our labor with land. For example, if I pick an apple from the tree, because I own the labor I used (picking the apple), the apple becomes “mine.” Government is created to protect the property I have acquired.
Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 64.
For an account of how race factored into the terms of the contract, see Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (Cornell University Press, 1997).
For an account of how gender factored into the contract, see Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford University Press, 1988)
References
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651), ed. Michael Oakeshott (Simon and Schuster, 1962)
John Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1690), ed. C.B. Macpherson (Hackett, 1980)
Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford University Press, 1988)
Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (Cornell University Press, 1997)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762) (Penguin Books, 1968)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1754) (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992)
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About the Author
David Antonini received his Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University Carbondale in 2018. He is author of Public Space and Political Experience: An Arendtian Interpretation (Rowman & Littlefield, 2021). He is currently
Author: David Antonini
Category: Social and Political Philosophy, Phenomenology and Existentialism
Word Count: 1000
Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), born in Hanover, Germany, was a public intellectual, refugee, and observer of European and American politics. She is especially known for her interpretation of the events that led to the rise of totalitarianism in the twentieth century.
Arendt studied under German philosophers Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers and set out to pursue a path as an academic, writing a dissertation on St. Augustine. However, Hitler, the Nazi regime’s rise to power, and the bloody Holocaust forever changed her life. Being Jewish, Arendt was forced to flee the country, seeking refuge in France and eventually the United States. After living through the outbreak of WWII, Arendt devoted the rest of her life to writing about politics, although less in a traditional philosophical sense and more in the vein of a political observer, interpreting events of the twentieth century.
This essay explains some central insights of her political thought and how she developed these concepts to overcome the loss of politics as public debate in Nazi Germany.
1. Totalitarianism and the Loss of Public Debate
Arendt understands “politics” as public debate by a community about meaningful aspects of their shared life together. She witnessed the collapse of politics, in this sense, under Nazi totalitarianism. This form of rule seeks to diminish public debate by making it a criminal act to criticize the regime. Arendt sought to understand the rise of this unprecedented form of government, and to defend public debate against threats to its existence.
Throughout her writings Arendt defended the importance of public debate. She had witnessed with German citizens in the 1930’s and 40’s what could happen in its absence: the substitution of a fabricated reality based on a leader’s vision, accepted by seemingly well-intentioned citizens. Without public debate, the ruling regime is free to construct a false narrative about “reality,” perpetuate that narrative, and maintain power because there is nothing to compete with it.
2. “The Human Condition” and Plurality
Arendt’s well-known 1958 text The Human Condition contains some of her central insights about politics, especially her concept of human plurality. For Arendt, plurality is an existential condition of human life: we are equal insofar as we are human beings but distinct because no human being is like any other. Our distinctness provides us with a perspective that cannot be fully understood by anyone else, yet our equality means that, as a presupposition of communication, we assume the capacity for speech and reason in each other.
Based on plurality, politics then is the place and activity of shared communication based on the distinct perspectives of equal human beings. When we engage in political life, we seek to communicate how things look from our distinct perspectives, while others do the same. For Arendt, the activity of publicly addressing one another about how things appear from our distinct perspectives is the lifeblood of politics. Sharing our perspectives with to others is done in the public space, which must be preserved if democratic politics is to remain a viable possibility. This public space was destroyed under totalitarian regimes in the twentieth century.
3. Power through Civil Disobedience
How does Arendt argue we preserve the public space?
The answer lies in how Arendt rethinks the concept of power. As a political concept, we often associate power with rulers, governments, and politicians. Rulers or politicians have or hold power, as if power is something to be possessed. We often hear the phrase that politicians are not concerned about their constituents but about “staying in power.”
Arendt, however, considers legitimate power as something that exists between citizens as they engage in political action together, whereas power wielded by rulers through the use of terror and violence is illegitimate. She argues that “power springs up between men when they act together and vanishes the moment they disperse.” So, when a group of human beings decides to act for a specific political purpose, power exists between them as they collaborate together to achieve a political aim: we might say that it is power that “holds them together” as a group and not just a collection of disparate individuals.
For Arendt, an exemplary moment of power preserving the public space is the act of civil disobedience, especially the various movements during the turbulent decades of the mid twentieth-century in the United States, on which Arendt wrote. When citizens gather together to protest an unjust law, power exists between them. The public action to protest unjust laws is a manifestation of the public space discussed above. To think of power as Arendt does means that those engaged in civil disobedience are attempting to reclaim the public space of debate. Through enacting unjust laws, government has abused the legitimacy it has been entrusted with: through civil disobedience, citizens try to reclaim that legitimacy.
Reclaiming the public space of debate is an effective mechanism for citizens when they believe a government has lost its legitimacy. Robust public debate in many forms ensures that it is not merely the ruling regime that defines the parameters of public debate, especially if they attempt to drown out dissent as, for example, in the delegitimization of the media or press. Public debate competes with political leaders’ attempts to substitute fabricated truths in order to maintain power.
In sum, the public space is preserved through power that “springs up” among citizens when they gather together. Public space refers to the activity of shared debate among plural human beings; this space and activity are maintained as long as opportunities exist for the gathering of citizens.
4. Conclusion
Arendt’s political thought is unique among political thinkers because it does not lay out a theoretical program like a social contract or theory of justice. Instead, Arendt’s political thought is existential in attempting to understand how a meaningful space for politics and public debate can be lost and how that space might be re-enlivened through political action. Current political circumstances, especially the rise of nationalist and populist movements across the globe, speak to the importance of robust public debate among citizens.
Notes
Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 200.
Arendt’s insight, that power holds a group together, is fairly intuitive. Any group of people that decide to achieve some common goal must work together and not be at cross purposes. Being in agreement and working together means the group has power between them, but if they quarrel and pursue separate projects, there is no longer power present.
See Hannah Arendt, “Civil Disobedience” in Crises of the Republic (New York: HBJ Publishing, 1970)
Twentieth-century German thinker Jurgen Habermas is close to Arendt in his thinking on the public space or public sphere, especially in his insistence upon undistorted forms of speech and communication. His thought is that public debate can proceed through what he calls “the force of the better argument.” Habermas, as well as Rawls, is generally associated with a school of political thought known as deliberative democracy, where the emphasis upon public debate is essential. Aspects of Arendt’s thought can be considered to belong to this school of thought. However, their accounts of the public sphere (in the case of Habermas) or public reason (in the case of Rawls) belong to more idealist strains of political theory whereas Arendt’s political thinking has a different starting point.
References
Hannah Arendt, Love and Saint Augustine. Edited by Johanna Vecchiarelli Scott and Judith Chelius Stark (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929).
Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958).
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism. (New York: Meridian Books, 1958).
Hannah Arendt, “Civil Disobedience” in Crises of the Republic (New York: HBJ Publishing, 1970).
Jurgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action: Vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Translated by Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985).
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Research objectives and summary findings
Disclaimer: Within this report, we aim to portray the views of participants and to reflect their words as closely as possible. The findings that are presented therefore reflect the opinions and experiences of a range of individuals and may not be shared by others within the same or other institutions, including the Office for National Statistics. Some quotes have been edited for language and grammar to improve accessibility, without changing the content or meaning.
Research objectives
The UK Statistics Authority’s (UKSA) Online Inclusive Data Consultation was open to the public for 12 weeks from 5 January to 26 March 2021. Its purpose was to support the work of the Inclusive Data Taskforce in considering how best to ensure that:
“…our statistics, [analysis and publications] reflect the experiences of everyone in our society so that everyone counts, and is counted, and no one is forgotten.” (UKSA strategy – Statistics for the Public Good, 2020)
We consulted to gain views on:
- what was needed to improve the inclusivity of UK data and evidence, such as:
- where there are data and evidence gaps
- where data and evidence are currently lacking or partial (regarding topics and quality)
- where further work is needed
- where to make improvements and what is currently working well
Summary findings
Theme-based analysis of responses generated four main themes, each with two sub-themes, in relation to the inclusivity of data and evidence across the UK. These consisted of accessibility of data, inclusivity of methodological practices, inclusivity of existing data and evidence, and trust, transparency and engagement. Within these themes, there were several issues which were common across both individuals and those responding on behalf of an organisation.
Participants identified some problems with the accessibility of data and evidence needed for research purposes because:
- it was not freely available
- it was not available quickly enough to keep up with current topics
- concise data was difficult to access due to being spread across a variety of statistical organisations and their sources, for example, websites and datasets; users must access each source separately to obtain the required data
- data were identified as not being user friendly, such as being presented unanalysed in Excel, or not designed to support people with visual impairments
Inclusivity of methodological practices were also seen as important to address. The classifications used in survey questionnaires was seen as one of the main challenges for data collection. Relying on quantitative data alone to explore complex inclusivity topics was also raised as an issue. Using qualitative or mixed methods, which would enable deeper understanding of people’s experiences and the circumstances that influence representation and inclusion, was suggested.
In terms of the inclusivity of existing data and evidence, specific data gaps were identified. These mainly related to digital poverty, socioeconomic inequality, education and housing inequalities, and disability. These gaps were said to result in:
- under-representation of groups
- a lack of granularity within the data (particularly for dimensions which overlap)
- an inability to address relevant issues and inequalities
Issues around geographical coverage at the local, national, and international level were outlined, including insufficient coordination and consistency to enable effective comparability between areas.
Finally, trust, transparency and engagement were also considered important by participants. Some participants believe that research agencies lack trustworthiness, and distrust was cited as a major barrier, preventing the participation of certain groups in data collection. One reason provided for this was a lack of transparency within research processes, for example, not explaining: | https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/publication/findings-from-the-online-inclusive-data-consultation/ |
Dr Rasika Jayasekara is a senior lecturer in Nursing & Midwifery. Dr Jayasekara’s current professional activities include teaching in both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, research, research supervision, publications, and international journal reviewing. His teaching is informed by best available evidence, contemporary trends of teaching and learning, practice directions and innovation. As a researcher Dr Jayasekara is currently involved with Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Research Group and Education in Nursing, Midwifery and Health Science Research at School of Nursing and Midwifery.
Dr Jayasekara has been increasingly recognised as a methodological expert particularly in the regards of systematic reviews within the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Department of Health and Ageing due to my extensive experience of the area, publication records and attracting research grants. As a NHMRC Specialists in systematic review, he has lead and successfully completed a NHMRC review (Category II) project to develop a NHMRC discussion paper and the development of the companion document to the Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare (AICG), 2010 for residential and community aged care settings. Dr Jayasekara was an associate Investigator for a series of systematic reviews (5 reviews) for developing National Evidence Based Antenatal Care Guidelines, Department of Health and Ageing, Commonwealth of Australia in 2010/11 (Category II).
Dr Jayasekara previously worked as a research fellow at the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), the University of Adelaide.
Jayasekara, R 2019, 'Clinician and consumer experience concerning cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in older adults', in AM Columbus (eds), Advances in psychology research, Nova Science, US, ch. 8 , pp.1-18.
Jayasekara, R, Smith, C, Hall, C, Rankin, E, Smith, M, Visvanathan, V & Friebe, T-R 2018, 'The effectiveness of clinical education models for undergraduate nursing programs: a systematic review', Nurse education in practice, vol. 29, pp. 116-126.
Othman, S, Jayasekara, R, Steen, M & Fleet, J 2018, 'A systematic review for exploring the effectiveness of healthy eating education programmes for improving midwives' levels of knowledge and confidence in promoting healthy eating in pregnant women', Evidence-based midwifery, vol.16, no. 3, pp. 84-93.
Gordon, A, Mikocka-Walus, A, Grzeskowiak, LE & Jayasekara, RS 2013, 'Antidepressants for depression during pregnancy', Cochrane database of systematic reviews, vol. 2013, no. 8, pp. 1-17.
Jayasekara, RS 2012, 'Focus groups in nursing research: methodological perspectives', Nursing outlook, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 411-416.
Li, J, Jayasekara, R & Zhang, Y 2019, 'Discovering cultural differences to inform cultural sensitive nursing practice', Biomedical journal of scientific & technical research, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1-4.
Li, J-L, Jayasekara, R & Zhang, Y 2019, 'The effectiveness of problem-based learning in undergraduate nursing programs: a scoping review of the literature', Journal of nursing & healthcare, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-5.
Othman, S, Jayasekara, R, Steen, M & Fleet, J 2018, 'An exploration of the methodology used in a study to examine the effectiveness of education and training in providing nutritional advice to pregnant women: systematic review protocol', Evidence based midwifery, vol. 16, no.2, pp. 50-54.
Othman, SME, Steen, M, Jayasekara, R & Fleet, J-A 2018, 'A healthy eating education program for midwives to investigate and explore their knowledge, understanding, and confidence to support pregnant women to eat healthily: protocol for a mixed-methods study', JMIR research protocols, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1-10.
Wang, H, Jayasekara, R & Warland, J 2015, 'The effect of "hands on" techniques on obstetric perineal laceration: a structured review of the literature', Women and Birth, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 194-198.
Jayasekara, RS 2013, 'Evidence based national framework for undergraduate nursing education in Sri Lanka', GSTF international journal of nursing and health care, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 107-113.
Jayasekara, R 2011, 'Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain', Journal of pain management, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 437-438.
Jayasekara, RS 2011, 'Kinship care for the safety, permanency, and well-being of children removed from the home for maltreatment', International journal of child health and human development, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 237-239.
Jayasekara, RS, Munn, Z & Lockwood, C 2011, 'Effect of educational components and strategies associated with insulin pump therapy: a systematic review', International journal of evidence-based healthcare, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 346-361.
Jayasekara, RS 2009, 'Brief interventions for heavy alcohol users admitted to general hospital wards ', Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 2511-2512.
Jayasekara, RS 2009, 'Issues, challenges and vision for the future of the nursing profession in Sri Lanka: a review', International Nursing Review, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 21-27.
Stern, C & Jayasekara, R 2009, 'Interventions to reduce the incidence of falls in older adult patients in acute-care hospitals: a systematic review', International journal of evidence-based healthcare, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 243-249.
Jayasekara, RS, Hall, C, Smith, C, Rankin, E, Smith, M, Friebe, T-R & Visvanathan, V 2017, 'Clinical education models for undergraduate nursing programs', 5th Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference (WNC 2017), GSTF Digital Library, pp. 86-92.
Jayasekara, RS & Amarasekara, TD 2015, 'Nursing education in Sri Lanka challenges and vision for the future', 3rd Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference (WNC 2015), Global Science and Technology Forum, pp. 15-20.
Lang, HM & Jayasekara, RS 2015, 'Comparative effectiveness of group education and individual education methods for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus', 3rd Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference (WNC 2015), Global Science and Technology Forum, pp. 370-378.
Jayasekara, RS 2013, 'The development of a national framework for nursing education in Sri Lanka: an evidence-based approach', 1st Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference (WNC 2013), Global Science and Technology Forum, pp. 80-84.
Kempster, CL & Jayasekara, RS 2013, 'The effects of diet and exercise programs for overweight or obese women during pregnancy', 1st Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference (WNC 2013), Global Science and Technology Forum, pp. 67-71. | https://people.unisa.edu.au/Rasika.Jayasekara |
Featured Article:
Ancient Greek Women and Warfare: Building a More Accurate Portrait of Ancient Women Through Literature
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2015, Vol. 7 No. 06 | pg. 1/3 | »
Abstract
The present study explores the portrayal of women in ancient Greek literature within the context of warfare. More specifically, this work focuses on Classical Period Greek literature, particularly between 450 and 350 BCE, written by Athenian men. The genres studied include tragedy, comedy, philosophical works, and histories. As a highly elusive and largely unexplored subject, the lives of the women of antiquity are often generalized by modern scholars. Feminists and classicists tend to recombine all the information they find, regardless of genre or context, attempting to produce a well-supported argument. By conducting a close analysis of the ways in which women are represented in the various literary genres, however, it becomes clear that different genres portray women in different lights. Therefore, not only is it difficult to come to any conclusion regarding the portrayal of women in literature, it is an extremely challenging endeavor to determine how women were perceived at the time, or even the realities of their lives.
It is almost foolishly redundant to say that an understanding of the Classical world relies upon the study of the ancient literature. Ancient texts have been translated, analyzed, and interpreted since antiquity, and they continue to reveal new information on virtually everything pertaining to the ancient world. From legislative operations, social demographics, commercial activities, and political deliberations, to religious practices, urban design, fashion, and cultural norms and taboos, the wealth of information that the literature provides is astounding. In terms of primary sources, the written and archaeological records are regarded as the two most important types of evidence for interpreting the ancient world, and utilizing the two, which coexist by complementing and reinforcing one another, enhances our understanding of the various aspects of antiquity.1
Or so scholars had hoped. This perception that a clear understanding of the ancient texts would automatically illuminate the mysteries of the ancient world is, in fact, merely an unattainable ideal, or at best, a heavily obstacle-ridden endeavor. Not only is the literature often extremely elusive and vague, hardly any of it is a straightforward, objective narrative of the realities of the ancient world; there is a pressing need to consider the texts’ authors, dates, purposes, genres, and audiences.
Each of these factors can have a tremendous effect on the nature of the text and consequently, its contents. Modern scholars, however, tend to conveniently ignore or overlook this complication. Although problematic, this tendency is certainly understandable; the topic being considered may be so severely underrepresented that scholars feel the need to gather any piece of evidence they can find in order to present what appears to be a well-supported idea.
This endeavor, this effort to cite every single piece of literature without any regard to its context, is overwhelmingly abundant in the study of ancient Greek women. In an age when the history of men is still obscure to modern scholars, the documentation of women is even more fragmented and scarce. As a result, scholars employ as many resources as possible to put together a portrait of women in the period. Based on this methodology, it has generally been agreed upon that the women of the ancient world were considered subordinate to men and were confined to their houses.2 Gomme’s (1925) words can be applied to the present work: “This paper is not an attempt to prove that this view is untrue; but that there is a conflict of evidence; that much that is relevant is ignored and other evidence misunderstood and misapplied; that is, that the confidence in the prevailing view is quite unjustified” (p. 5).3
Although commendable for its far-reaching nature, this all-inclusive method of creating a comprehensive account of women in antiquity is fundamentally flawed. It is hardly deniable that works of different genres, time periods, purposes, or audiences would portray women in different lights. Thus, it becomes extremely difficult to use ancient literature, as a generalized whole, to illustrate the realities of women in ancient Greek society. Instead, one must carefully approach the analysis of these resources meticulously and scientifically, using strict controls and constants. All but one factor that could affect the outcome of an experiment, or in this case, the portrayal of women in literature, must be kept constant. This exposes the impacts that the one isolated factor may have. Only once a single factor has been isolated, can results be gathered and analyzed to produce a general conclusion.
Taking this into consideration, this study focuses on how works of various genres portray women of ancient Greece differently, with authorship and age of publication limited to males and the Classical Period. The focus is further restricted to works produced by Athenians (with the exception of Aristotle, who, having been born in Chalcidice, spent a large portion of his life in Athens), roughly between 450 and 350 BCE, with emphasis on the years of the Peloponnesian Wars. Because of the specified timeframe, this study necessarily investigates the portrayal of women in literature within the context of warfare. In short, this study is an attempt to demonstrate that works of varying genres – namely dramatic tragedy and comedy, philosophy, and history – written by Athenian men in the Classical Period portray women in contrasting ways, and that therefore, it is extremely difficult to paint a generalized picture of the realities of women during ancient Greek war.
Because modern scholars typically fail to recognize the complexities of genre and its effects on content and interpretation, they have arrived at fundamentally different conclusions regarding various aspects of the ancient women’s lives. One of the most compelling debates has centered on the nature of the women’s statuses in antiquity. As alluded to above, while the traditional orthodoxy had maintained that the position of women remained ignoble and subordinate to men throughout antiquity, some scholars have argued that, especially in the Classical Period, women enjoyed more social freedom and independence.
In his famous article, “The Position of Women in Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries,” Gomme (1925) suggests that the traditional view is held too confidently, considering the discrepancies in the evidence (p. 2). Gomme claims that Pericles’ funeral speech indicates a slight decline in women’s freedom, whereas the later tragedies point to a revolutionary elevation of status and freedom (p. 7). Gomme further criticizes his predecessors, condemning them for selectively making references to out-of-context passages from tragedy and other ancient works, using them to build a “fanciful history” (p. 8). As a recent supporter of Gomme’s works, Richter (1971) concludes that “the special circumstance of the cloistered, secluded and servile Athenian wife living quietly in an ‘oasis of domesticity’ needs further examination before definite conclusions can be reached” (p. 8).4
Pomeroy’s book, Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (1976), on the other hand, assumes the traditional view that women of antiquity were secluded and subordinate to their men; her evidence all “contribute to painting a considerably bleaker picture of Greek and Roman women” (p. xiii). Incorporating a wide variety of mostly literary sources, Pomeroy attempts to relate the realities of women’s existence in chronological order, beginning with the Homeric and Bronze Ages (p. 229).
Most scholars commend Pomeroy’s work as a necessary response to the lack of focus on the women of antiquity. Some, however, criticize her unoriginality and failure to provide new evidence.5 Regardless of whether or not Pomeroy’s individual views are new, her synthesis work undoubtedly can be regarded as an invaluable starting point for the study of women in antiquity.
Following Pomeroy’s work, a number of contributions have been made to the scholarship regarding women in antiquity. By 1981, for example, Foley was able to compile various essays from Women’s Studies (volume 8, issues 1-2) in a work entitled Reflections of Women in Antiquity. The book contains ten articles by notable scholars, such as Pomeroy, Amy Richlin, and Marilyn Katz, with topics ranging chronologically from Bronze Age Greece to the early Roman Empire. The writers’ variety of sources and approaches together present a complex picture, illustrating the difficulties in making easy generalizations about women in antiquity.
It is hard, for example, to reconcile the discrepancies between the strong women of tragedy and the muted existence portrayed in prose of the Classical Period, and Foley notes in her article, “The Conception of Women in Athenian Drama,” that in tragedy, the simple female-male/oikos-polis dichotomy becomes more complex, and “helps us to define a norm against which to read the inversions and aberrations of drama” (p. 161). Similarly, Blok’s compilation of articles, Sexual Asymmetry: Studies in Ancient Society (1987), contains works pertaining to women from Homer and Hesiod, women of Athens, and ancient infanticide, to the women of Republican and Late Empire Rome. Again, the wide range of evidence employed by the various authors – including history, social anthropology, literature, iconography, and archaeology – poses problems when attempting to make concrete conclusions about the realities of women in antiquity (p. vii).
The publication of these volumes, in addition to various other articles and books,6 truly speaks to the increased scholarly interest in the study of women in antiquity, especially during the last quarter of the 20th century. By no stretch of the imagination, however, are all of these works necessarily successful. As previously mentioned, efforts to make reference to virtually all of the ancient evidence, although admirable, is ultimately untenable. When discussing the apprehension felt by young girls facing marriage, for example, MacLachlan (2012) refers to mythology, Plutarch’s biographies, and Apollodorus’ (contested) poetry (p. 56).
It must be stressed that, although they may be referring to the same issues (in this case, a bride-to-be’s concerns), literature from differing genres, each written for different contexts, motivations, and audiences, produce conflicting portrayals of their subjects. Some scholars, however, seem to be at least partially aware of this. In her chapter entitled “Images of Women in the Literature of Classical Athens,” for example, Pomeroy carefully focuses on portrayals of women in tragedy, comedy, and philosophy in turn (p. 93-118), and avoids making any generalizations based upon any sort of recombination of literary evidence. Therefore, she is able to make clear distinctions between the portrayals of women in each genre.
The limited scholarship concerning women in the context of warfare, however, is almost entirely guilty of broad over-generalizations or conclusions, reached without any regard for the genres of which the literary evidence is a part. In “Women, War, and Warlike Divinities” (1984), Graf argues that women were largely passive participants in war, but in order to reach this conclusion, he makes reference not only to ancient histories and epic poetry, but also to artistic representations (p. 245-254). Schaps similarly utilizes a variety of genres for his literary evidence. In “The Women of Greece in Wartime” (1982), Schaps also attempts to provide a general overview of the extent to which women participated in armed conflict. His citations, although admittedly history-heavy,7 also include substantial references to Aristophanes’ comedies and Aeschylus’ tragedies.
Loman, contrary to Graf and Schaps, argues in his article, “No Woman No War: Women’s Participation in Ancient Greek Warfare” (2004), that women’s participation in Greek warfare was extremely important and indeed, necessary (p. 54). Unfortunately, Loman also cites literature of various genres; Anyte and Nossis’ lyric poetry, Herodotus’, Xenophon’s, Plutarch’s, Thucydides’, and Polybius’ histories, Aristophanes’ comedies, Aristotle’s philosophical works, and even fragments of Athenaeus’ publications, are all heavily cited. Barry, in “Roof Tiles and Urban Violence in the Ancient World” (1996), is one of the very few scholars who are able to restrict their sources to one literary genre. Barry makes reference to ancient histories exclusively, and thus is able to provide an uncompromised deduction about historians’ depictions of women as active participants in urban conflict.8
As Culham (1987) astutely admonishes, there is a fine line between parts of text that represent an image and those that depict a reality, a line which is too often crossed by scholars on the basis of unarticulated preconceptions (p. 15). It is pertinent, therefore, to recognize the interrelationship of text, genre, and reality, and its associated complications. A great majority of the modern scholarship concerning ancient women in warfare, not to mention ancient women in general, however, fails to acknowledge these complexities.
Given the diverse, and yet limited, nature of the extant literary evidence, it is extremely challenging to paint a comprehensive picture of women in antiquity, much less during armed conflict. I would argue, therefore, that the best one can do is accept that the literary sources are merely male-oriented portrayals of women, limited by various constraints and conventions prescribed for each genre. This work, then, is a literary analysis in which I attempt to highlight the conflicting portrayals of women in each genre and to emphasize the flaws in modern scholarship of using multiple literary genres to support a claim.
In the context of war, the women of Classical tragedy, in one word, can be described as pathetic. Whether these female characters evoked pathos or were simply seen, by the male audiences of the time, as a representation of what is only natural is certainly worth exploring, but regardless, it is evident that the women were depicted as wretchedly helpless victims of war. The number of times certain words pertaining to suffering, distress, and lamentation occur within the texts truly speaks to the constant misery experienced by women during war: when considering one tragedy by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides each, these words occurred 72 times in Persae, 46 times in Antigone, and 108 times in Troades.9 As Pomeroy (1976) writes, “Women glory especially in being the mothers of sons, and the lamentation of mothers over sons killed in war is a standard feature in Euripides’ […] plays” (p. 110). Hecuba’s monologue at the beginning of Euripides’ Troades is especially poignant:
Alas, alas, to groan in lamentation (στενάχειν) is the wretched fate for me (μελέᾳ), who lost her fatherland, children, and husband. Oh, all of the ancestors humbled, as if you all amounted to nothing. What woe shall I keep silent? What shall I lament? What dirge shall I sing? Wretched me (δύστηνος), my unfortunate limbs lie here, having been laid on the firm ground. Alas my head, my temples, and my ribs; I long to turn and to rest my back and spine, constantly wailing the elegies of anxieties (μελέων). But this is music to the wretched (δυστήνοις), this singing of joyless ruins (ἄτας). (Euripides, Troades, 105-121)10
The chorus in Euripides’ Phoenissae alludes to not only its own misery, but also to the wretched state of Jocasta, a mother about to lose her two sons in battle:
Alas, alas, I hold my trembling, trembling heart with shudders; and pity, pity for the wretched mother goes through my flesh. Which of the two sons will stain the other with blood – oh, my suffering; oh, Zeus; oh, Earth – a brother’s throat, a brother’s life, with shields and blood? […] I will wail a cared-for cry, to be mourned with tears, for the dead; their light is about to go out. This murder is unhappy, ill-starred because of the Furies. (Euripides, Phoenissae, 1284-1306)
And when Jocasta finds her dead sons, she laments (ᾤμωξεν) (Eur., Pho., 1432), wails (ἔκλαι) (Eur., Pho., 1434), sings a dirge (ἐθρήνει) (Eur., Pho., 1434), groans (στένους) (Eur., Pho., 1435), and kills herself (Eur., Pho., 1455-59).Continued on Next Page »
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Identify solar features, including sun spots, solar flares, eclipse .
Quantify the energy output of the sun, and compare/contrast solar energy to other forms used here on earth.
The Sun is a G2 main sequence star, and is the central feature around which our solar system is arranged. This fiery ball of hydrogen and helium is at least 4.5 billion years old, and contains over 99% of all the matter in our solar system; a million Earths could fit within the Sun! With a diameter of over 1.39 x 106 km and a mass of 1.99 x 1030 kg (330,00 Earths!), the Sun is a dynamic star with its own atmosphere that is layered with denser gasses at its core. The photosphere is the portion of the start that produces visible light, allowing us to see the radiant energy even though it lies beneath two additional atmospheric layers. Beyond the photosphere is the chromosphere, which is only visible when the photosphere is blocked, such as during a solar eclipse. The choromosphere can also be imaged using filters. The outermost region of the Sun is its' corona, which extends many millions of kilometers beyond the Sun's photosphere. The visible light seen in the corona is only a fraction of what is emitted from the photosphere, though the corona often shows up brilliantly during a solar eclipse (see figure 22.2). It appears as star-burst shaped spicules that flare-out from the Sun in all directions. Some of this energy can escape the Sun's atmosphere, flowing into space as in streamers of protons and electrons, known as solar wind.
The Sun's corona peeks out during the 1998 total solar eclipse in Antigua, West Indies. This is a phenomenon known as "the diamond ring" effect, which takes place just seconds before totality. Photo credit: Kelly Knight
Units of Measurement
Distances are measured in light-years (ly), or the AU (astronomical unit: the distance from the Earth to the Sun). Energy units include BTU's, kilowatt-hours.
For a video of the Sun's layers and images of solar flares, click here:
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/videos/index.html
Solar Energy:
Visible light is part of the electromagnetic (EM) radiation (EMR) that is emitted by objects. The wavelengths of radiation emitted include dangerous cosmic rays, X-rays, radio waves, infra-red and ultra-violet radiation. Visible light is a small part of the full spectrum of EMR. For our sun, the EM radiation is created by processes such as hydrogen fusion—a thermonuclear reaction. In nebulae, gasses are heated enough to incandesce (glow) much the same as a fluorescent light bulb does. The sources of heat for glowing nebula may be EM radiation from nearby stars or from hear generated by compression of these same gasses.
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Definition
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Astronomical Unit (AU)
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The average distance between the Earth and the Sun: 1.5 x 108 km = 93 million miles.
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Chromosphere
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The layer in the solar atmosphere between the photosphere and corona.
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Corona
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The sun's outermost atmosphere.
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Hydrogen fusion
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The nuclear-reaction that fuses hydrogen atoms, producing heat and Helium.
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Luminosity
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The electromagnetic radiation that is emitted from a star or other stellar object. Sometimes expressed as a flux, or amount per unit area.
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Photosphere
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The portion of the sun's atmosphere where visible light as at is maxiumum.
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Plasma
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A hot, ionized gas.
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Solar wind
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The expulsion of electrons and protons from the sun; occurs in a radial direction.
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Sunspot
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Isolated 'cool spots' in the sun's photosphere, caused by protrusionsof the the sun's magnetic field.
Conversion Chart for Energy Units
One kilowattt-hour = 3,413 Btu One barrel of oil = 1,640.8 kilowatt-hours
1,367 W per square meter = solar constant Solar radiation (entire sun) = 3.83 x 1023 kW
The sun's surface is an amazing 5700 K! Through super-heated hydrogen and helium, large amount of energy are irradiated. The solar radiation for the entire sun is 3.83 x 1023 kW (Stanford Solar Center, 2016). For comparison, imagine the radiant energy from a standard household light bulb (100 W). As the sun's radiation travels away from the sun and towards the earth, the rays become more diffuse. To account for this "loss" in solar energy, scientists report incident radiation in terms of the amount of incoming energy that would strike a plane on the Earth's surface at 90 degrees (perpendicular) to the incoming angle of the sun's rays (see illustration below). This is the number is called the 'solar constant', and is reported in energy per area; the solar constant is 1,367 W per square meter.
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Incident solar energy hitting the earth's surface (ITACA, 2016)
The Earth, however, is a sphere, which must be accounted for in our calculations. The formula for calculating the radiation incident on a spherical surface area is, (where the radius of the Earth, R, is 6,378 km):
solar constant x πR2 =1367 W/m2 x πR2
This value is then divided by half, to account for the illuminated side of the earth (the opposing, or "dark side", receives minimal incoming energy). This value, 684 W/m2 is the average amount of energy incident on the side of the earth that is facing the sun.
This incoming energy, however, is not completely received by Earth. The Earth's atmosphere absorbs and diffuses incoming radiation, and only about 30% makes it to the Earth’s surface. This means the available energy for capture is:
0.7 * 684 W/m2 = 479 W/m2
If we (generously) assume that the amount of daylight during a typical day is 12 hours, we can calculate the amount of energy harnessed per day:
479 W/m2 * 12 hours = 5748 Wh/m2day
The energy E in kilowatt-hour (kWh) is equal to the power P in watts (W), times the time period t in hours (hr) divided by 1000:
E(kWh) = P(W) × t(hr) / 1000
So kilowatt-hour = watt × hour / 1000
or 5748 Wh/m2day or 5.75 kWh/m2day
What does this mean? A 1 m x 1 m solar panel would be able to receive 5.75 kWh of energy per day. For comparison, the average US consumer uses 911 kWh per month, or 30 kWh per day.
1. How many solar panels would it take to power a residential property, assuming (generously) that a solar panel allows for 100% conversion? Show your work.
Now let's look at fossil fuels...review the energy bill for your home (or use one of the sample energy bills provided), and write-down how many kWh of energy you used for the current month.
2. How many kWh did you use in your home?
3. How many BTU's were required to create the kilowatt hours your consumed? How many barrels of oil does this amount to? Show your work
4. What is the going rate for a barrel of oil?
5. What is the difference between the price of barrels of oil you consumed, and the price you paid for your electricity bill? What might account for this price difference?
6. Compare and contrast using solar power vs. fossil fuels? What are the benefits of each? What are some drawbacks? | https://studyhelpme.com/question/50032/Calculating-the-Sunrsquos-Energy-Summary-The-sun-is-a-main-sequence-star-G-2-yellow-dwarf |
SMART is a useful guide for setting objectives - especially for performance management and personal development.
The letters stand for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound.
Specific
Specific goals are clear and unambiguous.
They outline exactly what is to be accomplished and by whom.
It is important to note any detailed requirements and constraints.
Measurable
It is important to measure progress toward the attainment of the goal.
If a goal is not measurable, how will you know you are making progress and on track to deliver?
Research tells us that "you get what you measure".
Achievable
Goals should be achievable but still stretching enough for individuals.
Ideally the level of challenge should be near the upper band of an individual’s capability.
If the challenge is too great it will put someone "out of flow" and may result in reduced performance.
Realistic
Goals need to be deliverable within the availability of resources, knowledge and time
Goals also need to be relevant. The best goals tap into the personal motivators of an individual and are aligned with the strategic imperatives of the organisation. If goals do not seem worthwhile, people are less likely to commit high levels of energy and passion into the attainment of the goal.
Time-bound
Goals need to be grounded within a time frame, by setting a target date.
A commitment to a deadline helps people focus their efforts on completion of the goal on time by creating a sense of urgency.
Setting intermediate goals can be a nice way to make a large goal seem more achievable.
Drucker, Peter F. (1954). The Practice Of Management. New York: Harper & Row, 1954. Print. | https://www.accipio.com/eleadership/mod/wiki/view.php?id=1610 |
Climber falls 90m down Queensland peak
A ROCK climber has fallen hundreds of metres down Mount Barney 90km southwest of Brisbane.
The man was one of three climbers scaling the eastern cliff face when he fell from his rope just before 1pm.
It’s unclear how the disaster unfolded but police are in communication with two climbers on the cliff.
They are unable to see their climbing partner, police said.
An emergency helicopter has also surveyed the area but has been unable to locate him.
The two climbers on the cliff are unable to climb up or down.
A police search and rescue coordinator is now at the scene managing the incident.
The cliff face, known as the Governor, is popular among sports climbers. | https://www.centraltelegraph.com.au/news/mount-barney-climber-falls-90m-from-queensland-pea/3522251/ |
In this blog I cover Hypothesis Testing, I have tried to explain it in a simple way, also I have given couple of scenarios where we need to build hypothesis testing.
Hypothesis Testing:
What is a Hypothesis ? : In statistics a hypothesis is a premise or a claim that we want to test or to investigate.
So how do we test or investigate ?
We do a survey, get a sample data, and we use that sample data to test the claim.
What is a Null Hypothesis ?
Null Hypothesis means the default hypothesis, i.e the thing that is kind of a established.
It is denoted as Ho.
Ho : Currently accepted value for a parameter
When we are looking at a parameter of population, we have a currently established thing,
may be a mean value of IQ or something based on previous study
What is Alternate Hypothesis ?
Alternative Hypothesis: also called as research hypothesis and is denote as Ha
Ha : It involves the claim to be tested.
Eg. Suppose it is believed that a candy machine makes chocolate bars that are on average 5g.
A worker claims that a machine after maintenance no longer makes 5g bars.
So,
Null Hypothesis Ho : mu = 5g
Alternate Hypothesis Ha : mu <> 5g
Null hypothesis and Alternate hypothesis are mathematical opposites
Possible outcomes of this test :
1. Either reject Ho in favour of alternate hypothesis
2. OR fail to reject Ho
Test Statistic: Calculated for sample data .
Level of Confidence : How confident are we in our decision (usually taken as 95%)
Level of significance : Alpha = 1 – Level of confidence = 1-0.95 = 0.05
Ex –
A company states that they make soda straws of 4 mm diameter.
A worker believes that machine no longer makes straws of this size, he samples 100 straws
to perform hypothesis test with 99% confidence
Ho : average straw diameter = 4 mm
Ha : average straw diameter <> 4 mm
Ex-
Doctor believe that avg teen sleeps on an avg. no longer than 10 h per day.
A researcher believes that teens on avg. sleep longer
Ho: average sleep hours of a teenager <= 10
Ha: avg. sleep hours of a teenager > 10
Ex-
School board claims that atleast 60% of students bring mobile ph to a school
A teacher believes that this no. is too high and randomly selects 30 students to test
at a level of significance of 0.02. | https://www.datascienceprophet.com/hypothesis-testing-simplified/ |
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