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India achieved a significant victory at the WTO on December 8, 2014, as the Appellate Body has held that the Countervailing Duty (CVD) measures imposed by the United States against certain Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products are inconsistent with the provisions of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) of the WTO.
The Appellate Body has emphatically endorsed India's position that public sector undertakings (PSUs) do not constitute 'public bodies' capable of providing a subsidy merely for the reasons that the government has a majority shareholding in them and directors to the Boards of the PSUs are appointed by the government. This ruling provides significant relief to exporters from India who buy raw materials from PSUs such as SAIL or National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC). The ruling also has worldwide implications on how the WTO disciplines on subsidies can be applied against alleged financial contributions from state-owned enterprises.
The Appellate Body also agreed with India that the United States applied a wrong methodology while calculating the benefit, and consequently while determining subsidy-margin, in the case of sale of iron ore by NMDC. The Appellate Body confirmed the Panel's reasoning that proxies indicating domestic prices cannot be ignored in determining benchmarks under the ASCM.
On a point of law, the Appellate Body has held that cumulation of non-subsidized imports with subsidized imports while determining injury in a CVD investigation is inconsistent with the WTO law. The Appellate Body has held that the United States’ law contained in 19 USC 1677(7)(G)(iii) is 'as such' inconsistent with ASCM. This ruling has raised serious questions about the WTO compatibility of several other CVD investigations conducted or being conducted by the United States.
On the aspect of determining an appropriate benchmark to determine benefit, it has now been clarified that investigating authorities cannot presumptively reject government-related prices as relevant benchmark; in applying adverse inferences against non-cooperating parties, investigating authorities cannot arbitrarily choose to apply any inference, but instead have to account for all substantiated facts; and in selecting one fact over another in such cases, the finding is to be supported by proper reasoning and evaluation.
Further, the Appellate Body has ruled that investigating authorities do not have the unfettered right to add new subsidies in the course of reviews of existing CVD measures. Only new subsides that are closely linked to subsidies examined earlier can be added in a review proceeding.
Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan handled the case at all levels right from the consultation phase and upto the Appellate Body. Previously, L&S assisted the Indian Government in the dispute DS428 in which India challenged the Safeguard measures imposed by Turkey on imports of cotton yarn (other than sewing thread). Pursuant to the formal consultations and without resorting to full-fledged litigation, the measures were withdrawn by Turkey. | https://www.lakshmisri.com/newsroom/news-briefings/wto-upholds-major-claims-of-india-in-steel-dispute-appeal/ |
Research has repeatedly demonstrated the benefits of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD; e.g., Lovaas 1993). Behavior therapists who provide EIBI often work in settings where a multi-disciplinary approach to treatment is used. It is not uncommon for behavior therapists to collaborate with colleagues from other disciplines (e.g., speech and language, physical therapy, occupational therapy). Although the multi-disciplinary approach can be beneficial, it may be detrimental if the proposed treatment in addition to EIBI is provided for multiple hours on a daily basis, as this can diminish available time for EIBI treatment. One increasingly popular approach to working with children with autism is the Developmental, Individual Difference, Relationship-based/Floortime (i.e., DIR/Floortime) model.
What is the conceptual link between ASD and DIR/Floortime?
The DIR/Floortime model was developed by Dr. Stanley Greenspan and Dr. Serena Weider (Greenspan & Wieder, 1999). It is based on a hypothesis that ASD is acquired as a result of a child’s early environment not providing specific kinds of emotional nurturing. This leads to them missing one or more of the six hypothesized emotional developmental milestones. DIR is described by proponents as a child directed “process or concept, through which therapists, parents, and other caregivers make a special effort to tailor interactions to meet the child at his unique functional developmental level and within the context of his processing differences” (Hess, 2009). It considers the “Development of functional emotional capacities, Individual processing differences, and the parent or caregiver-child Relationship” to create new learning opportunities and centers around circles of communication. A circle of communication involves two participants who respond to each other verbally or nonverbally (Dionne & Martini, 2011). DIR proposes six developmental milestones that create the foundation for a child’s learning and development. Specifically, the milestones are 1) self-regulation or interest in the world, 2) engagement and relating, 3) two-way intentional communication, 4) purposeful complex problem solving communication, 5) creating and elaborating ideas, and 6) building bridges between ideas (Wieder & Greenspan 2003).
Each milestone increases the length and complexity of the circle of communication. Floortime is the intervention technique used to facilitate mastery of the DIR developmental milestones. Specifically, Floor time involves guiding the child through the developmental milestones by following the child’s lead through play. That is, the therapist or caregiver will build on the child’s current skills to create more complex circles of communication. Proponents of Floortime suggest it facilitates generalization because each interactive circle of communication is created in a natural environment. Additionally, family involvement is a large component of Floortime, again to facilitate generalization (Dionne & Martini, 2011). Proponents recommend that DIR/Floortime be implemented in 20-minute blocks of time for six to ten sessions per day.
Is there any research to support Floortime?
Currently, research is limited on the use of Floortime to treat ASD (National Research Council, 2001). Additionally, the available research findings lack empirical validity (i.e., the experimental rigor of the available research is weak). In general, Floortime studies focus on training parents and therapist to implement Floortime interventions and evaluating the fidelity of the training on the interventions (e.g., Solomon, Van Egeren, Mahoney, Quon Huber, & Zimmerman, 2014). Although many of the studies look at changes in the hypothesized milestones developed by Greenspan and colleagues, to date none of the studies have evaluated the effects of Floortime on standardized measures of development or language. The studies have additional concerns. For example, one of the first studies to evaluate Floortime as an intervention for children with ASD was completed by Greenspan & Wieder in 1997. These authors retrospectively evaluated the charts of 200 children ages 22 to 48 months, who were diagnosed with ASD or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). All children were provided the Floortime intervention for two to five hours per day for two or more years by family or professionals. Outcomes of the intervention were determined using parental and therapist report to complete the Functional Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS), a nonstandardized observation tool created by Greenspan and Wieder to assess the emotional functioning of a child based on the six developmental milestones that guide treatment in DIR. Greenspan and Wieder suggested 58% of the children had “good to outstanding” outcomes. That is, 58% of the children demonstrated 50 spontaneous circles of communication, mastered all six milestones, and created or participated in pretend play (Greenspan & Wieder, 1997). These results may at first glance seem promising; however, the lack of experimental control, experimenter bias, and use of non-standard measures greatly limits these findings. First, all outcomes were based on information found in a child’s chart (i.e., therapist and parental report) as opposed to direct observation. Second, a subjective observational tool was used to determine treatment outcomes. Both the reliance on anecdotal report and the use of a subjective observational tool allow for results to be greatly affected by biases. Third, the authors do not clearly describe the comparison group that was meant to serve as a control. Therefore, it is unclear if any treatment gains on standardized measures of development and language actually occurred due to the Floortime treatment.
In 2007, Solomon, Necheles, Ferch, and Bruckman evaluated the effects of parents using the DIR/Floortime model with 68 children over an 8-12 month period. Floortime was delivered 15 hours per week.
Treatment outcomes were determined using blind raters who scored videos of each child before and after treatment using the FEAS (again no standardized measures of development were assessed). Results suggested 45% of the children made good to very good functional developmental progress on the FEAS. However, much like Greenspan and Wieder (1997), Solomon and colleagues (2007) were lacking a control group and used a subjective measuring tool. Additionally, many of the participants in this study were simultaneously enrolled in other early educational programs. Therefore, it is unclear whether the increase in functional development should be attributed to Floortime or other outside educational programs.
In 2011, Dionne and Martini attempted to control for several of the limitations present in previous research by evaluating Floortime using a single-subject AB design with one boy age 3 years and 6 months with a diagnosis of autism. During Phase A (observation), the parent simply interacted with the child naturally and did not implement Floortime. During Phase B (intervention), Floortime was implemented by the parent. Phase A and Phase B were completed back-to-back a total of 28 times. Two blind observers watched 20 minutes of each phase for all 28 sessions and coded the number of circles of communication during each phase. Results were evaluated using visual analysis as well as statistical analysis. The authors concluded that the results of the visual analysis demonstrated great variability in the number of circles of communication observed during Phase A and Phase B, making a trend difficult to determine. However, there was a slight increase in the number of circles of communication observed during Phase B as compared to Phase A. Additionally, a statistical analysis of the number of circles of communication in Phase A as compared to Phase B showed a significant increase during Phase B as compared with Phase A. Although the use of the AB design increases experimental control as compared to previous research, it is still extremely limited because the results were never replicated either with the current participant or across other participants. Therefore, additional research that evaluates the effects of Floortime on standardized measures of development and language is still needed to determine if the Floortime treatment model has any significant impacts on the core diagnostic features of ASD, particularly when compared to treatments that have already been shown to have such effects. Pajareya and Nopmaneejumruslers (2011) conducted what they described as a pilot study to assess the extent (if any) to which DIR/Floortime would enhance client outcomes of children with autism who were already involved in other clinical interventions. The researchers trained parents to conduct the treatment. Two groups of participants were involved – both groups were already receiving one-to-one behavioral treatment (discrete trial teaching); the experimental group supplemented that treatment with DIR/Floortime hours. The experimental design was pre/post test (or AB), with global assessments being made at the start and end of the experiment. The results showed a significant improvement in scores in the children who were treated by both DIR/Floortime and behavioral interventions. However, there were several methodological flaws that suggest skepticism in any causal relationship between DIR/Floortime and a reduction in autistic symptomology. First, there is the obvious influence of behavioral treatment in the group of children receiving DIR/Floortime. Second, the authors admitted that some of the parents of these children had to be taught how to play with their children, irrespective of the DIR/Floortime procedures. Third, there was no direct observation check on the fidelity of the parents implementing the DIR/Floortime procedures. That is, there is no proof that parents actually implemented the Floortime procedures as required. In a related study, Solomon and colleagues (2014) recently investigated the impact of DIR-type procedures when training parents to implement with their young children diagnosed with autism. Mixed results were obtained, with the strongest data showing superiority of DIR coming from changes in scores on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G). However, there were several limitations with this research, including the use of statistical analyses as opposed to direct observation of behavior, use of self-report survey data of questionable reliability and validity, and a lack of verification that parents actually implemented the required protocols.
Future Research
The current research on DIR/Floortime is lacking in experimental control and empirical validity and objective measurement of treatment effects. Therefore, future research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of DIR/Floortime as a treatment for children with ASD. One major barrier to evaluating DIR/Floortime as a treatment is the subjectivity of the treatment itself. Currently, operational definitions/descriptions of both the procedures and the outcome measures are lacking and are inherently subjective, making replicating of identical procedures almost impossible. However, if more objective procedures could be identified, more research like Dionne and Martini (2011) may lend information on the effects of DIR/Floortime as a treatment for ASD. Specifically, future research should continue to utilize the within-subject research design to control for individual differences across participants and continue to measure results by collecting data on the effects of observable behaviors such as circles of communication or standardized measures of learner development. Additionally, future research should replicate results both within and across participants. Finally, future research may consider replicating results using different populations such as different age groups or different severities of delay as well as replicating results when treatment is delivered by trained therapists or caregivers.
Concerns with the DIR/Floortime model
Floortime may seem like an attractive treatment on the surface. For example, following a child’s lead rather than directing or controlling them as some perceive to be the case in applied-behavior-analytic based treatment may appear more progressive. However, inherent in the model are several concerns. First, Greenspan explicitly warns against rigidity and repetitive routines, instead encouraging variability of teacher behavior. For learners whose strengths are in creating and learning from routine, DIR/Floortime may be frustrating or confusing. Procedures such as those modeled by Dr. Greenspan in a video training series (Floortime DVD Training Guide) can also potentially cause greater levels of problem behavior or shape progressively lower levels of response effort in communication and in skills due to how those behaviors access reinforcement over time. Second, proponents of the DIR/Floortime model often cite the fact that they “follow the child’s lead” rather than require “compliance” to adult directions (Greenspan & Wieder, 2009). This is described as preferable because it allows for more creativity and flexibility on the part of the child and teacher. This lack of formal structure is reputed to be “good” for children, and in particular for children with ASD as it addresses their reported tendencies toward rigidity of routine. However, in a school, one of the most critical skills needed in a child’s repertoire is the ability to follow the direction (lead) of the teacher. Children who do not respond to the teacher’s directions and remain on their own agenda are unlikely to be successful in a classroom environment. To date no studies have shown a correlation between correct implementation of Floortime and success in a regular education setting. Third, the DIR/Floortime interaction style of following the child’s lead can result in the child practicing play skills that are non-functional and inappropriate. Dr. Greenspan in Engaging Autism repeats the mantra that “Floortime is not about doing the right or wrong thing,” “There is no right or wrong answer,” and “Vary what you do” (p 181-185). This approach is likely to interfere with any program that attempts to establish specific functional play skills.
What is the bottom line?
Currently, DIR/Floortime simply does not meet the basic standards of care for use as a treatment intervention. Specifically, there is little to no objective evidence of effectiveness. No one has demonstrated that results can be replicated across a range of children with ASD. And, no one has demonstrated reliable implementation of treatment procedures because treatment procedures are individualized based on the child’s behavior during treatment. Finally measurement of treatment effects has been limited to evaluations of DIR/Floortime procedures and effects on the DIR/Floortime created measures (Functional Emotional levels) rather than standardized assessments of development and language.
On the contrary, there is objective evidence of the effectiveness of EIBI (e.g., Lovaas 1993) that has been replicated across a wide range of children with ASD and can be reliably implemented while still individualized to the child’s specific needs. Because DIR/Floortime is a time consuming treatment (i.e., it is recommended that Floortime be implemented at least 20 hours a week), it may be detrimental to implement DIR/Floortime as a treatment for ASD as it greatly decreases the amount of time the child can be exposed to EIBI, a treatment that is empirically supported for ASD.
References
Dionne, M. & Martini, R. (2011) Floortime play with a child with autism: A single-subject study. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(3), 196-203.
Greenspan, S. I. & Wieder, S. (1997). Developmental patterns and outcomes in infants and children with disorders in relating and communicating: A chart review of 200 cases of children with autistic spectrum diagnoses. Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders, 1, 87-141.
Greenspan, S. I. & Wieder, S. (1999). A functional developmental approach to autism spectrum disor-ders. The Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24(3), 147-161.
Greenspan, S. I. & Wieder, S. (2009). Engaging autism: Using the Floortime approach to help children relate, communicate, and think. Philadelphia, PA: A Merloyd Lawrence Book.
Hess, E. B. (2009). Floortime: A play intervention for children with autism. California APT Newsletter, 16-19.
Lovaas, O. I. (1993). The development of a treatment-research project for developmentally disabled and autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(4), 617-630.
National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Educational Interventions for Children with Autism (2001). Educating children with autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Pajareya, K., & Nopmaneejumruslers, K. (2011). A pilot randomized controlled trial of DIR/FloortimeTM parent training intervention for pre-school children with autistic spectrum disorders. Autism, 15(5), 563-577.
Solomon, R., Nechels, J., Ferch, C., & Bruckman, D. (2007). Pilot study of a parent training program for young children with autism: The PLAY Project Home Consultation program. Autism, 11(3), 205-224.
Solomon, R., Van Egeren, L. A., Mahoney, G., Quon Huber, M. S., & Zimmerna, P. (2014). PLAY project home consultation intervention program for young children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(8), 475-485.
Wieder, S. & Greenspan, S. I. (2003) Climbing the symbolic ladder in the DIR model through floortime/interactive play. Autism, 7(4), 425-435.
Citation for this article:
Ross, R. K., Harrison K. L., & Zane, T. (2018). Focus on science: Is there science behind that?: Autism and Treatment with DIR/Floor Time. Science in Autism Treatment, 15(1), 20-24. | https://asatonline.org/for-parents/becoming-a-savvy-consumer/is-there-science-behind-that-dir-floortime/ |
Objectively Assessing Intraoperative Arthroscopic Skills Performance and the Transfer of Simulation Training in Knee Arthroscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Garfjeld Roberts P., Alvand A., Gallieri M., Hargrove C., Rees J.
PURPOSE: To objectively investigate the transfer validity of simulation training using wireless elbow-worn motion sensors intraoperatively to assess whether surgical simulation leads to improvements in intraoperative arthroscopic performance. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, postgraduate year 2 to 3 trainees in nationally approved orthopaedic surgery posts were randomized to standard junior residency training (control group) or standard training plus additional weekly simulation training (intervention group). Both groups performed a supervised real-life diagnostic knee arthroscopy in the operating room at 13 weeks. Performance was measured using wireless elbow-worn motion sensors recording objective surgical performance metrics: number of hand movements, smoothness, and time taken. A participant-supervisor performance ratio was used to adjust for variation in case mix and difficulty. The study took place in a surgical simulation suite and the orthopaedic operating rooms of a university teaching hospital. RESULTS: The intervention group objectively outperformed the control group in all outcome metrics. Procedures performed by the intervention group required fewer hand movements (544 [interquartile range (IQR), 465-593] vs 893 [IQR, 747-1,242]; P < .001), had smoother movements (25,842 ms-3 [IQR, 20,867-27,468 ms-3] vs 36,846 ms-3 [IQR, 29,840-53,949 ms-3]; P < .001), and took less time (320 seconds [IQR, 294-392 seconds] vs 573 seconds [IQR, 477-860 seconds]; P < .001) than those performed by the control group. The cases were comparable between the groups. Standardized to the supervisor's performance, the intervention group required fewer hand movements (1.9 [IQR, 1.5-2.1] vs 3.3 [IQR, 2.2-4.8]; P = .0091), required less time (1.2 [IQR, 1.1-1.7] vs 2.6 [IQR, 1.6-3.0]; P = .0037), and were smoother (2.1 [IQR, 1.8-2.8] vs 4.3 [IQR, 2.8-5.4]; P = .0037) than the control group, but they did not perform as well as their supervisors. CONCLUSIONS: This study uses intraoperative motion-analysis technology to objectively show that surgical simulation training improves actual intraoperative technical skills performance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The described wireless objective assessment method complements the subjective observational performance assessments commonly used. Further studies are required to assess how these measures of intraoperative performance correlate to patient outcomes. Intraoperative motion analysis is translatable across surgical specialties, offering potential for objective assessment of progression through competency-based training, revalidation, and talent selection for specialist training. | https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/966847 |
Group level role to drive sales and marketing strategy and excellence especially to clients in the Consumer Goods/FMCG or Healthcare industry. Senior leadership role and key influence to business heads and be accountable for the sales and profitability of the business. This role will be based in Thailand.
InternationalPermanent
- Exciting opportunity to drive sales & marketing strategy, role based in Thailand
- Consumer Goods or Healthcare experience
As the Retail head of Asia, our client is seeking a driven and passionate leader who can continue to drive the success and growth for their various brands in this region. | http://www.michaelpage.com.hk/browse/jobs/executive-search/consumer-goods/all |
Facebook announced that 99 percent of the ISIS and al-Qaida terror-related content it removes from the social network is detected before even being flagged and, in some cases, before it even goes live.
Head of global policy management Monika Bickert and head of counterterrorism policy Brian Fishman said in the latest installment of the social network’s Hard Questions series that by using automated systems—including photo and video matching and text-based machine learning—once Facebook becomes aware of terror content, 83 percent of subsequently uploaded copies are removed within one hour of upload.
Facebook has also enlisted the help of more experts, following up this summer’s creation of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism with Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube by announcing that it has expanded several partnerships in recent months, including with Flashpoint, the Middle East Media Research Institute, the SITE Intelligence Group and the University of Alabama at Birmingham’s Computer Forensics Research Lab.
Bickert and Fishman said those organizations are helping Facebook flag pages, profiles and groups that are potentially associated with terrorist groups for review, as well as sharing photo and video files found elsewhere on the web that are associated with ISIS and Al Qaeda, which the social network can then run against its algorithms to remove those files or prevent them from being uploaded to Facebook altogether. | https://stage.adweek.com/digital/facebook-hard-questions-terrorism-november-2017/ |
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Tbilisi will host the sixth meeting of Informal Eastern Partnership Dialogue
Tbilisi will host the sixth meeting of Informal Eastern Partnership Dialogue
On 26 November 2015, Tbilisi will host the sixth meeting of Informal Eastern Partnership Dialogue, which, besides the issues of foreign policy, will also focus on the health issues in a format of sectoral dialogue.
The meeting will bring together Foreign Ministers of the partner counties, EU Commissioner for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations Johannes Hahn and
Deputy Secretary General of the European External Action Service Helga Schmid. The Informal Eastern Partnership dialogue meeting will focus on the progress made within the areas of cooperation agreed at the Riga Summit and on prospects for enhancement of co-operation given the results of the reviewed European Neighbourhood Policy.
EU Commissioner for Health and Food Safety Vytenis Andriukaitis will visit Tbilisi to participate in the sectoral dialogue (meeting of the Ministers of Health).
Proceeding from the dialogue format, the Foreign and Health Ministers of the Eastern Partnership countries are invited to participate in the meeting.
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Q:
Passing an array of strings to a function in C
I want to initialize an array of strings in C through a function. I used this code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void createArrayStrings(char ** listStr){
listStr = malloc (3 * sizeof(char*));
listStr[0] = malloc(2 * sizeof(char)); // N chars + '\0'
listStr[1] = malloc(3 * sizeof(char));
listStr[2] = malloc(4 * sizeof(char));
strcpy(listStr[0], "A");
strcpy(listStr[1], "AB");
strcpy(listStr[2], "ABC");
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
char ** listStr = NULL;
createArrayStrings(listStr);
for (int i = 0;i<3;i++){
printf("%s\n",listStr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
But there is an execution error EXEC_BAD_ACCESS in printf.
Where is my error?
Thanks.
A:
You cannot use the variable listStr in main, because it is never filled with an actual value. When you call createArrayStrings, the argument you are passing is copied by value - which means that you have a NEW copy in the new function. The copy now is filled with the data you need, but not the original variable in main (it is still null).
The best way is to let createArrayStrings return the value of listStr, and assign it to listStr in your main function:
char ** listStr = createArrayStrings();
And the new create function would look like this:
void createArrayStrings(){
char ** listStr = malloc (3 * sizeof(char*));
...
return listStr;
}
| |
If you thrive in a team-oriented workplace that challenges your skills, to drive your career development, embraces diversity and rewards innovation, with competitive pay and great employee programs, join the Latham's - An Ainsworth team today!
Position Summary:
The CSR/Dispatcher is the initial point of contact between the customer and field personnel. Receiving calls by telephone, the Dispatcher will troubleshoot to identify the cause of the customer’s concern, and if possible, provide technical support. In the event that the Dispatcher is unable to provide assistance, the individual will efficiently schedule service work, clearly inform field personnel of the servicing work to be done and ensure field personnel has the required information to perform the work. The Dispatcher will also record accurately and in detail, all work performed by field personnel, including the outcome
Responsibilities:
- Assist clients with technical support when possible.
- Distribute work orders to field service personnel ensuring that appropriate systems are updated and individuals informed when work orders are completed.
- Develop schedules for field service personnel, in conjunction with management, taking in to account work order priorities, due dates,
timerequired, location, skills required, workload and urgency.
- Provide assistance to field personnel if needed.
- Interface with customers and other departments as necessary to ensure successful completion of service.
- Assist in the growth of other Call Centre agents by sharing both job knowledge and expertise.
- Handle customer service requests using strong interpersonal skills and
customerfocus.
- Collect field service timecards and completed work order sheets, ensuring tech accuracy of completed notes and recommendations.
- Act as Ainsworth’s customer advocate to expedite issues surrounding quality, service delivery
andresponsiveness. Provide support, guidance and make recommendations to Operations to ensure customer escalations are resolved.
- Initiate, change and/or revise scheduling and dispatch processes to ensure customer satisfaction with call scheduling and responsiveness is always a top priority
- Provide quotation support to field service technicians as required. Assist in the preparation of service quotes to customers, including contacting vendors to establish price and availability of replacement parts and/or repair items.
- Champions a high performance leading to enhanced customer interface satisfaction.
- Perform other duties as assigned by Management.
- Provides support and backup for other administrative/inside sales duties as requested.
- Knowledge of basic HVAC repair estimates is an asset.
Qualifications
- 3-5
yearsexperience as a Dispatcher is required.
- Data Entry to Customer Web Portals
- Ability to follow and perform to customer guidelines
- Excellent customer service skills.
- Excellent verbal and written communication skills
- Attention to detail and
multi -tasking
- Proficiency
withMS Office applications; Excel is essential.
- Ability to exercise independent judgment and take initiative.
- Ability to work effectively under pressure.
- Demonstrated coordination, organizational, and interpersonal skills.
Schedule: Full Time
Work Location: Downtown Vancouver
While we appreciate all applications we receive, we advise that only candidates under consideration will be contacted.
Latham - An Ainsworth comapny is committed to building a diverse and inclusive workplace. Qualified designated group members are encouraged to apply as any reasonable accommodation of qualifications will be considered as per our Accommodation Policy, available upon request. | http://jobs.jobvite.com/ainsworth/job/oJYx9fw7 |
The Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market building will be open on Monday, August 3. Vendors will be placed 10 feet apart to maintain physical distancing. The Market hours will be 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Customers will enter through the South doors and exit through the North West doors. Proper signage and wayfinding will be in place to help guide people.
Customers will be required to maintain 6 feet of space from other customers. Effective Friday July 31, all customers, vendors and Market staff will be required to wear a non-medical mask inside the Halifax Seaport Farmers’ Market building. Children under two are exempt, as well as children aged two to four when their caregiver cannot get them to wear a mask.
Masks are a mandatory requirement to enter indoor public spaces under Provincial Health Requirements. The safety of vendors, customers and staff remains our top priority throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
Vendor Listing – Monday, August 3, 2020
Fixed Stall Vendors Inside Entrance
Ashwurks
Cheelin Restaurant
Noggins Corner Farm
Shawarma Stop
Steve-O-Reno’s Cappuccino
Thanos’ Kitchen
Fixed Stall Vendors Exterior Entrance
Gourmandises Avenue Chocolaterie
Shivani’s Kitchen
Inside Table Vendors
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471 N.E.2d 1163 (1984)
Adrian LUCAS, Appellant-Plaintiff,
v.
Emma FRAZEE, Appellee-Defendant.
No. 4-583A147.
Court of Appeals of Indiana, Fourth District.
December 11, 1984.
*1165 R. Kent Witte, Witte & Monroe, Columbus, for appellant-plaintiff.
Harold V. Jones, Jr., Jones & Patterson, Columbus, for appellee-defendant.
CONOVER, Judge.
Adrian Lucas (Lucas) appeals the trial court's refusal to rescind a deed she executed and delivered to Emma Frazee (Frazee).
We affirm.
ISSUE
We restate the various contentions raised by the parties as the following single issue:
Should the deed have been rescinded because its execution and delivery were procured by constructive fraud?
FACTS
Lucas had experienced health problems for about ten years during which time Frazee, her sister, periodically cared for her. Along with other health problems, Lucas had impaired circulation which could lead to fainting spells. She underwent surgery shortly before her husband died in February, 1982.
After his death, Lucas stayed with Frazee for about three weeks. Frazee generally was in better health than Lucas and had more education. Frazee assisted Lucas with her business affairs after her husband's death. Other family members suggested Lucas leave her property to Frazee as Frazee had never had much money or possessions, Frazee often had cared for Lucas, and the sisters had enjoyed a good relationship for many years.
Accompanied by Frazee, Lucas then met with attorney Joseph Thompson (Thompson). Lucas told Thompson she wanted to convey her home to herself and Frazee as joint tenants because Frazee and her husband had agreed to move to Lucas's home and care for her. Although Thompson told Lucas there could be problems if she changed her mind later, Lucas insisted the transaction be completed because Frazee and her husband would take care of her. Frazee made no response. Lucas executed the deed and also had Thompson prepare a will leaving the rest of her property to Frazee. After the meeting Lucas stated she was very happy with the arrangements because she had settled her financial affairs.
Frazee and her husband subsequently stayed with Lucas at her home for one night, but then left for reasons which are not clear in this record. A dispute followed and Lucas requested Frazee agree to rescind the deed. When Frazee refused, this lawsuit resulted.
Following a bench trial, the court entered judgment, which stated in relevant part:
The Court now finds that judgment should be entered against the plaintiff and in favor of the defendant.
Contrary to the assertion of the plaintiff, the Court does not find that the facts give rise to a fraud cause of action, whether it is an actual fraud or constructive fraud. Rather the Court agrees with the Defendant that the transfer of the real estate by plaintiff and defendant *1166 as joint tenants was in fact a gift. The Court is further convinced that after the transfer was completed, the plaintiff had second thoughts about her actions and desired to renege on her intentions. The Court has no doubt about her intentions or her ability to form an intent to transfer at the time in question.
Lucas appealed.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION[1]
I. Standard of Review
We often begin our analysis by stating the standard of review we apply to the particular situation presented. In this case, however, the facts and procedural posture involve several interrelated principles which together govern our standard of review.
A. Parties' Contentions
At trial and in this court Lucas argues the deed should be rescinded under the doctrine of constructive fraud because it was procured through undue influence. Frazee has responded by arguing the conveyance was a gift. She contends Lucas is appealing a negative judgment which we should review accordingly.
We hold Lucas is appealing a negative judgment, that is, in the trial court she was the party bearing the burden of proof and judgment was entered adverse to her position. Judge Ratliff stated the standard of review where the case below was tried to the court in equity and it found against the party bearing the burden of proof. In Burnett v. Heckelman, (1983) Ind. App., 456 N.E.2d 1094, he said:
Our review of the trial court's determination in the present case is, nevertheless, one of limited scope. As an appellate tribunal, we may neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses... . Moreover, because the present case is one in equity, and was tried before the court and not a jury, its decision will be reversed only if clearly erroneous... . Such a finding will be made by this court when the evidence is uncontradicted and supports no reasonable inferences in favor of the decision ... or, even when there is evidence supportive of the judgment if our review of the record leaves us with a `definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.' (Citations omitted.)
Id., 456 N.E.2d at 1097. See also Ind. Rules of Procedure, Trial Rule 52(A)(3).
While this standard of review applies in this case, we believe an expanded discussion of the standard of review in cases turning upon the question of whether or not a confidential relationship was established by the evidence in the court below is in order.
B. Presumption of Undue Influence
Indiana law separates confidential relationship cases where fraud is alleged on the part of the dominant party into two categories, namely (a) those in which a fiduciary relationship arises by operation of law between the litigating parties, and (b) those in which a confidential relationship in fact is shown to exist. The burdens of proof are different in each type of case.
In this State, certain legal and domestic relationships raise a presumption of trust and confidence as to the subordinate party on the one side and a corresponding influence as to the dominant party on the other. These relationships include that of attorney and client, guardian and ward, principal and agent, pastor and *1167 parishioner, husband and wife, parent and child, and there may be others. Hunter v. Milhous, (1973) 159 Ind. App. 105, 124, 305 N.E.2d 448, 460, quoting Keys v. McDowell, (1913) 54 Ind. App. 263, 269, 100 N.E. 385, 387. In such cases, if the plaintiff's evidence establishes (a) the existence of such a relationship, and (b) the questioned transaction between those parties resulted in an advantage to the dominant person in whom trust and confidence was reposed by the subordinate, the law imposes a presumption the transaction was the result of undue influence exerted by the dominant party, constructively fraudulent, and thus void. See, Blaising v. Mills, (1978) 176 Ind. App. 141, 146, 374 N.E.2d 1166, 1170, 99 A.L.R.3d 1238, 1243; Folsom v. Buttolph, (1924) 82 Ind. App. 283, 246-47, 143 N.E. 258, 262. At that point, the burden of proof shifts to the dominant party. He then must demonstrate the questioned transaction was in fact one had at arms length and thus valid. See Blaising, 176 Ind. App. at 146, 374 N.E.2d at 1170, 99 A.L.R.3d at 1243; Schrenker v. Grimshaw, (1954) 124 Ind. App. 493, 501, 119 N.E.2d 432, 436; see generally McCormick v. Malin, (1841) Ind., 5 Blackf. 509. Moreover, in such cases, the dominant party must rebut the presumption of fraud by clear and unequivocal proof. Wells v. Wells, (1925) 197 Ind. 236, 243, 150 N.E. 361, 363; Burgin v. Dries, (1960) 130 Ind. App. 249, 261, 163 N.E.2d 609, 615, overruled on another issue in Kessler v. Williams, (1964) 136 Ind. App. 110, 198 N.E.2d 22. When judgment is entered against the subordinate party in such cases, we review not only the question of whether the judgment is contrary to law, but also whether the dominant party's evidence is sufficient to sustain the judgment under the clear and unequivocal proof standard. Cf. Brock v. Walton, (1983) Ind. App., 456 N.E.2d 1087, 1091 (contributory negligence defense).
However, confidential relationships other than those mentioned above may exist, but the law in such cases does not raise a presumption of undue influence from the mere fact a relationship existed between the parties. See, e.g. Middlekamp v. Hanewich, (1970) 147 Ind. App. 561, 263 N.E.2d 189; Keys v. McDowell, supra. The subordinate party in such case not only carries the burden of establishing the existence of some relationship between the parties, but also carries the additional burden of proving the parties to the questioned transaction did not deal on terms of equality. The subordinate party must prove either the dominant party dealt with superior knowledge of the matter derived from a fiduciary relationship, or dealt from a position of overpowering influence as to the subordinate party. In the alternative, the subordinate party may prove he dealt from a position of weakness, dependence or trust justifiably reposed in the dominant party. He must also prove, in either case, the result was an unfair advantage to the dominant party. See id., 54 Ind. App. at 269-71, 100 N.E. at 387-88; McCord v. Bright, (1909) 44 Ind. App. 275, 288, 87 N.E. 654, 659. When the plaintiff establishes these additional facts the burden of proof shifts. The dominant party must then show affirmatively no deception was practiced, no undue influence was used, and all was fair, open, voluntary, and well understood. Hunter, supra, 159 Ind. App. at 123-24, 305 N.E.2d at 459-60; Schrenker, supra, 124 Ind. App. 493, 501, 119 N.E.2d 432, 436. See generally McCord, 44 Ind. App. at 288, 87 N.E. at 659; Cowee v. Cornell, (1878) 75 N.Y. 91, 99-100, 31 Am.Rep. 428, 434. Thus, the question of whether such a confidential relationship existed in those cases is a question of fact for the trier of fact. If the trial court determined the question adversely to the plaintiff, the alleged subordinate party, he then appeals from a negative judgment. When reviewing negative judgments in cases tried to the court, we can reverse only when there is no evidence supporting the trial court's judgment or, even if there is such evidence, we reach a definite and firm conviction a mistake has been made. Burnett, supra; cf. Kessler, supra, 136 Ind. App. at 116, 198 N.E.2d at 24; Keys, supra, 54 Ind. App. at 268, 100 N.E. at 387.
*1168 In this case the trial court found no confidential relationship existed between the parties. It determined the deed from Lucas to Frazee was not procured by undue influence, thus the transaction was not constructively fraudulent. It found Lucas deeded the real estate to Frazee as a gift.
The parties here were sisters, but that relationship did not in and of itself make Frazee a fiduciary as to Lucas, so as to per se raise a presumption of undue influence on Frazee's part. Thus, Lucas bore the burden of proving the existence of a confidential relationship between them which in turn would raise the presumption. Since judgment was entered against her, she appeals a negative judgment which we must review under Burnett's "clearly erroneous" standard.
II. Presumption Not Raised
Frazee argues the trial court correctly determined Lucas did not prove the deed was procured through undue influence. Lucas, however, contends the evidence establishes as a matter of law she never intended to make a gift of an interest in her property to Frazee, she made the conveyance only because Frazee and her husband would move to her home and care for her.
A gift inter vivos occurs when
1. the donor is competent to contract;
2. the donor has freedom of will;
3. the donor intends to make a gift;
4. the gift is completed with nothing left undone;
5. the property is delivered by the donor and accepted by the donee;
6. the gift is immediate and absolute.
Larabee v. Booth, (1982) Ind. App., 437 N.E.2d 1010, 1011, on rehearing 440 N.E.2d 489; Norman v. Norman, (1960) 131 Ind. App. 67, 78-79, 169 N.E.2d 414, 419. See also Hayes v. McKinney, (1920) 73 Ind. App. 105, 109-110, 126 N.E. 497, 498. The donor's intent is generally a question of fact for the trial court. Rogers v. Rogers, (1982) Ind. App., 437 N.E.2d 92, 95-97. See also Kraus v. Kraus, (1956) 235 Ind. 325, 329-33, 132 N.E.2d 608, 610-12; Norman v. Norman, 131 Ind. App. at 79-81, 169 N.E.2d at 419-20. See generally In the Matter of the Guardianship of Fowler, (1978) 175 Ind. App. 386, 388-91, 371 N.E.2d 1345, 1346-48; Robison v. Fickle, (1976) 167 Ind. App. 651, 656-62, 666-69, 340 N.E.2d 824, 828-31, 833-35. The evidence here supports the trial court's finding the transaction was a gift.
The facts in this case are analogous to the facts in Kessler, supra. There the grantor, who claimed the transaction was not a gift, also had seen an attorney prior to executing the deed. The attorney testified as follows:
A. I questioned her about the priority (sic) of making a deed instead of a will to carry out her desire, and Mrs. Kessler had her mind made up that she wanted the deed because she expressed the opinion that wills could be broken, and that she did not want this land to go to her sisters (sic) children, the Watson heirs.
Q. Did you advise her as to whether she should or she should not make a deed?
A. I did.
Q. What did you advise her?
A. I advised her to transfer it by will, but she had already stated her objections to that. Mrs. Kessler, in her mind thought that wills could be broken. She definitely had reason to believe that, I don't know.
Q. Did you advise her as to whether wills were any more secure than deeds as to finality?
A. No. I advised her that deeds were more secure probably than wills, that they were harder to contest the (sic) wills.
Q. Did you advise her as to whether she should or should not do what she proposed to do?
A. I advised her to carry out her what she proposed to do by a will.
Q. Did she over rule (sic) you?
A. Yes, Mrs. Kessler knew what she wanted, and that's what I was hired to do, and I prepared the deed. (Emphasis in original and supplied.)
*1169 Id., 136 Ind. App. at 115-16, 198 N.E.2d at 24-25.
Here, attorney Thompson also advised Lucas not to transfer the property by deed because there could be problems later if she changed her mind. Nevertheless, she executed the deed. Although there was evidence Frazee was in generally better health than Lucas, had more education, transported Lucas on various errands and assisted her with financial affairs, there was no evidence Frazee attempted to persuade Lucas to transfer the property, as was the case in Blaising, supra. Moreover, the evidence most favorable to Frazee reveals Lucas, although generally in poor health, was thinking clearly, understood what she was doing, and explicitly instructed Thompson, even after he expressed reservations, she wished to execute a deed, contrary to the facts in Hunter, supra, where the grantor clearly was incompetent when the transactions occurred.
Thus, the evidence does not lead to a conclusion opposite that reached by the trial court and we are not convinced a mistake has been made. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's conclusions. Lucas's evidence did not raise a presumption of undue influence nor was undue influence otherwise demonstrated.
Our disposition of the preceding contention also negates Lucas's secondary contention the transaction was the result of a contract subsequently broken by the Frazees. Lucas, as plaintiff, bore the burden of establishing such a contract existed between the parties. The trial court's conclusion the transaction was a gift demonstrates the court believed no such contract existed. Moreover, there is no uncontroverted evidence any "offer" by Lucas was communicated to Frazee prior to execution of the deed. Such an offer is a pre-requisite to formation of a valid contract. See generally Alfaro v. Stauffer Chemical Co., (1977) 173 Ind. App. 89, 96, 362 N.E.2d 500, 505.
Judgment affirmed.
MILLER, P.J., concurs.
YOUNG, J., dissents with opinion.
YOUNG, Judge, dissenting.
I dissent. It was undisputed at trial that, when Lucas and Frazee met with Lucas's attorney to prepare the deed at issue, Lucas repeatedly said she was giving the house to Frazee because Frazee and her husband had agreed to move to Lucas's house and care for her. The only reasonable inference from this evidence is that Lucas intended to deed a one-half interest in her house to Frazee in exchange for the care she believed Frazee had agreed to give her. Thus, it seems clear that Lucas did not intend to make a gift to Frazee as the majority concludes. Rather, Lucas clearly believed she was transferring her property in exchange for Frazee's promise to live with her.
In light of this evidence that at the time the deed was prepared and delivered, Lucas did not intend to make an outright gift to Frazee, it is irrelevant that other family members had suggested Lucas leave her property to Frazee because of Frazee's past acts of kindness to Lucas. It is also irrelevant that Lucas's lawyer told her that a transfer to Frazee by deed would be irrevocable. That Lucas persisted despite this advice proves only that she was intent on cementing an agreement binding Frazee to care for her. A gift will be valid only if the donor had the present intent to make a gift if, that is, the donor intended to make a gift at the time of delivery. Lewis v. Burke, (1967) 248 Ind. 297, 226 N.E.2d 332. Thus, I cannot agree with the majority's conclusion that the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court's finding of donative intent.
Moreover, I believe Lucas correctly argues that she was entitled to relief on a contractual theory. Again, there is no dispute that Lucas told her attorney, in Frazee's presence, that she wanted to deed a one-half interest in her house to Frazee because Frazee and her husband had agreed to come and care for her. Frazee admitted that she heard this statement. *1170 Thus, when Frazee took the deed, she knew that Lucas expected to be cared for in return. It hardly requires citation to authority to establish that one who accepts property from another knowing that the other expects to be compensated for it impliedly agrees to make compensation. Such an implied agreement was clearly established here. Since Frazee did not move in with Lucas, Lucas is entitled as a matter of law to rescind her deed. I would accordingly reverse the trial court's decision.
NOTES
[1] The appellant's brief's statement of facts is argumentative and essentially presents only the evidence favorable to Lucas. This is not correct. Whatever standard of review this court applies in considering the merits, the "summary of facts required by [Ind.Rules of Procedure, Appellate Rule] 8.3(A)(5) is not intended to be a portion of the appellant's argument. It should be a concise narrative summary of the facts in a light most favorable to the judgment." Moore v. State, (1981) Ind. App., 426 N.E.2d 86, 90. (Emphasis supplied).
While this court will waive issues or dismiss appeals when parties commit flagrant violations of the rules of appellate procedure, we have decided to address the merits in this case. See Viccaro v. City of Ft. Wayne, (1983) Ind. App., 449 N.E.2d 1161, 1162, n. 1.
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Diversity is often viewed as holding the most potential for disagreements, conflict or misunderstandings at work. While that may be true from our experience, it is equally true that sameness holds a matching potential. There is a natural order in reporting to and learning from those older than us, and while experience and knowledge remain invaluable to an organisation’s intellectual property, the fast pace of technological progression is resulting in younger generations leading older generations and leaders leading team members of the same age.
Leadership approaches of old have largely reflected a parental style of managing and mentoring. Drawing from the Transactional Analysis model, what we know about the results of speaking from a parent perspective is that we place the recipient in the child position and in turn wonder why we need to keep treating our employees like children. If from the outset, we communicate and collaborate from an adult to adult perspective, with its focus on staying in the present, being free from bias or emotion, we give the opportunity to the other to respond from their adult position. Herein lies the key to effective multi-generational leadership.
Newly-promoted managers, leading similarly-aged team members are particularly susceptible. Managing the transition of role, and the transition of leading those who were recently on the same level, holds the potential challenge of finding a balance of engagement. We often see that with a new title and job level, comes the shadow side of positional authority. We also equally see that no change at all occurs, where the new leader continues to engage in a ‘buddy’ manner. The risk here is of crossing professional boundaries, where focus remains on the relationship at the expense of performance.
For those who are facing the challenge of multi-generational leadership, the following focus areas may assist:
• Consistency in communication and behaviour remains the antidote for falling into the potential buddy trap. Remaining truthfully yourself, while effectively managing the additional complexities of performance management, creating purpose and setting context, and leading by example is essential for success.
• Influence: Understanding the difference between and impact of positional leadership and influential leadership is akin to understanding that leadership itself is an embodiment of organisational values, a commitment to unlocking individual, team and organisational potential as well as an ongoing opportunity to learn and grow. This is in contrast to positional power which translates to sentiments such as ‘do what I say because I am the boss’.
• Emotional intelligence: In order for the integration to succeed, leaders need to remain committed to their own development through an ongoing focus on their emotional and social intelligence for personal and interpersonal effectiveness. This is Leadership from Within, which enables authenticity rather than conscious effort to be the leader’s guiding force.
• Boundaries management: While investing in relationships with our team members is imperative for successful leadership and management, we need to be mindful that performance needs to be upheld. Temptations of sweeping mediocrity under the carpet, covering for friends or general unfair treatment is in contrast to organisational employability.
• Self-awareness: Knowing ourselves, our leadership styles, as well as our strengths and weaknesses, is paramount for effective leadership and management. We cannot manage what we do not know, therefore knowing our triggers and our blind spots, and our sensitivities is essential for authentic and influential leadership.
• Situational leadership: While fairness and consistency are respected leadership traits, we need to realise that we cannot motivate, manage or engage with all people in exactly the same way. Leadership calls for adaptability and flexibility in approach so that honouring the uniqueness of what each team member brings is valued.
If we hold the perspective of Leadership from Within, with its focus on commitment to ongoing work on ourselves, our teams and our investment in the organisations that we serve, we come to realise that our work is not necessarily about learning how to manage different generations, but it is about our own development journey of consistency, fairness and authenticity.
Sue Bakker is the Academic Head at the TowerStone Leadership centre. | https://www.hrfuture.net/strategy/diversity-inclusion/how-to-overcome-the-challenge-of-multi-generational-leadership/ |
“The tension between China and the US is unlike the tension between the US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War,” said Yan Xuetong, chief of the Institute of International Relations at Tsinghua University. He is also secretary-general of the World Peace Forum in Beijing.Yan was speaking at a forum titled “An Uneasy Peace: China in a Divided World”, where he addressed the changing geopolitical dynamic between China and the US, and what that entails for Asean. “Instead of focusing on military accumulation, ideological conflicts and nuclear threats, competition between the superpowers China and the US will be in the realms of economics and technology,” Yan said, calling the rivalry an era of “uneasy peace”. | https://www.intellasia.net/thailand-faces-tough-job-as-asean-chair-amid-trade-conflicts-forum-hears-705044 |
Aggressive behaviour has negative consequences for students who are exposed to it and those who are aggressive. In addition to a number of negative consequences at the individual level aggression negatively impacts processes within the school. Successful methods of preventing and reducing aggressive behaviour at school often include activities related to empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand and feel the emotional state of another person. It includes cognitive and emotional components and is associated with positive effects on relationships and behaviours; the lack of empathy is associated with negative effects, including aggressive behaviour. We analysed the relationships among empathy dimensions and general aggression, including the subtypes of aggression. We used the AG-UD aggression scale and the IRI questionnaire for the measurement of empathy on a sample of Slovene (N = 125), Croatian (N = 95) and Swedish (N = 84) adolescents aged between 13 and 14. The findings across samples revealed several significant associations on the level of general aggression and high congruence across countries and on the level of types of aggression. This data indicates the need to include dimension-level prevention and intervention based on the prevalence of specific types of aggression. | http://idiprints.knjiznica.idi.hr/916/ |
When you import a recording from a file, TrailRunner mini can display a speed histogram. Please note the following information you can read from this graphical representation:
The white vertical lines represent split intervals. These depend on the distance of your recording and may be 500, 1000 or more meters each.
The blue horizontal line with the white circles displays your average speed within that split interval.
The gray area around the blue line describes the lowest and highest speed ranges within a split interval. This means that your speed was always within the gray area whereas your average speed followed the blue line.
When you select a spot, the lower information displays the absolute speed there, whereas the selection of a horizontal range displays the average within the selection.
When you click into the graph, a measure scale overlay appears displaying a grid to compare speed values within the overall recording. | http://trailrunnerx.com/trailrunnermini_en_help/files/speed_histogram.php |
Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have agreed to ask the chair of the Committee on Rules of Origin to consult with delegations and propose a way forward on an initiative aimed at enhancing transparency regarding non-preferential rules of origin.
The initiative, which was originally proposed in January 2019, would require members to notify the WTO Secretariat the rules of origin they use in the application of most-favoured-nation treatment to imports, using an agreed notification template.
Members would outline their practices with respect to certification of origin and other mandatory documentary proofs of origin for non-preferential purposes, using an agreed template, and notify the WTO Secretariat of substantive changes to their rules of origin and related documentary requirements.
Proponents argue the proposal would close information gaps and make it easier to access up to date information about non-preferential original requirements, something that would be useful not only for members governments but also for customs administration’s businesses and trade operators. This, they say, would ultimately lead to clear and predictable rules of origin which would in turn facilitate the flow of international trade. | https://axxessintl.com/en/wto-members-seek-to-advance-transparency-for-non-preferential-rules-of-origin/ |
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For 70 years, Charles River employees have worked together to assist in the discovery, development and safe manufacture of new drug therapies. When you join our family, you will have a significant impact on the health and well-being of people across...
Essential Responsibilities Perform routine HPLC analysis in a QC pharmaceutical laboratory Coordinate raw material testing in a materials management system Conduct inspections of manufacturing supplies Experience with sampling raw materials and...
Essential Responsibilities Responsible for the lab-scale development and pilot-scale demonstrations of process technology for the manufacture of new chemical based products with emphasis on Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Works effectively in...
$5,000 Retention Bonus. Performs variety of routine and complex laboratory procedures under supervision using standard and specialized techniques, instrumentation and equipment on a wide variety of biological specimens to assist physician in...
Highly respected, global medical devices company seeks a Regulatory Affairs Specialist to work on domestic and global medical device submissions, compiling regulatory documentation world-wide. The Regulatory Affairs Specialist will: Prepare domestic...
OLON RICERCA BIOSCIENCE LLC is seeking qualified individuals to operate chemical process equipment in a pilot plant and laboratory environment. Essential Job Functions: This position will involve the operation of chemical process equipment in support...
Essential Responsibilities Develop and validate stability-indicating HPLC procedures for small molecule drug substances and drug products. Perform forced degradation studies and develop stability indicating assay and impurities methods Work in a GMP...
We are seeking a few team players to join our preclinical animal research team. It's a Full time position focusing on routine animal care and cleaning. The candidate must be able to lift 50 lbs. and maintain a clean, safe work area and take all...
Essential Responsibilities Work in a cGMP API stability laboratory. Coordinate the timely and compliant generation of data to support client projects. Perform OOS investigations, root cause analysis, author stability protocols and reports. Review of...
Under pharmacist supervision, independently performs tasks related to the filling of medication orders, maintains both manual and computer based records, prepares intravenous solutions using proper aseptic techniques, supplies controlled substances... | http://virginia.careerboard.com/us/en/Science,-Biotech+Pharmaceuticals-sector-jobs-in-Ohio,-USA/ |
Substance abuse disorder, also called substance use disorder, is a condition in which a person compulsively uses a substance despite harmful consequences.
Substance abuse disorder involves intense focus on using substance(s) such as alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs, to the point where they can no longer perform daily functions and they continue to use the substance despite knowing it will cause problems.
What Are Different Types of Substance Abuse Disorders?
Some types of substance abuse disorders include:
- Opioid use disorder
- Marijuana use disorder
- Nicotine use disorder
- Stimulant use disorder
- Sedative use disorder
- Hallucinogen use disorder
- Alcohol use disorder
Addictions are the most severe form of substance abuse disorder. People who suffer from addiction are often aware of their problem but are unable to stop, even if they want to.
What Are Symptoms of Substance Abuse Disorders?
Symptoms of substance abuse disorders involve distorted thinking and behaviors that fall under four categories:
- Impaired control
- Intense craving or strong urge to use the substance
- Desire or failed attempts to cut down or control use of substance
- Social problems
- Interpersonal problems with others
- Failure to complete major tasks at work, school, or home
- Personality changes
- Social, work, or leisure activities are given up or cut back because of substance use
- Risky use
- Substance use even in risky settings
- Continued use despite known problems
- Drug effects
- Intoxication: intense pleasure, euphoria, calm, increased perception, enhanced senses, and other feelings caused by the substance
- Abnormal movements
- Tolerance (needing larger amounts to get the same effect)
- Withdrawal symptoms (different for each substance)
Continual substance use can cause changes in brain function that can last long after the immediate effects of the substance wears off.
Other psychiatric disorders often accompany substance abuse disorders.
How Is Substance Abuse Disorder Diagnosed?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines substance abuse disorders as mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of diagnostic criteria met by an individual.
Diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders includes evidence of:
- Impaired control
- Social impairment
- Risky use
- Pharmacological criteria
SLIDESHOWSee Slideshow
What Is the Treatment for Substance Abuse Disorders?
Treatment for substance abuse disorders first involves recognizing there is a problem. If the person does not perceive a problem with substance abuse, it may be difficult for them to recover.
Substance abuse disorders often require multiple types of treatment, and a combination of medication and individual or group therapy tends to be most effective.
Recovery plans are tailored to a person’s specific needs and may include: | https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_are_substance_abuse_disorders/article_em.htm |
The current status of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (or “Midori II”), which was launched at 01:31 UT 14 December 2002 from the Tanegashima Space Flight Center of the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), is described below.
The image data of the solar array paddle (PDL) extension acquired by the Visual Monitoring System (VMS) was successfully acquired in the 5th revolution. Antenna of the SeaWinds of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)/NASA was uncaged successfully in the 7th revolution. As the first step of the antenna deployment of the Inter Orbital Communication Subsystem (IOCS), three of four ordnances were ignited in the 8th revolution. At present, the Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) of ADEOS-II is operating with 1 N (Newton) thrusters only. And frequency of role axis thrusters (direction of ADEOS-II flight) burns has exceeded the planned*1. NASDA continues evaluation of the telemetry date of AOCS.
After data evaluations, the antenna deployment of IOCS (remaining ordnance ignition) scheduled initially in the 14th rev. and the ADEOS-II mode change*2 to next phase scheduled initially in the 15th rev. will be carried out.
NASDA continues monitoring the telemetry data for the troubles that some data of PDL tension monitoring system were found out of specification and an error flag was found in the telemetry data of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR).
*1: The frequency of thrust burns increases 1.5 times to 3 times of the planned.
*2: The mode change of ADEOS-II AOCS system from thruster mode to Reaction Wheel mode.
Launching Information on web site : | https://spaceweekly.com/?p=71 |
R. Carmi, L. Itti, Attention deployment in intermittently predictable environments - from amnesia to memory and back, In: Proc. ninth annual meeting of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC9), Pasadena, CA, Jun 2005.
Abstract: Paying attention to the right thing at the right time underlies the ability of humans and other animals to learn, perceive, and interact with their environment. What is the role of memory in guiding attention? According to the world as an outside memory theory, humans exploit the stability of the world to access external information on demand, leading to conscious perceptions that are seemingly rich and continuous without requiring detailed and persistent internal representations. An alternative theory postulates that attention deployment relies on detailed memory traces of relevant inputs, which are functional for approximately one second. Here we resolve this apparent discrepancy by showing that the impact of memory on attention deployment depends on the availability of semantically persistent context. We asked human observers to visually explore MTV-style video clips, in which unpredictable scene changes occur every 1-3 seconds, and quantified the ongoing ability of a memory-free model of attention deployment to predict rapid gaze shifts (saccades). Scene changes triggered memory-free influences on attention deployment that overwhelmed previous influences within less than 250 ms. These initial sharp increases in the impact of memory-free influences were followed by gradual decreases, reflecting slower increases in competing memory-dependent influences, and final increases to an average level, demonstrating that the overall impact of scene changes on attention deployment subsides within 2.5 seconds. Our study shows that the human attention system adapts rapidly to changing environments, but is strongly modulated by memory-dependent influences when semantically persistent context is available. | http://ilab.usc.edu/publications/Carmi_Itti05assc.html |
Sometimes, investing time sitting quietly, can be perceived as self-indulgent navel-gazing. Here I present nine reasons why mindfulness is the best thing you can do to help others.
One: Meditation helps slow down your reactivity between stimulus and response, thus enabling you to carefully choose your response to, say, critical comments or back-talking teenagers.
Two: Self-compassion leads to compassion for others. We cannot give to others what we don’t know how to give to ourselves.
Three: Mindful awareness of our emotions increases our emotional intelligence, allowing us to connect more appropriately to others’ needs and challenges.
Four: Mindfulness teaches you to pay attention to the present moment and helps to alleviate the unnecessary anxiety we feel about the future and the similarly unnecessary remorse or guilt we may feel about the past.
Five: Meditation teaches us to pay attention to details in the present moment, which we might otherwise miss. For example, when we are driving, we will notice that the pedestrian crossing in front of us is distracted by his phone and we will be more careful before we proceed through the light.
Six: Meditation teaches us to stay calm under duress. This calmness might be lifesaving in moments of crisis as we choose the correct course of action to take.
Seven: Mindfulness helps us be more aware of how much our ego converts everything to its own use. Even our attempts at humility can devolve into food for the ego (i.e. “I’m the most humble person here”). With awareness, we can keep the ego in check.
Eight: People who meditate report being happier than people who don’t, and happiness through mindfulness (as opposed to happiness by buying more things or controlling others) is good for society.
Nine: Taking time out of your day to pay attention to yourself can be the best thing you can do for others. It’s not selfish to eat healthy food or get exercise. Neither is it selfish to take ten to thirty minutes to sit quietly and become aware of your thoughts.
Ultimately, the work you do in mindfulness is about being a better, kinder, more compassionate and caring you. That’s the you the world needs in order to be a more peaceful place. There’s nothing selfish about that.
Questions for your meditation practice:
- For whom are you practicing mediation?
- What benefits in your life and in the lives of others do you hope to achieve through your meditation?
- Do you give yourself permission to be quiet and still before you begin practice?
--
This post is a short excerpt from Edie Raphael's The Art of Being Present: Mindfulness Meditation for Work and Life. The full book (including 52 weeks of guided meditations) can be purchased here. | https://thewireboard.rewireinc.com/resources/blog/meditation-is-not-a-selfish-practice |
Dynamics of regional integration
It is generally acknowledged now that the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has failed to achieve most of its goals given in the SAARC Charter adopted in Dhaka in December 1985. In particular, the promise of regional economic integration, inspired by the experience of the European Union, remains unfulfilled. This is not surprising because SAARC does not meet the essential preconditions for the success of a regional economic cooperation organization with the ultimate aim of regional integration. Pakistan would be well advised instead to explore within the framework of SAARC opportunities for mutually beneficial regional cooperation on a level playing field in selected areas instead of seeing it as a vehicle for regional integration as implied by the goal of a South Asian Economic Union.
There are several prerequisites for the success of a regional economic cooperation organization in achieving the goal of regional economic integration or a regional economic union which implies not only free trade among the member states and a common external tariff but also harmonization of economic and monetary policies. To begin with, there must be a feeling of common destiny and a shared vision of the future or in other words shared goals and aspirations among the member states. The absence of such a feeling is likely to pull the member states in different directions politically, economically, and culturally, making the complicated task of regional integration difficult if not impossible to achieve. Secondly, cultural affinities are important for facilitating regional cooperation leading to integration through the development of a feeling of common identity among the member states. Thirdly, the absence of hegemonic designs on the part of member states is a necessary condition for the smooth progress of any scheme of regional economic integration. The quest for hegemony generates tensions and engenders disputes among the member states of a regional organization. It is unrealistic to expect that a climate of fear and tension would help promote the cause of regional integration.
Fourthly, the absence of serious disputes helps create a climate conducive to the promotion of regional cooperation. Conversely, the presence of serious disputes generates tensions, mistrust and hostility which act as serious obstacles in the way of the promotion of regional cooperation. Fifthly, it is worth noting that the economic benefits of regional cooperation are largely determined by complementarities among the economies of the member states. The greater the economic complementarities, the more would be the possibilities and benefits of regional economic and commercial cooperation.
A close look at the regional scene in South Asia and the state of relations between Pakistan and India reveals that other than the factor of geographical proximity, SAARC lacks all the other necessary prerequisites for the deepening of regional economic cooperation leading to regional economic integration. There is no community of interests among its member states, especially between Pakistan and India. India is more interested in establishing its hegemony in the region than in promoting regional cooperation on an equitable basis. While India looks at China as a rival in Asia, Pakistan considers it an important strategic partner. Pakistan has also legitimate security concerns relating to India which dismembered it in 1971.
SAARC also suffers from the absence of cultural affinities. After all it was the cultural divide between the Muslims and the Hindus which led to the demand for partition and the establishment of Pakistan. Whereas Islam establishes a society based on the principles of human brotherhood and social equality, Hinduism establishes an oppressive system that divides the society into castes precluding vertical mobility. With the rise of Hindutva or extreme Hindu nationalism in India under the leadership of Narendra Modi, who has been a life-long member of RSS, a militant Hindu organization wedded to the concept of Hindutva, the civilizational and cultural tensions will increase not only within India carrying with them the seeds of India’s disintegration in the long run, but also between Pakistan and India which represent two diametrically opposed ideologies.
It is extremely doubtful that the tidal wave of Hindutva sweeping across India will reverse itself in the foreseeable future. Therefore, coming decades will witness enduring tensions and even local conflicts between Pakistan and India. In such a state of affairs, how can anyone in Pakistan even think of economic integration in South Asia or a South Asian Economic Union, which would enable India to dominate the region through economic means and thus fulfill its hegemonic designs? Yet, till just a few years ago we were officially pursuing this impossible goal with India and other SAARC member states.
The regional climate in South Asia has been further vitiated by the presence of serious disputes such as Kashmir, Sir Creek, Siachen and the sharing of river waters between Pakistan and India. These disputes make the task of regional cooperation in South Asia that much more difficult. The current stalemate in SAARC which has prevented the holding of a SAARC Summit in Islamabad is the logical consequence of the Pakistan-India disputes which will continue to cast their shadow over the plans for South Asian regional cooperation.
SAARC also lacks economic complementarities which are necessary for a successful programme of regional cooperation. The economies of SAARC member states, by and large, are more in competition with one another instead of being complementary. For instance, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are all in competition with one another in exporting textiles. Similarly, both Pakistan and India are rice exporting countries. These factors restrict the possibilities of expanding intra-regional trade in the SAARC region. Further, the competition for export markets for the same commodities such as textiles and rice has negative repercussions on incentives for regional cooperation among the member states.
Above all, the danger is that in a SAARC free trade area or in a South Asian Economic Union, India because of the enormous size of its economy, the economies of large scale production, the advanced stage of its manufacturing sector and political clout because of the huge size of its population compared with other countries, will tend to have a dominant role in the regional economic decision making processes thus furthering its goal of regional hegemony and reduce Pakistan and other member states to the status of suppliers of raw materials for its industries thereby slowing down their economic progress. It is worth remembering that bigger and economically advanced member states tend to benefit more from the process of economic integration as compared with the smaller and less developed members if the matters are left to the market forces alone, in accordance with the principle of social and cumulative causation propounded by the famous Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal.
The foregoing analysis leads one to the inevitable conclusion that even if the SAARC cooperation process is resumed in right earnest at some time in the future, we should not attach high hopes and expectations to it. From Pakistan’s point of view, the pursuit of the goal of a South Asian Customs Union and more so a South Asian Economic Union would unleash economic and political forces which would result in decisions about Pakistan’s economy and ultimately even its foreign policy, as the two cannot be separated, being taken at dome regional forum dominated by India because of the sheer weight of its huge size. Instead we should use SAARC as a vehicle for regional cooperation on a selective basis in such areas as river water management, environment, transportation, cross-border crimes, communicable diseases and control of drug trafficking. | |
In last trading session, Niu Technologies (NASDAQ:NIU) saw 1,332,279 shares changing hands with its beta currently measuring 0. Company’s recent per share price level of $29.49 trading at $0.31 or 1.06% at ring of the bell on the day assigns it a market valuation of $2.2 Billion. That closing price of NIU’s stock is at a discount of -0.98% from its 52-week high price of $29.78 and is indicating a premium of 79.38% from its 52-week low price of $6.08. Taking a look at company’s average trading volume for last 10-days demonstrates a volume of 1.7 Million shares which gives us an average trading volume of 880.76 Million if we extend that period to 3-months.
For Niu Technologies (NIU), analysts’ consensus is at an average recommendation of Buy while assigning it a mean rating of 2. Splitting up the data highlights that, out of 5 analysts covering the stock, none rated the stock as a Sell while none recommended an Overweight rating for the stock. 1 suggested the stock as a Hold whereas 4 see the stock as a Buy. None analyst(s) advised it as an Underweight. The company is expected to be making an EPS of $0.21 in the current quarter.
Niu Technologies (NASDAQ:NIU) trade information
Upright in the green today for gaining 1.06%, in the last five days NIU remained trading in the green while hitting it’s week-highest on Thursday, Oct 15 when the stock touched $29.78- price level, adding 0.97% to its value on the day. Niu Technologies’s shares saw a change of 245.72% in year-to-date performance and have moved 27.94% in past 5-day. Niu Technologies (NASDAQ:NIU) showed a performance of 45.41% in past 30-days. Number of shares sold short was 1.68 Million shares which calculate 0 days to cover the short interests.
Niu Technologies (NIU) estimates and forecasts
Statistics highlight that Niu Technologies is scoring comparatively higher than the scores of other players of the relevant industry. The company added +316.53% of value to its shares in past 6 months, showing an annual growth rate of 5% while that of industry is -19. Apart from that, the company came raising its revenue forecast for fiscal year 2020. The company is estimating its revenue growth to increase by 61.5% in the current quarter and calculating 23.1% increase in the next quarter. This year revenue growth is estimated to rise 32.9% from the last financial year’s standing.
2 industry analysts have given their estimates about the company’s current quarter revenue by setting an average figure of $146.36 Million for the same. And 2 analysts are in estimates of company making revenue of $116.97 Million in the next quarter that will end in December 01, 2020.
Weighing up company’s earnings over the past 5-year and in the next 5-year periods, we find the company posting an annual earnings growth rate of 0% during past 5 years. In 2020, company’s earnings growth rate is likely to be around 147.4% while estimates for its earnings growth in next 5 years are of 5.86%
Niu Technologies (NASDAQ:NIU)’s Major holders
Insiders are in possession of 0% of company’s total shares while institution are holding 16.34% percent of that, with stock having share float percentage of 16.34%. Investors also watch the number of corporate investors in a company very closely, which is 39 institutions for Niu Technologies that are currently holding shares of the company. Yiheng Capital Management, L.P. is the top institutional holder at NIU for having 3.54 Million shares of worth $56.62 Million. And as of June 29, 2020, it was holding 5.44% of the company’s outstanding shares.
The second largest institutional holder is Morgan Stanley, which was holding about 2.73 Million shares on June 29, 2020. The number of shares represents firm’s hold over 4.19% of outstanding shares, having a total worth of $43.62 Million.
On the other hand, iShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets ETF and SPDR (R) Ser Tr-SPDR� Kensho New Economies Composite ETF are the top two Mutual Funds which own company’s shares. As of July 30, 2020, the former fund manager was holding 244385 shares of worth $5.14 Million or 0.38% of the total outstanding shares. The later fund manager was in possession of 107.31 Thousand shares on August 30, 2020, making its stake of worth around $2.22 Million in the company or a holder of 0.16% of company’s stock. | https://marketingsentinel.com/2020/10/16/niu-technologies-nasdaqniu-has-recovered-79-38-so-far-but-another-0-98-gain-cannot-be-ruled-out/ |
Christmas decorations around the world
Putting up Christmas trees is a centuries-old tradition. Every country has its own approach to decorating them, with many cultures striving to preserve their ancestors' heritage.
The tradition of decorating Christmas trees started in 16th-century Europe, in Germany, and in modern-day Latvia and Estonia. The 16th century German Protestant reformer Martin Luther was the first to decorate an evergreen pine tree with candles. From then on, the tradition of decorating trees for Christmas spread throughout Europe.
In the past and during pagan times, people from all over the world saw evergreen plants, and especially pine trees, as a symbol of eternal life and rebirth, or as a tree of life. Today, however, pine trees are strongly associated with Christmas celebrations.
As Christmas and the New Year approach, evergreen pine trees with whimsical decorations light up in almost every corner of the world. Here we explore some of the Christmas decor traditions of Georgia, Ukraine and Lithuania. | https://artdevivre.com/articles/christmas-decorations-around-the-world/ |
Q:
How to prove this innocent looking isomorphism
I've got a Dedekind domain $R$ with quotient field $K$, a non-zero prime ideal $P$ of $R$. I form the completion $\widehat{K}$ of $K$ wrt the valuation $v_P$ associated to $P$. Let $\widehat{R}$ be the valuation ring of $\widehat{K}$.
If $V$ is a $K$-vector space then how would I show that there is an isomorphism $ \widehat{R}\otimes_R V\cong \widehat{K}\otimes_K V$ of $\widehat{R}$-modules?
I've tried the map $r\otimes_R v \mapsto r\otimes_K v$ but this doesn't seem to be surjective.
I would be grateful if someone could tell me the best way to approach this problem.
A:
There is a more general fact at work here. Let $A\to B$ be a ring map, $M$ an $A$-module, and $N$ a $B$-module. Then there is a unique $B$-module isomorphism $M\otimes_AN\simeq(M\otimes_AB)\otimes_BN$ sending $m\otimes n$ to $(m\otimes 1)\otimes n$ (the $B$-module structure on the source is via the $B$-module structure of $N$, whereas in the target, there is a $B$-module structure on both tensor factors).
In your case, take $A=R$, $B=K$, $M=\widehat{R}$, and $N=V$. Then by what I've said, there is a $K$-linear isomorphism $\widehat{R}\otimes_RV\simeq (\widehat{R}\otimes_RK)\otimes_KV$. It sends $r\otimes v$ to $(r\otimes 1)\otimes v$, and you can check that in this case it is a $\widehat{R}$-module isomorphism as well as a $K$-linear isomorphism. Now you just need to verify that the natural $\widehat{R}$-algebra map $\widehat{R}\otimes_RK\to\widehat{K}$ is an isomorphism. It is injective because every tensor in the source has the form $r\otimes x$ for some $r\in\widehat{R}$ and $x\in K$, and if this is mapped to zero, i.e. if $rx=0$ in $\widehat{K}$, then either $r=0$ or $x=0$, so $r\otimes x=0$ in either case. For surjectivity, reason as follows. Choose an element $\pi\in R$ with $v_P(\pi)=1$ (a uniformizer in the local ring). Then every non-zero element of $\widehat{K}$ has the form $\pi^n u$ with $n\in\mathbf{Z}$ and $u\in\widehat{R}^\times$. This element is the image of $u\otimes \pi^n\in\widehat{R}\otimes_RK$.
Note that the composite isomorphism $\widehat{R}\otimes_RV\simeq\widehat{K}\otimes_KV$ sends $r\otimes v$ to $r\otimes v$, as you expected.
| |
When Jochebed and Amram had a baby boy, Jochebed was unwilling to see her child thrown into the Nile. After waterproofing a papyrus basket, she placed her infant in it and hid him among the reeds. In one of God’s beautifully orchestrated events, Pharaoh’s daughter (feasibly the only person in the nation who could save the one who would lead Israel out of bondage) just happened to be bathing at the river, hear the baby’s cries, and take him as her child.
She was one of the most important women in the history of God’s people and Scripture doesn’t even tell us her name! While much is speculation, historical documents lead most scholars to believe that she was Hatshepsut, the only surviving child of Thutmose I and his primary wife Ahmose. With no living brothers, the heir to the throne became the son of the pharaoh’s secondary wife, Hatshepsut’s half-brother Thutmose II. To legitimize his claim to the throne, the half-siblings were married. Hatshepsut wasn’t able to bear sons so, like their father, her husband had a son by a secondary wife. When Thutmose II died, Hatshepsut became co-regent with her infant step-son, Thutmose III, and ruled for 22 years until her death. At some point in this story, Hatshepsut took Moses and raised him as her child. As step-brothers, Moses and Thutmose III probably knew one another. Once Hatshepsut died, Moses may have been perceived a threat by the young Egyptian king. When Moses fled Egypt just a few years after his adoptive mother’s death, political intrigue along with murder may have contributed to his hasty departure.
We know some of Hatshepsut’s history but, other than reading that she felt sorry for the crying baby, we know little of her. How did she have the audacity to defy Pharaoh’s command, challenge tradition, and come before her father and his advisors with a Hebrew baby? Did she think her father weak for being afraid of an industrious people or cruel for killing innocent defenseless children? Perhaps she thought that, by adopting this orphaned boy, he could become Pharaoh’s legitimate heir and she would have power rather than her half-brother. Or was it simply God’s whisper in her ear that gave her both the courage and compassion to save this child?
Inadvertently, Pharaoh’s daughter prepared her adopted son to speak before another Pharaoh, free the Israelites, and record the first five books of the Old Testament. Educated in the royal harem along with others of royal blood, he would have studied hieroglyphic and other scripts, copied and memorized lengthy lists of words and names, and learned the languages of the world. Both public speaking and the ability to write well were highly valued in the royal classroom. When reading the exodus story, it’s easy to wonder how Moses and Aaron could gain an audience with the Pharaoh. When Moses returned to Egypt, Amenhotep II, the son of Thutmose III, was on the throne. As the adopted son of Hatshepsut, however, Moses was the step-uncle of the king! Moreover, having been raised in the royal harem, even forty years later, others in the court remembered and respected the son of Hatshepsut.
Because of Hatshepsut, the Pharaoh’s daughter, Moses was perfectly prepared for his God-given destiny. Little did she know when she adopted him that he would be the one about whom her father’s counselors had warned! Just as happened 1500 years later when another boy child was born to the Israelites and another cruel ruler tried to stop the one who would deliver His people, God’s plan could not be thwarted. He cannot be stopped! | https://devotionsoftheheart.com/2019/07/15/he-wont-be-stopped/ |
Information about how to improve your presentation skills.
Overcoming presentation worries
Standing up in front of other people and sharing your ideas can be a stressful experience, but also extremely rewarding intellectually.
In formal presentations, you make both the strength of your knowledge and any gaps in it immediately and publicly visible.
This is risky and rewarding because it means you are both teaching others and learning from them. That is, you are doing what education is all about.
Also, the way you communicate and how you present yourself will influence the response of the audience, and that can make you feel self-conscious.
But, by learning more about the best strategies and techniques for formal presentations in academic settings, you can make the most of this valuable learning environment.
This short Study Skills Hacks video offers tips and suggestions on preparing for a presentation and getting it right on the day.
Planning your presentation
Three main focus points
The more you plan your presentation, the more confidence you will have in the information you are delivering. You need to consider three things throughout this process: topic, time limit, and audience.
1. Your topic
Your topic is what your presentation should be about.
This seems obvious, but unless you keep a clear idea of the message you are trying to convey, it's easy to go off on a tangent. You will then lose the clarity of your presentation.
2. Your time limit
Again, this seems obvious, but you will be kept to time and you need to prepare for this.
If you're asked to deliver a short presentation, keep this in mind as you do your background research, to avoid doing unnecessary amounts of reading. You only have a certain amount of time you can spend on your preparation, so make sure you use your time wisely.
3. Your audience
Your audience is key to how you deliver your presentation.
You need to consider what they already know, what they need to know, and the type of language that is appropriate for your delivery.
Structure
Unlike a written piece of work, an audience only gets one chance to engage with the content of a presentation.
With this in mind, your presentation should follow a very simple structure of reinforcement:
- Tell your audience what you are going to tell them.
- Tell them.
- Tell them again what you told them.
This may sound repetitive, but that's exactly what you want: to repeat the key points so that they are clear to your audience and provide a take-home message.
Having a clear structure not only helps your audience to follow your presentation but helps you to keep track of what it is you are trying to explain.
Horizontal Planning
Use the Horizontal Planning Template (PDF, 115KB) to organise your presentation. Start from the middle with roughly three main points, before moving out to complete a plan for your introduction and conclusion.
Starting in the middle is essential as it will allow you to pin down the main areas of your message, before moving on to identify how to introduce these main points to your audience and summarise them again at the end.
Individual presentations
Spoken reports detailing your work can take place in a range of settings: the small group classroom, the workplace as a section of a large lecture, in a one-to-one tutorial, or in a team meeting.
Presentations take different forms, from a read-out mini-lecture to an improvised explanation or elaboration of a series of key points, a question-and-answer session, an audience-activity workshop, or a blend of all of these.
The format may be flexible or fixed. Often, teachers will determine this.
Group presentations
Group presentations share many of the demands of the individual format, but collaboration brings its own benefits and challenges.
Read about group work and collaboration
Strength in numbers, and the sense of comradeship that working in a group can bring help to relieve pressure.
But working together means you need to find ways to share the burden of work equally and incorporate the efforts and skills of each group member.
These demands are especially focused when a presentation forms part of university coursework.
Good group presentations result from taking and sharing responsibility, and from finding strategies to manage group disagreement and solve problems with any participants.
Effective communication comes from making the best use of individuals' abilities, but also by allowing each member the chance to develop their weaker skills.
And just like an individual presentation, making sure you find the time to practice and rehearse the presentation together as a group can be decisive to its success on the day.
Presenting online
Whilst the fundamentals of good in-person presenting remain true when presenting online, there are some important considerations that are unique to presenting remotely. Read tips on online presentations.
Preparation
Most importantly, for all kinds of presentations, allow time to practice! Make sure you think about how you are going to deliver your presentation and make it engaging.
This is especially important if you are presenting in a group, as transitions can be costly time-wise if unrehearsed. Make sure you have time to revise and edit your presentation, with enough time to rehearse the final edit too.
Make sure you have your ending prepared! Do not simply stop, think about how you will signal to your audience that you are done and ready for questions (if appropriate).
Finally, make sure that you are as comfortable as possible on the day. Plan out what you are going to wear the night before, arrive early to check equipment, and have a bottle of water with you.
The majority of your confidence will come from having a well-researched, structured and practised presentation, so don't worry, take a deep breath, and you will now be ready to go!
Once you have delivered your presentation, seek feedback from your peers or tutors, to help you develop your skills further. Think reflectively about the whole presentation process, as you continue to build this skill.
Top tips
Preparation is key! You need to consider your topic, time limit, and audience. If you are working as a group, be organised in allocating how this preparation will be done.
A strong structure will help your presentation to flow. Signpost and wrap up for your audience, make it easy for them to follow, and easy for yourself too.
Practise! Think about what you are going to say, time how long it takes you to say it. Make sure you are fully comfortable and confident before you need to present. If you are presenting as a group, decide who will say what, and practice transitions.
Think about yourself as the presenter: plan what you'll wear, take some water with you
Build-in contingency plans: know where you can cut things out or add bits in to keep to time, and plan how you will deal with difficult questions.
Resources
Internal
Library- Group work vs collusion
Student Services Information Desk (SSiD)- Public Speaking and Communicating with Impact
Counselling Service- Communicating with Impact Workshop
Counselling Service- Public Speaking Workshops
Creative Media Team- Production Resources
Seminar Recording: Powerful Presentation Techniques, ELTC
Speaking Materials and Quiz, ELTC
External
University of Manchester- Working in Groups
University of Reading- Effective Group Work
Learn Higher- Group work
BBC BiteSize- Speaking Skills
Book a Study Skills Workshop or 1:1 appointment
Would you like to explore a study skills topic in greater depth? Book on for a face-to-face or online workshop or 1:1 Study Skills appointment (current students only).
A world top-100 university
We're a world top-100 university renowned for the excellence, impact and distinctiveness of our research-led learning and teaching. | https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/academic-skills/communication/presentation-skills |
How is solid waste produced?
Solid waste is generated from industrial, residential, and commercial activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety of ways. As such, landfills are typically classified as sanitary, municipal, construction and demolition, or industrial waste sites.
What is solid waste made of?
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)—more commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries.
How is waste made?
Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded.”
Who creates solid waste and how is it created?
7. Treatment Plants and Sites. Heavy and light manufacturing plants also produce solid waste. They include refineries, power plants, processing plants, mineral extraction plants and chemical plants.
What is meant by solid waste?
RCRA states that “solid waste” means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
What is solid waste in simple words?
Solid waste can be defined as: the useless and unwanted products in the solid state derived from the activities of and discarded by society. It is produced either by – product of production processes or arise form the domestic or commercial sector when objects or materials are discarded after use.
How is solid waste recycled?
Separating, recovering, and reusing components of solid waste that may still have economic value is called recycling. … Composting can also be considered a recycling process, since it reclaims the organic parts of solid waste for reuse as mulch or soil conditioner. Still other waste materials have potential for reuse.
Is plastic a solid waste?
Check out our Frequent Questions page. Plastics are a rapidly growing segment of municipal solid waste (MSW). While plastics are found in all major MSW categories, the containers and packaging category had the most plastic tonnage at over 14.5 million tons in 2018.
What is the most common material found in municipal solid waste?
Municipal solid waste consists of materials from plastics to food scraps. The most common waste product is paper (about 40 percent of the total). Other common components are: yard waste (green waste), plastics, metals, wood, glass and food waste.
What is waste material?
Definitions of waste material. any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted. synonyms: waste, waste matter, waste product.
How are the waste materials disposed?
In general, waste should undergo material recycling or thermal treatment. If this is not possible for technical reasons, or it is not economically viable, the waste is deposited in a landfill following suitable treatment.
What is solid waste and explain its types?
It can be classified into different types depending on their source: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris (CnD), sanitation residue, and waste from streets, generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes.
How are liquid waste generated?
4.1.
In industrial areas liquid wastes are generated by processing or manufacturing industries and service industries, such as car repair shops. … Industrial wastewaters which contain hazardous substances must be treated, and the substances removed before the wastewater is discharged to the environment.
How many major sources of solid waste are there based on their origin?
How many major sources of solid waste are there based on their origin? Explanation: There are broadly 9 sources of solid waste. They are residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction & demolition areas, municipal services, treatment plants, agriculture and biomedical.
What are the main sources of waste?
Sources of Waste
- Industrial Waste. These are the wastes created in factories and industries. …
- Commercial Waste. Commercial wastes are produced in schools, colleges, shops, and offices. …
- Domestic Waste. …
- Agricultural Waste. | https://zeroish.org/dump/how-is-solid-waste-made.html |
U.S. Secretary of Transportation Elaine L. Chao to Deliver Keynote at CES 2020
Secretary Chao to discuss innovation and the safe integration of new technologies
ARLINGTON, Va.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--#CES2020--The Consumer Technology Association (CTA)® today announced U.S. Secretary of Transportation Elaine L. Chao will deliver a keynote address at the upcoming CES® 2020, the world’s largest and most influential tech event. Secretary Chao is scheduled to speak on Wednesday, Jan. 8 at 11:30 AM in the Las Vegas Convention Center room N257 in Las Vegas, NV.
Secretary Chao returns as a CES keynoter, following a keynote address during CES 2018. She will discuss the current state of innovation and recent DOT initiatives to support the safe integration of new technologies into our country’s transportation systems. The vehicle tech section at CES is larger than many stand-alone car shows, with more than 160 vehicle tech exhibitors – including 10 major automakers. CES 2020 will also showcase the latest in drones, self-driving vehicles, smart cities, resilience technologies and more.
“As the highest-ranking U.S. transportation official, Secretary Chao is driving the Administration’s initiatives to safely advance the transportation industry through tech innovation,” said Gary Shapiro, president and CEO, CTA. “We welcome Secretary Chao back to the CES keynote stage and look forward to hearing the DOT’s latest initiatives that will provide a roadmap for the industry – in the U.S. and abroad – and help to further improve public safety.”
Secretary Chao served as U.S. Department of Labor Secretary from 2001 – 2009. She is the first Asian-American woman to be appointed to the President’s Cabinet in American history. Secretary Chao previously served as Deputy Secretary of Transportation; President and Chief Executive Officer of United Way of America; and Director of the Peace Corps.
The CES Keynote Schedule will be updated regularly as additional keynote speakers are announced. More than 1,100 visionaries and thought leaders are expected to speak and share insights on premiere technologies at CES 2020. Visit the CES Featured Speakers page to see the latest.
Owned and produced by CTA, CES 2020, the global stage for innovation, will run Jan. 7-10 in Las Vegas, Nevada and provide access to the most transformative tech across various marketplaces, such as 5G, artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, smart home, smart cities, vehicles, digital health and more. Industry leaders and rising stars will come together to pioneer future innovation driving the ever-evolving tech industry. Visit CES.tech for all CES updates and register for CES 2020.
About CES:
CES® is the largest, most influential tech event in the world – the proving ground for breakthrough technologies and global innovators. This is where the world's biggest brands do business and meet new partners, and the sharpest innovators hit the stage. Owned and produced by the Consumer Technology Association (CTA)®, CES features every aspect of the tech sector. Learn more at CES.tech and follow CES on social.
About Consumer Technology Association:
As North America’s largest technology trade association, CTA®is the tech sector. Our members are the world’s leading innovators – from startups to global brands – helping support more than 18 million American jobs. CTA owns and produces CES® – the largest, most influential tech event in the world. Find us at CTA.tech. Follow us @CTAtech.
Digital Media Wire, Inc. is a media company that provides strategic consulting and manages marketing campaigns for digital media brands, and owns and produces industry conferences. DMW has one of the largest and most engaged and senior-level communities in the digital media industry. | |
Puerto Rico temperatures in December
December is generally a warm month with maximum daytime temperatures around 29°C (84°F) and nighttime temperatures around 23°C (73°F) in San Juan.
What is the temperature of the different cities in Puerto Rico in December
Find the average daytime temperatures in December for the most popular destinations in Puerto Rico on the map below. Click on a destination dot for more detailed information.
Interested in more climate information?
We have much more information about the climate in Puerto Rico.
Interested in the weather conditions in a specific month? Select the month below.
Weather and climate has detailed information for almost all countries in the world. Are you going to Puerto Rico? Get detailed historical weather averages for many cities in Puerto Rico.
Not sure yet where to go? We now have a tool which suggests which destination suits your ideal climate conditions. Find out where to go with our weather planner. | https://weather-and-climate.com/averages-Puerto-Rico-December/temperatures |
Paper Title: Trends in rates in ocular diagnoses among outpatients at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital Eye Clinic: 2006 – 2016
Authors: Cookey, S.A.H., Onua, A.A.
Abstract/Summary:
Objective: To identify the types of ophthalmological diagnoses among outpatients at the Eye Clinic of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) and determine the trends in rates of these disorders from 2006 to 2016. Methodology: A retrospective review of clinical records from the eye clinic of UPTH from 2006 till 2016. Data extraction: Data on ocular pathologies seen from 2006 to 2016 were obtained from the eye clinic out-patient register and entered into Microsoft Excel sheet using a template comprising of the ophthalmological diagnosis and year of diagnosis. Data analysis: Data from Microsoft Excel sheet were exported to Epi-Info version 7.1.4 for statistical analysis. Line graph was used to express rates of the ocular diseases diagnosed from 2006 to 2016. The absolute number of patients across the time period was presented in tabular form. Trend analysis was performed using Chi square for trend statistics and statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Ophthalmic diseases most commonly diagnosed during the period under review were allergic conjunctivitis, refractive error, glaucoma, cataract and bacterial conjunctivitis. Disorders of the eyelids and orbit, disorders of retina, neuro-ophthalmic disorders, ocular foreign bodies and trauma were less common. The trend in the rate of ocular disorders was undulating with peaks in different months and years. Conclusion: The trend of ocular disorders through a period of eleven years was undulating. The rate of ocular disorders increased with years. Improvement in our eye care service is desirable.
Publication Date: | https://www.gazetteofmedicine.com/viewdoc.php?id=136 |
These Musings are intended as an exploration of ideas. They are not conclusions nor statements of fact, but rather a set of impressions and insights garnered from the practical research we do here at The Orality Centre. Consider these posts as questions rather than answers; provocations for thought rather than set ideas; sketches rather than finished artworks; experiments rather than a proposed theory.
Feel free to engage and debate with these musings. Disagree, provide alternative points of view, contrary evidence, or propose your own musings in reply. Robust discussion and sharing a myriad of ideas and interpretations is the key to unlocking the true potential we here at The Orality Centre believe these memory technologies can provide. | https://theoralitycentre.org/musings/ |
Q:
Merging 2 dataframes on Pandas
Sorry I have a very simple question. So I have two dataframes that look like
Dataframe 1:
columns: a b c d e f g h
Dataframe 2:
columns: e ef
I'm trying to join Dataframe 2 on Dataframe 1 at column e, which should yield
columns: a b c d e ef g h
or
columns: a b c d e f g h ef
However:
df1.merge(df2, how = 'inner', on = 'e') yields a blank dataframe when I print it out.
'outer' merge only extends the dataframe vertically (like using an append function).
Would appreciate some help thank you!
A:
You need same dtypes of columns for join, so need converting:
#convert string column to int
df1['e'] = df1['e'].astype(int)
#inner is default value, so can be omit
df1.merge(df2, on = 'e')
Sample:
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'a':list('abcdef'),
'b':[4,5,4,5,5,4],
'c':[7,8,9,4,2,3],
'd':[1,3,5,7,1,0],
'e':['5','3','6','9','2','4'],
'f':list('aaabbb'),
'g':[1,3,5,7,1,0]})
print (df1)
a b c d e f g
0 a 4 7 1 5 a 1
1 b 5 8 3 3 a 3
2 c 4 9 5 6 a 5
3 d 5 4 7 9 b 7
4 e 5 2 1 2 b 1
5 f 4 3 0 4 b 0
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'ef':[10,30,50,70,10,100],
'e':[5,3,6,9,0,7]})
print (df2)
e ef
0 5 10
1 3 30
2 6 50
3 9 70
4 0 10
5 7 100
df1['e'] = df1['e'].astype(int)
df = df1.merge(df2, on = 'e')
print (df)
a b c d e f g ef
0 a 4 7 1 5 a 1 10
1 b 5 8 3 3 a 3 30
2 c 4 9 5 6 a 5 50
3 d 5 4 7 9 b 7 70
| |
Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin and a powerful antioxidant. It consists of eight compounds all synthesized by plants. Vitamin E is divided into two major groups, tocopherols and tocotrienols. The most potent Vitamin E compound is natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol).
Optimal Vitamin E absorption requires the presence of bile salts and pancreatic juice in the small intestine. Absorbed Vitamin E is incorporated into chylomicrons and transported through the lymph into circulation where it is distributed into the tissues by low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
The largest storage area for Vitamin E is in adipose tissue. Tocopherol in the liver is depleted rapidly while loss of vitamin E in fatty tissue is quite slow.
Functions of Vitamin E: | https://drbillspetnutrition.ca/ingredient/vitamin-e/ |
On this, our 2nd Sunday Freethought Fellowship meetup, please join us for a dialogue about the importance of diversity within the Public School System, with our guest speaker, Sheena Lofton, Co-Founder, Pasco County Agents for Change .
Begun in response to experiences of harrassment and racism in her Pasco County community, Lofton and her husband co-founded Pasco Agents for Change to help rally the community to come together in support of all youth.
“Now more than ever, the success of our mission depends on the extent to which our community is diverse, inclusive, and equitable. We know that academic excellence is impossible without the unique perspectives, ideas, approaches, and contributions that come from having the broadest diversity of students, faculty, and staff across Pasco County School System.
“To become the inclusive community we aspire to be, we must treat each other equitably and with respect, creating an environment where no voices are silenced and all of us can thrive. Together, our commitment to diversity, inclusion, and equity has the potential to disrupt and transform entrenched practices and thinking. And as a result, we will hold Pasco County Schools accountable to a goal of graduating students who are engaged world citizens with a discerning intelligence, an understanding of inequality and power, and moral courage.”
Join us to hear Lofton’s story, and stay afterwards to continue the discussion over light food and refreshments. A donation of $5 per person is requested to help defray facilities and food expenses.
Freethought Fellowship is held the 2nd Sunday of each month and covers a wide variety of topics and fields. If you would like to speak at one of our upcoming meetups, please let us know. | https://spiritoflifeuu.org/2018/06/09/freethought-fellowship-meetup-june-10-11am-diversity-inclusion-in-public-schools/ |
Each immersion expands students’ experience with solidarity in the following ways:
- Educationally: participants will examine the various social factors through a variety of perspectives, histories, and realities.
- Culturally: participants will increase their awareness, engagement, and humility in the culture of their respective immersion.
- Spiritually: participants will explore a culture of spirituality through conversations on faith and values with their peers and within the respective immersion communities.
- Relevant Social Justice issues: applying Catholic Social Teaching and other social justice theories to examine food justice (Salinas), immigration (San Diego / Tijuana), and homeless youth (Los Angeles).
Here is what previous immersion participants have said:
“Service is a way to express the importance of human life. It is never for “saving” someone, but rather meeting someone how they want to be met.”
“I have realized human interaction is solely based on open-mindedness and love. It is so human to love…”
“I actually wanted more...”
“Happiest I have been during my time at Saint Mary’s”
“[It was great] talking to people who are exactly like us...but find themselves in different situations with no control over them”
Articles on Immersions: | https://www.stmarys-ca.edu/mission-ministry-center/immersions |
Department Summary: From Bridgewater State University’s inception in 1840 by Horace Mann as one of the first normal schools in America, to the current day, BSU has worked to ensure that our students receive accessible, affordable and exceptional education. The Education Trust (2015) ranked BSU as ninth in the nation among public 4-year institutions of higher learning for our ability to support the success of all students, while simultaneously closing the racial achievement gap. BSU aspires to lead nationally in our mission class in the elimination of achievement/opportunity gaps through data-informed efforts to support the success of our students. Position Summary: This position serves as a key member of the Vice President for Student Affairs and Enrollment Management's Leadership Team. Reporting to the Associate Vice President and Dean of Students, the Executive Director provides vision, and leadership to transform the student engagement experience in support of the University's mission for student success and learning, and the creation of a robust campus life experience. The Executive Director will have the opportunity to review, and further develop, a newly reorganized, comprehensive department. Ultimately responsible for creating a nimble organization responsive to the needs of current and future students, the Executive Director oversees programs and services that create and facilitate seamless entry to the University, and engagement of students and their families. This position will be hallmarked by the ability to create and lead a dynamic department that is focused on outside the classroom, co-curricular student growth, development and learning. Department programs and services are intertwined with all facets of the institution to enhance the journey of all students from initial enrollment, through retention and persistence, leading to eventual graduation and alumni status.
Supervision Received: Works under the supervision of the Associate Vice President and Dean of students
Supervision Exercised: The portfolio of this position includes direct/indirect supervision of professional staff, administrative support staff, graduate assistants, and over 100 student employees are part of the ultimate supervision of this position. Position Type: APA Professional Essential Duties: The Executive Director provides direction and leadership for a broad and evolving portfolio with a focus on the needs of all students, and in developing a robust campus life. The Executive Director leads and oversees the short and long-range planning and day-to-day operations of a department comprised of content areas that include but are not limited to: The Rondileau Campus Center facility and operations; Campus Traditions; Family Programs; University Orientation Programs (new students, transfer students and family); Student Organization Development and Advising; Fraternity and Sorority Life; Campus-wide Activities and Events; Leadership Programs; Student Recognition; Student Media; the BSU Mobile Application; BSU Food Pantry; Student Governance; Student Employee Training and Development; Student Program Council; Student Steering Committees and Department Advisory Board.
Duties and Responsibilities: • Lead and advocate for department and division priorities • Align divisional and departmental efforts in support of University and division vision, values, and priorities in an integrated, cross-functional way • Identify opportunities to integrate programs and services cross-divisionally and with key campus and community stakeholders • Responsible for the administration of all department programs and services, budget oversight and staff recruitment, development, evaluation, coaching and support • Develop, analyze and update all policies and procedures related to the operation of the department (e.g., website, brochures, student handbook and forms) • Ensure policies, procedures, contracts and regulatory requirements that impact programming on college campuses are in place and followed • Oversee data-informed equity and inclusion efforts throughout all facets of department and division programs and services • Review annual University calendar, set priorities, manage multiple projects and juggle competing urgencies • Serve as primary advisor to the Undergraduate Student Government Association and liaison to the Graduate Professional Student Association • Serve as member of the Student Affairs and Enrollment Management Council • Chair or serve on University and division committees • Serve as on call administrator for campus emergency response • Maintain high visibility at student and university-wide events and activities • Perform other duties as assigned Required Qualifications: • Master’s degree • 7 years of related work experience inclusive of supervision of full-time professional staff • Demonstrated commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion • Strong written and oral communication skills • Progressive experience in change management and organizational leadership • Demonstrated experience with strategic planning, budgeting, and assessment of a comprehensive department with responsibilities for multiple programs and services, facility operations and business service functions • Evidence of strong relationship-building, and leadership skills • Demonstrated experience creating and working in a collaborative setting • Strong understanding and ability to articulate the importance of student learning, and student and family engagement in recruitment, retention, persistence, and overall student success • Change management skills and experience Preferred Qualifications: • Prior experience serving in a senior-level college or university administrative position • Strong problem solving skills utilizing data-driven techniques • Prior experience advising student organizations including student government and fraternity and sorority life • Demonstrated experience responding to student needs/interests within operational/ administrative initiatives or projects • Demonstrated experience in analyzing and resolving complex issues, both organizational and interpersonal • Demonstrated project management skills • Work within a collective bargaining environment Work Environment: Bridgewater State University complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to provide reasonable accommodation to qualified applicants and employee with disabilities.
Office activities are performed in an environmentally controlled office setting subject to extended periods of sitting, keyboarding and interaction with computer equipment; Occasional bending, reaching, lifting, pushing and pulling up to 5 pounds. Special Conditions for Eligibility: Please be aware that employment at Bridgewater State University is contingent upon completion of a successful background check. Salary Range: $100,000-$110,000 Posting Number: S00562P Open Date: 11/27/2019 Close Date: 1/1/2020 Open Until Filled: No Special Instructions to Applicants: Please note the following information is required to complete your application for this position:
*a minimum of one (1) employment history entry.
*a minimum of three (3) professional reference entries. To apply, visit https://jobs.bridgew.edu/postings/18354 Bridgewater State University (BSU) is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer which actively seeks to increase the diversity of its workforce. We are dedicated to providing educational, working and living environments that value the diverse backgrounds of all people. Copyright ©2017 Jobelephant.com Inc. All rights reserved. Posted by the FREE value-added recruitment advertising agency jeid-5f8c5021b4599f4aaa369fec26d56349
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The mission of the University Risk Management and Insurance Association is to advance the discipline of risk management
in higher education. | https://careers.urmia.org/jobs/13137027/executive-director-center-for-student-engagement |
A memory system may communicate signals carrying data, command, or clocking information for the storage of data within the memory system. The signals may be communicated along signal paths that each have an overall characteristic impedance. Within a single signal path, different portions or segments may have their own characteristic impedance, which contributes to the overall characteristic impedance of the signal path. In general, it may be desirable for each of these different portions or segments to have the same characteristic impedance or as close to the same characteristic impedance as possible. Conversely, different or substantially different characteristic impedances between two or more of the different portions can lead to undesirable energy reflection, leading to degradation in signal integrity and ultimately performance. Where impedance mismatches do occur, ways to minimize these impedance mismatches may be desirable.
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Fiona Middleton and Pietro Consolandi turn to oceans in search of a truly planetary form of governance.
22.03.2021, The Revenge of the Real
Sarosh Anklesaria proposes a vision for a future based on an ethic of kinship, degrowth, and circular thinking.
04.03.2021, Essays
Daniela Zyman on the critical role of the oceans in respect to planetary survival.
28.10.2020, The Revenge of the Real
Bridget Keane and Rosalea Monacella on complex landscape ecologies of the Anthropocene.
27.08.2020
Terence Sharpe on the need to divert the interests of the global financial system towards green energy.
30.06.2020, The Revenge of the Real
Stefan Helmreich and Francisco Alarcon on ocean waves as avatars of hybrid human-inhuman political ecology.
16.06.2020
Mexico City’s site and historical legacy portray how the negative externalities of congestion paradoxically reveal the positive impacts of urban density, and the need to plan cities as resilient ecological infrastructures.
09.06.2020, The Revenge of the Real
Natalija Majsova takes a look at the spectres of ecology in Soviet science fiction.
08.06.2020, The Revenge of the Real
A vision of how emissions can be brought down beyond zero.
13.12.2019
Seeing through natures, we may find the black artefacts of the technosphere.
30.09.2019
More than 220 artworks by 56 artists and art collectives have been gathered to reflect on issues of exploitation, post-colonialism, and human impact on the planet.
10.07.2019
A recently opened exhibition at Garage Museum of Contemporary Art in Moscow brings together the works of over 50 Russian and international artists in order to rethink the relationship between humans and nature.
10.06.2019
Art historian and critic Uliana Dobrova looks at how Pope Francis I has come to be seen as the “eco-Pope.”
24.05.2019
By teaching children to connect everyday experiences to systemic issues and fostering intergenerational dialogue, the Finnish education system is preparing them for the unstable world to come.
01.04.2019, New Urban Conditions
Patricia Reed on how to gain traction and political mobility in the wake of the Anthropocene. | https://strelkamag.com/en?tags=ecology |
The Bank of Ghana (BoG) is in a weaker position to ensure that the cedi depreciates at predictable and sustainable rates against its foreign currencies, a retired Deputy Governor, Mr Emmanuel Asiedu-Mante, has observed.
This is because the bank has fewer options that it could employ to counter any steep fall in the value of the local currency against its foreign counterparts, particularly the US dollar, he said in an interview.
“The only tool that it (the central bank) has is to fall on reserves that the country has to be able to mitigate the impact of the rate,” Mr Asiedu-Mante, who retired in 2006, explained during the interview which discussed how the country could achieve a sustainable exchange rate to allow for businesses to plan effectively.
Unfortunately, he said people were unaware of this limitation and as a result “overestimate the influence of the central bank when it comes to the fight against currency depreciation”.
He said apart from the intermittent ‘pumping’ of foreign currencies into the market whenever there was a supply pressure, “the central bank is powerless”.
The Governor of BoG, Dr Ernest Addison, said in January this year that the central bank used some US$670 million to support the cedi in 2018. In that year, the currency lost about 8.39 per cent of its value to the US dollar.
Forum on depreciation
Mr Asiedu-Mante, who also sits on a number of boards of financial institutions, was speaking to the paper ahead of the GRAPHIC BUSINESS/Stanbic Bank Breakfast Meeting on the cedi depreciation.
This quarter’s edition of the breakfast meeting is scheduled to take place on April 23 at the plush Labadi Beach Hotel and will be graced by Dr Addison.
It will be on the theme: “Achieving Sustainable Exchange Rate Stability: Our Options”.
The quarterly meeting is one of the thought leadership initiatives of the GRAPHIC BUSINESS, Ghana’s most authoritative business and economic newspaper, and Stanbic Bank Ghana Limited, the country’s favourite commercial bank, to help stimulate intellectual discourse on pertinent issues affecting the country.
Some previous episodes had discussed how the country could maximise the gains of agriculture, ways to reinvigorate growth in the manufacturing subsector and the role of pensions in national development.
The April 23 forum comes weeks after the Minister of Finance, Mr Ken Ofori-Atta, revealed that he was ordered by President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo to constitute a bi-partisan committee to find sustainable solutions to the perennial depreciation of the year.
It is, therefore, hoped that the meeting would start the conversation towards finding a lasting solution to the depreciation of the country’s currency.
Overshooting
In the first two months of this year, the cedi came under intense pressure from the supply side, resulting in it losing about 16 per cent of its value to the dollar.
The pressures emanated from foreign bondholders disinvesting from the domestic market at a time BoG was rebuilding reserves to meet the International Monetary Fund’s conditionality on net international reserves.
In a recent interview with Bloomberg TV, Dr Addison described the depreciation as “overshooting”, which he said had since corrected to reflect the current fundamentals of the economy.
Structural changes
When asked how the country could achieve a sustainable exchange rate, Mr Asiedu-Mante said that would only be possible when we matched foreign currency demand with supply.
“The thing to do is to look at what influences demand and what influences supply.
“If you are importing more than you are exporting, then you are increasing demand for foreign currencies and your currency is going to depreciate,” he said.
On the recent reduction in the benchmark values for imports, Mr Asiedu-Mante said the expected increase in imports would mean that demand for foreign currencies would pick up and that could impact negatively on the rate of depreciation.
He also mentioned weak economic fundamentals such a high fiscal deficit, primary deficit and high inflation and interests and strong repatriation of profits by non-resident investors as other factors that contributed to the depreciation of the cedi.
As a result, he said the Ministry of Finance needed to work with BoG to cure “the structural defects” in the economy to help mitigate the rate of depreciation.
He said it was worrying that the country continued to spend millions of foreign currencies importing rice, beef, poultry and other foodstuffs when it could support farmers to grow them.
“If we are able to be self-sustaining in rice production alone, you can save about US$500 million every year,” he said. | http://globalskyafricaonline.com/business/pressure-on-bog-in-fight-against-cedi-fall-asiedu-mante/ |
I have studied and practiced for many years (my whole life, in fact) in order to learn and perfect the techniques I use for my figures, portraits and semi-abstract landscapes. I am drawn to figures because they appeal to the side of me that enjoys painting in a more representational style, while landscapes allow me to indulge my interest in more impressionistic and semi-abstract techniques.
I am naturally drawn to wild and remote landscapes, and greatly influenced by weather in all its ever-changing glory. The challenge is to try and evoke the feeling and atmosphere of a particular place that I have visited, rather than reproduce its visual aspects exactly. Other times it may simply be a piece of music that kicks off the creative process, the atmosphere of the song creating an image in my head that I then try and reproduce in paint, perhaps amalgamating other experiences and photo references to achieve the desired result.
Whether a figure, portrait or landscape, a painting need not be photorealistic in order to look real - painted in the right way it can possess its own reality, regardless of whether it fully reflects what should or shouldn't be there, and this is what I strive for in my work. I work either in traditional oils or modern, quality acrylics, depending on the result I am trying to achieve. These are applied to carefully prepared MDF panels, canvas panels, or stretched canvases. At all times I am conscious of creating a quality product. My aim is always produce something that will give the purchaser pleasure every single day through the beauty of the subject matter and/or its ability to remind the viewer of a time, person, place or emotion that can go beyond mere memory. So much emotion can be conveyed with the careful choice of subject, shape, colour and tone, and it is the quest to achieve this which drives me forward.
I have sold extensively over the last fifteen or so years, and my works hang in private collections around the world. My paintings and drawings may seem more expensive compared to some, but I believe this reflects the experience, creativity, care and craft that has gone into bringing them to life. In addition I like to think that I provide a quality customer service, and I am always happy to enter into a dialogue prior to a purchase if you have any questions or preferences.
When supplied, I only use good quality frames, and do the framing myself to ensure it is done to an appropriate standard. And please be assured that once a painting has been purchased, I do not just throw it into the smallest possible box or a padded envelope to minimise postage costs! Instead I take my time to carefully pack each one in robust and secure packaging.
If you have any queries at all about an existing painting or possible commission, please do not hesitate to get in touch.
Martin Cook has 23 artworks.
Martin Cook does not have any gifts on show at the moment. | https://www.artgallery.co.uk/artist/martin_cook_3 |
Most people know her as the flower lady. And some people know about her bones and Southwest themes. I knew not many people know about her city scapes or her crosses. Today I learned that a friend of mine who is a native New Yorker had never met any of Georgia O’Keeffe’s skyscraper paintings. So I had to share a bunch with her. And then, well, the writing bug hit.
Georgia O’Keeffe has been one of my favorite painters since I was in college. Like most of her fans, I fell in love with her giant, lush flowers. When I went to see a show of her work– it was maybe twenty years ago, in Dallas– I fell in love with her deep red poppies. I wanted to crawl into the painting and live inside those flowers.
I don’t remember any longer whether it was at that show or elsewhere that I first encountered her cityscapes, paintings of New York skyscrapers. At first glance they are about as different from her flowers as can be. And yet… both her vision of New York and her vision of flowers have this in common: they radically reimagine her subject, making me see them from a different perspective.
Here are a trio of my favorites:
1. In City Night, 1926 O’ Keeffe simplifies the buildings into stark geometric shapes, black, white and grey. The black buildings dominate the picture, stark black fields reaching in diagonal blocks, from the bottom of the canvas to the top, each bisected by a grey field. The deep blue sky zig zags between their looming presence. And the stair-stepped white building shines in the background, peeking shyly out from behind the building on the right.
The simple palette is soothing, calming. Somehow, although the buildings are black and big, they feel to me more like they are sheltering rather than threatening. And I love the way the one small white speck of a star is visible just above the building on the left, almost at the center of the canvas, but not quite. The star is balanced by the white circle of the moon at the center bottom. The white building and the two grey fields draw the eye upward from the glowing, haloed moon to the small star. The play of light and dark, the deceptively simple shapes, are masterful.
This is the city of the solitary wanderer, not a reveler caught up in the hustle and bustle of the city, but a dreamer, daring to look up towards heaven, ignoring all the noise and light to see natural beauty in harmony with man-made beauty.
One of my favorite details might be that little black arm that reaches out from the black building on the left, just below the moon, as if it were a hand trying to cradle the glowing globe. And then how that’s balanced by a single white light spot higher up, a reflection from the moon? A light in or on the building? Who can tell? It’s mysterious and that feels right somehow. O’Keeffe made it white, not yellow or amber, so that it does become part of a trio of lights: the star, the moon, the small white circle, a little dance of light to keep the eye moving. And to me the threeness seems so very fitting: a trinity of light…
2. The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y., 1926
“I went out one morning to look at [the Shelton Hotel] and there was the optical illusion of a bite out of one side of the tower made by the sun, with sunspots against the building and against the sky.”
The Shelton with Sunspots is magical. I love how it begins with an optical illusion that is also a metaphor: the sun taking a bite out of a tower. The sun like a lion, the tower like its prey. The sunspot bite on the face of the tower makes an oval like a face, like an angel, like the the face of God which Moses could not look upon.
The smaller sunspots dance– golden, yellow, red, orange, white– like a throng of attendant spirits, like confetti, like coins. They add a cheerful, festive atmosphere.
The clouds like fleecy waves– like hair, like garments, like rays of glory– are behind the Shelton building, but also reach down in front of the buildings in the background, obscuring them with fog. The buildings are mostly geometric blocks, grey and brown. The Shetland itself has three columns of neat grey windows, floating in the air, looking almost like stitches in a seam, neat little row of dashes, in monotonous Morse code that spells out nothing.
Although there are a lot of blue and grey shades, the bright sunspots and the pale gleam of the clouds make this picture feel warm and bright.
I also love how at the top of the brown building that angles in from the left there’s a little dark wave– an abstraction of an architectural detail?– whose shape mirrors the waves of the clouds.
Like in City Night, this painting shows a harmony of nature and man made shapes– buildings, clouds, sun, and atmosphere–dancing together, blending at times so it’s hard to tell where the work of man ends and that of nature begins. Far from being at odds with each other, O’Keeffe seems to say, the works of man and the works of God are all a part of the great song.
Sadly, there aren’t any images of these paintings in the public domain, so I can’t illustrate this blog post. But do click through and enjoy.
3. New York Street with Moon, 1925 is the first of her city paintings. It’s lyrical, almost singing. I love the shape the sky makes, in between the buildings. And here you have another trio of lights, the moon peeking through the layers of fluffy clouds, the haloed street lamp, and the red glowing circle of the stoplight. O’Keefe’s use of negative space is breathtaking, the way the sky seems almost like a being, a presence, reaching down around the buildings.
I love the sunset glow with the steeple framed in it. Even though the subject matter is secular, there is, for me, almost a devotional quality to this painting. The moon peering over the cloud, the streetlight bending a graceful neck, the stoplight’s red face: they all seem almost to be presences, beings, straining toward that other presence, indicated by the steeple. I can almost fancy them the three magi come to pay court to the king of kings. Even though I strongly doubt that’s what O’Keeffe had in mind, her composition invites the viewer into contemplation which allows the fancy to flow freely. | https://www.thewinedarksea.com/2020/02/29/georgia-okeeffes-city-scapes/ |
Is mole concept difficult?
The mole is used in chemistry to represent 6.022×1023 6.022 × 10 23 of something, but it can be difficult to conceptualize such a large number.
What is mole concept class 9th?
The mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms/ ions/ molecules/ formula units etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. • Mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its molar mass.
What is a mole Class 11?
A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains same number of elementary particles (atoms, molecules or ions) as the number of atoms present in 12 g of carbon (C-12). 1 mol = 6.023 * 1023 atoms = one gram-atom = gram atomic mass.
Is Mole concept important for JEE?
The most important and central concept in physical chemistry is the mole concept, which lies at the heart of the subject. Hence, it is indeed one of the most important and basic chapters for JEE chemistry.
Is Mole concept important for NEET?
Mole concept is the most crucial topic that is asked in various competitive exams like NEET & JEE , including board exams. The mole concept is one of the most fundamental topics in chemistry.
What is mole BYJU’s?
Mole is a unit in chemistry. A mole of a substance is referred the mass of substance containing the same number of fundamental units as there are atoms in exactly 12.000 g of 12C. The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. Its symbol is mol.
What is mole Vedantu?
A mole is an entity that helps us to match the particles of a given substance along with its mass. The molecular weight or molar mass is nothing but the summation of masses of each atom in grams which constitute a mole of a molecule.
Can I skip inorganic chemistry?
So don’t leave inorganic chemistry behind as it will help you a lot in scoring marks, because in inorganic chemistry there are no numericals like physical chemistry, only you have to learn the things and if your memory is good then you can score very good in inorganic chemistry.
What is Mole Vedantu?
What is Mole Mcq?
Mole is the amount of any substance such as atoms, electrons, ions, molecules, etc. that contains 6.022 × 1023 particles. According to the previous definition, the amount of substance that contains as many species as present in 12 g of C-12, is known as a mole. This definite number is called the Avogadro constant.
How many questions come from mole concept in NEET?
Expected NEET 2022 Chemistry Chapter-Wise Weightage
|Chapter Name||Approximate Number of Questions||Weightage in Percentage|
|Periodic Table & Periodicity in Properties||2||4%|
|p-block||3||7%|
|Organic Compounds containing nitrogen||2||3%|
|Mole Concept||2||5%|
What is mole 10th?
The mole is the unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) for an amount of substance. The number of molecules per mole is known as Avogadro’s constant and is defined such that the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grammes, is equal to the mean relative molecular mass of the substance.
How do I calculate M?
Molarity (M) = (moles of solute) ÷ (liters of solution). To calculate the number of moles of a solute, you need two pieces of information, which you may have to infer from other data. The first is the chemical formula of the solute, and the second is the mass of the solute.
What is unit M?
metre (m), also spelled meter, in measurement, fundamental unit of length in the metric system and in the International Systems of Units (SI). It is equal to approximately 39.37 inches in the British Imperial and United States Customary systems.
Is vectors important for JEE?
Vectors occupy an extremely important place in IIT JEE preparation. It accounts for 5% of the JEE screening. For majority of students,vectors is the most interesting topic encountered by them in JEE Mathematics. The best part is that it also fetches good number of questions in JEE.
What is the mole concept?
The mole concept is a convenient method of expressing the amount of a substance. Any measurement can be broken down into two parts – the numerical magnitude and the units that the magnitude is expressed in.
What is Momole Moodle?
MOLe (MVC Online Learning) Moodle application allows the student and teachers to access and work on their enrolled courses online. – Access the course content and download it for offline consultation. – Receive instant notifications of messages and other events. – Check the grades obtained in the activities carried out.
Who is behind MVC online learning?
MVC Online Learning (MOLe) is powered by Moodle. Moodle is a free and open-source learning management system (LMS) written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License.
What is the value of a mole?
A mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains exactly 6.02214076 * 10 23 ‘elementary entities’ of the given substance. The number 6.02214076*10 23 is popularly known as the Avogadro constant and is often denoted by the symbol ‘N A’. | https://fistofawesome.com/contributing/is-mole-concept-difficult/ |
The budget has tasked the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Nabard), India’s apex bank for rural finance, with supporting irrigation and dairy schemes totalling Rs35,000 crore. According to Harsh Kumar Bhanwala, chairman of Nabard, these measures will revive public investments in agriculture, and rejuvenate the dairy sector where processing infrastructure is outdated. Edited excerpts from an interview:
How do you perceive this year’s budget announcements for the rural and agriculture sector?
For the rural and agriculture sector, the budget is futuristic. For several years, public investment in agriculture was going down. It used to be very high during the Green Revolution years (in the 1960s), but recent estimates suggest nearly 80% of it is private investment (by farmers or rural entrepreneurs). This year, lots of public investment in irrigation and dairy is a positive sign. While the long-term irrigation fund (Rs 40,000 crore corpus announced in the past two budgets) will make available large volumes of water, the micro-irrigation fund (Rs 5,000 crore) will help in efficient use of that water.
From a farmers’ income point of view, dairy will play a critical role. Our dairy processing infrastructure is outdated and requires rejuvenation. India is the largest producer of milk but only 20% of it goes for organized processing. We require larger processing capacities and whatever exists now is Operation Flood investments from 1970s and 1980s. So, the dairy processing fund announced in the budget (Rs 5,000 crore under Nabard) is a timely move.
For small and marginal farmers, a model law on contract farming (proposed in the budget) will allow for collectivization of cultivation so that scale of operations (farming) can go up and investments are made.
The budget tasked Nabard with schemes totalling Rs 35,000 crore for irrigation, dairy and cooperative banks. How will these take off ? Last year’s budget gave Nabard charge of a Rs 20,000 crore long-term irrigation fund. How much did you borrow and allocate to states?
Most of the funds will be raised from the market and advanced as loans to states and central government agencies. The idea is to make large funds available upfront, than say, allocate Rs 4,000 crore every year, for the next few years. This will help finish pending irrigation projects on time. The centre will service the interest on these market borrowings and repay the principal amount (for its share) to Nabard. States will allocate the funds they borrow from us directly to complete the projects. They will have to repay the borrowed funds within 15 years.
We have raised and disbursed Rs 5,600 crore to state governments for the long-term irrigation fund, and expect it to reach Rs 12,000 crore by year end (March 2017) depending on how projects are progressing.
Will Nabard also monitor progress of these projects?
Nabard does milestone-based funding. This means instalments are made available on satisfactory progress based on previous allocations. We have a monitoring arrangement and that’s why completion rates of projects that we are funding are higher.
That’s a lot of responsibility. Do you think the budget has entrusted Nabard with more tasks, than say, the agriculture ministry?
Nabard cannot do anything on its own. We work with state and central government departments. They need us for fund-raising upfront as there is a limitation on raising resources within one year. We are as much a part of the government as the department of agriculture is. | http://www.nabard.org/news-article.aspx?id=25&cid=552&NID=62 |
Stuck for ideas during NaNoWriMo? Here’s 3 tips to get you back on track…
Whether you’re pantsing it and having a bit of a dry spell or planning it and need a little something to fill the gaps, it’s almost a given that at some point in NaNoWriMo you’re going to be stuck for ideas trying to get from A to B.
So we’ve got 3 easy tips to help you figure out what to do with that space.
1. Ask yourself ‘what if?’
‘What if this happened instead?’
‘What if the story was told from this person’s point of view?’
‘What if this didn’t happen?’
‘What if the antagonist was the protagonist?’
‘What if the protagonist died?’
Asking ‘what if?’ is a great way to generate alternative storylines and subplots that can help lengthen your novel and strengthen the complexity of your world. It’s also a great way to develop characters and their motivations. As you come to understand different characters and their motivations, you’ll naturally be able to create conflict as your characters’ individual needs and desires compete with each other.
2. Look through old journals and writing activities for ideas you’ve forgotten
This is where all that journaling comes in handy! This is one of the quickest ways to move your story along. Read back through some of your old journals and look for characters, or ideas, or questions you’ve had and see if they can slot into your story. Maybe your protagonist or even your antagonist can start asking some of the existential questions another character in your journal was asking.
3. Get out and do something new
If the above ideas aren’t working for you or you don’t have a writing journal (in which case this is something you should seriously consider starting in the future!) then try getting out and about.
If you’re stuck for ideas it’s because your brain is in need of some inspiration and that stuff comes from exposing yourself to something new. Go out and try an activity you haven’t tried before, see a friend you haven’t spoken to in a while, visit an art gallery or other cultural event, or research something that interests you.
Alternatively you can try reading the news or people-watching. These are great ways to observe how people interact and what motivates certain actions. How would your characters react in the same situation? How would they react to the headlines you’re reading?
Disclaimer right here and now: exposing yourself to something new does NOT include TV, movies, novels, and general internet searching. Not only are these distractions but they are also unlikely to help you generate new ideas.
So, it’s time to get back to your novel! Give these three activities a go and get that story flowing again. We believe in you! | http://underground-writers.org/3-tips-for-generating-ideas-during-nanowrimo-by-jess-gately/ |
March 2018 – Businesses face unprecedented change from social and environmental challenges, technical innovation and business model innovation. There is growing public expectation and a commercial case for businesses to shape and lead the change we need for a better future – not just adapt to it. This report outlines the Cambridge Impact Leadership Model, informed by CISL’s work with over 8,000 leaders. It describes how to develop the leadership we need to deliver value for business, society and the environment.
View the Cambridge Impact Leadership Model
The commercial case for business responsibility and action is increasingly clear – and acknowledged by many leading enterprises. It is also increasingly recognised that reconciling commercial success with positive outcomes for society and the environment will require the reframing of the fundamental purpose of business. It will also require the transformation of whole organisations, sectors and value chains – in other words, the ‘rewiring’ of the economy.
Businesses need to lead this change, not just adapt to it. They need to shape the future we want.
Learning and development and HR teams play an important role in recruiting, training and rewarding individuals to succeed in this context. Employees at all levels need to be equipped with the skills to not only nurture innovation and manage risk, but to transform the economic systems within which they operate, and to deliver on broader societal goals.
This paper outlines the leadership development model applied by the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL), which has been informed by nearly 30 years of delivering sustainability leadership programmes with more than 8,000 business and government leaders around the world.
Leadership development must support businesses to reframe their purpose, strategy and approach to value creation to achieve change at the pace and scale required. However, there remains a huge gap in business commitment to leadership development that is needed to deliver the necessary capacity of individuals, organisations and wider society to tackle these global challenges at scale.
The systemic pressures the world faces today mean that leadership simply cannot be the preserve of a ‘heroic’ few.
Delivering the future we want will require organisations to cultivate leadership at all levels, and to embrace diverse and complementary strengths and approaches. The focus should be on developing collective leadership capacity, with individuals supported and inspired to deliver against their potential, and to contribute effectively within their personal strengths and role.
This paper is designed to help inform and shape business approaches to leadership development in the future. As part of a series, it aligns with other papers exploring best-practice approaches in building leadership for long-term business success, and leadership for system-level change.
Citing this report
Please refer to this business briefing as: University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL). (2018). Rewiring leadership: The future we want, the leadership we need. Cambridge, UK: the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. | https://zoearden.com/rewiring-leadership-the-future-we-want-the-leadership-we-need/ |
As consumers, we rely on a sometimes bewildering array of certifications and quality assurance standards from fair trade to organic, from ethical fashion to sustainable timber. We want to be sure that we’re getting value for money and a certain level of quality.
Yet when it comes to complex, technically sophisticated and intangible products like index insurance, evaluating quality is a much tougher call. In some cases, consumers simply don’t know... | https://microinsurancenetwork.org/posts/is-certification-the-answer-to-poor-quality-insurance |
Top 10 interview questions for nurses
There is no doubt that a career in nursing is a rewarding one. Nurses have a vital role in the treatment and recovery of patients and they can make all the difference in the patient’s life, giving them the best care and making them comfortable when facing a hard moment. If a career in nursing is what you dream of, then getting the right preparation is the right way to go. A well-rounded education will give you the upper hand when training to become a nurse.
If you are already getting your training and are about to start your job search, getting prepared for the interview is a must. You must be confident about the skills you have learned and calm so that you can answer questions properly and show the hiring team all you are capable of.
One great way to prepare for interviews is to learn about the common questions recruiters ask and what the kinds of answers are that they are expecting. We know that it’s impossible to know exactly what recruiters are looking for in candidates, but usually you can get an idea and build your answers on that.
The interview step is not the favorite one for most people. But it’s a necessity in the hiring process. So you should face this sometimes uncomfortable situation as a positive thing: an opportunity to show your knowledge and good personality. It doesn’t matter what role in nursing you are looking for; you will probably have to do an interview as part of the hiring process.
With that in mind, we did some research and put together a list of the top 10 interview questions for nurses.
- Why do you want to work in healthcare?
Focus on your history. Why did you decide to work in the healthcare field and how did you get started? It also helps to tell a success story. Examples always illustrate what you are telling and can help the recruiter understand and relate to your experience. This question presents you with a chance to show what inspired you to become a nurse and to demonstrate your desire to help people.
Sample answers:
“When I was in high school, I started volunteering in a hospital and that changed the way I see things. Seeing so many people needing care every day inspired me to pursue a career in which I could help people and make a difference. It’s really rewarding to be able to contribute to society and my community.”
“I’m passionate about helping people, and I truly believe that’s what I do in this profession. Seeing so many people needing quality care motivated me to become a nurse and actively help those in need.”
- What motivates you to work in the nursing field?
Here it’s time to really show motivation. And you must do that not only with your answer, but also with your body language. Make eye contact, smile and enjoy this opportunity to show why you are passionate about working in the nursing field. With this question, the recruiter wants to know your positive features.
Sample answer:
“There’s something about the challenge of handling difficult cases that makes me want to be better and make a difference. In my last job, there was a patient who was avoided by all the nurses. I understood his concerns and was able to solve his problems, which made him more comfortable and consequently easy to work with. I like to think that I’m motivated by challenges.”
- Tell us a little bit about yourself.
This is a great opportunity to show the recruiter how unique you are and how great it would be to have you on the team. Don’t throw away this opportunity giving a chronological work history that can be read on your resume. Focus on your strengths and how your personality would make you a good fit for the role.
Sample answer:
“I’m positive and an excellent communicator. This makes my day-to-day routine caring for patients easier and more successful. My previous experience in the healthcare field really helped me build my confidence, which is helpful when caring for patients with critical cases, for example.”
- Can you tell us about a time you think you failed and what you learned from that experience?
Don’t say you have never failed. The recruiter is not looking for perfection; he or she is actually trying to learn more about who you are. What you consider a failure and what you do to overcome it. However, you should not tell them about a major regret. Remember, you must be positive during your interview. Highlight some situation that happened but that made you become a better nurse.
Sample answer:
“When I was in college, I started to learn another language. But at that time, I didn’t take it very seriously because I was so focused on getting my degree. As a result, I dropped the class without ever learning how to properly communicate in that language. Nowadays I realize how useful it is to speak another language fluently, especially when working as a nurse. That’s why I have started my studies again and now I’m really applying myself.”
- How has your training prepared you for a nursing career?
Here is where a well-rounded education in nursing will make all the difference. If you got your training from a respected school and learned all the skills you need to succeed as a nurse, you will be very comfortable answering this question. For that reason, if you are still looking for a school to start your training, consider carefully your options and do your research. Look for colleges that offer hands-on training and seasoned instructors.
Sample answers:
“I had the opportunity to do an internship at a hospital after graduating. This experience allowed me to work with real patients and exercise what I have learned in the classroom. I feel more confident now and prepared for the challenges I will find as a nurse.”
“During college, I had the opportunity to learn from the best instructors and to have hands-on training. Because of that, I feel that my education was complete and I’m prepared for multiple scenarios in the healthcare field.”
- In your opinion, what is the most difficult part about being a nurse?
Those kinds of questions need a positive approach, even if they are not very positive. You can use the things you find hard in the nursing career to showcase your abilities and soft skills.
Sample answers:
“I feel too responsible for the well-being of my patients. And for that reason, it’s hard for me to leave work at work. However, that makes me more organized and even more dedicated. I always instruct the other nurses with every detail about that patient, so they will be in good hands while I’m not there.”
“In my opinion, the hardest part of being a nurse is to have a patient who is in a lot of pain and I am unable to make them more comfortable. I believe that in these situations we must communicate with the doctors and understand the patient’s conditions the best way we can.”
- Do you prefer to work alone, or as part of a team?
Ideally, you should show the recruiter how well you can work in any given condition, whether you are working as part of a team, or alone. But keep in mind that nurses have to work with other nurses and with doctors. For that reason, it might be a good idea to show the recruiter that you are a team player.
Sample answers:
“I thrive when I’m part of a treatment and support team. That’s a great opportunity to learn from others and improve the way we care for our patients. But I also enjoy having autonomy and working alone. I don’t see that as a challenge.”
“In my opinion, nursing is a team effort when you work in a hospital. I’m completely able to work as part of a team and contribute the best way I can.”
- How would you handle a patient who is in constant pain and very uncomfortable?
Show the recruiter how much you care for the patient and how invested you are in their well-being. Give real examples of what you would do or maybe even an example of what you have done in your experience as a nurse.
Sample answer:
“I would make sure that the patient has everything he or she needs to feel more comfortable. It’s also a good idea to check with the attending doctor about the level of pain the patient is feeling and if there is anything else we could do to alleviate their suffering. I would also talk with the patient and show that we are doing everything we can to improve his or her condition.”
- How would you deal with family members who are not cooperative and want to blame you?
Communication is very important for nurses. You will have to give information about treatment and patients’ conditions not only for the patients, but also for their families. And this is not always easy. Keep in mind that you are dealing with people who are in a difficult and delicate situation, and that they might not like the answers you have to give. With this question, the recruiter wants to know your communication skills and how you would behave in a complicated situation.
Sample answer:
“First of all, I would keep calm. We must understand what people are going through and how this situation may be difficult for them. I would explain to them the treatment we are providing for the patient and be very clear that we are doing the best we can to care for that patient.”
- Why should I hire you?
Tell the recruiter about your qualifications without using quick and empty answers like “Because I’m the best one for the job.” The recruiter wants to hear details about your training and your personality, things that will show why you are capable of providing care for patients.
Sample answer:
“I’m passionate about nursing and I’ve had various experiences that made me more confident and prepared doing my job. Taking care of people is a rewarding job, and one that I’m proud of doing. That’s why I’m always committed to doing the best I can.”
Some extra tips for interviews
- Prepare for the interview by rehearsing some scenarios.
- Interviewers want to know more about you and understand if you would be a good fit for the position. Do your best to show who you are and what makes you unique.
- Always try to use examples to illustrate your skills and personality traits.
- Ask questions at the end of the interview. That shows you are interested and would like to learn more about them.
Now that you have read about the most common questions and good answers you can give, it’s time to get prepared. Think about the responses you would give and examples that you find interesting and that can exemplify a skill that you consider important in the nursing career. And always be honest. The recruiter will probably notice how honest you are being during the interview, and that will make them engage more with your story.
Also, remember that nursing is all about the care of others. If that’s the main reason you became a nurse, be sure to show it. Who wouldn’t love the opportunity to hire someone who loves what they do and who finds in the career they have a rewarding one?
The field for nurses is very promising. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job outlook for nurses is expected to grow by 16% from 2014 to 2024.
If you are prepared with the right skills for the job market, and ready to pass interviews, you will be able to take advantage of the increasing opportunities for nurses.
The Northwestern College difference
At Northwestern College, we offer an Associate in Applied Science degree in Nursing. This degree will prepare you with the right skills to become a registered nurse. To earn your Associate in Applied Science degree in Nursing, we require your commitment and your passion for helping others. In return, you will have a nursing school experience that will prepare you for all the challenges you might find in the healthcare field.
Our curriculum is tailored with the demands of the healthcare industry in mind. We offer a hands-on approach through simulation labs and clinical practice.
Our nursing degree includes:
Medical Surgical Nursing: This course focuses on the nursing care of adult clients with medical and/or surgical problems. It covers both acute and chronic illness states in the adult. This course includes aspects of both health promotion and disease prevention. The student utilizes laboratory and diagnostic test results data in analyzing client problems and in the formulation of a plan of care. The nursing process is used in all aspects of client care, including assessment, analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation. The student plans care that meets the psychological, social, educational, and physical needs of the client.
Pediatric Nursing: This course focuses on the nursing care of infants, children, and adolescents. The topics covered include health promotion and disease prevention, acute illnesses in children, chronic illnesses in children, pediatric emergencies, growth and development, developmental theories, congenital health problems, and the hospitalized child. Nursing care of the entire family unit is emphasized in this course. Techniques of infant, child, and adolescent assessment are covered in detail. Pediatric medication dosages and administration techniques are reviewed. The nursing process is utilized in the analysis of client/family problems and in the formulation of a plan of care.
Maternity/Women’s Health Nursing: This course covers current topics in maternity nursing and women’s health. It encompasses health and illness in women of all ages. The care of women during pregnancy and childbearing composes a major portion of this course, and includes disease states/problems and other deviations from the norm during pregnancy. It includes the antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum periods, as well as the nursing assessment and care of the newborn. Other topics covered in this course are health promotion, disease prevention, and menopause. The nursing care of women with various gynecological disease states/problems is also included. The nursing process is employed in the analysis of client problems and in the plan of care for women in all developmental stages.
If you want to learn more about the Nursing degree, visit nc.edu and find out all the details about our program. | https://nc.edu/blog/top-10-interview-questions-nurses/ |
Requisition ID : 78506
Join the Global Community of Scotiabankers to help customers become better off.
Purpose
Contributes to the overall success of the Client Solutions group in Canada ensuring specific individual goals, plans, initiatives are executed / delivered in support of the team’s business strategies and objectives.
Ensures all activities conducted are in compliance with governing regulations, internal policies and procedures.
Works in collaboration with the Regional Director, Client Solutions to support the execution of SWM’s (SWM) team-based offering.
Accountabilities
and delivering training presentations to all SWM staff in the region
Influence relationship managers across all business lines to onboard clients into the financial planning process
supporting Regional Director and local Advisory Manager coaching efforts and providing reinforcement of key messages to ensure strong alignment between specialists and our financial planning process
and Collaborating with National Office and other key stakeholders to implement key business initiatives that will enhance the Client Solutions offering and drive increased results in the region
Education and Experience Requirements :
Location(s) : Canada : Ontario : Toronto
As Canada's International Bank, we are a diverse and global team. We speak more than 100 languages with backgrounds from more than 120 countries.
Our employees are committed to a superior customer experience and use the Bank’s six guiding sales practice principles to ensure they act with honesty and integrity.
At Scotiabank, we value the unique skills and experiences each individual brings to the Bank, and are committed to creating and maintaining an inclusive and accessible environment for everyone.
If you require accommodation (including, but not limited to, an accessible interview site, alternate format documents, ASL Interpreter, or Assistive Technology) during the recruitment and selection process, please let our Recruitment team know.
If you require technical assistance, please click here . Candidates must apply directly online to be considered for this role.
We thank all applicants for their interest in a career at Scotiabank; however, only those candidates who are selected for an interview will be contacted. | https://neuvoo.ca/view/?id=5e9440901666 |
Berry Farm Cabernet grapes are crushed, pressed and fermented to produce a fine wine. Later, at our vinegary, the introduction of our special “mother culture” converts the alcohol to acetic acid, and so begins the process of producing quality vinegar by the age old Orleans Method.
Vinegar is an essential culinary ingredient and when a good quality one is chosen and cleverly used it can transform food from the ordinary to the spectacular.
Gluten Free.
Made using locally grown pears,our vinegary then introduces our ...
Some text in the modal. | https://www.theberryfarm.com.au/Product-Detail/Margaret-River-Vinegar/121/Margaret-River-Red-Wine-Vinegar-375ml |
Category:
Project description:
In the context of the setup of an Enterprise Architecture Management function, the client requests for a consultant with a broader experience in the definition and rollout of EAM processes and methods. Previous experience related to “Utilities” or “Energy” sector is considered an asset, as well as experience in transformation phases of mergers.
Responsibilites:
The mission is to act as Enterprise Architect in the Enterprise Architecture Management Team. We are in the beginning of setting up an Enterprise Architecture Management function, so the main goal is to set up a vision and basic framework with and for the various teams considering current strategies and processes in place.
Tasks:
In the context of the Group IT formation of the client, the Enterprise Architect will
- set up the Architecture Vision in collaboration with the Architecture and IT Strategy teams
- collect requirements from various IT teams and selected stakeholders to understand expectations and potential benefits of the EAM function
- set up a methodology framework for Enterprise Architecture Management:
- definition of the underlying meta model
- support the creation of a group-wide glossary
- document all principles and guidelines in an EAM methodology paper
- collect current as-is architecture landscape information of the various layers, e.g. applications, technology, data and integration
- Analyze and evaluate the currently used EAM tools and define a tool strategy for Architecture Management based on identified needs
- Form an enterprise-wide IT roadmap covering current and planned initiatives, projects and programs reflecting impacts and dependencies
- Integrate architecture-related processes with other IT management processes like Project Portfolio and IT Service Management
- Regular reporting and insight sharing with Architecture and IT Strategy teams to build a common vision and direction
Technical skills:
- Methodological knowledge in Enterprise Architecture Management
- Practical experience in establishing and rollout of EAM functions
- Experience in IT Processes, preferably using standard frameworks like ITIL, TOGAF and COBIT
- Certifications like for TOGAF is a plus
Soft skills:
- Can work autonomously and take initiative for engaging with people at all levels
- Results focused
- Team player with strong collaboration focus and very good presentation skills
- Experience with merger situations and following transformations is a plus
- Supplier and procurement documentation and meetings with external parties will be in English. Knowledge of this language is mandatory. The consultant will collaborate with French, Dutch and German speaking team members. Knowledge of those 3 languages is a plus but not mandatory. | https://freelance-it-jobs.brainbridge.be/vacancies/vacancy-enterprise-it-architect-senior-178635-31.html |
Dr. Jose: How proper breathing can prevent injuries
Our 10th edition of Pilates 101: Get [Your] Back to Health launched earlier this week, and one of the first things we go over every time I teach this course is how to breathe.
Why?
Because proper breath allows you to activate your deep core — and your deep core is what helps you prevent injuries.
Let me explain: Your "deep core" is made up of your diaphragm, pelvic floor, transversus abdominis (your deepest abdominal layer) and your multifidi (your deepest layer of back muscles). These four muscle groups work together to make up your deep core, and if your deep core doesn't function properly, your outer core muscles (abdominals, glutes, hips, and back muscles) won't have the support they need to work well. This can lead to inefficient and compensatory movement patterns that may lead to injury.
Your diaphragm controls how well and how deeply you breathe. When working properly, your deep core acts like a piston system, driven by your diaphragm. When you breathe in, your diaphragm expands, causing your pelvic floor to lengthen and drop. When you exhale, your diaphragm contracts and your pelvic floor lifts like an elevator — all acting like a piston system moving down and up. Additionally, the pressure created by this system also acts a bit like a balloon. Breathing in expands your pelvic floor and abdominal muscles out, stretching like a balloon would. Exhaling releases the air, allowing your abdominals and pelvic floor muscles to contract, similar to the natural recoil that occurs when you let the air out of a balloon.
If this is natural, why do so many people have problems activating their core properly? It's because as we age, and allow bad movement and posture habits to form. We "forget" how to breathe normally and often aren’t even aware this is happening.
Here are three signs that poor breathing habits might be keeping you from fully activating your core (and preventing injuries):
1. Chest breathing
I see a lot of people breathing deeply but the only thing moving is their chest. Instead of their ribs expanding out and back, all you see is their upper chest moving out and up. This is very common, and it happens because your diaphragm isn't expanding fully and pushing the air down into your belly. Next time you breathe, place one hand on your belly and see if you can "push" your hand away with your breath. That's a first step to learning how to breathe in a way that activates your deep core!
2. Your neck feels tense
One of the participants in our Pilates 101 course said that her neck felt really tense when trying to do the breathing exercises. Our neck muscles are considered "accessory breathing muscles," and when your diaphragm and ribs don't expand well enough — your neck may try and help out. Next time you're exercising or doing core work, check in with your neck and see if it feels tense. If so, it's a sign that you might not be fully activating your deep core when you exercise. Over time, a pattern like this could lead to chronic neck pain and tightness, as well as other problems due to your deep core not fully engaging like it should.
3. You hold your breath when you exercise
Remember that your diaphragm is a muscle, and when you hold your breath it means you are contracting that muscle. For a muscle to work properly it needs to contract and relax. If you hold your breath during exercise, it's impossible for your diaphragm to expand (relax) and push air into your abdominals and activate that piston system. In other words, your pelvic floor and deep abdominal stabilizers won't have an opportunity to activate properly when you hold your breath. Without proper activation of your deep core, the rest of your body is going to have to compensate somehow. And this can set you up for injury. For my clients who struggle with this concept, I always say, "when in doubt, just keep breathing".
If you have trouble "feeling your abs" when you exercise, you find core work extremely difficult or painful, or you're always hurting your back every time you try to push yourself or lift something — it could be a sign your deep core is not activating well.
Start by working on your breath! And if you keep having trouble, reach out. We’d be happy to help.
Dr. Carrie Jose, Physical Therapist and Pilates expert, owns CJ Physical Therapy & Pilates in Portsmouth and writes for Seacoast Media Group. To get in touch, or get a free copy of her guide to back pain, email her at [email protected] or call 603-380-7902. | https://www.fosters.com/story/news/coronavirus/2020/10/03/dr-jose-how-proper-breathing-can-prevent-injuries/42720359/ |
THE DUALITY OF 'TIME'-GEOMETRY -P.keshav (A psychological approach toward 'time') "Time must never be thought of as pre-existing in any sense; it is a manufactured quantity" Before the beginning of everything The general understanding about time starts millennia before, even before the existence of everything we know. Humans for centuries have interpreted Time with causality in physics but to exact none have explained what the phenomenon really is, nor its beginning applicable to prove the existence of a time stimulated system. A change is simply a change or quite often we accept the change as an understanding that we are going through time. How do we know if there is suddenly no time for us, will you feel an absolute space as you seen in movies everything suddenly stops working expect you. Here we are misinterpreted with the concept of what called time. Just consider time now as a psychological system. In such a system of perception time can't exist as one single entity common for everyone but as a different entity for everyone who could understand what is time (no matter whether the species is a human or an alien). Here time could be an independent entity from space just like searching a black pot in a dark well. Consider the observer who is searching the pot. The whole system will start as an event only when the torch is lighted (without light observance is irrelevant .in fact, to think minimum we need a vision in terms of light then only we will know that the event is really happening.). Before lighting the torch the time in the well was irrelevant but when the light interact the event happened. The torch can be considered as the source of light, and after lighting with each single beam of light rays in space, time automatically came in to play. It doesn't mean that event was not occurring before but was unknown. And now in such a well imagine the time is stopped for you. Think how you exist before you torch in to the well in the eyes of a second observer. For you the existence is real but for the one who is observing both the observer and the well everything will be to a singularity in space time. In the eyes of second observer to understand the whole system the first observer needs to light in to the well. And the time can be only defined if the pot is present Otherwise there won't be anything rather than an empty space (we need to perceive geometry to distinguish matter and space). If the second observer is not interacting physically it would be impossible for him to determine what so called time and space without light. If the interaction is physical then the well simply can't exist without its interaction to its surrounding. The interaction is in such a way that the whole universe (known and unknown) will get connected with time. So physically you can't interact without light and in such way you will never know what time really is. So answering about the beginning of time is a causality in mathematics. But if the interaction is your thought then lighting a torch can define what time is. Just think in terms of the third observer who is observing the first observer near the well and the second observer observing the first, all at the same time. Can you guess how many observers are here in total? The answer may surprise you. We need an infinite number of observers to take the total number of observance because to observer one you need another observer. What if the light is off, you won't find any relevancy for the event even if it happened there for real. You are not aware about the event till it is visible to you. That awareness can't be defined in terms of time because in such a space there has to be an observer who is omnipresent. We can call it as consciousness as that is the source of all detecting phenomenon of relativity. So time has to be consider as a perception of looping observance. The interaction can be anything such as light, gravity etc. But whatever it is we can't define a system with zero interactions. Because we don't know how a system will look like in zero interaction. So to conclude with all respect to the thought that struck newton as gravity, thinking without interactions are impossible. What if time stopped for you? From the big bang to the present there has been a change happening with an increasing entropy. The logic comes from the human understanding about universe that creates as many ways to interpret it with maximum possibilities. One such kind that can draw attention is the human awareness towards the occurrence of events that can be consider as a kind of interaction (thought gravity). We need to understand that it is really happening. So time is only defined to the system that is observable or that is understandable to human perception. So if time stopped, what so called as perception will deceive people whom are not aware about the event. Relative to others the event is happening normally as the event is unknown to their perception in what so called reality. So the question about the pause in time is not valid till it is observable to others, until then pause in time will be an un-defined entity for the observers. A thought in time (psychological analysis) Taking time as a psychological system, let me give you a thought that is quite simple using the current scale of observance. Let me take a system of time. In the system there is an unconstrained space, and the space is considered to be dependent on time. Now imagine a ball in the system of space time, with no interaction. Do the ball evolve with time? Does its loneliness makes it old? Can it experience any kind of motion in space time without an interaction with another system in the same? It's logical to think that the ball won't get aged as it is not experiencing any space and though time. In fact Einstein's theory says so. Singularity is a point of vast understanding. The singularity of space time in abandoned system of a ball with no interaction. The curvature is defined to be linear because of zero mass (zero interaction). The ball won't evolve in time, so means it has no time, or it is independent from mass. Imagine instead of the ball you are in such space. If I dragged your space in all possible directions<x=y=z> do you feel any direction? When every direction is identical and possible the space remains same for your perception. You can't unless you feel a moving space or any object to relate. You can't evolve without detecting a conscious motion and thus mass will come in to existence as a result of gravitational interaction due to the space drag. You just have to interact in order to perceive the laws of physics. You are dependent in time when you are alone in a space dragged in all possible directions {dimensions}. And such a state is not possible with zero interaction. Psychological understanding says that you are in such a space that is irrelevant of time, your existence there can't define with a sudden start .so you has to be there infinity time back and forever. In such systems the idea about 'time' is irrelevant for the observer and thus to all possible geometries in space-time. Relativity dictates that every geometry in space is determined by our own perception. Time without our perception is irrelevant to physics. If the ball is consciously stable (ball=observer) then what will be case. In both cases your thought will be identical because to understand an event there has to be a minimum interaction needed and that is light. Y T Y ' T ' t t ' X O bserver X '
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In the second half of the fifties, the leading aircraft building organizations of the Soviet Union commissioned by the General Staff of the Air Force conducted work on the theme "Finding ways to develop supersonic long-range hydroplanes." Among others, LKVVIA engineers under the direction of A.S. Moskalev and A.I. Smirnov. They conducted a pre-sketch development of several variants of a supersonic aircraft in the configuration of a strategic bomber, an amphibious aircraft and a hydroplane. Three preliminary projects differed from each other in different details of the appearance, but they were united by high cruising speed of flight. The purpose of the research was to determine the best configuration of a promising supersonic aircraft.
At the beginning of work on the three projects, the requirements for new aircraft were rather vague. It was assumed that by creating a pre-draft design that fits within the established broad framework, it will be possible to determine the requirements for aircraft that will fly in the future. Therefore, the bomber, seaplane and amphibious take-off mass could be in the range from 150 to 500 tons, the flight speed was set at M = 2-4, and the flight height at the target level was at least 20 km. With such characteristics, the developed aircraft had to carry 5-15 tons of combat load.
Search layout schemes of a heavy bomber, the development of LKVVIA them. A. F. Mozhaisky
Employees LKVVIA considered a large number of options for the layout of promising aircraft. Prospects for the usual layout, “flying wing”, tailless and “duck” were tested. Aircraft could get swept, triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal or sickle-shaped wing. Turbojet engines with and without an afterburner were considered as a power plant, as well as a combined version with turbojet and direct-flow engines.
Developed projects in the future could become the basis for aircraft for various purposes. The demands made allowed both a strategic bomber and a high-speed long-range transport aircraft to be made. It was assumed that the bomber will carry aircraft ballistic projectiles (aeroballistic missiles) or cruise missiles. The combat capabilities of the aircraft were considered on the basis of the specified parameters of weapons. So, when launching from a height of 20-30 km, the ballistic projectile had to fly 2500 kilometers, the cruise missile to the line of sight.
Especially for the "land" version of the aircraft were introduced some restrictions on the mass and take-off and landing characteristics. Given the capabilities of the existing airfields, the take-off mass of the promising bomber was limited to 300 tons. The plane had to break away from the lane at speeds up to 350 km / h, and the landing needed to bring to 250 km / h. Run and mileage are limited to 1600 meters. The seaplane and amphibian did not have such restrictions, since they could use large bodies of water as a runway.
As a result of comparing several variants of a promising supersonic aircraft, the best one was chosen. The winner of this competition was a long-range aircraft, made according to the “flying wing” scheme with six turbojet engines. This appearance allowed to achieve the highest possible flight performance without loss in combat qualities. After determining the best option, the next stage of the program for studying promising supersonic aircraft began. To work except LKVVIA them. Mozhaisky were involved TsAGI, VVIA them. NOT. Zhukovsky and OKB-23, headed by V.M. Myasishchev.
The aircraft, designated DSB-LK (Long-range strategic bomber - “flying wing”), was designed in the shock version, although the possibility of creating an intelligence modification was not ruled out. The project was considered as a continuation of the previous works, because of which the construction and testing of the aircraft were not planned. According to some reports, during the development of the project, the appearance of the DSB-LC bomber was slightly modified. It took into account the best practices in other projects developed earlier.
The layout of the "flying wing" allowed to correctly assemble the internal volumes of the aircraft. With the length of the 49-52 meter and the wingspan of the 36-38 meters, the take-off weight of the DSB-LC was supposed to be increased to 250-280 tons. The dry weight of the aircraft, according to calculations, was equal to 88,5 tons.
The plane DSB-LC did not have a pronounced fuselage. This part of the design slightly protruded from the wing in the nose, but then smoothly passed into it. On the sides of the nose fairing, the center section began, gradually expanding towards the middle part of the aircraft. Approximately in the middle of the length of the vehicle, engine nacelles were located on the center section, the lower part of which protruded slightly from the wing. On the sides of the engine nacelle to the central part of the wing were mounted trapezoid in terms of the console. The center section sweep was equal to 72 °, consoles - 42 °. Over the engine nacelles supposed to place two keels.
As a power plant in the project DSB-LK, six turbojet VK-15М engines with nominal thrust of 10000 kgf and afterburner 15800 were considered. With the help of six engines placed in two nacelles, a promising bomber could reach speeds of up to M = 2,8. Estimated practical ceiling reached 35 km. Maximum flight range at full refueling exceeded 16,5 thousand. Km.
Applied layout "flying wing" could provide good take-off and landing characteristics. The length of the bomber’s run should have been a little more than 1100 meters, the range was 1050 m. The plane should be off the ground at speed 330-335 km / h, landing speed did not exceed 180-190 km / h.
In the central part of the fuselage, between the engine nacelles, was cargo compartment. Its size allowed to transport weapons weighing up to 15 tons. As the main weapons prospective cruise missiles and aircraft ballistic shells were considered. In addition, if necessary, the DSB-LK bomber could use bombs of caliber up to 5000 kg.
For self-defense, the aircraft could carry two (on the upper and lower surfaces of the wing) turrets with automatic guns. The use of guns with a shooting rate of up to 7-9 thousand shots per minute was considered optimal. The estimated ammunition of each of the guns consisted of 700-1200 shells. Additional weapons for self-defense aircraft could be air-to-air missiles with a range of up to 10 kilometers.
Depending on the composition of the complex of electronic equipment, the crew of the DSB-LK bomber could consist of two, three or four people. In the version of the reconnaissance aircraft crew size could change.
In 1960, the Leningrad Red Banner Air Force Engineering Academy. A.F. Mozhaisky and related organizations have completed a preliminary design of a promising bomber DSB-LC. This project was initially considered as a trial and was of a research nature. For this reason, in the same year, the project was discontinued, and the documentation was transferred to several aircraft manufacturers. The experience gained during the development of a pilot project was useful in creating many new aircraft.
On the materials of the sites: | https://en.topwar.ru/38442-proekt-strategicheskogo-bombardirovschika-dsb-lk.html |
The first planes on this page are, appropriately in my opinion, a pair of Messerschmitt 109s.
Both are a-typical for my collection, in that they are in 1/48 scale.
The grey fighter was built in my early teens at my paternal grandparents' place on the other side of town. I used to drag my toolbox along occasionally when I went there. The kit was made by Fujimi, and ever since this one I've held that brand in high regard. It is one of the few successful attempts at airbrushing I made back then. Unable to get my hands on good masking tape (the only stuff I had would tear the underlying paint right off along with the tape), I experimented with using vaseline as a masking agent. Up to some extent that worked, but the problem was that the paint that hit the vaseline didn't dry, and tended to get smeared onto the previously masked areas when wiping it off.
The green plane is a Revell kit. It does not have a story to tell.
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I also built a number of Me-109s in my preferred 1/72 scale. The survivors are shown below. The top two are Airfix kits, the Roumanian plane at the bottom is a Matchbox kit. The Matchbox kit is one of large number of kits I built at my maternal grandparents' home. They lived practically next door to us, and something like half the kits I built before starting university must have been built at their place. That should give you some idea of the amount of time I spent there. Part of my stash of kits (yes, even then) was at their place.
The final German planes are a Matchbox Stuka, an Revell FW-190, a Revell Salamander and a Heller He-112.
Germany wasn't the only megalomaniacracy to produce aircraft, Japan and Itali were in the game as well. Here we have a Matchbox Zero, an Airfix Fiat G50, and an Airfix Val and Dinah. | http://crazytinker.nl/kitlog/museum/collection/axis_air/axis_air.html |
What are the major themes you pursue in your work?
I am an abstract painter and I paint layers upon layers. I am interested in what lays underneath each layer; in life, in nature, in people, in actions – in things I see in everyday life. What lays behind what we think we see? That’s my inspiration. Sometimes I paint with many colours, sometimes less colours, concentrating more on form and movement. People don’t have to understand my work, but if they experience some emotion – I’m happy.
How did you first get interested in your medium, and what draws you to it specifically?
I like acrylics because they dry quickly and that is good for me since I tend to paint as if I am in a hurry. Hence also the many layers. I love drawing lines in my work, and I have always done that.
How has your style and practice changed over the years?
My style has changed from lots of colour and many marks, many small forms, to less and bigger forms. I often use a few colours so that the eyes can rest on the forms. But I also surprise myself every now and then and paint all the colours that I love. I don’t want my paintings to be too pretty, there has be an opposite element of something else that will evoke other feelings. Dark-light, soft-sharp, sweet-dangerous.
Can you walk us through your process? Do you begin with a sketch, or do you just jump in? How long do you spend on one work? How do you know when it is finished?
I start with some idea, like how can I take the last painting further, on the same theme, and keep some colour and form from the last one and elaborate with it into something new. I often work in series of two or three. I can fall in love with a part of a painting, and that can stop me from moving on with it. If that happens, I must kill that darling, move the canvas, turn it around and continue. Or I put it aside and continue with another painting.
Who are some of your favorite artists, and why?
One of my favourite artists is Franz Kline. I love his boldness, his trust in the brushstroke and that it is enough. Less is more, that is what I have learn from him. And to be brave!
I also love Helen Frankenthaler for her experimentation, and her seriousness in exploring her own talent. She was not afraid to change her style and said there are no rules. She also said about her different styles, “I hope that in the end, others can see that it’s me holding the paintbrush”. I hope that goes for me too.
What are some of your favorite experience as an artist?
I love meeting my collectors and talking to the people who see my work; I enjoy listening to what a painting means to them, what they see in it and answering questions they might have about my work.
If you could have one piece of art in your life, what would that be?
I’d love to have a painting by Kline. | https://canvas.saatchiart.com/art/inside-the-studio/what-lies-beneath-irene-gronwalls-layered-abstractions |
Here’s what the media deluge says: Maya Angelou passed. Stop the presses! She didn’t really die. She simply did what this magnificent literary genius has always done: she re-invented herself – again.
For Maya Angelou, re-invention was survival – all of her life – dodging, slamming, and bunting that nasty curve ball that life had pitched to her, using it to her advantage. Now, in failing illness, she stepped up to the plate again – one more re-invention.
For little Maya, named Marguerite Annie Johnson at birth, childhood was a horrific, traumatizing event. As a little girl, her parents split. She and her brother were sent to live with an aunt in Stamps, Arkansas around 1932. Not a hotbed of liberal acceptance! She saw brutal racial discrimination, unthinkable trauma and went into complete silence for several years. When life crashes in and you slam into a wall, isn’t it interesting how you adapt?
The re-inventions go on and on – and we know them well. In 1957, she was now actress and singer, re-invents herself as civil rights leader. After living in Egypt and Guana, she befriends Malcolm X and Dr. Marten Luther King and comes home. With their assassinations and her profound grief, she was urged by James Baldwin to write her memoir, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, reinventing herself as an all time best selling author.
Phenomenal Woman – a gift from Maya Angelou to you
For all of us beautiful, phenomenal women who are re-inventing, re-creating, or starting over again, Maya Angelou has a gift for us. Through all her trauma, all her success, all her fear, all her achievements, she remained a “Phenomenal Woman”, and proud of it. This poem is breathtaking spoken from her lips – a gift of love to all women.
Please listen: Click Here.
When we begin to doubt ourselves or what we can accomplish, I will turn to Maya Angelou for inspiration. I hope you’ll join me.
I never had the chance to ask her, but I know she would unequivocally agree with me on this: You’re not getting older, you’re getting started℠.
Passed? Not this lady! She’s re-inventing herself again. I can feel it in my feminine gut.
Did anyone else besides me hear that newborn baby cry? Watch out world, here she comes again! | https://katforsythe.com/2014/05/dr-maya-angelou-latest-re-invention/ |
JJ Watt. O’Brien Schofield. Erasmus James. Wendell Bryant. Those are the first names that come to mind when I think of dominant defensive linemen that played for the Badgers. It seemed like for a string of consecutive years in recent memory that the Badgers would lose a solid defensive lineman to the NFL and one would emerge as a force the following season. After Watt decided to forego his senior season and enter the NFL Draft in 2011, the Badger faithful were left wondering who would emerge as the defensive front leader that season.
Gilbert: Difference maker in 2012?
Entering fall camp of 2011, Badger coaches were already used to the question of who would replace JJ Watt. Their answer was that not one person would replace him and that it would be done by committee. Many thought David Gilbert would be the next great DE for the Badgers in 2011. After a quick start to the season – 3 sacks in 4 games – it sure was looking that way for Gilbert. Unfortunately, a broken foot caused him to miss the remainder of the season.
Wisconsin defensive coaches kept preaching that the defensive line would contribute by committee and felt good about flying under the radar as having no stars on their defense. However, that did not work that well as fans started to notice a lack of getting to the QB. Sure, statistically the Badgers’ defense was ranked 8th nationally in total defense and allowed less than 300 yards of offense per game, but those numbers do not tell the whole story as the defense gave up 38 points per game in their 3 losses.
It’s quite apparent the Badgers’ secondary couldn’t make the clutch plays, but where was the speed on the defensive line? The defensive front could not make a push to get to or contain the QBs, which is essentially where the game of football is won: in the trenches. The Badgers’ offensive line usually wins their battles, but now it’s time for the defensive front to make a name for itself.
Going into the 2012 season, the biggest need for an improvement on the defensive line is speed and strength around the perimeter, i.e. a playmaker. This is where Gilbert comes in. If fully healthy by camp, he should provide that this season. Known as a physical freak in the weight room, Gilbert displayed serious ability on the field at the beginning of the 2011 season.
While Jordan Kohout’s career was cut short due to severe migraines, the good news about the defensive front is that the unit is still deep and has potential. Tyler Dippel, Bryce Gilbert, Pat Muldoon, Warren Herring, and Konrad Zagzebski will now have to step up this season and spell the other starters. It’s possible that redshirt freshman DE James Adeyanju sees playing time as well this year. This is certainly a deep unit, however it’s still one that lacks speed.
After the Rose Bowl against Oregon, it was ever more apparent that the defensive front needed to work on getting faster and also recruit speed around the edges if they want to be able to defend the Oregons of the world. Gilbert can certainly play to that level and make clutch plays. If he can stay healthy and play to his potential, it’s quite possible Gilbert’s name will be one to remember among the Badger faithful for years to come.
Posted in Past Seasons and tagged with Tyler Dippel, Warren Herring, Pat Muldoon, Jordan Kohout, Ethan Hemer, Bryce Gilbert, Devin Smith, Brendan Kelly, David Gilbert, Beau Allen.
July 31, 2012 by Buckaround. | http://buckaround.com/latest-news/2012/8/1/speed-speed-speed |
The utility model relates to the technical field of furniture, in particular to a rocking chair with an adjustable backrest, which comprises a base, a backrest, armrests and a seat. The armrests are fixedly connected to the base via armrest seats, the bottom of the backrest is hinged with the rear end of the seat, the backrest is hinged at the rear ends of the armrests, slide grooves are arranged on the lower portion of the seat, guide shafts penetrating through the slide grooves are disposed on the lower portions of the armrest seats, the rocker chair is provided with a locking guide shaft and a locking device opposite to the slide grooves, the backrest can freely rotate around hinged positions of the backrest and the armrests and drives the seat hinged with the backrest to move back and forth, so that the angle of the backrest is adjusted, and the seat after being adjusted is fixed by the locking device. The rocking chair is simple in structure, and the angle of the backrest can be adjusted conveniently. | |
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This looks really amazing. I love chocolate cakes with buttermilk. The quesadillas look great too.
Chocolate Layer Cake
Chocolate Layer Cake is the BEST chocolate cake you’ll ever taste! A rich chocolate cake with ganache frosting. This recipe also works so well with gluten free flour!
This post was originally published on March 9, 2009. It was updated with new photos and additional commentary in October 2020.
I first heard about this cake last year on the Today Show, where they reported that it was the most popular recipe at Epicurious.com. I made it for my sister’s birthday, and we loved it! My dad said it was one of the best chocolate cakes he’s ever had. He doesn’t often give out compliments, so it means a lot.
Original Photo from 2009 Post:
Original Commentary from 2009 Post: The picture is really unfortunate looking – I apologize. I made it at my parents’ house, and my mom didn’t have any 10-inch pans, so I used two 8-inch pans and a 9-inch pan, which explains why the cake is a little bottom-heavy. I just made the normal amount of frosting, so it didn’t cover completely, but it was still good! I’m sure it would be even better made the right way. Looking back, I probably should have just done two 9-inch pans and used the leftover batter to make a few cupcakes!
Gluten Free Chocolate Layer Cake
This cake is GREAT made gluten free!! I recommend a measure for measure flour such as Bob’s Red Mill Gluten Free 1 to 1 Baking Flour in place of all purpose flour.
Looking for More Cake Recipes?
Check out my favorite Cake recipes:
Salted Caramel Chocolate Fudge Cake
Mocha Cream Cake
Samoa Bundt Cake
Rich Chocolate Bundt Cake
Cherry Chocolate Cheesecake Bundt Cake
Chocolate Fudge Layer Cake with Coffee Buttercream
Chocolate Layer Cake
Equipment
- Two 10-inch round cake pans or three 9-inch round cake pans
Ingredients
For Cake Layers:
- 3 ounces fine-quality semisweet chocolate (such as Callebaut or Ghirardelli)
- 1 1/2 cups hot brewed coffee
- 3 cups sugar
- 2 1/2 cups all purpose flour (see note)
- 1 1/2 cups unsweetened cocoa powder (not Dutch process)
- 2 teaspoons baking soda
- 3/4 teaspoon baking powder
- 1 1/4 teaspoons salt
- 3 large eggs
- 3/4 cup vegetable oil
- 1 1/2 cups well-shaken buttermilk (see note)
- 3/4 teaspoon vanilla
For Ganache Frosting:
- 1 pound fine-quality semisweet chocolate (such as Callebaut or Ghirardelli)
- 1 cup heavy cream
- 2 tablespoons sugar
- 2 tablespoons light corn syrup
- 4 tablespoons butter (1/2 stick)
Instructions
Make Cake Layers:
- Preheat oven to 300°F and grease pans. Line bottoms with rounds of wax paper or parchment paper and grease paper.
- Finely chop chocolate and combine with hot coffee in a bowl. Let mixture stand, stirring occasionally, until chocolate is melted and mixture is smooth.
- In a large bowl sift together sugar, flour, cocoa powder, baking soda, baking powder, and salt.
- In another bowl with an electric mixer beat eggs until thickened slightly and lemon colored (about 3 minutes with a standing mixer or 5 minutes with a hand-held mixer). Slowly add oil, buttermilk, vanilla, and melted chocolate coffee mixture to eggs, beating until combined well. Add sugar mixture on medium speed until just combined well. Batter will be very thin.
- Divide batter between pans and bake in middle of oven until tested inserted in center comes out clean, 1 hour to 1 hour and 10 minutes.
- Cool layers completely in pans on racks. Run a thin knife around edges of pan and invert layers onto racks. Carefully remove wax paper and cool layers completely. Cake layers may be made 1 day ahead and kept, wrapped well in plastic wrap, at room temperature.
Make Frosting:
- Finely chop chocolate. In a 1 1/2- to 2-quart saucepan bring cream, sugar, and corn syrup to a boil over moderately low heat, whisking until sugar is dissolved. Remove pan from heat and add chocolate, whisking until chocolate is melted. Cut butter into pieces and add to frosting, whisking until smooth.
- Transfer frosting to a bowl and cool, stirring occasionally, until spreadable (depending on chocolate used it may be necessary to chill frosting to spreadable consistency).
- Spread frosting between cake layers and over top and sides. Cake keeps, covered and chilled, 3 days. Bring cake to room temperature before serving.
Notes
6 thoughts on “Chocolate Layer Cake”
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Oh – that looks SO good. You know a chocolate cake with both coffee and buttermilk is going to be delicious!
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yum! there’s nothing better than a perfect chocolate cake! looks delicious, megan!
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I might just have to give this cake a try!
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I’m Meghan’s sister, for whom this cake was made. I can attest that it was absolutely DELICIOUS! It was so nice that Meghan went to all the trouble of baking a 3 layer chocolate cake for my birthday. I felt so special. Thanks, Meghan! 🙂
-
Looks like the blog is really coming along, and how sweet of you to make a cake for your sister! | https://bakeitafterall.com/chocolate-layer-cake/ |
7 A.3d 992 (2009)
In re the Matter of Barney WOOL and Lauren Wool, Movants,
v.
Rachel WOOL
v.
Roger Wool, Respondents.
File No. CS07-01635. Petition No. 08-41121.
Family Court of Delaware, Sussex County.
Submitted: June 26, 2009.
Decided: August 10, 2009.
*993 Felice Glennon Kerr, Esquire, MacElree Harvey, Ltd., Centreville, DE, Attorney for Barney and Rachel Wool.
Thomas E. Gay, Esquire, Law Offices of Stumpf, Vickers, and Sandy, P.A., Georgetown, DE, Attorney for Rachel Wool.
Roger Wool, Pro Se.
OPINION
HENRIKSEN, J.
Pending before the Court is a Request for Review of a Commissioner's Order filed by Barney Wool[1] and Lauren Wool ("Movants") on June 26, 2009. Rachel Wool ("Wife") filed an Answer to Movants' Request on July 22, 2009, opposing the Request. Roger Wool ("Husband") did not file an Answer. No hearing was held on this matter.
Facts
Husband and Wife were married on February 15, 2002, separated on March 1, 2008 and were divorced on May 5, 2009. Since Wife filed for divorce on December 15, 2008, the parties have been involved in extensive litigation regarding the issue of *994 Husband's sale of his interest in the business that he co-owned with his brother, Barney Wool, during the marriage. Sometime after Wife filed for divorce, Husband sold his half of the business to his brother. In an attempt to discern the value the business and therefore the value of Husband's interest when he sold it, Wife asked Lauren Wool, Husband's sister-in-law and bookkeeper of the business, to provide certain financial documents to Wife. The documents were not given to Wife, so she, through her attorney, served Movants with subpoenas duces tecum and Requests for Production of Documents, asking that the Movants produce various documents related to their personal finances as well as the finances of the business. In response to these discovery requests, Movants filed a Motion for a Protective Order asking that the Court quash the Request for Production and issue an Order protecting Movants' personal financial information, in addition to other requests not relevant for purposes of this Order.
On May 27, 2009, the Commissioner issued an Order denying the Motion for a Protective Order and stating, "The circumstances of this sale are suspicious at least in regard to how it relates to the valuation of the marital estate. A true picture of the transaction cannot be derived without full access to these materials. Failure to comply in a timely manner will result in an award of attorney's fees against Barney and Lauren Wool."[2] Movants are appealing this Order, arguing that the Commissioner's Order is not supported by Delaware law. To the best of the Court's knowledge, Movants have yet to provide Wife with any financial documents, whether personal or corporate.
Legal Standard
The Delaware Code confers upon this Court appellate jurisdiction over a Commissioner's order. Specifically, the Code provides that,
Any party, except a party in default of appearance before a Commissioner, may appeal a final order of a Commissioner to a judge of the Court by filing and serving written objections to such order, as provided by rules of the Court, within 30 days from the date of a Commissioner's order. A judge of the Court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the Commissioner's order to which objection is made. A judge of the Court may accept, reject or modify in whole or in part the order of the Commissioner. The judge may also receive further evidence or recommit the matter to the Commissioner with instruction.[3]
Conclusion
The Court was initially unsure as to whether Movants had standing to file this Request. The legal standard cited above is clear that any party to an action may appeal a Commissioner's Order, but there is no provision that allows for a nonparty to appeal such an Order. However, Wife did not raise this objection in her Answer and, due to the significance of the issues raised in the Request, the Court will consider the merits of the Request.
Movants cite two cases in support of their argument that the Court is not authorized by Delaware law to order Movants to surrender documentation of their personal and business finances. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Delaware decided In the Matter of B & F Towing and Salvage Company, Inc. et al, which involved a husband and wife who were engaged *995 in divorce proceedings.[4] During the process of discovery, the wife learned that the husband co-owned two business with his two brothers, of which she was previously unaware. In order to properly value the marital estate, the wife issued subpoenas duces tecum, to each corporation, requesting that each provide certain financial documents. The corporations objected to the subpoenas, arguing that the Family Court lacked jurisdiction to order discovery from third party corporations. The Supreme Court held, "We conclude that the discovery requested by the Wife is authorized by statute and rule. Complainants' allegation that Family Court did not have jurisdiction to order discovery from third party corporations is without merit."[5] The Court found the fact that these corporations were owned by three brothers to be particularly significant. The Court based its ruling, in part, on a decision issued by the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division that dealt with the same issue.[6] Regarding Gerson, our Supreme Court stated, "[New Jersey] recognized that certain characteristics of family-owned or closely-held corporations make valuation of a stockholder's interest difficult. Therefore, in order to fairly allocate the assets of a marital estate subject to equitable distribution, the court authorized an examination of the financial structure and condition of the corporation."[7] The Supreme Court's decision provides significant support for Wife in the instant case.
The Family Court relied on In the Matter of B & F Towing when it subsequently decided McCarthy v. McCarthy, holding that a wife was entitled to subpoena the financial records of a corporation in which her husband had an ownership interest that he had sold to his partner after the parties' divorce proceedings had begun.[8] However, the wife had also issued a subpoena duces tecum to her husband's former business partner, asking that he produce his personal financial records. The Court granted the partner's Motion to Quash the Subpoena of his personal records as long as the partner would submit to a deposition in his capacity as sole stockholder and principal officer of the company.[9]
In the Matter of B & F Towing and McCarthy both support Wife's position in this case regarding Husband's former business. She is entitled to any and all corporate documents that are relevant according to the standard set forth in Family Court Civil Rule 26(g).
Wife is also entitled to personal financial documents belonging to Barney and Lauren Wool that are relevant according to the standard set forth in Family Court Civil Rule 26(g). Although the McCarthy Court denied a similar request made by the wife in McCarthy, the facts of McCarthy differ from the facts of the instant case. Here, Husband's former business was a family owned and operated business. Unlike the business in McCarthy, the sole owners and officers of Husband's business were he and his brother. As Wife stated in her Answer to Movants' Request, "In [McCarthy], the business in question was not owned by brothers, who *996 would have that type of nexus to work out a deal on a handshake, whereby the spouse being bought out (Husband), would trust the other owner to provide additional funds outside of the underlying contract, after the divorce proceedings were concluded."[10] Wife argues that, because Husband and his brother were the sole owners and operators of the corporation, it is likely that Husband sold his interest in the business to his brother for a significantly higher amount of money than what is reflected in corporate documents, on the verbal assurance that Husband would receive the remainder of the funds from the sale after the conclusion of the parties' divorce proceedings. The Court finds this argument persuasive, particularly since the Commissioner below has previously commented on the suspicious nature of the sale. Therefore, Barney and Lauren Wool are ordered to comply with Wife's subpoena duces tecum.
For the reasons as stated forth herein, Movants' Request for Review of a Commissioner's Order is denied. As a result, the Motion to Stay that Movants subsequently filed is moot.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 10th day of August, 2009.
NOTES
[1] Pseudonyms have been substituted for the names of the parties pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 7(d).
[2] Wool v. Wool, CS07-01634, Southmayd, C. (Del.Fam.Ct. May 27, 2009).
[3] DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 10, § 915(d)(1) (2008).
[4] In the Matter of B & F Towing and Salvage Company, Inc., et al., 551 A.2d 45 (Del. 1988).
[5] Id. at 49.
[6] Gerson v. Gerson, 148 N.J.Super. 194, 372 A.2d 374 (1977).
[7] In the Matter of B & F Towing, 551 A.2d at 49 (citing Gerson, 372 A.2d at 377).
[8] McCarthy v. McCarthy, 1993 WL 265032 (Del.Fam.Ct.).
[9] Id.
[10] Answer to the Request for Review of a Commissioner's Order, filed by Rachel Wool, paragraph 3, (Del.Fam.Ct. July 22, 2009).
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---
abstract: 'Independent component analysis (ICA) is a powerful method for blind source separation based on the assumption that sources are statistically independent. Though ICA has proven useful and has been employed in many applications, complete statistical independence can be too restrictive an assumption in practice. Additionally, important prior information about the data, such as sparsity, is usually available. Sparsity is a natural property of the data, a form of diversity, which, if incorporated into the ICA model, can relax the independence assumption, resulting in an improvement in the overall separation performance. In this work, we propose a new variant of ICA by entropy bound minimization (ICA-EBM)—a flexible, yet parameter-free algorithm—through the direct exploitation of sparsity. Using this new SparseICA-EBM algorithm, we study the synergy of independence and sparsity through simulations on synthetic as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-like data.'
address: |
$^1$University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Baltimore, MD 21250\
$^2$University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Dept. of CSEE, Baltimore, MD 21250
bibliography:
- './ReferencesICASSP17.bib'
title: |
Enhancing ICA performance by exploiting sparsity: Application to\
fMRI Analysis
---
independent component analysis, sparsity, fMRI
Introduction {#sec:intro}
============
Independent component analysis (ICA) is a data-driven method that provides a unique decomposition of a dataset solely through the assumption that sources are statistically independent and has found wide use in a variety of applications. Although statistical independence is a natural assumption in many cases, there are many practical applications where such a strong assumption is unrealistic. Often in these cases, some important prior information about the data is available and incorporating it into the ICA model will result in better overall separation performance.
A widely used approach for incorporating prior information into the ICA framework is through the use of constrained independent component analysis (C-ICA) [@lu2005approach], which incorporates prior information using equality and inequality constraints under a Lagrangian framework. Such prior information can be about the task in functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI analysis and can be included as constraints on the mixing matrix columns [@calhoun2005semi; @6960099; @wang2011fixed] or spatial maps [@lin2010semiblind; @soldati2013ica; @lu2005approach]. While this approach is practical, such constraints have to be in an exact functional form, something that is not always available in practice. Another form of prior information that can be considered are natural properties of the data, such as sparsity.
There are many ways to impose sparsity into the ICA model, such as by selecting a density model that favors sparse distributions [@bell1995information; @hyvarinen1999fast] or by using sparsity transformations [@5495320] following ICA. Although, selecting the source distribution would allow the ICA model to enjoy the desirable large sample properties of the ML formulation [@6784026; @Comon_HandbookBSS_2010], the model would be limited to a specific type of sparse distribution [@6784026]. Additionally, sparsity transformations are an indirect way of imposing sparsity and do not allow direct way to control independence versus sparsity.
The main contribution of this work is the development of a new ICA algorithm that takes the sparsity of each individual source into account. We incorporate sparsity into the ICA algorithm, entropy bound minimization (ICA-EBM) [@li2010independent], by introducing a weighting factor to the ICA cost function to balance the contribution of sparsity for each of the individual sources. ICA-EBM is a flexible and parameter-free ICA algorithm that can separate sources from a wide range of distributions. The new SparseICA-EBM algorithm inherits all the advantages of ICA-EBM, namely its flexibility, though with enhanced performance due to the exploitation of the sparsity and allows the user to balance the roles of independence and sparsity.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we provide the necessary background on ICA. Section 3, provides the mathematical development of SparseICA-EBM. In Section 4, we demonstrate the effectiveness of SpaseICA-EBM through sparse simulated data as well as simulated fMRI-like data. The conclusions are presented in Section 5.
Background {#sec:backgr}
==========
Independent Component Analysis
------------------------------
Let $N$ statistically independent sources ${\bf s}(t) = [ s_1(t),\dots,s_N(t)]^{\top}$ be mixed through an unknown invertible mixing matrix ${\bf A}\in \mathbb{R}^{N\times N}$ so that we obtain mixtures ${\bf x}(t) = [ x_1(t),\dots,x_N(t)]^{\top}$, through the linear model $$\nonumber
{\bf x}(t) = {\bf A}{\bf s}(t),~~~ t=1,\dots,T,$$ where $t$ denotes the discrete time index and $(\cdot)^{\top}$ the transpose. The goal of ICA is to estimate a demixing matrix ${\bf W}\in \mathbb{R}^{N\times N}$ to yield maximally independent source estimates ${\bf y}(t) = {\bf W}{\bf x}(t)$. A natural cost function to achieve such a separation is mutual information (MI), which is defined as the Kullback-Leibler (KL)-distance between the joint source density and the product of the marginal estimated source densities. Therefore, the MI cost function is given by $$\label{ICAmutualInfo}
J_{ICA}({\bf W}) = \sum_{n=1}^N H(y_n) - \log|\det({\bf W})| - H({\bf x}),$$ where $y_n = {\bf w}_n^{\top} {\bf x}$ and the terms $H(y_n)$ and $H({\bf x})$ are the (differential) entropy of the source estimates and the mixtures, respectively. Note that the term $H({\bf x})$ is independent of ${\bf W}$ and can be treated as a constant $C$. The minimization of the MI is equivalent to the maximization of the maximum likelihood (ML) cost function, hence, making available all the theoretical advantages associated with the ML theory [@6784026] for large sample sizes. It is impractical to try to exploit prior information in (\[ICAmutualInfo\]) as it requires either complete knowledge of the demixing matrix or of the sources, information that is not usually available. Assuming that the demixing matrix is orthogonal would loosen this strict requirement, but would unecessarily limit the solution space. Moreover, direct implementation of (\[ICAmutualInfo\]) implies that each latent source has the same distribution, which is unrealistic in many practical applications. All of these issues can be avoided by rewriting (\[ICAmutualInfo\]) and its gradient with respect to each row of ${\bf W}$, ${\bf w}_m,\ m=1,\dots N$. Thus, by using this decoupling approach [@li2007nonorthogonal; @li2010independent], the MI cost function can be written as $$\label{ICAmutualInfoDecoupling}
J_{ICA}({\bf w}_m) = \sum_{n=1}^NH(y_n) - \log\left| {\bf h}_m^{\top} {\bf w}_m \right| - C_m,~m = 1,\dotsc,N,$$ where ${\bf h}_m$ is a unit vector that is perpendicular to all row vectors of ${\bf W}$ except ${\bf w}_m$ and $C_m$ is a constant. The gradient of (\[ICAmutualInfoDecoupling\]) can be written in a decoupled form and is given by $$\label{gradcost}
\frac{\partial J_{ICA}({\bf w}_m)}{\partial {\bf w}_m} = -E\left\{ \phi(y_m) {\bf x} \right\} - \frac{{\bf h}_m}{ {\bf h}_m^{\top} {\bf w}_m},\nonumber$$ where $\phi(y_m) = \frac{{\partial \log p(y_m)}}{{\partial y_m}}$ is called the score function and the probability density function (PDF) of the $m$th estimated source, $p(y_m)$, can be adaptively determined for each estimated source independently.
Mathematical Development and Implementation
===========================================
The formal definition for sparsity is given through the $\ell^0$ norm and is defined as the number of non-zero coefficients from a vector $y\in \mathbb{R}^T$ $$\label{SparsityL0Norm}
||y||_0 = \# \{y_i\neq 0;j=1,\dots T\}.$$ Although the incorporation of (\[SparsityL0Norm\]) into the ICA framework is a direct way to impose sparsity, the $\ell^0$ norm is computationally intractable. Instead, the $\ell^1$ norm, defined as the sum of the absolute values of a vector’s coefficients, serves as a surrogate sparsity regularizer of the $\ell^0$ norm in many optimization problems [@candes2005decoding; @schmidt2007fast; @tibshirani1996regression]. We can promote the synergy between independence and sparsity through the addition of the $\ell^1$ regularization term to (\[ICAmutualInfoDecoupling\]), which we expect to improve separation performance when the underlying sources are truly sparse.
The proposed decoupled sparsity promoting ICA cost function is thus given by $$\label{SparseCostFunction}
J({\bf w}_m) = J_{ICA}({\bf w}_m) + \lambda_m f(y_m),~m = 1,\dotsc,N,$$ where $f(y_m) = ||y_m||_1$ is the regularization term and $\lambda_m$ is called the sparsity parameter. The $\ell^1$ norm is a non-differentiable function, so it is replaced by the the sum of multi-quadratic functions [@lee2006efficient], given by $$f(y_m) = \lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \sum_{t=1}^T\sqrt{y_{m_t}^2 + \epsilon},\nonumber$$ where $\epsilon$ is the smoothing parameter. Therefore, the proposed gradient can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial}{\partial {\bf w}_m} J({\bf w}_m)&=\frac{\partial}{\partial {\bf w}_m} \left(J_{ICA}({\bf w}_m) + \lambda_m \lim_{\epsilon\to 0} f(y_m)\right)\\ \\
%&= \frac{\partial J_{ICA}({\bf w}_m)}{\partial {\bf w}_m} + \lambda \lim_{\epsilon\to 0}\frac{\partial f(y_m)}{\partial {\bf w}_m}\\ \\
&= \frac{\partial J_{ICA}({\bf w}_m)}{\partial {\bf w}_m} + \lambda_m \lim_{\epsilon\to 0}\sum_{t=1}^T \frac{y_{m_t}}{\sqrt{y_{m_t}^2 + \epsilon}}{\bf x}.\end{aligned}$$
Due to its ability to maximize independence in an efficient manner through the use of four measuring functions favoring bimodal, symmetric or skewed, heavy-tailed or not heavy-tailed distributions [@li2010independent], ICA-EBM serves as the algorithm for the direct integration of (\[SparseCostFunction\]). The new SparseICA-EBM not only provides flexible density matching but also yields solutions with variable levels of sparsity.
Experimental Results {#sec:mathdev}
====================
We demonstrate the performance of SparseICA-EBM (\[SparseCostFunction\]), in terms of its separation power, using simulated sparse sources as well as simulated fMRI-like data. We compare the SparseICA-EBM algorithm with the original ICA-EBM algorithm. Additionally, due to its popularity in many applications including fMRI analysis, we also compare SparseICA-EBM with two implementations of the Infomax algorithm [@bell1995information]. One version is based on the natural gradient optimization framework (Infomax-NG) and the other one is based on a quasi-Newton technique Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfarb, and Shanno (BFGS) [@nielsen2000ucminf], which we call Infomax-BFGS. The hardware used in the computational studies is part of the UMBC High Performance Computing Facility (HPCF), for more information see hpcf.umbc.edu.
Simulated Sparse Sources
------------------------
For the first set of experiments, we generate 20 simulated sources, each of which is distributed according to a generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) with sample size $T=10^3$. The PDF of each source is given by [@nadarajah2005generalized] $$p(x;\beta, \sigma) = \eta\exp\left( -\frac{x}{2\sigma} \right)^{2\beta},\ x\in\mathbb{R} \nonumber$$ where $\eta = \frac{\beta}{2^{\frac{1}{2\beta}}\Gamma(\frac{1}{2\beta})\sigma}$. The shape parameter, $\beta$, controls the peakedness and spread of the distribution as well as its sparsity. If $\beta<1$, the distribution is more peaky than the Gaussian with heavier tails, and if $\beta > 1$, it is less peaky with lighter tails. Thus, as $\beta\to 0$ the distribution becomes more sparse.
To verify the sparse nature of the sources used for the first set of the experiments, we generate 20 sources with sample size $T=10^4$ and shape parameter $\beta$ from the range $[0.1,0.5]$ with a step size of $0.05$. For each specific source, we measure the sparsity level using the Gini Index as described in [@hurley2009comparing] and average over the sources that correspond to a specific $\beta$. In Fig. \[GiniIndex\], we see that as we increase $\beta$, sources become less sparse.
![Average Gini Index as a function of the shape parameter, $\beta$. The Gini Index is normalized and 1 corresponds to very sparse sources while 0 to dense sources.[]{data-label="GiniIndex"}](GiniIndex){width="7cm"}
To evaluate the performance of the algorithms, we use the average-interference-to-signal ratio (ISR) as in [@li2007nonorthogonal]. For SparseICA-EBM, the algorithm parameters are $\lambda = 10^4$ and $\epsilon = 10^{-2}$ and are determined based on a grid search selection. All results are the average of 300 independent runs.
In Fig. \[wrtbeta\], we display the normalized ISR as a function of $\beta$. We observe that for small values of $\beta$, [*i.e*]{}., highly sparse case, SparseICA-EBM exhibits better performance. On the other hand, ICA-EBM starts performing better than the other algorithms as we increase $\beta$, [*i.e.*]{}, decrease sparsity. It is worth mentioning that Infomax-NG often fails to converge as $\beta$ increases revealing its poor performance under this experimental setup. On the other hand, Infomax-BFGS shows reasonable performance especially for small values of $\beta$.
![Performance comparison of four ICA algorithms in terms of the normalized average ISR as a function of shape parameter, $\beta$, for 20 sources with $T=10^3$. Each point is the result of 300 independent runs.[]{data-label="wrtbeta"}](300RunsWrtBetaN1000ICASSP2017){width="7.5cm"}
In Fig. \[wrtSamples\], we display the normalized ISR as a function of the sample size. To study the case where sources are very sparse we generate all sources using $\beta=0.1$. As the sample size increases, SparseICA-EBM and ICA-EBM perform better than the other two algorithms, since the large sample size enables an accurate approximation of the differential entropy of the estimated sources. When the sample size becomes greater than $10^3$, Infomax-BFGS starts providing highly inaccurate results, due to algorithmic issues in the approximation of the inverse of the Hessian matrix.
![Performance comparison of four ICA algorithms in terms of the normalized average ISR as a function of sample size, $T$, for 20 sources with $\beta=0.1$. Each point is the result of 300 independent runs.[]{data-label="wrtSamples"}](WrtSampleSizeBeta01N20ICASSP2017){width="7.5cm"}
Finally, in Fig. \[wrtSources\], we display the normalized ISR as a function of the number of sources where for each source $T=10^3$ and $\beta=0.1$. It is clear from Fig. \[wrtSources\] that SparseICA-EBM shows the best performance. Infomax-BFGS performs well when the number of sources is small since the optimization procedure is performed in a low dimensional space. This reveals the benefit of employing the decoupling approach, since the reduction to a set of vector optimization problems avoids over-complicated surfaces for the cost function.
![Performance comparison of four ICA algorithms in terms of the normalized average ISR as a function of number of sources, $N$, with $T=10^3$ and $\beta=0.1$. Each point is the result of 300 independent runs.[]{data-label="wrtSources"}](300RunsWrtSourcesbeta01T1000ICASSP2017){width="7.5cm"}
Simulated fMRI-like Data
------------------------
For the second set of experiments, we used simulated fMRI-like sources at different contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) levels. Estimated spatial fMRI sources tend to have sparse distributions [@6268324], leading to the popularity of sparsity favoring algorithms such as Infomax. Since Infomax-NG performed poorly for all the experiments using simulated sources, for this set of experiments, we only compare SparseICA-EBM with the original ICA-EBM and Infomax-BFGS. To generate fMRI-like data we use the fMRI toolbox, SimTB [@erhardt2012simtb], which enables flexible generation of fMRI datasets under a model of spatiotemporal separability.
For our experiment, we generate 20 spatial maps using 10 subjects. Each spatial mask is a $100\times100$ image with a baseline intensity of 800. The length of the experiment is 260 samples. Rician noise is added to each dataset at specified CNR value. The parameters for SparseICA-EBM, $\lambda = 0.31$ and $\epsilon = 10^{-1}$, are determined based on a grid search selection method performed on noiseless data. The first step in processing the fMRI like-data consists of the application of principal component analysis to each dataset individually. Since 20 sources are generated for each dataset, the dimension of each dataset is reduced to 20. After dimension reduction, we apply the ICA algorithms to each dataset, such that we are seeking spatially independent components that correspond to spatial functional connectivity maps shown in Fig. \[Components\]. After obtaining the estimated demixing matrices from each of the algorithms and for each dataset, we estimate the independent components and, together with their associated demixing vectors, pair them with the true sources. In the case where more than one estimated component is paired with a single true source, we use Bertsekas algorithm [@bertsekas1988auction] to find the best assignment. To evaluate the performance of the ICA algorithms, we use the average absolute value of the correlation between the true and the estimated sources.
![Simulated fMRI-like components. Note that each color indicates a different component.[]{data-label="Components"}](Comps){width="4cm"}
As expected, we observe in Fig. \[fMRI\], that SparseICA-EBM provides superior performance compared with the other algorithms. Specifically, we note a nearly $100\%$ improvement in performance for CNR values below 0.1. We conclude that SparseICA-EBM is more robust to noise than classical ICA algorithms as it incorporates true prior information of the sources into the estimation.
![Spatial correlation between the true and the estimated sources as a function of the CNR level. Each point is the result of 300 independent runs.[]{data-label="fMRI"}](300RunsNoiseDataComp20Components){width="7.5cm"}
Conclusion {#sec:conc}
==========
Both sparsity and independence have proven useful in a variety of applications, motivating the development of an algorithm that can effectively balance the contributions of these two forms of diversity. In this paper, we propose a new ICA algorithm, SparseICA-EBM, that takes the sparsity of each individual source directly into account. Experimental results, using synthetic as well as simulated fMRI-like data, confirm the superiority of SparseICA-EBM over traditional ICA algorithms. This, combined with the fact that SparseICA-EBM is robust to noise, make it an attractive ICA algorithm for applications where prior information about the sparsity of the sources is available.
| |
What is the oldest place in Scotland?
Dundee is unique in that an exact date of the ascension to city status is documented — January 26 1889 — making it the earliest official city in the country.
Is Scotland a Catholic or Protestant country?
By 1560 the majority of the nobility supported the rebellion; a provisional government was established, the Scottish Parliament renounced the Pope’s authority, and the mass was declared illegal. Scotland had officially become a Protestant country.
Is Scotland a Catholic country?
The Gàidhealtachd has been both Catholic and Protestant in modern times. A number of Scottish Gaelic areas now are mainly Catholic, including Barra, South Uist, and Moidart.
…
|Catholic Church in Scotland|
|Region||Scotland|
|Language||English, Scots, Gaelic, Latin|
|Founder||Saint Ninian, Saint Mungo, Saint Columba|
Is Scotland predominantly Catholic or Protestant?
Just under 14 per cent of Scottish adults identify as being Roman Catholic, while the Church of Scotland remains the most popular religion at 24 per cent. Both of Scotland’s main Christian religions have seen a drop on support, although the Church of Scotland’s is much more pronounced.
Does Scotland have 3000 castles?
There are around 3,000 castles in Scotland.
They come in every size and stature, from simple farmhouses to royal residences, each with their own story, and possibly some sinister goings on. Some are ruins, others are used for accommodation and some of them even cater for wedding receptions.
Who owns Traquair House Scotland?
In 1999, Flora married the film director, Robin Crichton and retired, making the house over to her daughter Catherine and setting up The Traquair Charitable Trust. It is now the family home of Catherine, twenty first Lady of Traquair, her husband Mark Muller QC and their three children, Isabella, Louis and Charlotte.
How old is the Edinburgh Castle?
How old is Edinburgh Castle? In 1103, Edinburgh Castle was built on Castle Rock (which was formed as the result of a volcano erupting several hundred million years previously) that had been both a royal residence and military base for a long time. This makes the Castle over 900 years old.
Is Glasgow Cathedral Catholic or Protestant?
Glasgow Cathedral stands near the heart of Scotland’s largest city. It’s the only medieval cathedral on the Scottish mainland to have survived the Protestant Reformation of 1560 virtually intact. | https://christoursaviorvt.com/about-god/what-is-the-oldest-church-in-scotland.html |
The Capitol of Panem may look all sleek and modern. But when you really examine the place, it looks an awful lot like ancient Rome.
Maybe you knew that already. It’s not any great secret. Suzanne Collins has said that she had Rome in mind when she wrote The Hunger Games, and the whole series is littered with names that come from Roman history and mythology (including Cinna, Portia, Castor, Pollux, Flavia, etc., etc.). Panem’s economy resembles that of Rome, what with all the empire’s sprawling goods carried back to the pampered Capitol. Even the very name “Panem” comes from the Latin phrase “Panem et Circenses,” (“bread and circuses”), first used by the Roman poet Juvenal as a snarky dismissal of how the Roman government distracted the masses.
No mystery as to what those “circuses” were, either: The Colosseum was just about 20 years old when Juvenal first coined the phrase, but it was already the site of many a bloody gladiatorial contest … bearing more than just an accidental resemblance to the Hunger Games.
‘Course, there was something else big happening in the Roman Empire at the time of Juvenal: A fledgling religion called Christianity was beginning to come into its own. The Hunger Games books and movies, including Mockingjay – Part 1, contains hints of that story, too.
Now, I have no idea whether Collins intended to allude to religion, and The Hunger Games series is in no way a tit-for-tat allegory. In fact, trying to draw too much from the movies can be downright frustrating. But what we do see here is pretty interesting.
Take, for instance, Katniss Everdeen—our series’ clear heroine (played by Jennifer Lawrence). If ever there was a Christ figure in The Hunger Games, she’d be it, right? Look at the poster, for goodness’ sake—meshing Katniss and mockingjay together in an almost angelic-like pose that’s also suggestive of a fiery crucifixion. Her story begins with an act of sacrifice—her choosing to volunteer for the Games and taking her sister Primrose’s place. She is like a sacrificial lamb—and indeed, the Capitol sees her and the other tributes as such. The Hunger Games, after all, are built on the idea that the districts need to pay for their earlier sins of rebellion. As a tribute from District 12 (a far-flung province not unlike Palestine in ancient Rome), not much is expected of her.
But as the Games go on, something mysterious and rather marvelous happens: She becomes a symbol of hope—a savior. She wins people over with her honesty and passion. She’s somehow able to wriggle free from every trap her adversaries set for her. The people of Panem begin to see her as a Messiah, in a way—the one who might rescue them from bondage. They dare hope that she’s Panem’s version of the Christ—a word meaning the anointed one.
But she’s certainly nothing like the Christ we read about in the Bible. “Nobody decent ever wins the games,” Katniss tells us in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, and she understands that she’s not altogether decent. She’s willing to die, yes, but she’s willing to kill as well. She’s petty and brusque and, frankly, often clueless when it comes to the moves and countermoves swirling around her. She may be a Christ-like figure, but she’s no avatar of wise and kind Jesus.
Peeta (Josh Hutcherson) is closer in soul and spirit to the Man from Nazareth. He was, simply, a baker’s son, defined not by his skill as a fighter (as Katniss is), but by his love. Time and time again he risks his life to save Kat. And even when Peeta’s captured by the Capitol in Mockingjay – Part 1, he still defends Katniss from afar. Katniss may be the Mockingjay, but, as Haymitch tells her, “You could live a thousand lifetimes and still not deserve (Peeta).”
“Stay with me?” Katniss asks Peeta, both in Catching Fire and Mockingjay.
“Yeah,” Peeta tells her. “Always.” Just as Jesus always stays with us, no matter how bad or unlovable we are.
In the book Catching Fire, it’s interesting that Katniss spends a lazy afternoon, her head in Peeta’s lap, making a “crown of flowers.” Perhaps it’s an allusion to the crown of thorns Jesus wore—and the trials and torture that Peeta was soon to endure in the Capitol.
‘Course, Peeta isn’t exactly Jesus-like, either. He proved himself to be entirely human at the end of Mockingjay – Part 1, broken by tracker jacker venom and the unrelenting mental torture. He may have been willing to save Katniss at every turn. But as the movie ends, it’s pretty clear that Peeta’s the one in need of saving. This is no Easter story: It’s the story of two flawed people trying to do what’s right—and sometimes failing.
And that, perhaps, is the most Christian message of them all.
We’re told over and over in the New Testament to imitate Christ. “For to this you have been called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, so that you might follow in his steps,” Peter says in 1 Peter. “Therefore be imitators of God, as beloved children,” Paul writes to the Ephesians. But as much as we try, we can’t get it just right. Sometimes our own flaws and selfishness can get in the way. Sometimes the world itself can squish all that goodness out of us. Even as we’re called to be like Jesus, we’ll always fall short.
Maybe that’s why the Bible stresses how important it is for us to live our lives as Christians in community—with people who can set us back on the right track when we go astray, who can encourage us when our hope slips away.
In Ecclesiastes 4:9-12, Paul writes this:
Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their toil. For if they fall, one will lift up his fellow. But woe to him who is alone when he falls and has not another to lift him up! Again, if two lie together, they keep warm, but how can one keep warm alone? And though a man might prevail against one who is alone, two will withstand him—a threefold cord is not quickly broken.
When you look at The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 through a Christian lens, you see a hint of a Christ-like figure, coming to save the day. You see an echo of Jesus, healing through love and grace. But mostly, you see a community of imperfect people working toward some much-needed personal and political redemption: Even as they all try to do the right thing—try to imitate Jesus, if you will—they can’t. Not alone, anyway. They need one another to serve as reminders. Each to sacrifice for the other, if need be. Because it’s only through hope and love and sacrifice that Katniss, Peeta and all of Panem can hope to find real freedom.
Just as it is with us. | https://www.patheos.com/blogs/watchinggod/2014/11/mockingjay-part-1-panem-circuses-and-christ/ |
A 4-year-old nonverbal boy with autism-spectrum disorder, presents with a 6-month history of gradually refusing to eat preferred foods, intermittently hitting his abdomen for 1 month, lethargy and no bowel movement for 5 days. He currently eats crackers, chicken nuggets and dirt. His diet is supplemented with 2 bottles of pediatric nutrition drink per day. He has lost 6 kg over the last 6 months (weight 12.8 kg, < 3rd percentile; height 99.5 cm, 25th percentile).
What further history is needed?
A detailed dietary and medical history with an emphasis on gastrointestinal symptoms will clarify the diagnosis in this patient. Abdominal pain in nonverbal children with autism-spectrum disorder may manifest as self-injurious behaviours, aggression, sleep disturbances and unusual posturing.1 Alarm symptoms for abdominal pain include substantial vomiting and diarrhea, gastrointestinal blood loss, unexplained fever and deceleration of linear growth.2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease may present with feeding refusal, history of wheezing, hematemesis, dysphagia, regurgitation, hoarseness and recurrent coughing. In addition, medications such as stimulants, antacids and phenobarbital may affect gut motility and food intake.1 Physicians should ensure that feeding disturbance is not due to dieting, religious fasting or lack of food availability.
What physical findings will help with the diagnosis?
Facial swelling may indicate a dental abscess or cavities. The presence of angular stomatitis, koilonychia and pallor may indicate iron deficiency anemia. Constipation should be considered in the presence of a spinal dimple or tuft of hair, distended abdomen, palpable mass, skin tags, anal fissures or perianal erythema and, if a rectal examination is possible, fecal mass, explosive stool on withdrawal of finger or occult blood in stool.1 On auscultation of the lungs, wheezing or stridor may indicate gastroesophageal reflux disease. Abdominal pain localized to the right upper or lower quadrant may suggest an organic cause such as cholecystitis or appendicitis.
What diagnoses should be considered?
One diagnosis to consider in this patient is constipation. Given the patient’s history of restricted diet, weight loss and use of nutritional supplement, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder is also likely (Figure 1).
Are investigations needed?
Food selectivity may lead to inadequate intake of calcium, protein, vitamin D, zinc, vitamin B12 and iron, and poor bone growth.3 If iron deficiency anemia is suspected, a complete blood cell count, tests for iron and ferritin levels, and a blood smear should be considered.4
For patients who respond to treatment for functional constipation, no investigations are required. However, for those in whom repeated treatment is ineffective, assessment of thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, calcium, lead and celiac disease antibody levels should be considered.1 Routine abdominal radiography is not indicated if large stool are found on rectal examination. However, in a child who is difficult to assess, a plain abdominal radiograph might be useful in identifying bowel gas patterns and retention of stool.
What treatment is indicated?
Food selectivity is best managed by behavioural intervention based on applied behavioural analysis. Modified cognitive behaviour and family-based therapy have shown promising results as treatment options for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.5
Pharmacotherapy for constipation includes lactulose (70% solution), sorbitol (70% solution) or polyethylene glycol 3350.1 Owing to variable tolerability, pharmacotherapy should be supplemented with nonpharmacological interventions including parent education, toileting regimen, use of positive reinforcers and dietary modification.
Is a referral necessary?
In this patient, referral to a multidisciplinary feeding team is warranted given the chronicity of disordered feeding behaviours in autism-spectrum disorder. This resource may not be available in some communities; therefore, a referral to a registered dietitian and behaviour consultant, or occupational therapist or speech and language pathologist to implement feeding strategies to increase food variety and volume and to monitor growth is suggested. Referral to a gastroenterologist should be considered if the child is unresponsive to treatment to address constipation through dietary modification and pharmacotherapy.6
Case revisited
On abdominal examination, the patient had no masses but did have discomfort in lower left quadrant. Rectal examination was unsuccessful. He was hemodynamically stable. Abdominal radiography showed fecal mass in the colon and rectum. Results from laboratory testing were as follows: hemoglobin 95 (normal 107–134) g/L, iron 3.85 (normal 5.2–26.6) μmol/L and ferritin 10.8 (normal 13.7–78.8) μg/L. The patient was diagnosed with constipation, iron deficiency anemia and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (he met 3 of the 4 inclusionary criterion A and none of the exclusionary criteria; Figure 1).7
The patient was prescribed elemental iron (6 mg/kg/d for 4 months) and polyethylene glycol 3350 (1 g/kg/d for 3 days, followed by a maintenance dosage of 1 g/kg/d for 14 days) with follow-up and referral to a feeding clinic.
Footnotes
Competing interests: None declared.
This article has been peer reviewed.
The clinical scenario is fictional. | https://www.cmaj.ca/node/72909.full.print |
The NCSA building is a hotbed for innovation in the application of advanced computing technologies. In addition to being the home of NCSA, it's also the headquarters for the Institute for Advanced Computing Applications and Technologies (IACAT), the Illinois Informatics Institute (I3, or I Cubed), eDream (the Emerging Digital Research and Education in Arts Media Institute), and the Institute for Computing in the Humanities, Arts, and Social Science (ICHASS).
"These organizations can be thought of as members of an extended family. Having passed its 25th birthday, NCSA is something of a patriarch. ICHASS and eDream both spun off from and have been incubated by the center; IACAT was formed to foster collaborative projects that bring together the center's technology experts and discipline researchers across campus. I3, the only degree-granting family member, married into the clan; they saw what was gathering here and wanted to be a part of it," says NCSA Director Thom Dunning.
While each organization has a specific mission, they share a common interest in the transformative potential of advanced technology.
"They're all focused on one thing, and that's how do we creatively use advanced computing technologies to address a number of different issues. Whether it's issues in the humanities and social sciences, whether it's in media—we're all involved in basically the same type of endeavor," Dunning says.
The organizations connect to and collaborate with one another—and because they share a facility, a project can start with something as simple as bumping into a colleague at the communal coffee pot.
"Just having people together in the same location where they can talk on a regular basis, where they run into one another on a regular basis, that is a very positive aspect of the colocation of NCSA and the other institutes," Dunning says.
Kevin Franklin
Executive director, Institute for Computing in the Humanities, Arts, and Social Science
"We each are exploring a different flavor of advanced computing. Colocation supports additional creativity and innovation in the space. It's a beautiful environment to be in, between the technologists that are in the building and the kind of creative talent that's represented in I3 and eDream, I can't think of a better place to be working and for ICHASS to be located."
"ICHASS is the convergence of humanities and social science with advanced and high-performance computing. Our niche is very unique. There aren't any other digital humanities centers that are embedded in a supercomputing center. The synergies with NCSA are extremely important. We can establish ad hoc groups that can be pulled into our interdisciplinary teams. That really enhances the work that we're doing."
Bill Gropp
Deputy director for research, Institute for Advanced Computing Applications and Technologies
"Through programs like the IACAT Fellows we can engage faculty and students across the whole Illinois campus. We'd like to do that in partnership with these other, more specific institutes that are already here," for example by matching faculty needs with the unique capabilities of the other units or bringing I3 students into collaborative projects.
Donna Cox
Director, eDream and NCSA's Advanced Visualization Laboratory
"We have a common goal to help support and promote creative practice across technology and art. The different institutes are complementary and support different communities. We don't view our institutes as competitors—rather we strengthen each other's missions and collaborate across these strengths to write proposals and foster interdisciplinary research."
"I have been an artist collaborating with scientists here at NCSA since it opened its doors in 1985. eDream was established to help extend this type of creative practice and support unique creative productions. eDream addresses traditional artists' venues, incorporating new technologies and supporting faculty and visiting artists. ICHASS is complementary, in that it is more focused on the humanities than the arts practice. eDream collaborated with I3 to develop the informatics PhD and support the art and culture concentration. IACAT and eDream converged on a common Creative Computing theme to support faculty and students. These are examples of how the separate institutes collaborate to reinforce their broad interdisciplinary goals."
Guy Garnett
Director, Illinois Informatics Institute
"We each keep in mind our own separate visions and try to work with the other groups to enhance the overall vision. I3 and eDream are doing all sorts of things together, and it's sometimes difficult to see what the boundaries are, and that's a good thing, because it means it's truly collaborative. We bring together all of the resources and look at how we can support projects" with collaborating faculty and students, "and being colocated makes that much easier."
"One of the things we're going to start working out is, can we get NCSA staff teaching not only students but also faculty, bringing in high-performance computing as a tool for various classes really early on. I'm always a believer that if you make it available to them, they'll figure out how to use it."
Thom Dunning
Director, National Center for Supercomputing Applications and Institute for Advanced Computing Applications and Technologies
"What this collection of institutes is doing provides a signature capability for the University of Illinois. There really isn't any other university that is doing anything at all like this. Some of them have bits and pieces. But nobody is putting it together the way that we're putting it together here. And that's where I think the really big impact will be."
"[I3, eDream, and ICHASS are] in a building which has a rich history of computing technology. So if an issue or idea comes up, there's someone they can go to for advice and expertise—here's this idea, is it technologically feasible? And if it's not how can we make it feasible? Having the other institutes in this rich environment of computer technologists is valuable. And it exposes NCSA staff to problems that we may not currently be dealing with—our knowledge base is always enriched by looking at different types of problems." | http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/news/stories/Institutes |
This position requires the person to have strong technical skills in various computer operating systems, scripting languages, cloud security and cloud provider ecosystems such as Google Cloud, Azure and Amazon AWS. Excellent oral and written communication skills are essential in addition to strong problem-solving skills. This position also requires the person to be quickly adaptable to the changing threat landscape of cyber security and can respond to after-hour emergencies when the need arises.
Job responsibilities can include creating security controls for cloud-based programs, performing threat simulations to detect possible risks, and providing security recommendations on cloud based security topics. This position may instruct other teams on proper coding methods and also investigate, create, and recommend innovative technologies or other methods that will enhance the security of cloud-based environments.
Required Experience
Six plus (6+) years working in an Information Security domain. Three (3) years as a Cloud Security Engineer working with Amazon AWS or Google Cloud, or Azure. This experience must show evaluation and deployment of security practices for a cloud service as well as monitoring and auditing of implemented security controls.
- Knowledge of web application security, browser security models, and application security vulnerabilities such as the OWASP Top Ten
- Security testing methodologies, tools and techniques - understanding of common cloud and application security vulnerabilities and controls to remediate these weaknesses
- Deep understanding of network attacks, DDoS, Phishing, email protocols/security/spam, encryption, authentication, logging and log analysis, IP and device reputation, and security rules and policies
Preferred Experience
- Can demonstrate active participation on a Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT). | https://hirevergence.com/job/cloud-security-engineer-5/ |
Image by Tyler Lastovich is licensed under the Pexels License
One of the best features of Gainesville is its abundance of lush and verdant landscapes. With all the beauty this city has to offer, it would be a shame not to visit the vast assortment of nature parks and preserves. So, lace up your boots and grab a water bottle -- it’s time to explore the best of Gainesville’s hiking trails.
1. Sweetwater Preserve
Located on 309 SE 16th Ave, just behind the historic Evergreen Cemetery and Pine Grove Cemetery, Sweetwater Preserve is a woodland park with wetlands, wildlife, and three miles of unpaved walking trails. It’s also right near the historic Bouleware Springs Waterworks, which is where you can find parking for the trail. The trail is a balloon loop, so it’s pretty easy to follow. You can definitely take your dog for a walk here or go for a jog, but bicycles are not recommended (there are bike racks at the trailhead). The trail starts between the kiosk and bike rack, starting off in a sandhill habitat with lots of live oaks. As you keep right, you’ll enter a more mossy territory where you’ll begin to stroll through a hardwood hammock, surrounded by shrubs and cool fungi. In the springtime, you can see the famous paw-paw plants in bloom.
After about a mile, you’ll come up on Sweetwater Branch, where there is a sign for the creek. There are some benches you can sit at to behold the beauty of the water, but don’t get too close -- there’s lots of gators in there! As you make your way up, you’ll see the fence line that separates the trail from Paynes Prairie. There is a small pond nearby that you can see as you move along the slope of a sinkhole. You’ll be completely immersed in this green environment, as the trees tower over you and the moss hangs from their branches. Keep in mind that Sweetwater Preserve is not the same as Sweetwater Wetlands Park, which is located nearby. Sweetwater Wetlands is a great place to view wildlife as you walk along boardwalk nature trails and watch all of the birds. Sweetwater Wetlands does not allow pets, however, and does not have very much shade.
2. Loblolly Woods Nature Park
Located on the 159 acres of Gainesville’s Hogtown Creek Greenway, Loblolly is a breathtaking park with colorful wildflowers carpeting the forest floor and tall Loblolly Pine Trees, which are some of the biggest in the country. This park is super close to campus -- you can find it right behind the famous Solar Walk. The trail offers a broad bicycle path alongside the narrow side trails of the park. As you leave the parking area, you come upon the old environmental center and a picnic bench area. Turn right, and advance along the trail.
You’ll approach a sinkhole in a dense bluff forest. There are lots of fallen tree trunks along the trail, covered in beautiful, funky fungi. The forest is pretty urban, allowing you to see the residential areas that surround it through the trees. Eventually, you’ll get to the creek, which has a huge fallen tree trunk lying across it. If you listen closely, you can hear the creek’s small rapids hitting the rocks below the water’s flow. This trail has a lot of shade, with the help of the Loblolly Pines and Southern Magnolia. You’ll have to stretch your neck to see the top of the canopy. Make sure to keep your eye out for wildlife and breathe in the fresh, fragrant air.
3. Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park
Truly a treasure of Gainesville, Paynes Prairie is 21,000 acres in size and home to alligators, wild horses, and buffalo. It also features some of the state’s largest and northernmost grasslands and has one of the most distinct reptile and amphibian populations. The park’s main entrance offers a scenic drive through jungle-like floodplain forests that go to the visitor center and museum. There are a few trails you can explores in this enormous, stunning park.
The short Wachoota Trail lets you have a bird’s-eye view of the prairie from the top of an observation tower. La Chua Trail, near Bouleware Springs, is a remarkable boardwalk trail that follows along a huge sinkhole. When it rains, the whole prairie turns into a huge lake and alligators can be seen hanging out everywhere. You can leave the boardwalk and hike out to the observatory tower or walk along the dike and watch the wildlife. Just make sure not to take any children off the boardwalk, as there is a very large alligator population. Dogs are not allowed in the park (even if they're on a leash) for this very reason.For other fun experiences in Paynes Prairie, consider the campgrounds or equestrian trails. It’s also the perfect place to watch the sunset and get some impressive photos.
4. Morningside Nature Center
Since 1971, Morningside Nature Center has been coveted as one of Gainesville’s most iconic nature parks. The park protects the largest stand of longleaf pine savanna remaining within city limits; with 268 acres of preserved land, Morningside offers a wide variety of paths, ranging from half a mile to six miles. You’ll start your hike at the information kiosk west of the parking area. As you continue to walk west, on the paved path to the environmental education center, you’ll see a map where the trail system is posted.
There is an extensive network of trails at Morningside, so plan your trip accordingly. There are lots of shaded trails with big cypress trees, boggy environments, a boardwalk path, and countless wildflowers covering the forest floor. This path allows you to behold the markedly diverse landscape of Florida’s natural habitats. From flatlands to sandhills, from blueberry bushes to huge pines, Morningside Nature Center has it all. In addition to the manifold selection of trails, Morningside also features a free and fun “Living History Farm” that teaches you some history and has live animals you can pet.
5. San Felasco Hammock State Park
San Felasco boasts botanical and geological wonders to all of its visitors. There is an abundance of hiking trails, which are the source of this park’s popularity. The off-road bicycle trails and the crisscrossing equestrian trails are also alluring characteristics. This park bears great historical significance for Florida, being the site of the San Francisco de Potano mission, one of the earliest to take place in the New World. If you don’t have enough time to explore all of the hammocks in San Felasco, you can indulge in one of the short Moonshine Creek trails located in the park. No matter where you go inside San Felasco, you can be sure to see some spectacular wildlife with strange, karst landscapes and deep, luxuriant forests.
Gainesville has wonderfully rich and diverse natural landscapes that everyone has to explore. In order to truly take in the city’s beauty, discovering its prolific wildlife is essential. Take a look at this page to learn about all of Gainesville’s nature spots and plan your next hiking trip. | https://gatorrentals.com/blog/hiking-spots |
Jasper National Park is located in western Canada in the western part of the province of Alberta. It is north of Banff National Park along near the border of Alberta and British Columbia. The park boundaries encompass an area of 4,200 square miles (11,000 sq km) making it the largest of the national parks protecting the Canadian Rockies.
This UNESCO World Heritage Site is renowned for majestic mountain peaks, splendorous waterfalls, tremendous canyons, and the beautifully colored lakes, rivers, and icefields.
Mount Edith Cavell with a summit of 11,033 feet (3,363 m) and Pyramid Mountain with a peak of 9,075 (2,766 m) are two of the more picturesque mountains within Jasper National Park. The Athabasca Falls is another stunning feat of nature measuring 60 feet (18 m) wide and falling 80 feet (24 m) to the waiting gorge below.
The Columbia Icefield feeds into the park through the Athabasca Glacier. This is only a plus to the other icefield features experienced on the Icefields Parkway between Lake Louise and Jasper. Who is going to complain about this magnificent landscape?
Jasper is also home to a variety and abundance of wildlife. The sought-after predator species include black bear, cougar, coyote, fox, grizzly bear, lynx, timber wolf, wolverine, and then the bald and golden eagles from the sky.
Other popular mammalian species found within the national park boundaries include caribou, elk, moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, porcupine, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, and marmot.
Highlights
It is hard not to call the entire Jasper National Park exploration a highlight. The park is renowned for some of the most stellar nature experiences. The glacier runoff creates some of the most beautiful blue colored rivers, lakes, and ponds.
The snow-capped summits create majestic mesmerizing mountainous landscapes. Of course, Mount Edith Cavell and Pyramid Mountain top off the picturesque mountain views. Athabasca Falls is another highlight.
Nature lovers can’t help but enjoy the scenic views offered by Jasper National Park, however, the variety and abundance of wildlife sightings will be exhilarating.
Although there are various activities to engage during a visit to the park, the best way to experience Jasper is through the intimate and personal exploration by hiking the abundance of trails provided to explore the park.
Jasper National Park Trails
Jasper National Park is one of the most beautiful wilderness environments in the world and there are over 100 trails to hike and explore this amazing collection of natural wonders. Trails range from easy to difficult providing something for everyone who wants to explore the outdoors.
Valley of the Five Lakes Trail
This is a 2.8-mile (4.50 km) loop trail with an elevation gain of 505 feet (153.92 m). The trail travels through dense forests and along with two different scenic bodies of water. A wooden footbridge carries you across a marshy area given you more views of the wilderness area.
Athabasca Falls
This is a short 0.5-mile (0.8 km) trail out across easy terrain to view the astounding Athabasca Falls. This is one of the most popular trails in the park because of the quick, easy, and accessibility of the trail that results in a stunning waterfall landscape.
Maligne Canyon Trail
This is an easy rated loop trail that meanders along the river and canyon while traversing through forests. The turquoise blue water is captivating. The loop trail covers a distance of 2.7 miles (4.34 km) while providing birdwatching opportunities.
Maligne Canyon Loop Trail
This is a 2.1-mile (2.38 km) over some rugged terrain and along the canyon overlooking the crystal clear blue water. You will see a waterfall and several other striking canyon landscapes while hiking through the forest. This is a moderate rated trail.
Skyline Trail
This is a challenging 29.9-mile (48.12 km) with an elevation gain of 5,921 feet (1,804.7 m). This difficult rated trail follows the ridge of a mountain while providing panoramic views of the mountainous landscape. There is a trek through the forest and views of a lake and wildflowers. This journey is for the more physically fit and adventurous hiker.
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Jasper Highlights
- Mount Edith Cavell
- Pyramid Mountain
- Athabasca Falls
- Athabasca Glacier
Park Map
Sources
- All Trails, Best Trails in Jasper National Park, https://www.alltrails.com/parks/canada/alberta/jasper-national-park, retrieved July 2020.
- Britannica, Jasper National Park, https://www.britannica.com/place/Jasper-National-Park, retrieved September 2019.
- Jasper Canada, Official Guide, https://www.jasper.travel/, retrieved September 2019.
- Lonely Planet, Banff and Jasper National Parks, https://www.lonelyplanet.com/canada/alberta/banff-and-jasper-national-parks, retrieved September 2019.
- National Geographic, Jasper National Park, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/parks/jasper-canada-park/, retrieved September 2019.
- National Geographic, National Parks of North America, Canada-United States-Mexico, National Geographic Society, 1995.
- Parks Canada, Jasper National park, https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ab/jasper, retrieved July 2019.
- UNESCO, Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/304/, retrieved September 2019. | https://national-parks.org/canada/jasper |
With more than 60 nations reporting cases of the COVID-19 coronavirus, the World Bank Group is making available an initial package of up to US$12 billion in immediate support to help countries cope with the health and economic impacts of the outbreak and hopefully get the global economy back on track.
The World Bank Group will use this package to help developing nations strengthen their health systems, develop stronger safeguards against the coronavirus, improve disease surveillance, and support the private sector to reduce the massive impact that the outbreak has had on economies.
Of the US$ 12 billion in crisis resources that will be made available in the support package, US$8 billion is new, on a fast track basis. This comprises up to US$2.7 billion new financing from IBRD; US$1.3 billion from IDA, complemented by reprioritisation of US$2 billion of the Bank’s existing portfolio; and US$6 billion from IFC, including US$2 billion from existing trade facilities.
“We are working to provide a fast, flexible response based on developing country needs in dealing with the spread of COVID-19,” said World Bank Group President David Malpass. “This includes emergency financing, policy advice, and technical assistance, building on the World Bank Group’s existing instruments and expertise to help countries respond to the crisis.”
The financial package will offer grants and low-interest loans to low income nations from the IDA; while loans from the IBRD will be reserved for middle income nations. International Finance Corporation, the World Bank Group’s private sector arm, will also be providing its clients with support to ensure continue operations and retain jobs.
Countries face different levels of risk and vulnerability to COVID-19, and will require different levels of support. The Bank Group announced that its support will prioritise the poorest countries and those at high risk with low capacity. As the spread of COVID-19 and its impact continues to evolve, the World Bank Group will adapt its approach and resources as needed.
As of now, the World Bank is currently engaged with several international institutions and the governing authorities of countries to help coordinate a global response. | https://sme.asia/world-bank-announces-us12-billion-support-package-in-response-to-covid-19/ |
To raise the profile of STM as a Language College both within and outside of the College by:
1. ensuring that the languages curriculum was accessible to all students and would lead them to achieve a language qualification (GCSE ) by Year 11.
2. promoting the International Dimension of the College through a broad range of language, cultural and international activities and opportunities throughout the year.
Curriculum aims
- To support students in their language learning and increase the number of students who attain a GCSE level 4 or above (or equivalent).
- To ensure that the curriculum provides opportunities for students to broaden their experience of language learning and to develop knowledge and experience of culture through cross-curricular collaborative events.
Collaborative links
Brazil Day 6th March 2018:
As usual the Music, MFL, and Art departments will be running this collaborative event providing opportunities for Year 7 to sample the delights of the Brazilian culture. The day will include Samba drumming, Capoeira, Brazilian carnival masks and the fun, competitive Brazil quiz.
Christmas From Around the World:
Year 7 learn about how Christmas is celebrated in different countries and present their thoughts, ideas and reflections to the group. They also get to sample some delicious European Christmas foods.
European Languages Day 26th September:
On this day we celebrate not just European languages but all languages spoken around the world with an International Menu in the canteen, the MFL department’s quiz on European languages/dialects in unusual places around the world, prayers and stickers in many languages and general (European) knowledge quizzes.
Home languages
Native speakers:
All native speakers have the opportunity to gain a GCSE qualification in their home language. This year languages to be taken for GCSE range from Arabic, Cantonese, French, Italian, Persian to Polish, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. Each year MFL staff work tirelessly to arrange tuition, practice and instruction in exam technique to these pupils so that they may be successful in obtaining the highest grades at GCSE.
TAFAL: Teach a friend a language project:
An annual competition in which pupils teach other students part of their home language.
Extra curricular
Chinese Language and Culture courses:
Autumn term course undertaken by Year 7 covering Chinese language, calligraphy, dance, brush paint and Kung Fu.
Overseas links
Spanish exchange school:
Our link with La Salle RC school, Santander is now well established and successful. Students and staff from La Salle visited STM this year in April during which time they they made a video and linked with STMLC students for their school visit and attended a joint trip to the Globe theatre for a workshop on Romeo and Juliet. It was very successful.
Trips and Exchanges
Santander, Spain June 2017:
The MFL department took 40 pupils on a residential visit to Santander in June 2017. STM pupils will visit our Spanish partner school, La Salle RC School, spending some time in lessons with their partner. They will also undertake a number of cultural trips in the local area and get to practise their language skills.
Language Immersion trip to Burgundy
Forty pupils and four staff will be visiting the Maison Claire Fontaine, Language Immersion Centre, which is situated in the heart of Burgundy. Students are immersed in a variety of language and cultural activities and have the opportunities to experience life as native French person. | https://www.stmlc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=68&Itemid=195 |
In the final volume of Winston Churchill's six-volume account of World War II, Allied victory is assured. Even so, the groundwork for lasting peace was never laid. In Triumph and Tragedy, Churchill provides us a glimpse not only of his own political diminishment at the war's end, but of the beginning of a tense and tragic age in world politics.
In the final volume of the six-volume series The Second World War, the tide of war has turned in the Allies' favor--and Japan's surrender is imminent. Even so, the Allies find themselves powerless to halt the advance of Russia and lay the groundwork for lasting peace--and Churchill himself is seeing his time of leadership come to a close. In this book, Churchill provides us a glimpse not only of his own political diminishment at the end of the war, but of his predictions on the state of relations between Russia and the West--later fulfilled by the advent of the Cold War. Churchill's definitive history of World War II is extraordinary--both for the breadth and depth of its historical scope and the personal perspective of its writer, a man who not only lived in these times, but shaped them.
Winston S. Churchill
Sir Winston S. Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values."
Over a 64-year span, Churchill published over 40 books, many multi-volume definitive accounts of historical events to which he was a witness and participant. All are beautifully written and as accessible and relevant today as when first published.
During his fifty-year political career, Churchill served twice as Prime Minister in addition to other prominent positions—including President of the Board of Trade, First Lord of the Admiralty, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Home Secretary. In the 1930s, Churchill was one of the first to recognize the danger of the rising Nazi power in Germany and to campaign for rearmament in Britain. His leadership and inspired broadcasts and speeches during World War II helped strengthen British resistance to Adolf Hitler—and played an important part in the Allies’ eventual triumph.
One of the most inspiring wartime leaders of modern history, Churchill was also an orator, a historian, a journalist, and an artist. All of these aspects of Churchill are fully represented in this collection of his works. | https://www.rosettaebooks.com/ebook/triumph-and-tragedy/ |
- Authors:
-
- Editor:
- Southern, S. O., Montgomery, K. N., Taylor, C. W., Weigl, B. H., Viajaya Kumar, B. V., Prabhakar, S., Ross, A. A.
- DOI:
- 10.1117/12.889217
- Abstract:
- Ensuring chemical and microbial water quality is an ever increasing important issue world-wide. Currently, determination of microbial water quality is a time (and money) consuming manual laboratory process. We have developed and field-tested an online and real-time sensor for measuring the microbial water quality of a wide range of source waters. The novel optical technique, in combination with advanced data analysis, yields a measure for the microbial content present in the sample. This gives a fast and reliable detection capability of microbial contamination of the source. Sample acquisition and analysis is performed real-time where objects in suspension are differentiated into e.g. organic/inorganic subgroups. The detection system is a compact, low power, reagentless device and thus ideal for applications where long service intervals and remote operations are desired. Due to the very large dynamic range in measured parameters, the system is able to monitor process water in industry and food production as well as monitor waste water, source water and water distribution systems. The applications envisioned for this system includes early warning of source water contamination and/or variation. This includes: water plants/water distribution networks, filtration systems (water purification), commercial buildings, swimming pools, waste water effluent, and industry in general.
- ISBN:
- 9780819486035
- Type:
- Conference paper
- Language:
- English
- Published in:
- Sensing Technologies for Global Health, Military Medicine, Disaster Response, and Environmental Monitoring; and Biometric Technology for Human Identification Viii, 2011
- Main Research Area:
- Science/technology
- Publication Status:
- Published
- Review type:
- Peer Review
- Publisher:
- SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering
- Submission year:
- 2011
- Scientific Level:
- Scientific
- ID: | https://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/catalog/183342179 |
More than 30 students and seven faculty and staff from Chinese, French, German, and Spanish courses in the department of World Languages and Cultures (WLC) headed to Concordia Language Villages (CLV) for an immersive weekend experience Nov. 4-6.
Leaving behind their everyday lives and going to camps in the woods of northern Minnesota, students were able to jump headfirst into using the languages they have been practicing in the classroom in a real-life setting and experience new ways of utilizing their skills.
At CLV, students were able to choose from a variety of activities throughout the weekend, from creating arts and crafts to sports and walking in nature, making food, and singing and dancing, all with the goal of emphasizing the importance of languages and cultures. While students were encouraged to practice the language they are studying at Concordia, they also had opportunities to experience other languages and cultures through group activities such as meal presentations, multilingual games, and even tours of different Language Village sites.
Throughout the weekend, students were able to practice and strengthen their language skills, but also to experience and celebrate diversity and different cultures. The retreat helped to create new friendships and connections throughout the department and to introduce students to the vibrant CLV community with its missions of cultural appreciation and sustainability.
One student remarked on how enjoyable it was to connect with others who had similar interests, from experiencing the “joy of culture to love of a specific language.” Another student expressed appreciation for the shared sense of community and the interactions between all the languages. Throughout the weekend, there were conversations about language learning techniques, motivation, and study and career opportunities.
The annual WLC/CLV retreat is part of the integrative learning plan for the World Languages and Cultures department. We want to help students “BREW” (Becoming Responsibly Engaged in the World) by learning about different languages and cultures and celebrating diversity. Our department learning goals are aligned with college initiatives related to sustainability and justice. We toured the German BioHaus to learn about sustainable architecture and visited several other sites. We had the opportunity to live in a sustainable way in our interactions at CLV. Students were asked to reflect on and identify ways that we were being sustainable in our interactions.
Students in the advanced French class on translation and interpretation worked on their book translation projects, translating books donated by Centennial Elementary school in Fargo for TeacHaiti. The books and their French translations will be shipped to our partner school in Haiti, which was founded by Concordia alum Miquette Denie McMahon ’06. This is just one example of the ways that students were able to apply their language and culture skills to active and responsible engagement in the world. WLC students are making a difference in big and small ways every day.
WLC would like to give special thanks to Dr. Kenneth Foster and his team in Community Engagement for making this trip possible. We would also like to recognize the Student Government Association (SGA) and its support of our annual retreat. It is perhaps the top request each year from our students; the impact on their learning is clear, and it’s done in an enjoyable way. It’s our favorite way to start the year: community celebration of diversity through languages and cultures. Without the support of these entities, students would not have been able to enjoy these unique experiences at CLV. | https://www.concordiacollege.edu/news/details/faculty-staff-and-students-spend-immersive-weekend-at-concordia-language-villages/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
EXAMPLES
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This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,605, filed Apr. 2, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/047,226, filed Jan. 14, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,925, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/044,660, filed Jan. 9, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,810,634, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/010,581, filed Nov. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,138, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to methods and compounds for the direct sequestration of chloride ions, without requiring the addition of a source of nitrite or nitrate, to resist corrosion of metals in concrete.
The advantageous use of metal reinforcing members, such as steel reinforcing members, in concrete for structural uses has been known for many years. Concrete is known to provide desired compressive strength, but tends to lack tensile strength. The reinforcing bars co-act with the concrete to provide enhanced tensile strength for the combination of materials. It has also been known to employ corrugated metal deck in combination with concrete to create a composite with similar benefits. Numerous other metal members have been embedded in concrete or provided in contact therewith to achieve enhanced benefits in the structural environment as a result of such materials. Among these additional materials are grids, beams, bolts, hold-downs and wire mesh.
One problem with such construction has arisen as a result of exposure of concrete to salts, such as calcium chloride and sodium chloride, on external structural members to resist the undesired accumulation of snow and ice on bridges and other concrete paved areas such as roadways, parking lots, sidewalks and the like. While these chloride salts do provide benefits in terms of de-icing of concrete surfaces, they frequently result in the chloride solutions migrating into the concrete decks and adjacent vertical concrete surfaces, such as walls and columns, also subjecting these to chloride intrusion. Also, saline seawater may migrate into the pores of concrete exposed to seawater as in sea walls. With respect to bridge decks, in particular, an enhanced problem results from air movement under the deck creating an environment wherein the salts are aspirated into the concrete and salt laden solutions flow into the pores.
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Regardless of the manner in which chloride enters such concrete, the chloride, upon reaching the steel reinforcing members, tends to accelerate corrosion of the same because the oxidation of the metal metallic iron to Fe is catalyzed by the chloride. Also, oxides and hydroxides of Fe frequently form and occupy porosity in the vicinity of the interface of the steel and concrete. In addition, oxides and hydroxides of Fe may also be produced. As these iron oxides and hydroxides are of greater volume than the iron metal from which they were produced, they tend to cause internal stresses which may become high enough to crack the concrete, and also degrade the desired bond between the metal reinforcing elements and the concrete.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,412 discloses a method of re-alkalizing concrete in which carbonation has occurred. An outer layer of the concrete structure containing reinforcement which layer through exposure to air has been carbonated has an adjacent layer that remains relatively less carbonated. The patent discloses applying to the outer surface a water type adherent coating followed by introducing between the outer adjacent layers, water from a source external to the concrete structure and maintaining the concrete structure in this condition for a period of time sufficient to effect diffusion of the alkaline materials from the relatively less carbonated adjacent layer into the relatively carbonated outer layer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,082 discloses a process for rehabilitation of internally reinforced concrete, which includes temporary application of an adhered coating of an electrode material to surface areas of the concrete. Distributed electrodes, e.g., a wire grid, are embedded in the coating. A voltage is applied to the reinforcement and distributed to the electrode to cause migration of chloride ions from the chloride into the electrolytic coding. Among the shortcomings of this approach is the need to provide, at the local source, a source of electrical power. This electrical equipment might have to be maintained at the site for extended periods of time. This further complicates matters by establishing a risk of injury to children and others that might find the equipment an attractive nuisance, as well as the risk of theft and vandalism. Also, such chloride extraction processes may alter the concrete microstructure by making it more porous and permeable, thereby, facilitating enhanced re-entry of chloride when de-icing salts are again applied to the exterior.
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It has been known to employ nitrites, such as calcium nitrite, in resisting corrosion of steel parts in concrete. It is believed that the nitrites oxidize the Fe to Fe which, in turn, precipitates as FeO. The FeOthus formed tends to act as a barrier to further contact between the chloride and the steel. See, generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,092,109 and 4,285,733. Neither calcium nitrate nor FeO, however, function to sequester chloride. The latter provides merely a barrier.
There remains, therefore, a very real and substantial need for a method and related composition and structure which will resist undesired corrosion of metal structural elements contained within, or in contact with, concrete structural members.
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The present invention provides methods and compounds for the direct sequestration of chloride ions without requiring the addition of a source of anion such as nitrite or nitrate. A direct sequestration additive is introduced to concrete where the additive reacts with incoming chloride ions to form a low solubility, chloride-containing compound which captures or sequesters chloride ions. In a preferred embodiment, the chloride-containing compound comprises 3CaO.FeAlO.CaCl.nHO, where x is a number (not limited to whole numbers) ranging from about 0 to 1.4, and n is a whole number ranging from about 8 to 24. The chloride ions may be provided in the form of deicing salt or sea water. Because chloride-containing compounds such as 3CaO.FeAlO.CaCl.nHO are formed directly without requiring the addition of a source of anion (e.g. nitrite or nitrate), the process is referred to as “direct sequestration.”
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As an integral component of the concrete, the chloride sequestering compound resists the corrosion of metal containing reinforcing elements composed of steel, copper, galvanized steel, tin plate steel, or the like, by trapping or sequestering chloride ions. In addition, the chloride sequestering compound may release nitrite, which serves to oxidize Fe to thereby provide a corrosion-resisting oxide layer on the metal reinforcing elements. Thus, the chloride sequestering compound may achieve two levels of corrosion resistance, one of which is the actual capturing or sequestering of the potentially damaging chloride ions, and the second of which provides a protective layer on the metal reinforcing elements.
One aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of directly sequestering chloride ions to resist corrosion of metals in concrete, the method comprising introducing a direct sequestration additive to concrete, wherein the direct sequestration additive reacts with chloride to form a chloride-containing compound.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a chloride-containing compound for resisting corrosion of metals in concrete, wherein the chloride-containing compound is formed by introducing a direct sequestration additive to concrete, wherein the direct sequestration additive reacts with chloride to form the chloride-containing compound.
It is an object of the present invention to provide methods and compounds for inhibiting corrosion of metal elements positioned within or in contact with concrete in a structural environment.
It is a further object of the invention to provide such a system wherein undesired chloride ions will, as a result of a reaction, be sequestered, thereby reducing their ability to corrode the metal elements.
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It is yet another object of the invention to, through a reaction effecting such sequestration of ions, provide free nitrites which will oxidize the Fe ions produced during the corrosion process to Fe ions which, in turn, precipitate as FeOwhich coats the metal element and, thereby, resists corrosion.
It is a further object of the invention to provide methods and compounds for the direct sequestration of chloride ions in concrete without requiring the addition of a source of anion such as nitrite or nitrate.
It is another object of the invention to reduce the costs associated with employing nitrite and nitrate for the sequestration of chloride ions.
These and other objects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following description of the invention with reference to the drawings appended hereto.
As employed herein, “fresh concrete” refers to the slurry-like or paste-like mixture of water, cement, and aggregate that is mixed together to form new concrete. “Setting concrete” refers to concrete that is changing from a slurry into a solid and has reached or passed through the “set point,” which is the point at which the concrete is no longer in a plastic state. Concrete is considered to be setting once it has reached or passed through the time of initial set. “Hardened concrete” refers to concrete that is substantially solidified. As used herein, the term “concrete” may refer to fresh concrete, setting concrete, or hardened concrete.
As employed herein the term “concrete structure” refers to an existing structure which is composed in at least significant part of concrete which has set and hardened, as contrasted with “fresh concrete” as defined herein and shall expressly include, but not be limited to, bridges, roadways, parking lots, sidewalks, parking garages, floors, support columns, piers, marine structures, piling, conduits and other concrete structures whether located inside or outside, and whether subject to vehicular or foot traffic thereover or not.
As employed herein reference to “introducing” a compound into fresh concrete shall be deemed to include introducing the compound in solid, liquid, or slurry form with or without other ingredients such as minerals and additives into fresh concrete and shall also embrace admixing or blending the composition in solid, liquid, or slurry form with dry cement and/or other ingredients prior to water being added, and mixing or blending the composition in solid, liquid, or slurry form with water prior to its addition to cement.
As employed herein, the term “metal elements” means metal elements placed within or in contact with concrete for various purposes including, but not limited to, structural purposes and shall expressly include, but not be limited to, reinforcing bars, grills, beams, metal deck hold downs and wire mesh. The metal elements can be made from steel, copper, galvanized steel, tin plate steel, or other suitable metals.
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As shown schematically in , a layer of concrete , overlies and is supported by a deck member . The concrete in the form shown has a plurality of elongated, generally parallel, reinforcing bars , , , , , , . This assembly may be created in a conventional manner to provide the desired structure which, in the form shown, may be a bridge deck having an undersurface , exposed to air and an upper surface , which may have undesired snow deposited thereon or ice formed thereon. Application of calcium chloride, sodium chloride or other chloride containing salts to the upper surface , or the overlying ice and snow (not shown) results in chloride penetration into the concrete interior and, if not inhibited, contact with the metal reinforcing bar – (even numbers only) which will generally be composed of steel to create the undesired corrosion.
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For convenience of reference herein, the use of metal elements such as steel reinforcing bars – (even numbers only) will be discussed. It will be appreciated that corrosion inhibition of other types of metal elements such as those made of or coated with copper, tin or zinc, for example, may benefit from the present invention.
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In one embodiment of the invention, there is not only provided free nitrite, which oxidizes ferrous (Fe) to ferric (Fe) ion to thereby effect precipitation of FeOto form an iron oxide barrier, but also provides means to sequester chloride which enters the concrete porosity by capturing the same in low solubility compounds.
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As employed herein the term “low-solubility compounds” means, chloride-containing compounds exhibiting solubilities substantially below those of sodium chloride or calcium chloride, and shall include, but not be limited to, chloride-containing compounds, which at saturation in aqueous solutions permit less than about 1 kg of soluble chloride per cubic meter of concrete. A chloride level of about 1 kg/mof concrete is considered the threshold level for corrosion.
In general, the invention contemplates the addition of any compound into which chloride ions would enter to produce a low solubility compound that sequesters the chloride.
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An example of a preferred reaction of the present invention, which accomplishes both the objective of creating an iron oxide barrier and the sequestering of chloride, is shown in reaction (1).
3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO+2Cl→3CaO.AlO.CaCl.nHO+2NO (1)
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In this example 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO wherein n=10 is added to fresh concrete as a particulate solid. The reaction that occurs is the chloride from the de-icing salts used on the hardened concrete reacts to produce Friedel's salt, which sequesters the chloride and, in addition, serves to release nitrite in order to oxidize any Fe. In adding the particulate compound, 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO, is added to the fresh concrete, it is preferred that in general about 3 to 88 pounds of the particulate solid will be added per cubic yard of hydrated fresh concrete, and preferably about 22 to 66 pounds of concrete per cubic yard. The exact amount will be influenced by the anticipated rates of chloride ingress into the concrete having the usual range of water-to-cement ratios, e.g., 0.35 to 0.50. The admixture may, if desired, be employed in concrete having lower water-to-cement ratios such as 0.25 to 0.35, for example, or higher ratios such as 0.5 to 0.9, for example. In general, the higher the anticipated rate of chloride ingress, the larger the amount of particulate composition employed. The compound is admixed with the hydrated fresh concrete to achieve substantially uniform distribution thereof. When the concrete sets, this constituent will be present in the concrete to receive and interact with chlorine from the icing salts that penetrates the pores of the concrete. This compound (3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO) is generally stable over the range of pH values normally encountered in concrete. The resultant compound 3CaO.AlO.CaCl.10HO is a low solubility compound within which the chloride is sequestered. This chloride-containing compound is more stable than the nitrite. Chloride will exchange for the nitrite thereby freeing the nitrite and sequestering the chloride. As a result, the concentration of chloride in the concrete at the surface of the steel, such as re-bars – (even numbers only) will be reduced as compared with concrete not containing the compound. This same reaction may be employed with the same result substituting FeOfor AlOin the starting material. This would result in the reaction 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO+2Cl→3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO+2NO
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In lieu of providing the compound such as 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO in dry particulate form, it may be presented as a slurry with a pH of about 10 or greater with the particulate being present in the slurry in the range of about 5 to 60 weight percent and preferably about 10 to 35 weight percent. The slurry then would be admixed with the hydrated fresh concrete.
In lieu of introducing the particulate solid or slurry into hydrated fresh concrete, if desired, one may admix the particulate solid or slurry with one or more of the dry components of the concrete such as the cement, for example.
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In lieu of the compound employed in reaction (1), other compounds may be used to create essentially the same reaction with the following differences. Among these compounds are, 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO wherein n=0 to 24; 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO wherein n=0 to 24; and 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO wherein n=0 to 24.
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Also, 3Me(II)O.RO.Me(II)(anion).nHO wherein Me(II) is one or more cations, Ris Al, Feor Cr, anion is NO, NOor OH and n=0 to 24 may be employed. These approaches, in many instances, involve a substitution in the compound employed in equation (1) for the aluminum, for the calcium or the nitrite. As to the substitution for the nitrite, this would be replaced by nitrate in equation (1) 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO or 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO. As stated hereinbefore, the anion may be divalent in which case the formula would be 3Me(II)O.RO.Me(II)(anion).nHO wherein n is 0 to 18 and preferably 10 to 18. In other compositions, nitrite could be replaced by carbonate, borate or other anions.
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The nitrites have the advantage of sequestering chloride in addition to liberating a species capable of rapidly oxidizing ferrous (Fe) ions near the surface of corroding steel to ferric (Fe) ions to facilitate the formation of a protective layer of ferric oxide or hydroxide on the steel.
It is understood that the value of “n”, meaning the number of waters of hydration, may vary, depending on the relative humidity to which the compounds are exposed.
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Among the preferred compounds for use in the invention are 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO and 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO in terms of effectiveness for both chloride sequestration in concrete and protective oxide layer formation of metal embedded or in contact with concrete. It is preferred that n=0 to 24.
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In an additional embodiment, the present invention provides methods of resisting corrosion of metals in concrete comprising introducing into concrete having metal elements at least one compound capable of sequestering chloride ions, the compound being a combination compound having the formula
3Me(II)O.(R, R′)O.Me(II)(anion).nHO,
where R and R′ are different and are independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr; anion is selected from the group consisting of NO, NOand OH, n is 0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation and is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof. When, for example, Al and Fe are selected, the above formula can also be written as 3Me(II)O.(Al,Fe)O.Me(II)(anion).nHO. Another example of the chemical formula would be Ca(Al, Fe)(OH)(anion).nHO (see, e.g., Taylor, H F W, “Cement Chemistry”, p. 173–176.).
As used herein, the term “combination compound” is used to refer to compounds which exist as a solid solution, a partial solid solution, and/or as a material having areas rich in one element (such as Al, Fe or Cr) and other areas rich in another, different element in this group. The combination compound of the present invention can exist in any one or combination of these states. A solid solution in the context of the combination compound of the present invention refers to a compound in which the oxygen ions arrange themselves to occupy a periodic three-dimensional array. Al, Fe or Cr atoms then randomly occupy locations within the array.
Preferably, R is Al and R′ is Fe in the above formula. Al and Fe (or Cr) can be combined in any ratio desired, for example, up to 99% Al and 1% Fe, or 99% Fe and 1% Al, or any desired combination between these ranges.
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The amount of Al, Fe, and/or Cr to be used will depend on the properties of the cement to which they are added and the end use environment. For example, the preferred upper limit on Al in cement to be used in a “severe sulfate” environment, is a cement containing no more than 5 wt % of 3CaO.AlO. Thus, the Al content of the corrosion inhibiting admixture in combination with Al already present in the cement (which varies depending on the type of cement and ingredients used to make it) should not exceed 5% of the weight of the cement. Cement to be used in a moderate sulfate environment should contain no more than 8 wt % of 3CaO.AlO. Thus, the Al content of corrosion inhibiting admixture in combination with that in the cement should not exceed 8% of the weight of the cement (American Concrete Institute, Committee 201 report: Guide to Durable Concrete).
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Preferably, the source of AlO, FeOor CrOis a solid such as red mud (which contains alumina and iron oxide), bauxite, any calcium aluminate, for example mono- or tricalcium aluminate, calcium ferrite, calcium alumino ferrite, reactive sources of alumina such as AlOor Al(OH). This list is meant to be non-limiting, and any suitable solid source of AlO, FeOand CrOcan be used.
2
3
2
3
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the combination compound comprises (Al, Fe)O, anion is NOor NO, and Me(II) is Ca.
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
The combination compound can be formed as a particulate by mixing the selected ingredients in suitable proportions to produce 3Me(II).(R, R′)O.Me(II)(anion).nHO. In a preferred embodiment, appropriate combinations of AlO, FeOor a solid such as red mud (which contains alumina and iron oxide), bauxite, any calcium aluminate, for example mono- or tricalcium aluminate, calcium ferrite, calcium alumino ferrite, reactive sources of alumina such as AlOor Al(OH)and supplementary sources of Ca, such as CaO or Ca(OH)and a source of nitrite or nitrate, such as NaNO, NaNO, Ca(NO)or Ca(NO)are used to make the combination compound. Such formation may occur at room temperature or elevated temperature. In the event that a Na-containing salt is used, it may be desirable to remove the majority of any dissolved sodium salt by filtration followed by washing the combination compound with water.
The combination compound can be introduced into fresh concrete, or can be mixed with the ingredients used to make concrete, prior to or after the addition of water. Alternatively, the compound can be introduced into fresh or dry concrete as a slurry, or can be introduced into any of the components used in creating concrete, prior to or after the addition to other ingredients.
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
−
−
The following reaction creates the chloride sequestering compound:
3Me(II)O.(R, R′)O.Me(II)(anion).nHO+2Cl→3Me(II)O.(R, R′)O.Me(II)Cl.nHO+2(anion).
2
3
−
−
When anion is NO, this reaction will further establish a corrosion resistant oxide layer on the metal elements embedded within the concrete. When the anion is NO, the corrosion-inhibiting effect is limited to chloride sequestration.
The use of a combination compound permits the sequestration of chloride ions while controlling the amount of alumina which is added to the concrete. For applications where concrete is exposed to combinations of sulfate and chlorides, it is undesirable to increase the reactive alumina content of the cement. This is because sources of reactive alumina can contribute to sulfate attack. Seawater, for example, contains both sulfates and chlorides. If chloride is able to enter the pore structure of the concrete, sulfate will also be able to enter. It is desirable to be able to sequester the chloride without causing sulfate attack. Some reactive alumina is tolerable. For example sulfate resisting cement is permitted to contain small amounts of reactive alumina, as described above.
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
The alumina compounds 3Me(II)O.AlO.Me(II)(anion).nHO are readily formed under a variety of circumstances. The iron compounds 3Me(II)O.FeO.Me(II)(anion).nHO form more slowly. The combination compound, 3Me(II)O.(Fe,Al)O.Me(II)(anion).nHO exhibits intermediate behavior. Thus, the presence of reactive alumina facilitates the formation of the compounds of interest while the presence of iron oxide avoids the problem of promoting sulfate attack. The compounds are formed separately as follows: The nitrate-based chloride sequestering compound 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO can be produced in the manner described above using tricalcium aluminate, or monocalcium aluminate and calcium hydroxide:
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
The compounds 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO and 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO are produced using 2CaO.FeOin the presence of supplementary Ca from Ca(OH)and nitrite or nitrate from their calcium and/or sodium salts. 2CaO.FeOis produced by blending FeOand CaCOin a molar ratio of 2:1 followed by sintering this mixture at 1150° C. for approximately 1.5 hours. The mixture of CaO and 2CaO.FeOis produced by calcining 1 mole of CaCOwith 3 moles of FeOat 1100° C. for ˜1.5 hour. A variety of reaction times and temperatures can be used in the synthesis of this compound or this mixture. After cooling the 2CaO.FeOor the mixture of 2CaO.FeOand CaO are ground to an average particle size of approximately 10 microns using ordinary comminution techniques.
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
1.0
1.0
3
y
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
The combination compound is made by forming a physical mixture of 3CaO.AlOor CaO.AlOand 2CaO.FeOand with suitable proportions of additional CaO or Ca(OH)and nitrite or nitrate compounds. Thus to make 3CaO.(FeAl)O.CaNO.nHO, equimolar proportions of 2CaO.FeOand 3CaO.AlOor CaO.AlOwill be added to the appropriate proportions of nitrate, or nitrite and CaO or Ca(OH). The Al and Fe reactants are particulate solids, ground to high fineness (typically 3500 cm/g) or to an average particle size of 5–10 microns. Reaction may be carried out at any temperature above freezing. This includes reaction under steam pressure at hydrothermal conditions, provided the container is sealed. Upon mixing, the components further react to form a solid solution, and do not remain as a simple physical mixture.
2
3
2
2
2
3
Thus, in additional aspect, the present invention provides a method of making a compound which sequesters chloride ions and provides resistance to corrosion of metals in concrete. The method comprises mixing a solid source of aluminum, iron, or chromium oxide or hydroxide, or combinations thereof, with a cation and an anion under suitable conditions as described above, to provide a compound having the formula
3Me(II)O.RO.Me(II)(anion).nHO
where R is selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe or Cr and combinations thereof, anion is NO, NOor OH, n=0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof. In this embodiment, R can be a single element selected from the group Al, Fe or Cr, or can be at least two different elements selected from this group. When more than one of these elements is used, the combination compound described above will result. The above compound can be added to concrete, or to overlays provided on top of the concrete, or to both structures.
2
3
2
2
2
3
In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a concrete structure comprising concrete, a plurality of metal elements in contact with said concrete, and a compound capable of sequestering chloride ions having the formula
3Me(II)O.(R, R′)O.Me(II)(anion).nHO,
where R and R′ are different and are independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr; anion is selected from the group consisting of NO, NOand OH, n is 0 to 24, and Me(II) is a cation and is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn and combinations thereof, disposed within said concrete. The concrete structure can be a bridge, a pier, a portion of a highway, a portion of a parking garage or parking lot, or any concrete structure having reinforcing metal elements. An overlay can be formed on the concrete structure, and can be secured to the concrete structure by any means, including, for example, adhesive. The overlay can be preformed if desired, or can be applied as a slurry and allowed to set. An additional second layer, over the overlay, can also be used, to provide additional protection to the concrete structure. In yet a further embodiment a concrete assembly is provided, comprising a concrete structure having a plurality of metal elements and an overlay disposed in close adjacency to the concrete structure. The concrete structure and/or the overlay contain the combination compound as described above.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
2
3
2
2
2
In the synthesis of 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO wherein n=0 to 24, the following procedure may be followed.
2
3
In employing 3CaO.AlOthe following process of synthesis may be employed:
2
3
2
2
2
The presence of NaOH does not appear to interfere with sequestration of chloride or with the action of nitrite on steel and, as a result, it is not necessary to remove the NaOH by washing the product compounds. Alternatively, the solid 3CaO.AlOand Ca(NO).nHO can be separated from the NaOH solution by washing and/or filtration.
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
In each of these two examples, the Ca(OH)and calcium aluminate were employed as fine powders. Ca(NO)and NaNOare commercially available and highly soluble in water. While there are no critical particle size distributions, in general, it is preferred to have a particle size such that 99% of the powder passes through a 325 mesh sieve. Commercially available Ca(OH)was employed as was commercially available CaO.AlOwith the latter being employed as a refractory cement. The synthesis in each case was carried out at room temperature by mixing the reactives with approximately 10 times their weight of water in suitable sealed containers. Their reaction occurred more rapidly if the contents of the containers were stirred or agitated. Optionally, if desired, grinding media such as Zirconia media, for example, may be placed in the containers.
2
3
3
2
2
The nitrate-based chloride sequestering compound 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO wherein n=0 to 24 can be produced in the manner described in the foregoing two examples employing tri-calcium aluminate or mono-calcium aluminate and calcium hydroxide.
2
3
In using 3CaO.AlOas a starting material, the following process can be employed:
wherein n=0 to 24.
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
The presence of NaOH does not appear to interfere with sequestration of chloride or with the action of nitrite on steel and, as a result, it is not necessary to remove the NaOH by washing the product compounds. Alternatively, the 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO and Ca(NO)can be separated from the NaOH solution by washing and/or filtration.
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
The phase 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO wherein n=10 has been created by reacting the precursors 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO and 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO with chloride. This indicates that chloride ions can be sequestered in the Fe analog of Friedel's salt (3CaO.AlO.CaCl.10HO). The compounds 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO and 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO have also been produced employing 2CaO.FeO. in the presence of supplementary Ca from Ca(OH)and nitrite or nitrate from their calcium and/or sodium salts. 2CaO.FeOmay be produced by blending FeOand CaCOin a molar ratio of about 2:1 followed by sintering this mixture at 1150° C. for approximately 1.5 hours. The mixture of CaO and 2CaO.FeOis produced by calcining 3 moles of CaCOwith 1 mole of FeOat 1100° C. for approximately 1.5 hours. A variety of reaction times and temperatures can be used in the synthesis of this compound or this mixture. After cooling the 2CaO.FeOor the mixture of 2CaO.FeOand CaO were ground to an average particle size of approximately 10 microns using known comminution techniques.
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
The compounds 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO may be produced by calcining 1 mole of CaCOwith 3 moles of FeOat 1100° C. for about 1.5 hours. This produces a mixture of CaO and 2CaO.FeO. This mixture is then ground and reacted with either NaNOor Ca(NO)under basic conditions. In the event that NaNOis used, it is necessary to add supplemental calcium for the reaction to go to completion. This may be added as CaO or Ca(OH)for example.
1
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
3
With respect to compound 3Me(II)O.(R,R)O(Me(II)(anion).nHO wherein Rand Rare Al, Fe or Cr, anion is NO, NOor OH and n is 0 to 24 where Me(II) is a cation such as Ca, anion may be partially substituted by other divalent cations or may be completely substituted by other divalent cations such as Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn, for example. For some compositions divalent anions such as carbonate or borate may be used.
FIG. 2
2
6
18
4
30
6
18
30
30
Referring to , wherein an existing concrete structure having reinforcing metal elements – (even numbers only) is shown with an underlying deck member , which may or may not be present in connection with the rehabilitation of existing concrete structures as provided in this embodiment of the invention. An overlay , which in the form illustrated, it is concrete containing a compound usable in the present invention to sequester chloride ions with or without the capability of releasing nitrites to establish an oxide coating on the metal reinforcing member – is shown. This overlay preferably has a porosity similar, or in excess of, to that of the concrete in the structure so as to permit free movement of chloride ions and nitrites therebetween. The thickness T of the overlay may be in the order of 0.5 to 10 inches with a preferred thickness being about 1–4 inches.
30
32
30
2
30
2
30
2
The overlay may be established in situ and self-bonded to the upper surface of the concrete structure. In the alternative, the overlay may be a preformed panel containing the compound which may be secured to the concrete structure by any desired means such as an adhesive material preferably provide a continuously between the overlay and the concrete layer without interfering meaningfully with porosity in the interchange between the two structural elements or may be provided in certain locations leaving other areas for surface-to-surface contact between the overlay and the concrete member . A suitable adhesive for this purpose is latex.
30
In lieu of the concrete material employed in overlay , other suitable materials having the desired strength, porosity and other characteristics needed for the present invention, may be employed. Among these are asphaltic materials, clay and clay-like materials and other cement materials including but not limited to Portland cements, blends of Portland cement with other materials such as fly-ash, slag or silica fume, calcium aluminate cements and mortars.
30
2
2
2
30
30
30
30
30
2
6
18
32
2
30
30
6
18
The overlay provides a number of beneficial actions, which facilitate rehabilitation of the existing concrete structure . First of all, chloride will migrate out of the concrete in response to the concentration gradient produced in the pore structure of the concrete , the pore structure across the interface with the overlay and with the pore structure of the overlay itself. The admixture in the overlay sequestered chloride ions that enter the overlay . Nitrite will migrate from the overlay into the concrete and toward the reinforcing steel – (even numbers only) in response to the concentration ingredient produced in the pore structure of the concrete itself, in the pore structure across the interface at surface between the concrete and overlay and within the pore structure of the overlay itself. The nitrite facilitates formation of a protective coating on the metal reinforcing elements –, which may be composed of steel. All of this is accomplished without requiring prior art external electric current application. The system, therefore, results in passive chloride extraction.
33
30
33
If desired, in order to enhance the efficiency of maintaining the desired continuous moisture path, through which the chloride ions and nitrite can move, additional wetting may be applied and a low porosity overlay (not shown) overlying the upper surface of the overlay may be provided in order to seal the moisture in the structure. Also, rain may enhance such moisture paths. The low porosity overlay may be applied as a self-bonding coating established in situ or as a preformed element secured to surface .
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
6
18
In employing the process in connection with and the embodiment describing in connection with , the compounds previously disclosed herein may be employed. It will be understood that those compounds which both sequester chloride ions and release nitrite will result in both the sequestration of chloride ion and releasing of nitrite serving to create the protective oxide layer around the metal reinforcing members – in the manner described herein.
FIG. 3
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
30
34
32
2
30
30
2
34
2
34
30
34
32
34
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
Referring to , there is shown an embodiment similar to that of except that the overlay has a lower portion which is a separately formed slurry disposed between the upper surface of existing concrete structure and the upper portion of overlay with the overall thickness of the overlay remaining within the range of thickness T. The slurry will be porous to facilitate migration of chloride ions and nitrite between it and the underlying concrete structure . The porosity of the slurry will be such as to maintain communication with the underlying concrete . The slurry , which may be employed alone (not shown) or in combination with another portion of overlay as shown in , will contain the compound employed to effect the objectives of the invention and may also include cements and sand as desired. In cases where slurry is employed preferably alone it has a thickness of about ⅛ inch to 4 inches. In general, the water to solids ratio of the slurry will facilitate its being pumpable or spreadable with the capability of hardening with the consumption of free water during formation of 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO, wherein n=0 to 24. The water to solids ratios may be about 0.25–5 and preferably about 0.4 to 1.0. The slurry is pumped, sprayed, troweled or otherwise placed on the surface to create slurry layer . The thickness of the slurry preferably will be in the range of about 0.125 to 4 inches and if sand is not present in the composition, will preferably be in the range of about 0.25 to 0.5 inch. With sand, the range is preferably about 0.5 to 1.0 inch. It will be appreciated that if in lieu of the composition previously recited in this paragraph, the composition 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO, wherein n=0 to 24 were employed as nitrate is not regarded as a corrosion inhibitor in the sense of creating an oxide protective coating on the metal elements, this compound would provide solely a means for removing chloride ions from the concrete, but not inhibition of corrosion of embedded steel or other metal. The amount of the compound employed in a specific installation can be determined by the amount of chloride that has entered the concrete structure and can be determined readily by those skilled in the art.
FIG. 4
40
42
44
46
48
50
60
40
64
60
64
60
64
Referring to an embodiment wherein the vertical concrete structural be remediated, shows a piling which is generally vertically oriented and may be located under water. It has a plurality of elongated steel reinforcing members , , , , embedded therein. A continuous clamshell has been placed around the piling to create an annular region within which a slurry of the present invention may be introduced. The clamshell may be in segments which are longitudinally adjacent to each other and secured to each other. They may be joined by bolts or other suitable mechanical means such as cables, or clamps. The annular region has the slurry introduced after the clamshell is placed in the space with the slurry being pumped in to displace water within an annular region . In other respects, the system of the invention performs in the identical manner as previously described herein.
34
FIG. 3
It will be appreciated that depending upon the specific nature of the concrete structure to be remediated and the location and nature of the environment in which it is being employed, certain preferred refinements of this embodiment of the invention may be employed. For example, in situations where vehicular or foot traffic may be imposed on the concrete structure and an overlay with high strength should be provided. Also, for example, in situations where the concrete structure will be subjected to a freeze-thaw cycles certain preferred approaches may serve to minimize the effects of the same. For example, an air-entrained admixture may be provided in slurry of to counteract the effects of the freeze-thaw cycles. Such an approach might involve adding a chemical in a small amount, such as about 0.1% of the weight of the concrete, for example, to produce small bubbles when the concrete freezes the water in the porosity migrates into the bubbles and freezes harmlessly.
An alternate way of minimizing the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle would be maintain a high ionic strength liquid in the porosity of the slurry. The more ions dissolved in water the lower the freezing temperature. For example, soluble nitrite salts such as calcium nitrite, calcium nitrite, sodium nitrate, or sodium nitrite may be employed for this purpose and function to increase the concentration ingredient in nitrite and thereby facilitate movement of nitrite into the concrete.
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
Another compound suitable for use in the present invention would involve the use of the source of aluminum not coming from cement. This would result from the use of sodium aluminate NaAlO. This may be accomplished by the following approaches.
2NaAlO+3Ca(OH)+Ca(NO)→3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO+2NaOH (A)
wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 0 to 12 or
2NaAlO+4Ca(OH)+2NaNO→3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO+4NaOH (B)
wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 0 to 12.
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
−
In certain embodiments of the invention, the aluminum constituent was provided in alumina form from calcium aluminate cement (CaO.AlO), or tricalcium aluminate cement (3CaO.AlO). Other sources may be employed. The alternate materials could be a source of alumina, aluminate or aluminum hydroxide having sufficient reactivity to form the desired admixture. For example, an alumina selected from the group consisting of alpha alumina, flash calcined alumina, and transition aluminas may be employed. Transition aluminas include gamma alumina, theta alumina, and kappa alumina, for example. Other calcium aluminates such as CaO.2AlOor CaO.6AlOfor example, could be employed. Suitable aluminates would include a source containing the AlO ion and other alumina salts. Among the suitable aluminates are sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate.
3
2
3
2
Among other sources are organo-aluminates, such as sec-butoxide for example. Other suitable sources are aluminum hydroxides such as non-crystalline gels, forms of Al(OH)such as gibbsite or bayerite, forms of AlOOH such as boehmite or diaspore and other hydrated aluminas such as tohdite (5AlO.HO).
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
In another embodiment of the invention, a slurry or preformed panel containing a source of calcium such as Ca(OH)and a source of alumina such as CaO.AlOor 3CaO.AlOwhich is either premixed with the calcium source or applied separately, is applied over a concrete structure to sequester chloride ions from the concrete structure. An example of such a method of producing such an overlay is the following reaction.
CaO.AlO+3Ca(OH)+nHO→3CaO.AlO.Ca(OH)+nHO
wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 12 to 18.
2
3
2
2
The reaction product will convert to 3CaO.AlO.CaCl.nHO wherein n=0 to 24 when it sequesters the chloride ion from the concrete structure.
It will be appreciated, therefore, that the present invention has provided an effective method and related compounds and structure for incorporating into concrete containing metal elements a class of compounds which will effectively resist undesired corrosion of the metallic compounds by both sequestration of chloride ions and provide a coating on the metallic elements, in some instances such as reactions that release nitrite. Other reactions, such as those which release nitrate alone, occur without providing such a coating.
2
It will be appreciated that the compositions of the present invention may be combined with fresh concrete as defined herein in many ways. For example, the composition may be combined in solid form (a) with concrete in a plastic state (b) with ready mix concrete at a job site (c) at the time of batching or (d) inter-blended with mineral admixtures of materials such as slag, fly ash, or silica fume, or (e) may be interblended with cement, for example. It may also be combined in slurry form in a suitable liquid such as Ca(OH)solution at the time of batching, for example. These approaches are all within the scope of the present invention.
2
3
2
2
2
In another embodiment of the invention, the chloride ion sequestering component or chloride ion sequestering and nitrite releasing compound may be created in situ. The compound 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO and similar compounds having the desired chloride ion sequestering or chloride ion sequestering and nitrite releasing capability may be created in this manner.
2
2
2
2
2
One manner of effecting creation of the desired compound in situ would be to add a solution containing NaAlO, Ca(NO)and/or NaNOto mixing water to be employed to prepare fresh concrete. Alternatively, the added materials could be mixed directly with the water. During cement hydration, Ca(OH)would be produced and would react with the added materials such as in reactions A and B. This results in the in situ creation of a compound that both sequesters chloride ion and releases nitrite.
2
2
2
2
2
As another approach, in lieu of relying on the concrete hydration to provide the Ca(OH), it may be admixed with one or more of NaAlO, Ca(NO)and NaNOand, be added to fresh concrete or to the mixing water employed to prepare the fresh concrete.
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
Another approach to in situ creation would be to add calcium aluminate cement along with NaNOor Ca(NO)with or without Ca(OH)to the concrete making materials to create 3CaO.AlO.Ca(NO).nHO in situ wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 12 to 18.
2
2
2
2
2
These general approaches may be employed in creating a slurry for remediation of concrete structures by mixing Ca(OH)with NaAlO, Ca(NO)and/or NaNOand providing the same on existing concrete. This same approach can be employed in creating pre-formed overlay panels for use in remediation.
2
2
2
The hereinbefore described alternate sources of aluminum may be employed in this in situ embodiment along with NaNOand/or Ca(NO).
3
3
2
An alternate approach to the in situ embodiment would be to employ nitrate salts such as NaNOor Ca(NO)which would produce a compound that sequestered chloride ions, but would not yield nitrites which would result in an oxide protective layer on the metal elements.
2
2
2
2
2
In another embodiment of the invention employed to remediate a concrete structure, a solution containing a soluble source of alumina, such as NaAlOfor example, is combined within a solution, which may be an aqueous solution, with at least one material selected from the group consisting of Ca(NO)and NaNO. This solution is introduced into the pores of the concrete structure to effect chlorine ion sequestration within the concrete structure. The components would react with each other and the Ca(OH)contained within the concrete in order to produce the corrosion inhibiting compound. The nitrite which results from the reaction will serve to effect the creation of oxide protective layer on the metal elements in the manner described hereinbefore. The solution may be introduced under pressure or by capillary suction after placing the solution on the concrete surface, for example, thereby creating a pressurized introduction into the pores. In the alternative, while not preferred the solution may be allowed to infiltrate the pores under the influence of gravity.
It will further be appreciated that the present invention provides a system for rehabilitation of an existing concrete structure through an overlay which contains compounds which serve to sequester chloride ions. It may also establish an oxide barrier layer on metal structural members associated with the concrete structure.
Certain preferred compounds have been disclosed herein, along with their method of use and resultant structure.
2
3
2
2
2
2
x
(2-x)
5
2
x
(2-x)
5
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
x
(2-x)
5
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
The compounds 3CaO.(Fe, Al)O.Ca(NO).nHO may be produced using a solid source calcium ferro aluminate compound containing of Al and Fe of the composition CaAlFeOwhere x is between 0 and 0.7. (Taylor, Cement Chemistry (1990) p. 28). The above-named range of compositions CaAlFeOcan be produced by calcining appropriate proportions of CaCO, FeOand AlOat about 1250° C. for about 2 hours. Optionally, if sufficient CaCOis used, a mixture of CaO and CaAlFeOwill be produced and it will not be necessary to add supplemental CaO or Ca(OH)during the reaction which forms 3CaO.(Fe,Al)O.Ca(NO).nHO. This mixture is then ground and reacted with either NaNOor Ca(NO)under basic conditions. In the event that NaNOis used, it is preferred to add supplemental calcium. This may be added as CaO or Ca(OH)for example.
(2-x)
x
3
2
2
The present invention provides methods and compounds for the direct sequestration of chloride ions without requiring the addition of a source of anion such as nitrite or nitrate. A “direct sequestration additive” is introduced to fresh concrete or hardened concrete where the additive reacts with incoming chloride ions to form a low solubility, “chloride-containing compound” which captures or sequesters chloride ions. In a preferred embodiment, the chloride-containing compound comprises 3CaO.FeAlO.CaCl.nHO, where x is a number (not limited to whole numbers) ranging from about 0 to 1.4, and n is a whole number ranging from about 8 to 24 (n is preferably about 10). The chloride ions may be provided in the form of deicing salt or sea water. Because these chloride-containing compounds are formed directly without requiring the addition of a source of anion (e.g. nitrite or nitrate), the process is referred to as “direct sequestration.”
(2-x)
x
3
a) 2CaO.FeAlO+aCaO, where x ranges from about 0 to 1.4, and a is a number (not limited to whole numbers) ranging from about 0 to 2. It is preferable for a to be less than or equal to 1 if chloride is provided as a calcium salt. If chloride is provided as a non-calcium salt, it is preferable for a to be less than or equal to 2.
(2-x)
x
3
2
3
2
3
b) 2CaO.FeAlO+bCaO.FeOwhere x is a number ranging from about 0 to 1, and b is a number (not limited to whole numbers) greater than or equal to 0. It is preferable for b to be as close to 0 as possible. However, there is no upper limit on b; the larger the value of b, the greater the amount of available CaO.FeO.
(2-x)
x
3
2
3
2
3
c) 2CaO.FeAlO+c3CaO.AlOwhere x is a number ranging from about 1 to 1.4, and c is a number (not limited to whole numbers) greater than or equal to 0 that is not high enough to allow 3CaO.AlOto interfere with concrete setting time. It is preferable for c to be as close to 0 as possible to minimize the amount of Al present. In a preferred embodiment, c may be less than about 0.25.
(2-x)
x
3
2
3
2
3
d) 2CaO.FeAlO+dCaO.AlOwhere x is a number ranging from about 1 to 1.4, and d is a number (not limited to whole numbers) greater than or equal to 0 that is not high enough to allow CaO.AlOto interfere with concrete setting time. It is preferable for d to be as close to 0 as possible to minimize the amount of Al present. In a preferred embodiment, d may be less than about 0.5.
The preferred direct sequestration additives include the following (and combinations thereof):
2
3
2
3
2
The value of a, b, c, and d will vary depending on the amounts of CaO, FeO, and AlOpresent. The amount of free CaO present is not critical to achieving direct sequestration of chloride because sources of calcium in concrete, such as Ca(OH), are available as reactants to support the formation of these chloride-containing compounds.
2+
3+
2
3
Introduction of the direct sequestration additive mitigates the need to employ a nitrite or nitrate compound in order to sequester chloride ions, which can significantly reduce costs. While the benefit of nitrite oxidizing the Fe ion to an Fe ion to form an FeObarrier is lost, the cost reduction more than compensates for this loss and affords a broader range of applications. However, there is no impediment under the present invention to the separate addition of a source of nitrite or nitrate along with the direct sequestration additive.
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the following reaction occurs if 2CaO.FeO+CaO is introduced into concrete and a deicing salt containing calcium chloride is applied to the concrete:
2CaO.FeO+Ca(OH)+CaCl(aq)→3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO
It is recognized that in the foregoing reaction, the free CaO rapidly hydrates to Ca(OH).
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
In another embodiment, if 2CaO.FeO+CaO is introduced into concrete and a deicing salt containing sodium chloride or sea water is applied to the concrete, the following reaction occurs:
2CaO.FeO+2Ca(OH)+2NaCl(aq)→3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO+2NaOH
Once again, it is recognized that the free CaO rapidly hydrates to Ca(OH).
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
The amount of free CaO in the additive is not critical to the effectiveness of this direct sequestration method. Sources of calcium in concrete, e.g., Ca(OH), are available as reactants to support the formation of the chloride-containing compounds. However, there may be an advantage to having some CaO present. For example, the composition 2CaO.FeO+CaO is easier to grind than the composition 2CaO.FeOwithout free CaO. In addition, the free CaO in 2CaO.FeO+CaO rapidly hydrates to form Ca(OH), which is an expansive reaction and causes the concrete particles to bloat. Because this happens rapidly and before the concrete has hardened, the bloating confers porosity to the concrete, but is harmless with regard to damaging the concrete. Furthermore, the reaction forming 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO requires additional CaO.
The direct sequestration additives may be introduced into fresh concrete or hardened concrete. In the case of fresh concrete, the additives may be introduced as solids, liquid, or slurry. The additives may be combined with concrete-making components (e.g., cement and/or mixing water) or with fresh concrete that has already been formed. When the concrete hardens, the additives will be contained within the concrete where they sequester chloride ions that occur. In a preferred embodiment, the additives are introduced to fresh concrete as particulate solids and are preferentially loaded into locations where chloride ingress is more likely. For example, the particulate additives may be introduced between a pavement surface and the embedded reinforcing steel in a bridge deck. In the case of hardened concrete, the additives may be applied to the surface of the concrete in an overlay.
Examples 5–18 below provide examples of the direct sequestration of chloride ions.
2
3
2
2
This example demonstrates the in situ formation of 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.10HO in cement paste. Cement paste is the slurry-like substance that is formed when cement is mixed with water.
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
An aqueous slurry of CaCl+2CaO.FeO+CaO+Ca(OH)was prepared. The molar proportions of the slurry were 1 mole of CaCl, 1 mole of CaO and 1 mole of 2CaO.FeOand slight excess of Ca(OH)was present. These were allowed to react at room temperature and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO, where n was assumed to equal 10, was formed over time. The diffraction pattern of the samples originally containing 2CaO.FeO+CaO+calcium chloride exhibited diffraction peaks at 11.2° 2Θ and a double near 22.5° 2Θ attributable to 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO which had considerable intensities. In addition a diffraction peak of Ca(OH)could be observed. The intensities of the peaks for 2CaO.FeO+CaO were negligible.
2
3
2
2
These data demonstrate that 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.10HO forms in situ in cement paste and will form in situ within concrete.
2
3
2
2
An experiment was conducted to demonstrate the in situ formation of 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.10HO in cement paste. Cement paste is the slurry-like substance that is formed when cement is mixed with water.
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
An aqueous slurry of NaCl+2CaO.FeO+CaO+Ca(OH)was prepared. The molar proportions of the slurry were 2 moles of NaCl, 1 mole of CaO and 1 mole of 2CaO.FeOand Ca(OH)molar ratio with NaCl in excess of one was present. These were allowed to react at room temperature and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO, where n was assumed to equal 10, was formed over time.
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
The diffraction pattern of the samples originally containing 2CaO.FeO+CaO+calcium chloride exhibited diffraction peaks at 11.2° 2Θ and a double near 22.5° 2Θ attributable to 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO which had considerable intensities. In addition a diffraction peak of Ca(OH)could be observed. The intensities of the peaks for 2CaO.FeO+CaO were negligible.
2
3
2
2
These data demonstrate that 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.10HO forms and sequesters chloride.
2
3
2
3
3
0.4
1.6
3
Acid mine drainage (AMD) sludge, which is comprised of 80 mole % FeOand 20 mole % AlOand a known proportion of calcium carbonate, was pyroprocessed at 1150° C. for two hours after having added sufficient CaCOto the mix to produce the composition: 2CaO.AlFeO+CaO. After cooling, this product was ground to an average particle size of 15 microns in preparation for blending it into concrete as a solid admixture.
0.4
1.6
3
0.4
1.6
3
2
2
0.4
1.6
3
Calculations indicate that 324 lb of 2CaO.AlFeO+CaO, once reacted to form 3CaO.AlFeO.CaCl.10HO, will take up 70 lb of chloride where n is assumed to be 10. If it is desired to immobilize 3 lb of chloride per cubic yard, then 13.9 pounds of 2CaO.AlFeO+CaO per cubic yard must be introduced at the time during which the fresh concrete is being mixed.
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
Generally the upper limit on the addition of calcium nitrite to concrete as a corrosion inhibitor is about 6 gal per cubic yard of 30% solution. Assuming a solution density of 1.3 g/cc, this is equivalent to adding approximately 19.5 lb of calcium nitrate per cubic yard of concrete. If the optimum molar ratio of calcium nitrite to 2CaO.FeOis 1.3 to 1, then (19.5 lb)(454 g/lb)/(132 g/mole)(1.3)=51.6 mols of 2CaO.FeOwould be required along with 51.6 mols of CaO. Thus 56.1(56+112+160)/454=40.45 lb of CaO+2CaO.FeOwould be required. CaO+2CaO.FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion taconite fines with particulate CaCO, firing this mixture for approximately 2 hrs at 1150° C., and grinding it to an average particle size of 15 microns These reactants form 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).nHO in situ where n is assumed to be 10. Complete conversion of 3CaO.FeO.Ca(NO).10HO to 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.10HO immobilizes 2×51.6 moles of chloride per cubic yard. This is equivalent to immobilizing approximately 7.96 lb of chloride per cubic yard of concrete.
2
3
2
3
2
3
Generally the upper limit on the addition of calcium nitrite to concrete is about 6 gal per cubic yard of 30% solution. Assuming a solution density of 1.3 g/cc, this is equivalent to adding approximately 19.5 lb of calcium nitrate per cubic yard of concrete. If the optimum molar ratio of calcium nitrite to 2CaO.FeOis 1.3 to 1, then (19.5 lb)(454 g/lb)/(132 g/mole)(1.3)=51.6 mols of 2CaO.FeOwould be required along with 51.6 mols of CaO. Thus 56.1(56+112+160)/454=40.45 lb of CaO+2CaO.FeOwould be required.
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
The bulk molar composition CaO+2CaO.FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion taconite fines with particulate CaCO. The mixture of this bulk molar composition is fired for approximately 2 hrs at 1150° C. to produce a single solid comprised of CaO+2CaO.FeO. This solid is ground to a nominal average particle size of 15 microns. This ground solid comprised of CaO and 2CaO.FeOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10. This reaction immobilizes 2×51.6 moles of chloride per cubic yard. This is equivalent to immobilizing approximately 7.96 lb of chloride per cubic yard of concrete.
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
The bulk molar composition CaO.FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion taconite fines with particulate CaCO. This mixture is fired for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature above 1200° C. to produce a single solid of composition CaO.FeO. This solid is cooled sufficiently rapidly to retain a single solid of composition CaO.FeOand ground to a nominal average particle size of 15 microns. This ground solid comprised of CaO.FeOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
The bulk molar composition CaO.2FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion taconite fines with particulate CaCO, firing this mixture for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature between 1172 and 1228° C. to produce a solid comprised of CaO.2FeO, cooling this solid rapidly, and grinding it to a nominal average particle size of 15 microns. This ground solid comprised of CaO.2FeOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
A single solid containing an assemblage of the compositions CaO.FeOand CaO.2FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion taconite fines with particulate CaCOfollowed by firing this mixture for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature between 1172 and 1228° C. to produce a single solid comprised of CaO.FeOand CaO.2FeO. The solid comprised of the compositions CaO.FeOand CaO.2FeOis cooled sufficiently rapidly to retain CaO.2FeOand it is then ground to a nominal average particle size of 15 microns. This ground solid comprised of the compositions CaO.FeOand CaO.2FeOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
An assemblage of CaO.2FeOand FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion taconite fines with particulate CaCO, firing this mixture for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature between 1172 and 1228° C., cooling sufficiently rapidly to retain CaO.2FeOand grinding it to a nominal average particle size of 5 microns. This ground solid comprised of the compositions FeOand CaO.2FeOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10.
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
An assemblage of CaO.FeOand FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion taconite fines with particulate CaCO, firing this mixture for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature above 1000° C. and below 1172° C. and grinding it to a nominal average particle size of 5 microns. This ground solid comprised of the compositions FeOand CaO.FeOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10
2
2
3
2
2
Ferric oxide with a nominal particle size less than 1 micron is interground with CaO or Ca(OH)at a molar ratio of 1:3 to obtain a homogeneous blend. This blend is blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10
1.6
0.4
3
3
1.6
0.4
3
1.6
0.4
3
1.6
0.4
3
1.6
0.4
3
2
2
3
2
2
The nominal bulk molar composition 2CaO.FeAlOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion of an impure source of iron oxide or oxides which also contain aluminum oxide or hydroxide, such as red mud, acid mine drainage or various ores, with particulate CaCO. The impure iron oxide source is a particulate-containing slurry or a dry particulate. The ingredients are proportioned to produce a single solid with the nominal bulk composition 2CaO.FeAlOby firing this mixture for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature between about 1050° C. and 1400° C. to produce nominally phase pure 2CaO.FeAlO. The 2CaO.FeAlOproduced thereby is cooled and ground to a nominal average particle size of 15 microns. This ground solid comprised of the nominal composition 2CaO.FeAlOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10
1.6
0.4
3
3
1.6
0.4
3
1.6
0.4
3
1.6
0.4
3
2
2
3
2
2
The bulk molar composition 2CaO.FeAlO+CaO is produced by mixing the appropriate portion of an impure source of iron oxide or oxides which also contain aluminum oxide or hydroxide, such as red mud, acid mine drainage or various ores, with particulate CaCO. The impure iron oxide source is a particulate-containing slurry or a dry particulate. The ingredients are proportioned to produce a solid comprised of two nominal compositions, namely 2CaO.FeAlOand CaO, by firing the reactants for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature between about 1050° C. and 1400° C. The solid comprised of the nominal compositions 2CaO.FeAlOand CaO produced thereby is cooled and ground to a nominal average particle size of 15 microns. This ground solid comprised of the nominal compositions 2CaO.FeAlO+CaO is blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10.
1.6
0.4
3
2
3
3
1.6
0.4
3
2
3
1.6
0.4
3
2
3
1.6
0.4
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
The bulk molar composition 2CaO.FeAlO+0.4CaO.FeOis produced by mixing the appropriate portion of an impure source of iron oxide or oxides which also contain aluminum oxide or hydroxide, such as red mud, acid mine drainage or various ores, with particulate CaCO. The impure iron oxide source is a particulate-containing slurry or a dry particulate. The ingredients are proportioned to produce a solid comprised of two nominal compositions, namely 2CaO.FeAlOand 0.4CaO.FeO, by firing the reactants for approximately 2 hrs at a temperature between about 1050° C. and 1400° C. The solid comprised of the nominal compositions 2CaO.FeAlOand 0.4CaO.FeOproduced thereby is cooled and ground to a nominal average particle size of 15 microns. This ground solid comprised of the nominal compositions 2CaO.FeAlO+0.4CaO.FeOis blended with cement, sand and aggregate at the time of concrete mixing wherein it reacts in situ within the concrete with sufficient CaO or Ca(OH)and calcium chloride or sodium chloride from an external source to form 3CaO.FeO.CaCl.nHO where n is assumed to be 10.
It is understood that the present invention provides methods and compounds for the direct sequestration of chloride ions without requiring the addition of a source of anion such as nitrite or nitrate. A direct sequestration additive is introduced to fresh concrete or hardened concrete where the additive reacts with incoming chloride ions to form a low solubility, chloride-containing compound which captures or sequesters chloride ions.
Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limited drawings in which:
FIG. 1
is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a concrete bridge deck containing metal reinforcing elements.
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is a schematic cross-sectional illustration similar to , but showing a construction having an overlay containing the chloride sequestering composition.
FIG. 3
FIG. 2
is a schematic cross-sectional illustration similar to except that the overlay consists of a slurry adjacent to the concrete structure and an overlaying material.
FIG. 4
illustrates a cross-sectional illustration looking downward on a concrete piling which is to be rehabilitated through the system of the present invention. | |
This privacy notice (“Privacy Notice“) explains what personal information we collect from you or you provide to us, how we use it and with whom we share that information. This Privacy Notice also sets out your rights and who you can contact for more information.
In this Privacy Notice:
For the purposes of Data Protection Legislation the data controller is the Company.
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The Fund may collect, record and use information that personally identifies you in physical and electronic form and will hold, use and otherwise process the data in accordance with Data Protection Legislation and as set out in this Privacy Notice.
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6. Transferring data outside of the EEA
We may transfer your personal data to locations outside your country. As such, your personal data may be transferred to, and stored at, a destination outside of Guernsey and outside of the European Economic Area (“EEA“). Some of these destinations may not have data protection laws that are similar to those in the EEA and may not be regarded by the European Commission as providing an adequate level of data protection or are not designated jurisdictions under Guernsey data protection legislation When we, or our permitted third parties, transfer personal information outside the EEA, we will ensure that the transfer is subject to appropriate safeguards in accordance with Data Protection Legislation.
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This Privacy Notice is for your information and should not be used as the basis for any decision to purchase or sell investments in the Company. The views and information expressed in this notice do not constitute and may not be relied upon as constituting any form of investment advice or inducement to invest, and prospective investors must obtain appropriate independent professional advice before making investment decisions.
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Questions, comments and requests regarding this Privacy Notice are welcomed and should be addressed to [email protected].
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If you have any concerns about our use of your information, you also have the right to make a complaint to: | https://www.nextenergysolarfund.com/privacy/ |
The Biancaluna is 600 meters from MUSMA Museum and Tramontano Castle and 54 km from Bari Karol Wojtyla. The apartment is located on one of the main streets of the city as well as the historical center, The excellent central location allows guests to conveniently walk anywhere of interest that the city offers. Served as commercial (supermarket, restaurants, bars, bakeries) and local transport. The house is located near Matera hospital.
The rooms overlook a beautiful view of the Sassi. The Biancaluna comes with a large living room with kitchen, large master bedroom, second bedroom with 1 or 2 beds and comfortable bathroom. Discreet, convenient and comfortable. , Free wifi.
In the comfortable living room there is a modern kitchen at your disposal. The breakfast will be offered by the property.
Il Villino di Cortona (Relaxing home, exclusive pool, in the Tuscany heart). | https://www.agreatertown.com/italy_un/3br_apartment_vacation_rental_in_matera_basilicata_0003110892 |
Sept. 27, 2021
John Grinstead knows the impact imaging equipment can have on patient outcomes. That’s why the magnetic resonance scientist has dedicated his career to improving technology and helping health care providers collaborate around it.
Grinstead serves as the scientific engagement director for Siemens Healthineers and provides technical expertise on the Siemens Healthineers equipment being installed in the Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health building. The facility will be the first of its kind in the nation, and Grinstead is already seeing the impact the technology is having on attracting world-class radiology researchers to the University of Missouri.
“Once I heard about what MU wanted to do with imaging at NextGen, I realized what a major commitment it was and how it would be a huge draw for researchers,” he said. “I really haven’t seen a team assemble like this so quickly. It starts with one key scientist, and the talent attraction snowballs from there.”
A surge in researcher talent
Leading recruitment efforts is Talissa Altes, chair of the Department of Radiology. Altes and team are welcoming six new faculty members this fall — the department’s largest influx of research talent during Altes’ time as chair. For comparison, Altes said the department only hired one research faculty member in the first five years of her tenure.
The combination of new NextGen facilities and faculty members prime the team for three research areas of excellence:
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Radiopharmaceutical development
- Nanomedicine
“The many facets of the NextGen facilities — not just the imaging — are greatly enhancing our ability to attract and retain talented researchers and clinicians,” Altes said. “NextGen is enabling so many partnerships between the MU Health, the School of Medicine and basic science departments in the colleges of Engineering and Arts and Sciences, which is going to create tremendous synergies. My clinical radiologists will be right there in the NextGen building reading patient exams and working with MRI physics and graduate students who are developing new imaging techniques.”
Collaboration a big draw for new investigators
Among the new faculty recruits is Melissa Terpstra, an Alzheimer’s disease researcher with nearly 30 years of experience at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Terpstra said the NextGen initiative was so attractive that she was willing to leave her home state and the research connections she’s made there.
“What made Missouri and NextGen really appealing is that all the right people are coming together at the right place and time,” said Terpstra, who will also serve as the director of imaging for the NextGen building. “Dr. Altes has helped create an infrastructure for success here, and that is appealing to what I do as a researcher.
“While major advances have been made, we really only understand a piece of how Alzheimer’s starts and progresses. The enhanced imaging capabilities a center like NextGen has, coupled with advanced mathematics and machine learning, are key to understanding the brain’s metabolism.”
In addition to Alzheimer’s disease research, Altes believes NextGen’s enhanced imaging capabilities and emphasis on precision health will help deepen our understanding of issues such as brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy.
“NextGen will enhance MU researchers’ ability to develop a better understanding of the underpinnings of different diseases and perform translational research (bench-to-bedside) that develops new treatments for many different diseases,” Altes said. “The alliance with Siemens Healthineers is critical for us to be able to put the people and facilities in place for successful research discoveries that improve the lives of Missourians and beyond.”
NextGen radiology research faculty
These six researchers will join the NextGen initiative this year: | https://showme.missouri.edu/2021/influx-of-imaging-researchers-bolsters-nextgen-precision-healths-mission/ |
Chandigarh: Haryana Governor Satyadeo Narain Arya has sought clarifications from the BJP-JJP authorities about the provisions of Haryana Condition Work of Neighborhood Candidates Monthly bill, 2020 prior to thinking about offering his assent to it.
The bill handed by the condition assembly on 5 November presents for 75 per cent reservation to local candidates in non-public sector positions, and has been pending the assent of the governor ever considering that.
Deputy Chief Minister and JJP chief Dushyant Chautala, when talking to the media at his residence in Chandigarh Thursday, verified that the governor’s workplace has sought sure clarifications on the provisions of the bill.
He, even so, designed it obvious that the governor experienced merely sought clarifications on the provisions and not returned the monthly bill for reconsideration or review.
Chautala claimed the federal government is sending the clarifications to the governor immediately after which he was hopeful that the bill would get his assent.
Whilst Chautala manufactured it seem like a regimen work out, the governor’s transfer arrives amid expanding apprehensions about the balance of the BJP-JJP alliance in the point out over the situation of the farmers’ agitation.
While the laws was brought as section of the widespread bare minimum programme drawn up by the BJP-JJP alliance immediately after coming to electricity, it was mostly piloted by Chautala. The legislation was his party’s election guarantee.
The governor’s transfer as a consequence is staying found as a setback to the JJP, which has the probable to more bitter the relationship among the alliance companions.
Also examine: ‘Farmers’ party’ JJP underneath tension to pull out of BJP-led govt, Dushyant Chautala faces heat
Alliance under pressure
The ruling alliance associates seem to be to have strike the worry button earlier this 7 days as the continuing farmers’ protest stoked disgruntlement in the coalition.
Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar and Chautala have been holding a sequence of conferences given that previously this 7 days to hold the flock together.
6 of the JJP’s 10 MLAs and some Independents have specified a virtual ultimatum to the ruling events to get in contact with the central govt — led by the BJP — and urged them to resolve the farmers concern at the earliest.
Khattar and Chautala to start with fulfilled Home Minister Amit Shah and then Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Delhi this week.
The invoice
Very last year in July, the point out cabinet had accredited the Haryana Point out Work of Area Candidates Ordinance, 2020.
It presents for 75 per cent of the new work to be given to local candidates for work acquiring salary of considerably less than Rs 50,000 for each month in many privately managed firms, societies, trusts, restricted liability partnership firms and partnership companies etcetera. located in Haryana.
Having said that, the employers will have the choice to recruit regional candidates from just one district to only 10 for every cent. Exemption clauses shall also be furnished, if ideal regional candidates are not readily available for a particular classification of sector.
In August, the governor reserved the ordinance for the President’s thing to consider. It was despatched to the Union Ministry of Home Affairs for scrutiny before the President could see it.
Sources in the authorities mentioned this was performed on the basis of the Haryana law department’s opinion that the laws was in violation of the essential legal rights to equality and liberty.
In Oct, the ordinance was withdrawn as two months experienced handed given that it was brought in. It was then resolved that a duplicate of the ordinance would be handed in the assembly. | https://pullmanbalilegiannirwana.com/haryana-governor-now-seeks-clarifications-on-75-career-quota-invoice-piloted-by-jjps-chautala.html |
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to ascertain if age, gender, management experience and government work experience actually make a difference in the ethical development of respondents in Vietnam, an emerging economy in Southeast Asia. Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative self-administered survey was conducted with a convenience sample of Vietnamese working adults obtained through educational institutions, businesses and entrepreneurs and private and public sector organizations. This study used Clark and Clark’s (1966) Personal Business Ethics Scores measure. The Vietnamese version questionnaire was distributed, and a total of 704 surveys were fully completed and analyzed. Findings – Statistically significant differences were found in the variables of age, gender and government work experience. Management experience did not lead to any significant differences. Consequently, Kohlberg’s moral development theory regarding ethical development is partially supported. Research limitations/implications – This study used a convenience sample population. Future studies can compare specific populations in different parts of the country with similar working backgrounds and demographic variables. The small sample size is not necessarily representative of an entire country or the culture in Vietnam. Furthermore, it would be meaningful to investigate the relationship between ethical development and the demographic variables among other Asian countries near Vietnam. Finally, longitudinal studies can be implemented by future researchers to investigate the effects of changes in demographic variables on moral development. Practical implications – Females should be studied more to determine the factors that they consider when making decisions that impact others. Having longer time “socializing” with organizational values might be a stronger influence on ethical behaviors of a person. Vietnamese people are less tolerant for unethical behaviors when they are much younger and when they are much older. Social implications – The importance of ethics education programs at the national and organizational levels is underscored as a key element to combat corruption. Several specific recommendations on how to enhance the fight against corruption and bribery were provided. Originality/value – This study contributes to the moral development theory research and sheds light on the impact of age, gender, government work experience and management experience gained through the development process on ethical decision-making of Vietnamese people. Academicians, managers, practitioners, government leaders and the like can benefit from the findings of this paper.
DOI
10.1108/JABS-05-2013-0027
NSUWorks Citation
Nguyen, L.; Mujtaba, Bahaudin G.; and Cavico, Frank J., "Business Ethics Development of Working Adults: A Study in Vietnam" (2015). HCBE Faculty Articles. 499. | https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcbe_facarticles/499/ |
The Vault of Stone is a location in the Caldera region in Outward.
Contents
Description
A dark and ominous cavern. Upon first entering there are no enemies to be found, however after pulling the lever you will release several Ancient Dweller enemies, both inside the Vault and outside in exterior Caldera as well. The lever is in the south-west of the dungeon near two large orange mushrooms and a Chest, it has a white circular sign above it with a black cross and a red hand.
Pulling the lever to release the Dwellers will also begin the secret puzzle to find the hidden Breath of Darkness boss.
Merely spending time inside this dungeon will inflict the player with Haunted, which will refresh every 60 seconds or so.
Enemies
- 1x Breath of Darkness (after solving the secret puzzle)
- 6x Ancient Dweller (after you have pulled the lever near the large Mushrooms)
Loot
Artifact:
- Slumbering Shield - deep in the cave past a corridor lined with blue crystals in a room with one Ancient Dweller. it is leaning against a large glowing purple crystal in the middle of the room.
Loot Containers:
- 2x Ornate Chest
- 6x Chest
- 1x Adventurer's Corpse
- 1x Knight's Corpse
Gatherables: | https://outward.fandom.com/wiki/The_Vault_of_Stone |
ELK POINT, S.D. (WNAX) – Monday was the last planting date for soybeans under the federal crop insurance program and many farmers in the area have already decided to take prevented plant. Elk Point, South Dakota farmer Doug Hanson is one of those that planted his last field of soybeans Tuesday.
South Dakota could have a record number of acres enrolled in prevented plant this year and Hanson says PP acres will be a record on his farm as well.
Hanson has done the math and says a prevented plant payment isn’t that profitable on corn and soybeans are barely at break even.
So, he’s hopeful the just passed disaster bill will provide payments for unplanted acres or a buy up on his prevented plant insurance. USDA has not provided any details on the program yet and it is at the Ag Secretary’s discretion.
Hanson says disaster assistance will be welcome and needed, since unplanted acres do not qualify for the Market Facilitation Program 2.0 payment. | https://hubcityradio.com/many-farmers-looking-at-prevented-plant-this-year/ |
Jarrosus City was in disorder, but the Emerald Tower was unusually quiet. About half the mages were out, leaving behind some mage apprentices below level-five and a few others, such as Gerian and Lin Li.
Old Grimm looked up from a pile of beakers and asked in a seemingly casual way, "Felic, when I saw you teaching Bathrilor a lesson that day at the banquet, you should have been at the strength of level-nine?"
"About there, I've reached level-nine just a few days ago." Lin Li nodded and then continued gloomily, "But strangely, lately I feel that I've run into a bottleneck again. It's the feeling that you know you have the potential, but you just can't exert it"
"Oh?" Despite having some understanding of Lin Li's strength, Old Grimm did not expect that he would be encountering a bottleneck in his breakthrough to the Magic Shooter level at such a young age. For a moment, the old man was intrigued. "Does the Guild of Magic have a practice ground? I'll have a look at your situation first and then see if I can provide you with any suggestions."
"That'll be great."
After this afternoon, the old and the young gradually became familiar with each other. There was less politeness but more intimacy in their conversations.
The two men went downstairs and spoke to Gerian, hoping to find a suitable place for actual combat. But when the old fellow heard that the legendary mage was about to showcase his skills, he forgot all about the proper business and insisted on going with them to have a look. At last, Lin Li failed to dissuade him and had to let him bring the both of them up to the third level.
"This is the best place. You can use any spells here. As long as it's not a legendary-level spell, it will be no problem." Gerian fished out a key and unlocked the tightly shut door.
Initially, Lin Li thought he was bragging. But when he poked his head in to take a look, he realized Gerian was actually too modest On the spotlessly white wall, there were six magical shield fields and six elements annihilation fields. With the 12 mageweaths laid out, the room was an impregnable fortress. Not to mention ordinary spells, even if a legendary-level spell was used, it would be difficult to blow the room apart.
"Impressive" In Anril, even the general mages would have studied inscriptions, much less a legendary mage like Old Grimm, whose accomplishments in inscriptions were also extraordinary. The moment he entered the room, his eyes naturally fell onto the 12 mageweaths.
"This is by Delavi?" Old Grimm was rather amazed, passing before the 12 mageweaths.
"You have fine eyes, Mage Grimm. This was indeed designed by Master Delavi 1300 years ago, when the Guild of Magic was established."
Lin Li was rather lost. "Who is Delavi?"
"A level 22 mage." Old Grimm's expression revealed a look of yearning.
"Level 22!" Lin Li was startled. Even a half-baked mage like him knew that as the magic level reached the realm of an Archmage, even a single level of ascension could bring about a nearly qualitative change in power, not to mention the legendary realm above the Archmage. A level 22 mage would probably equal up to ten Andoinesand that was a conservative estimate.
Lin Li had no idea that there had been such a powerful person in Jarrosus Guild of Magic.
"But his greatest achievement in life was actually in inscriptions. If it weren't for him, the study of inscriptions today might be a totally different story. He was the first person to combine inscriptions and magic. Since then, inscriptions have become a required course for mages."
"Felic" After talking about Delavi's achievements, Old Grimm took a few steps back. "That day at the banquet, I saw that you had done a good job in releasing the icicles. Why don't you try again now and attack me using the wind blade?"
"Okay."
"Just focus on your spell, don't worry about hurting me." Afraid that Lin Li would worry about hurting him, Old Grimm specially reminded him.
"Mm." Lin Li nodded, and his expression became serious.
There was no recitation nor even the slightest sign. Lin Li raised a hand and an icicle tore through the air. Driven by Lin Li's tremendous mana, the icicle was as fast as lightning. As soon as it was released, it disintegrated into the air, creating a blue stream of light
But as the stream of light approached Old Grimm, it stopped without warning and just hung quietly in front of his chest. It was like there was an invisible hand in the air, catching it with an unparalleled speed.
There was a smile of approval on Old Grimm's face.
"Very well done. But it's still not enough this time. When you were teaching Bathrilor a lesson a few days ago, you had unleashed a few spells consecutively, so you should have ample mana. Don't stop. This time, we'll change it to the wind blade: release as many as your mana allows."
"" Gerian touched his nose in spite of himself when he heard it.
"Okay!"
From the previous icicle, Lin Li knew that Old Grimm's strength was fathomless and that it was impossible to hurt him with his own strength.
Hence, he showed no mercy anymore and the wind blades came one after another.
In an instant, the shrill sound of tearing filled the air and dozens of wind blades fell down like raindrops. But all these wind blades, without an exception, were met with the invisible wall; none of them ever touched the corner of Old Grimm's robe.
With the strength of a legendary mage, it was impossible for Old Grimm to be hurt by a few low-level spells. He didn't even require any magical shields; it was enough to protect himself from harm just by releasing his own mana, like what he had done when he'd saved Bathrilor at the banquet.
There was deep admiration in Old Grimm's eyes as he watched Lin Li release the wind blades.
Andoine's judgment was indeed rightthis was a true magic genius, skillful and with an abundance of mana, just like Andoine in the past. The only difference was, he was much younger than Andoine had been back then and had a deeper understanding of magic.
But as time went by and the wind blades Lin Li released were already in the hundreds, the admiration in Old Grimm's eyes gradually turned to amazement.
The mana of this young mage seemed to be overly abundant
Although the wind blade was just a level-one magic, he couldn't afford to unleash it like this. The power consumed by more than 200 level-one spells was already well beyond the reach of a level-nine mage
From the look on his face, the young mage did not seem to be tired at all. Over a hundred level-one spells was as easy as eating and drinking water for him. No wonder Andoine had mentioned many times that this kid was nothing but a monster. Old Grimm thought he was talking about pharmaceutics, but now it suddenly dawned on him that Andoine was talking about the kid's freak mana! | https://webnovel.online/37350/another-worlds-versatile-crafting-master/chapter-67 |
|Commenced in January 1999||Frequency: Monthly||Edition: International||Paper Count: 31|
In this paper, hybrid FDMA-TDMA access technique in a cooperative distributive fashion introducing and implementing a modified protocol introduced in is analyzed termed as Power and Cooperation Diversity Gain Protocol (PCDGP). A wireless network consists of two users terminal , two relays and a destination terminal equipped with two antennas. The relays are operating in amplify-and-forward (AF) mode with a fixed gain. Two operating modes: cooperation-gain mode and powergain mode are exploited from source terminals to relays, as it is working in a best channel selection scheme. Vertical BLAST (Bell Laboratories Layered Space Time) or V-BLAST with minimum mean square error (MMSE) nulling is used at the relays to perfectly detect the joint signals from multiple source terminals. The performance is analyzed using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation scheme and investigated over independent and identical (i.i.d) Rayleigh, Ricean-K and Nakagami-m fading environments. Subsequently, simulation results show that the proposed scheme can provide better signal quality of uplink users in a cooperative communication system using hybrid FDMATDMA technique.
Corner detection and optical flow are common techniques for feature-based video stabilization. However, these algorithms are computationally expensive and should be performed at a reasonable rate. This paper presents an algorithm for discarding irrelevant feature points and maintaining them for future use so as to improve the computational cost. The algorithm starts by initializing a maintained set. The feature points in the maintained set are examined against its accuracy for modeling. Corner detection is required only when the feature points are insufficiently accurate for future modeling. Then, optical flows are computed from the maintained feature points toward the consecutive frame. After that, a motion model is estimated based on the simplified affine motion model and least square method, with outliers belonging to moving objects presented. Studentized residuals are used to eliminate such outliers. The model estimation and elimination processes repeat until no more outliers are identified. Finally, the entire algorithm repeats along the video sequence with the points remaining from the previous iteration used as the maintained set. As a practical application, an efficient video stabilization can be achieved by exploiting the computed motion models. Our study shows that the number of times corner detection needs to perform is greatly reduced, thus significantly improving the computational cost. Moreover, optical flow vectors are computed for only the maintained feature points, not for outliers, thus also reducing the computational cost. In addition, the feature points after reduction can sufficiently be used for background objects tracking as demonstrated in the simple video stabilizer based on our proposed algorithm.
Properly sized capacitor banks are connected across induction motors for several reasons including power factor correction, reducing distortions, increasing capacity, etc. Total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are used in such cases to quantify the improvements obtained through connection of the external capacitor banks. On the other hand, one of the methods for assessing the motor internal condition is by the use of Park-s pattern analysis. In spite of taking adequate precautionary measures, the capacitor banks may sometimes malfunction. Such a minor fault in the capacitor bank is often not apparently discernible. This may however, give rise to substantial degradation of power factor correction performance and may also damage the supply profile. The case is more severe with the fact that the Park-s pattern gets distorted due to such external capacitor faults, and can give anomalous results about motor internal fault analyses. The aim of this paper is to present simulation and hardware laboratory test results to have an understanding of the anomalies in harmonic distortion and Park-s pattern analyses in induction motors due to capacitor bank defects.
Wireless location is to determine the mobile station (MS) location in a wireless cellular communications system. When fewer base stations (BSs) may be available for location purposes or the measurements with large errors in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments, it is necessary to integrate all available heterogeneous measurements to achieve high location accuracy. This paper illustrates a hybrid proposed schemes that combine time of arrival (TOA) at three BSs and angle of arrival (AOA) information at the serving BS to give a location estimate of the MS. The proposed schemes mitigate the NLOS effect simply by the weighted sum of the intersections between three TOA circles and the AOA line without requiring a priori information about the NLOS error. Simulation results show that the proposed methods can achieve better accuracy when compare with Taylor series algorithm (TSA) and the hybrid lines of position algorithm (HLOP).
In this paper, the detection of a fault in the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurement is addressed. The class of faults considered is a bias in the GPS pseudorange measurements. This bias is modeled as an unknown constant. The fault could be the result of a receiver fault or signal fault such as multipath error. A bias bank is constructed based on set of possible fault hypotheses. Initially, there is equal probability of occurrence for any of the biases in the bank. Subsequently, as the measurements are processed, the probability of occurrence for each of the biases is sequentially updated. The fault with a probability approaching unity will be declared as the current fault in the GPS measurement. The residual formed from the GPS and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) measurements is used to update the probability of each fault. Results will be presented to show the performance of the presented algorithm.
A novel three-phase active power filter (APF) circuit with photovoltaic (PV) system to improve the quality of service and to reduce the capacity of energy storage capacitor is presented. The energy balance concept and sampling technique were used to simplify the calculation algorithm for the required utility source current and to control the voltage of the energy storage capacitor. The feasibility was verified by using the Pspice simulations and experiments. When the APF mode was used during non-operational period, not only the utilization rate, power factor and power quality could be improved, but also the capacity of energy storage capacitor could sparing. As the results, the advantages of the APF circuit are simplicity of control circuits, low cost, and good transient response.
A kind of behavior model for discrete sampling and hold amplifier with charge transmission is analyzed. The transfer function and behavior features are based on the main AC responses of operation amplifier. The result used in pipelined and sigma-delta ADC shows the exact of model of sampling and hold amplifier, and the non-ideal factors are taken into account.
This paper presents a single correlator RAKE receiver for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. In conventional RAKE receivers, multiple correlators are used to despread the multipath signals and then to align and combine those signals in a later stage before making a bit decision. The simplified receiver structure presented here uses a single correlator and single code sequence generator to recover the multipaths. Modified Walsh- Hadamard codes are used here for data spreading that provides better uncorrelation properties for the multipath signals. The main advantage of this receiver structure is that it requires only a single correlator and a code generator in contrary to the conventional RAKE receiver concept with multiple correlators. It is shown in results that the proposed receiver achieves better bit error rates in comparison with the conventional one for more than one multipaths.
According to the mobility of the satellite network nodes and the characteristic of management domain dynamic partition in the satellite network, the login and logout mechanism of the satellite network dynamic management domain partition was proposed in the paper. In the mechanism, a ground branch-station sends the packets of login broadcasting to satellites in view. After received the packets, the SNMP agents on the satellites adopt link-delay test to respond. According to the mechanism, the SNMP primitives were extended, and the new added primitives were as follows: broadcasting, login, login confirmation,delay_testing, test responses, and logout. The definition of primitives, which followed RFC1157 criterion, could be encoded by the BER coding. The policy of the dynamic management domain partition on the basis of the login and logout mechanism, which was supported by the SNMP protocol, was realized by the design of the extended primitives.
Design and implementation of a novel B-ACOSD CFAR algorithm is presented in this paper. It is proposed for detecting radar target in log-normal distribution environment. The BACOSD detector is capable to detect automatically the number interference target in the reference cells and detect the real target by an adaptive threshold. The detector is implemented as a System on Chip on FPGA Altera Stratix II using parallelism and pipelining technique. For a reference window of length 16 cells, the experimental results showed that the processor works properly with a processing speed up to 115.13MHz and processing time0.29 ┬Ás, thus meets real-time requirement for a typical radar system. | http://waset.org/journal/Electrical/2010/2?new=1 |
Quick flip of Earth's magnetic field revealed
The Earth’s magnetic field takes an average of only 7000 years to reverse its polarity, but the switch happens much more quickly near the equator, according to the most comprehensive study yet of the last four reversals.
“It’s important to get an idea of how fast or slow this process is because it ends up controlling our idea of how the field is generated in the first place,” says study author Bradford Clement, an earth scientist at Florida International University in Miami, US.
Previous studies have reported a bewildering range of transition times, from a few thousand to nearly 30,000 years. So Clement scoured the published data on the most recent reversals to set the record straight.
He used data from 30 cores drilled from the beds of lakes or seas, whose minerals clearly recorded the magnetic field as sediments in the water slowly solidified into rock. The cores were taken from latitudes ranging from 46 degrees south to 60 degrees north and from a wide range of longitudes.
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Clement found that the duration of the transitions varied with latitude, from 2000 years near the equator to 11,000 years nearer the poles. This result concurs with a much smaller study he conducted 20 years ago using just 10 cores.
“Now the data set looks more robust overall, and the variation with latitude helps explain why people were reporting different durations,” Clement told New Scientist.
Random timing
Studies of ocean sediments and lava flows show the Earth has undergone several hundred field reversals, with the most recent confirmed flip occurring about 780,000 years ago. But their timing appears random and physicists do not understand what causes them.
The Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the flow of liquid iron, an electrical conductor, in the Earth’s outer core, between 3000 and 5000 kilometres beneath the surface. It is therefore likely that some change in the flow causes the reversals.
But the many models put forward to explain the phenomenon are “a long way from being realistic”, says Clement. “The theory gets very complicated very quickly, and there are so many models it’s hard to figure out what’s what.”
Ronald Merrill, a geophysicist at the University of Washington, in Seattle, US, agrees: “We can’t do the theory right, so we’re trying to find more data to find out the character of the reversals.”
Shrinking magnet
Merrill says better knowledge of the reversals will help constrain the many models. And it may even shed light on some evidence published in 2002 suggesting that the Earth is now in the first stages of a polarity flip.
In the simplest models of reversals, the Earth’s magnetic field behaves like a bar magnet that points roughly along the planet’s axis of rotation. It shrinks in strength over time, growing up again in the opposite direction.
Clement’s result “tells us the magnetic field is becoming more complex during a reversal,” says Merrill. This could occur if secondary components of the magnetic field – perhaps caused by eddies of molten iron at shallower depths – remain constant as the primary field – caused by iron flowing deep in the outer core – shrinks to nothing.
Clement, however, believes both the primary and secondary components of the field change together. | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4865-quick-flip-of-earths-magnetic-field-revealed/ |
Here are an important information, developments and evaluation that buyers want to start out their buying and selling day:
1. Dow futures pop after the 30-stock common’s six-session dropping streak
The Twitter emblem and buying and selling info is displayed as a dealer works on the ground of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in New York City, U.S., May 3, 2022.
Brendan Mcdermid | Reuters
U.S. inventory futures bounced Friday, with the S&P 500 attempting to not be a part of the Nasdaq in a bear market, which is outlined by a drop of 20% or extra from a previous excessive.
- Nasdaq futures led the way in which larger regardless of an 12% premarket drop in Twitter shares. The inventory dropped as a lot as 25% after Elon Musk tweeted Friday his deal to purchase the social community is “temporarily on hold.” Twitter shares have been paring these losses when Musk later tweeted he is “still committed” to the deal.
- The Dow Jones Industrial Average on Thursday dropped for the sixth straight session, sinking additional right into a correction, outline by a drop of 10% or extra from a previous excessive. The S&P 500 fell barely. The Nasdaq managed a slight acquire.
2. Bond yields rose after Powell says he cannot assure a gentle touchdown
The 10-year Treasury yield on Friday ticked larger however remained beneath 3%, a key degree that was breached on May 2 for the primary time since late 2018.
- Bonds yields have been quickly rising on the assumption that the Federal Reserve must act extra aggressively on mountaineering rates of interest to combat inflation. There’s concern that inflation will stay excessive even because the financial system slows down.
- Fed Chairman Jerome Powell stated in an interview posted Thursday on Marketplace that he cannot promise a so-called gentle touchdown for the financial system. He warned that getting inflation beneath management may trigger some financial ache however stays his high precedence.
3. Two tweets from Elon Musk about his Twitter deal hit the inventory
With two tweets Friday morning, Musk despatched Twitter shares on a wild journey. After saying he paused his Twitter supply looking for extra details about what number of faux accounts there are on the social media platform, he later stated he was “still committed to the acquisition.” The first tweet got here at 5:44 a.m. ET. The second tweet was posted about two hours later.
The Tesla CEO Musk introduced final month that he intends to purchase Twitter for $44 billion and he is beforehand tweeted that certainly one of his foremost priorities could be to take away “spam bots” from the platform. Tesla shares, which not too long ago fell on worries about Musk’s Twitter deal being a distraction, rallied greater than 5% Friday on the primary tweet and held these features after the second.
4. Some stablecoins get their footing, serving to to ship the crypto market larger
Tether has lengthy confronted questions over whether or not it has sufficient belongings to justify its peg to the greenback.
Tiffany Hagler | Bloomberg through Getty Images
Tether, the world’s largest stablecoin, regained its peg to the greenback after greater than $3 billion value of tokens left the system in a single day. The cryptocurrency — which is supposed to all the time be value $1 — sunk as little as 95 cents on Thursday. A controversial stablecoin often known as TerraUSD or UST, which is meant to be pegged 1-to-1 with the greenback, has collapsed in current days, buying and selling round 8 cents Friday. Luna, a token carefully related to UST, is now value $0 consequently.
- The stablecoin saga has added a layer of uncertainty that is contributed to sharp declines throughout your entire crypto market. Bitcoin on Friday was again above $30,000, rebounding from ranges not seen since late 2020. At present ranges, bitcoin, the world’s largest cryptocurrency, was down greater than 50% from its all-time excessive of over $68,000 in November.
5. CEO of a significant crypto alternate takes an enormous stake in Robinhood
Sam Bankman-Fried, CEO of FTX US Derivatives, testifies throughout the House Agriculture Committee listening to titled Changing Market Roles: The FTX Proposal and Trends in New Clearinghouse Models, in Longworth Building on Thursday, May 12, 2022.
Tom Williams | CQ-Roll Call, Inc. | Getty Images
- Shares of Robinhood, a well-liked inventory and crypto buying and selling platform, jumped greater than 23% in Friday’s premarket. In common buying and selling Thursday the inventory hit an all-time low. Robinhood ended the session priced at $8.56, about 77% away from its IPO worth final July.
- The doc stated Bankman-Fried doesn’t plan to take “any action toward changing or influencing the control” of the corporate. The submitting additionally stated he could “from time to time engage in discussions” with administration.
— CNBC’s Jesse Pound, Vicky McKeever, Jeff Cox, Sam Shead and Tanaya Macheel contributed to this report.
— Sign up now for the CNBC Investing Club to comply with Jim Cramer’s each inventory transfer. Follow the broader market motion like a professional on CNBC Pro. | https://www.thebusinessway.com/business/5-things-to-know-before-the-stock-market-opens-friday-3/ |
Many linguists agree that there is no all-encompassing definition of Language. However, language is generally described as a system of sounds used to link sound using words and sentences to meaning (Finegan & Besnier 1989, p. 1).
Language can be described as a symbolic system in which sounds and meanings are assigned to each other, allowing humans to communicate what we are thinking and how we are feeling. In other words, there is an arbitrary aspect of language with meanings assigned to words and sounds. As native speakers of a language, we know that words are arbitrarily given meaning to express ideas.
For example, a book is only a book because we have assigned that specific meaning to the sound and word book. The word for book could have been any other word. Native speakers have the knowledge to realize that the connection between words, sounds and meanings are not a natural one.
Sounds represent objects. Context also helps us to interpret the meaning of utterances.
COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE
Noam Chomsky introduced two terms, referred to as competence and performance. According to Chomsky, competence refers to a native speaker's knowledge of a language (Finch 2000, p.17). As native speakers of English, for example, we have linguistic competence of the English language sounds, sentence structures and word meanings. This knowledge allows speakers to speak the language fluently.
However, this knowledge is for the most part subconscious and, as a result, the speaker does not always realize that they have this knowledge. As an example, I can jump, dance and run very easily. However, I cannot explain the neuro-science involved that makes these physical actions possible. How native speakers possess this knowledge and use it to speak a language is similar to the above example. Finch ( 2000, p.17), explains that, | https://www.writework.com/essay/discuss-definition-language-and-linguistic-concepts-compet |
Enchanted Isles – The Southern Gulf Islands should be available in a few weeks. The book looks fabulous from viewing the PDF on my computer so I’m looking forward to the release. A new portion of my Gulf Islands Photos web site is dedicated to the book and while this area is still under development a preview is here Enchanted Isles web site. This area will include detailed technical information about the images as well as links and additional information of interest.
A fall full moon rises over Plumper Sound and Saturna Island.
Enchanted Isles is finally at the press with a release date at the end of October. What a fun project this was.
Talisman Books and Gallery book launch.
Enchanted Isles - The Southern Gulf Islands debuts at number 7 on BC Bestsellers list!
This entry was posted on Friday, October 19th, 2007 at 7:32 am. It is filed under Misc. Ramblings and tagged with Books, Gulf Islands. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. | http://www.kevinokephotography.com/enchanted-isles-the-southern-gulf-islands/ |
Forecourts are facing fuel shortages as large parts of the country are paralysed by the severe weather conditions. Brian Madderson, chairman of RMI Petrol, said the situation had reached a "critical point".
The association has reported that the snow and exceptionally cold weather has disrupted the fuel supply chain to such an extent that up to 500 independent petrol retailers are threatened with running out of petrol and diesel by the weekend. Rural filling stations away from the main trunk roads have been particularly badly affected.
Road tankers have been unable to leave the main terminals from the Total refinery at Lindsey and from the Jet (Conoco) refinery at Killingholme, both on south Humberside, which is cutting the supply chain off at its knees.
Similar problems have been reported this morning from the refinery terminals at Grangemouth, Falkirk and at Coryton on the north Thames. Fuel companies with facilities in the east of the country are reporting that they are at least two or three days behind normal delivery schedules already.
Madderson said: "We are close to a critical point in what is fast becoming a fuel crisis as well as a weather crisis. Acute problems of supply, particularly of diesel, are being reported by our rural members in the north-east of England and eastern Scotland. A number of filling stations are already reported to be out of fuel.
"The crisis is now spreading south as the weekend unfolds. Every hour that passes, the fuel crisis is intensifying.
"By the end of the weekend, tens of thousands of motorists could have no fuel to go about their daily lives, whether it be getting to work, taking the kids to school, or doing the weekly shop."
A spokesman for BP said deliveries to BP petrol stations and customers from terminals at Coryton and Grangemouth had been severely impacted by the bad weather, with only safe and essential deliveries being made. "Safety is BP’s number one priority so delivery vehicles are being double-manned and are only leaving the terminals to carry out deliveries when it is safe to do so," he said. "This means there are some short periods when some petrol stations are without petrol or diesel but we are working to minimise any disruptions to our customers and apologise for any inconvenience."
Shell sent out a statement which said: "We continue to monitor the road conditions and deliver fuel where it is safe to do so. Where this is not possible all affected sites have been informed.”
A spokesperson for Esso said: "We are working hard to get deliveries to sites in the adverse weather conditions. All Esso terminals are open and our service stations are well stocked. It is possible some might have run out of some grades of fuel due to weather and road conditions. We are unable to confirm where they are because it’s a changing picture." | https://forecourttrader.co.uk/news/forecourts-face-fuel-shortages-following-severe-weather-disruption/631341.article |
fifty percent did not make it.
To make a 9 percent saline solution, start by preparing a 100 percent salt solution. With a bottle of 100 percent salt water, take 9 percent and dilute with distilled water to make a 9 percent saline solution.
To make a decimal into a percent, just multiply by 100. 0.1*100 is 10. 0.1 is 10 percent.
You make the denominator of the fraction into 100 and then take the numerator and put a percent sign next to it. Now you have a percent.
27 as a percent would be 27 percent but make sure you have the percent sign in your answer.
Mestizo is the largest Ethnic group of Nicaragua at 69 percent. Whites make up 17 percent, Blacks make up 9 percent and Amerindian make up 5 percent.
You make 1 percent to a decimal which is .01(You make it into a decimal by dividing 1 by 100) then you make 1/2 percent into a decimal which is 0.5. Then you multiply .01 and .5 and it equals 0.005.
73% is a percent so you don't need to change it.
eight dimes make up what percent of a Dollar
what percent of 63 is 9
less than 31 percent of all americans make $50000
Chinese make up about _______ percent of Southeast Asia's population.
Deserts make up about 33% of the earth's land surface.
75 percent
teenagers make up 47.9 percent
28 percent
Water
nope 50 percent.
no.
1.32 to a percent = 1.32 * 100% = 132%
75%
The white population of South Africa is 3.52 million people or 6.9 percent of the population. Black Africans make up 79 percent of the population. People of mixed races make up 8.9 percent and Indian Asians make up 2.5 percent.
25%
Mammals, bird, reptiles, amphibians, and fish all make up about 5 percent of the animal kingdom. The other 95 percent is made up of insects.
About 80ml of water must be added to 40ml of a 25 percent by weight solution to make a 2 percent by weight solution. | https://math.answers.com/Q/How_do_you_make_0.991031_a_percent |
Amer is a character that originally appeared in Summon Night 2 but has also make appearances in other games and medias such as books and drama CDs.
Personality
She is a very positive and lively girl, the kind everyone wants to be around. Because of her position she is forced to live as a shut-in, but she is actually very energetic and always was taking a walk in the forest around her village. She is considered to be the mother figure in the party, mostly because she is a very caring person and is always trying to help everyone, but there are cases where she can also be very strict. At times, she is somewhat of a clumsy character.
Background
Amer lived a peaceful life with her grandfather and her two childhood friends Rocca and Ruug in the Lelm village of the Saint Kingdom, until the day she tried to help one of her fellow villagers during a chariot accident, it was when she discovered her healing abilities. From this day on, she began to be venerated as a saint and thousands of people started to visit her every day. Henceforth, Amer had to totally change her lifestyle and every day was very tiring, but she never refused to cure someone.
Development
Summon Night 2
One day, during her break time, she tried to help a cat that was scared to climb down a tree, she tried to help but ended up landing in the main character. After listening to her explanation, the protagonist was able to save the cat but got a small cut. When Amer healed the protagonist, she also learned her/his name, Nesty later explained that she can heal by entering the target’s mind and making him believe he is healed. To follow the changes in the mind, the body heals itself, causing a super fast healing effect. Additionally, she can also read her patient’s mind during this process. Her grandfather invited the main character group to stay the night in his house and Amer became very close to the protagonist. However, a group of black knights from the city of Degrea in the Old Kingdom attacked her village and killed almost everyone she knew. It was very clear that she was their main target, the massacre was so that no one could knew or even suspect her true identity. She had to escape with the visitor from earlier and got separated from her grandfather. She joins the main character party and struggled together to survive the many other attempts to kidnap her. Later, it became clear that Degrea is trying to use her to unlock a type of ancient weapon to win a war against all the other nations.She tried to know more about herself for the sake of the group and this led her to the Forbidden Forest where she came across the Geils - the weapons that Degrea wanted to obtain. After a fight, she remembers her past life as the Angel Almine that was betrayed by the protagonist's ancestors and was transformed in a weapon much like the ones she had just destroyed. When she was finally able to accept herself, she found out that the one behind all the conflicts is Melgitos, the same High Demon that killed her when she was Almine. In her ending, she had to do a self sacrifice to stop Melgitos from corrupting the world with his trump card. This results in her transforming into a Giant Tree that purifies everything from the demons dark energy. Two years later, she awakened in her human form again and meets with the main character, who welcomed her back home.
Summon Night: Swordcraft 2
She joins the protagonist, Nesty and a beast partner in another adventure to save a snowy region from the influence of a evil energy. During their investigation, she meets Edgar/Aera and was able to feel a strange energy coming from him/her. They fight each other, but in the end, she was the one to stop the all the fighting when she noticed that Edgar/Aera was not a summoner. When they judged that Edgar/Aera is not a dangerous person, they form an alliance and help each other. During an outburst from a magic crystal, she saves Edgar/Aera’s life and became friends with him/her.
Summon Night 3
In this game, she once again goes on a adventure together with her friends to investigate a mysterious island, where a new threat to the world is rising.
Summon Night 2 ~ The Piece From That Day
The party is inspired after seeing how summoned creatures can live happily in the Forsaken Island and Amer decides to create such paradise in the remains of her village, the party decides to help her and half of the group goes on a journey to invite Stray Summons to the new village while the other half helps to rebuild the place. During a certain night, the village is attacked by the remains of Geils. They are following the lead of a mysterious person that identify herself as Almine. It’s cleared later that she is actually a piece of Almine’s soul that became filled with her grief and hate. Later, Amer is able to make contact with her other half and the two merge as one.
Trivia
- There is a running joke where she treats Bulrell like a little kid and gets constantly angry with him for his badmouth and love for alcohol.
- Needless to say, she doesn’t get along with Bulrell. Probably because of her true identity.
- Her favorite food is potatoes. She love to eat them in any way possible, this is why she knows many different potatoes based recipes. This made her earned the nickname of “Potato Girl”.
- She loves to do house chores; this is kind of a habit of hers since she lived alone with her grandfather. For this reason, she “dominates” any house she stays, especially the kitchen, but no one ever complains about it.
- When she awakened at the ending, she doesn't seem to notice the passage of years. She thinks that she had slept for just one night. She even said that she was late to prepare dinner.
- In the Summon Night tarot collection, she represents “The World” card. | https://summonnight.fandom.com/wiki/Amer |
The VRG Board of Directors has voted to adopt the SCCA flag rules (GCR Section 6.1.1) as the official flag rules for all VRG events. There are several reasons for this decision; the most important to establish consistency from event to event for the meanings of the flags and what each driver is expected to do when they are shown. These flag rules have been in effect for many years and have stood the test of time with very few changes. The majority of our drivers are familiar with them as are the corner workers that marshal our events. These rules are published here for our drivers’ convenience and are also available on-line from the SCCA web site. The text in italics after the descriptions of some of the flags are clarifications from the VRG Board or from the SCCA Flagging & Communications Manual that do not appear in the GCR.
Please familiarize yourself with the flags. As a driver, you are expected to know and understand the meaning of each flag and respond appropriately.
When displayed, the green flag indicates that the course is clear, and that racing is underway. The green flag is ordinarily shown only by the Starter. Note: Racing starts as soon as the green flag is shown at Start. Drivers needn’t wait to cross the Start/Finish line to begin racing.
STANDING YELLOW – Take care, Danger, Slow Down, NO PASSING FROM THE FLAG until past the next station not showing a yellow flag. Note: Typically the stationary or standing yellow flag lets the drivers know that there is no obstruction on the racing surface, however there is something in a hazardous area. This could be a car just off course, an emergency vehicle attending to a disabled vehicle, a marshal that is exposed in a target area. Note that this yellow flag rule differs from the SCCA GCR in that the “no passing zone” extends from the station with the yellow flag to the next flag station without a yellow flag NOT to the point of the incident.
WAVED – Great Danger, Slow Down, be prepared to stop – NO PASSING FROM THE FLAG until past the next station not showing a yellow flag. Note: The waving yellow flag tells the drivers that there is an obstruction on the racing surface. It prepares them to take necessary evasive action to avoid compounding the incident. Note that this yellow flag rule differs from the SCCA GCR in that the “no passing zone” extends from the station with the yellow flag to the next flag station without a yellow flag NOT to the point of the incident.
DOUBLE YELLOW, DISPLAYED AT ALL STATIONS – Indicates the entire course is under yellow (full course yellow). All stations will display double yellow flags for all pace and safety car laps. SLOW DOWN, NO PASSING. However, cars may carefully pass emergency vehicles and other cars that are disabled or off pace. Note: A double yellow will be displayed at ALL stations but if a station has an incident on the track then one of the two yellows shall be waved.
NOTE: A driver may encounter several flags before reaching the emergency area. The requirements are still the same: SLOW DOWN, NO PASSING.
NOTE: The VRG flag rules under yellow flag conditions differ from SCCA flag rules in one important point. The “no-passing zone” begins at the station with the yellow flag and ends at the next flag station that is not displaying a yellow flag, rather than at the site of the incident. This modification was adopted because there may be more than one incident in the no-passing zone. The VRG rules makes the no-passing zone unequivocal and is consistent with the FIA flag rules where the no-passing zone ends with a green flag at the next station, except that our flag bags don’t contain a green flag at every station.
Another competitor is following very closely or is trying to overtake. This flag may be displayed standing or waving, depending upon the speed differential. Note: This flag can be very important when groups of cars with varying levels of performance potential are on course at the same time; also when leaders in a race begin lapping the slower cars in the field. All drivers have a responsibility to keep an eye on their mirrors. You must be aware of the cars that may be about to pass you. If the car behind you is clearly a faster car that is going to pass you, or you simply desire the car to pass you, point to the side on which you want to be passed .
Take care. A slippery condition exists, or debris is present on the racing surface. This flag is displayed standing. Note: The surface flag is displayed for debris that can be driven over; for larger debris on track a waving yellow would be shown.
Caution and take care for a slow moving race car, ambulance or other emergency vehicle on the racing surface. The standing flag is displayed for 2 flag stations prior to the vehicle in question. In addition, a standing white flag may be displayed during the first lap of each race group’s first session of the day to indicate the location of the flagging stations.
CLOSED BLACK FLAG (Furled) – Pointed or shaken at an individual car from the Starter’s stand (optionally, accompanied by a number board indicating the car number): WARNING for driving in an unsafe and/or improper manner. Continued unsafe and/or improper driving will result in an OPEN BLACK FLAG. Note: The driver should acknowledge this flag but is not required to come to the pits at this time.
OPEN BLACK – Displayed from the Starter’s stand with a number board indicating the car number: Proceed directly to the pits and the location designated by the Chief Steward or event chairman for consultation with Officials. DO NOT TAKE ANOTHER LAP. Note: The driver should acknowledge this flag when shown.
NOTE: This flag and number board may also be displayed at station(s) elsewhere on the course (designated black flag station).
OPEN BLACK, DISPLAYED AT ALL STATIONS – The session has been stopped; all cars must stop racing, and proceed directly and immediately to the pits, exercising extreme caution. This flag will be displayed with an ‘ALL’ sign at the Starter’s stand and the sign may also be shown at station(s) elsewhere on the course.
Displayed from the Starter’s stand with a number board indicating the car number. There is a mechanical problem with the car. Proceed directly to your pit or the location designated by the Chief Steward or event chair. DO NOT TAKE ANOTHER LAP. NOTE: This flag and number board may also be displayed at station(s) elsewhere on the course (designated black flag station). The driver should acknowledge this flag when shown.
Displayed at Finish to indicate that the session is finished. Continue cautiously to the pits. Note: The checkered flag may be displayed at a station other than Start / Finish only during practice sessions at the discretion of the stewards.
Displayed at each station and on the Starter’s stand – EXTREME DANGER – THE SESSION HAS BEEN STOPPED. Come to an immediate, controlled stop at the side of the race track (preferably before and within sight of a staffed station). When released by an official, proceed cautiously to the pits. Once a red flag has been displayed, it will not be withdrawn until all cars have come to a stop. A “black flag all” will be used to return cars to the pits. | https://vrgonline.org/flags/ |
Q:
PHP Form not Uploading all Images to Folder
I have a PHP form that is supposed to allow the user to upload 5 images at once. All images should save into my website's folder images/ when the user hits submit. Currently, only the image in the first image input gets saved into the images/ folder. The image names are all saved into my MySQL table correctly, though.
Here is the code for my HTML form page:
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="add.php" method="POST">
Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
E-mail: <input type="text" name = "email"><br>
Phone: <input type="text" name = "phone"><br>
Photo: <input type="file" name="photo"><br>
Photo: <input type="file" name="photo1"><br>
Photo: <input type="file" name="photo2"><br>
Photo: <input type="file" name="photo3"><br>
Photo: <input type="file" name="photo4"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Add">
</form>
</body>
</html>
And here is the add.php page code:
<?php
//This is the directory where images will be saved
$target = "images/";
$target = $target . basename( $_FILES['photo']['name']);
$target1 = "images/";
$target1 = $target1 . basename( $_FILES['photo1']['name']);
$target2 = "images/";
$target2 = $target2 . basename( $_FILES['photo2']['name']);
$target3 = "images/";
$target3 = $target3 . basename( $_FILES['photo3']['name']);
$target4 = "images/";
$target4 = $target4 . basename( $_FILES['photo4']['name']);
//This gets all the other information from the form
$name=$_POST['name'];
$email=$_POST['email'];
$phone=$_POST['phone'];
$pic=($_FILES['photo']['name']);
$pic1=($_FILES['photo1']['name']);
$pic2=($_FILES['photo2']['name']);
$pic3=($_FILES['photo3']['name']);
$pic4=($_FILES['photo4']['name']);
// Connects to your Database
mysql_connect("dnsacom", "ksbm", "Kszer") or die(mysql_error()) ;
mysql_select_db("keabm") or die(mysql_error()) ;
//Writes the information to the database
mysql_query("INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES ('$name', '$email', '$phone', '$pic', '$pic1', '$pic2', '$pic3', '$pic4')") ;
//Writes the photo to the server
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo']['tmp_name'], $target))
{
//Tells you if its all ok
echo "The file ". basename( $_FILES['uploadedfile']['name']). " has been uploaded, and your information has been added to the directory";
}
else {
//Gives and error if its not
echo "Sorry, there was a problem uploading your image.";
}
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo1']['tmp_name'], $target))
{
}
}
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo2']['tmp_name'], $target))
{
}
}
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo3']['tmp_name'], $target))
{
}
}
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo4']['tmp_name'], $target))
{
}
}
?>
Thank you for any help. All help is appreciated.
A:
They all have the same $target variable. Change your $target variables to $target1, $target2, $target3 and $target4 and they'll upload.
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo1']['tmp_name'], $target1)) <--- CHANGE THESE
Edit: I tested your code and changed these variables and was able to upload all images.
| |
Raising money for research into Motor Neurone Disease
Dan and Sarah Humphries, Liz and Joanne Grantham and Phil Brown get to work on the picture.
Big-hearted people turned out to help make a huge ‘art attack’ in Spalding’s Ayscoughfee Gardens to raise awareness of a rare medical condition.
Thousands of pennies were used to create a picture of a lorry as a tribute to Andrew Grantham, who died aged 50 from Motor Neurone Disease three years ago, and David Southwell (53), from Bourne, who currently has the condition.
Quinn and Nyall Richardson help lay the pennies.
Andrew’s sister-in-law and David’s cousin Liz Grantham, said: “We had quite a few people coming down to help us make the picture, including people who were just passing by, and even a wedding party who were in the gardens having their pictures taken.
“We are still counting up all the money we raised but so far it’s about £750.
“We also chatted to people about Motor Neurone Disease and explained more about the condition.
“People donated coins but also some notes. It was lovely to see so many people getting involved. One teenage boy, when he found out what we were doing said ‘here’s a quid.’”
Liz was joined by friends and family to create the picture in the gardens on Easter Saturday and the money raised will go to the Motor Neurone Disease Association.
There is currently no known cure for Motor Neurone Disease, which is also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
It affects around two in every 100,000 people in the UK each year.
The condition progressively damages parts of the nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, often with visible wasting of the muscles.
It occurs when specialist nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord stop working properly, affecting tasks such as walking and speaking. | |
Types of houses and apartments in Canada:
- Condominium
- Semi-detached
- Townhouse
- Detached house (Detached)
- Bungalow
- Ranch
Types of houses and apartments in Canada:
1- Condominium: A condominium is a large property complex divided into individual units and sold. Ownership usually includes a nonexclusive interest in certain “community property” controlled by the condominium management. Condominium management is usually made up of a board of unit owners who sees to the day-to-day operation of the complex, such as lawn maintenance and snow removal. For the services provided by the condos, a monthly charge has to be paid, which depends on the type of condo and, of course, on the new and old condos, usually, the old condos also have more charge.
2. Semi-detached: A semi-detached house (often abbreviated to semi) is a single family duplex dwelling house that shares one common wall with the next house. The name distinguishes this style of house from detached houses, with no shared walls, and terraced houses, with a shared wall on both sides.
3- Townhouse: Is a single family home that shares one or more walls with other independently-owned units. They are often rows of uniform homes, two stories or taller
4- Detached house (Detached): A detached house is a stand-alone residential structure that does not share outside walls with another house or building.
5. Bungalow: A bungalow is a one-story house, cottage, or cabin.
6- Ranch: A house built on a large plot of land or a farm. | https://firouzico.com/propert-in-canada/ |
Are you looking for a list of last names beginning with “X”?
We’ve used the 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census to compile the 29 surnames that start with the letter X and have at least one hundred bearers of the name..
We’ll also show you the total number of bearers for the name in each census.
Wait – I Know A Surname That Isn’t On This List!
If you don’t find a name that you’re interested in, then it likely didn’t have 1,000 people of that name recorded in both U.S. censuses.
Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered. We have a separate article that answers the question: is your surname rare or common.
We also have an easy-to-use tool that ranks last names. It has a much lower threshold of one hundred bearers.
Famous People With X Surnames
Here is an assorted collection of famous people with a family name starting with X.
Most Popular Last Names Starting With X
The most common name is Xiong with about thirty-seven thousand bearers in the 2010 U.S. census.
The origins are Chinese. The meaning derives from the word for a bear.
Xu is the next most common name. It is also written in English as Hsu or Tsiu. The meaning derives from the state of Xu in the Chinese Bronze Age.
All Last Names Starting With X (Over 100 Bearers)
Here is the full list of twenty-nine names.
Most of the names are of Chinese origin. Two of the exceptions are spelling variants: Xander and Xanders.
These names are shortened versions of Alexander, which is of Greek origin. The name translates to “defender of men”, and was conferred on leaders and warriors.
New X Surnames Appearing In The 2010 Census
We looked at X surnames that showed up in the 2010 census but weren’t in the 2000 census report.
The published U.S. census lists only have last names with at least one hundred bearers. So, there may have been a handful of families with these names in 2000, but they were far and few between!
However, the numbers tipped over one hundred people in 2010. Here you go.
I explained the origins of Xu in the previous section. There is a spelling variant of Xiu appearing here.
You can also see that there are two spelling variants of Xicotencatl. This name is of Mexican origin. There was a prince of that name who fought the Spanish during the conquest of Mexico.
The name is from the Nahuatl language and it literally means “someone from the bumblebee edge place”.
What About Disappearing Names?
We have an article on last names that are going extinct in America.
We looked at names that appeared in the 2000 census list but weren’t in the 2010 census list. In other words, the number of people had fallen below one hundred.
There weren’t any examples of last names starting with X. | https://www.dataminingdna.com/last-names-starting-with-x/ |
In doing DreamWork Dream Interpretation, there is a very important principle that you will use often in doing your own DreamWork or working with others on their dreams. That is the principle of Born in Dates (BID) or the born in the dreamer date. When a symbol in a dream, particularly a person in a dream, is younger than the dreamer, that symbol was “born” in the dreamer at an earlier time in the dreamer’s life. For instance, if the dreamer is a mother and dreams about her daughter, the dream symbol represented by her daughter was born in the mother at the time of the daughter’s birth. If the daughter in the dream is twelve years old, the symbol in the dream was born in the mother twelve years before the dream.
These BIDs can be very import dates for the dreamer. Often, whatever was happening around the BID contributes greatly to the theme of the dream and what Inner Wisdom wants the dreamer to know. Let’s look at a real-life example of how BIDs can be a catalyst for a complete breakthrough in doing DreamWork, Dream Assignments and DreamWork Dream Interpretation.
A Story (true) – In 2012, I was teaching a live class on DreamWork Dream Interpretation. We asked anyone who wanted to work with us on their dream in front of the room to put their name in a hat. We drew at random Beth’s name (not her real name) and she was excited to be chosen to work on her dream. We set the ground rules for working in front of the room, one of which is that if the dreamer gets into a part of the dream interpretation that is either too emotional or something she doesn’t want to share publicly, we stop the process and finish the dream privately, one on one, or the dreamer may elect to stop the process altogether.
Beth’s question to Inner Wisdom had to do with how to get on with life after a recent divorce with her husband, who she described as a “reasonably good guy”. In the dream with her was her 10-year-old daughter, who was a central player in the dream. In the dream, Beth and her daughter were hiding in a small corner of a room hoping the ex-husband wouldn’t see them. Beth was so afraid she was having trouble breathing.
In the Distillation Process, it became apparent that Beth’s ex-husband was an authority figure (Authoritarian Mind) who looked down on Beth and tried hard to control her and keep her small and afraid. In the dream, Beth’s daughter grabs her hand and leads her out of the corner and outside into the light where Beth feels like she can breathe again (end of dream).
I asked Beth to sit quietly and take a few deep breaths. I told her I was going to ask her a question and I wanted her to tell me the first thing that popped into her mind. I requested that, when I asked the question, she do her best not to think about the question in any way but simply tell me the first thing that came to her. She agreed. I asked, “What happened in 2002?”
After a slight hesitation, Beth responded that it was in 2002 that her daughter was born. We could see she was struggling a little bit and starting to get emotional. She then gasp as a powerful realization hit her and she shared with the group, “It’s also the time when I found out my husband was cheating on me–with my best friend!”
There was a collective “gasp” from the group as everyone was starting to feel what Inner Wisdom was trying to tell Beth. The big issues in Beth’s life were in some way tied to this incident in 2002. The dream went on and Beth became clear on the guidance being offered by Inner Wisdom and, importantly, the right actions she should take to begin resolving this decade old issue that had been running her life in many ways over a 10-year period.
Often a dreamer won’t know exactly how old the person in the dream is. The dreamer might describe the symbol as, “The little boy in the dream.” When you ask how old the boy in the dream is, the dreamer will often say she doesn’t know. Ask the dreamer to close her eyes, take a few deep breaths and, without thinking, give the little boy the first age that pops into her head. At that point, we can rely on this age for the purpose of the BID.
Sometimes with a BID, the dreamer will go back to the appropriate date and realize that the BID is really referring to another date. For example, the symbol in the dream is five years old. The dreamer goes back five years and realizes that BID is really four or six years ago. This is fine. Inner Wisdom knows what’s best for the dreamer, and we must trust that Inner Wisdom is guiding the dreamer perfectly. Whether you’re working with your own dreams or coaching others in working with their dreams, trust the process.
In my next and probably last article on DreamWork, we’ll do a little DreamWork Dream Interpretation. | https://thenewagreements.com/2022/04/14/deamwork-5-the-power-of-born-in-dates/ |
The primeval fireball that accompanied the Big Bang is still visible today as a faint microwave glow that fills the sky. This Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) provides a snapshot of the universe at an age of ~ 0.5 Myr, equivalent to imaging a human being a few hours after conception.
The details of the faint structures visible in the nearly isotropic CMB reveal much about the structure and evolution of the universe. The first resolved images of the CMB were obtained by BOOMERANG, a balloon-borne microwave telescope that circumnavigated the Antarctic.
The BOOMERANG images reveal a universe that is composed of 5% baryonic matter, 30 % non-relativistic dark matter of unknown form, and 65% "dark energy" that is currently causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. | https://agenda.albanova.se/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=5149 |
A Puna farmer now says he lost 13,000 papaya trees valued at more than $120,000 in the largest instance of agricultural vandalism in Big Island history.
Two weeks ago Laureto Julian, 65, told Puna police that vandals using knives or machetes destroyed at least 8,500 trees during the late hours of June 29 on 17 acres he leases in Kapoho. He estimated the loss initially at $100,000.
All the papayas were left to rot on the damaged trees, which had ranged in height from 6 to 10 feet. Julian had spent 18 months cultivating them, and most were beginning to bear fruit.
Since then, Julian said he has re-surveyed the damage while waiting to be interviewed by Big Island police. The case has been turned over to the county police’s criminal investigation agency, a spokeswoman said. A conviction could mean a maximum prison term of 10 years.
Julian said he still believes the damage was caused by "a gang of up to five people" who knew what they were doing.
Some of the cut trees have sprouted new shoots, but he has not decided whether to let them grow out or just replant an entire new crop.
During a routine visit to the Big Island last week, state Agriculture Director Sandra Kunimoto inspected Julian’s farm and told him that there are low-interest agriculture loans that he could apply for.
Delan "Rusty" Perry, president of both the Hawaii Papaya Industry and the Big Island Farm Bureau, said there are efforts to start a fund to help Julian through difficult times.
Julian, who has been growing papayas for four decades, said he harvested his first batch of "Rainbow" and "Sun Up" papayas June 26 — just three days before the incident. His crew of one part-time and two full-time laborers had harvested at least 900 pounds. Both are genetically engineered varieties of the fruit.
Julian leases two parcels of land in the rural Kapoho area. The one that was attacked is about 17 acres, hilly and located two miles north of Highway 132 on Alohalani Street.
Another parcel is a quarter-mile away on 13 acres, where there are about 13,000 papaya trees that are 3 years old.
The vandalism was the second known case in two months at a papaya farm. In May, 397 of 500 papaya trees were chopped down at a Mililani farm operated by Jerry Punzal. A Honolulu police spokeswoman said that investigation is still open.
Julian and other supporters are offering a $3,000 reward leading to the arrests of the culprits. | https://www.staradvertiser.com/2010/07/17/hawaii-news/big-isle-farmer-now-tallies-papaya-loss-at-13000-trees/ |
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