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The Politics of Performance^ addresses fundamental questions about the social and political purposes of performance through an investigation into post-war alternative and community theatre. It proposes a theory of performace as ideological transaction, cultural intervention and community action, which is used to illuminate the potential social and political effects of radical performance practice. It raises issues about the nature of alternative theatre as a movement and the aesthetics of its styles of production, especially in relation to progressive counter-cultural formations. It analyses in detail the work of key practitioners in socially engaged theatre during four decades, setting each in the context of social, political and cultural history and focusing particularly on how they used that context to enhance the potential efficacy of their productions. The book is thus a detailed analysis of oppositional theatre as radical cultural practice in its various efforts to subvert the status quo. Its purpose is to raise the profile of these approaches to performance by proposing, and demonstrating how they may have had a significant impact on social and political history. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203412282/politics-performance-baz-kershaw |
Learning to draw can be a tricky process if you don't know the basics of pencil drawing and what can be done with it. Although pencils seem like a simple enough tool for art, there is much more to drawing than putting the pencil to the paper and drawing whatever comes to mind. Learning tips will help you develop proper form and technique in pencil drawing, while contributing to your overall artistic abilities.
Simple Objects
The first step of nurturing your drawing skills is to sketch simple objects with definite lines. Subjects such as flowers, dinnerware and furniture are all viable options and will help you get an idea of what areas need more practice. The key to drawing basic shapes and objects is repetition. Try choosing one object such as a lamp or a household appliance and drawing it once a day for a week.
Line Drawing
Line drawing is essentially the basis of most pencil drawings. Lines are any strokes made with your pencil onto paper that aren't filled-in objects (known as “planes”) or circular (known as “dots”). To practice your line-drawing skills, find a picture of a subject with many different shapes. Trace the basic shapes of the picture using tracing paper and a No. 2 pencil. This will isolate the lines from the background of the photo, helping you concentrate on the finer points and not the colors. Use pieces of paper to cover parts of the photo and sketch it piece by piece. This will keep you from being overwhelmed and help you concentrate solely on the lines in that certain area of the subject. Another tip is to draw a shape such as a circle or oval around the whole subject picture to get an idea of its dimensions and perspective so you can scale your own composition accordingly.
Shading
Shading is the aspect of pencil drawing that gives your drawings dimension and brings them to life. One simple exercise is to draw shapes such as squares and circles, then shade them in. You can do this by varying the weight of the pencil on the shape while dotting or making tiny “x” marks in the blank areas. Practice shading at different angles and from different directions. Set a ball on a table so both the ball and its shadow are clearly visible. Sit in front of this composition and draw the basic ball shape. Add the shadow in to use your shading skills. Use the side of the pencil for shading. This will give you more control of the pencil as well as the lightness or darkness of your shading. | https://ourpastimes.com/pencil-drawing-exercises-12330010.html |
Mark This Date! Indie Author Pride Day July 1st 2015 On Social Media!.
Day: June 16, 2015
Mark This Date! Indie Author Pride Day July 1st 2015 On Social Media!
RHYMES THROUGH TIME by Cindy J. Smith
READING IS OUR PASSION
The event will take place on Facebook June 16th-June 19th https://www.facebook.com/events/497748710380666/
If you are interested in joining please let Allyson know so she can get you on the schedule! If you can’t be here but are interesting in donating, she will post on your behalf just send her book covers/banners, buy links, contact info and blurbs!
Schedule: All times are EST
Tuesday June 16th
9:00 am: M.C.V. Egan (Catalina Egan)
10:00 am: Sydney Landon Author
11:00 am: Maggie Adams…
12:00 pm: Eden Author Rose
1:00 pm JT Authors
2:00 pm: Linda Covella Author
3:00 pm
4:00 pm Diana Wicker
5:00 pm: Author Isobelle Cate
6:00 pm: Author Gia Riley
7:00 pm : Helen Wiles
8:00 pm: Author Maryann Jordan
9:00 pm: Author Salice Rodgers
June 17th
9:00 am: Terry Spear
10:00 am: Author Jennifer Lowery
11:00 am: Ashleigh Giannoccaro
12:00 pm: Brynette L. Turner, Author
1:00 pm: Ariel Marie
2:00 pm: ML Steinbrunn
3:00 pm: Kyra Dune
4:00 pm: Kristine Cayne
5:00 pm: Dana Delamar
6:00 pm: Katherine Rhodes
7:00 pm: Palessa
8:00 pm: Natalie Alder
9:00 pm: Author L L Collins
June 18th
9:00am: Christine Donovan Author
10:00am: A.D. Ellis- Author
11:00am: Judy Kentrus, Author
12:00pm: Uvi Poznansky
1:00pm: Jennifer Zamora
2:00pm: Elaine May
3:00pm: Emily A. Lawrence
4:00pm: Steph M Phillips
5:00pm: E LR Jones-Author
6:00pm: Terri Lenee Peake
7:00pm: Author K.S. Thomas
8:00pm: Jenna Galicki – Author
9:00pm: Liberty Blake, Author
June 19th
9:00am: Author Jeannette Winters
10:00am: Author Taisha Demay
11:00am: Lori Ryan
12:00pm Donna Michaels Author
1:00pm: Scott Meehan-Stone In A Sling
2:00pm: Author E. H. James
3:00pm: Author Kizzie Darker
4:00pm: P.T. Macias Author
5:00pm: Author-Savannah Morgan
6:00pm: Stephanie John Author
7:00pm: Author Nicole Garcia
8:00pm: A.L. Wood
9:30pm: Dina Littner Author
Donating:
Terri Hubbard Carle,
Kathleen Brooks,
Jennifer Theriot, Author,
Kay Renee,
Author Felicia Tatum,
Jacqueline Noir,
J.L. Beck,
Christine DePetrillo,
Tanya Vought,
Jim Proctor,
Jeanine Binder – Author,
Nicky Wells (Author),
Mia Dymond,
Marie Astor,
Carlyle Labuschagne,
Maeve Christopher,
Denise Bush/ Spreading The Word,
Alexandrea Weis,
Kathi S. Barton,
Karen Fuller,
Al M. Scott,
Michelle Gwynn,
Donna Jane McDonald,
Author Elle Raven
Jean Oram
Alisa Mullen
PR Mktg Sales: Lisa S blog
With above being said Two of Allyson’s many hats are she is an Independent Consultant for Thirty-One (http://www.mythirtyone.com/660253/shop/Party/EventDetail/8304084]) and In Pikle(parties.inapikle.com/parties/10107) She will post about these products some and any profits will be used to give away a Kindle or an Amazon Gift Card to one of our Followers! | https://mariacatalinaegan.com/2015/06/16/ |
Southern Door Receives $25,000 Fab Lab Grant
The Southern Door School District held a special program to highlight its receipt of a $25,000 grant from the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation to help in its efforts to create a “fab lab” at the school between Sturgeon Bay and Brussels. A “fab lab” is a high technology workshop equipped with computed-controlled manufacturing components such as 3D printers, laser engravers, computer numerical control routers, and plasma cutters. Aaron Hager, Vice-President of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for the state economic development agency, says the grant funding exemplified in the “fab lab” program is a great investment in the effort to prepare young people for jobs in the future…
http://www.wdor.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/N523.mp3
State Representative Joel Kitchens was very pleased with the “fab lab” funding that has been received by the Southern Door School District. Kitchens, who has focused attention on education during his time in the assembly, says the emphasis on technology in the classroom is a good thing…
http://www.wdor.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/N525.mp3
The 21 school districts receiving grant funding this time around reflect a total investment of close to half a million dollars in state funding. The proposed two-year state budget includes an additional one million dollars for the program. | |
What does Hoy No Circula in Mexico and Cane Toads in Australia have in common? The law of unintended consequences. This says that the actions of people – and especially of government – often have effects that are unanticipated or not intended. Unintended consequences are usually seen as being negative such as when an intended solution perversely makes a problem worse, or when although the solution produces the desired result, there are also detrimental side effects. However they can have a positive, unexpected benefit, and because of this they are often seen as the result of luck or serendipity.
Unfortunately although the law of unintended consequences should be seen as a warning to tread carefully when it comes to intervening in complex issues, politicians and popular opinion often don’t seem to learn this. The adage that ‘anything that can go wrong, will go wrong’, known as Murphy’s law, should remind us against believing that we can fully control events.
What are the causes of harmful unintended consequences? They have been categorised: perverse incentives, human stupidity, self-deception, incorrect analysis of a problem, immediacy of interest (ie. someone wants the intended consequence of an action so much that they purposefully choose to ignore any unintended effects), failure to account for human nature, and the world’s inherent complexity.
Economics
The French economic journalist Frédéric Bastiat understood the fact of unintended consequences when he wrote in 1850:
“There is only one difference between a bad economist and a good one: the bad economist confines himself to the visible effect; the good economist takes into account both the effect that can be seen and those effects that must be foreseen.”
But even with foresight, economics seems beset with unintended consequences. Raise taxes, and more will find ways to avoid it. Guarantee bail outs and banks will take more risks (this is called a moral hazard). Reduce taxes for fuel-efficient cars and there will be slide in tax revenue as more cars will be made that use less fuel. Is this why it is said that if you ask five economists the same question you will get five different answers?
Examples of unintended consequences are found in every sphere of human endeavour. Here are some of them.
Social Behaviour
In 1830, Wellington’s government passed the Beerhouse Act, which abolished the beer tax and allowed any ratepayer to sell beer on payment of an annual fee of two guineas (£2.05). The idea was to encourage the drinking of beer, and stimulate the depressed and potentially subversive agricultural sector, at the expense of spirits, most commonly associated with excessive consumption in the disreputable ‘gin palaces’. However beer house numbers exploded with more than 33,000 vendors having paid their two guineas by 1832. Sometimes called ‘Tom and Jerry’ shops or ‘tiddlywinks’, they sprang up in alleyways and cellars and were impossible to police. Many beerhouses became the haunt of criminals, prostitutes and some even became brothels. It was only with the Wine and Beer House Act of 1869 that the law was changed to bring licensing back under the control of the local justices. | https://pocketbookuk.com/tag/bedroom-tax/ |
Peel off the zucchini’s skin. It won’t feel a thing. Mince the zucchini in a food processor. Mince the garlic cloves as well.
Mix the zucchini, garlic, vegetable spice, and oregano. Heat the oil in a skillet at 350 degrees. Saute the zucchini mix. Cook for 7 to 8 minutes, stirring frequently, or until the zucchini is tender and green.
Put zucchini mix in a large bowl. Add in yogurt and stir. Break two pita loaves into two halves. Warm the pita halves. Put about 1/4 of the mix into each pita half.
TIDBITS
1) This recipe calls for one huge zucchini because a neighbor gave my wife a huge zucchini. (Oh behave! The neighbor was female and a “huge zucchini” is not a euphemism.) This sort of thing happens in California. In Wisconsin, I got tomatoes. Or we went out for a beer.
2) Synonyms for “creamy” are “curdled,” “coagulated,” and “grumous.” But I doubt many people would try “Coagulated Zucchini Pita.”
3) Cook at 350 degrees whenever you are not told the cooking temperature.
4) Yogurt is prepared by the fermentation of milk with added bacteria.
5) I once ordered milk in an Andorran village café. The waitress immediately came back with a big container of sugar. Uh oh. She later returned with a glass of the sourest milk that ever assaulted my taste buds. Lemons had nothing on this beverage. A half cup of sugar didn’t even help. I am a sadder but wiser man for this experience.
– Paul De Lancey, The Comic Chef
My cookbook, Following Good Food Around the World, with its 180 wonderful recipes, my newest novel, Do Lutheran Hunks Eat Mushrooms, a hilarious apocalyptic thriller, and all my other books, are available on amazon.com. | https://pauldelancey.com/2012/07/25/creamy-zucchini-pita-from-forthcoming-cookbook/ |
The use of the Apla platform, including the license terms, is subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Apla legal documentation that can be downloaded from the www.apla.io website.
The platform is built based on the GenesisKernel software copyrighted by EGAAS S.A., the Luxembourg Corporation.
The platform blockchain platform is built based on a peer-to-peer network.
Full nodes of the network store the up-to-date version of the blockchain and the database, in which the current state of the platform is recorded.
The network users receive data by requesting it from databases of full nodes using the software client (or REST API commands). New data is sent to the network in the form of transactions signed by users. Such transactions are in essence commands for modification of information in the database. Transactions are aggregated in blocks, which are then added to the blockchain on the network nodes. After a new block is added to the blockchain, each full node processes the transactions in this block, thus making changes to data in its database accordingly.
The network’s full nodes that have the right to form blocks, are called validating nodes. The number of validating nodes is limited and is defined with the system parameter.
A transaction is created by the software client and includes data for execution of a special program controller – contract (“smart contract”), called by a user.
A transaction is signed by the private key of an account holder. Both the key and the signing function can be stored in a browser, in the software client, on a SIM card, or on a specialized physical device. In the current implementation, private keys are kept in the Molis software client encrypted by the AES algorithm. Transactions are signed using the ECDSA algorithm.
Type - ID of the executed contract.
Data - parameters passed to the contract.
KeyID - ID of the user who sent the transaction.
PublicKey - user’s public key (optional).
EcosystemD - ID of the ecosystem, where the transaction was initiated.
ТokenEcosystem - ID of the ecosystem, the tokens of which should be used for the transaction payments.
MaxSum - maximum transaction fee.
PayOver - additional payment for priority processing in the transaction queue.
A transaction is sent by a user to one of the validating nodes, where it undergoes a basic verification to ensure the correctness of its format and then is added to the transaction queue. This transaction is also sent to other validating nodes on the network, where it’s also added to the transactions queue.
The Node, at a particular moment of time that has the right to generate a new block (according to the full_nodes system parameter), retrieves transactions from the queue and sends them to the block generator. Simultaneously with the formation of a new block, the processing of transactions which are added to this block is carried out: each transaction is sent to the virtual machine that executes a corresponding contract with parameters, passed in the transaction, resulting in modification of the information in the database.
A new block is checked for errors, and if it is recognized as valid, it is sent to other validating nodes on the network.
Validating nodes add this newly received block to the blocks queue. After having been validated, a new block is added to the blockchain, and the transactions in this block are processed, thus updating the database.
The block must be correctly signed with the key of the Node that created it; the following data should be signed: BlockID, Hash of the previous block, Time, Position in full_nodes, MrklRoot from all transactions in the block.
The user who executed the contract should have a sufficient number of tokens in their account to pay for resources required for execution of the transaction.
The platform’s unified database, copies of which are stored and maintained up-to-date on every full node of the network, is used for storing large volumes of data (registers) and quick retrieval of data by contracts and interfaces. In the formation of a new block and its addition to the blockchain, all full nodes of the platform carry out a simultaneous update of database tables. Thus, the database stores the current (up-to-date) state of the blockchain, which ensures the equivalence of data on all full nodes and unambiguousness of contract execution on any validating node. When a new full node is added to the network, the up-to-date status of its database is reached by way of subsequent execution of all transactions recorded in the blocks of the blockchain.
The platform uses PostgreSQL as its database management system.
The data space of Apla is divided into many relatively independent clusters – ecosystems, in which the activities of the network’s users are implemented. An ecosystem is an autonomous software environment that consists of a certain number of applications and users, who create these applications and work with them. Any holder of an account can create a new ecosystem.
The software basis of an ecosystem is a collection of applications, which are systems of interfaces, contracts, and database tables. The specific ecosystem to which application elements belong is indicated by prefixes in their name (for example, @1name), where the ecosystem’s ID is indicated after the “@” sign. When addressing application elements within the current ecosystem, the prefix can be omitted.
The Molis software client provides access to database management tools, contracts editor, interface editor, and other functions required for the creation of applications in an ecosystem, without resorting to any additional software modules.
A person can become a user of the platform only after receiving a private key for accessing one of the ecosystems (by default, ecosystem #1). A user can be a member of any number of ecosystems. Switching between ecosystems is carried out using a specialized menu of the software client.
An Apla application is a system of tables, contracts and interfaces with configured access rights. Such applications perform useful functions or implement various services.
Each ecosystem creates its own set of tables for the development of applications. This, however, does not exclude the possibility of accessing tables from other ecosystems by specifying those ecosystems’ prefixes in table names. Tables are not in any way bound (nor belong) to specific contracts, and can be used by all applications. The permissions for entering data into tables are set by way of configuring the access rights. Specialized contracts – smart laws – can be used for rights management.
The design and creation of applications on the platform does not require the software developers to know the structure of the network and its protocols, nor to understand the algorithm of blockchain formation and synchronization of databases on full nodes. Work in the Molis software client, including the creation of application elements, reading data from tables, execution of contracts and displaying results on the screen, looks and feels like operations with modules of a software environment on a local computer.
An unlimited number of tables can be created for each ecosystem on the platform’s database. As mentioned earlier, tables belonging to a specific ecosystem can be identified by a prefix that contains the ecosystem ID, which is not displayed in the software client while working within that specific ecosystem. Making records in tables of other ecosystem’s tables is possible in cases where the access rights are configured to allow such actions.
Viewing the list of tables and their contents.
Adding new table columns and specifying the data type in columns: Text, Date/Time, Varchar, Character, JSON, Number, Money, Double, Binary.
Management of permissions for entering data and changing the table structure.
To organize the work with the database, the Simvolio contract language and the Protypo template language both have the DBFind function, which provides for retrieving values and data arrays from tables. The contract language has a function for adding rows to tables, DBInsert, and a function for changing values in existing entries, DBUpdate (when a value is changed, only the data in the database table is rewritten, whereas the blockchain is appended with a new transaction while preserving all previous transactions). Data in tables can be modified but not deleted.
In order to minimize the time of contracts execution, the DBFind functions cannot address more than one table at the same time, thus the requests with JOIN are not supported. That is why it is not advisable to normalize the application tables, but rather include all available information to the rows, thus duplicating data available in other tables. This, however, is not just a coercive measure, but a necessary requirement for blockchain applications, where what is saved (signed by a private key) should be a full, complete, up-to-date for a specific moment in time set of data (document), which cannot be modified due to the change of values in other tables (which is inevitable in relational databases).
User parameters of the ecosystem, where constants or lists (separated by commas), required for the work of applications are stored.
Rights to edit can be specified for every ecosystem’s parameter.
In order to retrieve values of certain ecosystem parameters, both the contracts language Simvolio and the template language Protypo have the EcosysParam function, where an ecosystem parameter name can be specified as an argument. To retrieve an element from a list (entered as an ecosystem parameter and separated by commas), you should specify you desired element’s counting number as a second argument for the function.
Fuel to APL exchange rate, and other parameters.
Managing the parameters of the platform configuration ecosystem on the program level is the same as managing the parameters of any other ecosystem. Unlike in other ecosystems, where all rights to manage ecosystem parameters belong to the ecosystem founder, changing the parameters of the platform configuration ecosystem can only be performed using the UpdSysContract contract, the management of which is defined in the platform’s Legal System. Contracts (smart laws) of the Legal System are created before the network is launched and implement the rights and standards, stipulated in the “Platform’s Legal System” section of the White Paper.
Apla has a multi-level access rights management system. Access rights can be configured to create and change any element of an application: contracts, database tables, interface pages, and ecosystem parameters. Permissions to change access rights can be configured as well.
By default, all rights in a Apla ecosystem are managed by its founder (this is defined in the MainCondition contract, which every ecosystem has by default). However, after specialized smart laws are created, access rights control can be transferred to all ecosystem members or a group of such members.
Permissions can be defined in the Permissions field of contracts, tables and interface (pages, menus, and page blocks) editors, available from the Molis administrative tools section.
Table column permission – permission to change values in the table column.
Table Insert permission – permission to add a new row to the table.
Table New Column permission – permission to add a new column.
Conditions for changing of Table permissions – permission to change the Table column, Table Insert, and Table New Column permissions.
Conditions for change smart contract – permission to edit the smart contract.
Conditions for change page – permission to edit the interface page.
Conditions for change menu – permission to edit the menu.
Conditions for change of ecosystem parameters – permission to change a certain parameter in the ecosystem configuration table.
Rules, that define the access rights, should be entered in the Permissions fields as arbitrary expressions in Simvolio language. Access will be granted in the event that at the moment of request the expression was true. If the Permissions field is left blank, it is automatically set to false, and the execution of related actions is blocked.
The easiest way to define permissions is to enter a logical (boolean) expression in the Permissions field. For example, $member == 2263109859890200332, where the ID of a certain ecosystem member is given.
The most versatile and recommended method for defining permissions is the use of the ContractConditions function, to which a contract name can be passed as a parameter. This contract should include the conditions, in which formulation of the table values (for example, user roles tables) and ecosystem parameters can be used.
Another method of permissions management is the use of the ContractAccess function. The list of contracts that are eligible to implement a corresponding action can be passed to the ContractAccess function as parameters. For example, if we take the table that lists the accounts in the ecosystem’s tokens, and put ContractAccess(“TokenTransfer”) function in the Permissions field of the amount column, then the operation of changing the values in the amount column will be allowed only to the TokenTransfer contract (all contracts that perform token transfer operations between accounts, will be able to perform such operations only by calling the TokenTransfer contract). Conditions for accessing the contracts themselves can be managed in the conditions section. They can be rather complex and can include many other contracts.
To resolve conflict situations or those critical for the operation of an ecosystem, the Ecosystem parameters table has a number of special parameters (changing_smart_contracts, changing_tables, changing_pages), where the conditions for obtaining exclusive rights to access any smart contracts, tables and pages are defined. These rights are set using special smart contracts, for example, executing a voting of ecosystem members or requesting the availability of a number of signatures of different user roles.
The platform allows for creation of Off-Blockchain Servers (OBS), which have the full set of functions of standard ecosystems, but work outside the blockchain. In OBS full-scale applications can be created using the contract and template languages, database tables and other software client functions. Contracts from blockchain ecosystems can be called using API.
The main difference between OBS and standard ecosystems is the possibility to make requests from its contracts to any web-resources via HTTP/HTTPS using the HTTPRequest function. Arguments passed to this function should be: URL, request method (GET or POST), header, and request parameters.
Since data in OBS is not saved to the blockchain (which, however, is available for reading), they have an option to configure rights to read tables. Read rights can be set for separate columns, and for any rows using a special contract.
OBS can be used for the creation of registration forms and sending verification information to users’ emails or phones, storing data out of public access, and writing and testing the work of applications with their further export and import to blockchain ecosystems. Also, in OBS you can schedule contract execution, which allows for the creation of oracles, which are used for receiving data from the web and sending it to the blockchain.
OBS can be created on any full node on the network. Node Administrator defines the list of ecosystems that are allowed to use the functions of OBS, and assigns a user who will have the rights of the ecosystem founder and will be able to: install applications, accept new members, and configure resource access rights.
© Copyright 2018, Apla Revision 76758604. | https://apla.readthedocs.io/en/latest/concepts/about-the-platform.html |
In the past, professors
have promoted the use of other student's dissertations as examples,
but student papers are not the best models for achieving academic
success. Student models sometimes incorporate mistakes and often fail
to provide the student with a quality resource for information on
their particular research topic. Through this website, The Paper Store
provides the kind of quality research examples that can benefit
students in creating their own dissertations, and past trends support
the fact that The Paper Store will continue to grow as a top resource
for educational research support and example thesis or dissertation
studies...
Many
consider the fifth & final chapter of the dissertation
or thesis to be its most important section. In the
conclusion, the author states plainly whether or not their
hypothesis was correct. If their hypothesis turned out not
to have been entirely valid, the student may then further
analyze the outcome of their study..pointing out the
implications of their findings. Any potential weaknesses
in their research are pointed out and recommendations are
made for future research in the field... | http://thesesanddissertations.com/conclusions.html |
UBC Bookstore renaming debate reflects drastic changes in book industry
What's in a name? When UBC Bookstore circulated an email about its plans to change the name to "UBC Central" in August, it set off a storm of negative feedback from both within and outside the UBC community.
Books are symbolic of learning, critics argued. Removing the word "bookstore" from the campus bookstore, in their view, would alter the university's main purpose of learning. The criticism became so widespread that the renaming has been put on hold until later this year.
Creative writing professor Dr. Ray Hsu discussed the meaning of this name change in Vancouver Observer last week, and we decided to get a follow-up from both sides of the issue. More than simply a UBC issue, the bookstore's renaming controversy cuts to the survival of the book industry as a whole.
Unexpected response
Debbie Harvie, managing director of University Community Services at UBC, was surprised when the UBC bookstore's name change prompted such a large outcry.
"We started the outreach to departments across campus, our staff and students ... a year ago to discuss a name change," she said. She remembered that at the time, "no one expressed overt concerns" and the name was approved by the UBC's executive committee.
"When we announced the name across campus, we were surprised by the response to a name change and the attachment to the word 'bookstore'," she said.
More than 800 people, ranging from UBC staff and students to professors from other universities, voiced their objection to the name change in an online petition.
"Books and their link to academia are an emotive issue," Harvie said. She ensured that the renaming was not about distancing the bookstore from books, and that among university bookstores, UBC Bookstore has been proactive about expanding their books.
“ We are the largest campus trade book store in Canada and the fourth largest in North America,” she said. “Many others have reduced their selection, whereas we are trying to retain and build upon it.”
Why "Central"?
Kim Snowden, a Women and Gender studies professor who started the online petition, argues that any removal of the word “book” implies a dissociation from books.
“Regardless of what you sell, a bookstore that is not called a bookstore suggests it is something else entirely. As they say on their website, a one-stop shop,” she said.
The name “Central,” was unnecessary, she said, as a bookstore was already meant to be central to university students.
“No one understands that UBC Central sells books or, in fact, what it is at all,” she said, adding that many people were confused by the new name when it was proposed.
"If I saw a sign for UBC Central, I wouldn't know what it meant!" wrote Maureen L. MacDonald, a UBC graduate, in the comments section of the online petition.
"UBC Central sounds like a bus station, not a place to buy anything of value to an academic community," wrote Midge Oke, a retired teacher.
Despite the criticism, Harvie said that much effort went into choosing a new name for the bookstore.
"This project was not taken on lightly," she said, saying that she and her colleagues reviewed over 100 names before settling on UBC Central. The name was chosen, according to the UBC Bookstore website, because of the bookstore's central role in students' success and its location in the heart of the campus.
For the moment, Harvie said that the name "Central" is being put off until alternatives are discussed with students in September.
A changing reality for bookstores
Harvie recognizes that books have long been regarded as a symbol for learning. However, the business of paper-based books is also undergoing a massive change.
In the U.S., major bookstore chain Borders went bankrupt in February, while Amazon.com announced that e-book sales for its electronic reader, the Kindle, now surpassed is print book sales.
"What we deem a book today, will probably change dramatically over the next 10 years, particularly in the field of learning, where they will morph into more interactive electronic formats,” said Harvie.
Contrary to suggestions by some people who signed the petition that UBC Bookstore was “selling out,” Harvie said that the name change was to ensure that the bookstore’s continued survival and adaptation to the times.
"We have seen the demise of independent and large bookstore chains who failed to diversify their business models or did so too late," said Harvie.
She said that UBC Bookstore was seeing “significant decreases in book sales” and began discussing the causes.
“One of the discussion points was our name which we felt reflected neither what we sell nor the services that we offer,” she said. “Our name change is one of our strategies to address our changing market.”
Snowden, meanwhile, said she understands the reality that bookstores are disappearing because of their inability to compete with new technologies and the changes in the book publishing market. For her, however, a bookstore's physical survival isn’t relevant if it loses its original essence and function.
"This is what has happened to many other bookstores -- they are no longer recognizable as bookstores,” she said. “They are Walmart-type stores that also sell books, online or otherwise. A campus should not be like this."
Snowden said that Harvie and other UBC Bookstore staff have been open to discussion, and that they have met on numerous occasions to discuss alternatives to the name change. UBC Bookstore will be holding a wider survey with students when they return to campus in September and hold another open house near the end of September to gather input. | https://www.vancouverobserver.com/culture/books/2011/08/07/ubc-bookstore-renaming-debate-reflects-drastic-changes-book-industry |
At INcapital Ventures leverage our operating and investing experience for a granular assessment of the IP, the technology, the competitive landscape and potential for growth.
Our due-diligence process includes on-site visits, discussions with management, investors, customers and channel partners to gain a clear understanding of operations, challenges and opportunities.
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Gifted Middle Grade Readers: Attitudes and Interests in the 90's.
Stange, Terrence V.; Carter, Ellen J.
This qualitative study examined the attitudes and interests of 284 gifted readers in grades 6, 7, and 8. Students were from a high socioeconomic status, suburban school district in the midwestern United States and were either identified as gifted or had a history of involvement in a program for the gifted. Data collection instruments included a three-part Likert rating of interest for 34 reading genre and the Mikulecky Behavioral Reading Attitude Measure (MBRAM). The following conclusions were drawn: readers displayed a high interest in mystery, humor, fiction, and magazines. They showed a low interest for reference, health, westerns, religion, geography, math, computer science, and how-to books. When the five stages of attitude internalization were evaluated from the MBRAM, it was found that females dominated the representation across grade levels and stages of attitude internalization with only slight differences evident in grade 7 for attending stage. Females also dominated at the higher levels of attitude internalization such as valuing, organization, and characterization. Declining interest in reading and in number of genres with age was also found. Results suggest a need for curriculum to incorporate genres of high interest while working to expand the number of genres of interest to middle school students. (Contains 11 references.) (DB)
Publication Type: Reports - Research; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Note: Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Reading Association (40th, Anaheim, CA, May 2, 1995). | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED391346 |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a protective garment that can be surely prevented from injury caused by insect bites and is easily removable.
SOLUTION: This protective garment has a protective sheet 21 for blocking invasion of insects which has a frame body 11 for securing separation between the user and the protective sheet 21. The protective sheet 21 is provided with an arm portion 24 into which a user inserts the arm and is covered on the frame body 11 so as to cover the frame body 11. Also, a separated diaphragm 28 for securing separation between the arm of the user and the arm portion 24 is provided on the arm part 24.
SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1
COPYRIGHT: (C)2018,JPO&INPIT | |
By Martin Robson TecRec Instructor and an Instructor Trainer for rebreathers, cave, sidemount and open circuit expedition trimix.
Have you ever wondered what really happens on some of the expeditions you can read about in the diving press?
On a recent trip to France we decided to keep a blog going – Thanks to Janne Suhonen for the photos.
26 October
Despite the French strikes and the shortage of fuel we have all at last arrived in the South of France. The first scouting mission revealed our main target site to be higher flow and a lot poorer visibility than we had hoped. Time to move to ‘Plan B’.
So today has seen us spending most of the time preparing rebreathers, analysing stage cylinders and getting a million and one other things ready for a check out dive at a different site. Fingers crossed the conditions will be good.
The seemingly endless kit prep continued for most of the day.
27 October
So this is where we are diving today. The obvious square dark opening is the way in. A little bit of a squeeze getting through so we will have to have one of the team in the pool passing equipment down into the cave, so it will take a while before everything is in and we are ready to set off.
28 October
All those stages and scooters took nearly an hour to get in to the cave.
The two chaps top-side were worried about not passing stuff down quickly enough but what they couldn’t see was the two of us inside the cave at the bottom of the entrance chimney slowly being buried under an ever-increasing cylinder mountain.
By the time Janne and Antti had started wriggling down the entrance shaft Zoltan and I had decided to run away from the mess and scooter in to drop some of the Eanx 50. When we got back to the base of the chimney there was a competition going on to see who could load up with the most stages.
There then followed some comedy cave diving as they realised that even with scooters they were somewhat overloaded.
This did slow our progress a little but eventually we all got to about a kilometre in and had dropped most of the stages in position. Once the stages were dropped a much quicker ride home (with much better trim and buoyancy!) got us back to the base of the chimney to grab some battery packs and plug in the heated under-suits.
Six and a half hours later we were all safely back on the surface
Once we finally got the stages set up and surfaced it was of course night. Considering how far back we managed to place cylinders it really was a great team effort.
29 October
Sometimes you just know the patient might not recover! Late at night some dry suit repairs are attempted using a tried and trusted leak discovery technique that always seems to involve drinking beer BEFORE you try to find why your dry suit is leaking!
30 October It has been a little while since I have had the chance to dive here,and these are perhaps the best conditions I have ever seen in the cave. The rest of the gang had never been here before and were rightly impressed.
01 November
The cave is still looking good but the flow is increasing steadily as each day passes.
Well we all had a couple of fun-filled hours assembling the habitat underwater yesterday! It actually went surprisingly well and is now up and rigged and ready for use. The concern now is now the weather. It has been raining heavily for some time now and the flow in the cave has been steadily increasing over the last three days. The plan is still to get to the end of the cave and see if there is any un-dived cave still to be explored, but we do have a back-up plan to go back in and recover our deep stage cylinders and get the habitat out (even though it has only just gone in) before the cave makes up its own mind to kick us out!
“Percy, the devil farts in my face once again!” (I apologise for those who are NOT fans of the Blackadder TV series). So now our compressor won’t work at all. It has decided, since we got here, to deliver ever decreasing pressures when topping up cylinders. For most of the week it has been delivering about 120 bar which we then managed to boost from some of our stored gas. Now it won’t even get above ambient! We have enough gas for a couple of days of diving but the end of the line and beyond is looking increasingly distant.
And on top of all that my heated under-suit is no longer working!
Brrrrrrrr! Very chilly now.
Well we never did get as far as we wanted. I am a bit of a fan of French anarchy but it came at just the wrong time, putting me three days late getting to the dive site and we ran out of time, although the cave stayed in great condition. We will of course return, not just to this cave but we have quite a few on the list that need exploring. I hope those who read the reports of the trip enjoyed it. Thanks for stopping by and taking a look. My next trip is to Finland in a couple of weeks for some rather unusual training. If I can get some pictures to show then I will of course share them. | https://tecrec.padi.com/2010/11/26/cave-diving-expedition-to-france-oct-2010/ |
What It's Like When A Label Won't Release Your Album
Sometimes, it's not that an artist doesn't want to release music, it's that they can't.
In 2004, 13-year-old Joanna Levesque became the youngest solo artist ever to have a number one single on the Billboard charts. Levesque, who recorded as JoJo, had been building to that moment since she was just a little girl, giving electrifying performances on shows like Kids Say the Darndest Things with Bill Cosby at the age of 6. When Levesque was 12, she signed a seven-album deal with Blackground Records, and later her debut album JoJo was certified platinum. Her 2006 follow-up, The High Road, pleased critics and included at least one bona fide hit, the breakup ballad "Too Little Too Late." She was quickly becoming a rising star in R&B.
And then she went silent.
It's been almost seven years since JoJo has put out an official release, though that doesn't mean she hasn't been trying. "I've recorded about three incarnations of this third album," JoJo tells BuzzFeed. "We've chosen the track listing, we've done multiple album photo shoots, chosen the cover, chosen the credits, everything." But every time her team tried to present the album to her label, Blackground Records, they never received a response.
"Blackground Records lost their distribution deal through Interscope, and if you can get the answer from them on why that happened, that would be a miracle," JoJo says, "because I am sure they would not engage you in that conversation." While JoJo says she has no problem with Interscope, she says she's lost all communication with Blackground.
JoJo's case is an extreme one. But whether it's a new artist waiting to release their debut, or a successful musician who's seemingly disappeared, many artists have found themselves fighting either to release their music or release themselves from their contracts. It happened to Lupe Fiasco. It happened to Sky Ferreira. It happened to Bow Wow, and Metallica, and Big Boi, and Amanda Palmer. The list goes on.
In most cases, even through politics, artists and labels can eventually reach a place where they mutually agree that it's not working out and it'd be better to part ways.
But what happens when they can't?
The label merges with or is acquired by another company.
"It is a little confusing because most of these companies, they get bought and sold several times," says Ben McLane, an entertainment lawyer whose past clients have included DMX, Keith Sweat, and LL Cool J. Repeated changes in ownership caused problems for Blackground Records, an independent label that was distributed by Interscope, a subsidiary of Universal. Blackground's CEO Barry Hankerson (uncle to the late Aaliyah, and responsible for launching her career) is known for making abrupt business decisions that leave his artists in a constant state of flux. "He'll have a hit, and then he'll have hard times with his label, and he'll sell it to some other distributor and then the artists just kind of float around," says McLane. "That's part of the problem — there are a lot of mergers and acquisitions that go on, and the artists get stuck in the middle of it. If you're not U2 or Justin Bieber, at the top of the food chain, a lot of times artists just get lost in the middle."
The music industry has changed rapidly in the digital age. Where there were once six major labels in 1998, now there are just three remaining: Sony, Warner Music Group, and Universal, which became the largest international record company after merging with EMI last year. The mergers have left many artists lost in limbo. "Sky Ferreira's label has gone through four or five label presidents since she's been signed, and a big merger," says McLane, who calls Ferreira's experience "the worst-case scenario."
"It's a complicated space," McLane says, "and I don't want to say just because one artist's experience is shitty, it doesn't mean that another artist couldn't sign with a major label and maybe get treated really well." McLane points out that Katy Perry was signed to Ferreira's label around the same time but has had a very different experience. "Maybe she just got lucky, or she just had a better team, or the right timing."
The artist's A&R rep or management leaves the label.
When a label goes through transition, losing the initial person who was pushing for you and had your back can be really confusing — and lonely.
"A lot of times, historically, how this would happen, an A&R guy would be like, 'Oh, I'm so excited about this new band! You guys are gonna be big!'" says Casey Rae, deputy director of the Future of Music Coalition, an advocacy group for musicians. "And we get you on the label, and everyone's all excited, and then all of a sudden that A&R person loses their job and you're just out in the wilderness, and maybe you're just a line item on some accountant's ledger sheet. And you can easily be X'ed out because, well, we have other priorities."
"Once you get signed, the question is politics within the record company; the person who's championing you — how much power do they have?" says Paul Fakler, a partner at law firm Arent Fox who practices media and entertainment law. And, just as important: "Are they still going to be there in six months?"
A bigger artist on a label's roster decides to put out music, shifting the label's priorities.
Often an artist or band that's been gaining momentum will have to sit on the backburner while a bigger artist takes up a label's attention and resources. "[A band will say], 'Yeah! It's go time! This is gonna be the one, our second album, they're really gonna throw some weight behind it this time,'" Rae says. "But then Elton John's like, 'I think I'm going to put out an album this year.' And suddenly [the label] wants to shift their focus there."
That's when an artist starts to enter limbo, trying to vie for their label's attention, a situation R&B singer Cassie knows all too well. "Sometimes I feel like people don't know what to do with certain artists," Cassie tells BuzzFeed. "But if something hits — you have a hit record and it hits on radio and all over the place … everybody jumps on the bandwagon. Otherwise you're fighting for your position."
Singer Sky Ferreira found herself continually stalled by her label focusing on other female acts. "They told me the nastiest things, like, "Sorry, there's already one girl coming out at the moment, we can't do two," Ferreira told The Phoenix last November.
The label is still developing the artist and their music to be ready for radio.
Record labels often snatch up young talent with promise, eager to nurture them into future stars. But it's rare that an artist is an overnight sensation. "They want to make sure the package is perfect," McLane says. Signing an artist prematurely can be tricky because the artists themselves may still be figuring out who they are. And when a label signs someone based on their great demos, things often change once the artist starts collaborating with label professionals. "They try to put them in with some huge producer or some big cowriter who had a big hit, and it changes the sound," McLane says. Then when that doesn't work out, everyone's confused and the label has second thoughts, but they still know the artist is talented, so they want to keep trying. That's probably what happened with Sky Ferreira."
Ferreira, who signed with EMI in 2008 when she was just 15, has spoken of her difficult early relationship with the label. She struggled for years to put out an album that EMI would approve of. "I turned in five different albums and none of them made sense. It was just one thing after the other and getting shelved," she told The Phoenix. Ferreira stuck it out, however, with a new team, and more artistic control, to finally produce a successful EP last year.
Not only is it a matter of timing the artist's readiness for the market, it's also a matter of judging whether the market is ready for the artist's sound. Some artists are just ahead of their time. Lady Gaga was first signed to Def Jam (only to be dropped after three months) and later signed to Interscope, where she continued to develop her act for a couple years, the label bringing in Akon and producer RedOne as collaborators. "Music was going a very specific way in the pop world," says Imran Majid, vice president of A&R at Columbia Records. "She had dynamic songs, and maybe four years ago those songs would've just gone over people's heads."
And even though most of us now listen to music online, radio still plays a huge role in a label promoting an artist. If a single underperforms in the radio market, labels may put an artist back in the studio to create something more airplay-friendly. "Sometimes when a record isn't reacting all the way or the way you expected to," Majid says, "it just feels like the demand may be less, so you may want to go back and revamp stuff on the music side of things."
The label wants to create a demand for the artist.
In order to really sell an artist, there needs to be a demand. And what better way to do that than by making people wait a little bit? It's not unlike the film industry, where studios often push back release dates of movies with positive early reviews to create more hype.
"You look at such a great artist like A$AP Rocky, where that album would get pushed back and pushed back, but they were building something special, and they found the right song," Majid says. "He had a great [first] week, he's selling well, and he's doing great touring. I remember reading on the blogs, 'Oh, it got pushed back again, it got pushed back again,' but there's no wrong reason for it being pushed back. They were building an incredible demand for the product. Everything's just case-by-case."
And it's common now to first build up some interest in and excitement around the artist, before they release an actual album. "There [will be] this great base that's building … and we're like 'Look, if we wait a couple months, they have this festival set up, this record's going to be pushed out, that video — it's a massive marketing campaign that's going to help build a demand. "
The artist has been mismanaged.
"[JoJo's case is] one of those extreme situations where you have a guy like Barry Hankerson, who is one of those guys who would just go to war and say, 'No, I'm not doing it,'" says David Byrnes, a partner at Ziffren Brittenham, whose firm has represented clients like Michael Jackson, The Rolling Stones, and Fleetwood Mac.
Blackground's CEO Barry Hankerson is notorious in the record industry for being one of the more questionable label execs in the business. Hankerson was ordered by a court in 2011 to pay his former girlfriend (who was once signed to Blackground as an artist, according to JoJo's manager Gita Williams) over $3 million in damages for repeated instances "stalking, defamation and the intentional infliction of emotional distress," and reportedly blowing up her car.
Singer Toni Braxton sued Blackground in 2007 to end her relationship with the label and Hankerson. Timbaland, who was signed to the label as a performer, filed suit in 2009, claiming that Hankerson tried to blackball his producing career with different labels.
The Blackground company website is currently a Go Daddy domain page, and according to Williams, they've closed up shop, probably don't have any employees, and can't be contacted. (BuzzFeed was unable to reach anyone at Blackground for this piece.)
The label's focused on their competition.
An artist can also get held up because of competition between labels. If a certain kind of sound is suddenly in demand, labels might rush to sign similar artists — either to profit off them themselves, or to simply sit on them and claim them, Rae says. "Maybe it makes sense to sign you, get you under contract, and keep you off the streets, so nobody else has you. But they don't actually care if they do anything with you."
"If a garage sound was popular like The White Stripes and now The Black Keys, then maybe they just sign up all The White Stripes and Black Keys–sounding bands. Lord knows that happened during the grunge era, where A&R guys were literally jumping out of airplanes with briefcases over the city of Seattle. 'Sign anything with a goatee!'"
Whether or not it's a deliberate strategy by the label to hoard certain acts so other labels can't get to them, "at the end of the day, the result is the same," Rae says. "You get frustrated creators who aren't able to earn revenue from their creative expression, which is the whole reason they got into this game to begin with."
The obvious answer is that artists should walk away from their label and find a better contract somewhere else, but it's not always that easy. Bailing on a contract can be next to impossible because of two critical issues.
Problem #1: The artist owes the record label an album.
While some contracts are written to expire after a certain number of years, others require the artist to put out a given number of albums before they can move on to a new home. JoJo signed a seven-album deal with Blackground Records in 2004, but nowadays those kinds of deals aren't common, Majid says. Three or four albums are more standard, and labels may even offer deals for one-off albums or singles, if it seems like the artist has potential. "That sometimes works great for the artist," says Majid. "Whatever other recordings they do [on their own], they have ownership of, but at the same time [they] still get promoted for the record that's getting them some exposure."
Though record labels are learning to adapt and change with their audience, many artists are still stuck in binding deals from when they first signed.
Problem #2: The artist has little leverage.
"The fact is, when any new artist signs their first record deal, they have absolutely no bargaining power," Fakler says. Unless you're an artist that's built up a following on your own and can gain leverage that way, it can be hard to negotiate a contract that will favor the artist, Fakler says, who calls the terms "pretty much akin to indentured servitutude."
"They're exclusive contracts, the record company has absolute authority with respect to the decision of whether to release the albums that are turned in or not," says Fakler. "Most artists are just so happy to get signed, they'll sign anything."
But most new artists can't afford the proper legal representation, and don't have access to anyone who can explain to them in clear terms what kind of deal they're getting. Many artists who sign contracts as minors, like JoJo, have their parents act as their managers, and the parents usually don't have much experience with the music industry.
"My mom read this book called All You Need to Know About the Music Business, and she thought that she had it down pat," JoJo tells BuzzFeed. "She raised me off of very little, and she cleaned houses for a living and sang as a church soloist in our church in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and she trusted [the system]."
When speaking out against his label in 2010, rapper Lupe Fiasco said that Atlantic Records made it clear that if he didn't sign a 360 deal, he wouldn't be promoted by the label:
"I was also told that because you didn't sign this 360 deal, we may or may not push your record. So when 'Shining Down' came out, and you didn't hear it on the radio station, that's because they never took it to a radio station."
A "360 deal" is the term for a modern major label contract that allows the label to take a percentage of an artist's earnings from all of their activities. That means touring grosses and merchandise sales, says McLane: "They're going to take a percentage of your Revlon commercial, they're going to take a percentage of your appearance on Fallon." This kind of deal is by far the most common arrangement that major labels offer. The way labels sell this idea to artists, says McLane, is by saying that the label will "invest in your career over the long term and assist you in artist development in ways that they wouldn't be able to if they didn't have these enhanced revenue streams available."
If an artist is facing one or both of those two problems, they can (and often do) try to remedy the situation by trying one or more of the following:
Try to part amicably.
Most labels want to be in mutually beneficial partnerships with artists. "If you're a record company, you don't really want someone who's unhappy and a headache; you want to devote your energy to things that are productive," says Byrnes. But, he adds, "[labels] don't want to let them go unless it's truly unworkable."
In 2010, after tension with their label over their marketability, the band OK Go asked to be released from their contract, and EMI let them go. "It's one of the rare moments in corporate history that I've experienced when someone just did something nice. They had the right to step on us, and they didn't," OK Go manager Jamie Kitman told the Wall Street Journal.
Make noise; first privately, then publicly.
"A lot of the time you just really have to bug the hell out of a label, just like bug them, bug them, bug them, and become a nuisance," McLane says. "And then they'll be like, 'Well, this is more trouble than it's worth. We're not making any money off this artist and their lawyer's harassing us, let's just release the artist.'"
If behind-the-scenes rabble-rousing isn't cutting it, artists will resort to public calls for help, like Bow Wow did in 2009, when he pleaded on Twitter to be released from his label contract:
"Yep! It's true! I want off Columbia. I'm asking to be released. NO they not dropping me I'm askn. Not happy there. Been like dis 4 5yrs."
Lupe Fiasco went public with his frustrations against his label, Atlantic Records, in 2010. He delivered speeches and interviews discussing the three-year process to release his third album, Lasers, which he claims was artistically controlled by Atlantic. His fans even organized a protest outside the label's offices in late 2010. "I am a hostage," Fiasco told the Chicago Sun-Times the following year. "I gave them what they wanted. If I didn't, at the end of the day the album wasn't coming out."
Prince also famously resorted to writing "Slave" on his face, during the 1995 Brit Awards, to try to drum up noise and be released from his contract with Warner Bros. And while he didn't have an issue with the label holding back his music, his bold act is an example of the creative lengths some artists go to break their contracts.
Take legal action.
Legal action is usually the last resort for most artists, because it's time-consuming and expensive. "It's an extreme example when you hear about someone suing," McLane says. And though these cases will mostly be settled out of court, "a lot of the time you do need someone to raise hell behind the scenes, like a lawyer or manager."
But there are some ways that artists can avoid the mess of filing a lawsuit, by building protective measures into their contract from the start. A "Key Man Clause" is one such precaution. If an artist feels like their champion has left the label, voluntarily or otherwise, they could exercise the clause in their contract. The "Key Man Clause" gives artists the right to leave if their manager or the person who signed them leaves the label. This is one of the most common reasons artists end up in limbo, so it helps to make sure you're free to leave if you feel like your champion is gone too.
Another option is to write an "out clause" into the contract. "Usually when you negotiate a record deal for an artist," McLane says, "you always put a clause in that if a label doesn't commercially release an album within a reasonable period of time, anywhere from a year to three years, depending on the situation, the artist is free to go. I rarely see a label not agree to that, because it's fair, as long as you give them adequate time to at least give it a shot."
If the artist signed their recording agreement in California, a law known as the "7-Year Contract Statute" can protect artists who have signed contracts with no end date. The law states that a contract for personal services rendered is void after seven years from the date of signing. In the '90s, Metallica famously invoked the statute to end its run with their label, Elektra.
In 2009, JoJo filed a lawsuit against her label Da Family Entertainment/Blackground, after being forced into a state of limbo. "I didn't want to be in a legal spat with anyone," JoJo tells BuzzFeed. "I thought this would be the resolution I was looking for." She wrote about the experience on her MySpace blog the year she filed suit:
"My record company has been going through a major transition and unfortunately all of the artists on the label have been forced to sit on the sidelines and wait. I exhausted every option and exercised much patience before reaching my final decision to file a formal complaint with the court.
JoJo filed under breach of contract, because Blackground was unable to find distribution. But the lawsuit was eventually dropped, after the label resolved the issue by securing distribution with Interscope, JoJo says. "Instead of entering something really unpalatable, I was like, 'Let's give this a shot. I believe in Interscope and what they do.'"
However, Interscope dropped Blackground just three years later, and the label is now, yet again, without distribution.
In lieu of an official release, over the years JoJo's released one-off songs she's uploaded herself online, as well as two mixtapes. Last December, after years of waiting and trying to cooperate with her label, JoJo decided to go ahead and release her second mixtape of new music for her fans. Agápē was well-received by critics, and fans were overjoyed. But both JoJo and her fans hope she can find a way to put out an official album on her own terms, soon.
When asked what advice she'd give to new artists, and what she wishes she'd known when she first got into the business at age 12, JoJo says it all comes down to understanding what you're getting yourself into. "Make sure you have a solid lawyer that's well-versed in the entertainment industry," JoJo says. She advises new artists to make sure "that your lawyer is not affiliated with, I don't want to say this, but, 'the other side.' Make sure your lawyer is working for you."
And while it's easy to pass off the legal work to someone else, JoJo stresses the most important thing is that the artists themselves understand the contract. "Everybody's contract is different," she says. "I think that the power, with anything, lies in knowledge, in empowering yourself to know the intricacies of your situation, your contract, and how it pertains to your life. It's all about being as aware as possible and then exploring what your next move is."
"Don't feel bad about defending yourself, about asking for things," JoJo says. "The worst that can happen is you'll get turned down. Protect yourself not just for the short term, but the long run. Think about yourself as a career artist, and don't just ask, 'What am I going to do this year?'" | https://www.buzzfeed.com/azafar/what-happens-when-your-favorite-artist-is-legally-unable-to |
This post was last updated on Jan 07, 2020.
DISCLAIMER: This content is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended as legal, accounting, tax, HR, or other professional advice. You are responsible for your own compliance with laws and regulations. You should contact your attorney or other relevant advisor for advice specific to your circumstances.
No chefs? No food.
Chefs are an essential part of every restaurant. They develop recipes, manage the kitchen staff, deal with inventory and vendors, and are ultimately responsible for what ends up on a guest's plate.
That said, there are many different types of restaurant chefs and cooks with their own unique sets of duties, responsibilities, and expectations. As a result, you need to take a tailored approach to hiring and managing each member of your back-of-house team.
Before we get into the various types of chefs and cooks, it’s important to note the difference between the two types of roles. Both are responsible for making and cooking the food in a restaurant, but their duties in the business and their backgrounds tend to vary.
A cook is a more junior member of your back-of-house team. They're responsible for preparing ingredients and fulfilling orders for specific stations. They tend to have less input in recipes, instead following the chef's instructions and recipe cards.
Chefs are high-ranking employees in the back of the house. They're typically tasked with organizational and managerial assignments, like contributing to the menu and developing recipes, overseeing all your back-of-house staff, and making back-of-house schedules. Chefs sometimes have formal culinary education, and usually have at least five years of experience in a similar role.
However, when it comes to those cooks who specialize in the preparation of meat, fish, sauces, or vegetables, the line between chef and cook is much blurrier, depending on the specifics of a restaurant and how high-end it is. Though some fine dining restaurants do follow the classic French hierarchy that includes roles like Saucier (sauce cook/chef) or Poissonnier (fish cook/chef), most North American restaurants don’t. Rather, they hire less-specialized cooks and chefs that can do multiple roles at once, or switch roles on different days as needed.
When hiring for the back of house, it’s important to understand the difference between each role, what their duties are, and why they matter. Here’s a list of 13 types of chefs and cooks, and how to hire for each.
Types of Chefs
Chef-Owner
If you’re looking to hire a Chef-Owner, you’re looking for a full-on business partner. Chef-Owners always have their plates full, as they’re running not just the kitchen but the entire restaurant, as well as the business and people management side. If you want to step back into more of an investor role, or you need more help running the whole operation, and you think your executive chef is ready for a step up, they can be promoted to Chef-Owner.
Chef/Owner Salary:
A significant ownership stake, plus a salary ranging from $46,000-167,000 per year.
Executive Chef, Head Chef, or Chef de Cuisine
This is the chef who runs the kitchen. Typically, this person doesn't own the restaurant, but they may be a founder or recognized leader of the business. They generally forego some operational duties to put all of their effort into creating the best meals possible. They’ll spend their time developing recipes, managing relationships with food vendors, managing back-of-house staff, and on many more duties that contribute to food making it onto customers’ plates. This is someone who you’re likely seeking out before opening the restaurant. You could research prominent Sous Chefs in your area who may be looking to run their own kitchen or build relationships with chefs in the community with new or additional interests. If you're replacing your executive chef, see if your Sous Chef is ready for a big step up in their career.
Executive Chef Salary:
Sous Chef
Tasked with managing the Line Cooks and running the kitchen in the Head Chef's absence, the Sous Chef is the back of house's second in command. Sous Chef is typically a role most don't want to stay in forever – many of those in this spot have their eyes on the Head Chef position. When hiring a Sous Chef, it’s important to find someone with a good balance of ambition and work ethic. You want somebody who is creative, skilled, amazing with people, and who has the drive to one day become the Head Chef, but who is also patient and willing to earn their stripes. Their work weeks tend to be some of the toughest, with the longest hours.
Sous Chef Salary:
Pastry Chef
Restaurants that aim to offer the best baked goods and sweet pastries need an all-star Pastry Chef. This role often extends past baked goods to designing the entire dessert menu and formulating recipes. Great Pastry Chefs will be knowledgeable about common allergens and proficient in baking for any dietary restrictions, from gluten-free to lactose intolerant. You should also prioritize creativity because a great dessert or pastry menu is one that offers up the unexpected. Pastry Chefs often supervise one or two (or more) pastry cooks who help execute the Pastry Chef's vision.
Pastry Chef Salary:
Ciro Fodera Breaks Down the Front- and Back-of-House Divide
The workplace culture at Capo is one of collaboration, communication, and, above all, respect.
Types of Cooks
Prep Cook
Prep Cooks, as their name implies, handle the kitchen's daily food preparation. Prep Cooks are often new to working in a kitchen, which is why you'll find them learning the basics, like chopping, mincing, labeling, defrosting, and generally preparing the kitchen to handle meal service. When hiring prep cooks, you should verify their various skills and knowledge of the industry at large. While these are entry-level positions, Prep Cooks who can handle a knife and already know operational and health basics will significantly contribute to a more efficient kitchen.
Prep Cook Salary:
$8.69 - $14.38 per hour
What Does a Prep Cook Do — and How Do You Find a Good One?
With dozens of tasks every day, a prep cook must be a master multitasker, a great communicator, and an organized and tidy worker — here’s how to find all three.
Line Cook
A Line Cook is a generalist who cooks the orders as they come flooding in all throughout a service. They can work on the Grill Station, Cold Station, Hot Line, Pasta Station, and more — sometimes, they'll have to man more than one station in a shift if a kitchen is short-staffed. Some prep work is usually done by Line Cooks before each shift. The best Line Cooks are excellent team players, efficient and clean cooks, and have at least a year or two of experience. If you have to pay an extra dollar or two per hour to hire an experienced Line Cook, it’s worth it. Your best Prep Cook that's ready for a promotion can be tapped to try out life on the line, and if it goes well, they can be promoted to working as a Line Cook.
Line Cook Salary:
$9.14 - $15.29 per hour
Short-Order Cook
Typically found in diners or other casual restaurants, Short-Order Cooks work efficiently and quickly to cook simple-to-make dishes that can be made one after another, instead of intricate ones with many steps. A Prep Cook can be promoted to a Short-Order Cook role to get a taste of cooking the orders that come rushing in all shift long, or you can hire externally and find someone with a year or two of experience in a fast-paced kitchen. For this role, you'll need a master multitasker who can cook 24 eggs at once, to different levels of doneness and in different styles, without breaking a sweat.
Short Order Cook Salary:
$8.04 - $14.42 per hour
Fry Cook
Usually found in fast-food restaurants, a Fry Cook runs the fryers and sometimes the burger station when needed. When hiring Fry Cooks, it’s important look for someone who can take the heat — literally — because standing in front of a fryer for hours is not for the faint of heart.
Fry Cook Salary:
$7.44 - $11.44 per hour
Specialized Cooks/Chefs
These four types of BOH staff members can be referred to as cooks or chefs, depending on the type of kitchen and their level of experience and the demands of their role. However, they're not particularly common in most modern North American kitchens.
Roast Cook
Also known as the Rôtisseur or the Meat Cook, this cook takes meat preparation to the next level. Any meat-based menu items are in this cook’s wheelhouse, including the spices/gravies used to season them. Roast Cooks should, obviously, be extremely capable at discerning levels of doneness, not just to ensure meat is properly and safely prepared but cooked to every customer’s satisfaction.
Roast Cook Salary:
$7.25 - $22.90 per hour
Poissonnier
The Poissonnier, or the Fish Cook, is responsible for preparing all seafood in the kitchen, including stocks and soups. In the absence of a Saucier, they may be expected to prepare any sauces that should accompany the fish. The Poissonnier can also be responsible for acquiring fresh fish on a daily basis from local merchants or bringing in out-of-market catches as the menu requires. If you’re operating a higher-end restaurant that features seafood on the menu, it’s essential to have a Poissonnier who knows the local fishermen and has extensive experience acquiring the daily catch. You'll want someone particularly detail-oriented for this role: a rogue pin bone in a plate of roasted cod can ruin the dining experience for a guest.
Poissonnier Salary:
$7.25 - $22.55 an hour
Sauce Cook
Formally referred to as a Saucier, or Sauce Cook, this person is responsible for choosing and preparing sauces used in a kitchen – ranging from salad dressings, to gravy, to pasta sauces, to soups and stews. A great Saucier has a refined, worldly palate and the creativity to think outside the box when creating sauces. You'll want someone very consistent in this role: your red sauce should taste the same every single day.
Sauce Cook:
$9.76 - $16.33 per hour
Vegetable Cook
Sometimes called the Entremetier, the Vegetable Cook works on veggies, starches, and sometimes eggs. Smaller restaurants may not have the resources to hire a dedicated Vegetable Cook, and instead divide their duties among the rest of the BOH crew.
Vegetable Cook Salary:
Whether you run a fine dining restaurant that employs all these types of chefs and cooks, or you only have three or four of them on staff working to get everything done together, it's crucial that your kitchen runs like a well-oiled machine. Hire the best people you can find, even if it costs you a little more: it'll pay off in the long run.
Is this article helpful?
Submitted! Thank you for your feedback. | https://pos.toasttab.com/blog/on-the-line/how-to-hire-all-types-of-chefs |
Q:
Is it possible to explicitly solve the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation in a rectangle?
Consider the following Helmholtz equation in a rectangle $\Omega$ and Neumann boundary conditions:
$$
\begin{align}
\Delta u + k^2 u = \delta_y, \quad \quad x \in \Omega, \\
\frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu} = 0, \quad \quad x \in \partial \Omega.
\end{align}
$$
Here $\delta_y$ is some point source emitted from the point $y\in \Omega$. Can an explicit solution be found for this equation?
A:
If you know a free-space solution of
$$
\Delta v+k^2v=\delta_y
$$
then you can solve for $w$ such that
$$
\Delta w+k^2w=0 \\
\frac{\partial w}{\partial n}=\frac{\partial v}{\partial n}
$$
and the solution you want will be $v-w$.
| |
lucasdp wrote:So we finally made it through the Forbidden Caverns. It took another two-hour long gaming session but we did it.
Having had a week to think on it and refresh, the Heroes made a valiant plan to push forward through the hallways, leaving one hero on each spawning space until they were ready (which wasn't until the exit door was revealed )....
Totaling about 5 and a half hours altogether, this was a long, grueling, and sometimes boring quest. My heroes were good sports about it and I wouldn't say it was no fun at all, but I could tell this was no one's favorite quest. Once Zargon is able to get a good string of three or four undead in the hallways, this quest moves at a snail's pace, with the heroes literally only moving one space each round. I know Gizzard was frustrated and bored, as he was basically just standing on one spot until the rush to the exit at the end.
I'm not saying this is a bad quest, but it is definitely one I may skip if/when I run through RotWL again in the future....
lucasdp wrote:GimmeYerGold wrote:lucasdp wrote:Anyway, we got through it, and Belorn's Mine is next. All the falling ceiling tiles look like fun, but I do have one question. Note B, "This group of monsters is looking for the gold." What am I supposed to do with this information? I could have just one or two of the monsters attack and the rest scatter because they were looking for gold, not a fight! That could be interesting, maybe. Anyone else have any thoughts?
Maybe the monsters could use their action to take the next card from the treasure deck showing gold, gems, or jewels, and run away with it. The treasure can be reclaimed if the monster is killed.
lucasdp wrote:I like the idea that GYG and I came up with to have the monsters that are "looking for the gold" to take cards out of the treasure deck, but I think giving the heroes a chance to claim those cards after killing the monsters was way too generous (especially for a quest that has 600 GC elsewhere...). It did get a pretty good reaction the first time I picked up the treasure deck and explained that the monsters who weren't attacking were grabbing whatever gold they could find, and I could tell my heroes were getting a little nervous about having to draw from the Treasure deck.
Return to Saturday Night DUNGEON! | http://forum.yeoldeinn.com/viewtopic.php?f=161&t=3222&start=120 |
Four Squared Recruitment is exclusively supporting a local company in the recruitment of an Assistant Production Planner, to support and assist the Operations Manager with the planning of production.
Duties include but are not limited to;
- Planning weekly workload in line with production capacity
- Organizing workload into geographical areas
- Planning transportation & booking couriers
- Raising production schedules on Excel
- Distributing workload to factory
- Organising delivery routes
- Booking in deliveries with customers
- Raising despatch notes
- Ordering of components
- Progressing of purchase orders
Skills;
- Good Numerical skills
- Computer literate and able to use excel and word
- Good communication skills
- Organised and Methodical
- Logical thinker/problem solver
- Calm under pressure
If this sounds like a role you would be interested in & you have the experience & knowledge, then please click apply below. If you would like to discuss this role further, please contact Jenna Lamb at Four Squared Recruitment.
Due to the high volume of applications, we are unable to acknowledge all applications. If we do not get back in touch within 2 weeks, please consider your application to be unsuccessful. We will try and let you know about other roles that suit your current skills and experience.
Reference: 42367375
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Tomorrow’s Students’ Society Winter General Assembly is an opportunity for McGill undergraduate students to decide what we believe in and what policies SSMU should abide by. The GA is a venue to propose positions, in the form of resolutions, for our community to debate and decide on together. The rules of procedure can be used to ensure a constructive GA – if you know how to use them, that is.
The best advice that I can give in preparation for the GA is to get familiar with the basics of Robert’s Rules of Order (www.robertsrules.org). This will ensure that you will be able to follow what is happening and empower you with the technical knowledge to effectively carry out what you want. During the GA, a quick list of procedural rules will be listed on your placard for your reference. If you have a question about a procedural rule or are confused about what is happening, you may ask the Speaker for clarification.
Debate Procedure
At the GA, debate switches between pro and con speakers, who are lined up at the pro and con microphones. Debate will normally continue until there are no more speakers left. Here are a few common procedural motions that affect how debate is carried out:
1. Motion to Limit Debate: This is used to limit the time of debate. You can limit the total time allotted for debate on a resolution, or cap the number of speakers for each side. This motion requires a two-thirds majority to pass.
2. Motion to Extend Debate: The inverse of the previous motion. This motion can reverse or adjust a previous Motion to Limit Debate. This also requires a two-thirds majority to pass.
3. Move the Previous Question: This motion ends all debate and calls for an immediate vote on the resolution. This also requires a two-thirds majority to pass.
Resolution Procedure
Here are various ways to approach a resolution:
1. Debate and vote: In this approach, a resolution will be debated as written. The assembly will then vote on whether to adopt it as policy. A resolution requires a simple majority (more than 50 per cent of votes) to be adopted.
2. Amend a resolution: Amending a resolution can strengthen or weaken support for a resolution. You can delete a part that you don’t like, or add a word, sentence, or entire clause in order to develop a resolution more clearly. You can only amend the resolved clauses; whereas clauses are not amendable. Amendments require a simple majority to pass.
3. Defeat a resolution: A resolution can be defeated before it is voted upon through several different motions. These motions include Motion to Postpone Indefinitely, Motion to Refer to Committee, and Motion to Postpone to a Certain Time. These motions each require a simple majority to pass.
I hope you can use the information given here to help you accomplish your policy goals at the GA. If you have any questions about parliamentary procedure or about the GA, please don’t hesitate to email the Speaker at [email protected]. See you at the GA! | https://www.mcgilltribune.com/opinion/commentary-the-ga-for-dummies/ |
When you evaluate expressions with exponents it is important to distinguish the base from the exponent. The exponent tells us how many times to multiply the base by itself. The expression is read as x to the a power.
For example 54 would look like 5^4 in the calculator.
It works exactly the same when a variable is the base.
Let's evaluate with multiple variables.
Remember that if a variable doesn't have an exponent, the exponent is the "understood 1".
Example 8 : is the same as a 2 b1 . When you expand it will look like a •a •b where a is multiplied by itself twice and b once.
Last words : Remember that the exponent tells us how many times a number or variable is multiplied by itself. When using the calculator the "^" button is the "exponent" button. | http://softschools.com/math/topics/evaluate_exponents/ |
The value of words Developing vocabulary to give better understanding of other words Developing links to emotion words for faster vocabulary building.
Developing better verbalization of emotion in conversation.
Emotion accounts for a large part of communication.
know how many words or depth of vocabulary a student has.
use the words to give emotional values to the words from a base.
This will help the student think about each word differently.
It is not just a word but a value to a conversation and communicates values to the rest of the words.Therefore, the last page in this 100 Words section challenges the student to think about the emotional values of word they use. After this is worked through, the continued emphasis on these four areas which are critical to good communication.
Categorizing WordsOn the next page write down 100 words that you know.
1 - 25 use words that help you communicate TIME.
26 50 use words that help you communicate Basic ACTION.
51 - 75 use words using ing or MOVING words. | https://docslide.net/documents/the-value-of-words-developing-vocabulary-to-give-better-understanding.html |
What is the purpose of the Fn key on my keyboard?
In order to assign more functions to the limited number of keys, modern keyboards have the (mostly blue) Fn key, which is located next to the Ctrl key. "Fn" stands for "function".
Fn key
In addition, some keys have two commands printed on them, one of which is printed in the same color as the Fn key.
Keys with additional functions
By simultaneously pressing the Fn key and one of the associated keys with additional function, the commands printed on the keys can be executed.
The information in this article refers to:
Article in other languages: | https://community.medion.com/t5/FAQs/What-is-the-purpose-of-the-Fn-key/ta-p/123068 |
Neural networks are widely used in complex tasks such as machine translation, image classification, or speech recognition. These networks are data driven, and as the amount of data increases so does network size and the computational complexity required for training and inference. Recently, Facebook AI Research (FAIR) researchers introduced a structured memory layer which can be easily integrated into a neural network to greatly expand network capacity and the number of parameters without significantly changing calculation cost. The approach is well-suited to natural language processing tasks, and the code has been open sourced on GitHub.
The memory is very large by design and therefore significantly increases the capacity of the architecture, by up to a billion parameters with a negligible computational overhead. Its design and access pattern is based on product keys, which enable fast and exact nearest neighbor search. The ability to increase the number of parameters while keeping the same computational budget lets the overall system strike a better trade-off between prediction accuracy and computation efficiency both at training and test time. This memory layer allows us to tackle very large scale language modeling tasks. In our experiments we consider a dataset with up to 30 billion words, and we plug our memory layer in a state-of-the-art transformer-based architecture. In particular, we found that a memory augmented model with only 12 layers outperforms a baseline transformer model with 24 layers, while being twice faster at inference time. (Facebook AI Research).
Synced invited Ming Li, a professor at the University of Waterloo who focuses on deep learning, natural language processing and automated conversation; and Wei Yang, a Machine Learning Engineer at RSVP.ai, to share their thoughts on this FAIR research.
Why does this research matter?
The proposed memory layer with product keys makes it possible to increase the number of parameters while keeping the same computational budget, which lets the overall system strike a better trade-off between prediction accuracy and computation efficiency both at training and test time. Specifically, it is shown in the paper that a memory augmented model with only 12 layers outperforms a baseline transformer model with 24 layers, while being two times faster at the inference time.
What impact might this work bring to the field?
As the pre-trained large language models become more popular, an unpleasant trend is that small research groups cannot afford the computing resources required by these models. This paper tackles this problem by compressing the model without losing performance (and even reaching better performance). The code is released for reproducibility purposes, which will be of great benefit for the development of the NLP research community. Besides, it is easy to integrate the proposed structured memory within the popular transformer architecture, which is the basis of the most successful NLP language models like BERT, GPT-2, and XLNET. This shows the great potential to be applied in such models and thus benefit various downstream tasks.
Can you identify any bottlenecks in the research?
It is an interesting approach to plug a k-NN based memory layer in a state-of-the-art transformer-based architecture. However, only the language model task is evaluated in the paper. We hope more models (especially the state-of-the-art model) and more downstream tasks are evaluated to prove the generality of the proposed method.
While memory networks have been widely researched since they were introduced in 2015, to their credit the authors combined the previous work and applied it to state-of-the-art transformer-based architecture in this paper.
Can you predict any potential future developments related to this research?
An obvious future work area would be to apply this method to pre-trained language models such as BERT with tasks such as question answering, textual similarity, natural language inference, name entity recognition, etc, to see whether the performance still holds in these tasks after integrating the memory layer with product keys.
The paper Large Memory Layers with Product Keys is on arXiv.
| |
Cardiac muscle shares a few characteristics with both skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, but it has some unique properties of its own. The most important property is its ability to create an electrical signal that causes its own cells to contract. This property is known as autorhythmicity. Neither smooth nor skeletal muscle can do this. Even though cardiac muscle has autorhythmicity, heart rate is controlled by the endocrine and nervous systems.
Compared to the giant cylinders of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are considerably smaller. Cardiac muscle also demonstrates striations, the alternating pattern of dark and light bands. Mitochondria are plentiful, providing energy for the contractions of the heart. Typically, cardiomyocytes have a single, central nucleus, but two or more nuclei may be found in some cells.
Cardiac muscle cells branch freely, and are often Y shaped. A connection between two adjoining cells is an intercalated disc, which helps support the coordinated contraction of the muscle ([link]b). The cell membranes from adjacent cells bind together at the intercalated discs. They help to synchronize the contraction ([link]c). Synchronizing the action of the muscle cells help the heart to pump blood more efficiently. Strong connective tissue also helps to bind the cells together. It is important to create a strong bond between cells so they can resist the stress that comes with their constant contractions.
If embryonic heart cells are separated into a Petri dish and kept alive, each is capable of generating its own electrical impulse followed by contraction. A fully developed adult heart maintains the capability of generating its own electrical impulse. The components of the cardiac conduction system include the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, the atrioventricular bundle, the atrioventricular bundle branches, and the Purkinje cells ([link]).
Normal cardiac rhythm is established by the sinoatrial (SA) node, a specialized clump of myocardial cells located in the superior and posterior walls of the right atrium . The SA node is known as the pacemaker of the heart. It initiates the sinus rhythm, or normal electrical pattern followed by contraction of the heart.
The atrioventricular (AV) node is a second clump of specialized myocardial conductive cells, located at the bottom of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum. The septum prevents the impulse from spreading directly to the ventricles without passing through the AV node. It takes the impulse approximately 100 ms to pass through the node. This pause is critical to heart function, as it allows the atria to complete their contraction that pumps blood into the ventricles before the impulse is transmitted to the cells of the ventricle itself.
Continuing from the AV node, the atrioventricular bundle, or bundle of His, which follows along the interventricular septum before dividing into two atrioventricular bundle branches, commonly called the left and right bundle branches. The left bundle branch supplies the left ventricle, and the right bundle branch the right ventricle. Since the left ventricle is much larger than the right, the left bundle branch is also considerably larger than the right.
The Purkinje fibers (purr 'kin' gee) are additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to the ventricles. They extend throughout the myocardium from the apex of the heart toward the atrioventricular septum and the base of the heart. Since the electrical stimulus begins at the apex, the contraction also begins at the apex and travels toward the base of the heart, similar to squeezing a tube of toothpaste from the bottom. This allows the blood to be pumped out of the ventricles and into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
By careful placement of surface electrodes on the body, it is possible to record the complex electrical signal of the heart. This tracing of the electrical signal is the electrocardiogram (ECG), also commonly abbreviated EKG (K coming kardiology, from the German term for cardiology). Careful analysis of the ECG reveals a detailed picture of both normal and abnormal heart function, and is an important clinical diagnostic tool. The standard electrocardiograph (the instrument that generates an ECG) uses 3, 5, or 12 leads. The greater the number of leads an electrocardiograph uses, the more information the ECG provides. The term “lead” is used to refer to the cable from the electrode to the electrical recorder.
A normal ECG tracing is presented in [link]. Each component, segment, and interval is labeled and corresponds to important electrical events, such as the action potential. demonstrating the relationship between these events and contraction in the heart.
The Action PotentialThe heartbeat is initiated by an electrical stimulus known as an action potential. When the heart receives a signal from the action potential the heart muscle cells depolarize (contract). When this signal fades, the muscle cells will repolarize (relax).
There are five prominent points on the ECG: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave. The small P wave represents the depolarization (contraction) of the atria. The atria begin contracting approximately 25 ms after the start of the P wave. The large QRS complex represents the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles, which requires a much stronger electrical signal because of the larger size of the ventricular cardiac muscle. During the QRS complex the atria are repolarizing (relaxing). The ventricles begin to contract as the QRS reaches the peak of the R wave. Lastly, the T wave represents the repolarization (relaxation) of the ventricles.
The major segments and intervals of an ECG tracing are indicated in [link]. Segments are defined as the regions between two waves. Intervals include one segment plus one or more waves. For example, the PR segment begins at the end of the P wave and ends at the beginning of the QRS complex. The PR interval starts at the beginning of the P wave and ends with the beginning of the QRS complex. The PR interval is more clinically relevant, as it measures the duration from the beginning of atrial depolarization (the P wave) to the initiation of the QRS complex. Since the Q wave may be difficult to view in some tracings, the measurement is often extended to the R that is more easily visible. Should there be a delay in passage of the impulse from the SA node to the AV node, it would be visible in the PR interval. [link] correlates events of heart contraction to the corresponding segments and intervals of an ECG.
A heart block refers to an interruption in the normal conduction pathway. The nomenclature for these is very straightforward. SA nodal blocks occur within the SA node. AV nodal blocks occur within the AV node. Infra-Hisian blocks involve the bundle of His. Bundle branch blocks occur within either the left or right atrioventricular bundle branches. Hemiblocks are partial and occur within one or more fascicles of the atrioventricular bundle branch. Clinically, the most common types are the AV nodal and infra-Hisian blocks.
A heart block refers to an interruption in the normal conduction pathway. This results in an abnormal heart rhythm known a an arrhythmia. When arrhythmias become a chronic problem, a cardiologist can implant an artificial pacemaker, which delivers electrical impulses to the heart muscle to ensure that the heart continues to contract and pump blood effectively. These artificial pacemakers are programmable by the cardiologists and can either provide stimulation temporarily upon demand or on a continuous basis. Some devices also contain built-in defibrillators.
The heart is regulated by both neural and endocrine control, yet it is capable of initiating its own action potential followed by muscular contraction. The conductive cells within the heart establish the heart rate and transmit it through the myocardium. The contractile cells contract and propel the blood. The normal path of transmission for the conductive cells is the sinoatrial (SA) node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. Recognizable points on the ECG include the P wave that corresponds to atrial depolarization, the QRS complex that corresponds to ventricular depolarization, and the T wave that corresponds to ventricular repolarization. | https://archive.cnx.org/contents/ef365738-1b72-4234-8bb3-f994538801c8@1/cardiovascular-system-module-4-cardiac-muscle-and-electrical-activity |
One of the most common problems songwriters face is what to write music about and how to find inspiration. I’m a strong believer that inspiration is an infinite stream you only need to learn how to connect to. If you’re interested in the topic, I have created a video on YouTube called “How to Find Inspiration & be More Creative” I recommend watching! Though today we’ll be going a bit more practical and I’ll be sharing with you 30 song prompt ideas to help you find some inspiration for your music!
Here’s the original video I have published on the topic:
1. The story of how you started music
I’m starting with this one because I think having some sort of creation story in your repertoire can be really nice to share with the people around you in the form of a song. I happen to have an original song about how I first got into music called “Realm of Illusions” (You can listen to the live version here), and up to this day, it is a song that hold a lot of meaning to me. It reminds me of my origins and it’s a song I feel I love to share the story of.
2. Something that makes you happy or sad
We all experience music differently and some of us find comfort in listening or writing music about things that make them happy and allows them to get their mind off things going wrong in their lives. Some other people use writing music as a medium as a catharsis – to help purge emotions and work through them- . I personally always feel more inspired with the second, but whichever of the two resonate best with you, use that as a way to get yourself started to write a song.
3. A story you loved as a child
Write a song about a story you loved when you were a child, whether it is inspired by a movie you used to love or a story you liked to have your parents read to you. I remember that one story I loved about a little girl and her small brother going to the beach for the first time. Up to this day, the beautiful images from that book and the story still inspire me.
4. Something you would like to change about the world
What change would you like to see in the world? What do you think would make it a better place to live? A song is the perfect place for you to share those ideas and create that world for yourself to share. Maybe your song can inspire other people to take action on some cause you feel close to?
5. Your favorite story from the Grimm brothers
There are so many incredible and fantastic stories written by the Grimm brothers you can inspired yourself with. If you like a bit of horror you can let it shine through your song, but if you like more “happy ending” stories you can also rewrite them in your own words and styles. There are a good amount of iteration of those stories in popular culture you can easily take inspiration from them and them being in the public domain makes it a lot easier too.
6. Your deepest fears
Write a song about something that frightens you. Whether that fear is realistic or not doesn’t matter. Maybe you can write about the monster hiding under your bed when you were a kid or something a bit more recent? Making up an happy ending and adding a bit of humor in your writing might be an excellent way to help you process through that fear of yours. Your song might end up being the reminder you shouldn’t let that fear reach you.
7. A letter to your future self
Writing a letter for your future self in the form of a song might be an excellent way to put down your goals and aspirations for the future. What best than putting those thoughts into a song to carry with you and remind you of the person you wish to become? What mistakes do you wish you will avoid in the future? What kind of person are you hoping to become?
Alternatively, writing a song as a letter to your past self can be another great tool for self reflection and can be great source of inspiration. What would you want to tell your past self?
8. A happy memory you have
You can write a song about a memory that is dear to you, something that happened and made you happy, or made you learn something. It can be a memory from your childhood or some memory you have about someone you love. It can be a moment with a stranger, a thought you remember of, a smell or something someone told you. Use that thing from the past you wish to remind yourself and write a song about it. Write about how it makes you feel and how it has impacted your life.
9. An encounter with a fantastic creature
If you would be able to have an encounter with any mystical creature, which one would it be? Tell the story of that encounter in a song. You can describe their environment and how they look. The encounter can go well or go wrong, it’s all up to you! Alternatively, you can also write the unique story of that one creature. How were they born? Why are they here? What’s their mission? Maybe they are the last of their kind and they have a story to tell.
10. The knight who didn’t want to save the princess
Write a song about a knight who decides he doesn’t want to go and save the princess. Maybe he’s having a good reason for it? Or maybe he’s just a selfish person? Maybe he’s just afraid of that dragon guarding the tower?
This one can be taken literally or more metaphorically, whichever inspires you the most. The point here is to focus your song about the anti-hero for once, and spice things up a bit. Write about a character that lacks conventional heroic attributes. Maybe you can tell the story of how they became like that through your song.
11. Describing your favorite ecosystem or climate
What places and ecosystems inspire you the most? The cold lands of the north? The heating dunes of the desert? An imaginary place inspired by Lord of the Rings? You can write a song based on those places you feel inspired by and describe them.
What I personally love doing is imagining stories and characters living in those places I feel inspired by. When I wrote “Beauty of the Wild” and “Carry Me to the Lands“, I was inspired by northern mountains and cold environments, and from there I created the story of those two characters living there.
12. One of your struggles in life
Write a song about something you struggle with in life. You’re likely not alone in this world going through that thing you’re struggling with, and music has that ability to connect people together in this way. Write a song that makes you feel understood and you might help other people in this world also feel understood in their struggles. It’s hard to be completely vulnerable in writing music, but it’s often what makes the best songs.
13. A magic power you wish you had
If you could have a magic power, which one would you chose? Write a song about what it’s like to have that superpower, and how you would use it. Would you use it to help the world be at peace, or would it be for your own personal benefit?
I can’t help myself but share this song as inspiration for you! Here’s “When I Get My Superpowers” by Meri Amber:
If you don’t know Meri Amber, I recommend you check here you! She’s a fellow music streamer and friend of mind. She’s not only an amazing songwriter but also such a sweetheart! Here’s her Twitch link: twitch.tv/meriamber
14. What you would like to tell your favorite artist
If you could have a conversation with your favorite artist, what would you like to ask them? You can write a song about what you think they would be answering to you? Place yourself in the shoes of an artist you admire and try to write that song about what it would be like to be like that artist, or maybe what advice they would give you.
15. About your favorite person in the world
Write a song about the person you love the most. It can be a friend, a parent or your significant other, whoever you feel close to and wish you could find a way to tell them how important they are for you. Your our song can list the reasons why you love them, be about the first time you met, or tell a moment your shared you have great memory of.
16. A country you would like to explore or visit
Write a song about a place you always wished to visit. Describe the smells, the view, the people and the surroundings through your song lyrics. How is it to be there? Does it feel peaceful? dangerous? also, you don,t have to limit yourself to existing places, you can invent your own or take inspiration from fantasy novels. A way I really like to twist that sort of prompt is creating characters who live there and telling a bit of their story through my songs. Who are they? What are their goals? What are they struggling with?
17. What you would do in a zombie apocalypse
You can write a song about being in a zombie apocalypse. Your song lyrics can explain how the world got there and what are the living conditions in this world. You can describe the environment, a fight against zombies and/or create characters and stories from that universe to tell about in your song. Maybe you could write your own story living in this world and what you would do, whatever inspires you most Alternatively, you can write a song about any other genre of post-apocalyptic world you feel compelled to.
18. Something you dislike or hate
Write a song about something you dislike or hate. It can be as simple as foods you don’t like to eat or an activity you dislike, or it can be a bit more substantial and be something about a type of behavior you don’t like to see in people, and how you wished they acted instead. Try to add some kind of positive touch to it by allowing the song to offer some kind of solution, a reason why it’s like that, or a sort of twist at the end. If you prefer, you can also write the song about a fictional character and the consequences hating that thing can have on their life.
19. Your favorite character’s newest adventure
Create a fan fiction song! Pick a character you love, and write a song about their most recent adventure. It can be a character form a book or movie, but if you write a song about an existing character, make sure to consider copyright in the equation.
In case you intend to publish your song, to avoid any problems , you can keep the identity of that character hidden and keep from revealing too many details about them, or you can create your own character inspired by them.
20. In the style of your favorite writer/lyricist
Pick a writer or a lyricist you really like, and try to write a song in the same genre as them. I love to get inspired by artists I love. My personal style is highly inspired by bands like Nightwish, which are very fantasy and story driven. I also like to get inspired by writers like Edgar Alan Poe or Baudelaire. Taking inspiration from your favorite artists can be a good way for you to develop your own writing style and get in touch with what you really like to write about.
21. Life on a newly discovered planet
Write a song about what life is like on a newly discovered planet. What’s better there? What’s worst? Why do people leave earth to live there? Are people forced to go there, or are they going on their own freewill in hope for better life conditions? Maybe you can tell the journey of someone leaving earth to live on that new planet.
22. What if the stars and the moon disappeared?
Write a song about what it would be like if the stars an moon disappeared. How would people react? What would the world look like? Alternatively, you can also explore other “what if” questions you have in mind, and write about what that alternate universe would be like in a song. Don’t be afraid to write down a few of those “what if” questions you have and write about them.
23. How could we make the world a better place
Write a song about how you think we could make the world a better place. You can focus on something like peace, environment, how humans treat each other and the world around them, and write a song that offers solutions on how to make the world better for everybody.
24. About your purpose on this earth
Write a song about your purpose on this earth. Why are you here? What do you wish to accomplish in your life. You don’t have to find for something amazing here, just find something that resonates with you, that makes you feel alive. Write about something you would like to accomplish. It doesn’t matter if you don’t have that epic goal, keep it simple if you need. it can be something that’s only self-fulfilling if you wish.
For me, I feel like my purpose on this earth is creating art. I want to create and share ideas with the world, and that’s what keeps making me feel alive.
25. The story of a werewolf who killed his wife
Write a song about the story of a man who killed his wife during his werewolf transformation. You can describe the relationship he had with his wife, the transformation and the event itself, or you can focus on only one of those elements. Take inspiration from werewolves tales you know of, or create a similar story inspired by another creature of the night like vampires. You can also create a whole different story around this theme if you want to. You can maybe take inspiration from the song “Fullmoon” by Sonata Arctica
26. A society where love would be forbidden
Write a song about a society where love has been forbidden. How does that world function? What is the punishment this society is giving for falling in love with another person? Is there a reason for that rule’s existence? Are the authorities trying to take control of the population of are they trying to save them from something? Maybe you can write your song about the story of two lovers trying to escape that place to live their love freely. You can take inspiration from a book such as “1984” by George Orwell, “Fahrenheit 451” by Ray Bradbury or other dystopian universes you know of.
27. A blind woman sees for the first time
Write a song about what it would be like for someone to see for the first time. Describe colors and landscapes like if it was for the first time. If you want, you can frame the song around the story of that person who gets to see and experience the world for the first time, whether was it because they used to be blind of because they were prisoner in a dungeon their whole life.
28. A princess escapes from her tower
A princess decides to escape from her tower. Maybe she’s adventurous or just tired of waiting for her prince charming to come and save her. You can write about her adventures. Are things going alright for her, or is she faced with terrible challenges? Is she happy to now be free, or does she realize the world is a lot more dangerous and wild she expected at first? Does she wish to return home, or stay out forever?
29. An inside joke you have with your friends
Write a song about an inside joke you’re having with your friends, or something that makes you feel connected to them. It can be more funny or more meaningful, as long as it reflects the dynamic and relationship you have with them. If you prefer, you can also take a single friend of yours you have a special relationship with, or even your significant other. You can explore some of the memories you have together and find a good memory to write a song about.
30. Dictionary word song
If you’re completely out of ideas, something I like to do is generate a couple of random words from a website like “Random Word Generator” and use them as a prompt for my song. The goal would be to use as many words as possible from that list in my song. It can end up having funny results sometimes, but I think it’s also a great way to get out of our comfort zone, try new things and get out of a writer’s block.
Final words…
I hope these ideas helped you find a bit of inspiration! I know for a fact that it has been making me feel very inspired and creative to write that article, and I hope reading it will have the same effect on you! Feel free to share you song or your ideas with me! If you’d like more advice on songwriting you can join our community on Discord with this invite link: https://discord.gg/TBW8yX9 ! Our whole community over there would be happy to see your work! If you would like to get some private coaching from me, it’s also possible! Make sure to DM over there so we can check out the possibilities together!
Seeing you around! | http://www.elvann.com/30-song-ideas-to-find-inspiration/ |
Your Scalibut Cakes™ have been quick-frozen to lock in the flavor, and shipped to you on dry ice. Upon arrival, please freeze or refrigerate. These seafood cakes will keep in the freezer for approximately 3 months; once thawed please use within 1-2 days. Do not refreeze if it has been thawed longer than one day.
Cooking
Thaw cakes in the refrigerator before cooking. We recommend pan-frying over medium heat with a light touch of olive oil. Let the pan heat up and then place Scalibut Cakes™ into pan. If you hear them sizzle just a bit the pan is hot enough. If not take them out and wait a minute or so. Flip cakes over after about 2 minutes of cooking.
Flip again after 2 minutes and repeat this step once more. Total cooking time will vary depending on stove temperature and style of frying pan. Approximate cooking time is 6-8 minutes or until desired texture. Cake will be golden brown and a little crunchy on the outside and tender and moist on the inside.
To bake, pre-heat oven to 350F. Place cakes on a lightly oiled cookie sheet. Bake for 15-20 minutes to a golden brown or until cooked through. If desired, finish by broiling 2-3 minutes for a golden brown on top.
Serving
Serve with dipping sauce on the side. To make a tasty sandwich just mix a little dipping sauce with your favorite salad dressing and spread on toasted bread, lettuce, tomato, and onion and enjoy
|Nutrition Facts|
|Serving size||3 oz (85g)|
|Amount per serving|
|Calories||110|
|% Daily Value*|
|Total Fat 2g||3%|
|Saturated Fat 0.5g||3%|
|Trans Fat 0g|
|Cholesterol 55mg||18%|
|Sodium 530mg||22%|
|Total Carbohydrate 10g||3%|
|Dietary Fiber 1g||4%|
|Total Sugars 2g|
|Protein 12g|
|* The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000 calories a day is used for general nutrition advice.|
|Ingredients: Cakes – Halibut, scallops, roasted red peppers (peppers, water, salt, citric acid), panko bread crumbs (bleached wheat flour, dextrose, yeast, salt), liquid egg (whole eggs, citric acid, xanthan gum, guar gum, nisin [preservative]), green onion, cilantro, fish sauce (water, anchovy extract, salt, sugar), lime juice, garlic, chili pepper, black pepper.|
Scalibut Cakes™ have quickly become one of our customers' favorite new items - we've worked with our friends at Cafe Olga to offer these new JUMBO SIZE Scalibut Cakes™! They're 5 oz each, which is almost twice the size of our regular Scalibut Cakes™, big enough for hearty sandwiches and entree sized servings.
A deliciously rich combination of Alaskan Scallops and Halibut, plus hand selected herbs and spices, in an easy to serve seafood cake
Individually hand made with an original recipe, these cakes were created back in 2004 at Café Olga, on Orcas Island, by owners Bobby Olmsted & Bev Simko.
Easy to make, they're able to be enjoyed in many ways. Serve with a salad of mixed greens. Plate them up in pairs with a rice pilaf, risotto, or pasta side dish. Make a Scalibut Cake™ Sandwich on fresh toasted challah bread with lettuce, tomato, onion and aioli sauce. If the weather's nice, take it outside and make a Scalibut Cake™ Burger, complete with a side of steak fries and a crispy pickle spear. | https://preprod.seabear.com/jumbo-sized-scalibut-cakes.html |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This Application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/324,303, filed on Apr. 15, 2010, and the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The disclosure relates generally to interface management, and, more particularly to methods and systems for interface management that manage arrangements of objects of displayed interfaces of an electronic device via a user interface provided by a server.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, portable devices, such as mobile or handheld devices, have become more and more technically advanced and multifunctional. For example, a mobile device may receive email messages, have an advanced address book management application, allow for media playback, and have various other functions. Because of the conveniences of portable devices with multiple functions, the devices have become necessities of life.
Generally, a handheld device can install a large amount of functions which are implemented as widgets, applications, virtual or physical buttons, or any other kind of executable program code. Due to the size limitation of screens or other classification requirements, only several interfaces, such as menus or pages can be provided in the handheld device. Users can perform a switching operation to switch between the interfaces by using a virtual or physical key, or a touch-sensitive screen.
Conventionally, users can manually configure the arrangement and display of the interfaces on an electronic device. For example, the users may dispose a number of objects, such as widgets, applications, and/or shortcuts, within the interfaces, to arrange the positions of the objects, and add or remove any object to or from originally arranged objects for any interface, by performing a number of operations. Moreover, one of the images representing the interfaces may be displayed on a screen of the handheld device. When the switch operation is performed, another image is displayed on the screen to replace the original image. Generally, it is hard to quickly configure the arrangements of one or more than one interface using a stylus or a finger since the size of a screen provided in a handheld device is small. To enhance the value of devices and increase user experience, it is an objective of the present application to provide easy and applicable interface management systems and methods for electronic devices.
Methods and systems for interface management are provided.
In an embodiment of a method for interface management, a request message, requesting for arrangement information of at least one interface is received from a server, wherein the at least one interface contains at least one object and can be displayed on a screen of an electronic device according to the arrangement information. In response to the request message, respective arrangement information of the at least one interface is obtained and then transmitted to the server, such that a simulated interface of the at least one interface is displayed on a user interface at the server side based on the respective arrangement information received by the server, wherein when a change is made to the simulated interface of the at least one interface at the server side, the arrangement of the at least one interface is accordingly changed.
An embodiment of a system for interface management comprises a storage unit, a screen, and a processing unit. The storage unit comprises at least one interface, wherein the interface at least comprises one object and arrangement information corresponding thereto. The screen displays the at least one interface according to the arrangement information. The processing unit receives a request message, requesting for arrangement information of at least one interface from a server, and in response to the request message, obtains respective arrangement information of the at least one interface and then transmits the respective arrangement information of the at least one interface to the server, such that a simulated interface of the at least one interface is displayed on a user interface at the server side based on the respective arrangement information received by the server, wherein when a change is made to the simulated interface of the at least one interface at the server side, the arrangement of the at least one interface is accordingly changed.
In some embodiments, the at least one interface comprises a plurality of objects and the respective arrangement information of the at least one interface comprises position information, and a type and/or a name of each of the objects. In some embodiments, the at least one interface is further divided into a plurality of display areas and the respective arrangement information of the at least one interface further comprises information indicating a display area of each object. In some embodiments, the objects comprise at least one background, at least one widget, at least one application icon, or at least one button.
In some embodiments, an updating request message is further received from the server and the objects of each of the at least one interface is rearranged when respective arrangement information corresponding to the at least one interface is indicated by the updating request message. In some embodiments, each of the objects is provided with a timestamp and the arrangement information of the at least one interface and the arrangement information of the simulated interface displayed on the user interface at the server side are further synchronized automatically according to the timestamp of each object and a timestamp of respective objects at the server side.
Methods for interface management may take the form of a program code embodied in a tangible media. When the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the disclosed method.
The following description is of the best-contemplated mode of carrying out the invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and should not be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the invention is best determined by reference to the appended claims.
Methods and systems for interface management are provided. Embodiments of the invention provide easy and applicable interface management systems and methods for electronic devices such that users can quickly change the arrangements of one or more than one interface of an electronic device via a user interface (e.g. a specific webpage) at a server side when the electronic device is connected to the server, thus, enhancing the value of devices and increasing user experience.
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is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system for interface management of the invention. The system for interface management may be used in an electronic device, such as a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a PDA phone, a smart phone, a mobile phone, an MID (Mobile Internet Device, MID), a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a car computer, a digital camera, a multi-media player, a game device, or any other type of mobile computational device, however, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. The system for interface management is capable of being connected to a server via a network , such as mobile network (e.g., WCDMA network) or Internet. When connecting to the server , the system for interface management can transmit data to or receive data from the server .
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The system for interface management comprises a screen , a storage unit , and a processing unit . The screen can display data, such as texts, figures, interfaces, and/or information. It is understood that, in some embodiments, the screen may be integrated with a touch-sensitive device (not shown). The touch-sensitive device has a touch-sensitive surface comprising sensors in at least one dimension to detect contact and movement of at least one object (input tool), such as a pen/stylus or finger near or on the touch-sensitive surface. Accordingly, users are able to input commands or signals via the screen. The storage unit comprises a plurality of interfaces . For example, respective interface may comprise a number of objects, such as at least one widget, at least one application icon, at least one shortcut of a specific application or folder, and/or at least one button, but it is not limited thereto. is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an example of an interface of the invention. As shown in , the interface shows a widget W and four application shortcuts or buttons A˜A, wherein the widget W can obtain data, and perform operations to show the results on the interface , and related applications or functions can be activated when the application shortcuts or the buttons are selected. It is to be noted that the arrangement information of each interface may comprise, for example, but is not limited to, the number, the type, and/or the position of the objects deployed on the interface such that the screen can display and arrange the interface according to its respective arrangement information. is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an example of arrangement information of an interface of the invention. As shown in , the arrangement information comprises the type of the objects (e.g. a widget or an application), the position information of the objects deployed on the interface and the name of the objects, wherein the position information of a specific object may indicate which interface among the interfaces the specific object belongs to and which display area the object located. For example, as shown in , the position information indicates that this specific object belongs to the interface , which is the middle interface among all of the interfaces and the specific object is located on the display area D shown in . In this embodiment, the arrangement information of a respective interface may further comprise the wallpaper information which will be displayed as the background of the interface.
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It is understood that, in some embodiments, the respective interface may correspond to a menu of the electronic device, wherein the plurality of objects of the respective interface are deployed to be displayed in a specific arrangement. Each specific interface may be divided into a number of display areas and each object of the specific interface is arranged to be deployed to be displayed in a specific display area. is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an example of an interface with multiple display areas of the invention. As shown in , the interface has been divided into twelve display areas D-D, in which object O is deployed to be displayed in the display area D, object O is deployed to be displayed in the display area D, and object O is deployed to be displayed in the display area D. It is understood that, while objects are deployed in different display areas, the arrangement of the interface can be viewed via the screen and recorded in the storage unit . It is noted that, each arrangement of a respective interface may be recorded in the storage unit and displayed on a screen when the interfaces are switched. In some embodiments, the arrangement information of the interfaces can be configured in advance, and stored in a database of the storage unit . For example, when the screen displays the interface in , and a user slides a finger on the screen , a specific interface with objects B-B can be displayed in the screen , as shown in .
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The processing unit can perform the method for interface management of the present invention, which will be discussed further in the following paragraphs. The server may further comprise at least one user interface . The user interface may display related data, such as texts, figures, interfaces, and/or related information, and users are able to input related commands or signals via the user interface .
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is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for interface management of the invention. The method for interface management can be used in an electronic device, such as a PDA, a PDA phone, a smart phone, a mobile phone, an MID, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a car computer, a digital camera, a multi-media player, a game device, or any other type of mobile computational device, however, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto.
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In step S, a request message, requesting for arrangement information of all of the interfaces is received from the server , wherein each of the interfaces can be displayed on the screen of an electronic device. It is to be noted that, the processing unit may first perform a registration procedure to login to the server by using a specific account before it is able to receive data from or transmit data to the server . During the registration procedure, the server may determine whether the user is an authorized user by inspecting whether the specific account is one of the registered accounts stored in the server and the electronic device is allowed to communicate with the server only if the specific account is one of the registered accounts. After the electronic device has successfully logged on to the server , the server sends the request message, requesting for arrangement information of the interfaces to the electronic device. It is understood that, in some embodiments, the respective interface may comprise a plurality of objects deployed to be displayed via the screen and the arrangement information of each interface may comprise the number, the type, and/or the position of the objects deployed on the interface. It is understood that, in some embodiments, the respective interface may correspond to a menu of the electronic device. In some embodiments, the objects of the respective interface can comprise at least one widget, at least one application icon, at least one shortcut of a specific application or folder, and/or at least one button, but it is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the respective interface can further comprise the wallpaper which will be displayed as a background of the interface and the arrangement information of the respective interface can comprise the wallpaper information. In some embodiments, the wallpaper may have an equal height and length, such as 1024×1024.
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FIGS. 8A and 8B
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Referring to , in step S, in response to the request message, respective arrangement information of each interface is obtained. It is to be noted that, the respective arrangement information of each interface may be stored in the database of the storage unit so that the processing unit may obtain the respective arrangement information of each interface from the database of the storage unit . It is understood that, in some embodiments, a default interface will be displayed on the screen when the electronic device is activated, or a specific interface will be displayed on the screen when the electronic device is resumed from a specific state, in which the specific interface is the final interface of the specific state. After the respective arrangement information of each interface has been obtained, in step S, a reply message containing the respective arrangement information of each interface is transmitted to the server . Upon reception of the reply message containing the respective arrangement information of each interface from the electronic device, a simulated interface of each interface is displayed on the user interface at the server side based on the respective arrangement information received by the server . For example, if an interface is arranged as shown in , the simulated interface ′ of the interface is displayed on the user interface at the server side, as shown in . In other words, the interface can be rebuilt at the server side via the user interface . It is understood that, in this embodiment, all of the interfaces can be displayed together on a single page of the user interface , such that the user may then rearrange the arrangement of one or more interfaces via the input units (e.g. a keyboard or a mouse) of the user interface at the server side rather than rearranging via the object (e.g. a pen/stylus or finger) on the electronic device. When a change is made to the simulated interface ′ of the interface at the server side, the arrangement of the interface at the electronic device will be accordingly changed. For example, referring to , when the user wishes to change the position of the object O of the interface from point A to point B, the user may simply select the object O at respective point A′ on the user interface , drag and drop the object O to the point B′, e.g. using a mouse, (), and the object O of the interface on the electronic device will then be accordingly changed from point A to pint B, as shown in . It is understood that, the server will transmit an update message to the electronic device whenever it detects that the arrangement of the simulated interface ′ of the interface has been changed or a predetermined sync period has been reached.
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Referring to , in step S, it is then determined whether an updating request message is received from the server . The updating request message may further comprise the arrangement information of each interface or may only indicate the arrangement information of each changed interface. If no updating message has been received (No in step S), the procedure returns to step S. When the updating message is received (Yes in step S), which means that the arrangements of some interfaces may have been changed, in step S, the objects of each of the changed interfaces are rearranged according to the updating request message when respective arrangement information corresponding to the changed interface is indicated by the updating request message. In this step, the updating message may comprise the arrangement information of each changed interface so that each changed interface can be rearranged according to the respective arrangement information indicated by the updating request message.
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In some embodiments, after the server and the electronic device have been synchronized, the user may directly change the arrangement of a specific interface on the electronic device or change the arrangement of the specific interface via the user interface at the server side, such that the arrangement information recorded in the storage unit and the server are inconsistent. Therefore, a timestamp is further provided to each of the objects to indicate when an object has been changed. The arrangement information of the specific interface and the arrangement information of the simulated interface displayed on the user interface at the server side are synchronized to each other according to the timestamp of each object and a timestamp of respective objects at the server side.
In one embodiment, one of the objects of at least one interface is rearranged according to a respective object displayed on the simulated interface when the respective timestamp of the object is older than that of the respective object on the simulated interface. For example, if a specific object of at least one interface has a timestamp of 2 pm and the respective object displayed on the simulated interface has a timestamp of 3 pm, the specific object of at least one interface is rearranged according to the arrangement information of the respective object displayed on the simulated interface. In another embodiment, one of the objects of the at least one interface is not changed when the respective timestamp of the object is newer than that of the respective object on the simulated interface. In some embodiments, the one of the objects of the simulated interface is changed according to a respective object displayed on the interface when the respective timestamp of the object is newer than that of the respective object on the simulated interface. For example, if a specific object of at least one interface has a timestamp of 3 pm and the respective object displayed on the simulated interface has a timestamp of 2 pm, the one of the objects of the simulated interface is changed according to the respective object displayed on the interface.
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FIG. 8D
It is understood that, in some embodiments, the interfaces can be arranged in sequence and the user may further rearrange the order of each interface by the user interface at the server side. Referring to , which are schematic diagrams illustrating an embodiment of an example of interface management of the invention. For example, in the example of , the interfaces I-I are arranged in a sequence I˜I at the device side and the interfaces I˜I are rearranged to a new sequence I, I, I, I, I, I and I via the user interface at the server side, such that the interfaces I˜I at the device side are rearranged to the new sequence I, I, I, I, I, I and I as same as the server side, as shown in . It is understood that, in some embodiments, the arrangement information of the interfaces can be automatically synchronized between the electronic device and the server upon detection of any change made at the device side and the server or upon each predetermined fixed sync period.
Therefore, the methods and systems for interface management can quickly change the arrangements of one or more than one interface of the electronic device via a user interface at a server side, thus, enhancing the value of devices and increasing user experience.
Methods for interface management, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of a program code (i.e., executable instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMS, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine thereby becomes an apparatus for practicing the methods. The methods may also be embodied in the form of a program code transmitted over some transmission medium, such as electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via any other form of transmission, wherein, when the program code is received and loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the disclosed methods. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, the program code combines with the processor to provide a unique apparatus that operates analogously to application specific logic circuits.
While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those who are skilled in this technology can still make various alterations and modifications without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention shall be defined and protected by the following claims and their equivalent.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will become more fully understood by referring to the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system for interface management of the invention;
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an example of an interface of the invention;
FIG. 3
is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an example of an interface with multiple display areas of the invention;
FIG. 4
is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of another example of an interface of the invention;
FIG. 5
is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for interface management of the invention;
FIG. 6
FIG. 3
is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a simulated interface of the interface of of the invention, which is displayed on a user interface at the server side;
FIG. 7
is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of an example of arrangement information of an interface of the invention; and
FIGS. 8A to 8D
are schematic diagrams illustrating an embodiment of an example of interface management of the invention. | |
Two Baby Leopards Rescued On The Same Day
Two leopard cubs separated from their mothers on the same day have been reunited in operations by a wildlife charity.
It is currently the time of year where most leopard cubs are born and it also coincides with the harvest season for sugarcane and other crops, resulting in mother leopards that believe their offspring are safely hidden in dense foliage suddenly being exposed.
In order to reunite mother and cub quickly, the animal charity Wildlife SOS places the cub in a box where its calls can be heard by its mother and where it is also at the same time safe from predators.
Pictures Credit: AsiaWire/Wildlife SOS
In both of the two current reunions, that were filmed on the same day, the mother leopard turns up and frees the cub from the box before both disappear into the jungle.
The first incident happened on Monday evening when sugarcane farmers in Vadgaon Anand village in the state of Maharashtra found a cub and raised the alarm with the organisation.
Together with the Forest Department, the Wildlife SOS team, which works from the Manikdoh Leopard Rescue Centre, set off together with vet Dr Ajay Deshmukh, and one on the way there they got a call about a second leopard cub that had been found at Golegaon village, in Junnar.
They then split up in order to stage separate operations to reunite mothers and cubs, with Dr Deshmukh heading to Vadgaon, and veterinary assistant Mahendra Dhore heading over to Golegaon.
After checking that both of the cubs were healthy, they were placed inside boxes with remote-controlled cameras set up to record what happened.
Dr Deshmukh said: “Both the leopard cubs were males. The one from Vadgaon Anand village was approximately 10-weeks-old, whereas the other was approx. 13-weeks-old. Such reunions are of great importance in order to curb conflict situations. If female leopards are unable to locate their cubs, it is natural for them to turn defensive or aggressive and they pose an immediate threat to humans in close proximity. It is also immensely rewarding to know that these cubs will now have a chance at a free life in the wild.”
Kartick Satyanarayan, Co-founder and CEO of Wildlife SOS, told Asia Wire: “Wildlife SOS often receives calls for lost leopard cub sightings during the pre-harvest and harvest season. The dense sugarcane fields foster a suitable shelter for the leopards to breed in and nurture their cubs. The team at the Manikdoh Leopard Rescue Centre has in the past rescued leopards from man-leopard conflict situations and has also carried successful reunions, the most recent being a leopard cub reunion near Nagarpur village, Maharashtra. The team aims at working closely with the Forest Department to raise awareness among the villagers to promote a positive attitude towards leopards and endorse a feeling of co-existence.”
Bapu Yele, Range Forest Officer (Ottur), said: “The Wildlife SOS team is extremely cooperative and has always responded timely to each call of rescue. The Forest Department and the Wildlife SOS team have carried out many such rescue and reunion operations in the region, as we recently also rescued two male adult leopards from drowning in a 50-foot deep well from a village in Ottur. The NGO does excellent work to mitigate man-leopard conflict situations in the state.“
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Central cluster galaxies (cDs) in cooling flows are growing rapidly through gas accretion and star formation. At the same time, AGN outbursts fueled by accretion onto supermassive black holes are generating X-ray cavity systems and driving outflows that exceed those in powerful quasars. We show that the resulting bulge and black hole growth follows a trend that is roughly consistent with the slope of the local (Magorrian) relation between bulge and black hole mass for nearby quiescent ellipticals. However, a large scatter suggests that cD bulges and black holes do not always grow in lock-step. New measurements made with XMM, Chandra, and FUSE of the condensation rates in cooling flows are now approaching or are comparable to the star formation rates, alleviating the need for an invisible sink of cold matter. We show that the remaining radiation losses can be offset by AGN outbursts in more than half of the systems in our sample, indicating that the level of cooling and star formation is regulated by AGN feedback.
- Link
- Link
- Language
- Undefined/Unknown
- Note
- eprintid: arXiv:v:v:v:v:v/0000000
- Permalink
- http://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.287639
Disclaimer/Complaints regulations
If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library, or send a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. | http://dare.uva.nl/search?metis.record.id=287639 |
I have a confession: I am a Cute Overload addict. A childhood love of Hello Kitty has never left me, and my "grown-up" home is adorned with quaint little tchotchkes (tastefully appointed). So it should not be surprising that Easter confections are among my favorite sweets—they celebrate cuteness! Adorable bunny-shaped chocolates, pastel-decorated cupcakes and cookies featuring baby animals look perfectly appropriate this time of year.
To create these cupcakes, I used two classic recipes: a simple vanilla cake and Swiss meringue buttercream for the frosting. I made mini cupcakes for added cuteness factor, but larger cupcakes are probably easier to decorate.
from "Good Enough to Eat"
3. Mix in the eggs, one by one; then add the vanilla.
4. Combine all the dry ingredients and sift.
5. Using a wooden spoon, alternatively stir in the dry ingredients and buttermilk.
6. Bake for 25 to 30 minutes for regular cupcakes or 20 minutes for mini cupcakes.
1. Combine the sugar and egg whites in a heatproof mixing bowl.
2. Over a pan of simmering water, whisk the eggs whites until they become frothy and pure white in color. The temperature should reach 160 degrees Fahrenheit.
3. Remove bowl from simmering water; continue to whisk until mixture is stiff and glossy.
4. Add the butter slowly by the tablespoon, then whisk in the vanilla extract.
5. Use immediately or refrigerate (for up to 3 days); use at room temperature.
For the frosting, I used all-natural food colorings from India Tree, which are made from ingredients such as turmeric, annatto, beet juice and vegetable juice. These coloring are best for creating pastel colors rather than vivid primary colors. Also, since the colorings are water-based, you will need to make sure the frosting is well emulsified. Whisk vigorously until the frosting looks smooth and fluffy! The bunny noses and pupils were made from tempered (melted) dark chocolate.
Once you've baked your cupcakes and made your frosting, prepare your mise en place for decorating. Create several piping bags out of parchment paper. Here's how: Cut triangles of parchment paper and then wrap them into cone shapes. Mix up your colors in the desired shades; you can make any color of the rainbow by combining red, yellow and blue. For design inspiration, I recommend searching for "clip art" on Google Images for simple shapes to copy. Have fun with it!
A note about my cupcake decor: It was not exactly what I had in mind. The bunnies ended up looking slightly menacing (and the whiskers look a bit like mustaches because I didn't create a fine enough decorating tip), and my chicks' beaks aren't as sharp as I intended. It's because I had a few challenges with the buttercream frosting. Although it's the most delicious frosting, buttercream is not necessarily the best for decorating since it's so soft at room temperature. Keep the design simple for best results. Also, the base color of buttercream is yellowish because of the large amount of butter in the recipe. As much as I love Martha Stewart, her photo on the recipe page is misleading. It looks more like royal icing than buttercream.
I used a "royal icing" (because it's whiter and smoother) for another batch of chick cupcakes.
My cupcake decorating trials and tribulations have given me even more appreciation for my favorite cupcake shop, Sibby's Cupcakery in San Mateo. This boutique bakery makes the best custom cupcakes anywhere with the most wonderful decorations, always super cute and original! Sibby's enticing pastel frostings and adorable designs will be my inspiration for my next batch of cupcakes!
Yes! I wanted to plan a fun activity to do with my niece, you make this look so fun and easy so I will try it next time I see her!!
Please let me know how your cupcake-making activity goes! I'd love to see photos! | http://www.miss-patisserie-sf.com/2015/04/cute-easter-cupcakes-recipe-for-vanilla.html |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
FIELD
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority of the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-027474, filed on Feb. 15, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The embodiments discussed herein are related to a spot size converter, a light source, an optical transmitter, an optical receiver and an optical transmitter-receiver.
While a demand for increase of the capacity and the speed of data processing is increasing, it is pointed out that a limit exists in the speeding up, power saving and downsizing in future computers/integrated circuits. In order to break down the limit, implementation of a device/system in which optical interconnections and electronic circuitry are integrated together is desired together with development of technical fields that use a new electronic phenomenon in semiconductors.
In such a situation as described above, attention gathers to Si photonics of producing an optical circuit on an SOI (Silicon on Insulator) substrate using a silicon (Si) microfabrication technology, and development of an optical interconnect technology characterized in speeding up, power saving and downsizing is performed actively.
Incidentally, since Si itself does not include a light emitting mechanism, in the optical interconnect technology that uses the Si photonics, it is investigated to input external light to an optical waveguide that configures an optical circuit on an SOI substrate.
However, a core of an optical waveguide by Si microfabrication has, as a size thereof, a width of, for example, approximately 450 nm in order to keep a single mode of propagation light, and a mismatch occurs with a spot size (for example, approximately several μm to 10 μm) of general external light. Therefore, high coupling loss occurs.
Thus, a technology is available wherein a mismatch with the spot size of external light is eliminated to reduce the coupling loss by providing a core with a taper portion having a core width that decreases toward an end face of the core to or from which light is inputted or outputted thereby to increase the spot size.
According to an aspect of the embodiment, the spot-size converter includes a substrate; a first core provided over the substrate; and second and third cores provided over the substrate and over or under the first core with a cladding layer sandwiched therebetween and extending in parallel to the substrate and the first core.
According to an aspect of the embodiment, the light source includes a substrate; a spot-size converter provided on the substrate; and a light emitter provided on the substrate; the spot-size converter including a first core provided over the substrate; and second and third cores provided over the substrate and over or under the first core with a cladding layer sandwiched therebetween and extending in parallel to the substrate and the first core; the light emitter outputting light toward the spot-size converter.
According to an aspect of the embodiment, the optical transmitter includes a substrate; a spot-size converter provided on the substrate; a light emitter provided on the substrate; and an optical modulator provided on the substrate; the spot-size converter including a first core provided over the substrate; and second and third cores provided over the substrate and over or under the first core with a cladding layer sandwiched therebetween and extending in parallel to the substrate and the first core; the light emitter outputting light toward the spot-size converter; the optical modulator modulating light outputted from the spot-size converter.
According to an aspect of the embodiment, the optical receiver includes a substrate; a spot-size converter provided on the substrate; and an optical detector provided on the substrate; the spot-size converter including a first core provided over the substrate; and second and third cores provided over the substrate and over or under the first core with a cladding layer sandwiched therebetween and extending in parallel to the substrate and the first core; the optical detector detecting light outputted from the spot-size converter.
According to an aspect of the embodiment, the optical transmitter-receiver includes a substrate; first and second spot-size converters provided on the substrate; a light emitter provided on the substrate; an optical modulator provided on the substrate; and an optical detector provided on the substrate; the first spot-size converter including a first core provided over the substrate; and second and third cores provided over the substrate and over or under the first core with a cladding layer sandwiched therebetween and extending in parallel to the substrate and the first core; the second spot-size converter including a fifth core provided over the substrate; and sixth and seventh cores provided over the substrate and over or under the fifth core with a cladding layer sandwiched therebetween and extending in parallel to the substrate and the fifth core; the light emitter outputting light toward the first spot-size converter; the optical modulator modulating light outputted from the first spot-size converter; the optical detector detecting light outputted from the second spot-size converter.
The object and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention.
However, in the technology described over, in order to reduce the coupling loss, the core width is controlled with a high degree of accuracy, and if the core width is excessively great or excessively small, then the coupling loss increases drastically. Therefore, it is difficult to improve the manufacturing yield while the coupling loss is reduced.
Therefore, it is desired to improve the manufacturing yield while the coupling loss is reduced.
FIGS. 1A to 11
In the following, a spot-size converter, a light source, an optical transmitter, an optical receiver and an optical transmitter-receiver according to an embodiment of the present invention are described with reference to of the drawings.
The spot-size converter according to the present embodiment is used, for example, in an optical interconnect between boards, between chips or in a chip in which a semiconductor laser is used and also in various fields such as a field of optical fiber communications.
FIGS. 1A to 1D
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As depicted in , the present spot-size converter includes a substrate , a lower cladding layer , a lower core provided on the lower cladding layer , an intermediate cladding layer provided on the lower cladding layer and the lower core , a plurality of upper cores provided on the intermediate cladding layer , and an upper cladding layer provided on the intermediate cladding layer and the upper cores . It is to be noted that the following description is given of an example in which two upper cores are provided as the plurality of upper cores .
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It is to be noted that the lower core is referred to also as first core. Meanwhile, the two upper cores included in the plurality of upper cores are referred to also as second core and third core. Further, the lower cladding layer is referred to also as first cladding layer. Further, the intermediate cladding layer is referred to also as second cladding layer. Furthermore, the upper cladding layer is referred to also as third cladding layer.
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Here, the substrate is a silicon (Si) substrate. The lower cladding layer , intermediate cladding layer and upper cladding layer are SiOcladding layers. The lower core is a Si core. The upper cores are SiN cores. In the present embodiment, an SOI substrate that includes a BOX (Buried Oxide) layer, which is a SiOlayer, and an SOI layer, which is a Si layer, on the substrate , and the SOI layer is etched such that the Si core as the lower core is formed on the SiOlayer (BOX layer) as the lower cladding layer from the SOI layer remaining as a result of the etching. Further, the SiOlayer (BOX layer) as the lower cladding layer and the Si core as the lower core are covered with the SiOlayer as the intermediate cladding layer , and the two SiN cores as the upper cores are formed on the SiOlayer as the intermediate cladding layer such that the Si core is positioned between the SiN cores as viewed from over. Further, the SiOlayer as the intermediate cladding layer and the two SiN cores as the upper cores are covered with the SiOlayer as the upper cladding layer . It is to be noted that SiN is lower in refractive index than Si and rather near to SiO. Therefore, an upper optical waveguide configured from the intermediate cladding layer , upper cores and upper cladding layer has a lower refractive index difference than that of a lower optical waveguide configured from the lower cladding layer , lower core and intermediate cladding layer .
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The Si core that is the lower core is provided over the substrate and is terminated at a position spaced away from an end face to or from which light is inputted or outputted. The Si core as the lower core includes, on the side of the end face , a taper region A having a sectional area that increases in a direction away from the end face and a fixed sectional area region B contiguous to the opposite side of the taper region A to the end face and having a fixed sectional area. It is to be noted that the taper region A is referred to also as first taper region. The fixed sectional area region B is referred to also as first fixed sectional area region. Here, the taper region A is a width taper region having a width increasing in a direction away from the end face . Meanwhile, the fixed sectional area region B is a region (fixed width region; fixed height (thickness) region) having a fixed width and having a fixed height (thickness). It is to be noted that, since the Si core has a sectional area that first increases in a direction away from the end face and then is fixed, the magnitude of the sectional area at the fixed sectional area region B is equal to the magnitude of the sectional area at the portion of the taper region A at which the sectional area is in the maximum.
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It is to be noted that, when light is inputted to the end face , the light is outputted from the opposite side to the end face , but when light is to be outputted from the end face , the light is inputted from the opposite side to the end face . The end face is referred to also as light incident face, light emitting face, light inputting face, light outputting face or light inputting/outputting face.
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The two SiN cores as the two upper cores are provided over the substrate and also over the Si core with the intermediate cladding layer sandwiched therebetween. The two SiN cores are positioned on the left and right sides of the Si core and extend in parallel to each other from the end face to a position corresponding to the taper region A of the Si core . Further, the two SiN cores extend in parallel to the substrate and the lower Si . Light that propagates in a region (optical waveguide) including the two SiN cores forms a single optical mode (fundamental mode). In particular, the size of the two SiN cores and the distance between the two SiN cores are set such that light that propagates in the region including the two SiN cores forms a single optical mode and the spot size of the light coincides or substantially coincides with the spot size of inputted or outputted light. It is to be noted that, where three or more SiN cores are provided, they may be provided such that, between the two upper cores that are positioned on the opposite left and right sides of the Si core , the remaining SiN core or cores are provided.
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Preferably, the two SiN cores include, on the end face side, a taper region A having a sectional area that increases in a direction away from the end face and a fixed sectional area region B contiguous to the opposite side of the taper region A to the end face side and having a fixed sectional area. It is to be noted that the taper region A is referred to also as second taper region. Further, the fixed sectional area region B is referred to also as second fixed sectional area region. Here, the taper region A is a width taper region having a width that increases in a direction away from the end face . Further, the fixed sectional area region B is a region (fixed width region; fixed height (thickness) region) having a fixed width and a fixed height (thickness). It is to be noted that, since each SiN core has a sectional area that first increases in the direction away from the end face and then is fixed, the magnitude of the sectional area of the fixed sectional area region B is equal to the magnitude of the sectional area of the portion of the taper region A at which the sectional area of the taper region A is in the maximum.
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Here, the two SiN cores extend to the opposite side of the taper region A of the Si core to the end face , namely, to a position corresponding to the boundary position between the taper region A and the fixed sectional area region B. Meanwhile, the taper region A of the Si core extends in the direction away from the end face from a position corresponding to the fixed sectional area region B of the SiN cores . It is to be noted that the two SiN cores may otherwise extend farther than the position corresponding to the boundary position between the taper region A and the fixed sectional area region B of the Si core such that a terminating portion thereof is positioned in a region corresponding to the fixed sectional area region B of the Si core .
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In this manner, the width of the two SiN cores is narrowest at the end face (input end) to which light is inputted from the outside, gradually and moderately increases in a tapering manner toward a propagation direction of light (waveguide direction of light) to the widest location and then is fixed. The two SiN cores are formed partway and terminated. Meanwhile, the Si core is structured such that the width thereof is smallest at an end (terminal end) thereof at a position corresponding to the region in which the width of the two SiN cores is greatest, gradually increases in a tapering manner toward the propagation direction of light until it becomes greatest at the location at which the two SiN cores are terminated, and then is fixed.
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Further, the first core (here, the Si core ) has a first portion (here, the taper region A) opposed to the second core and the third core (here, the two SiN cores ) and a second portion (here, the fixed sectional area region B) contiguous to the first portion. Further, the second and third cores individually have a third portion (here, the fixed sectional area region B) opposed to the first core, and a fourth portion (here, the taper region A) continuous to the opposite side of the third portion to the side on which the second portion is provided. A cross section of the first portion perpendicular to the direction in which the first portion extends increases in size toward the second portion. Further, the fourth portions of the second and third cores extend to an end face of the substrate . Further, the shape of the second core, the shape of the third core and the distance between the second and third cores are determined such that light may couple to a region including the second and third cores. Further, the first, second and third cores are provided such that light is coupled from the second and third cores to the first core. Across section of the fourth portions of the second and third cores perpendicular to the direction in which the fourth portions extend increases in size toward the third portion. It is to be noted that, while description here is given taking a case in which the second and third cores are provided as an example, a fourth core may be provided additionally which is disposed over or under the substrate and the first core with a cladding layer sandwiched therebetween and extends in parallel to the substrate and the first core. In this instance, the second, third and fourth cores may individually have a third portion opposed to the first portion and a fourth portion contiguous to the opposite side of the third position to the side on which the second portion is provided. Further, the fourth core may be provided, for example, on the same side as the second and third cores to the substrate and the first core such that the distance between the fourth core and the substrate is set, for example, equal to the distance between the second and third cores and the substrate.
The spot size converter configured in such a manner as described over convers the spot size in the following manner.
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It is to be noted that description here is given taking a case in which the end face serves as an input face (incidence face), namely, the end faces of the two SiN cores serve as an input end (incidence end) and light having a large spot size from a light source such as, for example, a semiconductor laser is inputted from the outside to the input end and the light is outputted from the opposite side to the end face .
5
FIG. 2
First, light (incident light) from a light source having a large spot size such as, for example, a semiconductor laser is inputted to the end face of the two SiN cores as depicted in .
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FIG. 2
Then, when the propagation light enters a region in which a region (waveguide) including the two SiN cores and another region (waveguide) including the taper region A of the Si core overlap with each other, it is influenced by the Si core provided under the two SiN cores with the intermediate cladding layer sandwiched therebetween, namely, by the Si core positioned downwardly by a distance equal to the thickness of the cladding layer of one layer. Consequently, the light intensity of the propagation light gradually couples adiabatically from the two SiN cores to the Si core . In particular, the light propagating in the region including the two SiN cores gradually transfers, in the overlapping region, to the region (waveguide) including the Si core as indicated by an arrow mark X in . Thereupon, as the sectional area of the taper region A of the Si core increases, the propagation light is confined in an increasing strength in the Si core . In particular, since the taper region A of the Si core is provided in the overlapping region, it is possible to confine the propagation light with certainty in the Si core . Then, the propagation light propagates as light of a single mode in the fixed sectional area region B of the Si core . Here, in order to keep the single mode of the propagation light, as a size of the Si core , it has a width of, for example, approximately 450 nm. In this instance, the spot size of the light to be outputted from the opposite side to the end face decreases in response to the dimension of the Si core .
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In this manner, the present spot size converter can convert light of a large spot size into light of a small spot size. In other words, when light propagates in the region including the two SiN cores and the region including the Si core , the spot size of the propagation light can be converted.
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Here, the size of the two SiN cores and the distance between the two SiN cores are set such that propagation light forms a single optical mode and besides the spot size coincides or substantially coincides with the spot size of inputted light (for example, several μm to approximately 10 μm) as described hereinabove. For example, where the spot size of the inputted light is approximately 3 μm, in order to adjust the spot size to the size, the distance between the two SiN cores (distance between the centers of the two SiN cores ) may be set to approximately 1 μm. Further, the dimensions of the two SiN cores on the end face to which external light is inputted may be set such that the width is approximately 300 nm and the height (thickness) is approximately 300 nm so that propagation light propagating in the region including the two SiN cores forms a single optical mode. By the configuration, light can be inputted to the region including the two SiN cores with low coupling loss without causing a mismatch in spot size. Further, light inputted to the region including the two SiN cores propagates as light of a single mode in the region including the two SiN cores . It is to be noted that, if the distance between the two SiN cores is approximately 1 μm, then the propagation light propagating in the region including the two SiN cores forms a single optical mode. Here, since the spot size depends upon the distance between the two SiN cores , the distance between the two SiN cores may be set in response to the spot size of inputted light. In this instance, if the distance between the two SiN cores is excessively great, then two waveguides independent of each other are formed in the region including the two SiN cores , and consequently, the propagation light propagating in the region including the two SiN cores fails to form a single optical mode. Further, the size of the two SiN cores may be set so that light is confined by the two SiN cores and propagation light propagating in the region including the two SiN cores forms a single optical mode. In this instance, if the size of the two SiN cores are excessively great, then the propagation light propagating in the region including the two SiN cores fails to form a single optical mode.
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In this manner, the manufacturing tolerance in accuracy of the core width at the end face to which external light is inputted can be increased by using the two SiN cores spaced from each other in the horizontal direction in this manner. In particular, where the two SiN cores are used, the spot size can be controlled by the distance between the two SiN cores . In this instance, the influence of the working accuracy of the core width of the SiN cores on the coupling loss is smaller than the influence of the working accuracy of the distance between the SiN cores on the coupling loss. Therefore, even if a manufacturing error occurs with the core width of the two SiN cores , the influence of this on the mode shape formed by the two SiN cores as a whole, namely, on the spot size that depends upon the distance between the two SiN cores , is low. The SiN cores are obtained by forming a SiN film, for example, by plasma CVD and then working this SiN film by EB lithography. The working accuracy by the EB lithography is approximately ±10 nm. For example, where the distance between the two SiN cores is approximately 1 μm as described hereinabove, the manufacturing error of approximately ±10 nm is small in comparison with the distance of approximately 1 μm. Further, even if some manufacturing error occurs with the size of the SiN cores having the width and the height of approximately 300 nm, the influence of this on the spot size that depends upon the distance between the two SiN cores is small. Accordingly, it is possible to increase the manufacturing tolerance in accuracy of the core width at the end face to which external light is inputted while the spot size is adjusted to the spot size of inputted light. In other words, the manufacturing yield can be improved while the coupling loss is reduced.
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Further, since the two SiN cores are provided over the Si core with the intermediate cladding layer sandwiched therebetween as described hereinabove, the position of the input end to which external light is inputted can be set to a high position and can be spaced away from the Si substrate in comparison with that in an alternative case in which external light is inputted directly to the Si core . Consequently, leakage of light to the Si substrate can be suppressed and the radiation loss can be suppressed. Therefore, even if the spot size of light inputted from the outside is, for example, approximately 3 μm, if the thickness of the intermediate cladding layer is set to approximately 1 μm, then it is possible to use an SOI substrate of a thin BOX layer of approximately 2 μm, and even if such an SOI substrate is used, sufficiently low coupling loss can be achieved and reduction of the manufacturing cost can be anticipated. In particular, generally the thickness of the lower cladding layer under the Si core is set to a thickness substantially equal to the spot size of light inputted from the outside taking the leakage of light to the Si substrate, which makes a cause of radiation loss, into consideration. Further, a BOX layer of an SOI substrate is frequently used for the lower cladding layer under the Si core. For example, in the case where the spot size of light inputted from the outside is approximately 3 μm, in order to suppress the radiation loss by the leakage of light to the Si substrate, an SOI substrate having a BOX layer of approximately 3 μm has been used in order to set the thickness of the BOX layer to approximately 3 μm. However, as the thickness of the BOX layer increases, the manufacturing cost of the SOI substrate increases. In this case, if the configuration described over is used, then even if the spot size of light inputted from the outside is approximately 3 μm, if the thickness of the intermediate cladding layer is set to approximately 1 μm, then it is possible to use an SOI substrate having a thin BOX layer of approximately 2 μm. Consequently, the manufacturing cost can be reduced while the radiation loss is suppressed.
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It is to be note that the Si core is formed by working the Si layer on the surface of the SOI substrate, for example, by EB lithography. Here, the working accuracy by the EB lithography is approximately ±10 nm. The SiOlayers as the intermediate cladding layer and the upper cladding layer are formed, for example, by plasma CVD. The SiN cores are formed, for example, EB lithography after film formation by plasma CVD. Here, the working accuracy by the EB lithography is approximately ±10 nm.
In this manner, it is possible to improve the manufacturing yield and reduce the cost while the coupling loss of light is reduced by the spot size converter configured in such a manner as described over. Consequently, a spot-size converter with which inputting and outputting to and from the Si core of the optical waveguide (optical circuit) by fine Si working can be implemented with low coupling loss and at a low cost.
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FIG. 3
It is to be noted that, while the two SiN cores here extend to the end face , the present invention is not limited to this, and, for example, the two SiN cores may be terminated in the proximity of the end face as depicted in .
In particular, the size of the spot-size converter configured in such a manner as described over may be set in the following manner.
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FIGS. 4A to 4E
FIGS. 4D and 4C
FIG. 4E
FIGS. 4E and 4D
An SOI substrate including a BOX layer (SiOlayer) of a thickness of approximately 2 μm and an SOI layer (Si layer) of a thickness of approximately 220 nm is formed on the Si substrate as depicted in . Therefore, the thickness of the SiOlayer as the lower cladding layer is approximately 2 μm, and the thickness of the Si core as the lower core is approximately 220 nm. Further, the Si core as the lower core has the taper region A having a minimum width of approximately 100 nm at a terminal end (tip end) thereof, a maximum width of approximately 450 nm and a length of approximately 80 μm, and the fixed sectional area region B having a width of approximately 450 nm (refer particularly to ). Meanwhile, the SiOlayer as the intermediate cladding layer has a thickness of approximately 1 μm. Further, in both of the two SiN cores , the dimensions of the sectional area at the end face to which light from the outside is inputted (end face area at the input end), namely, both of the height (thickness) and the width of the sectional area, are approximately 300 nm, and the distance between the two SiN cores is approximately 1 μm [refer particularly to ]. Both of the two SiN cores have the taper region A having a minimum width of approximately 300 nm at the input end thereof, a maximum width of approximately 400 nm and a length of approximately 80 μm, and the fixed sectional area region B having a width of approximately 400 nm [refer particularly to ]. It is to be noted that the two SiN cores have a height (thickness) fixed over the overall length thereof and have a height (thickness) of approximately 300 nm. Further, the SiOlayer as the upper cladding layer has a thickness of approximately 1 μm.
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In the spot-size converter configured in such a manner as described over and having such dimensions as indicated hereinabove, light inputted from the outside propagates (is guided) along the region including the two SiN cores and then propagates (is guided) to the region including the Si core while the mode shape gradually changes moderately.
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
Here, is a schematic view depicting the mode profile of light at different locations of such a spot-size converter as described over in the form of contour lines. It is to be noted that, in the optical mode profile of , the light intensity is higher on an inner side contour line than on an outer side contour line.
FIG. 5
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In , the profile of inputted light is converted into a profile of a bimodal shape in a range from a location indicated by reference character A to another location indicated by reference character B, namely, from the end face to which light, which the spot size is large, from the outside is inputted to a position corresponding to the tip end (terminal end) position of the Si core . Then, the light gradually optically couples from the two SiN cores to the Si core within the region from a location indicated by reference character B to a location indicated by reference character D through a location indicated by reference character C, namely, within the region within which the region including the two SiN cores and the region including the Si core overlap with each other (within the region within which the region including the fixed sectional area region B of the two SiN cores and the region including the taper region A of the Si core overlap with each other). Thereafter, the light is confined in and propagates along the Si core within the region from a location indicated by reference character D to a location indicated by reference character F through a location indicated by reference character E, namely, within the region including the fixed sectional area region B of the Si core , whereupon the spot size becomes smaller.
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
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It is to be noted that, where the optical mode profile has contour lines that exhibit a plurality of peaks and have contour lines provided in such a manner as to surround the peaks like an optical mode profile at the location indicated by reference character A in , light that propagates in the region including the two SiN cores forms a single optical mode. In other words, light that propagates in the region including the two SiN cores forms a single optical mode having an intensity peak between the SiN cores . Further, if the optical mode profile has contour lines that exhibit a plurality of peaks and have contour lines provided in such a manner as to surround the peaks like an optical mode profiles at locations indicated by reference characters B, C and D in , then light that propagates in the region including the two SiN cores and the Si core forms a single optical mode. Further, where the optical mode profile has contour lines that exhibit a plurality of peaks and has contour lines provided in such a manner as to surround the peaks like an optical mode profile at a location indicated by reference character E in , light that propagates in the region including the Si core forms a single optical mode.
FIG. 5
Incidentally, in the present spot size converter, optical discontinuity occurs at the location denoted by reference character B and the location denoted by reference character D in .
FIG. 6A
FIG. 5
Here, illustrates a result of a simulation of excessive loss by a mode mismatch at the location denoted by reference character B in .
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FIG. 5
FIG. 6A
If the width of the Si core at the location denoted by reference character B in is approximately 100 nm, then the excessive loss by a mode mismatch can be suppressed to approximately 0.01 dB or less by setting the width of each of the two SiN cores to approximately 400 nm or more as depicted in .
FIG. 6B
FIG. 5
Meanwhile, similarly illustrates a result of a simulation of excessive loss by a mode mismatch at the location denoted by reference character D in .
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FIG. 6B
If the width of each of the two SiN cores at the location denoted by reference character D is approximately 400 nm, then the excessive loss by a mode mismatch can be suppressed to approximately 0.01 dB or less by setting the width of the Si core to approximately 300 nm or more as indicated in .
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FIG. 5
FIG. 5
Accordingly, in the present spot size converter, the width of the Si core at the location denoted by reference character B in is set to approximately 100 nm and the width of the SiN cores is set to approximately 400 nm or more while the width of the two SiN cores at the location denoted by reference character D in is set to approximately 400 nm and the width of the Si core is set to approximately 300 nm or more. By such setting, the excessive loss of the entire spot size converter upon mode conversion can be suppressed to approximately 0.02 dB or less.
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FIG. 5
FIG. 5
Therefore, in the present spot size converter, the width of the Si core at the location denoted by reference character B in is set to approximately 100 nm and the width of the two SiN cores is set to approximately 400 nm while the width of the two SiN cores at the location denoted by reference character D in is set to approximately 400 nm and the width of the Si core is set to approximately 450 nm as described hereinabove. By such setting, the excessive loss of the entire spot size converter upon mode conversion can be suppressed to approximately 0.02 dB or less.
Accordingly, with the spot size converter according to the present embodiment, there is an advantage that, while the coupling loss is reduced, the manufacturing yield can be improved.
It is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to the configuration of the embodiment described hereinabove, but the embodiment can be modified in various manners without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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For example, while the two SiN cores in the embodiment described over includes the taper region A, the present invention is limited to this, but they may include no taper region and have a cross sectional area that is fixed over the overall length thereof. However, where the taper region A that has a width that is smallest at the end face to which light from the outside is inputted and increases as the distance from the end face increases is provided on the two SiN cores as in the embodiment described over, the mode of light inputted from the end face can be made a single mode with certainty.
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Further, while the two SiN cores in the embodiment described hereinabove has the fixed sectional area region B on the opposite side to the side of the end face to which light from the outside is inputted such that the fixed sectional area region B is terminated, the present invention is not limited to this. A taper region in which the sectional area decreases toward the opposite side to the side of the end face may be provided such that it is contiguous to the opposite side of the fixed sectional area region B to the side of the end face . In other words, the two SiN cores may individually include taper regions on opposite sides of the direction (longitudinal direction) away from the end face across the fixed sectional area region.
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FIGS. 7A to 7E
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Further, in the embodiment described hereinabove, the SiN cores as the plurality of (here, two) upper cores are provided across the cladding layer over the Si core as one lower core. However, for example, the Si core as one upper core may be provided over the SiN cores as the plurality of (here, two) lower cores with the cladding layer sandwiched therebetween as depicted in . In other words, while, in the embodiment described hereinabove, the one Si core is provided under the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores with the intermediate cladding layer sandwiched therebetween, the present invention is not limited to this, but the one Si core may be provided over the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores with the cladding layer sandwiched therebetween. In this instance, an SOI substrate including a BOX layer in the form of a SiOlayer and an SOI layer in the form of a Si layer on the Si substrate is used, and a SiOlayer as a lower cladding layer X of the second layer is provided on the SiOlayer (BOX layer) as the lower cladding layer . Then, the two SiN cores as the lower cores are formed on the SiOlayer as the lower cladding layer X of the second layer, and the SiOlayer as the lower cladding layer X of the second layer and the two SiN cores as the lower cores are covered with the SiOlayer as the intermediate cladding layer . Then, on the SiOlayer as the intermediate cladding layer , the Si core as the upper core is formed such that the Si core is positioned between the two SiN cores as viewed from over. Then, the SiOlayer as the intermediate cladding layer and the Si core as the upper core may be covered with a SiOlayer as the upper cladding layer . In this instance, the spot size converter includes a substrate, a lower cladding layer, a plurality of lower cores provided on the lower cladding layer, an intermediate cladding layer provided on the lower cladding layer and the lower cores, an upper core provided on the intermediate cladding layer, and an upper cladding layer provided on the intermediate cladding layer and the upper core. Consequently, it is possible to couple light from the outside with low loss to the optical waveguide including the Si core as the upper core provided over the input end to which light from the outside is inputted (input end of the two SiN cores as the lower cores). It is to be noted that the configuration of the other part, other dimensions and so forth may be similar to those in the embodiment described hereinabove.
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Further, while the two SiN cores in the embodiment and the modifications described over are positioned on opposite sides with respect to the Si core , the present invention is not limited to this, but one of the two SiN cores may be positioned just over or just under the Si core . In particular, as viewed from over, the Si core may be sandwiched between the two SiN cores or one of the SiN cores may be positioned just over or just under the Si core while the other SiN core is positioned in a spaced relationship from the one SiN core in the horizontal direction (leftward and rightward direction).
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Further, while the region including the two SiN cores and the region including the Si core in the embodiment and the modifications described over overlap with each other, the present invention is not limited to this, but the region including the two SiN cores and the region including the Si core may be displaced from each other along the light propagation direction such that the region including the two SiN cores and the region including the Si core may not overlap with each other so that light may propagate from the region including the two SiN cores to the region including the Si core .
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FIG. 8
Incidentally, also it is possible to use the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over to configure such a light source as depicted in . In this instance, the light source may include a substrate , a spot size converter provided on the substrate and configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, and a light emitter provided on the substrate , and the light emitter may output light toward the end face of the spot size converter . Here, the light emitter may be configured, for example, using a semiconductor laser. For example, the light source (hybrid integrated light source) can be implemented by mounting, on an SOI substrate, the spot size converter configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over and the light emitter that outputs light toward the end face of the spot size converter . In such a light source as just described, light outputted from the light emitter is inputted from the end face of the spot size converter , and the spot size thereof is converted by the spot size converter when the light propagates in the region including the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores and the region including the Si core . Then, the light propagates in the region (waveguide) including the Si core and is outputted from the opposite side to the end face . with such a light source as just described, it is possible to convert the spot size of light to be outputted from the light emitter into a small size and output the light of the converted spot size while the coupling loss of light is suppressed. Since such a light source as described over includes the spot size converter configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, it is advantageous in that the manufacturing yield can be improved while the coupling loss is reduced. It is to be noted that the light source here is configured such that it includes one light emitter and one spot size converter , the present invention is not limited to this, but the light source may be configured otherwise such that, for example, it includes a plurality of light emitters and a plurality of spot size converters . In this case, the plurality of light emitters may be juxtaposed in parallel and besides the plurality of spot size converters may be juxtaposed in parallel. This makes it possible to simultaneously convert the spot size of a plurality of light beams outputted from the light emitters and output the light beams of the converted spot size.
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FIG. 9
Also it is possible to use the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over to configure such an optical transmitter as depicted in . In this instance, the optical transmitter includes a substrate , a spot size converter provided on the substrate and configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, a light emitter provided on the substrate , and an optical modulator provided on the substrate , and the light emitter may output light toward the end face of the spot size converter while the optical modulator modulates the light outputted from the opposite side to the side of the end face of the spot size converter . Here, the light emitter may be configured using, for example, a semiconductor laser. Meanwhile, the optical modulator may be configured using, for example, a Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator. The optical transmitter can be implemented, for example, by mounting, on an SOI substrate, the spot size converter configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, the light emitter that outputs light toward the end face of the spot size converter , and the optical modulator that modulates the light outputted from the opposite side to the end face of the spot size converter . In such an optical transmitter as just described, light outputted from the light emitter is inputted from the end face of the spot size converter , and the spot size thereof is converted by the spot size converter when the light propagates in the region including the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores and the region including the Si core . Then, the light propagates in the region (waveguide) including the Si core and is outputted from the opposite side to the end face . Then, the light outputted from the opposite side to the end face of the spot size converter is inputted to the optical modulator and modulated by the optical modulator , and the modulated signal is outputted to a Si core provided on the output side of the optical modulator . Such an optical transmitter as just described is advantageous in that, since it includes the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, the manufacturing yield can be improved while the coupling loss is reduced.
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FIG. 10
Also it is possible to use the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over to configure such an optical receiver as depicted in . In this instance, the optical receiver may include a substrate , a spot size converter provided on the substrate and configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described hereinabove, and an optical detector provided on the substrate , and the optical detector may be configured to detect light inputted from the opposite side to the side of the end face of the spot size converter and outputted from side of the end face . In this case, the end face of the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over to which light is inputted becomes an end face from which light is outputted, and light is inputted from the opposite side to the last-mentioned end face. It is to be noted that the optical detector is referred to also as photoreceiver. For example, the optical receiver can be implemented by mounting, on an SOI substrate, the spot size converter configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, and the optical detector that detects light outputted from the spot size converter (photoreceiver that receives the output light). In such an optical receiver as just described, light is inputted from the Si core connected to the Si core of the spot size converter to the spot size converter , and the spot size is converted by the spot size converter when the light propagates in the region including the Si core and the region including the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores . Then, the light propagates in the region (waveguide) including the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores and is outputted from the end face . Then, the light outputted from the end face of the spot size converter is inputted to the optical detector and converted into an electric signal by the optical detector . Such an optical receiver as just described is advantageous in that, since it includes the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, the manufacturing yield can be improved while the coupling loss is reduced.
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FIG. 11
Also it is possible to use the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over to configure such an optical transmitter-receiver as depicted in . In this instance, the optical transmitter-receiver may include a substrate , a first spot size converter and a second spot size converter provided on the substrate and configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, a light emitter provided on the substrate , an optical modulator provided on the substrate , and an optical detector provided on the substrate . The light emitter may output light toward an end face X of the first spot size converter , and the optical modulator may modulate the light outputted from the opposite side to the side of the end face X of the first spot size converter . The optical detector may detect the light inputted from the opposite side to the side of an end face Y of the second spot size converter and outputted from the side of the end face Y. Here, the light emitter may be configured using, for example, a semiconductor laser. Meanwhile, the optical modulator may be configured using, for example, a Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator. Further, In the second spot size converter , the end face to which light is inputted in the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over is the end face Y from which the light is outputted, and light is inputted from the opposite side to the side of the end face Y. For example, the optical transmitter-receiver can be implemented by mounting, on an SOI substrate, the first spot size converter configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, the light emitter that outputs light toward the end face X of the first spot size converter , the optical modulator that modulates light outputted from the opposite side to the end face of the first spot size converter , the second spot size converter configured in such a manner as in any of the embodiment and the modifications described over, and the optical detector that detects the light outputted from the second spot size converter . In such an optical transmitter-receiver as just described, light outputted from the light emitter is inputted from the end face X of the first spot size converter , and the spot size thereof is converted by the first spot size converter when the light propagates in the region including the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores X and the region including the Si core X. Then, the light propagates in the region (waveguide) including the Si core X and is outputted from the opposite side to the end face X. Then, the light outputted from the opposite side to the end face X of the first spot size converter is inputted to the optical modulator and converted by the optical modulator , and a modulation signal is outputted to a Si core provided on the output side of the optical modulator . Further, light is inputted from another Si core connected to a Si core Y of the second spot size converter to the second spot size converter , and the spot size thereof is converted by the second spot size converter when the light propagates in the region including the Si core Y and the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores Y. Then, the light propagates in the region (waveguide) including the plurality of (here, two) SiN cores Y and is outputted from the end face Y. Then, the light outputted from the end face Y of the second spot size converter is inputted to the optical detector and converted into an electric signal by the optical detector . In such an optical transmitter-receiver as just described, light generated by the light emitter can be outputted with the spot size thereof converted into a small spot size while the coupling loss is suppressed, and besides, the inputted light can be detected with the spot size thereof converted into a large size while the coupling loss of the light is suppressed. Such an optical transmitter-receiver as described over is advantageous in that, since it includes the spot size converter of any of the embodiment and the modifications described over as each of the first and second spot size converters and , the manufacturing yield can be improved while the coupling loss is reduced.
All examples and conditional language provided herein are intended for the pedagogical purposes of aiding the reader in understanding the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to further the art, and are not to be construed as limitations to such specifically recited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority and inferiority of the invention. Although one or more embodiments of the present inventions have been described in detail, it should be understood that the various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A to 1D
FIG. 1A
FIG. 1B
FIG. 1C
FIG. 1B
FIG. 1D
FIG. 1B
7
are schematic views depicting a configuration of a spot size converter according to an embodiment, wherein is a perspective view, is a plan view, is a sectional view taken along line C-C′ of , and is a front elevational view, namely, a view depicting an end face denoted by reference numeral in ;
FIG. 2
is a schematic sectional view of the spot size converter according to the present embodiment taken along a propagation direction of light and illustrating operation of the spot size converter;
FIG. 3
is a schematic plan view depicting a configuration of a modification to the spot size converter according to the present embodiment.
FIGS. 4A to 4E
FIG. 4A
FIG. 4B
FIG. 4C
FIG. 4B
FIG. 4D
FIG. 4B
FIG. 4E
FIG. 4B
7
are schematic views depicting a configuration and a size of the spot size converter according to the present embodiment, wherein is a perspective view, is a plan view, is a sectional view taken along line C-C′ of , is a sectional view taken along line D-D′ of , and is a front elevational view, namely, a view depicting an end face denoted by reference numeral in .
FIG. 5
is a schematic plan view of the spot size converter according to the present embodiment and is a schematic view indicating a mode profile of light at several locations in contour lines.
FIG. 6A
FIG. 5
FIG. 6B
FIG. 5
is a view illustrating a simulation result of excessive loss by a mode mismatch at a place denoted by reference character B in , and is a view illustrating a simulation result of excessive loss by a mode mismatch at another location denoted by reference character D in .
FIGS. 7A to 7E
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
FIG. 7C
FIG. 7B
FIG. 7D
FIG. 7B
FIG. 7E
FIG. 7B
7
are schematic views depicting a configuration and a size of another modification to the spot size converter according to the present embodiment, wherein is a perspective view, is a plan view, is a sectional view taken along line C-C′ of , is a sectional view taken along line D-D′ of , and is a front elevational view, namely, a view depicting an end face denoted by reference numeral in .
FIG. 8
is a schematic plan view depicting a light source in which the spot size converter according to the present embodiment is used.
FIG. 9
is a schematic plan view depicting an optical transmitter in which the spot size converter according to the present embodiment is used.
FIG. 10
is a schematic plan view depicting an optical receiver in which the spot size converter according to the present embodiment is used.
FIG. 11
is a schematic plan view depicting an optical transmitter-receiver in which the spot size converter according to the present embodiment is used. | |
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part, and hereby incorporates by reference the entire disclosure, of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/055,619, entitled “HEAT SINK WITH FINS”, which was filed on Jan. 22, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,554,060.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a heat sink with fins used for cooling electronic devices, and in particular relates to the heat sink with fins in which heat dissipating fins are jointed on a metal base plate.
2. Description of the Related Art
In order to dissipate the heat generated by a semiconductor chip, which is increasing year by year, there is known a method in which a heat sink is attached in close contact to the semiconductor chip so as to transfer the heat from the semiconductor chip to the heat sink, and dissipate same. A conventional heat sink has a metal flat base plate so as for the semiconductor chip to be closely contacted thereon, and has construction that plural heat dissipating fins of metal thin plates are jointed on the surface opposite to the surface of the base plate on which the semiconductor chip is attached.
In the heat sink with fins having the above-mentioned construction, the heat generated by the semiconductor chip transfers from the semiconductor chip to the metal base plate which is closely contacted thereto, and spreads over the base plate, and thus spread heat is dissipated into air or the designated place by the metal heat dissipating fins which are fixed on the surface of the metal base plate. In addition, there is provided a one-piece heat sink made of forged aluminum as one of the conventional heat sinks. However, there is a problem in which the one-piece heat sink made of forged aluminum do not attain enough heat dissipating effect, because required number of heat dissipating fins are not formed due to the technical difficulty by forging to shorten the pitch between the heat dissipating fins for the required level of fin-density.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem and obtain much more excellent heat dissipating effect, there is proposed a method instead of a one-piece heat sink, in which a base plate and heat dissipating fins are separately manufactured and the heat dissipating fins are jointed on a surface of the base plate by means of brazing or mechanical joint.
The mechanical joint in which the heat dissipating fins are jointed mechanically on a surface portion of the base plate is superior to the brazing, because manufacturing cost of brazing is higher than that of mechanical joint.
FIG. 4
30
22
30
22
30
22
As shown in , when the size of the semiconductor chip and the base plate are compared, the semiconductor chip is much smaller than the base plate . Therefore it is necessary to spread the heat generated by the small semiconductor chip all over the large base plate by using the base plate made of materials having high heat conductivity such as copper, aluminum or the like. In particular, since the copper is excellent in heat conductivity, the copper is known as a material for the base plate of the heat sink with fins. However, since the copper is heavy and the copper base plate must be in direct contact with the semiconductor chip, there is required some reinforcing construction (for example: applying a jointing device for protecting a circuit board or the like) to reduce the damage that the weight of the copper base plate imposes onto the semiconductor chip.
Furthermore, electronic devices become remarkably lighter and smaller, which makes it difficult to use the copper base plate because the chance to use such heavy copper base plate is reducing and it becomes difficult to secure the space for installing the copper base plate. On the other hand, when the semiconductor chip becomes more integrated and the processing capacity becomes higher, the heat generated by the semiconductor chip becomes larger. Therefore, further higher heat dissipating effect is required for stable operation of the semiconductor chip or the like.
As described above, it becomes difficult to use the copper base plate due to the heavy weight thereof in spite of the excellent heat conductivity. Therefore, when aluminum is to be used for material of the based plate, it is necessary to satisfy the requirement of further increasing heat dissipating effect of the heat sink.
In the heat sink having construction that the heat dissipating fins are mechanically fixed on a surface of the base plate, the base plate has the following temperature distribution when the heat dissipation is in the stable condition. More specifically, the temperature is the highest in the central portion of the base plate to which the semiconductor chip is attached in close contact and, the temperature becomes lower as the portion in the base plate moves farther from the semiconductor chip.
In addition, the heat dissipating fins which are fixed and thermally connected to a surface of the base plate has the following temperature distribution. More specifically, the temperature is the highest in the heat dissipating fins locating in the central portion of the base plate to which the semiconductor chip is attached in close contact, and the temperature is the lowest in the heat dissipating fins locating in the end portions of the base plate which are far apart from the central portion.
Furthermore, the heat dissipating fin itself has the following temperature distribution along the height direction. More specifically, the temperature is the highest in the bottom portion of the fin which is fixed and thermally connected to the base plate and, the temperature becomes lower as the portion moves farther from the bottom portion.
It proves that the heat is transferred by heat conduction in the heat dissipating fin.
However, it is desirable to minimize difference of temperature across the entire portion of the heat sink with fins, from the heat dissipating efficiency point of view. As described above, lately, the heat generated by the semiconductor chip is increasing, and at the same time, the semiconductor chip is more downsized, which tends to rapidly increase the heat density. Therefore it is urgently required to improve heat dissipating efficiency of the heat sink with fins (for example, increasing density of the heat dissipating fins fixed on the base plate, or using a heat pipe in the base plate, or the like). In particular, it is strongly demanded to increase heat dissipating efficiency by reducing difference of temperature in the portions of the above-mentioned heat sink with fins.
As mentioned above, there is a problem in which a one-piece heat sink made of forged aluminum does not attain enough that dissipating effect, because the required number of the heat dissipating fins are not formed due to the technical difficulty by forging to shorten the pitch between fins for the required level of fin-density. Furthermore, there is also a problem in which using the heavy copper base plate becomes difficult due to the heavy weight thereof even if the heat conductivity is excellent. Therefore, it is strongly demanded to increase heat dissipating efficiency of the heat sink with fins having construction that the heat dissipating fins are mechanically fixed on a surface of the aluminum base plate.
However the heat sink having construction that the heat dissipating fins are mechanically fixed on a surface of the aluminum base plate has problem in heat dissipating efficiency, because there are temperature difference both in the base plate and the heat dissipating fins.
There is provided according to the invention a heat sink with fins comprising groups of heat dissipating fins which comprise at least two groups of heat dissipating fins, which are made of at least two kinds of metals having different heat conductivity, said heat dissipating fins of each group being made of same metal, respectively and a metal base plate on which surface portion said groups of heat dissipating fins are densely jointed, wherein a part of said at least two groups of heat dissipating fins are integrally formed with said metal base plate.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
shows one embodiment of a heat sink with fins of the invention.
FIG. 2
shows another embodiment of a heat sink with fins of the invention.
FIG. 3
is a graph to show relationship between copper fin ratio (ratio of number of heat dissipating fins made of copper in total number of heat dissipating fins) and thermal resistance.
FIG. 4
shows a heat sink to which a semiconductor chip or the like is attached in close contact.
FIG. 5
shows another embodiment of a heat sink with fins of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERABLE EMBODIMENTS
EXAMPLE
With reference to the attached drawings, the heat sink with fins of the present invention is explained in detail.
To solve the problem in the conventional art, the present inventors have intensively studied. As a result, it has been found that difference of temperature in the base plate can be reduced by the following: the heat dissipating fins are made of two kinds of metals having different heat conductivity, the heat dissipating fins made of the metal having higher heat conductivity are located on the portion of the base plate close to a heat generating element such as a semiconductor chip or the like, and the heat dissipating fins made of the metal having relatively lower heat conductivity are located in the remaining portion of the base plate.
It has also been found that difference of temperature in the heat dissipating fins which are located on the portion of the base plate close to the heat generating element can be reduced by using the metal having high heat conductivity.
More specifically, the heat dissipating efficiency of the heat sink can be improved by reducing difference of temperature both in the base plate and in the heat dissipating fins by the following: using the aluminum for the base plate, using copper for the heat dissipating fins locating close to the heat generating element such as a semiconductor chip or the like, and using aluminum for the heat dissipating fins located in the remaining portion of the base plate.
One of the objects of the invention is to solve the problem in the conventional art and to provide a heat sink with fins having high heat dissipating efficiency wherein plural heat dissipating fins are densely fixed on one side of the surfaces of an aluminum base plate, and in particular supply a light weight heat sink with fins having small difference of temperature of each part both in the base plate and the heat dissipating fins. Further more, other object of the invention is also to provide a heat sink with fins having design flexibility, good workability and low cost.
One embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the present invention is a heat sink with fins comprising: a group of heat dissipating fins which comprise combination of heat dissipating fins made of at least two kinds of metals having different heat conductivity; and a metal base plate on which surface portion said group of heat dissipating fins are densely jointed.
In other embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the invention, each piece of said heat dissipating fins forming said group of heat dissipating fins is arranged to locate so as to reduce difference of temperature both in said metal base plate and in said group of heat dissipating fins.
In other embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the invention, at least part of said group of heat dissipating fins locating close to a portion of the metal base plate on which a heat generating element is attached are made of copper.
Other embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the invention comprises: a metal base plate to one side of which surfaces a heat generating element is attached in close contact; and a group of heat dissipating fins comprising plural heat dissipating fins of thin metal plates made of at least two kinds of materials having different heat conductivity, inserted into each of plural grooves formed on other side of the surfaces of said metal base plate, and then crimped from both directions of the grooves by pressing to deform portions of the metal base plate between said grooves, thus fixed on said metal base plate.
In other embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the invention, said group of heat dissipating fins comprise heat dissipating fins made of two kinds of metals having different heat conductivity, and part of said group of heat dissipating fins locating close to a portion on which said heat generating element is attached are made of material having higher heat conductivity than that of heat dissipating fins locating in remaining portion of the metal base plate.
In other embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the invention, said two kinds of metals are copper and aluminum, and said part of said group of heat dissipating fins locating close to the portion on which said heat generating element is attached are made of copper and said heat dissipating fins locating in the remaining portion are made of aluminum.
In other embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the invention, said metal base plate is made of aluminum.
In other embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the invention, number of said heat dissipating fins made of copper is within a range from 25% to 75% in total number of said heat dissipating fins.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
1
2
4
3
4
shows one embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the present invention. As shown in , the heat sink with fins of the present invention comprises the base plate made of aluminum, and the group of heat dissipating fins to be inserted into each of plural grooves formed on one side of the surfaces of the aluminum base plate and mechanically jointed on the base plate by being crimped from both sides of the grooves by pressing to deform the portions of the metal base plate between the grooves. The group of heat dissipating fins comprise the copper heat dissipating fins locating in the central portion of the base plate and the aluminum heat dissipating fins locating on both sides of the copper heat dissipating fins .
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
1
2
4
3
4
1
1
shows another embodiment of the heat sink with fins of the present invention. As shown in , as well as , the heat sink with fins of the present invention comprises the base plate made of aluminum, and the group of heat dissipating fins to be inserted into each of plural grooves made on the aluminum base plate and mechanically jointed on the base plate by being crimped from both sides of the grooves by pressing to deform the portions of the metal base plate between the grooves. The group of heat dissipating fins comprise the copper heat dissipating fins locating in the central portion of the base plate and the aluminum heat dissipating fins locating on both sides of the copper heat dissipating fins . Embodiments shown in FIG. and are different in the number of copper fins. More specifically, the number of copper fins in is larger than that in FIG. .
In the above-mentioned embodiment, the group of heat dissipating fins are mechanically jointed on the base plate. However the group of heat dissipating fins may also be jointed on the base plate by means of soldering, silver soldering, welding or the like.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
3
is a graph showing relationship between copper fin ratio (More specifically, ratio of number of the heat dissipating fins made of copper in the total number of heat dissipating fins) and thermal resistance. In , the vertical direction shows thermal resistance, and the horizontal direction shows copper fin ratio (%). As clearly shown in FIG. , the thermal resistance is the highest when the copper fin ratio is 0%, and the thermal resistance is the lowest when the copper fin ratio is 100%. More specifically, within the range of copper ratio from 0% to 100%, the higher the copper fin ratio becomes, the lower the thermal resistance becomes.
On the other hand (not shown in the drawing), the higher the copper fin ratio becomes, the heavier the heat dissipating fins become, and the manufacturing cost thereof increases accordingly. When the copper fin ratio is below 25%, the thermal resistance is high, thus lowering heat dissipating efficiency of the heat sink. On the other hand, when the copper fin ratio becomes over 75%, the thermal resistance is not sufficiently reduced anymore. Therefore effectiveness to lower thermal resistance becomes small due to the weight increase and the cost increase.
Therefore, the copper fin ratio is preferable within a range from 25% to 75%.
As mentioned above, in the heat sink of the present invention, it is desirable that the material of the heat dissipating fins locating close to the portion of the base plate on which the semiconductor chip or the like is attached has higher heat conductivity than that of the heat dissipating fins locating in the remaining portion of the base plate. More specifically, material of the heat dissipating fins locating close to the portion of the base plate on which the semiconductor chip or the like is attached is copper and material of the heat dissipating fins locating in the remaining portion of the base plate is aluminum.
A1050, A6063 and A5055 is applicable for the aluminum material of the base plate for the heat sink with fins of the present invention, and in particular pure aluminum (A1050) is desirable.
C1020 and C1100 is applicable for the copper material of heat dissipating fins, and in particular C1020 is desirable. For the aluminum material of the heat dissipating fins, the same material as the base plate is desirable.
A heat sink with fins of another embodiment of the invention comprises groups of heat dissipating fins which comprise at least two groups of heat dissipating fins, which are made of at least two kinds of metals having different heat conductivity, the heat dissipating fins of each group being made of same metal, respectively and a metal base plate on which surface portion said groups of heat dissipating fins are densely jointed, wherein a part of the at least two groups of heat dissipating fins are integrally formed with the metal base plate.
In addition, in the heat sink with fins of the invention, the part of the at least two groups of heat dissipating fins are arranged so as to be at outer sides of said groups of heat dissipating fins. Furthermore, in the heat sink with fins of the invention, the integrally formed part of the at least two groups of heat dissipating fins and the metal base plate comprises an aluminum extrusion molding product. The integrally formed part of the at least two groups of heat dissipating fins and the metal base plate may comprise an aluminum diecasting product.
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
12
13
13
12
14
shows a heat sink having fins in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. As shown in , the metal base plate and the fins as the part of two groups of heat dissipating fins are integrally formed, for example, by an aluminum extrusion molding product. In this embodiment, respective outermost two fins are integrally formed with the metal base plate . The thin fins are made of copper.
14
Furthermore, the thin fins may comprise two groups of heat dissipating fins, which are made of two kinds of metals having different heat conductivity, for example, copper and aluminum.
11
16
15
The heat sink with fins of the invention is arranged so that the metal base plate is attached to the semiconductor chip such as a CPU mounted on the printed circuit board .
According to the heat sink with fins of the invention as described above, since the part of the heat dissipating fins are integrally formed with the metal base plate, and are arranged so as to be at the outer sides of the groups of heat dissipating fin, the relatively thin fins located between the integrally formed fins may be protected, thus avoiding the problem in which the fins are erroneously deformed when the heat sink with fins are fixed to the electrical device, or the heat sink with fins are transported.
In addition, a heat sink with fins comprises a metal base plate to one side of which surfaces a heat generating element is attached in close contact, and a group of heat dissipating fins comprising plural heat dissipating fins of thin metal plates made of at least two kinds of materials having different heat conductivity, inserted into each of plural grooves formed on other side of the surfaces of said metal base plate, and then crimped from both directions of the grooves by pressing to deform portions of the metal base plate between said grooves, thus fixed on said metal base plate, wherein a part of said at least two groups of heat dissipating fins are integrally formed with said metal base plate.
FIG. 5
FIGS. 1
4
The embodiment of the heat sink with fins described with reference to may be combined with a part or all of the other embodiments described with reference to to .
For example, each piece of said heat dissipating fins forming the groups of heat dissipating fins is arranged to locate so as to reduce difference of temperature both in the metal base plate and in the groups of heat dissipating fins. Furthermore, a group of the groups of heat dissipating fins locating close to a portion of the metal plate on which a heat generating element is attached are made of copper. The metal base plate is made of aluminum, and the number of the heat dissipating fins made of copper is within a range from 25% to 75% in total number of the heat dissipating fins.
The present invention is explained in more detail by the example.
FIG. 1
As shown in , an aluminum base plate with dimension of 80 mm length, 65 mm width and 5 mm thickness is manufactured. Plural grooves are formed on one side of the aluminum base plate in which the heat dissipating fins are inserted. The copper heat dissipating fins and aluminum heat dissipating fins with the same dimension of 0.6 mm thickness and 30 mm height are inserted into the grooves with 2 mm pitch, and then the heat dissipating fins are mechanically jointed on the base plate by being crimped from both sides of the grooves by pressing to deform the portions of the metal base plate between the grooves. The group of heat dissipating fins comprise 30 pieces of heat dissipating fins in which 16 pieces of the copper heat dissipating fins locates in the central portion of the base plate and respective 7 pieces of aluminum heat dissipating fins locate on both sides of the copper heat dissipating fins.
A semiconductor chip of 20 mm×20 mm is attached in close contact to the other side of the heat dissipating fins of the base plate on which no heat dissipating fins are joined, and the condition of the heat dissipation is examined for the heat sink with fins manufactured as described above.
FIG. 1
For comparison, as the same as shown in , an aluminum base plate with dimension of 80 mm length, 65 mm width and 5 mm thickness is manufactured. Plural grooves are formed on one side of the aluminum base plate to which the heat dissipating fins are inserted. The aluminum heat dissipating fins with dimension of 0.6 mm thickness and 40 mm height are inserted into the plural grooves with 2 mm pitch, and then the heat dissipating fins are mechanically jointed on the base plate by being crimped from both sides of the grooves by pressing to deform the portions of the metal base plate between the grooves. The group of heat dissipating fins comprise 30 pieces of aluminum heat dissipating fins.
A semiconductor chip of 20 mm×20 mm is attached in close contact to the other side of the heat dissipating fins of the base plate on which no heat dissipating fins are joined, and the condition of the heat dissipation is examined for the heat sink with fins manufactured as described above.
As the result, the thermal resistance between the temperature of the cooling air and the temperature of the surface of the semiconductor chip is reduced by 0.03 degree Celsius/W on the heat sink with fins of the present invention wherein 16 pieces of copper heat dissipating fins are fixed in the center and respective 7 pieces of aluminum heat dissipating fins are fixed on both sides of the copper heat dissipating fins on the surface portion of the base plate, compared to the heat sink with fins for comparison wherein 30 pieces of aluminum heat dissipating fins are fixed on the surface portion of the base plate.
As is clear from the foregoing, according to the present invention, the heat sink with fins having excellent heat dissipating efficiency is obtained together with reducing weight and manufacturing cost thereof.
Although the above example shows the case in which the heat dissipating fins are arranged so as to be located equally with 2 mm pitch on the base plate, pitches between the heat dissipating fins can be changed to reduce difference of temperature both in the base plate and the heat dissipating fins.
As described above, according to the present invention the following heat sink with fins can be provided: More specifically, the heat sink with fins in which the group of fins comprising the combination of the heat dissipating fins made of at least two kinds of metals having different heat conductivity are densely jointed on the surface portion of the base plate, and in particular, the light weight heat sink with fins having small difference of temperature both in the base plate as well as in the heat dissipating fins.
Additionally, the heat sink having design flexibility, excellent workability and low cost can be provided by means of the proper selection of metals for the base plate and the group of heat dissipating fins. | |
Can I Store Formica Rolled up?
It is not recommended that you leave Formica rolled up for extended periods of time. If you’re working on a project in your shop and you need to roll up a sheet of plastic laminate to take out on a job, you can roll it up so it fits in your delivery vehicle.
The longer that you leave it wrapped up the harder that it will be to work with. We have always loosened the binding once we reached the destination and laid the mica out flat on the floor somewhere.
The plastic can be stored upright against a wall, once that it has flattened out, but something will need to be placed against it to keep it from falling over.
Curled Formica is extremely difficult to work with especially if it is in a large piece. If you’re not familiar with working with mica when it is curved, you’re at a very high risk of having difficulty sticking the piece of laminate incorrectly.
Does it Matter Which Way Formica Gets Rolled Up?
The plastic laminate is not going to break if it is rolled with the color on the inside or the outside. It doesn’t matter which direction that the finish is facing. To guard against getting any scratches on the finished side, it is best to have the decorative color or pattern facing on the inside when rolling it.
How to Roll Formica
The easiest way to accomplish this successfully is to place the sheet flat on the floor or a large work bench. Starting at one end and working from the center, begin rolling the plastic laminate, making sure that it stays even and symmetrical. The laminate can then be wrapped several times around with masking tape in three to four areas. It is advisable to use small pieces of cardboard underneath the tape where the edge of the Formica could cut through the tape.
How to Get Curled Formica to Straighten Out?
If your plastic laminate is too curled to work with, you can try rolling it in the opposite direction and letting it set for a while. This will usually help straighten out the laminate. If it is left over night on a flat surface, the Formica will lie down and be easier to work with, in the morning, provided that the sheet has not been in a roll for several months or possibly years. By using common sense you can figure out how to flatten formica using the area and materials that are available to you.
Another method is to place a sheet of wood on top of the Formica once it has been unwrapped and laid on a flat surface.
If you decide to store your Formica, only leave it in a roll for a short period of time. By short I mean no more than a week. The looser the sheet of material gets bundled up, the better. If you roll it up really tight it will be impossible to ever work with if it is left in that state for a long period of time. No matter how hard you tryt you will never get it to flatten out. | https://fixmycabinet.com/2009/06/08/can-i-store-formica-rolled-up/ |
This Cinderella story, the oldest known version of the famous fairy tale, originates from China. Instead of a fairy godmother, a magical red fish grants Yeh-hsien her dearest wish – to go to the Spring Festival. When Yeh-hsien loses her slipper, the king searches all over the land looking for the woman who fits the tiny golden shoe…
This Chinese version of the Cinderella story is an excellent example of how traditional tales are often replicated across different languages and cultures. Yeh-hsien provides a platform for discussing the variations between legends from different parts of world, and for studying the fairy tale tradition more widely.
This ebook contains text and narration in both languages, making the stories ideal for those new to English, or wanting to learn a new language. There are follow-on activities including audio flash cards, matching pairs, label the parts, sequencing the story and a video questionnaire. An animated video of each story is provided in English.
The licence to use this ebook is for a single user for 365 days from the day of joining. | https://uk.mantralingua.com/products/yeh-hsien-chinese-cinderellaebook?sku=skuKCCinderellaSpanish |
Technical Field
Background Art
Disclosure of Invention
1
2
3
4
(1) Compounds of the formula (I) where at least one of G, G, G and G is N or salts thereof are preferred.
(Methods of Production)
〈Production Method 1〉
(Production Method 1-1)
(Production Method 1-1)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
〈Step 3〉
〈Step 4〉
(Production Method 1-2)
(Production Method 1-2)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
〈Step 3〉
〈Step 4〉
〈Step 5〉
(Production Method 1-3)
(Production Method 1-3)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
〈Step 3〉
〈Step 4〉
〈Production Method 2〉
(Production Method 2-1)
(Production Method 2-1)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
〈Step 3〉
(Production Method 2-2)
(Production Method 2-2)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
〈Step 3〉
〈Production Method 3〉
(Production Method 3-1)
(Production Method 3-1)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
〈Step 3〉
〈Step 4〉
(Production Method 3-2)
(Production Method 3-2)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
(Production Method 3-3)
(Production Method 3-3)
〈Step 1〉
〈Step 2〉
Brief Description of the Drawings
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
〈Pharmaceutical Preparations〉
Examples
Example 1 Synthesis of 1-[1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-4-(4-pyridyl)piperazine
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-[1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)]piperidone
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 1-[1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-4-(4-pyridyl)piperazine
Example 2 Synthesis of 1-[1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-4-(4-pyridyl)piperazine
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 1-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)]piperidin-4-yl methanol
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 1-[1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-4-(4- pyridyl)piperazine
Example 3 Synthesis of 1-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine]carbaldehyde
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 1-t-butoxycarbonyl-4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
〈Step 3〉 Synthesis of 1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine trifluoroacetate
〈Step 4〉 Synthesis of 1-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 22 Synthesis of 4-(5-aminonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 23 Synthesis of 4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-[N-(2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-ethyl)aminomethyl]-1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine borane complex
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 4-[N-bromoacetyl-N-[2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)ethyl]aminomethyl]-1-(4- pyridyl)piperidine borane complex
〈Step 3〉 Synthesis of 4-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-bromoacetylaminomethyl]-1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine trifluoroacetate
〈Step 4〉 Synthesis of 1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 5〉 Synthesis of 4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 24 Synthesis of 4-(6-bromonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 25 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 26 Synthesis of 4-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 27 Synthesis of 4-(6-methylnaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 28 Synthesis of 4-(6-cyanonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 29 Synthesis of 4-(6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 30 Synthesis of 4-(1-fluoronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 31 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 1-benzyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperazine
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperazine
〈Step 3〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl) -2-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 32 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 33 Synthesis of 2-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 34 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-[(2-ethoxycarbonyl)acetyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 35 Synthesis of 2-aminocarbonyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 36 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-[N-(ethylthioethyl)aminocarbonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 37 Synthesis of 2-acetyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 38 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine
Example 39 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine]carbaldehyde
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 4-[N-[2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]aminomethyl]-1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine borane complex
〈Step 3〉 Synthesis of 4-[N-bromoacetyl-N-[2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-ethyl]aminomethyl]-1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine borane complex
〈Step 4〉 Synthesis of 4-[N-[2-amino-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-N-bromoacetylaminomethyl]-1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
〈Step 5〉 Synthesis of 6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 6〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 40 Synthesis of 6-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 41 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 42 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 43 Synthesis of 6-acetoxymethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 44 Synthesis of 4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsuhfonyl]-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 45 Synthesis of 6-carboxy-4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 46 Synthesis of 6-aminocarbonyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonylY-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 47 Synthesis of 6-aldoximyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-formyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 6-aldoximyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 48 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-morpholinocarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 49 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-dimethylaminocarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 50 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxyaminocarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 51 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-(4-hydroxypiperidinecarbonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 52 Synthesis of 6-aminomethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-phthaliminomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 6-aminomethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2 ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 53 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-morpholinomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)oxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-morpholinomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 54 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-dimethylaminomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 55 Synthesis of 6-acetamidomethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 56 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methanesulfonylamidomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 57 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 4-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)piperidine
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 6-[4-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 3〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 58 Synthesis of 6-hydroxymethyl-4-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 59 synthesis of 6-acetoxymethyl-4-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 60 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine-4-carbaldehyde
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of (R)-4-[N-[2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]aminomethyl]-1-(4-pyridyl)-piperidine borane complex
〈Step 3〉 Synthesis of (R)-4-[N-bromoacetyl-N-[2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-aminomethyl]-1-(4-pyridyl)piperidine borane complex
〈Step 4〉 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 61 Synthesis of (S)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 62 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfony1)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 63 Synthesis of (S)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 64 Synthesis of (R)-6-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one hydrochloride
Example 65 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-n-propoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 66 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-n-propoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 67 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-isopropoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 68 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-isopropoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 69 Synthesis of 6-t-butoxycarbonyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl-methyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 70 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6,6-dimethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
〈Step 1〉 Synthesis of 2-amino-1-[N-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)]amino-2-methylpropane
〈Step 2〉 Synthesis of 2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino-1-[N-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)]amino-2-methylpropane
〈Step 3〉 Synthesis of 2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino-1-[N-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-N-ethoxycarbonylmethyl]amino-2-methylpropane
〈Step 4〉 Synthesis of 2-amino-1-[N-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-N-ethoxycarbonylmethyl]amino-2-methylpropane hydrochloride
〈Step 5〉 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6,6-dimethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 71 Synthesis of (R)-4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one
Example 72 Synthesis of 1-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine methanesulfonate
Example 73 Synthesis of 4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 74 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 75 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 76 Synthesis of 6-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 77 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 78 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 79 Synthesis of 6-acetoxymethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 80 Synthesis of 4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 81 Synthesis of 6-carboxy-4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 82 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-morpholinocarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 83 Synthesis of 6-aminomethyl-4-[6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 84 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-morpholinomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 85 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-dimethyaminomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 86 Synthesis of 6-acetamidomethyl-4-[6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 87 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methanesulfonylamidomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 88 Synthesis of 4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 89 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 90 Synthesis of (S)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 91 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 92 Synthesis of (S)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 93 Synthesis of (R)-6-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 94 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-n-propoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4 -pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Example 95 Synthesis of (R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-isopropoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one methanesulfonate
Advantages of the Invention
This invention relates to orally administrable aromatic compounds having cyclic amino groups or salts thereof that are useful as pharmaceuticals, particularly as an inhibitor of activated blood coagulation factor X (hereunder referred to as FXa), and which show potent anticoagulation action.
With the recent shift to western life style and the increasing number of aged people, the incidence of thromboembolic diseases including ischemic heart diseases and many other cardiovascular lesions, in particular, myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and peripheral arteriovenous obstruction is increasing each year and the social importance of treating those diseases is ever increasing. In the treatment and prevention of these thrombotic cases, anticoagulation therapy as well as antiplatelet therapy and fibrinolytic therapy are important medical therapeutic methods. For the treatment and prevention of thrombosis, safety that permits long-term drug administration and the development of a positive and appropriate anticoagulant activity are essential.
Heretofore, anticoagulants such as warfarin and heparin have been used in order to prevent and treat thrombosis due to hypercoagulability but, at the same time, many defects of them have been pointed out, including the risk of bleeding and interactions with other drugs. Warfarin is extensively used in the world as the sole peroral anticoagulant. However, due to its characteristics based on the mechanism of action, the concentration range for the development of efficacy is narrow and yet it takes long to develop efficacy and the half-life in blood is as long as 36 hours; what is more, for several reasons such as the great individual difference of effective dose, it is difficult to control the anticoagulability of warfarin (N. Eng. J. Med. 324 (26) 1865-1875, 1991) and frequent monitoring is necessary to prevent bleeding as a side effect; in addition, warfarin has many other side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and alopecia; thus, warfarin is a drug that involves considerable difficulty in clinical use. On the other hand, heparin is extensively used in the world as an intravenously administrable anticoagulant. However, since it is a direct inhibitor of thrombin, heparin has a high risk of bleeding and needs as frequent monitoring as warfarin; what is more, due to its characteristics based on the mechanism of action, adequate coagulation inhibiting effect is not expected at a lowered antithrombin III level; thus, heparin is a drug that involves considerable difficulty in clinical use. Under these circumstances, the advent of an improved anticoagulant has been desired that has none of the defects inherent in warfarin and heparin.
The blood coagulation cascade is a chain reaction involving restricted protein decomposition that starts upon activation of an extrinsic or intrinsic coagulation cascade and, once activated, the reaction amplifies like an avalanche. Since the final stage of the blood coagulation cascade is thrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, efforts have recently been made to develop thrombin inhibitors; however, drugs that directly inhibit thrombin are known to increase the risk of bleeding. In addition, they have low bioavailability in oral administration and no commercial thrombin inhibitor has ever been proposed that can be administrated perorally.
FXa which is located upstream of thrombin in the coagulation cascade is a key enzyme found at the point of convergence between the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation cascades and one molecule of FXa is known to produce about 100 molecules of thrombin per minute. Hence, an FXa inhibitor can potentially inhibit the coagulation cascade more efficiently than a thrombin inhibitor (Thrombosis Research, Vol. 19, 339-349, 1980; Mebio, Vol. 14, No. 8, 1997).
Compounds that exhibit FXa inhibiting actions have been disclosed in several patents, among which Japanese Patent Application Laid-Opened No. 208946/1993 and WO96/16940 disclose aromatic amidine derivatives, in particular, amidinonaphthyl derivatives, and WO97/38984 discloses cyclic urea compounds having an amidinophenyl group. However, these compounds are still in the process of development and none have been commercialized to date. In addition to low bioavailability, they have slight dissociations to be improved between the thrombin or trypsin inhibiting action and the FXa inhibiting action and there is also a concern about the possible occurrence of side effects such as hypotension and dyspnea due to the amidino group.
Referring to the compounds it discloses, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Opened No. 208946/1993 teaches using them as an agent for preventing and treating infections with influenza virus by means of their activity in inhibiting the growth of the influenza virus based on the FXa inhibiting action.
Compounds having an aminoheterocyclic group typified by 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl group can be used as an FXa inhibitor; for example, WO96/10022 discloses
(the definitions of the substituents in the formula are omitted), WO97/29104 discloses
(the definitions of the substituents in the formula are omitted), and WO97/28129 discloses
(wherein ... Ar is phenylene or a single 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring containing up to three hetero atoms selected from among a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, ...).
It has been reported that some of the compounds disclosed in those patents have the activity of inhibiting oxidosqualene cyclase (WO97/06802 and WO97/28128).
However, as of today, none of these compounds have been commercialized as pharmaceuticals. The five patents mentioned above claim an extremely broad scope of compounds but the bridge group linking two rings comprising combinations of piperazine or piperidine rings requires the presence of a carbonyl group as an essential component and there are no derivatives in which the two rings are bridged by an alkylene group alone or they are directly linked by a single bond.
With respect to an oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitor, two patents have been published that disclose the following two structures. WO98/35956 discloses
(the definitions of the substituents in the formula are omitted) and WO98/35959 discloses
(the definitions of the substituents in the formula are omitted).
1-4
Like the compounds of other prior art techniques, the former compound requires the presence of a carbonyl group in the bride group as an essential component. The latter compound mainly has 4-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-1-yl group as the basic skeleton and because of this basic structural feature, it differs from the compounds of the present invention. According to the description, A is preferably C alkylenecarbonyl or carbonyl. The specification of neither patent suggests the FXa inhibiting activity.
Compounds having an aminoheterocyclic group typified by 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl group can also be used as a platelet agglutination inhibitor and they have been disclosed in many patent applications including, for example, WO94/22834, WO94/22835, WO96/38416, EP718287, WO96/24581 and WO96/19223. However, intending to inhibit GPIIb/IIIa, the compounds disclosed in these patents have a characteristic structure in that an aliphatic carboxyl group, an aliphatic alkoxycarbonyl group or the like is positioned in a terminal side chain of the molecule remote from the aminoheterocyclic ring. FXa inhibiting action has not been reported for these compounds.
In the development of pharmaceutical products, the desired pharmacological activity is not the sole requirement but long-term safety is also needed. Another requirement is that strict criteria be met in various aspects including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. To mention a few examples, drug interactions, desensitization or tolerance, gastrointestinal absorption upon oral administration, rate of transfer into the small intestine, absorption rate and the first pass effect, organ barrier, protein binding, induction of drug metabolizing enzymes, route of excretion and in vivo clearance, dose regimen (site of application, its method and object) and various other considerations need be satisfied but only a limited number of compounds have been found to meet these criteria.
Anticoagulants are not an exception and they are at all times required to satisfy the above-mentioned considerations in the development of pharmaceuticals. In addition, an FXa inhibitor must avoid the aforementioned problem of potential side effects in the oral administration of warfarin, as well as the risk of bleeding due to the thrombin inhibiting activity of heparin which can be administered only by intravenous injection.
Under these circumstances, an anticoagulant drug is needed that has high safety, exhibits high efficacy and provides greater ease of use. To be more specific, an anticoagulant drug is pressingly needed that has solved at least one of the aforementioned problems by, for example, eliminating interactions with other drugs, reducing side effects such as the risk of bleeding or improving dose response and which is orally administrable to mammals including man, with the particular advantage of being very convenient to use in clinical settings.
1
2
With a view to meeting this demand, the present inventors made intensive studies to provide compounds having an enhanced FXa inhibiting action. As a result, they found that among the aromatic compounds having cyclic amino groups, those in which two rings comprising combinations of piperazine or piperidine rings are bridged together by an alkylene or linked directly by a single bond, particularly those in which the nitrogen atom on either piperazine or piperidine ring is substituted with a group represented by the formula -Z-Z-Q, had an outstanding FXa inhibiting action. The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of this finding.
On the pages that follow, we describe the present invention in detail. The present invention relates to aromatic compounds having cyclic amino groups as represented by the formula (I) to be set forth below or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
To be specific, a first aspect of the present invention is to provide compounds represented by the formula (I) to be set forth below.
A second aspect of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
A third aspect of the present invention is to provide an activated blood coagulation factor X (FXa) inhibitor characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. More particularly, the inhibitor is a specific FXa inhibitor, or an orally administrable FXa inhibitor, or an orally administrable specific FXa inhibitor.
A fourth aspect of the present invention is to provide an anticoagulant characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
A fifth aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or a therapeutic agent for diseases caused by thrombus or embolus that is characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
A sixth aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or a therapeutic agent for diseases against which an anticoagulant is effective, characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
A seventh aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or a therapeutic agent for diseases against which an FXa inhibitor is effective, characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
An eighth aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for embolus that accompanies atrial fibrillation, heart valve replacement or valvular heart disease, characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. Preferably, it relates to a preventive agent for the onset of cerebral embolism that accompanies atrial fibrillation, heart valve replacement or valvular heart disease.
A ninth aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for transient cerebral ischemic attacks characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. It particularly relates to a preventive agent for the recurrence of transient cerebral ischemic attacks.
A tenth aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for DIC characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
An eleventh aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for influenza viral infections characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
A twelfth aspect of the present invention is to provide a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for deep venous thrombosis characterized by containing a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
The first to twelfth aspects of the present invention encompass therapeutic and preventive methods comprising administering the stated compounds, pharmaceutical composition, FXa inhibitors, anticoagulant and preventives and/or therapeutics. Preferably, these aspects relate to compounds represented by the formula (II) to be set forth below or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, more preferably to compounds represented by the formula (II'), particularly preferably to compounds represented by the formula (II''), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
A thirteenth aspect of the present invention is to provide compounds represented by the formula (IV)-b to be set forth below which may be protected with suitable protective groups or salts thereof. In particular, it relates to compounds represented by the formula (IV')-b which may be protected with suitable protective groups, especially compounds represented by the formula (IV'')-b which may be protected with suitable protective groups, or salts thereof. These compounds (IV)-b, (IV')-b and (IV'')-b or salts thereof are at least useful as intermediates for the production of the compounds of the formulae (I), (II') and (II''), respectively, or salts thereof.
A fourteenth aspect of the present invention is to provide compounds represented by the formula (VI) to be set forth below which may be protected with suitable protective groups or salts thereof. In particular, it relates to compounds represented by the formula (VI') which may be protected with suitable protective groups, especially compounds represented by the formula (VI'') which may be protected with suitable protective groups, or salts thereof. These compounds (VI), (VI') and (VI'') or salts thereof are at least useful as intermediates for the production of the compounds of the formulae (I), (II') and (II''), respectively, or salts thereof.
1
2
3
4
G, G, G and G are independently CH or N;
X and Y are independently CH or N;
1
2
2
Z is a group represented by the formula -SO- or -CH-;
2
Z is a single bond, a lower alkylene group, a lower alkenylene group or a lower alkynylene group;
Q is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group;
1
1
4
R is either any substituent selected from group A (a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, a carboxyl group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a lower alkanoyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a cyclic amino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a phenyl group, a phenoxy group, a benzyloxy group, a benzoyl group, a mercapto group, a lower alkylthio group, a lower alkylthiocarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group or a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylaminocarbonyl group), or an oxygen atom that forms a N oxido group with N in any one of G - G, or a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group or a lower alkenyl group that may be substituted with a desired number of substituents of group A;
The compounds of the present invention are aromatic compounds having cyclic amino groups as represented by the following formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:
(wherein the respective symbols have the following meanings)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
p
q
10
2
r
11
12
15
Each of R, R, R, R, R, R, R and R forms a carbonyl group when combined with the carbon atom on the ring to which they are bound, or they are each a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a lower alkylcarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonyl group, an optionally mono- or di-lower alkyl substituted carbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbamoyl group, a pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl group, a morpholinocarbonyl group, a piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl group that may be substituted by a methyl group in 4-position, a piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl group that may be substituted by a methyl group or a hydroxyl group in 4-position, an N-phenylcarbamoyl group or a group represented by the formula - CONH(CH)S(O)R or -CONH(CH)NRR, or a lower alkyl group that may be substituted by R;
10
11
12
15
R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkanoyloxy group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a lower alkylsulfonylamino group, a cyclic amino group or an N-hydroxyimino group;
6
6a
6b
6a
6b
6
6a
6b
provided that R, when combined with the carbon atom to which it is bound, may represent R-C-R, wherein either R or R is a hydrogen atom and the other is the same as defined above for R or, alternatively, each of R and R represents a lower alkyl group;
2
9
also provided that if any one of the substituents R - R includes cyclic group, such cyclic group may be substituted by one or two lower alkyl groups;
m and n are independently an integer of 0 - 3, p is an integer of 0 - 4, q is an integer of 0 - 2, and r is an integer of 1 - 4;
13
14
13
2
14
1
2
6
8
7
9
substituents in Q include a group selected from among substituents of either group B [a halogen atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, a trifluoromethanesulfonyl group, a carboxyl group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a lower alkanoyl group, a lower alkoxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a cyclic amino group, a mercapto group, a lower alkylthio group, a lower alkylthiocarbonyl group, a lower alkylsulfonyl group, a lower alkylsulfinyl group, a hydroxyl group or a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylaminocarbonyl group, an amidino group which is optionally substituted with sulfamoyl or carbamoyl group, the formula -NHCR-NHR (wherein R is an optionally cyano-substituted imino group or a group =CHNO; R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group), a phenyl group, a phenoxy group, a heteroaryl group, a heteroaryloxy group, or a group represented by phenyl-S(O)t or heteroaryl-S(O)t (wherein t is an integer of 0 - 2), the heteroaryl group of group B is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic group containing not more than four oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms or nitrogen atoms, provided that all aromatic rings of group B may be mono-, di- or tri-substituted by any substituent of group C (a halogen atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a cyclic amino group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a mono-or di-substituted lower alkylaminocarbonyl group, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxyl group)] or a lower alkoxycarbonyl group), or a lower alkyl group that may be substituted by a desired number of substituents of group B; Q may be substituted by 1 - 4 groups in desired combinations of the above-mentioned substituents, with the proviso that when X and Y are both N, n is 2 or 3 and Z is -CH- those compounds of formula (I) in which R and R in pair or R and R in pair are both carbonyl groups are excluded from the present invention.
Each of R, R, and R independently represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a phenyl group or a lower alkylphenyl group;
It should also be noted that the compounds of the present invention are clearly different from the compounds described in connection with the prior art in that they have a potent FXa inhibiting activity, that they have two rings comprising combinations of piperazine or piperidine rings, with no carbonyl group being present in the bridge group between the two rings, and that the molecule has no terminal alkyl side chain that is substituted by a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group or the like. In addition, the limitation introduced by the provisio also distinguishes the compounds of the present invention from the compounds of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Opened No. 23874/1988.
1
2
4
Further referring to the compounds of the present invention, those in which two piperazine or piperidine rings are bridged by methylene, particularly one that is substituted by a pyridin-4-yl group, have not been synthesized to date since intermediates for them (compounds of the formula (IV) to be set forth below, particularly those of the formula (IV)-b in which G is N and G - G are CH) have been difficult to obtain in a consistent manner. Therefore, although a multitude of compounds were disclosed or contemplated in the aforementioned prior art patents, the compounds of the present invention were not obtained or contemplated as the final compounds. As a result of many considerations on the reaction process and the intensive studies that followed, the present inventors captured the above-mentioned intermediates as reactive ones by the reaction methods to be described below and successfully produced the final compounds in good yield. It should be noted that those intermediates are also applicable to the synthesis of compounds other than the final compounds of the present invention.
the "halogen atom" is exemplified by a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom;
the term "lower", unless otherwise noted, refers to a straight or branched carbon chain having 1 - 6 carbon atoms;
therefore, the "lower alkyl group" may be exemplified by a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a neopentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a 1-methylbutyl group, a 2-methylbutyl group, a 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, a hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a 1-methylpentyl group, a 2-methylpentyl group, a 3-methylpentyl group, a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group, a 1,2-dimethylbutyl group, a 2,2-dimethylbutyl group, a 1,3-dimethylbutyl group, a 2,3-dimethylbutyl group, a 3,3-dimethylbutyl group, a 1-ethylbutyl group, a 2-ethylbutyl group, a 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group, a 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl group, a 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl group and a 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl group; among these, alkyl groups having 1 - 3 carbon atoms are preferred, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are particularly preferred;
the "lower alkoxy group" may be exemplified by a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, a butoxy group, an isobutoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, a pentyloxy(amyloxy) group, an isopentyloxy group, a tert-pentyloxy group, a neopentyloxy group, a 2-methylbutoxy group, a 1,2-dimethylpropoxy group, a 1-ethylpropoxy group and a hexyloxy group; preferred lower alkoxy groups are those having 1 - 3 carbon atoms, and a methoxy group and an ethoxy group are particularly preferred;
the "lower alkoxycarbonyl group" may be exemplified by a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a propoxycarbonyl group, an isopropoxycarbonyl group, a butoxycarbonyl group, an isobutoxycarbonyl group, a sec-butoxycarbonyl group, a tert-butoxycarbonyl group, a pentyloxycarbonyl group, an isopentyloxycarbonyl group, a neopentyloxycarbonyl group, a tert-pentyloxycarbonyl group, a hexyloxycarbonyl group and other groups which form an ester between a straight-chained or branched alcohol having 1 - 6 carbon atoms and a carboxyl group; preferred lower alkoxycarbonyl groups are those having 1 - 3 carbon atoms, and a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxycarbonyl group are given as examples;
the "mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group" is meant an amino group in which one or two hydrogen atoms are replaced by the above-defined "lower alkyl group"; specific examples include a methylamino group, an ethylamino group, a propylamino group, an isopropylamino group, a butylamino group, an isobutylamino group, a pentylamino group, an isopentylamino group, a hexylamino group and an isohexylamino group. The dialkylamino group may be of a symmetric type which is di-substituted by a straight-chained or branched alkyl group having 1 - 6 carbon atoms, as exemplified by a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dipropylamino group, a diisopropylamino group, a dibutylamino group and a dipentylamino group, or it may be of a type that is asymmetrically substituted by a straight-chained or branched alkyl group having 1 - 6 carbon atoms, as exemplified by an ethylmethylamino group, a methylpropylamino group, an ethylpropylamino group, a butylmethylamino group, a butylethylamino group and a butylpropylamino group;
the "cyclic amino group" may be a cyclic cycloalklylamino group that may have a branched chain of 2 - 6 carbon atoms, as exemplified by a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group or a methylpiperidinyl group, or it may be a saturated cyclic amino group as exemplified by a morpholino group or a piperazinyl group; these cyclic amino groups include those which are substituted by a lower alkyl group or a hydroxyl group and a preferred example is a 4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl group;
the "lower alkylene group" is an alkylene group having 1 - 6 carbon atoms, as exemplified by a methylene group, an ethylene group, a methylmethylene group, a trimethylene group, a dimethylmethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a methyltrimethylene group, an ethylethylene group, a dimethylethylene group, an ethylmethylmethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a methyltetramethylene group, a dimethyltrimethylene group, a trimethylethylene group, a dimethylmethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a methylpentamethylene group and a dimethyltetramethylene group; preferred are alkylene groups having 1 - 3 carbon atoms as exemplfied by a methylene group, an ethylene group, a methylmethylene group, a trimethylene group and a dimethylmethylene group, with a methylene group and an ethylene group being more preferred;
the "lower alkenylene group" is an alkenylene group having 1 - 6 carbon atoms, as exemplified by a vinylene group, a propenylene group, an isopropenylene group, a 2-butenylene group and a 1,3-butadienylene group, and a vinylene group is preferred;
the "lower alkynylene group" may be exemplified by an ethynylene group and a propynylene group;
the "lower alkenyl group" may be exemplified by a vinyl group, a propenyl group, an isopropenyl group, a 2-butenyl group and a 1,3-butadienyl group;
the "lower alkanoyl group' may be exemplified by a formyl group, an acetyl group, a propionyl group, a butyryl group, an isobutyryl group, a valeryl group, an isovaleryl group, a pivaloyl group and a hexanoyl group, and an acetyl group, a propionyl group and a butyryl group are preferred;
the "lower alkanoylamino group" is a group in which the hydrogen atom in an amino group is substituted by the above-defined lower alkanoyl group and examples include a formylamino group, an acetylamino group, a propionylamino group, a butyrylamino group, an isobutyrylamino group, a valerylamino group, an isovalerylamino group, a pivaloylamino group and a hexanoylamino group, with an acetylamino group, a propionylamino group and a butyrylamino group being preferred;
the "lower alkanoyloxy group" is a group in which the hydrogen atom in a hydroxyl group is substituted by the above-defined lower alkanoyl group and examples include an acetyloxy group, a propionyloxy group, a butyryloxy group, an isobutyryloxy group, a valeryloxy group, an isovaleryloxy group, a pivaloyloxy group and a hexanoyloxy group, with an acetyloxy group, a propionyloxy group and a butyryloxy group being preferred;
the "lower alkylthio group" may be a group in which the hydrogen atom in a mercapto group is substituted by the above-defined "lower alkyl group" and examples include a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, a propylthio group, an isopropylthio group, a butylthio group, an isobutylthio group, a pentylthio group and a hexylthio group;
the "lower alkylthiocarbonyl group" is the same as the above-defined "lower alkanoyl group" except that the carbonyl group is replaced by a thiocarbonyl group and examples include a methylthiocarbonyl group, an ethylthiocarbonyl group and a propylthiocarbonyl group;
the "lower alkylsulfonyl group" is the same as the above-defined "lower alkylthio group" except that the sulfur atom is replaced by a sulfonyl group and examples include a methanesulfonyl group, an ethanesulfonyl group and a propanesulfonyl group;
the "lower alkylsulfinyl group" is the same as the above-defined "lower alkylthio group" except that the sulfur atom is replaced by a sulfinyl group and examples include a methanesulfinyl group, an ethanesulfinyl group and a propanesulfinyl group;
the "lower alkylsulfonylamino group" is an amino group substituted by the above-defined lower alkylsulfonylamino group and examples include a methanesulfonylamino group and an ethanesulfonylamino group;
the "optionally mono- or di-lower alkyl substituted carbamoyl group" may be exemplified by a carbamoyl group, an N-methylcarbamoyl group, an N-ethylcarbamoyl group, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group, an N,N-diethylcarbamoyl group and an N-ethyl-N-methylcarbamoyl group;
by the "lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl group" is meant a lower alkyl group substituted by the above-defined "lower alkoxycarbonyl group" and examples include a methoxycarbonylmethyl group and an ethoxycarbonylethyl group;
the "aryl group", unless otherwise noted, is an aryl group in the form of a monocyclic or fused hydrocarbon ring having 6 - 14 carbon atoms and may specifically be exemplified by a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a biphenyl group and an anthryl group, with a phenyl group, a naphthyl group and a p-biphenylyl group being preferred;
the "heteroaryl group", unless otherwise noted, may be a monocyclic or fused cyclic heteroaryl group having 1 - 4 hetero atoms comprising oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms, as exemplified by a furyl group, a thienyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a 1,2-benzoisoxazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, an indolyl group, an imidazopyridyl group, an oxazolopyridyl group, an isothiazolopyridyl group, a benzothienyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a quinolizinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a benzoxazinyl group, a benzothiazinyl group, a 1,2,3-triazolyl group, a 1,2,4-triazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a furazanyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothienyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl group and a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl group;
the "heteroaryloxy group" is a hydroxyl group having the hydrogen atom replaced by the above-defined "heteroaryl group".
In the definitions of the groups in the structural formulae of the present invention,
The following are the preferred definitions of the substituents in the compounds of the present invention.
1
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
2
1
3
4
3
1
2
4
1
2
3
4
1
3
2
4
1
2
4
3
1
3
4
2
1
2
3
4
1
3
2
4
1
3
4
2
1
4
1
1
As for G - G in the formula (I), it is preferred that at least one of G, G, G and G is N; more preferred cases are as follows: G is N and G, G and G are CH; G is N and G, G and G are CH; G is N and G, G and G are CH; G and G are N and G and G are CH; G and G are N and G and G are CH; G, G and G are N and G is CH; and G, G, and G are N and G is CH; further preferred cases are as follows: G is N and G, G and G are CH; G and G are N and G and G are CH; G, G and G are N and G is CH. While N in any one of G - G mentioned above may combine with R to form N-oxide, it is preferred for G to make N-oxide.
1
1
4
Preferably, R is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, an amino group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, a cyano group, an aminomethyl group, a hydroxyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a carbamoyl group, or an N-oxide group formed in combination with any one of G - G.
Preferably, m is 0, 1, 2 or 3, more preferably 0, 1 or 2, and further preferably 0.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
p
q
10
2
r
11
12
15
10
11
12
15
R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkanoyloxy group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a lower alkylsulfonylamino group, a cyclic amino group or an N-hydroxyimino group;
6
6a
6b
6a
6b
6
6a
6b
provided that R, when combined with the carbon atom to which it is bound, may represent R-C-R, wherein either R or R is a hydrogen atom and the other is the same as defined above for R or, alternatively, each of R and R represents a lower alkyl group;
6
9
also provided that if any one of the substituents R - R include cyclic group, such cyclic group may be substituted by one or two lower alkyl groups;
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15
15
more preferably, each of R, R, R and R independently represents a hydrogen atom whereas R, R, R and R form a carbonyl group when combined with the carbon atom on the ring to which they are bound, or they are each a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonyl group, or a lower alkyl group that may be substituted by R; R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower acyloxy group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a lower alkylsulfonylamino group, a cyclic amino group or an N-hydroxyimino group;
6a
6b
15
15
6a
6b
or preferably either one of R and R is a hydrogen atom and the other is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonyl group or a lower alkyl group that may be substituted by R; R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkanoyloxy group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a lower alkylsulfonylamino group, a cyclic amino group or an N-hydroxyimino group (an aldoxime group); or each of R and R represents a lower alkyl group;
each of X and Y independently represents CH or N; the preferred cases are where X is CH and Y is CH or N and where X is N and Y is CH; the more preferred case is where X is CH and Y is N;
n is preferably 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0 or 1, more preferably 1;
1
2
2
2
Z is preferably the formula -SO- or -CH-, more preferably -SO-;
2
Z is preferably a single bond, a lower alkylene group or a lower alkenylene group;
the aryl group Q is an aryl group in the form of a monocylic or fused hydrocarbon ring having 6 - 14 carbon atoms and is preferably a phenyl group, a biphenylyl group, a 1-naphthyl group or a 2-naphthyl group; the heteroaryl group is a monocyclic or fused cyclic heteroaryl group having 1 - 4 hetero atoms comprising oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms and is preferably a thienyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl group, a pyridylphenyl group or a pyridylthienyl group; these groups may preferably be substituted by any one of the above-listed substituents of group B;
2
the group represented by the formula -Z-Q- is preferably a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a biphenylyl group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a styryl group, a 2-phenylethynyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group or a benzothiazolyl group;
these groups are either unsubstituted or preferably mono-, di- or tri-substituted by any substituent selected from among a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a sulfamoylamidino group, an N'-cyano-guanidino group, an N'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamino group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a carbamoyl group, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group and an ethoxy group, and more preferably mono-, di- or tri-substituted by a chlorine or bromine atom.
Referring to R, R, R, R, R, R, R and R, it is preferred that R, R, R and R are each a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group whereas R, R, R and R form a carbonyl group when combined with the carbon atom on the ring to which they are bound, or they are each a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a lower alkylcarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonyl group, an optionally mono- or di-lower alkyl substituted carbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbamoyl group, a pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl group, a morpholinocarbonyl group, a piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl group that may be substituted by a methyl group in 4-position, a piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl group that may be substituted by a methyl group or a hydroxyl group in 4-position, an N-phenylcarbamoyl group or a group represented by the formula - CONH(CH)S(O)R or CONH(CH)NRR, or a lower alkyl group that may be substituted by R; R, R and R are independently a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a phenyl group or a lower alkylphenyl group;
The compounds of the present invention are those of the formula (I) or salts thereof. The following are specific examples of the compounds having the preferred combinations of substituents.
1
1
2
More preferred are the compounds where at least G is N, m is 0 - 2, n is 1 and Z is -SO- or salts thereof. In this case, the formula (I) may be rewritten as the following formula (II), wherein the respective substituents have the same meanings as in the formula (I):
2
4
2
3
4
3
2
4
3
4
2
1
1
4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6
9
X is CH and Y is CH or N, or X is N and Y is CH;
2
Z is a single bond, a lower alkylene group or a lower alkenylene group;
Q is a phenyl group, a biphenylyl group, a l-naphthyl group or 2-naphthyl group, a thienyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl group, a pyridylphenyl group or a pyridylthienyl group, provided that these groups may be mono, di- or tri-substituted by a substituent of the above-defined group B or by a lower alkyl group which may be mono-, di- or tri-substituted by a substituent of group B.
Further preferred are the following compounds or salts thereof: in the combination of G - G, G, G and G are CH, or G is N and G and G are CH, or G and G are N and G is CH; R is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, an amino group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, a cyano group, an aminomethyl group, a hydroxyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a carbamoyl group, or an N-oxide group formed together with any one of G - G; each of R, R, R and R independently represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group; each of R, R, R and R forms a carbonyl group when combined with the carbon atom on the ring to which they are bound, or they are each a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an N-methylcarbamoyl group, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group, a carboxymethyl group, a methoxycarbonylmethyl group, an ethoxycarbonylmethyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a methoxymethyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl group, a piperidinocarbonyl group, a morpholinocarbonyl group, a piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl group, a 4-methylpiperazin-1-ylcarbonyl group or a benzyl group (if any one of the substituents R - R includes cyclic groups, such cyclic group may be substituted by one or two methyl or ethyl groups);
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
Particularly preferred are the following compounds or salts thereof: G is N, G, G and G are CH; R is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, an amino group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, a cyano group, an aminomethyl group, a hydroxyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a carbamoyl group, or an N-oxide group formed together with G; m is 0, 1 or 2; R, R, R and R are each a hydrogen atom; each of R, R, R and R forms a carbonyl group when combined with the carbon atom on the ring to which they are bound, or they are each a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an N-methylcarbamoyl group, a carboxymethyl group, a methoxycarbonylmethyl group, an N-(2-ethylthioethyl)carbamoyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a piperidinocarbonyl group or a benzyl group; X is CH and Y is N; the group represented by the formula -Z-Q is a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a biphenylyl group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a styryl group, a 2-phenylethynyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl group or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl group; these aromatic rings are either unsubstituted or mono-, di- or tri-substituted by any substituent selected from among a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a carbamoyl group, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an amidino group, a sulfamoylamidino group, an N'-cyano-guanidino group and an N'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamino group.
4
1
2
5
7
9
6
6a
6b
6a
6b
6
6a
6b
8
2
Certain compounds of the formula (I) in which G is CH, R, R - R, R and R are all a hydrogn atom, and R, when taken together with the carbon atom to which it is bound, represents R-C-R (one of R and R is a hydrogen atom and the other is the same as already defined for R or, alternatively, R and R are both a lower alkyl group) and R forms a carbonyl when combined with the carbon atom to which it is bound, are represented by the following structure (in which Q' represents -Z-Q and the respective substituents have the same definitions as given in the formula (I)):
1
2
3
If the respective substituents are limited to the preferred cases, the resulting compounds are represented by the following formula (II'):
(where G, G and G are independently CH or N, provided that at least one of them is N;
6a
6b
1) a group selected from among a carboxyl group, a lower alkylcarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group and a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonyl group;
2
p
q
10
2
r
11
12
10
11
12
2) a group selected from among an optionally mono- or di-lower alkyl substituted carbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbamoyl group, a pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl group, a morpholinocarbonyl group, a piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl group which may be substituted by a methyl group or a hydroxyl group in 4-position, an N-phenylcarbamoyl group or a group selected from among the groups represented by the formulae -CONH(CH)S(O)R and -CONH(CH)NRR (where R, R and R are independently a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a phenyl group or a lower alkylphenyl group; p is an integer of 0 - 4, g is an integer of 0 - 2, and r is an integer of 1 - 4), or
15
15
6a
6b
or R and R are both a lower alkyl group;
Q' is an aryl group optionally substituted by a group having any 1 - 4 halogen atoms or an aryl lower alkenylene group which may be similarly substituted).
3) a lower alkyl group optionally substituted by R; R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkanoyloxy group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a lower alkylsulfonylamino group, a cyclic amino group or an N-hydroxyimino group;
one of R and R is a hydrogen atom and the other is
1
Preferred are the compounds of the formula (II') where at least G is N.
2
3
2
3
3
5
6a
6b
2
p
q
10
2
r
11
12
15
10
11
12
15
6a
6b
one of R and R is a hydrogen atom and the other is a carboxyl group, a lower alkylcarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbonyl group, an optionally mono- or di-lower alkyl substituted carbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbamoyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkylcarbamoyl group, a pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl group, a morpholinocarbonyl group, a piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl group which may be substituted by a methyl group or a hydroxyl group in 4-position, an N-phenylcarbamoyl group or a group represented by the formula -CONH(CH)S(O)R or -CONH(CH)NRR or a lower alkyl group optionally substituted by R; R, R and R are independently a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a phenyl group or a lower alkylphenyl group, and R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower acyloxy group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a lower alkylsulfonylamino group, a cyclic amino group or an N-hydroxyimino group; or each of R and R represents a lower alkyl group;
Q' is a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group or a styryl group, provided these groups may be substituted by any 1 - 4 halogen atoms.
Further preferred is the following case: in the combination of G and G, both G and G are CH or G is N and G is CH;
1
2
3
Particularly preferred are compounds of the formula (II') or salts thereof, where G is N, G and G are CH, Q' is a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a biphenylyl group or a styryl group, provided these aromatic rings are either unsubstituted or mono-, di- or tri-substituted by any substituent selected from among a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, particularly a chlorine atom and a bromine atom, Q' being preferably a 6-halogeno-2-naphthyl group or a p-halogenostyryl group.
6a
6a
6a
15
15
6a
Even more preferred are the compounds of the formula (II''):
(wherein R and Q' have the same definitions as given for the substituent R and Q' in the formula (II') but more preferably, R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group or a lower alkyl group that may be substituted by R; provided R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkanoyloxy group, an amino group, a mono- or di-substituted lower alkylamino group, a lower alkanoylamino group, a lower alkylsulfonylamino group, a cyclic amino group or an N-hydroxyimino group (an aldoxime group); more preferably, R is a carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl group or a lower alkoxy lower alkyl group; and Q' is a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a biphenylyl group or a styryl group, provided these aromatic rings are either unsubstituted or mono-, di- or tri-substituted by any substituent selected from among a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, particularly a chlorine atom and a bromine atom, Q' being more preferably a 6-halogeno-2-naphthyl group or a p-halogenostyryl group) or salts thereof.
1-[1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-4-(4-pyridyl)piperazine;
1-[1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-4-(4-pyridyl)piperazine;
1-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(naphthalene-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(6-bromonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl-methyl]piperazine;
4-(5-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(6-chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(4-methoxybenzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-[3-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl]piperazine;
4-(3-nitrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(benzo[b]furan-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(5-chlorobenzo[b]furan-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(2-methylbenzothiazol-6-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(4-phenylbenzenesulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(5-carboxy-2-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-[5-(carboxymethyl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(5-acetamidonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(5-aminonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(5-aminonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-bromonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-methylnaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-cyanonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(1-fluoronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidn-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
2-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmehyl]piperazine;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-[(2-ethoxycarbonyl)acetyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
2-aminocarbonyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-[N-(ethylthioethyl)aminocarbonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine;
2-acetyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine; and
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazine.
Preferred examples of the compounds of the present invention are specifically listed below:
These compounds are capable of forming the aforementioned salts. Preferred salts are exemplified by methanesulfonates and hydrochlorides.
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-acetoxymethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-carboxy-4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-aminocarbonyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-aldoximyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-morpholinocarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-dimethylaminocarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxyaminocarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-(4-hydroxypiperidinecarbonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-aminomethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-morpholinomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-dimethylaminomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-acetamidomethyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methanesulfonylamidomethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4- ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-(4-hydroxypiperidinemethyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-dimethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-acetoxymethyl-4-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
(R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
(S)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
(R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
(S)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
(R)-6-carboxy-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-n-propoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
(R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-n-propoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-isopropoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
(R)-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6-isopropoxycarbonyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
6-t-butoxycarbonyl-4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one;
4-(6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-6,6-dimethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one; and
(R)-4-[(E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl]-6-methoxymethyl-1-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl]piperazin-2-one.
Particularly preferred examples of the compounds of the present invention are specifically listed below:
These compounds can also form the above-mentioned salts. Preferred salts are exemplified by methanesulfonates and hydrochlorides.
1
2
3
4
Also preferred are the compounds of the formula (I) where each of G, G, G and G is CH, or salts thereof.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
More preferred are those compounds or salts thereof, in which R is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, an amino group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, a cyano group, an aminomethyl group, a hydroxyl group, a hydroxymethyl group or a carbamoyl group; m is 0, 1 or 2; each of R, R, R and R independently represents a hydrogen atom; each of R, R, R and R forms a carbonyl group when combined with the carbon atom on the ring to which they are bound, or they are each a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an N-methylcarbamoyl group, a carboxymethyl group, a methoxycarbonylmethyl group, an N-(2-ethylthioethyl)carbamoyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a piperidinocarbonyl group or a benzyl group; X is CH and Y is N; the group represented by the formula -Z-Q is a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, a biphenylyl group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a styryl group, a 2-phenylethynyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothienyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl group or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl group; these aromatic rings are either unsubstituted or mono-, di- or tri-substituted by any substituent selected from among a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, a carbamoyl group, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an amidino group, a sulfamoylamidino group, an N'-cyano-guanidino group and an N'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamino group.
The compounds of the present invention sometimes have asymmetric carbon atoms and hence include various stereoisomers such as geometrical isomers, tautomers and optical isomers, either in admixture or isolated form. To isolate and purify these stereoisomers, the skilled artisan may employ any ordinary techniques including optical resolution by preferential crystallization or column chromatography or asymmetric synthesis.
The compounds (I) of the present invention occasionally form acid addition salts. Depending on the type of substituents, they also form salts with bases. While there are no particular limitations on the salts that can be formed as long as they are pharmaceutically acceptable, specific examples include: acid addition salts as with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid, organocarboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and mandelic acid, organosulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, and acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals (e.g. sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and aluminum), and organic bases such as methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, pyridine, lysine, arginine and ornithine; and ammonium salts.
The salts of the compounds of the present invention include mono-, di- and tri-salts. Alternatively, depending on the substituents in side chains, the compounds of the present invention can form both an acid addition salt and a base salt at the same time.
Further, the present invention encompasses hydrates of the compounds (I), pharmaceutically feasible various solvates of the compounds, their polymorphs and the like. Needless to say, the present invention is not limited to the compounds described in the Examples to be set forth later but encompasses all aromatic compounds having cyclic amino groups as represented by the formula (I), and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
The present invention also includes compounds of the formula (IV)-b that may be protected by suitable protective groups or salts thereof: (wherein G, G, G, G, R, R, R, R, R, n and m have the same meanings as respectively defined in the formula (I) and so do the preferred combinations of their definitions). In particular, compounds of the formula (IV')-b are useful:
(wherein G, G and G have the same meanings as respectively defined in the formula (II') and so do the preferred combinations of their definitions). Notably, the compound of the formula (IV'')-b is useful:
The compounds mentioned above are at least useful as intermediates for the manufacture of the compounds of the formulae (I), (II') and (II''), respectively, or salts thereof.
1
4
1
9
1
2
3
6a
The present invention also includes compounds of the formula (VI) that may be protected by suitable protective groups or salts thereof:
(wherein G - G, R - R, m and n have the same meanings as defined in the formula (I) and so do the preferred combinations of their definitions). In particular, compounds of the formula (VI') or salts thereof are useful:
(wherein G, G and G have the same meanings as respectively defined in the formula (II') and so do the preferred combinations of their definitions). Notably, compounds of the formula (VI'') are useful:
(wherein R has the same meaning as defined in the formula (II')). The compounds mentioned above are at least useful as intermediates for the manufacture of the compounds of the formulae (I), (II') and (II''), respectively, or salts thereof.
Salts of the intermediates such as the compounds of the formulae (IV)-b and (VI) set forth above include both acid addition salts and salts with bases that have already been described in connection with the salts of the compounds of the formula (I) and it will be readily understood by the person skilled in the art that they are not necessarily subject to pharmaceutical limitations. The skilled artisan can select suitable protective groups as appropriate by referring to the definition of P in the formula (VII) to be set forth later and relevant textbooks such as "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2nd Edition, 1991.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
1
2
The compounds of the present invention which are represented by the formula (I) can be produced by the methods described below. In the following 〈Production Method 1〉, 〈Production Method 2〉 and 〈Production Method 3〉 and the explanation, unless otherwise stated, the definitions of R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, G, G, G, G, Q, X, Y, Z, Z, m and n in the formulae (I), (I)-a, (I)-b, (III), (IV)-a, (IV)-b, (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI)-a, (XXI)-b, (XXII), (XXIII), (XXIV), (XXV), (XXVI), (XXVII), (XXVIII), (XXIX), (XXX), (XXXI), (XXXII)-a, (XXXII)-b, (XXXIII), (XXXIV) and (XXXV) are the same as the former definitions described as to each in the formula (I). If the respective definitions are restricted to the preferred cases, the following explanation should be understood as describing the methods of producing the compounds of the formulae (II), (II') and (II'').
The compounds of the present invention which are represented by the formula (I) and salts thereof can be synthesized by 〈Production Method 1〉, 〈Production Method 2〉 and 〈Production Method 3〉 starting from compounds represented by the formulae (III), (IX), (XIV), (XIX) and (XXIV) or salts thereof which can be readily prepared from documented or commercial compounds.
On the pages that follow, the methods of production of the compounds of the present invention are described in detail.
X = CH
Y = N
A class of compounds of the formula (I) wherein and are represented by the formula (1)-a and the methods of producing them are described below.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
Compounds represented by the formula (1)-a:
(wherein G, G, G, G, Q, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above) or salts thereof are produced by the following methods designated 〈Production Method 1-1〉, 〈Production Method 1-2〉 and 〈Production Method 1-3〉.
1
4
1
5
2
2
7
1
4
1
5
A compound of the formula (III) which can be readily derived from a commercial product or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, R - R, m and n have the same meanings as defined above) is subjected to an oxidation reaction. While the production method is described below in detail, it should be understood that the present invention is in no way limited to this method. The compound of the formula (III) or a salt thereof is subjected to an oxidation reaction such as the Swern oxidation (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/oxalyl chloride), oxidation with tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP)/N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, the Corey-Kim oxidation (N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS)-dimethyl sulfide (DMS) complex), oxidation with pyridinium dichromate (PDC), oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) or the Jones oxidation (NaCrO/Cr(VI)/sulfuric acid), preferably the Swern oxidation using DMSO/oxalyl chloride, in a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent typified by chloroform, methylene chloride and dichloroethane, preferably methylene chloride, at between -78°C and 0°C, preferably at between -78°C and -65°C, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 15 minutes to 1 hour, thereby producing a compound of the following formula (IV)-a or a salt thereof if n = 0 and a compound of the following formula (IV)-b or a salt thereof if n = 1 - 3:
(wherein G - G, R - R, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
6
9
1
4
1
9
t
The compound of the formula (IV)-a or (IV)-b or salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 1〉 and a compound of the formula (VII) or a salt thereof:
(wherein R - R have the same meanings as defined above; P is a secondary amino protecting group such as a carbamate typified by -butoxycarbonyl and benzyloxycarbonyl, an amide typified by formyl, acetyl and benzoyl, or an alkyl typified by benzyl, allyl, trityl and methoxymetyl) are subjected to reaction with a reducing agent within an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene or benzene or a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent typified by chloroform, methylene chloride and dichlroethane, preferably methylene chloride, in the presence or absence of acetic acid, preferably in its presence, under an argon atmosphere. Generally, all reducing agents can be used as long as they can reduce the imino group to the amino group. Preferably, using a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride or sodium cyanoborohydride, a reductive amination reaction is performed at between -78°C and room temperature, preferably under cooling with ice, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 3 - 12 hours, thereby producing a compound of the formula (V) or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, P, R - R, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
p
1
4
1
9
The compound of the formula (V) or salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 2〉 is subjected to a deprotective reaction in the presence or absence of anisole, preferably in its presence, using an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, -toluenesulfonic acid or methanesulfonic acid, preferably trifluoroacetic acid, or a methanol solution containing about 5% - 20% hydrogen chloride gas, or an ethyl acetate solution containing about 5% - 20% hydrogen chloride gas, under an argon atmosphere at a temperature between cooling with ice and room temperature, preferably at room temperature, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 3 - 12 hours, thereby producing a compound of the formula (VI) or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, R - R, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
9
1
2
p
The compound of the formula (VI) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 3〉 and a reactive derivative of the formula (VIII) or a salt thereof:
W-Z-Z-Q (VIII)
(wherein W is a halogen atom, a leaving group such as a methanesulfonyloxy group or a -toluenesulfonyloxy group or an exchangeable substituent such as an alcohol or an alkoxy group; Z, Z and Q have the same meanings as defined above) are subjected to a reaction using an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, calcium carbonate or sodium hydride or an organic base such as triethylamine, pyridine or N,N-dialkylaniline, preferably triethylamine, within a polar solvent such as acetonitrile or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent typified by chloroform and methylene chloride or an ether-based solvent typified by diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF), preferably methylene chloride, under an argon atmosphere at a temperature between room temperature and an elevated temperature where the reaction mixture refluxes, preferably at room temperature, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 1 - 12 hours; alternatively, the compound of the formula (VIII) is first activated with a phosphorus compound (e.g. triphenylphosphine or tributylphosphine) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) and then it is heated in an inert solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene, dichloromethane or chloroform) at a temperature between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent used, thereby producing a compound of the formula (I)-a or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
Alternatively, the same compound can be produced by the procedure described in Production Method 1-2.
The following are details of Production Method 1-2.
8
9
1
4
1
5
8
9
A compound of the formula (IV)-a or (IV)-b or a salt thereof that was derived from commercial products by the same procedure as in 〈Step 1〉 of (Production Method 1-1) and a compound of the formula (IX) or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, R and R have the same meanings as defined above) are reacted by the same procedure as in 〈Step 2〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the formula (X) or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, P, R - R, R, R, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
6
7
1
4
1
9
The compound of the formula (X) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 1〉 and a compound of the formula (XIII) or a salt thereof:
(wherein R, R and W have the same meanings as defined above) are subjected to a reaction using an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, calcium carbonate or sodium hydride or an organic base such as triethylamine, pyridine or N,N-dialkylaniline, preferably triethylamine, within a polar solvent such as acetonitrile or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent typified by chloroform and methylene chloride or an ether-based solvent typified by ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF), preferably methylene chloride, under an argon atmosphere at a temperature between room temperature and an elevated temperature where the reaction mixture refluxes, preferably at room temperature, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 1 - 12 hours; alternatively, the compound of the formula (XIII) is first activated with a phosphorus compound (e.g. triphenylphosphine or tributylphosphine) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) and then it is heated in an inert solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene, dichloromethane or chloroform) at a temperature between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent used, thereby producing a compound of the formula (XI) or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, P, R - R, W, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
9
The compound of the formula (XI) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 2〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the formula (XII) or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, R - R, W, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
9
The compound of the formula (XII) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 3〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 2〉 of (Production Method 1-2) to produce a compound of the formula (VI) or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, R - R, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (VI) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 4〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-1) with a compound of the formula (VIII) or a salt thereof to produce a compound of the formula (I)-a or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
Alternatively, the same compound can be produced by the procedure described in Production Method 1-3.
The following are details of Production Method 1-3.
6
7
6
7
1
2
A compound of the formula (XIV) that can be readily derived from a commercial product or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, R and R have the same meanings as defined above) and a compound of the formula (VIII) or a salt thereof are subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the formula (XV) or a salt thereof: (wherein P, Q, R, R, Z and Z have the same meanings as defined above).
8
9
6
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XV) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 1〉 and a compound of the formula (XVIII), which is either commercially available or readily derived from a commercial product, or a salt thereof:
(wherein R, R and W have the same meanings as defined above) are subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 2〉 of (Production Method 1-2) to produce a compound of the formula (XVI) or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, Q, R - R, W, Z and Z have the same meanings as defined above).
6
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XVI) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 2〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the formula (XVII) or a salt thereof:
(where Q, R - R, W, Z and Z have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XVII) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 3〉 is reacted as in 〈step 2〉 of (Production Method 1-1) with a compound of the formula (IV)-a or (IV)-b or a salt thereof derived from a commercial product by the same procedure as in 〈step 1〉 of (Production 1-1), thereby producing a compound of the formula (I)-a or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
X = N
Y = CH
A class of compounds of the formula (I) wherein and are represented by the formula (I)-b and the methods of producing them are described below.
1
4
1
9
1
2
Compounds represented by the formula (I)-b:
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above) or salts thereof are produced as described in 〈Production Method 2-1〉 and 〈Production Method 2-2〉.
6
9
1
2
1
2
6
9
1
2
p
A compound of the formula (XIX), which is either commercially available or derived from commercial products by documented procedures, or a salt thereof: (wherein R - R and n have the same meanings as defined above)
is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-1) with a reactive derivative of the formula (VIII) or a salt thereof:
W-Z-Z-Q (VIII)
(wherein W is a halogen atom, a leaving group such as a methanesulfonyloxy group or a -toluenesulfonyloxy group or an exchangeable substituent such as an alcohol or an alkoxy group; Z, Z and Q have the same meanings as defined above), thereby producing a compound of the formula (XX) or a salt thereof:
(wherein Q, R - R, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
6
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XX) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 1〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 1〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the following formula (XXI)-a or a salt thereof if n = 0 and a compound of the following formula (XXI)-b or a salt thereof if n = 1 - 3:
(wherein Q, R - R, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
5
1
4
1
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XXI)-a or (XXI)-b or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 2〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 2〉 of (Production Method 1-1) with a compound of the formula (XXII) or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, R - R and m have the same meanings as defined above) to produce a compound of the formula (I)-b or a salt thereof: (wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
Alternatively, the same compound can be produced by the procedure described in Production 2-2.
The following are details of Production Method 2-2.
6
9
1
2
1
2
6
9
1
2
p
A compound of the formula (XIX), which is either commercially available or obtainable from a commercial product by a documented method, or a salt thereof:
(wherein R - R and n have the same meanings as defined above) is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-1) with a reactive derivative of the formula (VIII) or a salt thereof:
W-Z-Z-Q (VIII)
(wherein W is a halogen atom, a leaving group such as a methanesulfonyloxy group or a -toluenesulfonyloxy group or an exchangeable substituent such as an alcohol or an alkoxy group; Z, Z and Q have the same meanings as defined above), thereby producing a compound of the formula (XX) or a salt thereof:
(wherein Q, R - R, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
6
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XX) or a salt thereof that was produced in 〈step 1〉 is subjected to reaction in a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent typified by chloroform, methylene chloride and dichloroethane, preferably methylene chloride, using thionyl chloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, thionyl bromide, phosphorus pentabromide or phosphorus oxybromide, preferably thionyl chloride or thionyl bromide, at between -20°C and 50°C, preferably at a temperature between the temperature created by cooling with ice and room temperature; alternatively, the same compound or a salt thereof is subjected to reaction in a solvent of carbon tetrachloride or carbon tetrabromide, using triphenylphosphine at a temperature between room temperature and the temperature where the solvent refluxes; or alternatively, the same compound or a salt thereof is subjected to reaction in an ether-based solvent such as ether or THF, preferably ether, using phosphorus trichloride or phosphorus tribromide, preferably phosphorus trichloride, at between -20°C and 50°C, preferably under cooling with ice; either scheme produces a compound of the formula (XXIII) or a salt thereof:
(wherein Q, R - R, W, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
5
1
4
1
9
1
2
N
N
The compound of the formula (XXIII) or salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 2〉 and a compound of the formula (XXII) or a salt thereof: (wherein G - G, R - R and m have the same meanings as defined above) are subjected to reaction using an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, calcium carbonate or sodium hydride or an organic base such as triethylamine, pyridine or ,-dialkylaniline, preferably triethylamine, within a polar solvent such as acetonitrile or DMF, a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent typified by chloroform and methylene chloride or an ether-based solvent typified by ether and THF, preferably methylene chloride, under an argon atmosphere at a temperature between room temperature and an elevated temperature where the reaction mixture refluxes, preferably at room temperature, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 1 - 12 hours, thereby producing a compound of the formula (I)-b or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof can also be produced by the following (Production Method 3-1):
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, X, Y, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
2
9
2
9
A compound of the formula (XXIV) prepared by a documented (WO96/10022) method or a salt thereof: (wherein P, R - R, X and Y have the same meanings as defined above; j and k are each an integer of 0 - 2; the total number of carbon atoms in the bridge between the two rings is 1 - 3) is subjected to a reduction reaction in an ether-based solvent typified by ether, THF, DME and diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether), preferably THF, under an argon atmosphere using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminum hydride, diisobutyl aluminum hydride, borane dimethyl sulfide complex, borane THF complex, borane trimethylamine complex or alane at a temperature between -78°C and the temperature where the solvent refluxes, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 1 - 12 hours, thereby producing a compound of the formula (XXV) or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, R - R, X, Y and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
2
1
2
2
9
1
2
p
The compound of the formula (XXV) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 1〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-1) with a reactive derivative of the formula (VIII):
W-Z-Z-Q (VIII)
(wherein W is a halogen atom, a leaving group such as a methanesulfonyloxy group or a -toluenesulfonyloxy group or an exchangeable substituent such as an alcohol or an alkoxy group; Z, Z and Q have the same meanings as defined above), thereby producing a compound of the formula (XXVI) or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, Q, R - R, Z, Z , X, Y and n have the same meanings as defined above).
2
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XXVI) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 2〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the formula (XXVII) or a salt thereof:
(wherein Q, R - R, X, Y, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
The compound of the formula (XXVII) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 3〉 and a compound of the following formula (XXVIII) that is either commercially available or readily synthesizable from a commercial product by a documented method:
(wherein G - G, R, W and m have the same meanings as defined above) are subjected to reaction in the presence or absence of a copper powder, copper oxide or an iron powder using an inorganic base such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate or an organic base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine, preferably diisopropylethylamine, either in the absence of a solvent or in the presence of a suitable high-boiling point solvent such as DMF, DMSO, dimethoxyethane (DME), dibutyl ether, xylene, decalin, 1,2-dimethyl-2-imidazolidone (DMI) or ethoxyethanol, preferably using ethoxyethanol, at a temperature in the range between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent used, preferably under reflux, for a sufficient time to proceed the reaction to an adequate extent, specifically for 1 - 12 hours.
Depending on the case, a metal such as copper, palladium, chromium or bismuth may be used to form a complex with the above-mentioned compound (XXVIII) so that the activity of the compound is enhanced before it is subjected to the above reaction.
1
4
1
9
1
2
By the above-described method, one can produce the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof: Formula (I)
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, X, Y, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
X = C
Y = N
1
4
1
9
1
2
The class of compounds represented by the formula (I)-a or a salt thereof ( and in formula (I)) can also be produced by the following (Production Method 3-2):
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
The starting material, which is a compound of the formula (XXIX) or a salt thereof, can primarily be prepared by the methods described below. It should, however, be noted that the actual production methods vary with the types of substituents on the rings and the protective groups used and are by no means limited to the schemes set forth below.
2
5
2
9
1
2
In place of the compound of the formula (III) or a salt thereof that was used as the starting material in 〈step 1〉 of (Production Method 1-1), a compound of the formula (XXXI), either commercially available or readily derived from a commercial product, or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, R - R and n have the same meanings as defined above) may be used as a starting material and subjected to the same reactions as in 〈step 1〉, 〈step 2〉, 〈step 3〉 and 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-1), thereby producing a compound of the formula (XXIX) or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, Q, R - R, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
2
5
Alternatively, in place of the compound of the formula (IV)-a or (IV)-b or a salt thereof that was used as the starting material in 〈step 1〉 of (Production Method 1-2), a compound of the formula (XXXII)-a or (XXXII)-b or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, R - R and n have the same meanings as defined above) that can readily be synthesized from a compound of the formula (XXXI) or a salt thereof by the same reaction as in 〈step 1〉 of (Production Method 1-1) may be used as a starting material and subjected to the same reactions as in 〈step 1〉, 〈step 2〉, 〈step 3〉, 〈step 4〉 and 〈step 5〉 of (Production Method 1-2), thereby producing a compound of the formula (XXIX) or a salt thereof.
Alternatively, in place of the compound of the formula (IV)-a or (IV)-b or a salt thereof that was used as the starting material in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-3), a compound of the formula (XXXII)-a or (XXXII)-b set forth above or a salt thereof may be used and subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 1-3) to produce a compound of the formula (XXIX) or a salt thereof.
2
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XXIX) or a salt thereof that has been prepared by one of the methods described above is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the formula (XXX) or a salt thereof:
(wherein Q, R - R Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XXX) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 1〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 3-1) to produce a compound of the formula (I)-a or a salt thereof:
(wherein G, G, G, G, Q, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
X = N
Y = C
1
4
1
9
1
2
A compound of the formula (I)-b or a salt thereof ( and in formula (I)) can also be produced by (Production Method 3-3):
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
The starting material, which is a compound of the formula (XXXIII) or a salt thereof, can primarily be prepared by the methods described below. It should, however, be noted that the actual production methods vary with the types of substituents on the rings and the protective groups used and are by no means limited to the schemes set forth below.
2
5
2
9
1
2
In place of the compound of the formula (XXII) or a salt thereof that was used as the starting material in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 2-1), a compound of the formula (XXXV), either commercially available or readily derivable from a commercial product, or a salt thereof: (wherein P and R - R have the same meanings as defined above) may be used as a starting material and subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 2-1), thereby producing a compound of the formula (XXXIII) or a salt thereof:
(wherein P, Q, R - R, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
Alternatively, in place of the compound of the formula (XXII) or a salt thereof that was also used as the starting material in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 2-2), a compound of the formula (XXXV) or a salt that are either commercially available or readily derivable from a commercial product may be used and subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 2-2), thereby producing a compound of the formula (XXXIII) or a salt thereof.
2
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XXXIII) or a salt thereof that has been prepared by one of the methods described above is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 3〉 of (Production Method 1-1) to produce a compound of the formula (XXXIV) or a salt thereof:
(wherein Q, R - R, Z, Z and n have the same meanings as defined above).
1
4
1
9
1
2
The compound of the formula (XXXIV) or a salt thereof that was obtained in 〈step 1〉 is subjected to the same reaction as in 〈step 4〉 of (Production Method 3-1) to produce a compound of the formula (I)-b or a salt thereof:
(wherein G - G, Q, R - R, Z, Z, m and n have the same meanings as defined above).
If some of the substituents in the compounds to be synthesized in the above-described 〈Production Method 1〉, 〈Production Method 2〉 and 〈Production Method 3〉 are reactive groups such as a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a carboxyl group and a thiol group, these groups may be protected as appropriate in each reaction step, with the protective groups being removed at suitable stages. Protective groups may be introduced and removed as appropriate for the types of the groups to be protected and the protective groups used; reference may be had to the Review section of "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2nd Edition, 1991.
We now describe the therapeutics, preventives and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may contain at least one compound of the general formula (I) (as already defined above) as an active ingredient and they may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The preferred examples of the compounds of the general formula (I) have been described above.
The compounds of the present invention possess a potent FXa inhibitory activity. Hence, the compositions of the present invention are a potent FXa inhibitor, more particularly a specific FXa inhibitor that does not inhibit other enzymes. The compositions are also an orally administrable FXa inhibitor, as well as an orally administrable specific FXa inhibitor. While there are many serine proteases, the activity of FXa is specifically inhibited by the compounds of the present invention and potently. They do not inhibit trypsin or chymotrypsin at all, nor do they inhibit thrombin which is another serine protease in the blood coagulation cascade. Hence, the compounds of the present invention solve the aforementioned problems with the conventional thrombin inhibitors, for example, the tendency to cause bleeding. As further advantages, the compounds of the present invention can be rapidly absorbed by the digestive tract after oral administration, their activity is not attenuated upon absorption, and they exhibit satisfactory characteristics in such aspects as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. They therefore have high value of use as an oral drug.
The compositions containing the compounds of the present invention can be used as preventives and/or therapeutics of diseases for which the FXa inhibitor is indicated. The compositions containing the compounds of the present invention can also be used as an anticoagulant, and as preventives and/or therapeutics of diseases for which the anticoagulant is indicated.
In short, these drugs are effective in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases caused by thrombus or embolus. To mention specific examples of such diseases, they include: diseases from ischemic cerebrovascular disorders such as cerebral thrombosis, cerebral infarction, cerebral embolism, transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIA) and cerebrovascular contractions after subarachnoid hemorrhage; diseases associated with ischemic heart diseases such as acute or chronic myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris and coronary thrombolysis; diseases from pulmonary infarction, pulmonary embolism and pulmonary angiopathy; and diseases from various cases of angiopathy including renal embolism, atherosclerotic plaque formation, peripheral arterial obstruction, peripheral venous obstruction, deep venous thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombosis after artificial blood vessel or heart valve replacement, reocclusion and restenosis following coronary artery bypass surgery, reocclusion and restenosis on or after PTCA or after stent installation, and thrombosis on extracorporeal circulation of blood. Also to be mentioned are: the prevention of disorders in vascular endothelial cells of diabetic patients, hypercoagulation accompanied by transplantation, or resistance of activated protein C (APC); excessive coagulation accompanying vascular diseases, postoperative trauma, obesity, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, prolonged depression of movement or cancer; and gestosis. The drugs find particular use in the prevention of embolism, preferably the onset of cerebral embolism, that accompanies atrial fibrillation, heart valve replacement or valvular heart disease, the prevention of transient cerebral ischemic attacks, especially their recurrence, and in the prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis or DIC.
If the drugs of the present invention are to be used as pharmaceuticals, administering them for the purpose of preventing the above-mentioned diseases is recommended and particularly important. The drugs of the present invention are not direct acting thrombolytic agents nor are they direct platelet agglutination inhibiting agents. Hence, they are preferably administered for preventive purposes to patients predisposed to thrombus formation or patients having the risk factor of thrombosis and embolism. In particular, patients who have atrial fibrillation, patients who underwent heart valve replacement and patients suffering from valvular heart disease have the high risk of thrombus formation in the lesions or the area of transplantation, which often triggers the development of cerebral infarction and the occurrence of fatal attacks is by no means rare. The drugs of the present invention are expected to prove extremely useful in preventing the induced thrombus or embolus formation in such patients, most preferably for preventing the onset of cerebral infarction.
Therapy on the above-mentioned conditions is performed over a prolonged period. The drugs of the present invention can be administered perorally, have less side effects such as bleeding, need no frequent monitoring and hence can be used safely for a prolonged time.
In other words, the drugs of the present invention are preventives and/or therapeutics of embolus that accompanies atrial fibrillation, heart valve replacement or valvular heart disease. Preferably, they are preventives of the onset of cerebral embolism that accompanies these events. They are also preventives and/or therapeutics of transient cerebral ischemic attacks. In particular, they are preventives of the recurrence of the disease. They are also preventives and/or therapeutics of deep venous thrombosis or DIC.
6
6a
6b
Depending on the substituent R (R or R), some of the compounds of the present invention will easily undergo metabolism during drug absorption and distribution. Some of the resulting metabolites are also included in the formula (I) of the compounds of the present invention and possess potent FXa inhibitory activity, thus giving very interesting findings from pharmacological/pharmacokinetic viewpoints.
The compositions containing the compounds of the present invention as an active ingredient are also effective as veterinary drugs and have high value of use. They are also useful in the measurement of various functional parameters in blood coagulation or as reagents in laboratories.
Since the compounds of the present invention have FXa inhibitory action, the compositions containing them can also be used as a preventive or therapeutic of the infection with influenza virus due to their activity in inhibiting the growth of the virus.
1
1
2
3
1
2
Figs. 1 - 39 tabulate the structural formulae of 446 compounds of the present invention; shown in the column S are exemplary 6-membered rings together with the substituent R; shown in the column S are exemplary structures of the bridge which, either directly or via an alkylene group, connects two rings comprising combinations of piperazine or piperidine rings; shown in the column S are examples of the formula -Z-Z-Q.
Figs. 40 - 50 are tables showing NMR data on the compounds synthesized in the Examples of the present invention.
While experimental runs and examples of the present invention are described below, it should be understood that they are by no means intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
In vitro
in vitro
ex vivo
265
50
50
50
Table 1
Test Compound
IC<sub>50</sub> (µM)
Example 39
0.019
Example 40
0.0074
Example 46
0.017
Example 47
0.013
Example 52
0.012
Example 54
0.0085
Example 55
0.0074
Example 60
0.016
Example 61
0.070
Control
0.15
Table 2
Test Compound
PT Doubling Concentration, µM
Example 39
2.8
Example 40
2.7
Ex vivo
a) measurement of coagulation time in rats (i.v.)
Male Wistar rats (200 - 300 g; SLC, Inc.) that have been starved for more than 12 hours are administered through a femoral vein with a single dose of a drug (3 - 30 mg/kg) dissolved in physiological saline (or 10% DMSO solution) and blood is collected at given time intervals in a tenth volume of 3.8% sodium citrate and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate plasma, which is used in the following measurement of Prothrombin Time (PT).
A 50-µl portion of the plasma is incubated at 37°C for 3 minutes and a thromboplastin solution (100 µl) is added to start coagulation. The coagulation time is measured. In the actual test, the intravenously administered compounds of the present invention were found to be effective in extending the PT on account of enzyme inhibition.
Ex vivo
ex vivo
b) measurement of coagulation time in rats (p.o.)
The test a) was repeated, except that the administration of a single dose through a femoral vein was replaced by forced peroral administration via an oral probe. At given time intervals, blood was collected in a tenth volume of 3.8% sodium citrate. As in the test a), extrinsic coagulation time and intrinsic coagulation time were measured.
In this test b), the compounds of the present invention were found to be effective in extending the coagulation time upon oral administration of 10 - 100 mg/kg.
In none of the tests with rats was found any safety problem.
All that is required for the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is that they contain at least one of the compounds of the general formula (I) (as already defined above) or salts thereof as an active ingredient. They may also contain any pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The preferred examples of the compounds of the general formula (I) have already been mentioned.
As described above, the compounds of the present invention show a potent FXa activity inhibitory action and they have high specificity since they do not inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin or thrombin. They exhibit antithrombotic action in rats if they are administered perorally at a dose of 0.3 - 3 mg/kg or administered intravenously at a dose of 0.01 - 1 mg/kg. On the other hand, the compounds of the present invention in no way extend the bleeding time of rats even if they are administered perorally at a dose of 3 mg/kg or administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Therefore, unlike the known anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin, the compounds of the present invention exhibit the intended anticoagulation action without the risk of showing bleeding tendency. As a further advantage, the compounds of the present invention have good absorbability upon oral administration, their action lasts for a reasonable time and high safety is assured.
To prevent or treat the various diseases mentioned hereinabove, the compounds of the present invention may be administered either individually or in combination with other pharmacologically active ingredients. Exemplary pharmacologically active ingredients include: known anticoagulating agents [e.g. tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its derivatives (inclusive of modified products and derivatives of the so-called "second generation"), urokinase and streptokinase]; known anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, heparin and thrombomodulin); known platelet agglutination inhibitors (e.g. aspirin, thromboxane antagonist, thromboxane synthesis inhibitor and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor); known therapeutics of hyperlipidemia (e.g. clofibrate and related drugs, HMG-CoA inhibitor and EPA-E); and known antihypertensives (e.g. nifedipine and diltiazem). The term "combination" as used herein covers not only the administration of a combination drug containing both the compound of the present invention and another pharmacologically active ingredient but also the case where the two are in separate dosage forms and administered either at a time or at different times. The mode of administration is in no way limited as long as the compound of the present invention and another pharmacologically active ingredient exist simultaneously in the patient's blood.
A pharmaceutical composition containing one or more of the compounds of the present invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as an active ingredient may be formulated as capsules, pills, tablets, granules, subtilized granules and powders, drugs for internal application such as suspensions, emulsions, limonades, elixirs and syrups, as well as injections, nasal inhalants, suppositories, ointments and plasters using common pharmaceutical carriers, vehicles and other additives and thereafter applied to man and other animals either perorally or parenterally.
The clinical dose at which the compounds of the present invention are to be administrated to humans is determined as appropriate in consideration of various factors such as the symptoms of the patient to be treated, his or her body weight, age and sex; the usual daily dose for an adult ranges from 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, preferably from 1 mg to 300 mg (for oral administration), and from 0.01 mg to 300 mg, preferably from 0.1 mg to 100 mg (for parenteral administration), which is administrated either at a time or in divided portions. The dose is variable under actual conditions and smaller doses may sometimes suffice.
The solid compositions to be administered perorally according to the present invention may be formulated as capsules, pills, tablets, powders, granules, etc. In these solid compositions, one or more active ingredients are combined with at least one inert carrier. Specific examples of inert carriers include vehicles (e.g. lactose, sucrose, mannitol, glucose, hyroxypropyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and metasilicates), binders (e.g. crystalline cellulose, saccharides, dextrin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and macrogol), lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, calcium stearate and talc), disintegrators (e.g. corn starch, carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulosic calcium glycolate), stabilizers (e.g. sugar alcohols and saccharides such as lactose), solubilizers or solvent promoters (e.g. cholesterol, triethanolamine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid), coloring agents, flavoring agents, antiseptics, isotonization agents, dispersing agents, antioxidants (e.g. ascorbic acid and butyl hydroxyanisole), buffers, and preservatives (e.g. paraben and benzyl alcohol). If necessary, tablets, pills, granules and the like may have gastric or enteric film coatings formed of sucrose, gelatin, hydroxyproopylmethyl cellulose phthalate, etc.
Injections for parenteral administration include sterilized aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Carriers for aqueous solutions and suspensions include, for example, distilled water for injection and physiological saline. Carriers for non-aqueous solutions and suspensions include, for example, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, alcohols such as ethyl alcohol, and polysorbate 80 (TM). These compositions may further contain the additives exemplified above, for example, isotonization agents, antiseptics, moistening agents, emulsifiers, dispersing agents, stabilizers, solubilizers and solvent promoters. These compositions are sterilized by suitable techniques such as passage through a membrane filter, incorporation of sterilizers and irradiation with uv light. Sterile solid compositions may also be prepared and formulated as an injection that is dissolved, emulsified or suspended just prior to use. If the compounds of the present invention have low solubility, they may be subjected to a solubilizing treatment. Several solubilizing methods are known to be applicable to pharmaceutical preparations and they include the addition of surfactants (e.g. polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oils, higher aliphatic acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan and aliphatic acid esters of sucrose), and the formation of solid dispersions from the drug and solubilizers such as high-molecular weight compounds (e.g. water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and enteric polymers such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP) and methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit L, S (TM); Rohm and Haas). If necessary, inclusion compounds may be formed using α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin. These solubilizing methods may be modified as appropriate for the intended drug by having reference to literature such as "Yakugaku Monogurafu No. 1, Seibutsukagaku Riyono (Series of Monographs on Pharmacy, No. 1, Biochemical Availability)", Koji Nagai et al., Soft Science, 78-82 (1988) and "Saikin no Seizaigijutsu to Sono Oyo (Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Formulation Technology and Its Applications)", Isamu Utsumi, Iyaku Journal, 157-159 (1983). Among the methods mentioned above, the formation of a solid dispersion from the drug and a solubilizer to enhance its solubility is recommended Japanese Patent Application Laid-Opened No. 49314/1981 and FR 2460667].
The outstanding FXa inhibitory activity of the compounds of the present invention can be verified by the following tests.
1) Measurement of Enzyme Inhibitory Action
a) Measuring human FXa inhibitory action
FXa inhibitory activity is measured in accordance with the method of Kettner et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1990, , 18289-18297. Human FXa (Enzyme Research Laboratories, Inc., 0.019 U/ml) is mixed with a test compound diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at various concentrations and a synthesis substrate S-2222 (Chromogenix AB, 0.4 mM) and incubated in a Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) at 37 °C while the absorbance at 405 nm is measured continuously. To calculate the FXa inhibitory activity of the test cmpound, the initial reaction velocity is compared with the value for a control containing no test compound. The FXa inhibitory activity of a test compound is usually expressed as IC.
The compounds of the present invention were measured for their FXa inhibitory activity by the above-described method and they had potencies between 1 nM and 1µm in terms of IC. The data for specific examples are shown in Table 1. The control in the assay system was 1-((E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl)-4-[1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbonyl]piperazine (the compound synthesized in Example 39-2b of WO96/10022) and it had an IC of 0.15 µM.
The compounds synthesized in the Examples of the present invention had FXa inhibitory activities at least equal to that of the control compound.
2) Measurement of Anticoagulation Activity ()
a) Measuring extrinsic coagulation time
Thromboplastin time (PT) is measured in the presence of test compounds diluted at various concentrations. A test compound diluted with DMSO at various concentrations is mixed with rat plasma and incubated at 37°C for 3 minutes. Then, a thromboplastin reagent is added and the coagulation time is measured. The anticoagulation activity of the test compound is indicated in terms of the concentration required to double the coagulation time for the case where no test compound is added. In the actual test, the compounds of the present invention were found to be effective in extending the PT. The effectiveness of selected compounds of the present invention is shown in Table 2.
3) Characteristics of Anticoagulation Activity ()
Compound M
100 g
Lactose
398.5 g
Magnesium stearate
1.5 g
Compound M
1.0 g
Lactose
92.2 g
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium
5.0 g
Corn starch paste (5% W/V paste)
0.8 g
Magnesium stearate
1.0 g
Compound M
10 g
Lactose
160 g
Croscarmellose sodium
4.0 g
Corn starch
20.7 g
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone
2.3 g
Magnesium stearate
3 g
Compound M
100 g
Lactose
181.5 g
Croscarmellose sodium
12 g
Corn starch (5% W/V paste)
3.5 g
Magnesium stearate
3 g
Compound M
0.1 W/V
Sodium phosphate buffered solution
2.3 % W/V
Citric acid
0.4%
Macrogol 400
3.5%
Water for injection
q.s. to make 100%
Compound M
1.0% W/V
Sodium phosphate buffered solution
3.6% W/V
1 M Sodium hydroxide solution
15% W/V
Water for injection
q.s. to make 100%
The following are representative examples of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In the description, Compound M means the compound of the present invention which is represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; specifically, it is any one of the compounds synthesized in the Examples that follow.
(a) Capsule (50 mg)
Weighed amounts of the above ingredients were mixed uniformly and the resulting powder mixture was filled in 250-mg portions into hard capsules of JP No. 1.
(b) Tablet (1 mg)
Weighed amounts of the above ingredients were compressed into tablets in the usual manner, each weighing 100 mg.
(c) Tablet (10 mg)
Weighed amounts of the above ingredients were compressed into tablets in the usual manner, each weighing 200 mg. The tablets were then enteric-coated with cellulose acetate phthalate.
(d) Tablet (100 mg)
Weighed amounts of the above ingredients were compressed into tablets in the usual manner, each weighing 300 mg.
(e) Injection (0.1 mg/ml)
The above ingredients were mixed into solution and 1-ml portions of the solution were filled into injection ampules to make injections.
(f) Injection (1.0 mg/ml)
The above ingredients were mixed into solution and 1-ml portions of the solution were filled into injection ampules to make injections.
The following examples are provided for the purpose of further illustrating the present invention but are in no way to be taken as limiting.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were taken with JEOL JNM-EX270 FT-NMR (JEOL LTD.) or JEOL JNM-LA300 FT-NMR (JEOL LTD.; data marked with an asterisk); high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were taken with JEOL JMS-GCMATE (JEOL LTD.); and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed with SHIMADZU LC-10A (Shimadzu Corp.)
6
NMR spectrum (∗DMSO-d) δ ppm:7. 83∼7. 77 (2 H, m) , 7. 55∼7. 38 (4H, m) , 3. 49 (4H, t, J=6 Hz) , 2. 47 (4H, t, J=6Hz)
Triethylamine (0.7 ml) and a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (10 ml) of (E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl chloride (1.1 g) prepared by a documented (WO96/10022) method were added to a solution of 4-piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride (0.5 g) in anhydrous methylene chloride (50 ml) and the mixture was stirred overnight in an argon atmosphere at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent; methylene chloride) to obtain the titled compound (500 mg).
22
27
4
2
+
HRMS: CHClNOS(M) Cal'd 446.1543 Found 446.1555
Acetic acid (0.18 ml) was added to a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (12 ml) of a portion (490 mg) of the compound obtained in step 1 and 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine (254 mg) prepared by a documented Japanese Patent Application Laid-Opened No. 192225/1994) method and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in an argon atmosphere at room temperature. To the stirred mixture, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (660 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was adjusted to alkaline with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5 - 90:10) to give the titled compound (290 mg).
34
6
NMR spectrum (∗DMSO-d ) δ ppm: 7. 80 (2H, d, J=9Hz), 7. 52 (2H, d, J=9Hz) , 7. 38 (1H, d, J=16Hz) , 7. 33 (1H, d, J=16Hz) , 4. 54 (1H, t, J=5Hz) , 3. 63∼3. 50 (2H, m) , 3. 28 ∼3. 21 (2H, m) , 2. 70∼2. 56 (2H, m) , 1. 80∼1. 35 (3H, m), 1. 23 ∼1. 07 (2H, m)
Triethylamine (0.88 ml) and (E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl chloride (1.03 g) were added to a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (10 ml) of piperidin-4-yl methanol (0.5 g) prepared by a documented (J. Med. Chem., , 1073, 1991) method and the mixture was stirred for 4 hours in an argon atmosphere at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was then subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1 - 97:3) to give the titled compound (180 mg).
A solution of oxalyl chloride (0.05 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (1.33 ml) was cooled to -78°C in an argon atmosphere. To the cooled solution, a solution of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (0.09 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (1.33 ml) was added dropwise over 20 minutes. Then, a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (1.33 ml) of a portion (150 mg) of the compound obtained in step 1 was added dropwise over 20 minutes. After stirring for 1 hour at between -65°C and -60°C, the mixture was cooled to -78°C and triethylamine (0.25 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stood at room temperature, water was added and was extracted with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (2.0 ml) and 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine (42 mg) and acetic acid (0.02 ml) were added in that order. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes in an argon atmosphere, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.10 g) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5) to yield the titled compound (60 mg).
3
+
EIMS: 190 (M)
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm:9 . 56 (1H, s), 8. 16∼7. 99 (2H, m) , 6. 82∼6. 69 (2H, m) , 3. 83∼3. 71 (2H, m) , 3. 02∼ 2. 90 (2H, m), 2. 61∼2. 45 (1H, m) , 1. 90∼1. 78 (2H, m), 1. 52∼1. 36 (2H, m)
A solution of oxalyl chloride (1.77 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (85 ml) was cooled to -78°C in an argon atmosphere. To the cooled solution, a solution of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (3.25 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (85 ml) was added dropwise over 20 minutes. Then, a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (48 ml) and anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (48 ml) of 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl methanol (3.0 g) prepared by a documented (EP 0359389) method was added dropwise over 20 minutes. After stirring at between -65°C and -60°C for 1 hour, the mixture was cooled to -78°C and triethylamine (8.31 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stood at room temperature, water was added and was extracted with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The resulting aldehyde was rather labile and should preferably be used in the next reaction without purification. It can, however, be analyzed with reasonable accuracy. The above-described treatment was done quickly and the concentrated residue was dissolved in CDCl and subjected to NMR measurement; a signal for the proton of aldehyde was identified but disappeared with time.
20
32
4
2
+
HRMS: CHNO (M) Cal'd 360.2525 Found 360.2545
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 26∼8. 20 (2H, m), 6. 68 ∼6. 62 (2H, m) . 3. 92∼3. 82 (2H, m) , 3. 46∼3. 37 (4H, m). 2. 90∼2. 77 (2H, m), 2. 40∼2. 31 (4H, m) , 2. 20 (2H, d, J=7 Hz), 1. 90∼1. 68 (3H, m) , 1. 46 (9H, s) , 1. 30∼1. 18 (2H, m)
The product of step 1 was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (65 ml); to the suspension, 1-t-butoxycarbonyl piperazine (3.19 g) and acetic acid (1.55 ml) were added in that order. After stirring the mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes in an argon atmosphere, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (6.61 g) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1) to give the titled compound (0.59 g).
15
24
4
+
HRMS: CHN (M) Cal'd 260.2001 Found 260.2003
6
NMR spectrum (∗DMSO-d ) δ ppm: 8. 30∼8. 18 (2H, m) , 7. 25∼7. 17 (2H, m) , 4. 29∼4. 18 (2H, m) , 4. 00∼3. 35 (4H, m) , 3. 35∼3. 09 (6H, m) , 2. 50∼2. 40 (2H, m) , 2. 12∼1. 98 (1H, m) , 1. 93∼1. 82 (2H, m) , 1. 23∼1. 06 (2H, m)
Anisole (2.23 ml) and trifluoroacetic acid (17.2 ml) were added to the compound (3.21 g) obtained in step 2 under cooling with ice bath and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature in an argon atmosphere. Ether (200 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred vigorously. After standing, the supernatant was removed by decantation and another 200 ml portion of ether was added; this procedure was repeated. Ether (200 ml) was added to the residue and the mixture was divided into adequately fine particles, which were filtered to give the titled compound (3.24 g).
23
29
4
2
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 460.1699 Found 460.1709
Triethylamine (0.091 ml) and (E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl chloride (15.6 mg) were added to a suspension in anhydrous methylene chloride (1.0 ml) of a portion (47 mg) of the compound obtained in step 3. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature in an argon atmosphere. Water was added to the reaction mixture, rendered alkaline with 1 N sodium hydroxide and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5 - 90:10) to yield the titled compound (13 mg).
In subsequent Examples 4 - 21, a commercial grade of sulfonyl chloride or sulfonyl chloride obtained by chlorinating a commercial grade of sulfonic acid was used and the method of 〈step 4〉 in Example 3 was repeated to synthesize the end compounds.
A portion (50 mg) of the compound obtained in Example 21 was suspended in 1 N HCl (2 ml) and heated under reflux for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was subjected to extraction with methylene chloride and the methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to yield the titled compound (26 mg).
3
NMR spectrum (CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 22∼8. 14 (2H, m) , 6. 73∼ 6. 64 (2H, m) , 4. 93∼4. 78 (1H, br) , 4. 20∼3. 92 (2H, m). 3. 29∼3. 12 (2H, m) , 3. 12∼2. 98 (2H, m) , 2. 73 (2H, t, J=6 Hz) , 2. 54 (2H, d, 1=7Hz) , 2. 03 (6H, s) 1. 99∼1. 72 (3H, m) , 1. 45 (9H, s) 1. 33∼1. 15 (2H, m)
A crude product obtained from 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl methanol (3.0 g) by the method of 〈step 1〉 in Example 3 was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (13 ml). To the suspension, N-t-butoxycarbonyl-1,2-ethylenediamine (0.54 g) and acetic acid (0.31 ml) were added in that order. After stirring the resulting mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes in an argon atmosphere, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.33 g) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution, and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1) to give the titled compound (0.62 g).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 26∼8. 15 (2H, m) , 6. 76 ∼6. 65 (2H, m) , 4. 95∼4. 73 (1H, m) , 4. 18∼3. 34 (4H, m), 3. 56∼3. 45 (2H, m), 3. 37∼3. 21 (4H, m) , 3. 13∼2. 99 (2H, m) , 2. 25∼2. 10 (1H, m) , 2. 04 (6H, s) , 1. 92∼1. 77 (2H, m) , 1. 44 (9H, s) , 1. 39∼1. 19 (2H, m)
Triethylamine (0.28 ml) was added to a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 ml) of a portion (0.6 g) of the compound obtained in step 1. To the mixture, a solution of bromoacetyl chloride (0.31 g) in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 ml) was added dropwise under cooling with ice water and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours in an argon atmosphere. Ice water was added to the reaction mixture and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1) to give the titled compound (0.61 g).
6
NMR spectrum (∗DMSO-d ) δ ppm: 8. 26∼8. 16 (2H, m) , 7. 23-7. 13 (2H, m) , 4. 55-4. 35 (2H, m) , 4. 34∼4. 18 (2H, m) , 3. 60∼3. 45 (2H, m) , 3. 29∼2. 87 (6H, m) , 2. 15∼1. 96 (1H, m) , 1. 78∼1. 63 (2H, m) , 1. 32∼1. 04 (2H, m)
To a portion (0.54 g) of the compound obtained in step 2, anisole (0.29 g) and trifluoroacetic acid (2.3 ml) were added under cooling with ice bath and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. Ether (50 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred vigorously. After standing, the supernatant was removed by decantation and another 50 ml of ether was added; this procedure was repeated. Ether (50 ml) was added to the residue and the mixture was divided into adequately fine particles, which were filtered to give the titled compound (0.58 g).
15
22
4
+
HRMS: CHNO (M) Cal'd 274.1793 Found 274.1767
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 24∼8. 20 (2H, m) , 6. 67 ∼6. 63 (2H, m) , 3. 96∼3. 86 (2H, m) , 3. 55 (2H, s) , 3. 40∼ 3. 26 (4H, m) , 3. 14∼3. 06 (2H, m) , 2. 92∼2. 81 (2H, m) , 2. 10∼1. 94 (1H, m) , 1. 90∼1. 72 (2H, m) , 1. 42∼1. 24 (2H, m)
To a solution in anhydrous dimethylformamide (20 ml) of a portion (0.46 g) of the compound obtained in step 3, triethylamine (1.43 ml) was added under cooling with ice water; the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour, then at room temperature for another one hour. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure and the residue was used as such in the next reaction.
23
27
4
3
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 474.1492 Found 474.1503
The crude product of step 4 was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (34 ml); to the suspension, triethylamine (0.72 ml) and a solution of (E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl chloride (245 mg) in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 ml) were added in that order, and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature in an argon atmosphere. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1 - 95:5) to yield the titled compound (130 mg).
25
27
4
3
+
Using 6-bromonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (22.3 mg), synthesis was performed by the method of 〈step 5〉 in Example 23 to yield the titled compound (12 mg). HRMS: CHBrNOS (M) Cal'd 542.0987 Found 542.1022
Using 6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (94.8 mg), synthesis was performed by the method of 〈step 5〉 in Example 23 to yield the titled compound (73 mg).
Using naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (29 mg), synthesis was performed by the method of 〈step 5〉 in Example 23 to yield the titled compound (5 mg).
Using 6-methylnaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (41 mg), synthesis was performed by the method of 〈step 5〉 in Example 23 to yield the titled compound (14 mg).
Using 6-cyanonaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (43 mg), synthesis was performed by the method of 〈step 5〉 in Example 23 to yield the titled compound (11 mg).
Using 6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (20 mg), synthesis was performed by the method of 〈step 5〉 in Example 23 to yield the titled compound (7.4 mg).
Using 1-fluoronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (20.5 mg), synthesis was performed by the method of 〈step 5〉 in Example 23 to yield the titled compound (6 mg).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm:8. 29 (1H, s) , 7. 94∼7. 87 (3H, m), 7. 78∼7. 73 (1H, m) , 7. 61∼7. 55 (1H, m) , 7. 33∼ 7. 18 (5H, m), 4. 27∼4. 11 (2H, m) , 3. 88 (1H, d, J=13Hz), 3. 61 (1H, d, J=13Hz) , 3. 57∼3. 47 (1H, m), 3. 42∼3. 36 (1 H, m) , 3. 26∼3. 08 (3H, m) , 2. 98∼2. 88 (1H, m) , 2. 52∼2. 4 3 (1H, m) , 1. 30 (3H, t, J=7Hz)
Triethylamine (6.2 ml) was added to a solution in methylene chloride (70 ml) of 1-benzyl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperazine (3.7 g) prepared by a documented (Synthesis, 318, 1991) method. To the solution, a solution of 6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (4.3 g) in methylene chloride (40 ml) was added dropwise under cooling with ice. After stirring the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature, water was added and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; hexane:ethyl acetate = 90:10 - 80:20) to give the titled compound (6.4 g).
3
NMR spectrum (CDCl) δ ppm:8. 32 (1H, s) , 7. 96∼7. 88 (3 H, m) , 7. 80∼7. 75 (1H, m) , 7. 58 (1H, dd, J=2, 9Hz), 4. 25 ∼4. 15 (2H, m) , 3. 79∼3. 72 (1H, m) , 3. 58 (1H, dd, J=3, 9H z) , 3. 47∼3. 39 (1H, m) , 3. 16∼3. 06 (1H, m) , 2. 96∼2. 63 (3H, m) , 1. 32∼1. 25 (3H, m)
To a solution in dichloroethane (70 ml) of the compound (6.4 g) obtained in step 1, 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (3.7 ml) was added and the mixture was heated under reflux for 24 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure. Methanol (60 ml) was added to the residue, which was then heated under reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was neutralized with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; hexane:ethyl acetate = 67:33 and ethyl acetate:triethylamine = 99.9:0.1) to give the titled compound (4.1 g).
A crude product obtained by the method of 〈step 1〉 in Example 3 using 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl methanol (2.0 g) was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 ml). To the suspension, a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (30 ml) of the compound (2.0 g) obtained in step 2 and acetic acid (1.0 ml) were added in that order. After stirring the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes in an argon atmosphere, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (2.2 g) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into water, adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 98:2 - 90:10) to yield the titled compound (2.6 g).
A solution in methylene chloride (3 ml) of the compound (9 mg) obtained in 〈step 3〉 of Example 31 was cooled to -78°C. To the cooled solution, 24 µl of diisobutyl aluminum hydride (as 1.5 M toluene solution) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated to room temperature, saturated ammonium chloride solution was added and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5) to yield the titled compound (3 mg).
To a solution in methanol (4 ml) of the compound (240 mg) obtained in 〈step 3〉 of Example 31, 2 N sodium hydroxide solution (0.86 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at 40°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in water and rendered acidic with acetic acid. The supernatant was removed by decantation and the residue was dissolved in methanol, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized with ether to yield the titled compound (219 mg).
To a solution in anhydrous dimethylformamide (0.5 ml) of the compound (50 mg) obtained in Example 33, dimethyl aminopyridine (in catalytic amount) and carbonyl diimidazole (17 mg) were added in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. To the stirred mixture, a solution prepared by stirring methyl malonate potassium (40 mg), magnesium chloride (27 mg) and triethylamine (33 µl) in anhydrous acetonitrile (0.5 ml) for 2 hours was added and the resulting mixture was stirred first at room temperature for 2 hours, then at 40 - 60°C for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture, 1 N HCl was added until a pH of 2 was reached; after stirring for 10 minutes, the mixture was neutralized with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to yield the titled compound (40 mg).
To a solution in anhydrous dimethylformamide (0.5 ml) of the compound (50 mg) obtained in Example 33, dimethyl aminopyridine (in catalytic amount) and carbonyl diimidazole (17 mg) were added in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was poured into 28% aqueous ammonia (1 ml) and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate and the ethyl acetate layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized with ether to yield the titled compound (21 mg).
To a solution in anhydrous dimethylformamide (2 ml) of the compound (100 mg) obtained in Example 33, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (73 mg) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (31 mg) were added in that order. To the resulting mixture, ethylthioethylamine hydrochloride (99 mg) was added and stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into water, rendered alkaline with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5 - 90:10) to yield the titled compound (34 mg).
A solution in 1 N HCl (1 ml) of the compound (35 mg) obtained in Example 34 was stirred at 60 - 70°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was rendered alkaline with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to yield the titled compound (31 mg).
Using the compound (50 mg) obtained in Example 33 and 50% dimethylamine solution, synthesis was performed as in Example 35 to yield the titled compound (21 mg).
3
+
EIMS: 190 (M)
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm:9. 56 (1H, s) , 8. 16∼7. 99 (2H, m) , 6. 82∼6. 69 (2H, m), 3. 83∼3. 71 (2H, m) , 3. 02∼ 2. 90 (2H, m) , 2. 61∼2. 45 (1H, m) , 1. 90∼1. 78 (2H, m) , 1. 52∼1. 36 (2M, m)
A solution of oxalyl chloride (0.43 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 ml) was cooled to -78°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. To the cooled solution, a solution of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (0.78 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 ml) was added dropwise over 1 hour. Then, a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (11 ml) and anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (11 ml) of 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl methanol (0.72 g) prepared by a documented (EP 0359389A) method was added dropwise over 1 hour. After stirring at between -65°C and -60°C for 1 hour, the mixture was cooled to -78°C and triethylamine (2.0 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to room temperature, water was added and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The resulting aldehyde was rather labile and should preferably be used in the next reaction without being purified. It can, however, be analyzed with reasonable accuracy. The above-described treatment was done quickly and the concentrated residue was dissolved in CDCl and subjected to NMR measurement; a signal for the proton of aldehyde was identified but disappeared with time.
t
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 18 (2H, d, J=8Hz) , 6. 6 9 (2H, d, J=8Hz) , 4. 95∼4. 86 (1H, brs) , 4. 25∼4. 15 (2H, m) , 4. 06∼3. 96 (2H, m) , 3. 50∼3. 38 (1H, m) , 3. 35∼3. 18 (2H, m), 3. 11∼2. 98 (2H, m), 2. 60 (1H, dd, J=7, 12Hz), 2. 43∼2. 34 (1H, m) , 2. 04 (6H, s) , 2. 03∼1. 66 (3H, m) , 1. 44 (9H, s) , 1. 30 (3H, t, J=7Hz) , 1. 30∼1. 16 (2H, m)
To a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (16 ml) of the compound obtained in step 1, β-(-butoxycarbonylamino)-alanine ethyl ester (0.70 g) prepared by a documented (WO95/11228) method and acetic acid (0.37 ml) were added in that order. After stirring the mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.6 g) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was rendered alkaline with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5) to give the titled compound (0.36 g).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 22 (2H, d, J=8Hz) , 6. 7 2 (2H, d. J=8Hz), 5. 20∼5. 00 (1H, m) , 4. 26∼4. 16 (2H, m) , 4. 15∼3. 95 (3H, m) , 3. 89∼3. 73 (3H, m) , 3. 55∼3. 23 (3H, m) , 3. 18∼2. 94 (2H, m) , 2. 20∼1. 92 (3H, m) , 2. 04 (6 H, s) , 1. 44 (9H, s) , 1. 33∼1. 20 (5H, m)
A solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (2 ml) of the compound (0.34 g) obtained in step 2 was cooled with ice. To the cooled solution, triethylamine (94 µl) and a solution of bromoacetyl chloride (56 µl) in anhydrous methylene chloride (2 ml) were added in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After cooling the reaction mixture with ice, water was added and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1 - 95:5) to give the titled compound (0.23 g).
6
NMR spectrum (DMSO-d ) δ ppm: 13. 68∼13. 47 (1H, br s) , 8. 58∼8. 32 (3H, brs) , 8. 28∼8. 15 (2H, m) , 7. 35∼7. 1 5 (2H, m), 4. 59∼4. 42 (3H, m), 4. 42∼4. 24 (2H, m), 4. 18∼ 4. 00 (2H, m) , 3. 52∼3. 37 (2H, m), 3. 37∼3. 23 (2H, m) , 3. 23∼3. 02 (2H, m), 2. 17∼1. 94 (2H, m) , 1. 92∼1. 78 (1H, m), 1. 38∼1. 13 (5H, m)
To the compound (0.21 g) obtained in step 3, 3 N HCl-ethyl acetate (20 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Ether was added to the reaction mixture and the supernatant was removed by decantation. The same procedure was repeated; ether was added and the supernatant was removed by decantation to give the titled compound (0.17 g).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 13 (2H, d. J=7Hz) , 6. 9 7 (2H, d, J=7Hz), 4. 27 (2H, q, J=7Hz), 4. 23∼4. 17 (3H, m), 3. 94 (1H, dd, J=8, 14Hz), 3. 57 (2H, s) , 3. 43∼3. 11 (4H, m), 2. 66 (1H, dd, J=7, 14Hz) , 2. 20∼2. 03 (1H, m), 1. 98∼1. 81 (2H, m) , 1. 44∼1. 24 (2H, m) , 1. 32 (3H, t, J=7 Hz)
A solution in anhydrous dimethylformamide (5 ml) of the compound (0.16 g) obtained in step 4 was cooled with ice. To the cooled solution, triethylamine (0.41 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude form of the titled compound, which was used in the next reaction without being purified. A half of the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 50:50) and NMR spectrum data was taken.
28
31
4
5
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M): Cal'd 570.1703 Found 570.1681
The remaining half of the crude product obtained in step 5 was dissolved in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 ml). To the solution, triethylamine (0.1 ml) and 6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsuhfonyl chloride (39.1 mg) were added in that order and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1 - 90:10) to yield the titled compound (48 mg).
To a solution in methanol (0.5 ml) of the compound (18 mg) obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39, 2 N sodium hydroxide solution (63 µl) was added and the mixture was stirred at 40°C for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was dissolved in water and rendered weakly acidic with 0.1 N HCl. The supernatant was removed by decantation and the residue was dissolved in methanol, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to yield the titled compound (9 mg).
The compound (0.15 g) obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39 was dissolved in methanol (10 ml). To the solution, lithium borohydride (0.60 g) was added in three portions at 30 minute intervals under cooling with ice bath. To the reaction mixture, 10% HCl-methanol solution was added under cooling with ice to make it acidic and the mixture was then concentrated to dryness. Water was added to the residue, saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was then added to make the residue alkaline, and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvent; ethyl acetate) to yield the titled compound (60 mg).
27
31
4
4
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 542.1754 Found 542.1739
The compound (43 mg) obtained in Example 41 was suspended in methylene chloride (1 ml). To the stirred suspension, 50% sodium hydroxide solution (0.3 ml) was added under cooling with ice. Then, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (3 mg) and dimethyl sulfate (9 µl) were added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours under cooling with ice. Ice water was added to the reaction mixture to quench the reaction and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to yield the titled compound (16 mg).
The compound obtained in Example 41 was used as a starting material and acetylated in the usual manner to yield the titled compound.
In accordance with the synthesis method of 〈step 6〉 in Example 39, the compound obtained in 〈step 5〉 of Example 39 was used as a starting material and reacted with (E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl chloride to yield the titled compound.
The compound obtained in Example 44 was treated in accordance with the method of synthesis in Example 40 to yield the titled compound.
Ammonia gas was blown into a solution in 2 N ammonia-methanol (5 ml) of the compound (0.20 g) obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39 and the solution was stirred in a sealed tube at 80 - 90°C for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to yield the titled compound (0.14 g).
A solution of oxalyl chloride (33 µl) in anhydrous methylene chloride (1 ml) was cooled to -78°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. To the cooled solution, a solution of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (60 µl) in anhydrous methylene chloride (1 ml) was added dropwise. Then, a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (1 ml) of the compound (10 mg) obtained in Example 41 was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at between -65°C and -60°C for 2 hours, then cooled to -78°C and triethylamine (0.16 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to room temperature, water was added and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to give a crude form of the titled compound. The compound was used in the next reaction without being purified.
The compound obtained in step 1 was dissolved in ethanol (1 ml). Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.5 mg) and sodium acetate (3 mg) were added to the solution. Acetic acid was added to the reaction mixture to adjust its pH to about 4 and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was rendered alkaline by addition of saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 97:3) to yield the titled compound (1.9 mg).
The compound (0.20 g) obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39 was dissolved in ethanol (5 ml). A solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (15 mg) in water (1 ml) was added and the resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 15 minutes. After concentrating the reaction mixture, thionyl chloride (1 ml) and a small amount of dimethylformamide were added to the residue in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. After concentrating the reaction mixture, anhydrous methylene chloride (5 ml) was added to the residue and then morpholine (1.5 ml) was added dropwise under cooling with ice. Water was added to the reaction mixture, which was subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate, water and saturated sodium chloride in that order, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1) to yield the titled compound (0.13 g).
Using diethylamine hydrochloride, the method of synthesis in Example 48 was repeated to yield the titled compound.
To the compound (10 mg) obtained in Example 40, thionyl chloride (0.5 ml) and a small amount of dimethylformamide were added in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After concentrating the reaction mixture, anhydrous methylene chloride (1 ml) was added to the residue and then a solution of methoxyamine hydrochloride (30 mg) and triethylamine (50 µl) in methylene chloride (1 ml) was added dropwise under cooling with ice. Saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the reaction mixture, which was then subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to yield the titled compound (2.4 mg).
Using 4-hydroxypiperidine, the method of synthesis in Example 48 was repeated to yield the titled compound.
3
NMR spectrum (CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 42 (1H, s) , 8. 24∼8. 1 9 (2H, m) , 7. 97∼7. 87 (6H, m) , 7. 83∼7. 75 (2H, m) , 7. 63∼7. 57 (1H, m) , 6. 62∼6. 56 (2H, m), 4. 33∼4. 20 (1H ,m), 4. 11 (1H, d, J=17Hz), 4. 04∼3. 93 (2H, m), 3. 87 ∼3. 68 (4H, m), 3. 43 (1H, d, J=17Hz), 2. 96∼2. 68 (4H , m), 2. 08∼1. 87 (1H, m) , 1. 73∼1. 57 (2H, m) , 1. 42∼1 .17 (2H, m)
Diethyl azodicarboxylate (as 40% toluene solution) (1.71 ml) was added to a solution of triphenyl phosphine (0.99 g) and phthalimide (0.56 g) in anhydrous methylene chloride (30 ml) under cooling with ice. After stirring the mixture at the same temperature for 10 minutes, the compound (0.50 g) obtained in Example 41 was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the reaction mixture under cooling with ice, followed by extraction with methylene chloride, washing with saturated sodium chloride, drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate and distilling off the solvent under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to give the titled compound (0.61 g).
A portion (0.61 g) of the compound obtained in step 1 was suspended in ethanol (15 ml). Hydrazine monohydrate (54 µl) was added to the suspension at room temperature, followed by stirring at room temperature for 20 hours. The suspension was then allowed to reflux for 4 hours. After leaving the suspension to cool, the insolubles were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to yield the titled compound (0.36 g).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm:8. 34 (1H, s) , 8. 25∼8. 20 (2H, m) , 7. 98∼7. 92 (3H, m) , 7. 83 (2H, d, J=9Hz) , 7. 76 (1H, dd, J=2, 9Hz) , 7. 65∼7. 60 (1H, m) , 7. 41 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 6. 62∼6. 57 (2H, m) , 4. 23∼4. 05 (4H, m) , 3. 90∼3. 67 (4H, m) , 3. 31 (1H, d. J=17Hz) , 2. 80∼2. 62 (4H, m), 2. 48 (3H, s) , 1. 98∼1. 84 (1H, m) , 1. 76∼1. 45 (2H, m) , 1. 36∼ 1. 16 (2H, m)
A portion (50 mg) of the compound obtained in Example 41 was suspended in methylene chloride (1 ml). To the stirred suspension, triethylamine (0.3 ml) and 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (20 mg) were added in that order under cooling with ice and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Ice water was added to the reaction mixture to quench the reaction and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5) to give the titled compound (52 mg).
The compound (100 mg) obtained in step 1 was dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide (2 ml). Potassium carbonate (100 mg) and morpholine (128 µl) were successively added to the solution, which was then stirred at 80°C for 4 hours. Ice water was added to the reaction solution to quench the reaction and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5) to yield the titled compound (36 mg).
A portion (31.3 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 2〉 of Example 52 and paraformaldehyde (4.9 mg) were suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (1 ml). To the suspension, acetic acid (13.6 µl) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (50.2 mg) were added at room temperature and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the reaction mixture under cooling with ice and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to yield the titled compound (11.6 mg).
The compound obtained in Example 52 was used as a starting material and acetylated in the usual manner to yield the titled compound.
The compound obtained in Example 52 was used as a starting material and methanesulfonylated in the usual manner to yield the titled compound.
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm:4. 13∼4. 05 (1H, m), 3. 44 ∼3. 20 (4H, m), 2. 10∼1. 96 (2H, m), 1. 82∼1. 70 (2H, m), 0. 89 (9H, s) , 0. 07 (6H, s)
To a stirred solution of 4-hydroxypiperidine (2.0 g) in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 ml), pyridine (1.9 ml) and t-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (5.0 ml) were successively added under cooling with ice and the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hours. Ice water was added to the reaction mixture to quench the reaction and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5) to give the titled compound (3.8 g).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 36 (1H, s) , 8. 23∼8 .18 (2H, m) , 7. 98∼7. 92 (3H m) , 7. 83∼7. 78 (1H, m), 7. 61 (1 H, dd, J=2, 9Hz), 6. 60∼6. 55 (2H, m) , 4. 23∼4. 08 (2H, m), 3. 91∼3. 64 (4H, m) , 3. 31 (1H, d, J=17Hz), 3. 29∼3. 2 2 (1H, m) , 2. 80∼2. 55 (7H, m) , 2. 42∼2. 21 (3H, m), 2. 02∼ 1. 12 (9H, m) , 0. 89 (9H, s) , 0. 05 (6H, s)
The compound (0.30 g) obtained in 〈step 1〉 of Example 53 was dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide (2 ml). Potassium carbonate (0.60 g) and a portion (0.47 g) of the compound obtained in 〈step 1〉 of Example 57 were added in that order and the mixture was stirred at 80°C for 2.5 hours. Potassium carbonate (0.60 g) and the compound (0.47 g) obtained in 〈step 1〉 of Example 57 were further added and the mixture was stirred at 80°C for 6 hours. Ice water was added to the reaction mixture to quench the reaction and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 95:5) and on [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvent; ethyl acetate) to give the titled compound (0.15 g).
The compound (0. 15 g) obtained in step 2 was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (2 ml). Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (as 1.0 M tetrahydrofuran solution) (0.25 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Ice water was added to the reaction mixture to quench the reaction and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvent; ethyl acetate) to yield the titled compound (58 mg).
Using 2-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride, the method of synthesis in Example 41 was repeated to yield the titled compound.
The compound obtained in Example 58 was used as a starting material and acetylated in the usual manner to yield the titled compound.
+
EIMS: 190 (M)
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm:9. 56 (1H, s) , 8. 16∼7. 99 (2H, m), 6. 82∼6. 69 (2H, m), 3. 83∼3. 71 (2H, m), 3. 02∼ 2. 90 (2H, m), 2. 61∼2. 45 (1H, m), 1. 90∼1. 78 (2H, m), 1. 52∼1. 36 (2H, m)
A solution of oxalyl chloride (2.45 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (100 ml) was cooled to -78°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. To the cooled solution, a solution of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (4.44 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (100 ml) was added dropwise over 1 hour. Then, a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (50 ml) and anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (50 ml) of 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl methanol (4.14 g) prepared by a documented (EP 0359389) method was added dropwise over 1 hour. After stirring at between -65°C and -60°C for 1 hour, the mixture was cooled to -78°C and triethylamine (11.4 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to room temperature, water was added and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The resulting aldehyde was rather labile, so it was used in the next reaction without being purified.
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm:8. 18 (2H, d, J=8Hz) , 6. 6 9 (2H, d, J=8Kz) , 4. 95∼4. 86 (1H, brs) , 4. 25∼4. 15 (2H, m) , 4. 06∼3. 96 (2H, m) , 3. 50∼3. 38 (1H, m) , 3. 35∼3. 18 (2H, m) , 3. 11∼2. 98 (2H, m) , 2. 60 (1H, dd, J=7, 12Hz), 2. 43∼2. 34 (1H, m) , 2. 04 (6H, s) , 2. 03∼1. 66 (3H, m) , 1. 44 (9H, s) , 1. 30 (3H, t, J=7Hz), 1. 30∼1. 16 (2H, m)
To a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (90 ml) of the compound obtained in step 1, (R)-β-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)alanine ethyl ester (4.00 g) prepared by a documented (WO95/11228) method and acetic acid (2.11 ml) were added in that order. After stirring the mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9.12 g) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was cooled with ice and, after adding water, it was extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to give a crude form of the titled compound (5.73 g).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 22 (2H, d, J=8Hz), 6. 7 2 (2H, d, J=8Hz), 5. 20∼5. 00 (1H, m) , 4. 26∼4. 16 (2H, m), 4. 15∼3. 95 (3H, m), 3. 89∼3. 73 (3H, m) , 3. 55∼3. 23 (3H, m), 3. 18∼2. 94 (2H, m), 2. 20∼1. 92 (3H, m), 2. 04 (6 H, s) , 1. 44 (9H, s) , 1. 33∼1. 20 (5H, m)
A solution in anhydrous mnethylene chloride (100 ml) of the compound (5.41 g) obtained in step 2 was cooled with ice. To the cooled solution, triethylamine (3.00 ml) and a solution of bromoacetyl chloride (1.77 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 ml) were added in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After cooling the reaction mixture with ice, water was added and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 97:3) to give the titled compound (2.94 g).
28
31
4
5
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M): Cal'd 570.1703 Found 570.1664
A solution in dry methanol (30 ml) of a portion (2.90 g) of the compound obtained in step 3 was cooled with ice and 10% HCl-methanol (30 ml) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was concentrated, the residue was dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide (30 ml) and triethylamine (6.0 ml) was added dropwise under cooling with ice. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature; under cooling with ice, a solution of triethylamine (3.0 ml) in anhydrous methylene chloride (10 ml) and then a solution of 6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (1.13 g) in anhydrous methylene chloride (10 ml) were added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled with ice and, after adding water, it was subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to yield the titled compound (0.92 g). The optical purity of this compound was measured by HPLC [CHIRALPAK™ AD (DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.); hexane:isopropanol:diethylamine = 60:40:0.4] and it was found to be 98.3% e.e.
28
31
4
5
+
Using (S)-β-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)alanine ethyl ester, the method of synthesis in Example 60 was repeated to yield the titled compound. The optical purity of this compound was measured by HPLC [CHIRALPACK™ AD (DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.); hexane:isopropanol:diethylamine = 60:40:0.4] and it was found to be 97.7% e.e. HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 570.1703 Found 570.1689
27
31
4
4
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 542.1754 Found 542.1794
Using (R)-N-[2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)ethyl]carbamic acid t-butyl ester, the method of synthesis in Example 60 was repeated to yield the titled compound. The optical purity of this compound was measured by HPLC [CHIRALPACK™ AD (DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.); hexane:isopropanol:diethylamine = 50:50:0.5] and it was found to be 89.4% e.e.
Using (S)-N-[2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)ethyl]carbamic acid t-butyl ester, the method of synthesis in Example 60 was repeated to yield the titled compound. The optical purity of this compound was measured by HPLC [CHIRALPACK™ AD (DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.); hexane:isopropanol:diethylamine = 50:50:0.5] and it was found to be 90.3% e.e.
To a solution in acetic acid (2.2 ml) of a portion (215 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 4〉 of Example 60, conc. hydrochloric acid (2.2 ml) was added and the mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Water was added to the resulting residue and further concentrating was done under reduced pressure. Ether was added to the residue and crystallization was effected to yield the titled compound. The optical purity of this compound was measured by HPLC [CHIRALPACK™ AD (DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.); hexane:isopropanol:diethylamine = 60:40:0.4] and it was found to be 95.8% e.e.
29
33
4
5
+
HRSM: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 584.1860 Found 584.1900
The compound (20 mg) obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39 was dissolved in ethanol (0.4 ml). A solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (1.5 mg) in water (0.1 ml) was added and the resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 45 minutes. After concentrating the reaction mixture, thionyl chloride (0.2 ml) and a small amount of dimethylformamide were added to the residue in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (0.5 ml). Under cooling with ice, n-propanol (52 µl) and then triethylamine (49 µl) were added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. Saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the reaction mixture, which was subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvents; hexane:ethyl acetate 50:50 - 20:80) to yield the titled compound (11 mg).
29
33
4
5
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 584.1860 Found 584.1873
Conc. hydrochloric acid (2 ml) was added to a solution in acetic acid (2 ml) of the compound (200 mg) obtained in 〈step 4〉 of Example 60 and the solution was heated under reflux for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and water was added to the resulting residue, followed by further concentrating under reduced pressure. To the residue, thionyl chloride (1 ml) and a small amount of dimethylformamide were added in that order and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (3 ml). Under cooling with ice, n-propanol (0.52 ml) and then triethylamine (0.49 ml) were added and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the reaction mixture, which was subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 99:1) to yield the titled compound (134 mg). The optical purity of this compound was measured by HPLC [CHIRALFACK™ AD (DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.); hexane:isopropanol:diethylamine = 60:40:0.4] and it was found to be 95.2% e.e.
29
33
4
5
+
Using a portion (16 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39, synthesis was performed as in Example 65 to yield the titled compound (9.5 mg). HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 584.1860 Found 584.1883
29
33
4
5
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 584.1860 Found 584.1865
Using a portion (200 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 4〉 of Example 60, synthesis was performed as in Example 66 to yield the titled compound (147 mg). The optical purity of this compound was measured by HPLC [CHIRALPACK™ AD (DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.); hexane:isopropanol:diethylamine = 60:40:0.4] and it was found to be 96.4% e.e.
Conc. hydrochloric acid (0.2 ml) was added to a solution in acetic acid (0.2 ml) of the compound (20 mg) obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39 and the mixture was heated under reflux for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and water was added to the resulting residue, followed by further concentrating under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in pyridine (0.2 ml) and 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (34 mg) and then t-butanol (34 µl) were added to the solution, which was stirred at 60°C for 1 hour. Water was added to the reaction mixture and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography [Chromatorex NH™] (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 98:2) to yield the titled compound (14 mg).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 39 (1H, s) , 7. 96 (1H, d d, J=2, 9Hz), 7. 89∼7. 79 (3H, m), 7. 51 (1H, dd, J=2, 9H z) , 2. 93 (2H, s) , 1. 27 (6H, s)
To a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (40 ml) of 1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane (0.44 ml) and triethylamine (0.80 ml), a solution of 6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride (1.0 g) in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 ml) was added dropwise under cooling with ice. The mixture was stirred for 45 minutes under cooling with ice, then for 1 hour at room temperature. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was cooled with ice, water was added, and extraction with methylene chloride was conducted. The methylene chloride layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; methylene chloride:methanol = 90:10) to give the titled compound (1.09 g).
t
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 39 (1H, s) , 7. 92∼7. 84 (4H, m) , 7. 55 (1H, dd, J=2, 9Hz) , 6. 04∼5. 74 (1H, br), 4. 56∼4. 45 (1H, brs), 3. 11 (2H, d, J=6Hz) , 1. 3 8 (9H, s) , 1. 25 (6H, s)
To a solution in dioxane (7 ml) and water (3.5 ml) of the compound (1.09 g) obtained in step 1, 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (3.5 ml) and then di--butyl dicarbonate (0.84 g) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 60°C for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; hexane:ethyl acetate = 67:33) to give the titled compound (1.32 g).
3
NMR spectrum (∗CDCl ) δ ppm: 8. 34 (1H, s) , 7. 94∼7. 86 (3H, m) , 7. 80 (1H, dd, J=2, 9Hz), 7. 56 (1H, dd, J=2, 9H z) , 4. 74∼4. 60 (1H, br) , 4. 12∼4. 01 (2H, m) , 3. 97 (2H, s) , 3. 57 (2H, s) , 1. 38 (6H, s) , 1. 37 (9H, s) , 1. 24∼1. 15 (3H, m)
Potassium carbonate (0.60 g) was added to a solution in dimethylformamide (25 ml) of a portion (1.2 g) of the compound obtained in step 2. Ethyl bromoacetate (0.5 ml) was also added under cooling with ice. After stirring at room temperature for 4 hours, water was added to the reaction mixture, which was then subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents; hexane:ethyl acetate = 80:20) to give the titled compound (1.24 g).
6
NMR spectrum (∗DMSO-d ) δ ppm: 8. 59 (1H, s) , 8. 28∼8. 2 1 (2H, m), 8. 18∼8. 04 (4H, m) , 7. 91 (1H, dd, J=2, 9Hz), 7. 77∼7. 70 (1H, m) , 4. 23 (2H, s) , 3. 77 (2H, q, J=7Hz). 3. 52 (2H, s) , 1. 31(6H, s), 0. 94(3H, t, J=7Hz)
A portion (0.10 g) of the compound obtained in step 3 was suspended in 20% HCl-ethanol (2 ml) and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was crystallized with ether to give the titled compound (76 mg).
27
31
4
3
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 526.1805 Found 526.1754
Using 1-(4-pyridyl)piperidin-4-yl methanol (39 mg), the method of 〈step 1〉 in Example 3 was repeated to yield a crude product. The product was suspended in anhydrous methylene chloride (3 ml). To the suspension, a portion (70 mg) of the compound obtained in step 4 and then acetic acid (0.02 ml) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours in an argon atmosphere; then, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (68 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the reaction mixture, which was adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting solvents: methylene chloride:methanol = 98:2 - 90:10) to yield the titled compound (8.2 mg).
25
31
4
4
+
HRMS: CHClNOS (M) Cal'd 518.1754 Found 518.1785
The titled compound was obtained by repeating the method of Example 60, except that 6-chloronaphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl chloride used in 〈step 4〉 of Example 60 was replaced by (E)-4-chlorostyrylsulfonyl chloride.
Methanesulfonic acid (10.4 mg) was added to a solution in methanol (1 ml) of the compound (50 mg) obtained in 〈step 4〉 of Example 3. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to yield the titled compound (60 mg).
Using a portion (42 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 5〉 of Example 23, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (50 mg).
Using a portion (57 mg) of the compound obtained in Example 25, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (66 mg).
Using a portion (31 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 6〉 of Example 39, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (37 mg).
Using the compound (81 mg) obtained in Example 40, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (86 mg).
Using a portion (15.7 mg) of the compound obtained in Example 41, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (17.4 mg).
Using the compound (22 mg) obtained in Example 42, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (22 mg).
Using the compound (53 mg) obtained in Example 43, the method of synthesis in Example 71 was repeated to yield the titled compound (53 mg).
Using the compound (50 mg) obtained in Example 44, the method of synthesis in Example 71 was repeated to yield the titled compound (66.2 mg).
Using the compound (6.5 mg) obtained in Example 45, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (9.1 mg).
Using a portion (87.5 mg) of the compound obtained in Example 48, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (101 mg).
Using a portion (31.2 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 2〉 of Example 52, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (34.5 mg).
Using a portion (35 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 2〉 of Example 53, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (35 mg).
Using the compound (39 mg) obtained in Example 54, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (48 mg).
Using the compound (29.2 mg) obtained in Example 55, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (29.7 mg).
Using the compound (27.2 mg) obtained in Example 56, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (27.1 mg).
Using a portion (55.6 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 3〉 of Example 57, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (66. 8 mg).
Using a portion (53.2 mg) of the compound obtained in 〈step 4〉 of Example 60, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (58.5 mg).
Using the compound (50.8 mg) obtained in Example 61, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (55.5 mg).
Using the compound (0.50 mg) obtained in Example 62, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (0.55 g).
Using the compound (0.50 g) obtained in Example 63, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (0.57 g).
Using the free base (2.0 mg) from the compound obtained in Example 64, the method of synthesis in Example 72 was repeated to yield the titled compound (2.4 mg).
Using a portion (50 mg) of the compound obtained in Example 66, the method of synthesis in Example 71 was repeated to yield the titled compound (58 mg).
Using a portion (50 mg) of the compound obtained in Example 68, the method of synthesis in Example 71 was repeated to yield the titled compound (58 mg).
The structural formulae of the compounds of the present invention are shown in accompanying Figs. 1 - 39. The NMR data for the compounds synthesized in the Examples are given in accompanying Figs. 40 - 50.
The compounds of the present invention are a specific FXa inhibitor and have a potent anticoagulation effect. They are, therefore, useful as anticoagulants or as preventives or therapeutics of diseases caused by thrombus or embolus. Examples of such diseases for which the compounds of the present invention are indicated include diseases from ischemic cerebrovascular disorders such as cerebral thrombosis, cerebral infarction, cerebral embolism and transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIA), diseases associated with ischemic heart diseases such as acute or chronic myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris and coronary thrombolysis, diseases from pulmonary infarction, pulmonary embolism and other conditions of pulmonary angiopathy, and diseases from various cases of angiopathy including peripheral arterial obstruction, deep venous thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombosis after artificial blood vessel or heart valve replacement, reocclusion and restenosis following coronary artery bypass surgery, reocclusion and restenosis on or after PTCA, and thrombosis on extracorporeal circulation of blood. The compounds of the present invention are also useful as preventives or therapeutics of infections with influenza virus. | |
We are looking for a Radiologist who is open to working in beautiful NZ in a permanent full-time general radiologist position in a hospital on the North Island.
You would be working alongside nine other radiologists in the Department, reporting from:
6 General rooms
1 Angiographic & Special Procedures room (Toshiba Infinix 8000 C-arm\ commissioned in June 2016)
GE Discovery CT 750 HD scanner – Commissioned April 2015
3 IU 22 Philips Ultrasound machines and 2 Aplio 500 Toshiba machines plus 1 CX50 portable machine
GE E-cam Nuclear Medicine Suite
Siemens Magnetom Symphony 1.5 T MRI revised January 2013
You would join a staff of around 70. This includes Sonographers, specialized MRI and CT Technologists, two Nuclear Medicine Technologists, four Registered Nurses, Medical Radiation Technologists, Administration and IT support staff.
Essential skills include Plain Film, Ultrasound, CT, and MRI reporting. Desirable skills would include sub-specialty interest in any of: musculoskeletal MRI; general interventional radiology (no intracranial work); CT colonography; CT cardiology; nuclear medicine. All modalities are digital with voice recognition reporting on a recently installed Philips PACS/Kestral RIS platform.
NZ vocational registration, or eligibility for such registration will be required.
This part of the North Island of New Zealand offers an enviable lifestyle without having to compromise your career path. The region’s amazing mountain, rivers, lakes, fantastic coastline and outstanding surfing and tramping opportunities, masses of parks and gardens, as well as a major events calendar, make it a great place to live and work.
This hospital is a large organisation with 2,107 staff operating in the exciting, changing Health sector. | https://www.alignrecruitment.com/jobs/consultant-general-radiologist-vacancy-in-new-zealand-ar-136 |
Former Royal Navy sailor Shane Mason, 35, took delivery of the misshapen grey lump at 7am at home in Southsea before his son Maxwell’s eight birthday party.
He had hoped surprising Maxwell with the aircraft carrier cake would be the crowning moment of the ship-loving youngster’s birthday party today.
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Portsmouth’s plea to allow tours of Royal Navy carrier HMS Prince of Wales and revive Navy Days
But instead on seeing the cake, he laughed so much that he woke his sleeping son. Before waking up Maxwell he quickly asked for a refund of the £60 deposit from the apologetic but embarrassed baker, who had been recommended via Facebook.
The birthday cake bore little resemblance to the 8ft one created by 3D Cakes at Roseburn, Edinburgh, for the Queen at the commissioning ceremony of the carrier in 2017.
Despite being disappointed, Shane saw the funny side. He said: ‘If I look at it for a serious minute – she could’ve ruined a little eight-year-old’s birthday party.
‘I thought it will be a little surprise for him. He loves the navy and ships – he absolutely loves them. So really it could’ve broken his heart.’
Pictured: The offending cake with a Q to indicate what it should have been
Shane snapped a photo after taking his £60 deposit back for the £120 cake but declined to keep it even though the baker said he could do so.
When Maxwell saw the photograph he burst into laughter and said: ‘What on Earth is that supposed to be daddy?’
Dad Shane said he found the Gosport-based baker through a recommendation Facebook and got in touch with her.
He added: ‘She said: “It will be a lot smaller” and we said £120. I paid her half the money.
‘She turned up at 7am, so before he got out of bed – I’d said come round early.
‘She’s come round and she just opened it – it was a monstrosity.
‘I said: “I want my money back”. She said: “I’m so sorry”.
‘She said “you can keep the cake” but I said: “No take that monstrosity back”.
‘I said she could take it with her and she left. I was crying with laughter so much I woke up my son.’
He added: ‘She had the money, the £60 deposit in her front left pocket – she had expected it.
‘I took a picture – I had to show his mum and why he’s not got a birthday cake. We had to go buy Colin the Caterpillar.’
The cake mishap did not ruin Maxwell’s day, which he enjoyed with friends and family, including mum Emma, 40, who lives in Woking. | https://www.newsfood.org/2020/03/01/royal-navy-loving-boys-hms-queen-elizabeth-birthday-cake-branded-a-120-monstrosity-portsmouth-news/ |
Who is the shortest NBA player in history? Here's the top 10 list
There are myths that one has to be 6 feet and above to play in the National Basketball League. Well, that is certainly not true. Although height is a factor, especially when taking shots, it takes skill and talent to have a successful career in the league like many basketball stars under 6 feet. So, who is the shortest NBA player?
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The average height of NBA players is 6 feet and 7 inches. However, players on the opposite end of the size spectrum have piqued our curiosity. Most fans can relate to the smaller-statured, inspiring people worldwide to believe that they, too, can succeed in a game of giants.
Who is the shortest NBA player?
Among the shortest players in the NBA have shown what they lack in height, they cover for it with talent. They are responsible for some of the most significant achievements for their teams in the league. They include:
1. Muggsy Bogues
Muggsy Bogues dribbles the ball during NBA Cares Special Olympics Unified Game as part of 2020 NBA All-Star Weekend on February 14, 2020, at Wintrust Arena in Chicago, Illinois. Photo: Jeff Haynes Source: Getty Images
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Tyrone Curtis "Muggsy" Bogues, born on January 9, 1965, is an American former basketball star. Bogues played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career and is the shortest NBA player ever.
So, how tall is the shortest NBA player? Standing at 5 feet and 3 inches, Bogues was in the Washington Bullets, Golden State Warriors, Toronto Raptors, and the Charlotte Hornets for ten seasons. After his NBA career, he became the head coach of the now-defunct Charlotte Sting of the WNBA.
2. Earl Boykins
Earl Boykins #11 of the Milwaukee Bucks shoots a free throw during a game against the Cleveland Cavaliers at The Quicken Loans Arena on January 21, 2011 in Cleveland, Ohio. Photo: David Liam Kyle Source: Getty Images
Earl Antoine Boykins is a former American professional basketball player and the second shortest player in the NBA. He stands at 5 feet, 5 inches and weighs 60 kilograms.
He was the head coach for the Douglas County High School boys varsity basketball team. He is now serving as an assistant coach for the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) Miners.
3. Mel Hirsch
Mel was an American professional basketball star. Photo: @BkCollegeAlumni Source: Twitter
Melvin M. Hirsch was an American professional basketball player. He was in the Boston Celtics of the Basketball Association of America, which would later become the National Basketball Association, for 13 games in the 1946–47 season. His height was 5 ft 6 in or 1.68 metres.
4. Spud Webb
Michael Anthony Jerome "Spud" Webb is an American former professional NBA player. Webb is known for winning a Slam Dunk Contest despite being one of the shortest players in NBA history, is listed at 5 ft 6 in tall.
Most scouts predicted that Webb would end up joining either a Europe team or Harlem Globetrotters because of his height. However, Webb was drafted in the 4th round of the 1985 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons. After the guard-loaded Pistons released Spud, his agent, Bill Blakeley arranged for a tryout with the Atlanta Hawks where Spud beat out several seasoned guards to make the opening roster.
5. Greg Grant
Gregory Alan Grant is a retired American professional basketball star. Growing up in a broken home, Grant worked in a fish market while in high school. After being discovered at the local playground, the 5'7" point guard enrolled at Trenton State College in 1986 and led Division III in scoring in 1989.
6. Keith Jennings
Keith Jennings warms up before the game against the Chicago Bulls on February 2, 1994 at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Arena in Oakland, California. Photo: Andrew D. Bernstein Source: Getty Images
Keith Russell "Mister" Jennings is an American basketball coach who was formerly in the National Basketball Association. Jennings, a 5'7" (1.70 m) tall point guard, attended East Tennessee State University for four academic years (1987–91). Jennings won the 1991 Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award, given to the outstanding collegiate senior six feet tall and under, and was a second-team consensus All-American.
7. Red Klotz
Red Klotz was an American professional basketball player. Photo: @MarkDayNews Source: Twitter
Louis Herman "Red" Klotz also makes it to the list of short basketball players. He was a National Basketball Association point guard with the original Baltimore Bullets. He was best known for forming the teams that play against and tour with the Harlem Globetrotters: the Washington Generals and the New York Nationals. He stood at 5 feet and 7 inches. Unfortunately, he passed away on July 12 2014, in Margate City, New Jersey, United States.
8. Wat Misaka
Wataru Misaka was an American professional basketball star. A 5-foot-7-inch point guard of Japanese descent, he broke a colour barrier in professional basketball by being the first non-white and the first player of Asian descent to participate in the National Basketball Association.
9. Monte Towe
Monte Towe of the New Orleans Privateers questions a call during action against the Kansas Jawhawks at Allen Fieldhouse in Lawrence, Kansas, on December 29, 2005. Photo by G. N. Lowrance Source: Getty Images
Monte Corwin Towe is an American basketball coach and retired player. He was the starting point guard on North Carolina State's 1974 NCAA championship team. In addition, he played varsity baseball for NC State, earning All-ACC recognition in basketball and playing on conference championship teams in both sports. In 1975, the 5'7" (1.7 m) Towe received the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award as the year's best college player under 6 feet (1.8 m) tall.
10. Charlie Criss
Charlie Criss of the Atlanta Hawks looks on against the Washington Bullets during an NBA basketball game circa 1978 at the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland. Photo by Focus on Sport Source: Getty Images
Charles Washington Criss, Jr. is an American former professional basketball player born in Valhalla, New York. A 5'8" guard from New Mexico State University, Criss began his professional career in the Continental Basketball Association, earning league Most Valuable Player honours with the Scranton Apollos in 1976, next playing for the Washington Generals.
He joined the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association the following year and participated for eight seasons in league with the Hawks, San Diego Clippers and Milwaukee Bucks. Criss was the league's shortest active player when he entered the NBA.
Who is the shortest NBA player today?
Markus Howard #00 of the Denver Nuggets poses for a portrait during NBA media day on September 27, 2021 at Ball Arena in Denver, Colorado. Photo: Bart Young Source: Getty Images
Markus Howard, the shortest NBA player now stands at 5 feet and 10 inches, weighing 175 pounds. He plays for the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association on a two-way contract with the Grand Rapids Gold of the NBA G League.
Facundo Campazzo is also the shortest active NBA player. At the height of 5 ft 10 in tall, he plays at the point guard position. He is also a member of the senior Argentina national basketball team. He, however, weighs 195 pounds.
The shortest NBA player, Bogues, has proven that it takes more than height to have a successful career in basketball. He is an inspiration to all the upcoming basketball payers below 6 feet. | |
After the appetizer of week 0, this week brought many good games and great performances. I will talk about players’ stock up, stock down, and players to keep an eye on. Many players had stock up this week, but I kept it to only three.
Stock Up
Anthony Richardson, QB Florida
- Height- 6’4“
- Weight- 236
- Draft Eligible- 2023
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: OVR 24; QB 5
Most people did not think Florida would upset Utah, but Richardson showed that, when healthy, he is one of the most exciting players in football. Against a tough defense, he continued to make plays running the ball. He had an up-and-down game passing the ball, but the below TD throw showed how hard he is to bring down and the amazing plays he can create. If Richardson can improve his passing as the season progresses, he will have massive hype for the draft.
Sean Tucker, RB Syracuse
- Height- 5’10“
- Weight- 210
- Draft Eligible- 2023
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: OVR 16; RB 7
Tucker picked up where he left off last season with over 180 total yards and two touchdowns against Louisville. He continues to show his ability to receive with another six receptions this week. QB Garrett Shrader looked better as a passer in this game than last year. If Syracuse can have an improved passing game, that will open up even more for Tucker on the ground.
Zay Flowers, WR Boston College
- Height- 5’10“
- Weight- 177
- Draft Eligible- 2023
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: OVR 49; WR 16
Flowers decided to come back to Boston College to build up his draft profile. Through one week, even in a losing effort, he succeeded. With Phil Jurkovec back, Flowers received 15 targets and turned that into two touchdowns. If this type of target share continues, Flowers could make a Chris Olave-type jump into the first round.
Players To Keep Eye On
Luther Burden, WR Missouri
- Height- 5’11“
- Weight- 185
- Draft Eligible- 2024
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: OVR 26; WR 9
The talented Freshman WR got his debut, and while the overall production in yards was low, Burden scored two touchdowns. He showed his moves with the ball on a short pass and a run for touchdowns. Another bright spot is his seven targets in his first game. I want to see what he does against better competition, but early signs look promising for this future star.
Jayden De Laura, QB Arizona
- Height- 6’0“
- Weight- 190
- Draft Eligible- 2023
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: Not Listed in the top 150
De Laura transferred from Washington State, where he threw for 2,800 yards with 23 TDs and 9 INTs. Arizona had a bad year in 2021, but things are looking up with De Laura at the helm. He threw four touchdowns and showed a great connection with transfer Jacob Cowing. I want to see more, but Arizona may be an offense you want to check out this year.
Stock Down
Malik Cunningham, QB Louisville
- Height- 6’1“
- Weight- 200
- Draft Eligible- 2023
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: OVR 72; QB 21
I have been one of the biggest supporters of Cunningham and thought he had a chance to climb up draft boards. The first week was a disaster as he could not get loose in the run and bad reads led to two interceptions. Cunningham can rebound, but I am far out Devy-wise on him right now. I want to see if more teams box him in and if he will struggle as he did against Syracuse.
Parker Washington, WR Penn State
- Height- 5’10“
- Weight- 212
- Draft Eligible- 2023
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: OVR 35; WR 13
I thought Washington would have a big presence in this game, but instead, it was Western Kentucky transfer Mitchell Tinsley. He received twelve targets to Washington’s four and finished with seven receptions for 84 yards and a touchdown. In a game where Penn State threw 41 times, only four targets for Washington is concerning.
Jaxson Dart, QB Ole Miss
- Height- 6’2“
- Weight- 215
- Draft Eligible- 2024
- Dynasty Nerds Ranking: OVR 30; QB 6
As you can see, Dart is very high in our overall rankings, but he has a limited amount of experience. In his first game at Ole Miss, there was not much that was spectacular, and it put some cold water on the hype of Dart under Kiffin’s offense.
Thanks for checking out my devy stock watch for week one of the college football season. Continue to check back every week as we will continue to watch the stock trends of devy players moving throughout the year. You can follow me on Twitter for all my devy content.
Make sure you subscribe to the #NerdHerd, where you get exclusive content, dynasty/rookie/devy rankings, buy/sell tool, and a bonus podcast too. Dynasty Nerds also recently launched the #DynastyGM tool, a complete game-changer in the fantasy industry. Click here for a free trial. We truly are your one-stop shop for all your fantasy football needs! | https://www.dynastynerds.com/devy-stock-watch-week-1/ |
Blurb:
By day, Felix Franklin is an investigative journalist. By night, he produces Sinister in Savannah, an investigative podcast, with his two best friends. Felix’s life revolves around three principles: fortune favors the bold, honesty is everything, and love is for schmucks.
The podcast is back to investigate allegations that a local businessman is dabbling in money laundering. On the surface, everything about Cameron Spencer, aka The Auto King, appears to be perfect. The trio of trouble quickly learns all that glitters is not gold. Seeking the truth will challenge Felix’s convictions and put his life in grave danger. The biggest threat to his well-being isn’t an unknown villain; it’s the reappearance of his first and only love.
Jude Arrow had it all: great looks, charming personality, and a lucrative career as Atlanta’s hottest news anchor. So, why had he recently relocated to Savannah? When the two reporters are forced to work together, Felix will get a chance to ask him. The answer will stun Felix until he remembers not to believe anything that comes out of the heartbreaker’s pretty mouth.
Love and hate are two sides of the same coin and just as conflicting as the battle of wills that ensues. Will the chip on Felix’s shoulder save him from trusting Mr. Wrong or ruin his chances with Mr. Perfect?
Review: Book 2 of the Sinister in Savannah series and is best read in order – book 1 is a great start to the series.
From the first book, we already know that Felix, one of the podcast crew, has a history with Jude. We also know the story that the pocast crew is going to chase down. What we don’t know is how involved both the past (Felix and Jude’s) and the investigation is going to be. Boy, was this an exciting story!
The ‘former-lovers-to-enemies’ feelings Felix had for Jude was sort of deserved and he kept them up for a good amount of time – it was well done, didn’t go overboard – and when both men sort things out, it’s not all plain sailing, but they get their HEA.
The investigative story goes from being a local warranty scam to a much bigger crime issue, including murder. It kept me invested in wanting to see how it would end. Of course, towards the end we find out Rocky’s love interest – that is going to be hella interesting!
I highly recommend this series and the one before that introduces the podcast members. | https://openskyebookreviews.com/tag/publisher-author-provided/ |
Curtiss-Wright Corporation Equipment Technician in Canada
Temporary Position until June 30th supporting our 2nd shift (Monday - Friday, 3:30 pm - 12:00 midnight).
As a Trusted Proven Leader in our industry, our Customer's expect their product to be of high quality and delivered on time. In our high-tech manufacturing environment it is essential that we keep our equipment up and running. As an Equipment Technician you play an important role in maintaining our equipment and thereby ensuring our Customer's satisfaction.
In this entry-level position, supporting the 2nd shift (Mon - Fri, 3:30 pm - 12 midnight) you will have the opportunity to apply your practical knowledge of technical principles and practices to perform a variety of non-routine technical activities. These activities relate to the manufacture and test of client products, in a time-sensitive environment.
Your technical knowledge and passion are apparent and when coupled with the training and development we will provide you, you can look to enjoy a long and challenging career with Curtiss-Wright.
Your Responsibilities will include:
- Working on projects, which may not have established procedures. Developing and recommending new procedures for test, maintenance, repair or installation of equipment.
- Installing and maintaining new or more complex manufacturing or test equipment.
- Conducting semi-routine analyses and documentation updates, relating to material management, manufacturing, or test processes.
- Testing and calibrating equipment, building prototypes and developing and implementing manufacturing or test plans.
Your knowledge might include:
- Experience in production and test equipment in a manufacturing environment
- Current manufacturing processes/technologies, standards and specifications (e.g. ISO, IPC)
- SAP
- Computers, peripheral equipment, manufacturing tools and equipment and pertinent software applications
- Generally requires a Technical College diploma or 1-2 yrs similar experience.
This position is part of a highly collaborative and supportive team; a team who interacts with several other groups in our building of 350 people as well as external suppliers. To be successful you work to create solutions, continuously strive for improvement, and take accountability for your work.
This position may require exposure to information which is subject to US export control regulations such as the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). All applicants must meet eligibility requirements of the ITAR and of the Controlled Goods Directorate (CGD).
Curtiss-Wright values diversity in the workplace. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability or protected veteran status. If you require accommodation due to a disability at any time during the recruitment and/or assessment process, please contact HR and we will make all reasonable efforts to accommodate your request. | https://curtisswright.dejobs.org/virtual-can/equipment-technician/1D1DDFC9542A4D92853B6FD9188888A9/job/?vs=28 |
Bossa Nova was born on July 10, 1958, at the old Odeon recording studios in Rio de Janeiro. That’s the date that João Gilberto recorded “Chega de Saudade” – Bossa Nova’s very first song and the beginning of a musical and worldwide cultural phenomenon. Celebrate 60 years of Bossa Nova with multi-Grammy-winning producer, composer, keyboardist and vocalist, Sérgio Mendes, one of the most internationally successful Brazilian artists of all time. Joining Mendes is Bebel Gilberto, the thrilling Bossa Nova vocalist, and daughter of João Gilberto, who is steeped in Bossa Nova music, having made her Carnegie Hall debut at age nine on a Bossa Nova program with her mother, the singer Miúcha, and saxophonist Stan Getz. | https://www.celebrityseries.org/productions/sergio-mendes-bebel-gilberto/ |
The present invention relates to the control of water current turbines.
It is widely known that easily accessible resources of fossil fuels are declining. In addition, the impact of the use of fossil fuels upon the environment has become increasingly apparent. As a result of this, it has become imperative that viable alternative energy sources are used as effectively and efficiently as possible. The use of turbines to capture the power of water flow, such as tidal, river and ocean current flows is becoming a viable source of alternative energy. The turbine equipment used to capture such water flow energy typically includes a shaft driven generator connected using a drivetrain to a rotor assembly. The drivetrain may include a gearbox. The rotor assembly includes a plurality of rotor blades that are driven by the water flow, so as to turn an input shaft of the drivetrain. The rotor blades may be coupled directly to the input shaft, or may be attached via a hub or similar.
Water current turbine rotor blades generate high thrust loadings on the turbine assembly and drivetrain components. In order to remain economically viable, it is desirable to limit such loadings, so that the components are kept within acceptable limits of size, weight and cost. Water current turbines have a "rated power" for which the components of the turbine are designed. In a typical installation, the water current flow rate can be expected to reach a level above which an uncontrolled turbine would operate at a higher generating level than the rated power level. Operating at such a high level results in loads on the turbine equipment which are greater than the loads for which the equipment is rated. It is, therefore, necessary to limit the level at which the turbine operates.
One previously-considered control scheme provides a braking force on a shaft of the drivetrain, in order to slow the rotational speed of the drivetrain. Such a scheme, however, is merely a technique to overcome the high input power provided by the rotor assembly. Accordingly, another previously-considered technique is to provide variable pitch rotor blades that can be controlled to reduce the amount of power developed by the rotor assembly, and hence delivered to the drivetrain. The variation of blade pitch angle in such systems reduces the power coefficient of the blade, which results in lower power generation for a given flow speed. However, variable pitch blade systems are complex, expensive and open to failure.
US Patent Application 2010/0109325
Another previously-considered control scheme, such as described in , uses a closed loop control system which operates according to well-known set point tracking techniques, using a calculated a power level in order to limit the rotor speed to an acceptable level. However, such a system is complex, as it requires the use of a predefined mathematical model of the turbine in combination with a system for providing incremental adaptation of the working point of the generator based on that model, in order to provide a power optimal state of the apparatus.
WO 2009/016508
JP 2003 319694
US 2005 012339
Patent applications publications and disclose other previously-considered control schemes for water current turbines. relates to a variable speed distributed drive train wind turbine system.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide a control system and method that enables simple, but effective, control of a water current turbine.
Aspects of the present invention are set out in the attached claims According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of controlling a water current turbine which includes a rotor assembly arranged to drive a generator, the method comprising adjusting the electrical torque of the generator to control only the output power of the generator, characterised in that such adjustment being a function only of a required output power level and a measured rotational speed of the rotor assembly or generator.
Such a method may further comprise allowing the rotor assembly to accelerate, thereby reducing the power coefficient of the rotor assembly.
In one example, the method comprises receiving a power signal indicative of a desired output power level, receiving a speed signal indicative of a rotational speed of the turbine, producing a torque signal from the power and speed signals, supplying the torque signal to the generator, thereby to control the electrical torque of the generator, the torques signal serving to reduce the electrical torque of the generator in response to increased water current flow speed.
In one example, the method comprises a first mode of operation in which a torque value of the generator is controlled in order to maximise power output from the generator, and a second mode of operation in which the torque value is controlled in dependence upon a required power level and the rotational speed of the generator, according to the equation Q=P/ω, where Q is the required generator torque, P is the required power level, and ω is the rotational speed of the generator.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a controller for controlling a water current turbine which includes a rotor assembly arranged to drive a generator, the controller comprising a control unit operable to output a control signal for adjusting the electrical torque of a generator to control only the output power of that generator, characterised in that the control signal is a function of a required power level and a measured rotational speed of such a rotor assembly, or is a function of a required power level and a measured rotational speed of such a generator.
In use, the control signal may allow the rotor assembly to accelerate, thereby reducing the power coefficient of the rotor assembly.
In one example, the controller comprises a control unit operable to receive a power signal indicative of a desired power level, to receive a speed signal indicative of a rotational speed of a turbine, to produce a torque signal from the power and speed signals, and to supply such a torque signal to a generator, thereby to control the electrical torque of the generator, wherein, in use, the torque signal serves to reduce the electrical torque of the generator in response to increased water current flow speed.
In one example, the controller includes a control unit having a first mode of operation in which a torque value of a generator is controlled in order to maximise power output from that generator, and a second mode of operation in which the torque value is controlled in dependence upon a required power level and the rotational speed of that generator, according to the equation Q=P/ω, where Q is the required generator torque, P is the required power level, and ω is the rotational speed of the generator.
Figure 1
is a schematic block diagram of a water current turbine embodying one aspect of the present invention;
Figure 2
Figure 1
is a schematic block diagram of a control unit of the water current turbine of ;
Figure 3
is a flow chart illustrating steps in a method embodying another aspect of the present invention; and
Figure 4
illustrates an example operating characteristic of a system embodying the present invention.
Figure 1
An exemplary water current turbine 1 embodying one aspect of the present invention is shown in , and includes rotor assembly 10 which is arranged to be rotated by a water current 2. The rotor assembly 10 is arranged to transfer this rotational motion to a generator 12, via a drivetrain (not shown for the sake of clarity) which may include a gearbox and other components. As is well known and understood, the generator 12 generates electrical power from the rotational motion provided by the drivetrain.
Figure 1
The turbine 1 of also includes a measurement unit 14 and a control unit 16. The measurement unit 14 operates to measure the rotational speed, ω, of the generator 12, and supplies generator speed information to the control unit 16. The control unit 16 makes use of the speed information provided by the measurement unit 14 to provide control instructions to the generator 12, as will be described below.
Figure 2
The control unit 16 is shown in more detail in , and includes a control processor 18 and a control signal output unit 20. The control processor 18 receives generator speed information from the measurement unit 14, and uses this information in combination with required power information P to produce a required generator torque signal Q. The required power information P may be provided by an external source, such as an array controller, or may be provided internally by the control processor 18, for example in a look up table or other suitable storage device.
The required generator torque value Q is passed to the control signal output unit 20 which converts the required torque value into control signals for the generator 12. These control signals cause electrical parameters of the generator to be adjusted such that the generator torque reaches the required value Q.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Operation of the control unit 16 will now be described with reference to , to the flowchart of , and to the operating characteristic shown in .
When the water current flow speed is such that the maximum power that can be generated by the turbine is less than the rated power level of the turbine, the control unit 16 operates to maximise the power output of the generator by calculating the appropriate value of required generator torque.
When the water current flow speed is above that required by the turbine to produce the rated power level, the control processor 18 operates to control the generator 22 to produce a constant power output level, usually the rated power level. The control processor 18 receives (step 100) generator speed information from the measurement unit 14, and calculates (step 102) the required generator torque value Q. As before, this required generator torque value is passed to the control signal output unit 20 which converts the torque value Q into control signals for the generator, and then outputs (step 104) the control signals to the generator 22.
The power generated by a rotor assembly is related to the swept area of the assembly, the flow speed, and the power coefficient of the assembly. Since the swept area is fixed by the rotor diameter, and the flow speed is a naturally occurring effect, if power generation of the assembly is to be controlled, then it is necessary to control the power coefficient. The power coefficient of a rotor assembly is a function of rotor blade geometry, rotor blade pitch angle, rotational speed of the rotor assembly, and the speed of the flow passing the rotor assembly. In assemblies that make use of variable pitch blades, the pitch angle of each of the blades in the assembly is adjusted in order to reduce the power coefficient of the assembly. Such pitch control is complex and expensive, and it is desirable to make use of fixed pitch blade designs.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a rotor assembly that uses fixed pitch blades (or that has variable pitch blades that are not to be pitch controlled) is controlled so as to maintain a desired level of power output, simply by controlling the electrical torque of the generator in dependence upon the measured rotational speed of the assembly (or generator) and the desired output power level. The control scheme embodying the present invention therefore provides open loop control of the turbine. Such control is robust and does not require complex calculation and computations, and can, therefore, react quickly to changing conditions experienced by the turbine.
In a steady state flow speed, the rotor torque (the torque imparted by the rotor on the drivetrain) balances the generator torque, such that constant rotational speed and power output is achieved.
e
<msub><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Q</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">ω</mi>
As the flow speed experienced by the rotor assembly increases, the rotor torque increases, and therefore exceeds the generator torque. Such a torque imbalance results in acceleration of the rotor assembly and drivetrain. The power output (P) of the generator is a function of generator torque (Q) and rotational speed (ω):
e
Accordingly, as the rotational speed increases, then the output power increases. In the control scheme embodying the present invention, the required P is desired to be constant, and so the generator torque Q is controlled to reduce as rotational speed increases.
This has the effect of increasing the difference between the rotor torque and the generator torque, and so the rotor assembly and drivetrain accelerates further. In accordance with the principles of the invention, this acceleration in allowed to continue. As described above, the power coefficient of the rotor assembly is related to the flow speed, and the rotational speed of the assembly. Initially, for a given flow speed, as the rotational speed of the rotor assembly increases, the power coefficient of the assembly increases. However, the power coefficient reaches a maximum and then declines as the rotational speed increases (for the same flow speed).
An increase in flow speed results in an increase in the power coefficient, and hence an increase in the power produced by the rotor assembly. However, as the rotor assembly accelerates in accordance with the method of the present invention, the power coefficient drops (for the new flow rate) so that the power produced by the rotor assembly drops. This drop-in rotor assembly power results in a drop in generated electrical power from the generator. After a control period, the generator output power equals the desired power level. At that point, the generator torque, which is being controlled solely in dependence upon the desired power level and actual measured rotational speed in accordance with the present invention, again balances the rotor torque, so that the turbine is operating at a new equilibrium point.
Figure 4
Figure 4
r
r
As described above, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, the output power of the generator is controlled to be at a substantially constant level. Such a situation is illustrated in , which is a graph plotting generator torque (Q) against generator rotational speed (ω), and shows the torque/speed characteristics of the generator for a constant output power. Below a rated speed ω the generator is controlled so as to maximise its power output. At rotational speeds above ω, the generator torque is controlled to produce a desired power level based on the generator speed. The torque curve indicated by "n" in represents a constant power output at the desired power level.
In contrast to previously-considered schemes, the control scheme embodying the present invention does not operate to increase the generator torque to reduce the speed of the rotor assembly, and hence the applied loads.
In contrast, the method of the present invention controls the generator torque level only to maintain a constant power output, which results in allowing the rotor assembly to accelerate or decelerate in response to flow conditions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT | |
Q:
Magnify picture using tikz
I have a representation of automata as black boxes (left part of the figure),
and I want to show on the next beamer slide the same figure with a magnification of automata B4 (as in the right side of the figure).
I saw couple of posts on magnification but didn't find what I am looking for.
Here is my starting code:
\begin{document}
\documentclass{article}
\tikzset{
ncbar angle/.initial=90,
ncbar/.style={
to path=(\tikztostart)
-- ($(\tikztostart)!#1!\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/ncbar angle}:(\tikztotarget)$)
-- ($(\tikztotarget)!($(\tikztostart)!#1!\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/ncbar angle}:(\tikztotarget)$)!\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/ncbar angle}:(\tikztostart)$)
-- (\tikztotarget)
},
ncbar/.default=0.5cm,
}
\begin{figure}[h]
\center
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,node distance=1.3cm,>=stealth',bend angle=20,auto,
place/.style={circle,thick,draw=blue!75,fill=blue!20,minimum size=10mm},
red place/.style={place,draw=red!75,fill=red!20}
every label/.style={red},
every node/.style={scale=.6},
dots/.style={fill=black,circle,inner sep=2pt},
triangle/.style={fill=black,regular polygon,regular polygon sides=3,minimum size=10pt,inner sep=0pt,}]
\node (rec2) at (0,0) [draw, thick,minimum width=2cm,minimum height=2cm]{$B_{2}$};
\node (rec1) [draw, left=of rec2,xshift=2cm,thick,minimum width=2cm,minimum height=2cm,align=center]{$B_{1}$};
\node (rec3) [draw, right=of rec2,xshift=-2cm,thick,minimum width=2cm,minimum height=2cm,align=center]{$B_{3}$};
\node (rec4) [draw, right=of rec3,xshift=-2cm,thick,minimum width=2cm,minimum height=2cm,align=center]{$B_{4}$};
\node [dots] (p1) at ($(rec2.north west)!0.5!(rec2.north east)$) {};
\node [dots] (p2) at ($(rec2.north west)!0.5!(rec2.north east)$) {};
\node [dots] (q1) at ($(rec1.north west)!0.5!(rec1.north east)$) {};
\node [dots] (q2) at ($(rec3.north west)!0.3!(rec3.north east)$) {};
\node [dots] (r1) at ($(rec3.north west)!0.7!(rec3.north east)$) {};
\node [dots] (r2) at ($(rec4.north west)!0.3!(rec4.north east)$) {};
\draw [-] (q1) to[ncbar] (p1) node[xshift=-8mm,yshift=1cm]{$\alpha_1$};
\draw [-] (q2) to[ncbar=-5mm] (p2) node[xshift=8mm,yshift=1cm]{$\alpha_2$};
\draw [-] (r2) to[ncbar=-5mm] (r1) node[xshift=8mm,yshift=1cm]{$\alpha_3$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
A:
You can use the TikZ spy library.
Output
Code
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,positioning,spy,arrows}
},
}
\begin{document}
spy using outlines={circle, magnification=2.5, size=8cm},]
\spy on ($(rec1)!.5!(rec2)$) in node[line width=2mm,fill=cyan!5] (s) at ($(rec1)!.5!(rec2)$);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
| |
Can Narrowboats go on rivers?
Narrowboats are “Category D” boats which are intended only for navigating rivers, canals and small lakes; but some intrepid boaters have crossed the English Channel in a narrowboat.
What side of the buoys do you go on?
The expression “red right returning” has long been used by seafarers as a reminder that the red buoys are kept to the starboard (right) side when proceeding from the open sea into port (upstream). Likewise, green buoys are kept to the port (left) side (see chart below).
How do you navigate a shallow river?
Watch for wind ripples, breaking waves and current edges that indicate a transition to shallow water. Keep an eye on the depth sounder. A gradual drop in depth could precede a quick jump to shallow water. Watch for drops, and slow down while you’re still deep enough to assess your surroundings.
Which is correct on the river or in the river?
The correct preposition is “on”: There’s a river on the island. If it exists within the surrounding of something, use “in”. If it exists atop the general area of the location, use “on”. Since the sentence is stating simply the existence of a river, it is indicating the general area of the river, which is on the island.
Which preposition do we use for sea or river locations?
Lots of words that are connected with the sea take “on” as a preposition.
Which direction should the boat point in order to reach the other side of the river in the least amount of time?
Which direction should the boat point in order to reach the other side of the river in the least amount of time? flow of the river and take the most direct path across the stream. It will be the shortest distance and therefore the shortest amount of time.
What side of the river do you drive a boat on?
On all waterways, the rule of the road is to drive on the right. On wide waterways this may be easy. But on most canals, unless there’s another boat coming towards you, you’ll steer down the middle as it’s likely to be shallow near the edges.
How fast can boats go on rivers?
What’s the speed limit? On our network the speed limit on most canals is 4 miles per hour and on most rivers it’s a bit higher at 6 miles per hour, but speed isn’t the only factor you need to consider.
How often do you have to take a boat out of the water?
Absolutely. Many boats stay in all year round and only come out for a couple of weeks occasionally to get antifouled and have new anodes etc. Leaving yours in one winter and taking it out the next would be a perfectly normal thing to do.
How deep is the average canal?
Everybody is unique, but on average, vaginal canals are around 3.77 inches (9.6 centimeters) deep.
Do canals have currents?
In most cases, a canal has a series of dams and locks that create reservoirs of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as slack water levels, often just called levels.
What is the difference between a canal boat and a narrowboat?
Narrowboat size and shape
The standard beam of a narrowboat is usually around 6ft 10ins, but it is never more than seven feet. Canal boats come in all shapes and sizes, but a narrowboat’s modest beam of around 6ft 10in (just over two metres) will enable you to explore the entire UK inland waterways network.
What does a black buoy mean?
Black lettering on the buoy or sign gives the reason for the restriction, for example, SWIM AREA. Danger: A white buoy or sign with an orange diamond warns boaters of danger – rocks, dams, rapids, etc. The source of danger will also be lettered in black.
What should you do when you see a red buoy?
A type of red marker is the cone-shaped nun buoy. Red and green colors or lights are placed where a channel splits in two. If green is on top, keep the buoy on your left to continue along the preferred channel. If red is on top, keep the buoy on your right.
What is a yellow buoy mean?
Yellow buoys indicate special markings such as traffic separations, international boundaries, anchorage areas, dredging, fish net area, etc.
How do you stop shallow water on a boat?
Don’t Fully Lift the Outboard
This may seem counterintuitive, but one of the best strategies for boating in unfamiliar shallow water is to keep the motor down a few inches below the bottom of the hull. If you get hung up on the motor, you can lift it and release yourself.
What makes a good river boat?
The main consideration for boating on rivers is the potential for shallow water. Flat bottom boats are great for rivers. They allow for navigation in shallow water while still offering enough space for fishing and lounging on the deck. Bass boats and bay boats are also good options.
Why do we say on the river?
There was something floating in the river. on the river • You use on the river to talk about things that happen on the surface of a river or very close to the edge of a river: We went boating on the river.
Can we say at the river?
You can be at a river, or by a river, and, in one sense, they mean the same thing, but in another sense, context can provide nuances that might make one preposition more apt than another.
Which is correct in water or on water?
Senior Member. In terms of location, it is “in the water“, not “on the grass” or “in a tree” or “in the air” or “on a rock” or “on the cat’s wrist”. If you want to be precise, something “floating” is not “on the top of the water”: it is partly below the surface (in the water) and partly above the surface (in the air).
Are boats on the water or in?
Senior Member. In general, you can stay with “on” when the boat is on the surface of the water, and “in” when it’s underwater. There may be exceptions that don’t immediately come to mind.
Which is correct in the sea or on the sea?
“On the sea” is about something floating, bobbing on the sea water surface, like a boat or a buoy. “In the sea” is when we talk about being inside sea water, for example, when we are swimming, diving, riding a submarine, or seeing a dead body drifting.
Is it located on or at?
On a Street vs.
On is generally used for street locations (on Main Street), whereas in is used to talk about standing in the middle of the street. Examples: My house was on Delaney Street. at that location.
What direction should the boat be headed?
Head-On APproach
When power-driven boats approach each other head-on, neither boat has the right-of-way. Both operators (A and B) must take early and substantial action to steer clear of each other and steer to starboard (to the right) as soon as possible in order to avoid a collision.
How do you cross the river in the shortest time?
To cross the river in shortest distance, a swimmer should swim making angle θ with the upstream. | https://answeralso.com/when-boating-on-a-river/ |
How to Design Visually Attractive Infographics
Infographics are useful because people often learn better using visual cues. As a result, visual images can be used to present information in a simple but elegant manner, while language is used to supplement the image and help fill in the details. An attractive infographic is more than simply an appealing image because it needs to balance both elements in its design.
Here are four tips to keep in mind during the process of designing an infographic:
Be Creative
An infographic is more than a graph done up in color. Under ideal circumstances, an infographic incorporates the information that it is designed to tell into an image or number of images that are relevant to the topic of the information. For example, a map of public transportation routes with each station labeled on the map is an effective infographic because it communicates all of the relevant information in one glance using both images and phrases in unison.
Create a Focus
Although having multiple images in an infographic can sometimes be useful, having an excess number tends to divide attention and cause viewers to waste time cross-referencing each image with the rest. In general, a good infographic should have a single central image incorporating the most important elements of the information presented, with other images serving as supplements at most. Bear in mind that this is not an universal rule, since there are scenarios where the information is better presented using two or more images rather than one. For example, a collection of otherwise unrelated statistics about a common event should almost certainly not be compressed into a single image.
Do Not Sacrifice Accuracy
Statistics can be presented in a manner that creates misleading impressions. For example, the angle at which a three-dimensional pie chart is tilted can create misleading impressions because it is manipulating the perspective of the viewer and thus the apparent sizes of certain slices in the pie chart. A sloppier version of this problem, where the image is simply not drawn to scale, is a common problem among infographics. Although it might be tempting to sacrifice accuracy in order to use an appealing image, doing so can cause immense and immediate backlash from people who notice the inaccuracies.
Show Rather than Tell
The entire point of using an infographic is so that its visual elements can help pass on the information to viewers in a more effective and efficient manner. Infographics that present the information using stand-alone phrases and sentences rather than incorporating them into images render the choice of format useless. In extreme cases, infographics that fail to show rather than tell are no better than graphs presented alongside images that may or may not even be relevant. As a general rule, use phrases and sentences to pass on the details, while making sure that the main message can be discerned using the images alone.
Conclusion
A simple method to gauge the effectiveness of the infographic is to consult the opinion of others. Infographic designers are not in the best place to review their own creations, meaning that they should never assume that other viewers will share their responses.
David Kendall has extensive experience consulting with businesses on their marketing needs. His articles mainly appear on website marketing blogs. When looking to employ an infographics agency, it is always good to see which clients they work closely with. | https://www.orphicpixel.com/how-to-design-visually-attractive-infographics/ |
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a health pad using waste synthetic resin and an acupressure pad installed in a swimming suit manufactured therethrough. The method for manufacturing a health pad comprises the following steps: preparing waste vinyl of which foreign substances such as soil or the like are not removed, preparing a plastic container of which the inside is washed and dried, grinding the waste vinyl and the plastic container in a chip condition and preparing 10-66 parts by weight of waste plastic; crushing waste oyster shells collected from the shoreline to 100 mesh or less and preparing 90-34 parts by weight of the crushed waste oyster shells; mixing the waste plastic and the waste oyster shells and melting the mixture at 120-250°C for 15-60 minutes; and mixing 0.5-5 parts by weight of a foaming agent with respect to 100 parts by weight of the waste plastic and the waste oyster shells mixed in the melting step for 3-10 minutes and extruding the same.
COPYRIGHT KIPO 2017 | |
Complete Three Rounds, Resting 1:00 Between Rounds:
Minute One: Wallball Shots, Maximum Repetitions (20lb. / 16lb.)
Minute Two: Kettlebell Sumo Deadlift High Pull (75lb. / 53lb.)
Minute Three: Box Jump, Maximum Repetitions (20′)
Minute Four: 200 Meter Sprint (Bus Stop and Back)
Minute Five: Toes to Bar, Maximum Repetitions
Note: Todays workout operates like “Fight Gone Bad” in which the Athlete achieves maximum repetitions at each station, then rotates at the end of the minute immediately to the next station. There is no rest between stations. At the end of each round, rest 1:00 and tally scores, then repeat for a total of 3 rounds. Athletes can pick their start station, but must honor the order of rotation. Maintain a total running score for each round. The 200 meter sprint counts as 20 points. Compare todays effort to August 21, 2018. Join Coach at the 4PM workout which will be a “Championship Fight” consisting of FIVE ROUNDS!
Thank You, Jason!
_______________
On behalf of everyone at CrossFit Amundson, we wish to extend our sincere gratitude and congratulations to Jason on completing twelve years of service as a Master of Arms in the US Navy. Jason has retired from the Military and is pursuing higher education. Thank you Jason for your leadership, service, protection, and loyalty to our Country, and American way of life. We love you brother!
_______________
Keyholder Update
Attention Keyholder members and interested athletes in the program! We only have 5 Keyholder enrollment positions open. Please speak with Coach if you are interested in enrolling. Beginning September 15, the Keyholder program will be limited to HQ. There will be a Heavy Bag available at HQ for Krav Maga and bag work. Keyholder athletes are required to check the CrossFit Amundson schedule to ensure private use of the gym does not conflict with regularly scheduled classes. | https://crossfitamundson.com/14-september-2018-2/ |
We used 20 years of plot data to analyze the influence of tree growth-mortality balance and species mix on the potential of old stands to sequester carbon from the atmosphere and store carbon. The study indicated that carbon in hardwood-dominated stands increased with age, without any sign of decline in carbon sequestration. In contrast, balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) dominated softwood stands showed a negative C change with a decline at 80 years of age.
Variation in species stand development, carbon (C) storage, and sequestration is fundamental to ascertain the role of old forests as sources and sinks in global C.
To analyze the effect of the balance between growth and mortality of species and hardwood-softwood mix on the C source and sink budget of old forest types in New Brunswick, Canada.
A set of 602 plots, representing 12 stand types, were grouped into softwood (SW), mixedwood (MW), and hardwood (HW) categories. Net C change per year, including growth, recruitment of trees, and mortality, was calculated, and plots were categorized into three classes, of carbon sinks, sources, or neutral.
Over the period from 1987 to 2007, 68% of plots were C sinks, 25% were sources, and 7% were neutral. Balsam fir-spruce (Picea sp.) was the only stand type with negative mean C change at − 0.2 t C ha−1 yr−1. Long-term C projection using OSM (open stand model) determined that shade-tolerant hardwood and mixed stand types showed increases of 26–30% of total C over a 100-year simulation, whereas other stand types ranged between 7 and 21% increases.
Balsam fir-dominated stands incur high mortality rates due to shorter longevity (stand decline) and high susceptibility to insect and wind disturbances, and therefore, HW and non-balsam fir-dominated MW should have priority in management for longer rotations to maximize C onsite.
We thank New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development (formerly named Department of Natural Resources) for PSP database access and support.
DAM and AB conceived and designed the study; AB performed research; AB, DAM, and CRH analyzed data; and AB, DAM, and CRH wrote and revised the paper.
This work was supported by funding from a Community University Research Alliance project led by Dr. Don Floyd, with industry support from J.D. Irving, Limited. | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13595-019-0821-3 |
Urban forests provide a variety of ecosystem services to growing metropolitan areas such as flood mitigation, carbon sequestration, energy conservation, and human health and well being. Texas hosts four of the top 20 fastest growing urban areas; this rapid urbanization contributes to urban forest loss from new development as well as redevelopment. In response, municipal governments across Texas have implemented Tree Preservation Ordinances (TPOs) in order to regulate tree removals. TPOs not only aid in the protection and preservation of trees but also allow cities to monitor and analyze data of trees removed. The purpose of this study is to identify spatial and temporal trends based on species removed from 2010 to 2018. The data set is composed of over 10,000 permitted tree removals in Austin, Texas, which contain further information such as species, location, reason, and type of removal. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to analyze such trends visually. Preliminary results show over 50 different species removed in various amounts. Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) was the main species removed and is primarily associated with new development. This study provides a framework for further analysis regarding the maintenance of biodiversity in a changing urban landscape. | https://aag.secure-abstracts.com/AAG%20Annual%20Meeting%202020/abstracts-gallery/48153 |
April 29, 2016 - Data science has increased in popularity over recent years as organizations realize that the challenges they face can be addressed in whole or in part by understanding the data available to them. The field of data science is still relatively new and is founded on several skill areas.
Core skill areas
Data science includes a number of key capabilities:
- Mathematics and statistics help provide a rigorous analytical framework that can be invaluable when making decisions to address inherently amorphous business challenges
- Computer science supports programming as it provides the theory to formalize approaches for real-life data challenges
- Domain knowledge supports the development of expertise by providing reference points for hypotheses generation, whether data driven or by expert judgment
Combining these three core skill areas with the right technology and processes enables data scientists to help organizations gain value from data (see figure 1).
Moving through skills boundaries
The interplay of these skills areas represents increased capability and learning trajectories for people. For example, an analyst with domain knowledge and coding skills can write programming scripts to work with more data and automate key tasks to become more self-sufficient and capable. As another example, the difference between a good model and an excellent one can be the insight from a domain expert (for example, a marketing professional, physician, or insurance specialist).
Machine learning is attracting increasing interest due to applications as wide ranging as identifying objects in images to translating human language. It sits squarely between mathematics and computer science and requires strong knowledge of both skills to generate the greatest results. Given the wide range of talent areas associated with data science, it is vital to build teams with complementary skills.
We are passionate about analytics education at Genpact. Moreover, we have an interest in fostering a data-driven culture with our partners as it enables several important things ranging from functional to industry leading. As more teammates hit internal repositories, data veracity increases through applied data testing, which can then support increasingly advanced projects providing differentiation that has an impact on an industry and society. | https://www.genpact.com/insight/blog/the-interplay-of-data-science-skills-areas |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2003 March 3
Explanation: How will our universe end? Recent speculation now includes a pervasive growing field of mysterious repulsive energy that rips virtually everything apart. Although the universe started with a Big Bang, analysis of recent cosmological measurements allows a possibility that it will end with a Big Rip. As soon as few billion years from now, the controversial scenario holds, dark energy will grow to such a magnitude that our own Galaxy will no longer be able to hold itself together. After that, stars, planets, and then even atoms might not be able to withstand the expansive internal force. Previously, speculation on the ultimate fate of the universe centered on either a re-collapsing Big Crunch or a Big Chill. Although the universe's fate is still a puzzle, piecing it together will likely follow from an increased understanding of the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Authors & editors:
Robert Nemiroff
(MTU) &
Jerry Bonnell (USRA)
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC
& NASA SEU Edu. Forum
& Michigan Tech. U. | https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030303.html |
The aim of our project was to build a Web-based Image Recognition Application for recognizing Venetian palaces. Venice has over 200 palaces. These palaces are very unique, and are known for their careful selection of architectural features. Thus, an ideal recognition algorithm should have an inherent design to make use of these features.
Image recognition is a fairly recent technology and has huge application in diverse aspects of our day-to-day life. There are plethora of Image recognition algorithms in the literature and it is a daunting task to make a selection, as to which algorithm to prefer over which one. There is a fundamental tradeoff between precision and complexity of the algorithm. In our case, we wish to maximize the accuracy, but at the same time obtain results quickly as the end user of the application are impatient humans!
The basic objective in our application, was to come up with a model or classifier, which can take an image uploaded by an user, and try to recognize it as accurately as possible. The important feature of this application is that it should put no constraint on the type of image being uploaded i.e lighting conditions, angle from which image was taken. Constructing a classifier requires training using an existing annotated dataset. Thus, the project also involved collecting a huge dataset of images and labeling them.
The first attempt towards creating a dataset was done using images scanned from two books , . This helped in crafting categories for a basic classifier. The next task was to populate these categories, and our natural selection for this task was Google Image search. We wrote a python script for downloading bulk images for each categories, using Google API. For certain categories i.e palaces, we were successful in getting more than 60 good images (considering that google API only allows 64 images). In order to further boost our dataset collection, we considered taking multiple patches from the downloaded images.
We tried with SVM, boosting classifier, Random Forests and among others. We decided to use K-Nearest neighbours in a supervised fashion for our learning model. It is one of the very standard technique which was fast and accurate in our predictions as shown in the table1. Our pipeline for visual recognition of palaces is shown in figure 2.
We collected images of 60 categories of palaces and buildings in Venice for our project, naming it as – Venetian Palace dataset. We were successful in collecting more than 60 images for 10 categories, which we used for our project. Our project can be scaled for more categories as we get more images for other categories. For training, all the images were converted to 256×256 size to make it uniform and then applied whitening. First of all we computed the SIFT feature descriptor for each image patch which is taken hierarchically from the image determined by the density of keypoints. We created a dictionary of size 200 by clustering of SIFT features into groups by K-means clustering with 5000 iterations. This dictionary is used later for the hierarchical Spatial Pyramid Matching with pyramid levels of 2, which yields the final feature vector. We used this feature vector to K-Nearest Neighbour supervised learning model which we trained with 80% of our dataset and tested our model with the rest 20%. K-Nearest Neighbours in the model is assigned to have 10 as the maximum number of nearest neighbours to be considered.
Visual recognition tasks favour fast and accurate classification methods. We tried with different machine learning techniques such as Multi-Layer perceptron, Random Forests and Kernel methods like SVM. MLP was both slow and low prediction accuracy. We moved on to using ensemble of Random trees, that is, Random forest which was good at fast computation but gave a low accuracy. K-Nearest Neighbours predicted the labels of the image with a good accuracy and in an appreciably low time as shown in table 1.
We see that K-Nearest Neighbours outperforms other classifiers in the accuracy. Our entire pipeline of visual recognition of palaces is coded in Python using OpenCV and scipy libraries.
To develop the web application, we used a python based web application framework Django. We built a basic file-manager application which takes in a valid image input from the user and supplies the image to the image processing pipeline implemented in python. We have tested the integration of OpenCV with the web framework and verified that the images supplied by the user were being used for image processing by OpenCV. We then output the results of the image classification on our results page of our web application. The results page of the classification will also include the location of the palace on google maps and some additional information of the palaces. The demonstration of the website will be done on the day of poster presentation. The following images will give you an idea as to how our website looks like.
Thus, as could be seen from the results that K-Nearest Neighbours outperforms the other algorithms, both in accuracy and latency, for our application. The classifier could now be extended to classify and recognize more palaces. This will require collection of more images, and hence, visit to the city of Venice, will definitely pay off well! Another way to enhance dataset could be to introduce online learning algorithms, so that every time a user uses the web application, the uploaded image could be saved into our database. For this, of course, we need the user’s consent, to allow us to save their clicked pictures!
Lazebnik, Svetlana, Cordelia Schmid, and Jean Ponce. “Beyond bags of features: Spatial pyramid matching for recognizing natural scene categories.” Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2006.
Yang, Jianchao, et al. “Linear spatial pyramid matching using sparse coding for image classification.” Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009. CVPR 2009. IEEE Conference on. IEEE, 2009. | https://veniceatlas.epfl.ch/atlas/gis-and-databases/architectural/automatic-recognition-of-palaces-based-on-pictures/ |
cytokines stress and immunityDownload Book Cytokines Stress And Immunity in PDF format. You can Read Online Cytokines Stress And Immunity here in PDF, EPUB, Mobi or Docx formats.
CytokinesAuthor : Robert E. Faith
ISBN : 9781420003802
Genre : Medical
File Size : 82. 43 MB
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Cytokine involvement in the immune system's response to stress is now very well documented. Cytokine activity has been implicated in a variety of mental and physical diseases, and has been shown to have a significant role in fueling the vicious circle of depression and illness. The first edition of Cytokines: Stress and Immunity pointed out that the immune system does not stand alone, but is profoundly affected by other organ systems, especially the central nervous and the neuroendocrine systems, with cytokines being the common tool of communication. This edition continues on the trailblazing path of the original to once again present current research that informs our evolving understanding of how cytokines function and the clinical implications of cytokine activity. Completely rewritten by the top authorities in their fields, this volume includes 16 entirely new chapters, which document dramatic new developments. It provides a comprehensive overview of the role of cytokines in the neuroendocrine and immune systems, while also addressing the interactions between these systems. It examines cytokine activity and clinical implications from a number of perspectives, including those of immunology, pharmacology, oncology, endocrinology, and psychiatry. Researchers involved with the most specific aspects of cell signaling as well clinicians dealing with the effects of immunosuppression-related diseases will find a wealth of interesting and instantly applicable information. This new edition begins with an extended dedication and tribute to the late Robert A. Good, the father of modern immunology. It documents the life and groundbreaking achievements of Dr. Good who served as an editor for both the former and current editions of this work.
Cytokines Stress And DepressionAuthor : Robert Dantzer
ISBN : 9780585379708
Genre : Medical
File Size : 79. 33 MB
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Cytokines had been characterized in the early eighties as communication mole cules between immune cells, and between immunocytes and other peripheral cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. They play a key role in the regulation of the immune response and the coordination of the host response to infection. Based on these biological properties, nobody would have predicted that one decade later cytokines would burst upon neurosciences and permeate into several avenues of current research. In neurology, the connection between cytokines and inflammation, and the demonstration of a pivotal role of some of these molecules in cell death by apoptosis, prompted the investigation of their involvement in several neurological diseases involving an inflammatory component, including multiple sclerosis, brain trauma, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. This movement started in the late eighties, and the corresponding field of research, known as neuroimmunology, is presently booming. In psychiatry, however, the relationship between cytokines and mental disorders was much less evident and took longer to materialize. The first indication that cytokines might be involved in psychopathology came from cancerology and internal medicine.
A Life Course Approach To Mental DisordersAuthor : Karestan C. Koenen
ISBN : 9780191631160
Genre : Medical
File Size : 29. 96 MB
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A Life Course Approach to Mental Disorders examines the interplay of social and biological factors in the production of a wide range of mental disorders throughout life, from the peri-natal period through to old age. The aging into adulthood of numerous birth cohorts, especially over the past twenty years, has provided increasing evidence that mental disorders previously perceived to emerge in adulthood may have their origins early in life. This book brings together, in a single resource, the research in life course epidemiology of mental disorders, forging a consensus on the current science and pointing the way forward for the field. Assembling researchers across disparate disciplines including epidemiology, developmental psychopathology, psychiatric genetics, sociology, developmental cognitive neuroscience, and epigenetics the book reviews the methods and synthesizes existing knowledge about the life course epidemiology of mental disorders in populations. It also presents discussions of the mechanisms that drive the production of mental disorders over the life course including emerging areas of research in the field. A Life Course Approach to Mental Disorders brings together the state-of-the-art science of life course epidemiology to inform training, research, practice and policy with regard to mental disorders. The first comprehensive articulation of a life course perspective in the area, it will be a key resource for academics, researchers and students.
Invertebrate Cytokines And The Phylogeny Of ImmunityAuthor : Alain Beschin
ISBN : 9783642186707
Genre : Science
File Size : 53. 1 MB
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Based on the assumption that invertebrates as well as vertebrates possess factors regulating hematopoiesis, response to infection or wounding, studies dealing with the evolution of immunity have focused on the isolation and characterization of putative cytokine-related molecules from invertebrates. Until recently, most of our knowledge of cytokine- and cytokine receptor-like molecules in invertebrates has relied on functional assays and similarities at the physicochemical level. As such, a phylogenetic relationship between invertebrate cytokine-like molecules and invertebrate counterparts could not be convincingly demonstrated. In the present book, recent studies demonstrating cytokine-like activities and related signaling pathways in invertebrates are critically reviewed, focusing on findings from molecular biology and taking advantage of the completion of the genome from the fly Drosophila and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans.
Handbook Of Stress Coping And HealthAuthor : Virginia Hill Rice
ISBN : 9781412999298
Genre : Medical
File Size : 35. 34 MB
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This unique and comprehensive handbook examines the various models of stress, coping, and health and their relevance for nursing and related health fields. Building on the first edition that has been highly-praised for its analysis and critique of existing models and its discussion of new research surrounding self-regulation and stress, this Second Edition continues to provide a critical analysis of the field while providing up to date cutting-edge research. Under the expert editorship of Dr. Virginia Hill Rice, experienced scholars and practitioners present a broad range of issues and research that relate to stress and health, such as response-oriented stress; stimulus-oriented stress; and transactional stress, coping, and health in children, adolescents, attitudes, and much, much more.
The Brain And Host DefenseAuthor :
ISBN : 0444535454
Genre : Science
File Size : 37. 19 MB
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It is now well recognized that the brain, and especially the hypothalamus, plays an important role in the regulation of immune reactions and inflammation. This book aims to review our current state of knowledge of this important field. Key historical findings are presented, and the reciprocal interactions between the brain and the immune system are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on inflammation, a critical host defense reaction that serves as an effector response for both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Mechanisms implicated in brain defense, as well as in more general host defense, are discussed. The regulatory influences of the brain on inflammatory responses are included with particular reference to the role of the hypothalamus, which is also the main director the hormonal regulation of immune/inflammatory. Gender-related differences in immune responsiveness, circadian modulator of immune responses, and evidence that behavioral conditioning (e.g. reward) of immune responses is possible are used as examples to reinforce the notion that the neuroendocrine system exerts a fundamental and complex regulatory influence on the immune system. * Presents timely issues such as immunological aspects of the blood-brain-barrier and the role of inflammatory mediators in the evolution of strokes and degenerative diseases * Includes analysis of the role of the brain in the adaptive responses to disease * Evaluates the argument that further knowledge of the influence of the brain on the immune system will provide new insights to the pathophysiology infectious and autoimmune diseases
Stress And Disease ProcessesAuthor : Neil Schneiderman
ISBN : 0805811613
Genre : Medical
File Size : 77. 56 MB
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This volume presents chapters by leading figures researching the various pathways by which stress may interfere with health maintenance and contribute to disease etiology and progression. Their work focuses on direct effects of stress on the immune and endocrine systems, on behavioral factors in diseases such as cancer and diabetes, and with the general role of stress in illness processes.
Heat Stress And Animal ProductivityAuthor : Anjali Aggarwal
ISBN : 9788132208792
Genre : Science
File Size : 63. 92 MB
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Dr. Anjali Aggarwal is working as a Senior Scientist at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). She holds a PhD degree in Animal Physiology and is involved in research and teaching at post-graduate level. Her area of research work is stress and environmental physiology. She has more than 50 publications, two technical bulletins, four manuals and many book chapters to her credit. She has successfully guided many post-graduate and PhD students. Her major research accomplishments are on microclimatic modification for alleviation of heat and cold stress, mist and fan cooling systems for cows and buffaloes, and use of wallowing tank in buffaloes. Her work involves the use of technology of supplementing micronutrients during dry period and early lactation to crossbred and indigenous cows for alleviating metabolic and oxidative stress and improved health and productivity. Studies are also done in her lab on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes as a result of exercise or exposure to heat stress. Dr. R.C. Upadhyay is working as Head, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). He graduated in Veterinary Sciences and obtained his PhD degree in Animal Physiology. His area of recent research is climate change, stress, and environmental physiology. His major research accomplishment is on climate change impact assessment of milk production and growth in livestock. His work also involves studying methane conversion and emission factors for Indian livestock and use of IPCC methodology of methane inventory of Indian livestock. Heat shock protein-70 expression studies in cattle and buffaloes are also done in his lab. Draught animal power evaluation, fatigue assessment, work-rest cycle and work limiting factors form the highlights of his work. Studies on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes and electrocardiographic studies in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat are also undertaken in his lab. He has more than 75 research papers, four books and several book chapters to his credit. Technologies developed and research done by him include methodology of methane measurement: open and closed circuit for cattle and buffaloes; inventory of methane emission from livestock using IPCC methodology; livestock stress index: thermal stress measurement based on physiological functions; and draught power evaluation system and large animal treadmill system. He received training in Radio-nuclides in medicine at Australian School of Nuclear Technology, Lucas heights, NSW, Australia in 1985 and Use of radioisotopes in cardiovascular investigations at CSIRO, Prospect, NSW, Australia, during 1985-86. He has guided several post-graduate and PhD students. He is recipient of Hari Om Ashram Award-1990 (ICAR) for outstanding research in animal sciences.
Mind Immunity And HealthAuthor : Phil Evans
ISBN : CORNELL:31924087299370
Genre : Psychology
File Size : 56. 44 MB
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There is a growing consensus that the mind can affect the immune system and over the past decade a new field - known as psychoneuroimmunology or PNI for short - has established itself to investigate the effects of the mind upon the immune system and vice versa. The authors of this exciting new area of research in the field of health psychology provide a comprehensive and detailed account informed by the latest research. Topics covered are stress and immunity, depression and immunity and assessment of the evidence that PNI effects are directly related to health.
Vitamin DAuthor : Adrian F. Gombart
ISBN : 9781439850213
Genre : Medical
File Size : 39. 48 MB
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Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is a worldwide, public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Rickets among infants has reemerged. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with increased risk and mortality from cancer. At the same time, the beneficial effects of vitamin D on a host of conditions have recently been discovered. Focusing on areas not extensively covered in other comparable books, Vitamin D: Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Aging highlights the most recent research findings on the impact of this nutrient in oxidative stress, immunity, and aging. A state-of-the-art compilation of essential information, this book explores: Vitamin D and its genomic and nongenomic effects, the role of therapeutic analogs in treating disease, and the production of vitamin D by the body The role vitamin D plays in modulating oxidative stress—with emphasis on cancer, stress-mediated diseases, photo-protection of the skin, and energy metabolism Beneficial effects of vitamin D in regulating the immune response and its importance in protecting against autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases The role vitamin D plays in the regulation of the aging process—including aspects of oxidative stress, senescence, and mortality, as well as its role in protection against cardiovascular disease and nervous system disorders This book represents an important contribution toward understanding the mechanisms by which vitamin D promotes health, increasing awareness of the importance that vitamin D plays during development, at birth, and throughout the aging process. It is a valuable reference for researchers in academia, nutrition, medicine, and industry. | http://www.nwcbooks.com/download/cytokines-stress-and-immunity/ |
Duties:
- Develop and execute a US clinical affairs plan in allergy, aligned with the global strategic roadmap.
- Develop, influence, and utilizes key opinion leader network to drive advocacy for our products, including initiating collaborations with clinicians and laboratories utilizing our products.
- Initiate/execute symposiums, as well as encourage abstracts, at major national congresses and establish/monitor KPIs to ensure efficacy in influencing targeted customer base.
- Provide clinical affairs coverage of key medical/scientific congresses and cooperative group meetings as needed. Listen for and interpret new clinical data and competitive intelligence, and report back on findings to clinical affairs and marketing stakeholders.
- Identifies and engages national groups working with guidelines, as well as supports development & implementation of evidence-based clinical guidelines.
- In anticipation of any product launch or new claim introduction, provide medical support, education and guidance to commercial, marketing, and sales teams
- Partner with internal colleagues and external stakeholders in health economic and outcomes research evidence generation, including support for reimbursement and guidelines development and/or implementation.
- Inform on developments in the clinical and market environment as relevant to the objectives of the organization.
- Clinical Degree Required (MD or MD & Ph.D)
- Clinical/medical background with ability to successfully communicate and teach in a complex and competitive environment.
- Experience in allergy or immunology is strongly desired.
- An active KOL network in allergy.
- Active membership in related key national professional associations.
- Previous health care experience in a corporate setting is preferred.
- Strong analytical and qualitative skills are required, as well as the ability to interpret and integrate study results, draw conclusions/implications, and translate into business decision recommendations.
- Work with investigator-sponsored studies and company-sponsored studies, as well as selection of and partnership with clinical research organizations.
- Demonstrated ability to synthesize clinical and health economic data and influence strategy development. | https://jobs.threepillar.com/jb/Medical-Director-of-Strategy-and-Regulation-Jobs-in-Atlanta-Georgia/4052818 |
What are the limits of human performance? We keep pushing the boundaries of so many things, what if we knew how to push the boundaries of our own mindset, productivity and motivation? Technology and research is showing us all sorts of conditions and tools to help us think better, do more, change our behaviours and alter our mindset. Performance science is showing us how to recreate those moments when we are in our peak performance state, so that we can operate at that level more often.
In this talk, Tony Wilson takes some of these concepts to the extreme, hacking our physiology to improve our brain function, flow state, attention and self-control and showing us what Silicone Valley geniuses, Navy Seals and Elite Athletes are doing to get that extra five percent. He then peels back the layers to show us how we can apply this in a more simple way every single day at work and in life. | https://performancelab.com.au/Keynote-Speaking/Keynotes-Blog-List/Hacking-the-System |
What Is the Difference between an Archaeologist and Anthropologist?
An archaeologist and anthropologist are both researchers who study human societies. They are different, however, in the types of societies they study: archaeologists collect information about past civilizations, while anthropologists investigate both contemporary cultures and their historical origins. The word archaeology comes from the Greek meaning "study of old things." Anthropology, on the other hand, means "study of humans." On account of their different areas of research, an archaeologist and anthropologist must use different methodologies.
The work situations of an archaeologist and anthropologist are both usually very hands-on, but in different ways. An archaeologist's field work might consist of excavating and restoring artifacts, or human-made objects, from ancient ruins. In order to avoid damaging the artifacts, archaeologists must use specialized trowels or brushes when removing them from the dig site.
These artifacts are often the most important source of information that an archaeologist has about a particular civilization, especially if the civilization did not have a writing system. Artifacts can reveal how people obtained and prepared food, who their enemies were, and other historical facts. An archaeologist may study these artifacts either at the dig site or in a museum or lab with specialized equipment.
On the other hand, an anthropologist studies both biological and cultural aspects of human societies in an attempt to determine how humans are alike and different from one another. An archaeologist and anthropologist might both benefit from studying artifacts, but in different ways. The archaeologist's interest is primarily historical events, whereas the anthropologist will focus more on the cultural significance of the artifact, concerning what it says about the people's beliefs and values.
In contrast to an archaeologist, an anthropologist may also study living cultures. This is usually done through ethnography, or writing about culture. An ethnographer's goal is to live among a group of people long enough to understand their actions, values and beliefs. The work of this type of anthropologist is usually, but not always, done among less developed cultures. He or she may benefit from investigating archaeological records left behind by the society's predecessors, but may also concentrate strictly on the present society. | https://www.practicaladultinsights.com/what-is-the-difference-between-an-archaeologist-and-anthropologist.htm |
1 edition of Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies (EPOCS) found in the catalog.
Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies (EPOCS)
Published
1985 by U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories in [Rockville, Md.?] .
Written in English
Edition Notes
|Contributions||Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.)|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||iv, 90 p. :|
|Number of Pages||90|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL14282954M|
Against the backdrop of the environmental setting of the subequatorial NE Pacific abyssal plain, the book will characterise the meiobenthos as an ecological category in the deep sea and introduce research lines meiobenthic studies are applied to, including environmental assessments of human-induced.
The psychological wealth of nations
Fort Knox-Fortress in Maine
Plant Membranes
H.M.S. Pinafore, or, The lass that loved a sailor
Why natural?
Clausewitz
Dream girl
The Tao of teaching
Winter Moon
Pennsylvania German Folk art
Get this from a library. Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies (EPOCS): progress and plans. [Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.);]. Get this from a library. CTD/O₂ measurements during as part of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS).
[J M Lynch; L J Mangum; S P Hayes; Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.)]. The Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies book Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by the continents of Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.
Atsquare kilometers (63, square miles) in area (as defined with an. APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS OCCO: Conmittee on Climatic Changes and the Ocean CRC: Climate Research Committee (of the National Research Council) EAZO: Energetically Active Zones of the Ocean Program (of the USSR) ENSO: El Nino and the Southern Oscillation Exper iment EPOCS: Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies ERBE: Earth Radiation Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies book.
The timing and mechanisms of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) cold tongue development, a salient feature of the tropical ocean, are intensely debated on geological time scales. Here, we reconstruct cold tongue evolution over the past 8 million years by computing changes in temperature gradient between the cold tongue and eastern Pacific warm by: 3.
Romeo M. Flores, in Coal and Coalbed Gas, Ecological and Climate Controls of Peat (Coal) Reservoirs.
The thick peat deposits of the Southeast Asia are highly influenced Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies book the equatorial climate characterized by mean rainfall of more than mm/mo, seasonally uniform temperature with annual range of. Zhang, in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (Second Edition), Climate.
Climate phenomena subject to MJO influences include the monsoons and several climate modes such as ENSO, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the AO and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern, and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).
While these climate modes. The influence of iron on ocean biology and climate: insights from the IronEx studies in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies book Pacific P. Liss and S.
Turner; 6. Testing importance of iron and grazing in maintenance of the high nitrate condition in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, a physical-biological model study F. Chai, S. Lindley, J. Toggweiler and R. In the equatorial Pacific, the Equatorial Counter Current (see Fig.
) now dominates and can transport warm surface water eastward that piles up all the way to the west coast of South America. The low-pressure system moves into the eastern Pacific Ocean, causing drought conditions in the equatorial western Pacific Ocean.
ENSO cycles are significant changes from typical sea surface temperatures, wind patterns, and rainfall in the Pacific Ocean along the equator. During EL Niño events, phytoplankton productivity in the equatorial Pacific declines dramatically as the easterly trade winds that Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies book drive upwelling grow still or even reverse : Rebecca Lindsey.
El Niño is a warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Together with, La Niña, these make up two of the three states of the constantly changing El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that can affect weather patterns around the globe.
ENSO is just one of many oscillations in. Shukla's scientific contributions include studies of: the dynamics of monsoon depressions; the influences of snow, albedo, soil wetness, and surface roughness on climate variability; the influences of sea surface temperature in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean climate studies book Sea, equatorial Pacific Ocean, and north Pacific Ocean on seasonal variability; the intraseasonal and.
The Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program (TOGA) was a ten-year study () of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) aimed specifically at the prediction of climate phenomena on time scales of months to years.
TOGA emphasized the tropical oceans and their relationship to the global ying TOGA is the premise that the dynamic. The USGS research into the composition and manner of formation of marine minerals spans the globe, for example, the Lau back-arc basin and Cook Islands in the Pacific, Walvis Ridge in the Atlantic, and 90 East Ridge in the Indian Ocean, among many locations throughout the global ocean and U.S.
Exclusive Economic Zone. (A) Locations of all Challenger stations visited between –; (B) Location map of Challenger station and Tara stations and used in Author: Lyndsey Fox, Lyndsey Fox, Stephen Stukins, Thomas Hill, C. Giles Miller. Many records of tropical sea surface temperature and marine productivity exhibit cycles of 23 kyr (orbital precession) and kyr during the past Myr (refs 1–5), whereas high-latitude sea Cited by: A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text.
A recent work proposed a simple theory based on the framework of Zebiak–Cane (ZC) ocean model, and successfully characterized the equatorial Atlantic upwelling annual cycle as a combination of the local wind-driven Ekman upwelling and nonlocal wind-driven wave upwelling.
In the present work, utilizing the same simple framework, we examined the fidelity of the Author: Li-Chiao Wang, Jia-Yuh Yu. Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate summarizes the current state of several threats to the global oceans.
What distinguishes this book most from previous works is that this book begins with a holistic, global-scale focus for the first several chapters and then provides an example of how this approach can be applied on a regional scale, for the Pacific region.
The onboard studies revealed that changes in ocean acidification, linked to climatic change, have a large and global impact on marine organisms.
Because of the important role of the equatorial. El Niño and La Niña are opposite extremes of the ENSO, which refers to cyclical environmental conditions that occur across the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. These changes are due to natural interactions between the ocean and atmosphere. Sea surface temperature, rainfall, air pressure, atmospheric and ocean circulation all influence each other.
Lynch has written: 'CTD/Ob2s' -- subject(s): Dissolved oxygen, Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies, Ocean temperature, Oceanography, Salinity, Water 'CTD/O' -. J. Maarten Troost is the author of The Sex Lives of Cannibals: Adrift in the Equatorial Pacific. His essays have appeared in the Atlantic Monthly, the Washington Post, and the Prague Post.
He spent two years in Kiribati in the equatorial Pacific and upon his Jan Maarten Troost (known professionally as J.
Maarten Troost) (born in The /5. ical Ocean and Global Atmosphere) Program was launched building on earlier efforts such as the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) Program.
One of TOGA’s goals was “to study the feasibility of modeling the coupled ocean–atmosphere system for the purpose of predicting its variations on timescales of months to years”. The What does EPOCS stand for. All Acronyms has a list of 4 EPOCS definitions. Updated March Top EPOCS acronym meaning: Eastern Pacific Ocean Climate Study.
Pacific Ocean temperature swings violently in industrial age: Study. WASHINGTON: Rising surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean for prolonged periods leads to a climate process called. Riehl (), in his classical book on tropical meteorology, focused attention on the pressure field (i.e., the equatorial trough).
THE ITCZ AND THE SEASONAL CYCLE OVER EQUATORIAL AFRICA Equatorial Trough (Doldrums) explained (von Humboldt). Ranging through the fields of oceanography, meteorology, and ecology, Taylor sheds light on the immense variations of the atmosphere which can span a whole ocean, the best known of which is the El Niño cycle of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, a colossal see-saw in which atmospheric pressure rising over Australia mirrors a fall thousands of miles Cited by: 2.
In today’s climate, the eastern part of the equatorial Pacific Ocean has a “Cold Tongue” of water about 6 o F cooler than the rest of the equator (see Figure 2A). This is an important feature whose occasional disappearance (“El Nino”) disrupts weather around the world.
One needs only to go through the Nasa/Giss temperature series, which show many months with neutral or modestly higher temperatures in the equatorial Pacific, for example the months: Sept. to Nov. (see the T°C-anomaly maps, below) and May to Nov Sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean region that defines El [ ] New Book: Climate Information for Public Health Action Septem A newly published book called Climate Information for Public Health Action gives the health community a primer on why, when and how climate information can and should be.
The mixed layer of the western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Article (PDF Available) in Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 96(S01). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) revised the definition of El Niño “as a phenomenon in the equatorial Pacific Ocean characterized by a positive sea surface temperature departure from normal in the Niño region (i.e., 5°S–5°N, °–°W) greater than or equal in magnitude to °C averaged over three Cited by: The following points highlight the ten main currents in the Pacific ocean.
The currents are: 1. North Equatorial Current 2. South Equatorial Current 3. Counter Equatorial Current 4. California Current 7.
El Nino or Counter Current 9. East Australia Current The north equatorial current originates off the western coast of Mexico and flows in.
Michelle M. Gierach, Monique Messié, Tong Lee, Kristopher B. Karnauskas and Marie‐Hélène Radenac, Biophysical responses near equatorial islands in the Western Pacific Ocean during El Niño/La Niña transitions, Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 20, (), (). Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of understanding and reconstructing Earth’s past climate and environments from the Precambrian to modern analogs.
New lacustrine mineral‐magnetic records from Dahu Swamp in southern China provided a hydroclimatic reconstruction over the past. The oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, and are critical components of Earth’s climate system. This new edition of Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences summarizes the breadth of knowledge about them, providing revised, up to date entries as well coverage of new topics in the field.
New and expanded sections include microbial ecology, high latitude systems and the. A bi-polar signal recorded in the western tropical Pacific: Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate records from the Pacific warm pool during the last Ice Age. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 28 (), pp. Ocean Climate Stations Meghan Cronin leads the Ocean Climate Stations group at NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL).
Ocean Climate Stations are moored buoys that carry a suite of sensors to monitor important climate processes. “A key remote factor is SST variability in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Positive Pacific SST anomalies associated with warm-phase ENSO (El Niño) have been linked to increased ∣Vz ∣ over the MDR, and conversely for cool-phase ENSO (La Niña) (15, 20,30).
IOD is not limited only to the pdf Indian Ocean. Through the changes in the atmospheric pdf, IOD influences the world climate [e.g., Saji and Yamagata, b]. For example, the IOD influences the Southern Oscillation in the Pacific [Behera and Yamagata, ], rainfall variability during the Indian summer monsoon [Behera et al.() Yu, J.-Y., Understanding El Nino Southern Oscillation and its interactions with the Indian Ocean and monsoon.
Book chapter in Recent Progress in Atmospheric Sciences with Applications to the Asia-Pacific Region, Liou, K N and Chou, M D (Ed.), World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, Ocean Acidification: Natural Cycles ebook Ubiquitous Uncertainties. InScripps’ esteemed oceanographer Ebook Munk argued for the establishment of an Ocean Observation System reporting, “much of the twentieth century could be called a “century of undersampling” in which “physical charts of temperature, salinity, nutrients, and currents were so unrealistic that they . | https://jefybapezyjipusyj.atheizm.com/equatorial-pacific-ocean-climate-studies-book-1543ej.php |
You have probably heard a great deal about mindfulness, meditation and stress in recent years. In fact, you will notice that my blog last month focused on stress and the choices you have in facing it. All this emphasis is no accident, given the increase in the negative effects of stress being felt by people of all ages and from all walks of life. Both mindfulness and meditation have been found to be helpful to many – from college students to those suffering from post-traumatic stress injury to healthcare professionals.
It is no wonder, then, that formalized programs have been developed to educate people in how to use mindfulness to be their best selves. One such program, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction – MBSR for short – is a multi-hour commitment over several weeks that reaps short- and long-term benefits that carry through to life after the structured program is over. You might think of it as a new way to learn to help yourself through the tough times everyone experiences.
Notice that word “nonjudgmental”. It figures prominently in that other key element of MBSR – self-compassion. People who regularly use mindful meditation (taught as part of the MBSR course) find that they are more accepting of themselves and others in the present moment and are thus able to perform effectively in social and work settings.
Sharon Praissman, a nurse practitioner whose paper on MBSR appeared in the Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners in 2008, likens the negative thoughts we are all prone to having to clouds that mindfulness-based meditation allows us to observe passing by. (213) Thus, fear, anger, anxiety and other emotions that get in the way of our progress in the important work we do lose their power, and we find ourselves able to focus on the present moment. We can then respond (as opposed to react) to what is happening right now.
The MBSR course consists of regular sessions once a week for an extended period, as well as a retreat day. Participants are assigned homework that puts into practice what they learn in class – scanning the body for tension-filled areas and relaxing them, focusing on breathing to get the maximum amount of oxygen to the brain, using gentle yoga and other types of movement, such as walking, to complement the stillness of the meditation exercises, and keeping a journal to record any observations they make during meditation.
In my experience with teaching mindfulness, I see that some people do not have the time to devote to a multi-week course. Anyone, however, can benefit from incorporating four practices that, over time, can help them live with a sense of well-being in the present moment rather than ruminating on what is past or fearfully anticipating what may happen in the future.
INCORPORATE MINDFULNESS MEDITATION INTO DAILY LIFE. Schedule “me” time the way you schedule meetings and medical appointments. Find a quiet, private place and settle in for at least 10 minutes. Focus on your breathing, in through your nose and out through your mouth. Be sure the air is filling your diaphragm (the upper part of your abdomen). Scan your body for tension and relax the stressed parts. Don’t fight thoughts and feelings, especially negative ones. Observe them without judgment and let them pass.
ESTABLISH AN AREA IN YOUR HOME FOR “ME” TIME. Get a small blackboard and/or corkboard on which to record self-affirmations. Include photographs that contribute to your sense of well-being. Display other items that enhance feelings of calm and accomplishment. Have a comfortable place to sit and meditate.
KEEP AN OBSERVATION JOURNAL. Only one rule applies consistently to keeping an observation journal – negativity should not dominate journal entries. Extra points for catching yourself (and/or someone else) doing something right. Describe with acceptance what is (was) without labeling it – good, bad, or indifferent. Over time, the journal can be a record of your progress in self-acceptance.
PRACTICE NON-RANDOM ACTS OF SELF-KINDNESS. An act of self-kindness can be as simple as giving yourself a break when you make a mistake. Allowing yourself a day to do something you really enjoy is not being selfish. You will find that you come back to the important work you do with refreshed self-confidence.
I am conducting an MBSR course, beginning with a 1-hour orientation on September 1, 2018 and running through October 27, 2018 (classes every Saturday and a retreat day), at East Bay Healing Collective, 1840 Alcatraz Avenue in Berkeley, California. While it represents a significant time commitment, I believe participants of all backgrounds and experience will find it worthwhile in helping them grow in their careers and personal lives in a world of increasing stressors on all fronts. Please visit the events page on the SAGE Career site to learn more about my MBSR course and consider joining us.
Bergem-Cico, Dessa, PhD; Possemato, Kyle, PhD; Cheon, Sanghyeon, PhD (5 June 2013): Examining the Efficacy of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (Brief MBSR) Program on Psychological Health. Journal of American College Health, 61, 6, 348 – 360, property of Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Myers, Neely; Lewis, Sara; Dutton, Mary Ann (23 January 2015): Open Mind, Open Heart: An Anthropological Study of the Therapeutics of Meditation Practice in the US. Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 487 – 504, property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V.
Praissman, Sharon, MS, CRNP (Nurse Practitoner) (2008): Mindfulness-based stress reduction: A literature review and clinician’s guide. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20, 212 – 216, property of Blackwell Publishing Limited. | https://sagecareercoaching.com/mindfulness-based-stress-reduction/ |
Critical thinking is a necessary basic skill that supports further educational development and an important element of many work-based learning projects. This skill can be fostered in numerous ways. In Jobs to Careers, this occurred through both group and individual processes. Learning Circles constitute an effective group approach to promoting critical thinking. Reflection (e.g., through journaling) is a great way for workers to develop this important foundational skill on their own.
Reflection
The Theory and Practice of WBL PowerPoint
A Toolkit of Learning Strategies
In Jobs to Careers projects, reflection is often scheduled throughout the learning process, enabling students to take on a “digestible piece” of learning and then reflect on what they learned. Joseph A. Raelin, of the Center for Work and Learning at Northeastern University and an early advisor to Jobs to Careers, presents three levels of reflection: content reflection, which looks at how we have consciously applied ideas in solving a problem; process reflection, which examines how we go about problem solving with a view toward the procedures and assumptions in use; and premise reflection, which questions the very presuppositions related to the original problem. Raelin, in the toolkit of learning strategies, also provides individual and team exercises for reflective learning.
Learning Circles
Alaska Project: Use of Learning Communities and Self-Assessment
University of Alaska coordinator describes two core components of Alaska project site's work-based learning program for behavioral health workers: participation in learning communities and development of a personal portfolio to self-assess competencies:
Behavioral Health Workforce Development in Rural Alaska
Merging Tradition and Innovation in Workforce Development Coming soon!
In Alaska, Jobs to Careers combined modern instructional methods (e.g., teleconferencing) with elements of traditional culture (e.g., Learning Circles, the use of village elders as mentors). Learning Circles, or “Talking Circles,” a concept used in Native-American and Alaskan-Native cultures, utilizes a team approach to set and accomplish learning objectives. As a teaching method, Learning Circles capture the thoughts and feelings of learners, many of whom may not feel comfortable or compelled to participate in a regular classroom setting. With its process of one person having the floor to speak at a time and moving in order from one person to the next, the emphasis is on respectful listening rather than competitive dialogue.
Journaling
Behavioral Health Workforce Development in Rural Alaska
Merging Tradition and Innovation in Workforce Development Coming soon!
The University of Alaska-Fairbanks and Norton Sound Health Corporation partnered to train behavioral health aides to serve remote villages in northwest Alaska’s Bering Straits region. In a process designed by university staff, aides mastered behavioral health competencies through guided learning experiences that involved observing and then conducting service activities. NSHC employees served as adjunct faculty; university faculty and village elders served as the learners’ mentors and advisors. On a weekly basis, learners used journaling to reflect on their experiences. They were encouraged to share their experiences with their supervisors as well as with peers and elders. Elders brought a unique contribution to the learning experience, creating an explicit connection with the tribal culture and language and offering a culturally attuned perspective on the nature of individual and community problems and paths to healing. Perhaps most important, the elders’ presence fostered self-confidence in the learners about their personal value, heritage, and ability to make meaningful contributions to their communities.
Journal Writing PowerPoint
PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) PowerPoint
In New York City’s Chinatown, Jobs to Careers prepared frontline staff at the Charles B. Wang Community Health Center to become medical assistants. The work-based learning portion of the curriculum was developed by health center staff and was directly relevant to participants’ work. For example, participants learned about the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s model for improving care, which includes training in the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle. Participants applied the cycle in the workplace (e.g., in terms of dealing with a difficult patient) and reflected on lessons learned. The work-based learning component of the program occurred at the workplace and consisted of journaling by the participant; learners acquired techniques in classrooms and one-on-one learning sessions between each participant and a preceptor. Participants also kept journals, documenting what they learned and how it applied to the workplace. Participants reviewed these journals with their supervisors at the health center on a regular basis.
Community Colleges Get to Work: Adopting Work-Based Learning in Partnership with Health Care Employers
SSTAR Excels: Investing in a Work-Based Learning Approach to Professional Development
Employees at SSTAR, a behavioral health provider in Fall River, Massachusetts, participated in a course on running therapeutic groups. The course was developed by SSTAR staff and Bristol Community College faculty members. Students wrote and reflected in journals on their experiences with assessing and diagnosing patients and running group therapy sessions. They also wrote about the roles they played with their SSTAR supervisors and BCC faculty, and participated in facilitated discussions to address job issues, either encountered or observed, in light of topics covered in class.
A Toolkit of Learning Strategies
Joseph A. Raelin, of the Center for Work and Learning at Northeastern University and an early advisor to Jobs to Careers, presents journaling as one of a series of strategies to promote work-based learning and reflection. In Raelin’s toolkit, the Asante Jobs to Careers site is used as an example of journal use in training informatics technicians through work-based learning. | http://j2ctoolkit.jff.org/devtools/node/27 |
A clinical research coordinator is a multi-functional job that requires expertise in conducting medical or scientific research combined with the ability to collaborate and coordinate all of the tasks involved with research trials. These positions are only open to experienced professionals and are not entry-level jobs. Demonstrated experience working in a clinical research setting is almost always a requirement.
Degree Options
There are multiple educational paths that can be taken to eventually become a clinical research coordinator. A strong background in biology, microbiology, and the social sciences is critical. This can be achieved by majoring in these or related fields as an undergraduate in an associate or bachelor’s degree program. There are also degrees in clinical research. This field of study usually includes courses in human-oriented research, research ethics, safety and efficacy of investigational products, data collection, and more. Courses in database design and maintenance are also beneficial since clinical research coordinators often have to collect and manage large amounts of data.
Certificates
Many higher education institutions now offer certificates in clinical research. These programs are available to professionals who already have a degree, usually in a science or health care field, who want specialized training to prepare them for clinical research jobs. These programs usually consist of three to six courses that explore the nuances of a clinical research career in detail. Many of these certificate programs do require some prerequisite coursework in subjects such as statistics, science, and clinical research.
Related Articles
Graduate Programs
Once a clinical research coordinator has some professional experience, it is possible to get a master’s or doctorate degree in clinical research. These graduate level programs are often flexible and allow working students to attend part-time, in the evenings, and even sometimes online. The coursework covers cutting edge clinical research methodology and can help with career progression. However, many jobs only require education at the bachelor’s or even associate degree level, so graduate school is mostly a personal choice.
Other Requirements
A clinical research coordinator organizes all aspects of important clinical trials. They typically plan the start-up procedures for these trials, ensure compliance with state and federal regulatory guidelines, and design and maintain databases for collecting the data. They need to have excellent interpersonal and communication skills since they often have to interact with patients, doctors, and researchers. Teamwork is a regular component of the job as well. So training and experience in collaborative environments is essential. | https://www.theclassroom.com/minimum-education-requirements-clinical-research-coordinator-3872.html |
Return to: Departments and Programs
Regena Fails Nelson, Interim Chair
Main Office: 3506 Sangren Hall
Telephone: (269) 387-5935
Fax: (269) 387-5703
Virginia David
Kristal Ehrhardt
Elizabeth Isidro
Katherine LaLonde
Susan Piazza
Selena Protacio
Shaila Rao
Sarah Summy
Laura Teichert
Luchara Wallace
Elizabeth Whitten
The Department of Special Education and Literacy Studies (SPLS) offers undergraduate and graduate programs focused on preparation of educational professionals with expertise in meeting the needs of PK-12 students with diverse abilities and backgrounds. Special education faculty offer a number of program options at the undergraduate, masters, and doctoral levels with an emphasis on the application of research-generated practices to improve students’ educational and post-school outcomes. Literacy studies faculty offer doctoral studies of Literacy and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL), and masters programs that leads to the Reading Specialist Endorsement K-12, and the English as a Second Language Endorsement, and oversee the language arts and literacy curriculum for all elementary education majors. This instruction integrates teaching literacy and language development throughout the curriculum and across the educational continuum. Within each program area, faculty are engaged in research initiatives that enhance student learning and school/community engagement.
Admission
Students who desire to major in Special Education will be admitted to the pre-education curriculum of the College of Education and Human Development. This status, however, does not assure admission to the Professional Education Curriculum of the department. The selection of students to the Professional Education Curriculum in Special Education occurs in February each year after review of all applications by a departmental faculty committee.
Each year the Special Education program establishes the maximum number of new students who can be admitted to the special education curricula for the following year. The minimum criteria for admission consideration include:
All completed applications will be evaluated using the following specific criteria:
Students selected for admission will comprise a cohort which will begin taking courses in the Special Education sequence the following fall semester. Courses must be taken in the prescribed sequence. Six semesters (course work plus intern teaching) are required to complete the Professional Curriculum in Special Education.
Further information regarding admission requirements and procedures may be obtained by directly contacting the department.
Advising
The College of Education and Human Development staff advisors and Special Education faculty provide advising to all students who wish to major in Special Education, whether or not they are currently enrolled in the department’s curricula. Students are expected to meet with College of Education and Human Development advisors and Special Education advisors early in their college careers.
Intern Teaching
Students complete internships in General (Elementary) Education, Learning Disabilities, and Emotional Impairments. Special Education Intern teaching placement is made only within prescribed areas in Southwest Michigan or in Europe. Intern Teaching placement in or near home school districts should not be anticipated or expected.
Special Education Curricula
Bachelor of Science
State Elementary Provisional Certificate
Minimum Hours Required 151-152 hours
Baccalaureate-Level Writing Requirement
Students who have chosen the Special Education Curriculum will satisfy the Baccalaureate-Level Writing Requirement by successfully completing SPED 3300 - Foundations of Special Education, which is included in the curriculum requirements for each of the special education endorsements.
Endorsement Areas
Students who have chosen the Special Education curriculum will complete an endorsement in Learning Disabilities and in Emotional Impairments. | https://catalog.wmich.edu/preview_entity.php?catoid=36&ent_oid=3613&returnto=1570 |
Co-Founder and CEO of LumApps, leading digital workplace communications solution for the enterprise.
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Getty
Even though almost 75% of employers rate collaboration and teamwork as "very important," according to data from Queens University of Charlotte, 39% of employees think that people in their organization don't collaborate enough.
In light of those benefits, it's easy to agree that workplace collaboration is critical. But achieving these results can be difficult. Here are five tips to streamline communications in the digital age:
1. Purposeful Communication
When it comes to workplace communication, improving quantity is not the same as improving quality. The wrong kinds of communication, such as water-cooler gossip, can waste time and spark conflict between team members.
To avoid empty or hurtful communication, remember this: Every interaction should have a clear purpose. After establishing the purpose of an upcoming interaction, ask yourself:
• Who is my audience? Team members? Executives? Vendors? Clients?
• What is my desired outcome?
• Will I need to refer back to this conversation later or show details of it to others?
By taking just a moment to consider those questions before initiating communication, you can save valuable time and set yourself up for success.
2. Productive Meetings
According to a study from the University of North Carolina (via Harvard Business Review), 71% of senior managers surveyed said meetings are unproductive and inefficient. That's a surprising statistic considering the fact that meetings are designed to align group goals and increase team productivity.
If every interaction needs to have a clear purpose, meetings should be no different. To make sure that your meeting stays on track, try these tips:
• Keep meetings short. Limit them to 50 minutes or less to allow attendees time to reset afterward.
• Only invite team members who need to be there.
• Create a detailed agenda, and send it to all attendees before the meeting starts.
• Clearly communicate when and how to attend, whether in a specific room or through a specific app.
• Assign a meeting leader to guide the conversation.
• Follow the agenda during the meeting.
• Add important non-agenda issues raised during the meeting to your next meeting's agenda.
• Schedule the next meeting at the end of your current meeting.
3. One-On-One Interactions
At times, sensitive issues arise that need to be handled delicately. In those situations, one-on-one interactions are often the best way to avoid miscommunication and save time.
Scheduling a one-on-one interaction — whether in person, over the phone or through a video chat — shows your audience that you value their time. Those types of interactions also serve to build trust while giving you a greater chance to gather honest feedback and understand the other person's perspective.
4. Effective Channels
Whether your team functions in a traditional office or in a digital workplace, you can take advantage of a range of communication channels, such as:
• Voice calls
• Texting
• Email
• Instant messaging
• Videoconferencing
• Collaboration applications
When deciding what channel to use, remember the purpose of the communication, your audience and your desired outcome. Then, when communicating, make sure that you're using the channel in ways that are accessible and easy to understand. Make sure everyone knows the chosen channel of communication and how to access the meeting, such as knowing to download a certain app. Additionally, if you're communicating with a group that includes members outside your core team, avoid using alienating inside jokes or group-specific jargon.
5. Progress Updates
Each project or team has tangible goals, deadlines and milestones that need to be communicated clearly. Without effective team communication, deadlines can be missed, and employees will get frustrated, which may negatively affect clients.
When looking at a list of established goals, deadlines and milestones, figure out who is involved and who needs regular progress updates. Once you've created your group, be sure to promptly update them whenever a new goal is set, a milestone is achieved or a deadline changes. High-quality project management or employee intranet software may be able to facilitate these kinds of concrete updates.
Efficient communication brings your employees many benefits, thereby bringing your business many as well. You can communicate effectively in the workplace by avoiding empty interactions and unproductive meetings, choosing the best ways to communicate your message and making sure that regular progress updates are given to everyone who needs them. | |
We invite you to share your comments in the feedback form at the end of this article
Freshwater ecosystems are a basis of life and a precious resource, not only because freshwater is limited, but also because of the rich biodiversity they support and the valuable ecosystem services they provide.
Freshwater ecosystems include wetlands, lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, springs, cave waters, floodplains, bogs, marshes, swamps and groundwater. India boasts of a rich and vast freshwater network, which has unique ecological, social and economic values associated with it.
Healthy freshwater ecosystems are extremely valuable and provide many economically valuable services and benefits to the society such as provision of food, water and livelihoods; protection from extreme events such as droughts, floods and cyclones; purification through removal of human and industrial wastes and pollutants from the water and providing habitats for plant and animal life.
Freshwater ecosystems in India are being increasingly threatened by pollution, overexploitation, habitat loss/modification and climate change. Overuse and exploitation is also leading to a serious decline in the availability of freshwater. However, freshwater ecosystems continue to be given low priority in most conservation laws, policies, and actions.
Efforts at the national level that focus on conservation and revival and restoration of damaged ecosystems are thus critical and have also been highlighted by the United Nations by declaring 2020-2030 as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.
A workshop organised by The Nature Conservency (TNC), India, Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) and Ooloi labs brought together citizens, researchers, and practitioners to identify challenges to freshwater ecosystem conservation, and work together to develop a shared vision on conservation and identify areas for action.
This vision document titled ‘Prioritising Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems: Challenges, Shared Vision and Action Areas’ highlights the main challenges related to freshwater conservation that were discussed in the workshop and the steps identified for further action.
Highlights from the document
The main challenges to freshwater ecosystem conservation include:
Poor accessibility, generation and availability of data
- Data on freshwater ecosystems continues to be severely limited in terms of generation and availability. Conservation requires up-to-date, credible information and datasets not only on ecological aspects such as species occurrence and distribution, condition of ecosystems, habitats and ecohydrological processes and ecosystem services, but also on related social, cultural, economic, political parameters and socio-ecological linkages and processes. Currently, data is still very limited both in terms of geographical and thematic distribution.
- The available data is siloed and continues to be generated and interpreted in isolation or in a compartmentalised manner.
- Local urban and rural communities are not included in the data generation and monitoring processes.
- There is a lack of consensus regarding terminologies and typologies related to freshwater ecosystems
- The available data is not easily accessible to practitioners, civil society, researchers and communities. Much of the relevant knowledge is being generated by government bodies and institutions and such information is commonly restricted or needs a long procedure to access it.
- The available data is not understandable for a large number of people due to use of scientific jargon and technical terminologies by the agencies and institutions that generate or produce such information.
There is limited application of community-based conservation (CBC)
- While local communities have a very important role to play in conservation of freshwater ecosystems, expectations around community-based conservation and community ownership occupy two extreme ends of the spectrum – little or too much
- An overarching assumption within the system is that community action cannot lead to systemic and long-term change and communities are often perceived as passive beneficiaries rather than active participants. Also, since communities are not perceived as active members in freshwater ecosystem conservation/management, they are usually not involved in the planning and decision making processes right from the beginning.
- Hierarchies within communities due to presence of invisible power structures and differences in power within networks and among groups, leads to ineffective action and implementation on the ground.
- Traditional or community knowledge is often disregarded and it is assumed that people residing in rural areas do not have the ability to understand and comprehend the way institutions/agencies do.
Governance and funding mechanisms are fragmented and dominated by colonial mindsets
- Colonial ideologies propagate the notion that natural resources and ecosystems are meant for progressive exploitation. This legacy of colonial thinking continues.
- The governance frameworks still largely support control and exploitation of freshwater ecosystems as a commodity for (water viewed only as a resource) as opposed to sustainably conserving and managing them.
- Fragmented, myopic governance frameworks dominate. There is a lack of a systems view while approaching freshwater ecosystems and this is evident in the way the policies and solutions have been devised.
- A key barrier to collective, sustainable conservation action is the government’s lack of trust in communities. This is evident in the fact that communities are often side-lined in governance and decision-making processes.
- The short-term gains, incentives and agendas play a huge role in prioritizing actions by the government and, hence, the political and executive will to take action based on policy, regulations and court judgement is low.
Vision statements
The document highlights the vision statement by 2050 as,
“Wide-scale rehabilitation, restoration and conservation of freshwater ecosystems is a national priority enabled by a favourable policy environment, active involvement of the communities, and robust monitoring networks and aligned with national/global climate and biodiversity goals, to conserve and manage these ecosystems and all its components and interdependencies - hydrology, biodiversity, ecosystem services, livelihoods, allied activities - in a sustainable and equitable manner”
To achieve the 2050s vision, the document aims that by 2030 it is important to,
“Establish a unified network of stakeholders (communities, governments, organizations, corporates), better information, databases, research programmes and monitoring networks and reform the policy environment such that urgent, collective, holistic, science-based, inclusive planning and action can be taken to arrest further decline, and aid conservation, and sustainable management of a diversity of freshwater ecosystems, related services and livelihoods to people”.
Areas for action
The document identifies action areas towards achieving the visions
1. Data
Move from being data deficient to data rich by:
- Encouraging and building on data diversity
- Harvesting or harnessing community knowledge by involving communities in data collection efforts
- Making good examples of freshwater conservation efforts visible
Enhance data validity and ownership through:
- Inclusive definition of data
- Inclusive data collection efforts
- Mainstreaming processes for data accountability and validity while incorporating data of various types and from diverse sources.
- Designing pro-data policies
Improve access to data by:
- Creating open standards to collect data for FWEs
- Data sharing and creating a centralised repository of data
Make data understandable and relatable by:
- Making efforts at communicating data in a simple and easy manner that can be understandable and usable for the masses.
- Mainstreaming data: by demonstrating how information is relevant to all in their everyday lives
2. Community-based conservation
Understand the importance and role of the community in freshwater ecosystem conservation where:
- Communities need to be seen as collaborators and active participants in conservation activities and not solely as beneficiaries
Establish efficient multilevel partnerships between communities and government institutions
- By empowering community institutions.
- Providing access to data and information
- Leveraging CSOs, which can play important roles in enabling partnerships among communities and government institutions
Enable communities to become effective champions
- Through capacity building not just in the technical aspects, but also on ‘soft’ skills to be able to wield influence without authority, to train others and to raise awareness around issues.
- Introduction of conservation tools such as payment for ecosystem services that can connect the livelihoods of communities with conservation efforts making the effort sustainable in the long run.
Learn from existing efforts: Communities, Government bodies, CSOs
- By identifying the projects, community or CSO initiatives that have impacted the freshwater ecosystems successfully and share the processes and impacts with a wider body of practitioners.
3. Governance & Funding
Actions needed to break silos within the freshwater governance framework. These include:
- Utilising existing opportunities within the Constitution
- Inclusion, prioritisation and convergence of FWE conservation within existing policies and laws.
- Water policies (State), energy policies and agricultural policies will have to be in focus
Actions needed to make existing frameworks and their implementation more effective:
- Accountability mechanisms for regulating institutions and agencies to enable better implementation of existing policies and laws
- Greater transparency and scrutiny is required in the process of making Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) reports and the implementation of their recommendations
- Increased engagement with the justice system and stakeholders is required
Need for a shift in viewing freshwater ecosystems more holistically than just the services in isolation:
- By shifting the conversation around freshwater as a resource to being seen as an ecosystem
- Urban decision making bodies need to be brought into the FWE Conservation process
To view the full vision document, please click here: VISION DOCUMENT
Please fill in this FEEDBACK FORM and share your thoughts with us
Building this shared vision for freshwater ecosystems in India is a part of a larger initiative, Prioritising conservation of freshwater ecosystems in India. | https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/conserving-indias-freshwater-ecosystems-shared-vision |
The sugar cane is a perennial tropical grass with shallow fibrous root system .
Plant (first) crop is normally followed by 2 to 4 ratoon crops, and in certain cases up to a maximum of 7 crops are taken (in Latin America).
A ratoon is the cane that grows from buds remaining in the stubble left in the ground after a crop has been harvested. It’s grown for the sugar mainly but today ethyl alcohol
(Biofuel) production is widely spreading, molasses and fiber (bagasse) are by products.
Sugar cane can be grouped into three varieties: early, midlate and late.
It is propagated vegetativly by planting stem cutting (setts) from which axillary buds grow to produce stalks (main stem). Secondary and tertiary stalks (tillers) are produced at the base of the primary stalk.
Sugar cane irrigation is by furrow,sprinklers and drip methods.
The drip system already started at the 70th of the 20 century, in Hawaii and today its spread in all the growing areas, contribute to higher yields and with improved efficiency.
Good yield are in the range of 100-160 ton ha while in India maximal commercial results reaching already 250-300 ton/ha by introduction of the new management concept by Jain. Sugar cane is grown in more than a hundred countries under different temperate, subtropical and tropical conditions.
CLIMATE
The yields affected significantly by temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation.
Optimum temperature for sprouting (germination) of stem cuttings is 32 to 38°C. Optimum growth is achieved with mean daily temperatures between 22 and 30°C. Minimum temperature for active growth is approximately 20°C.
For ripening, however, relatively lower temperatures in the range of 20 to 10°C are desirable, since this has a noticeable influence on the reduction of vegetative
growth rate and the enrichment of sucrose in the cane. A long growing season is essential for high yields. The normal length of the total growing period varies between 9 months with harvest before winter frost to 24 months in Hawaii, but it is generally 15 to 16 months. The flowering of sugarcane is controlled by day length, but it is also influenced by water and nitrogen supply.
Flowering has a progressive deleterious effect on sucrose content.
Normally, therefore, flowering is prevented or nonflowering varieties are used.
Stalk growth increases when daylight is in the range of 10 – 14 hours.
GROWTH STAGES
There are four growth stages:
Each stage will have specific
water and fertilizers requirements
SOIL
Sugar cane requires a well-drained, aerated soil.
Compacted soils affect root penetration, water and nutrient uptake. Suitable soil pH range between 5.0-8.5 with optimal of 6.5. Sugarcane is moderately sensitive to salinity.
PLANTING PATTERN
The planting pattern is single row or double row according to local practice, soil, climate and variety. With mechanical harvesting a single row pattern is common.
Planting depth is generally 10-15cm. The crop is grown by vegetative propagation and requires 40,000 two-bud or 30,000 three-bud setts per hectare in order to maintain
desired mill able tillers. Stalk population target of 130,000/ha for high yields.
Recent results of Jain in India achieve higher yields with planting of 62,000 ,two- bud, at 165cm row spacing, results with 150,000 tillers and 250 ton /ha.
Double (paired) row
Two common spacing are120-150cm (pairs center to center) x 45cm in between
the pair and 200x 70 cm, (other combination exist ).
The pair to pair spacing depends on soil fertility; higher the fertility wider the Spacing. Other consideration is the cost of the drip system.
Single row spacing
90 to 150 cm between rows.
WATER
For high yields, the seasonal crop water requirements are in the range of 1100 to 1500 mm according to climatic conditions and varying lengths of growing seasons (12 – 14 months), with a daily evapotranspiration rate of 4 to 7 mm/day.
Tensiometers guide line
The Tensiometer (moisture sensor in the soil) can assist in the decision when to irrigate and can control accesses of watering.
Installation depth: 20cm
Moisture tension trigger for irrigation: 15 – 25 centibars at tillering and grand growth
60 centibars at ripening period.
FERTILIZATION
Sugar cane is a heavy consumer of nutrients. Its root system is shallow and fibrous, therefore, fertigation is recommended for higher nutrient availability and use efficiency. The aim of the fertigation program is to supply the nutrients required by the sugar cane on time and to minimize losses due to leached nitrate.
Fertilizers program
It is always preferable to take soil analysis, before the season, to preform optimal fertilizers program.
DRIP SYSTEM
Drip irrigation around the globe enable to double the yields while saving 20-40% water,30% fertilizers compare to furrow irrigation. Furthermore, drip irrigation accounts for the improvement in sucrose content compared to conventional furrow and overhead sprinkler irrigation .
Drip system design
The drip system can be above surface or as sub-surface (SDI).The SDI is gaining more popularity as it is more suitable for ratoon crop and modern harvesting.
Dripper spacing
According to soil structure:
Sandy soil – 30 cm
Loamy medium soil – 40-50 cm
Clay heavy soil – 60-70cm
Dripper flow rate 1-2.2 l/h
DRIP PRODUCTS
A special drippers models for sugarcane application(subsurface up to 7 years) that designed by NaanDanJain include Turbulent non PC and PC Anti Syphon (AS) drippers. Integrated Cascade labyrinth provides strong selfcleaning turbulence with excellent clog resistance features.
TalDrip
Thin wall dripline, highly efficient, accurate low energy product.
Diameter 16-23mm,Flow rate 0.6,1.0,1.7 l/hr
Top Drip PC&AS
Thin &medium wall thickness , highly efficient self cleaning dripline.
Diameter – 16-22mm ,flow rate- 1.0,1.6 l/hr. Anti-Syphon(AS) model is recommended for SDI system. Roots prevention-Special dripper outlet protection available for thin walled driplines.
SDI concept and procedure
Sub-Surface Irrigation system is most practical for sugarcane cultivation.
The diagram illustrates the new concept that contributes to better germination while achieving better protection for the drippers.
The drip line position in relation to the planted settee should enable successful germination and at the same time will minimize roots intrusion to the dripper.
SPRINKLERS IRRIGATION
The overhead sprinklers system is the traditional solution for lower cost investment and minimal maintenance needs.
The right selection of a system will be based on:
NaanDanJain sprinklers solutions
There are two main concepts:
Skip along – system with 2” gun sprinklers model 280 for spacing of 50m.
Solid – set system with 5035SD and 234 for spacing up to 24m
NaanDanJain is committed to finding the ideal solution for your Sugar cane crop, tailored to your local climatic conditions, soil, water properties, and budget. Contact our office or your local dealer for further
information. | http://naandanjain.com/solutions/sugar-cane/ |
We can all agree that having a leader’s responsibilities doesn’t necessarily make a person a leader, much less a high-quality one. Being a high-quality Leader requires being challenged, possessing resiliency, and sometimes testing to the breaking point, which calls for a leadership paradigm.
Whether leading an organization, a community, or holding public office, leaders must make difficult decisions under all kinds of pressure. Over the past year, we have faced challenges no one could’ve foreseen.
David Mammano writes, “If you look at many of the famous leaders throughout history, you’ll notice they became famous because they navigated through seemingly impossible times. They held the flashlight at the end of the tunnel. Legendary leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Susan B. Anthony and Franklin Delano Roosevelt come to mind.
All historical figures were faced with incredibly complex or catastrophic situations. Instead of cowering in indecision, they reacted boldly and aggressively. They threw conventional wisdom out the window and developed their own playbooks on the spot.”(1)
Historical figures driven by current necessities step outside the ordinary, becoming extraordinary to address the issues of their day. Those who make history do so because they dare to go outside the norms, taking their gifts and talents to new levels. Maya Angelou said, “If you’re always trying to be normal, you will never know how amazing you can be.”
Facing Challenges
“Within every challenge is an opportunity waiting to be uncovered.” – JSP
We all go through seasons of facing one problem after another, and seasons when it seems we can do no wrong, I prefer the latter. Since it’s unrealistic to think we can live on mountain peak experiences without the occasional visits in the valley of uncertainties, it’s vital to safeguard our mindset so we’re not making the proverbial “mountains out of molehills” a lifestyle.
If we always view challenges as setbacks, we’ll miss the opportunities in front of us; that’s counterproductive if you want to make history in your sphere of influence. Challenges present us with choices; we can choose to see them as obstacles or opportunities. Focusing on obstacles disrupts our rhythms and blocks our creativity.
During our most trying times, the significance of sustaining a positive mindset for constructive thinking becomes apparent. It’s essential to understand how our values direct our thoughts which influence our perceptions, informing our responses.
It’s energizing to engage in opportunistic thinking; when we do, we’ll naturally focus on constructive ways of meeting challenges. Engaging in negative thinking causes us to change our focus, resulting in a deficit in creativity. Negative thinking is demotivating; it distorts our perceptions and depletes our emotional energy.
The importance of safeguarding our mindset to promote more opportunistic thinking cannot be overstated. These four suggestions will help you remain focused:
Maintain high-quality core values living them daily. Develop a creative imagination, visualize possible successful outcomes. Keep your self-talk positive, realistic, and practical. Develop and maintain strong personal convictions.
Author and Mentor Christina Guidotti states, “Conviction is what gives belief its stamina – like an unstoppable life force. It’s when our belief is so strong, and we are fixed on our vision — even when there is no evidence that the vision will become a reality — that we are inspired to take action towards our desired destination.”(2)
It takes a positive mental attitude to stay on the road of sustained persistence to solve problems and reach our objectives. History is replete with success stories of people with deep convictions who significantly impacted the world in their generation because they were relentless in their pursuit of a better tomorrow.
Understanding Your Seasons
“Leaders are revealed during the busy seasons, but they are made during the offseason.” – John C. Maxwell
We all have seasons of highs and lows throughout each day, week, month, and year. Planning, creating, and building are subject to knowing in which personal seasons we do our best thinking. It’s essential to become wise investors in the time we have; we cannot bank it or reinvest it. Seasons of growth are the outcome of the previously smart investments of our time. I believe creative persistence is the engine of momentum.
Knowing what time of the day, week, month, and the year we’re at our best and intentionally investing all we are during those times bring us our most significant returns. I do my best creative work in the early mornings. Spring and Fall are my high seasons when I’m the most productive.
My low seasons are excellent times to revisit my vision, values and monitor my progress. When I have clarity, I’m in a better frame of mind to adjust my future objectives. I use my low seasons to “sharpen my saw,” as Stephen Covey would say. I enjoy my quiet times in all seasons, to think about the issues before me, not to escape them, but engage them. Whether facing challenges head-on or knowing your seasons high and low, in the end, it’s all about positive outcomes. | https://www.lionsprideleadership.com/post/facing-challenges-understanding-seasons |
A study published February 25 in the Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation examined how people with upper-limb amputations learn to use a myoelectric prosthetic arm. Training increases the functional use of an upper-limb prosthesis, but little is known about how people learn to use their prosthesis. The study aimed to describe the changes in performance with an upper-limb myoelectric prosthesis during practice.
Thirty-one able-bodied participants took part in an experiment as well as 31 age- and gender-matched controls. Participants in the experimental condition, randomly assigned to one of four groups, practiced with a myoelectric simulator for five sessions in a two-week period. Group 1 practiced direct grasping, Group 2 practiced indirect grasping, Group 3 practiced fixating, and Group 4 practiced a combination of all three tasks. The Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP) was used in a pretest, posttest, and two retention tests. Participants in the control condition performed SHAP two times, two weeks apart, and with no practice in between. Compressible objects were used in the grasping tasks. Changes in endpoint kinematics, joint angles, and grip force control, the latter measured by magnitude of object compression, were examined.
The result indicated the following: The experimental groups improved more on SHAP than the control group. The fixation group improved comparable to the other training groups on the SHAP. Improvement in global position of the prosthesis leveled off after three practice sessions, whereas learning to control grip force required more time. The indirect grasping group had the smallest object compression in the beginning and this did not change over time, whereas the direct grasping and the combination group had a decrease in compression over time. Moreover, the indirect grasping group had the smallest grasping time that did not vary over object rigidity, while for the other two groups the grasping time decreased with an increase in object rigidity.
The researchers concluded that a training program should spend more time on learning fine control aspects of the prosthetic hand during rehabilitation. Moreover, training should start with the indirect grasping task that has the best performance, which is probably due to the higher amount of useful information available from the sound hand. The researchers also said that the results provide a basis to develop an evidence-based training program. | https://opedge.com/news_2014-02-27_03/ |
Microbial degradation of high molecular weight organic matter in the marine environment is dependent on the synthesis and activity of hydrolytic exoenzymes. These can be found both associated to the cell (i.e., attached to cell-wall or in the periplasmic space) and cell-free, dissolved in the surrounding waters. Recent evidences suggest that exoenzymes location is linked to different foraging strategies. ‘Selfish’ bacteria use cell-bound enzymes to obtain large oligomers which are then further degraded in the confined periplasmic space, whereas cell-free enzymes are thought to be advantageous for particle-attached prokaryotes, consequently ‘sharing’ the hydrolysis product with other members of the degrading consortium. We examined whether different bacterial isolates exhibit different exoenzymatic activity profiles when exposed to different growth condition. Seven bacterial strains, isolated from the Ross Sea, were screened for the production of β-glucosidase, alkaline-phosphatase, lipase, chitinase and leucine aminopeptidase, assaying the hydrolysis rates of both cell-bound and cell-free exoenzymatic fractions. Furthermore, to test whether bacteria growing on particles are more prone to produce cell-free exoenzymes, we set up a controlled experiment, amending one of the bacterial isolates with phytodetritus, in order to promote the colonization of aggregates. Cell specific hydrolytic rates were highly variable and different isolates expressed different dominant hydrolytic activities. These results demonstrate a specialization for different substrates in different bacteria, further suggesting that some of the tested isolates may have an intrinsic potential to copiously produce cell-free exoenzymes. Moreover, our results suggest that this specialization is not strictly genetically determined but varies according to growth conditions. The experiment performed with phytodetrital particles highlighted an increasing contribution of the dissolved exoenzymatic activity in samples bearing aggregates and associated bacteria. Also, the tested isolate further modulated its hydrolytic machinery, expressing a different enzymatic profile when exposed to phytodetrital particles. The continuation of these experimental activities, testing the response of different bacterial isolates to different substrates, will help to determine the conditions under which different hydrolysis patterns develop, deepening the current knowledge on the organic matter cycling in the ocean. | https://pagepressjournals.org/index.php/aiol/article/view/aiol.2019.8240 |
Diversity in the workplace is valuable to everybody from our employees, to our clients as well as our candidates, we believe by hiring employees that are diverse enables our staff to learn from one another and thrive with creativity and the ability to problem solve. It is known that people thinking differently helps the company evolve and grow.
Having people who are all different ages, from different backgrounds and have different personalities enhances everybody’s ability to work as part of a great team, if everybody is always thinking the same way then the team will not grow and develop, as nobody will be innovative.
Diversity is also about the skills and experience that everybody, and this helps the team learn from one another. Those with very little experience will develop and learn from those will more experience. Furthermore we believe that people should feel included and this often lacks in businesses as people do not always feel as though they belong, here at Frontline we make sure that people always feel as though they belong, and we make our employees feel important as we praise them for their hard work and give them them as much support as possible.
We love to celebrate everybody’s differences as nobody is the same and we recognise that differences are important as it shares the individuality and the diversity and this helps our employees work better together as the variety of different perspectives benefit our staff, candidates and our clients. | https://www.frontlinerecruitment.co.uk/diversity-in-the-workplace/ |
The Yale School of Music presents a recital by the Argus Quartet, YSM’s fellowship quartet-in-residence on Tuesday, February 2 at 7:30 pm. The quartet will perform works which highlight the unique sounds that can be made by playing string instruments in unconventional ways. Among the composers featured will be YSM faculty member Christopher Theofanidis, and Andrew Norman ’09 AD.
The recital begins with Béla Bartók‘s String Quartet No. 4, which makes use of several extended techniques such as large glissandi, muted passages, and the famous “Bartok pizzicato,” in which the plucked string rebounds against the instrument’s fingerboard to create a loud slap. | https://music.yale.edu/2016/01/ |
Assessment strategies are designed to evaluate student progress by reference to stated learning objectives; to measure the effectiveness of student learning; and to be integral to the learning process. Assessment is implemented in a manner that not only allows the instructor a broad perspective on the students' mastery of the content, but also allows students to measure their own learning throughout the course. –Quality Matters, 2012
So what exactly does “aligning assessments with learning outcomes” mean? In its essence, it means that the activities and assignments in your course directly mirror what is stated in your learning outcomes. The connection between outcomes and assessments is something that students should easily be able to see.
Due to the fact that in higher education instructors are dealing with adult learners, aligning assessments with learning outcomes and course materials is especially important. In the online environment, the meaning and importance of readings and activities must be made clear in order to help motivate students throughout the course, because higher motivation leads to more effective learning. In Effective Online Teaching Stavredes (2011), discusses how adult learners have a need to know. If the assessments and learning outcomes are not aligned, learners may have difficulty determining the significance of the tasks they face in the course (Stavredes, 2011). Completing assignments and activities in an online course with no objective(s) makes student work appear less meaningful. It can be difficult for a student to muster the enthusiasm to complete an assignment to the best of her/his ability when the purpose for the assignment is unclear or not present. It’s similar to going on a trip with someone to a specific destination, but forgetting your map (and your GPS or smart phone) at home. You get lost, you lose focus, and you complain or bicker with the driver (the instructor). Providing students with clear objectives and aligned assessments is like handing them a GPS with the destination already entered. Students know where they are going—and why—and are ready to ride along with you.
Now that you know a little more about the meaning and significance of alignment, let’s discuss how you can do this in your online course. I favor a linear method of creating measurable learning outcomes. To achieve this, we can start by building a table. Think about the skills you want your students to master and make a list; we’ll call these your goals. Next to that list, write what they must do (or know) in order to achieve the goals; this list will become your materials. List examples of assignments you would want the students to successfully complete in order to show their attainment of the skills in your goals column; these will be your assessments. You may even want to make a fourth column explaining how the materials, assessments, and skills align, also known as an explanation.
At this point, you will want to create a fifth column in which you turn your list of goals into sentences using action verbs found in Bloom's Taxonomy; these are your learning objectives. A simple Google search on Bloom's Taxonomy action verbs will provide examples of both Bloom's action verbs and effective learning objectives. You can also contact CIRT for a copy of our Writing Learning Objectives table. Use the verb list to help you develop your learning objectives, always thinking of your sentence starter as: "Students will be able to…"
Here's an example of thinking through the above process:
I want my students to master the following skills: writing effective learning objectives, and aligning online assessments to the learning objectives. To help them with this, they need to be familiar with Bloom's taxonomy action verbs, writing objectives, and they need to see examples of measurable learning objectives. I like the idea of having a quiz in which students must correctly identify which learning objective appropriately aligns with example assignments to show that they understand how the objectives align. Explanation feedback would be provided for each question to strengthen their understanding. Having students submit an assignment in which they write (or rewrite) learning objectives for a course they will teach (or have taught) would be another example of an assignment. I could also have the students participate in a discussion in which they discuss selected online assessments and their alignment with learning objectives so that students can receive feedback from their classmates. Finally, I could have students submit a plan that includes at least three assessments with aligned learning materials and objectives and an explanation as to how they align, similar to the table presented in this article.
From all of the above, I can state my goals, create several learning objectives, choose aligned course materials/media for my assessment ideas, and then choose the appropriate action verbs to ensure that the learning objectives are measurable.
I won’t necessarily use all of the assignments I created for this one assessment. For example, the writing learning objectives assignments and the discussion assignment can assess one objective, so I might choose not to use the first assignment, choosing the discussion instead to incorporate learner-to-learner interaction in this lesson. It will also depend on the amount of time I have to teach the course, student course load, and several other factors, but now I have a list of materials to pull from that are aligned.
For more information or assistance with aligning your course objectives with your assessments, please contact CIRT and ask to speak with an instructional designer.
Stravredes, T. (2011). Effective online teaching: Foundations and strategies for student success. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass. | https://www.unf.edu/cirt/services/id/bestpractices/aligning_objectives_and_assessments.aspx |
There is a perception amongst many people that the Civil Rights Movement was a wholly nonviolent effort. While there is indeed a rich history of nonviolence within the movement, largely attributed to Martin Luther King, Jr., there is also legacy of self-determination and armed resistance. This legacy is often forgotten, but must be acknowledged in order to understand the state of racial affairs in the United States today. This article will provide a brief history of both the non-violence and Black Power movements within the larger Civil Rights Movement, before shifting to a discussion of the importance of both of these strategies in current affairs.
Nonviolence is a method of bringing about social or political change through peaceful means. In the U.S., Pacifist Quakers, William Lloyd Garrison, Henry David Thoreau, the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), as well as those involved in the Civil Rights Movement have all implemented nonviolent tactics to accomplish their various goals. Morality is the foundation of nonviolence, as nonviolent protestors believe that their moral strength gives them physical strength to resist their oppressors.
According to Martin Luther King, Jr., nonviolence provides a way to persons fight immoral systems without becoming immoral themselves. However, people and movements have historically struggled with nonviolence, as it lacks visible muscle. Despite this, the rise in support for integration in the during the Civil Rights Movement shows that nonviolence can nonetheless be effective.
As the Civil Rights Movement gained popularity in the early twentieth century, many leaders adopted nonviolence as their main weapon against discrimination. In 1941, James Farmer founded the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) in Chicago with the intention of promoting better race relations and ending injustices. This group staged non-violent protests such as a sit-in in a Chicago coffee shop in 1943. CORE remained one of the first organized groups to practice nonviolence, and the strategy quickly expanded. In 1957, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Martin Luther King, Jr. advertised nonviolence to large audiences, promoting its peaceful yet effective methods. In 1960, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) continued the mission of the SCLC and CORE by founding its organization on the practice of nonviolence itself. Nonviolence quickly became a dominating feature of the Civil Rights Movement, guiding African-Americans on their fight for racial equality.
However, despite the popular draw towards nonviolence in the Civil Rights Movement, it became clear by the mid-1960s that within the black freedom struggle there were different visions for the future. Stokely Carmichael (now known as Kwame Ture) and Charles Hamilton, authors of the impactful book Black Power, deemed the traditional Civil Rights Movement “integrationist,” and called for self-determination within the Black community. While the term self-determination embodied a number of directives, it was a notable departure from the values of nonviolence. Self-determination called for self-defense, more closely resembling an “an eye for an eye” policy. Other groups and individuals adopted similar approaches, such as Malcolm X, SNCC (somewhat ironically, given the group’s name and founding principles), and CORE. The SCLC and NAACP remained true to their nonviolent roots, and this created a rift between the once unified-in-mission civil rights advocacy groups.
Today, with the police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson and the death of Eric Garner in New York, racist and targeted police brutality in the United States has made headlines all around the world. This police brutality we see today is essentially a reflection of the systematized violence that took place against African Americans in the 1940s to 1960s. The question we need to ask ourselves is what role nonviolence will take in today’s fight to end racial bias in the police force. Malcolm X preached that “self-preservation is the first law of nature” and that “tactics based solely on morality can only succeed when you are dealing with basically moral people or a moral system.” The issue at the center of the fight today is that the United States legal system and the people in it are immoral. The fight is no longer one of religious values, but rather of moral actions. Is nonviolence the best way to fight police brutality? Is there a choice against such superior firepower?
Nonviolence has always existed alongside its darker twin. No matter what names the philosophies bear, they almost never operate alone. The history of the Civil Rights Movement can give some clues about how to deal with today’s racial struggles, but the past can yield no perfect solution for the future. Only time will tell if the American people can find the right balance.
Written on behalf of Dramas of the Civil Rights Era. | https://middleburycampus.com/30788/opinion/nonviolence-then-and-now/ |
On April 21st, the Center for Teaching held a symposium as the final event in our “Teaching, Difference, and Power” theme year. The CFT selected this theme for 2014-15 as a way to explore the challenges all educators face in negotiating difference and power in their classrooms. When we selected the theme, over a year ago, we had no idea that the intersection of difference and power would become such a significant part of the national discourse this year, due to tragedies in Ferguson and New York City and elsewhere.
Such events have highlighted the importance of helping our students—and ourselves—think more deeply and critically about difference and power. The symposium was an opportunity to learn how faculty, staff, and students across campus have been engaging in this challenging work, and to discuss steps we can take together to develop a more inclusive and equitable environment for teaching and learning.
I was particularly struck by a statement made by our opening speaker, Rosevelt Noble, Senior Lecturer in Sociology. Drawing on his “Lost in the Ivy” research, which involves on dozens of in-depth interviews with black Vanderbilt students and alumni, he noted that for black students at Vanderbilt, the classroom is often last on their list of “safe” places where they can be themselves.
At the symposium, we heard from several people trying to address this significant problem, including representatives of three Vanderbilt student groups. Akaninyene Ruffin, president of Hidden Dores; Akailah Jenkins, president of Vanderbilt NAACP; and Richard Blissett, leader of Crucial Conversations, gave those in attendance a sense of the challenges of being students of color at Vanderbilt, and also described their groups’ intentional, constructive efforts to affect change on campus.
We also heard from faculty who have built academic programs attentive to issues of difference and power. Astronomy professor Keivan Stassun described the Fisk-Vanderbilt Bridge Program, which has become a pipeline for students of color to enter science and engineering faculty positions, and Spanish professor William Luis detailed the development of Vanderbilt’s new Latino and Latina Studies program, which has increased the attention to difference within the curriculum.
And, thanks to a video produced by the CFT’s Brielle Harbin and Rhett McDaniel, we heard insights from participants in learning communities on race and power that the CFT hosted this year. The faculty members and graduate students in these learning communities shared reflections on challenging classroom dynamics, including stereotype threat and microagressions, along with strategies they have adopted to foster more inclusive and critical classroom discussions.
Over the past year, the CFT has developed a number of resources to help instructors understand and respond to issues of difference and power in their teaching. See, for instance, our new teaching guides on increasing inclusivity in the classroom, teaching students with disabilities, and feminist pedagogy. See also the series of videos on inclusive teaching in the STEM classroom we produced for an open, online course on STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) teaching.
The symposium concluded with an engaged set of small-group conversations, during which attendees shared their own experiences and perspectives and discussed steps they and others at Vanderbilt might take to continue creating a diverse and democratic campus culture. A number of ideas were floated: making conversations about difference more public, examining our own biases and positions of power, hiring a chief diversity officer, increasing faculty diversity, providing better support for women faculty and faculty of color, enhancing attention to difference and power in the curriculum, adding questions about inclusivity to student course evaluations, providing training on inclusive teaching.
The CFT will continue its efforts on that last point, with workshop opportunities next year for faculty and graduate student instructors, as well as continuing conversations about difference and power in the classroom. We hope you’ll join us. These are hard conversations to have, but they are important ones. | https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/2015/05/teaching-difference-and-power-symposium-reflections/ |
RK&K has an immediate opportunity for a Senior Engineer—Rail/Transit in our Baltimore, MD office. The responsibilities will include the following:
Prepare contract plans, specifications, and construction cost estimates for Class I railroad, streetcar, light rail, heavy rail, and bus projects
Design rail/transit alignment plans, profiles, typical sections, cross sections, and site plans
Perform field investigations to collect data including field measurements, photographs, sketches, verifying surveys, and identifying changes
Prepare design computations and quantity calculations
Research unit costs and prepare cost estimates
Collaborate with other disciplines such as survey, drainage, traffic, structural, and geotechnical engineering to complete preliminary and final design documents
Inspect rail assets, including track, ballast, duct banks, drainage, and grade crossings; prepare condition assessments; and design repairs
Design or prepare concept rail/transit plans and alternatives analysis for new transportation systems or modifications to existing systems
Perform feasibility studies
Coordinate with third party stakeholders such as utility companies and permitting agencies
Prepare materials for and assisting with public outreach efforts
Perform as an extension of client staff managing projects and other designers
Interface with Construction Management department to assist in communications, documentation, and record keeping of under-construction projects
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering or related discipline from an ABET accredited institution.
Job Requirements
Required Qualifications:
At least 5 years of experience in rail and/or transit design
Working knowledge of MicroStation V8i, OpenRoads/Geopak/InRoads
Registered Professional Engineer (P.E.)
Willingness/Ability to work from our Baltimore, MD or Washington DC office
Bachelors Degree from an ABET recognized university in Civil Engineering or similar
Job Preferences
Preferred Qualifications: | https://www.ascemd.org/jobs/140 |
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potw1838 — Picture of the Week
Knots and bursts
17 September 2018
: In the northern constellation of Coma Berenices (Berenice's Hair) lies the impressive Coma Cluster — a structure of over a thousand galaxies bound together by gravity. Many of these galaxies are elliptical types, as is the brighter of the two galaxies dominating this image: NGC 4860 (centre). However, the outskirts of the cluster also host younger spiral galaxies that proudly display their swirling arms. Again, this image shows a wonderful example of such a galaxy in the shape of the beautiful NGC 4858, which can be seen to the left of its bright neighbour and which stands out on account of its unusual, tangled, fiery appearance. NGC 4858 is special. Rather than being a simple spiral, it is something called a “galaxy aggregate”, which is, just as the name suggests, a central galaxy surrounded by a handful of luminous knots of material that seem to stem from it, extending and ...
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potw1837 — Picture of the Week
Awesome gravity
10 September 2018
: Gravity is so much a part of our daily lives that it is all too easy to forget its awesome power — but on a galactic scale, its power becomes both strikingly clear and visually stunning. This image was taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) and shows an object named SDSS J1138+2754. It acts as a gravitational lens illustrates the true strength of gravity: A large mass — a galaxy cluster in this case — is creating such a strong gravitational field that it is bending the very fabric of its surroundings. This causes the billion-year-old light from galaxies sitting behind it to travel along distorted, curved paths, transforming the familiar shapes of spirals and ellipticals (visible in other parts of the image) into long, smudged arcs and scattered dashes. Some distant galaxies even appear multiple times in this image. Since galaxies are wide ...
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potw1836 — Picture of the Week
Hazy dust in Ursa Major
3 September 2018
: This week’s NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image showcases the galaxy NGC 4036: a lenticular galaxy some 70 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major (the Great Bear). This galaxy is known for its irregular lanes of dust, which form a swirling spiral pattern around the centre of the galaxy. This core is surrounded by an extended, hazy aura of gas and dust that stretches further out into space and causes the warm, fuzzy glow that can be seen here. The centre itself is also intriguing; it is something known as a LINER-type (Low-Ionisation Nuclear Emission-line Region) galactic nucleus, meaning that it displays particular emission lines within its spectrum. The particularly bright star visible slightly to the right of the galactic centre is not within the galaxy itself; it sits between us and NGC 4036, adding a burst of brightness to the scene. Due to its relative brightness, this ...
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potw1835 — Picture of the Week
GOODS-South Hubble Deep UV Legacy Field
27 August 2018
: Following on from last week’s Picture of the Week, this week we showcase the second part of the Hubble Deep UV (HDUV) Legacy Field, the GOODS-South view. With the addition of new ultraviolet light imagery, astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured the largest panoramic view of the fire and fury of star birth in the distant Universe, encompassing 12 000 star-forming galaxies. Hubble’s ultraviolet vision opens up a new window on the evolving Universe, tracking the birth of stars over the last 11 billion years up to the cosmos’s busiest star-forming period, which happened about three billion years after the Big Bang. So far, ultraviolet light has been the missing piece of the cosmic puzzle. Now, combined with data in infrared, and visible light from Hubble and other space- and ground-based telescopes, astronomers have assembled the most comprehensive portrait yet of the Universe’s evolutionary history. The image ...
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potw1834 — Picture of the Week
Hubble contributes to painting a picture of the evolving Universe
20 August 2018
: The Hubble Deep Field from 1995 allowed astronomers a first glimpse into the early Universe. This first picture was followed later by an even deeper observation, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field in 2004. Both images were observed in visible light, the same form of light human eyes can see. But astronomers are also interested in the many forms of invisible light out in the Universe. Therefore, the Ultra Deep Field was later observed in the infrared and the ultraviolet as well, allowing scientists to learn even more about the Universe and to look back even further into its history. It is less known that the famous deep field observations were not the only images the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope took of the distant Universe. Hubble is also an essential part of the GOODS (The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey) programme, which unites extremely deep observations from several space telescopes: NASA’s ...
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potw1833 — Picture of the Week
Galactic treasure chest
13 August 2018
: Galaxies abound in this spectacular Hubble image; spiral arms swirl in all colours and orientations, and fuzzy ellipticals can be seen speckled across the frame as softly glowing smudges on the sky. Each visible speck of a galaxy is home to countless stars. A few stars closer to home shine brightly in the foreground, while a massive galaxy cluster nestles at the very centre of the image; an immense collection of maybe thousands of galaxies, all held together by the relentless force of gravity. Galaxy clusters are some of the most interesting objects in the cosmos. They are the nodes of the cosmic web that permeates the entire Universe — to study them is to study the organisation of matter on the grandest of scales. Not only are galaxy clusters ideal subjects for the study of dark matter and dark energy, but they also allow the study of farther-flung galaxies. ...
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potw1832 — Picture of the Week
A globular cluster’s striking red eye
6 August 2018
: This Picture of the Week shows the colourful globular cluster NGC 2108. The cluster is nestled within the Large Magellanic Cloud, in the constellation of the Swordfish (Dorado). It was discovered in 1835 by the astronomer, mathematician, chemist and inventor John Herschel, son of the famous William Herschel. The most striking feature of this globular cluster is the gleaming ruby-red spot at the centre left of the cluster. What looks like the cluster’s watchful eye is actually a carbon star. Carbon stars are almost always cool red giants, with atmospheres containing more carbon than oxygen — the opposite to our Sun. Carbon monoxide forms in the outer layer of the star through a combination of these elements, until there is no more oxygen available. Carbon atoms are then free to form a variety of other carbon compounds, such as C2, CH, CN, C3 and SiC2, which scatter blue light within ...
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potw1831 — Picture of the Week
Probing the distant past
30 July 2018
: Obtained for a research programme on star formation in old and distant galaxies, this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image obtained with its Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) demonstrates the immense effects of gravity; more specifically, it shows the effects of gravitational lensing caused by an object called SDSS J1152+3313. Gravitational lenses — such as this galaxy cluster SDSS J1152+3313 — possess immense masses that warp their surroundings and bend the light from faraway objects into rings, arcs, streaks, blurs, and other odd shapes. This lens, however, is not only warpping the appearance of a distant galaxy — it is also amplifying its light, making it appear much brighter than it would be without the lens. Combined with the high image quality obtainable with Hubble, this gives valuable clues into how stars formed in the early Universe. Star formation is a key process in astronomy. Everything that emits light is somehow ...
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potw1830 — Picture of the Week
The Milky Way’s big sister
23 July 2018
: This image taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) shows a beautiful spiral galaxy called NGC 6744. At first glance, it resembles our Milky Way albeit larger, measuring more than 200 000 light-years across compared to 100 000 light-year diameter for our home galaxy. NGC 6744 is similar to our home galaxy in more ways than one. Like the Milky Way, NGC 6744 has a prominent central region packed with old yellow stars. Moving away from the galactic core, one can see parts of the dusty spiral arms painted in shades of pink and blue; while the blue sites are full of young star clusters, the pink ones are regions of active star formation, indicating that the galaxy is still very lively. In 2005, a supernova, named 2005at, was discovered within NGC 6744, adding to the argument of this galaxy’s liveliness (not visible in this ...
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potw1829 — Picture of the Week
Major mergers
16 July 2018
: At first glance, it may seem as though this image was taken through a faulty lens, but the mind-bending distortions visible in this Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 impressive image are actually caused by a cosmic phenomenon. The bright object at the centre of the frame is the galaxy cluster SDSS J1336-0331. The enormous gravitational influence of the cluster warps the very shape and fabric of its environment (the spacetime around it) creating an effect known as strong gravitational lensing. Through this the light from background galaxies in the line of sight to the observer are bent into fantastic arcs. This effect is very useful for studying distant background galaxies. Moreover SDSS J1336-0331 is interesting in itself: the cluster was part of a study of star formation within 42 of the Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs — the brightest galaxies within their host clusters, as the name would suggest). Typically located ...
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potw1828 — Picture of the Week
A failed supernova?
9 July 2018
: Glowing warmly against the dark backdrop of the Universe, this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows an irregular galaxy called UGC 12682. Located approximately 70 million light-years away in the constellation of Pegasus (The Winged Horse), UGC 12682 is distorted and oddly-structured, with bright pockets of star formation. In November 2008, 14-year-old Caroline Moore from New York discovered a supernova in UGC 12682. This made her the youngest person at the time to have discovered a supernova. Follow-up observations by professional astronomers of the so-called SN 2008ha showed that it was peculiarly interesting in many different ways: its host galaxy UGC 12682 rarely produces supernovae. It is one of the faintest supernovae ever observed and after the explosion it expanded very slowly, suggesting that the explosion did not release copious amounts of energy as usually expected. Astronomers have now classified SN 2008ha as a subclass of a Type ...
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potw1827 — Picture of the Week
Zooming in on the early Universe
2 July 2018
: This busy image is a treasure trove of wonders. Bright stars from the Milky Way sparkle in the foreground, the magnificent swirls of several spiral galaxies are visible across the frame, and a glowing assortment of objects at the centre make up a massive galaxy cluster. Such clusters are the biggest objects in the Universe that are held together by gravity, and can contain thousands of galaxies of all shapes and sizes. Typically, they have a mass of about one million billion times the mass of the Sun — unimaginably huge! Their incredible mass makes clusters very useful natural tools to test theories in astronomy, such as Einstein’s theory of general relativity. This tells us that objects with mass warp the fabric of spacetime around them; the more massive the object, the greater the distortion. An enormous galaxy cluster like this one therefore has a huge influence on the spacetime ...
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potw1826 — Picture of the Week
An aging beauty
25 June 2018
: This rich and dense smattering of stars is a massive globular cluster, a gravitationally-bound collection of stars that orbits the Milky Way. Globular clusters are denser and more spherical than open star clusters like the famous Pleiades. They typically contain hundreds of thousands of stars that are thought to have formed at roughly the same time. Studies have shown that this globular cluster, named NGC 6139, is home to an aging population of stars. Most globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way are estimated to be over 10 billion years old; as a result they contain some of the oldest stars in our galaxy, formed very early in the galaxy’s history. However, their role in galactic evolution is still a matter of study. This cluster is seen roughly in the direction of the centre of the Milky Way, in the constellation of Scorpius (The Scorpion). This constellation is a goldmine of ...
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potw1825 — Picture of the Week
One galaxy, three supernovae
18 June 2018
: In astronomy, the devil is in the details — as this image, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide-Field Camera 3, demonstrates. The numerous fuzzy blobs and glowing shapes scattered across this image make up a galaxy cluster named RXC J0949.8+1707. Located to the upper right of the frame sits an especially beautiful and interesting barred spiral galaxy, seen face-on. In the past decade, astronomers peering at this galaxy have possibly discovered not one but three examples of a cosmic phenomenon known as a supernova, the magnificently bright explosion of a star nearing the end of its life. The newest supernova candidate is nicknamed SN Antikythera, and can be seen to the lower right of the host galaxy. This shone brightly in visible and infrared light over a number of years before fading slightly. The two other supernovae, nicknamed SN Eleanor and SN Alexander, ...
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potw1824 — Picture of the Week
Strings of homeless stars
11 June 2018
: This sparkling Picture of the Week features a massive galaxy cluster named RXC J0232.2-4420. This image was taken by Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide-Field Camera 3 as part of an observing programme called RELICS (Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey). RELICS imaged 41 massive galaxy clusters with the aim of finding the brightest distant galaxies for the forthcoming NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to study. The enormous gravitational influence of such clusters distorts the space around them in such a way that they can be used as giant cosmic lenses that magnify distant background galaxies. Studying some of the earliest galaxies in the Universe will tell us more about our cosmic origins. RXC J0232.2-4420 also featured in a study that focused on galaxy clusters that are especially luminous sources of X-rays . The study searched for diffuse light around the brightest galaxies in the clusters, among the most massive ...
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potw1823 — Picture of the Week
Threads of blue
4 June 2018
: A ripple of bright blue threads through this galaxy like a misshapen lake system. The foreground of this image is littered with nearby stars with their gleaming diffraction spikes. A keen eye can also spot a few other galaxies that, while masquerading as stars at first glance, reveal their true nature on closer inspection. The central galaxy streaked with colour, IC 4870, was discovered by DeLisle Stewart in 1900 and is located approximately 28 million light-years away. It contains an active galactic nucleus, or AGN: an extremely luminous central region so alight with radiation that it can outshine the rest of the galaxy put together. AGNs emit radiation across the complete electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma-rays, produced by the action of a central supermassive black hole that is devouring material getting too close to it. IC 4870 is also a Seyfert galaxy, a particular kind of AGN with ...
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potw1822 — Picture of the Week
A green cosmic arc
28 May 2018
: This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows a cluster of hundreds of galaxies located about 7.5 billion light-years from Earth. The brightest galaxy within this cluster named SDSS J1156+1911 and known as the Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG), is visible in the lower middle of the frame. It was discovered by the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey which studied data maps covering huge parts of the sky from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: it found more than 70 galaxies that look to be significantly affected by a cosmic phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. Gravitational lensing is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The mass contained within a galaxy is so immense that it can actually warp and bend the very fabric of its surroundings (known as spacetime), forcing the light to travel along curved paths. As a result, the image of a more distant galaxy appears distorted ...
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potw1821 — Picture of the Week
Between Local and Laniakea
21 May 2018
: At first glance, this image is dominated by the vibrant glow of the swirling spiral to the lower left of the frame. However, this galaxy is far from the most interesting spectacle here — behind it sits a galaxy cluster. Galaxies are not randomly distributed in space; they swarm together, gathered up by the unyielding hand of gravity, to form groups and clusters. The Milky Way is a member of the Local Group, which is part of the Virgo Cluster, which in turn is part of the 100 000-galaxy-strong Laniakea Supercluster. The galaxy cluster seen in this image is known as SDSS J0333+0651. Clusters such as this can help astronomers understand the distant — and therefore early — Universe. SDSS J0333+0651 was imaged as part of a study of star formation in far-flung galaxies. Star-forming regions are typically not very large, stretching out for a few hundred light-years at most, ...
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potw1820 — Picture of the Week
A spiral disguised
14 May 2018
: Resembling a wizard’s staff set aglow, NGC 1032 cleaves the quiet darkness of space in two in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. NGC 1032 is located about a hundred million light years away in the constellation Cetus (The Sea Monster). Although beautiful, this image perhaps does not do justice to the galaxy’s true aesthetic appeal: NGC 1032 is actually a spectacular spiral galaxy, but from Earth, the galaxy’s vast disc of gas, dust and stars is seen nearly edge-on. A handful of other galaxies can be seen lurking in the background, scattered around the narrow stripe of NGC 1032. Many are oriented face-on or at tilted angles, showing off their glamorous spiral arms and bright cores. Such orientations provide a wealth of detail about the arms and their nuclei, but fully understanding a galaxy’s three-dimensional structure also requires an edge-on view. This gives astronomers an overall idea ...
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potw1819 — Picture of the Week
From toddlers to babies
7 May 2018
: In the darkness of the distant Universe, galaxies resemble glowing fireflies, flickering candles, charred embers floating up from a bonfire, light bulbs softly shining. This Picture of the Week, captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a massive group of galaxies bound together by gravity: a cluster named RXC J0032.1+1808. This image was taken by Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide-Field Camera 3 as part of an observing programme called RELICS (Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey). RELICS imaged 41 massive galaxy clusters with the aim of finding the brightest distant galaxies for the forthcoming NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to study. Expected to launch in 2018, the JWST is designed to see in infrared wavelengths, which is exceedingly useful for observing distant objects. As a result of the expansion of the Universe, very distant objects are highly redshifted (their light is shifted towards the redder end of the ...
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Research Champions Thames Valley and South Midlands
Research Champions are members of the public who volunteer their time to spread the word about health and care research to the public and help healthcare staff understand more about the experiences of those who take part in research. This website is about the Research Champions programme in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Milton Keynes and Oxfordshire, administered by the NIHR Clinical Research Network Thames Valley and South Midlands.
For researchers
Research Champions can support your research by:
Talking to patients and the public about health and care research e.g. by giving talks, hosting coffee mornings, creating play events or hosting stands within the local community, visiting health services.
Taking part in mock study rehearsals, where staff practice how they explain a study to a potential participant, the Research Champion (read more).
Taking part in local actions to mark International Clinical Trials Day and health awareness days.
Visiting local health and care organisations to tell people about health and care research and encourage them to connect with local research teams.
Co-designing materials to raise public awareness of health and care research like posters and leaflets.
Collecting general feedback about taking part in research from participants.
Read more about how Research Champions support partner organisations to fulfil the requirements of the NHS Long Term Plan and CQC Well-Led Framework.
View biographies of our Research Champions here.
View posters, flyers and graphics to promote the initiative to the public and staff.
Please complete this form to make a request to work with our Research Champions.
If you know anyone who is interested in becoming a Research Champion please ask them to contact us (see below) or visit this website.
For more information contact Cora Reilly-McGeown on [email protected] / 01865 223262. | https://tvsmchampions.nihr.ac.uk/for-researchers |
After many months of collaboration between the CSU Chancellor's Office and multiple CSU campuses, as well as multiple rounds of stakeholder feedback, the California State University has released its new policy on single-use plastics.
The policy, which was officially adopted on December 17th, calls on all CSU campuses to eliminate the distribution and sale of plastic straws, bottled water, plastic carryout bags, and Styrofoam food packaging by designated phase-out dates. To ensure alignment with existing state policies, the bans on plastic straws and carry-out bags went into effect on January 1st, 2019.
Beyond the specific products mentioned, the policy is meant to encourage and support campuses' efforts to phase out a wider array of single-use plastic items, which make up a significant proportion of the waste campuses send to landfills.
Items such as plastic food utensils, drink cups and lids, snack bags, and other plastic packaging items are much less likely to be recycled due to a lack of infrastructure for diverting them from the waste stream as well as the availability of end markets for the plastic materials they are composed of.
Public awareness about the negative environmental impacts of plastics has grown significantly in recent years and many organizations, cities, and states have taken the lead by adopting policies and practices meant to fight the scourge of single-use plastics. Across the CSU system, many campuses had already adopted their own bans on plastic bags, straws, and bottled water, but given recent state legislation and public support for addressing plastics pollution, adoption of this CSU-wide policy is appropriate and timely.
Many campus representatives worked closely with the CSU Chancellor's office to craft the policy, including CSULB's own Director of Procurement Malia Freund, who has been working to advance sustainable procurement policies on campus and across the system since joining The Beach in 2014.
While the new policy may be viewed as inconvenient by some, the overall benefits related to resource conservation and pollution reduction will hopefully outweigh the initial challenges. Most single-use plastic items can be replaced with more sustainable, reusable alternatives, it is simply a matter of adjusting the practices we are used, adopting new habits, and finding creative new solutions to old problems. Policies like this one can provide an important and much needed step toward a less wasteful future.
Read the policy HERE. | https://www.csulb.edu/sustainability/article/csu-unveils-new-single-use-plastics-policy |
ornithology journals impact factor
... Impact Factor: 0.833 (2016) 5-year Impact Factor: 0.662 (2016) Current Issue Vol. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology is an international quarterly publication for professional and amateur ornithologists. The continued success of IBIS is very much a team effort, and the Chair of our IBIS Management Committee, Jen Smart, has recently written about how many people are involved in the process of reviewing, editing and managing manuscripts for IBIS. Ornithological Science publishes research covering all aspects of ornithology, with a global geographic scope. The Journal Impact measures the average number of citations received in a particular year (2019) by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years (2017-2018). Ornithological Applications Editorial Staff. So overall this means that we are continuing to do something right and our papers are being read and cited. 1.493 Publishes research on ornithology of the Southern hemisphere and adjacent tropics, including the biology of ⦠International Scientific Journal & Country Ranking. The 2020 Edition of the Journal Citation Reports® (JCR) published by Clarivate Analytics provides a combination of impact and influence metrics from 2019 Web of Science source data. BOU The impact of altmetrics on citations is now being seen in some sectors and is likely to have an increasing impact in ornithology in coming years. © Association of Field Ornithologists. Ardea is the scientific journal of the Netherlands Ornithologists' Union, and is published since 1912. Among other statistics, JCR provides journal Impact Factors and subject category rankings for indexed titles. Fast turnaround â We aim to give you a first decision within eight weeks of submission. Refund Policy | The 5-year IF is probably a more accurate measure for ornithology (and wider ecology) journals and our 5-year IF is now 2.169 placing us 3rd in Ornithology. Privacy Statement | Avian Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality research and review articles on all aspects of ornithology from all over the world. Learn about publishing OA with us Journal metrics 1.286 (2019) Impact factor 1.496 (2019) Five year impact factor 60 days Submission to first decision 178 days Submission to acceptance 173,070 (2019) Downloads The Journal Impact 2019-2020 of Ornithological Science is 0.750, which is just updated in 2020.Compared with historical Journal Impact data, the Metric 2019 of Ornithological Science grew by 108.33 %.The Journal Impact Quartile of Ornithological Science is Q3.The Journal Impact of an academic journal is a scientometric Metric that reflects the yearly average number of citations that ⦠The emphasis will be on publishing quality papers rapidly and making them freely available to researchers worldwide. We’ve championed the benefits of using social media to promote your research, and so contributing to your own research article’s altmetrics, and increasing numbers of researchers now actively promote their research on platforms such as Twitter alongside the promotion we ourselves do for IBIS papers. Bird Conservation International is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal that seeks to promote worldwide research and action for the conservation of birds and the habitats upon which they depend. All Journals Emu - Austral Ornithology List of Issues Volume 120, Issue 3 2019 Impact Factor. Ornithology is an international journal that advances fundamental scientific knowledge in two ways: increasing our basic knowledge of bird species, both living and extinct; and increasing our understanding of broad biological concepts through studies of bird species. Editor-in-Chief: Catherine Lindell, Michigan State University, [email protected] Senior Editor: Paul F. Doherty, Jr., Colorado State University, [email protected] The journal has now served as an important resource for ornithological research in the Caribbean for over 32 years. About this Journal. What does it take to run the #1 ornithology journal? Ostrich is an international journal that publishes papers in the general field of ornithology in Africa and its islands. Steve Dudley Fast publication â Accepted version published online seven days after acceptance, final version published online in EarlyView four weeks from acceptance, most papers published in the next available issue. The Open Ornithology Journal (Discontinued) ISSN: 1874-4532 â Volume 13, 2020 Developing early-career researchers 2019 Impact Factor. The Open Ornithology Journal is an Open Access online journal, which publishes research articles, reviews/mini-reviews, letters and guest edited single topic issues in all important areas of ornithology including avian behaviour,genetics, phylogeography , conservation, demography, ecology, evolution, and morphology.. Perhaps a 10-year IF would be even more appropriate as many of our papers of the last 10 years continue to be cited. process of reviewing, editing and managing manuscripts for IBIS. Impact factor: 1.266. As per available reports about 2615 journals, 131 Conferences, 30 workshops are presently dedicated exclusively to Ornithology and about 162970 articles are being published on the current trends in Ornithology. MÄori use the term tÄ«tÄ« for a chick, or more generally for the species Sooty Shearwater Ardenna grisea. If you want to write about your research in #theBOUblog, then please see here. ISSN: 1559-4491. Only Open Access Journals Only SciELO Journals Only WoS Journals In the case of academic evaluation for tenure, it is sometimes inappropriate to use the impact of the source journal to estimate the expected frequency of a recently published article. Front cover picture: TÄ«tÄ« feather, drawn as part of the Kia Mau Te TÄ«tÄ« MÅ Ake TÅnu project, Rakiura Island, New Zealand. Meet some of our members and those who help run the BOU. Click here to receive BOU e-newsletters and other news. The Auk: Ornithological Advances is ranked #3 for 2019 in the Impact Factor rankings with a 2.114. Journal Impact Factors. Ornithology Research publishes original contributions, research papers, short-communications and review papers related to the biology of birds.. Again, the Journal Impact Factor should be used with informed peer review. Data Source: Scopus®, Metrics based on Scopus® data as of April 2020, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Management Science and Operations Research, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Political Science and International Relations, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Translational Vision Science and Technology, International Journal of Retina and Vitreous, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. The Condor: Ornithological Applications has the #1 Journal Impact Factor score among ornithology journals in 2019 with a 2.628, as well as the #1 Five Year Journal Impact Factor of 2.614. Two years is not a long time and whilst it might be a relatively accurate measure for some fast-moving fields like medicine, but things move at a much slower pace in ornithology, with few dramatic changes in the field over such a short period of time. Note that 2019 Journal Impact are reported in 2020; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2019 publications have been processed by the indexing agency. 1.493 Emu - Austral Ornithology. 2016 journal Impact Factors: Ornithology Thomson-Reuters Journal Impact Factors were published this week and the IBIS 2-year IF (the standard IF metric) is now 2.279, up from 1.804 last year, with IBIS now ranked to 2 out of 24 journal listed in Ornithology (from 3rd). Journal of Avian Biology. Thomson Reuters has just released the newest edition of their Journal Citation Reports® (JCR) using 2014 Web of Science⢠data. Impact Factor of 2.514 Ranked 2 nd out of 28 ornithology journals based on Impact Factors. Journal information Editor-in-Chief. Read here how Covid-19 is impacting on our activities, About the BOU | In addition to the 2-year Journal Impact, the 3-year Journal Impact ⦠Journal of Avian Biology publishes empirical and theoretical research in all areas of ornithology, with an emphasis on behavioural ecology, evolution and conservation. The journal welcomes manuscripts reporting significant new findings in ornithology, in particular those covering the ecology, life history, and evolution of birds, and including sound descriptive work. What makes a BOU conference? 2.628 1st of 28 ornithology journals worldwide. Meet some of our members and those who help run the BOU, Steve Dudley, the BOU’s Senior Administrator of 20 years, has overall responsibility for the day to day running of the BOU and all our activities including social media and communications. 91 No. How to publish in this journal. The difference between any in this top group of journals in any one year can be as little as a handful of cites or several fewer papers published. The 2-year IF, as the name suggests, covers only two years of citations. Another component that should now be impacting on citations and Impact Factors is altmetrics. Preferably, papers should test hypotheses or explore new grounds. The Auk Impact Factor 2.114 3rd of 28 ornithology journals worldwide Franz Bairlein; Publishing model Hybrid. The Altmetric Attention Score of a paper measures the online impact of a paper and, like citation-based metrics, provides a list of online sources (news media, social media, blogs, etc.) In terms of research annually, USA, India, Japan, Brazil and Canada are some of the leading countries where maximum studies related to Ornithology are being carried out. I don’t know of many journal editors or managers who really get hung up on these rankings as we know their limitations and how sensitive they are to small changes in output and citations. Ornithological Applications Impact Factor. Wilson Journal of Ornithology Impact Factor, IF, number of article, detailed information and journal factor. (Line drawing: Maggie Atkinson, pencil and watercolour on paper.) American Ornithological Society members are exempt from author page charge fees and receive a 25% discount on Open Access publication fees. If we look longer term, IBIS has for a long time been in the top group of Ornithology journals. It is the evaluation of work by one or more reviewer to assess that article. The Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is a refereed scientific journal, produced by the non-profit society BirdsCaribbean. American Ornithological Society members are exempt from author page charge fees and receive a 25% discount on Open Access publication fees. The following is a list of journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology.The ⦠It aims to report the latest and most significant progress in ornithology and to encourage exchange of ⦠2. Edited By: Gary Ritchison. Read more about how these IFs are calculated here. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The Open Ornithology Journal, a peer-reviewed journal, is an important and reliable source of current information on developments in the field. 2019 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics): 9/28 (Ornithology) Online ISSN: 1557-9263. The Journal Impact Factor should be used with informed peer review. We’d to thank our entire journal community – authors, reviewers, editorial board and journal managers for playing an important role in maintain IBIS as one of the opt journals in ornithology. Open practices can help bridge the research-implementation gap. Impact factor (JCR): 0.912 Ranking 2019: 14/28 (Q2) Aims and scope. The journal had a regional focus when it was first published, in 1954. Annual Reviews Rankings in Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics) 2020 Release of Journal Citation Reports. Ardeola: International Journal of Ornithology is the scientific journal of SEO/BirdLife, the Spanish Ornithological Society. Read the author guidelines. The above table compares the citation impact of journals in a given field as measured over three different time spans. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2020. Cookies, Copyright 2011 - 2020 British Ornithologists' Union, Registered Charity 249877 (England and Wales), SCO44850 (Scotland). Join the conversation about this journal New Journal Impact Factors and JCR Rankings Now Available on BioOne Released: June 18, 2015. where a paper is mentioned. 2-year Impact Factor 1.994 x 5/28 Ornithology IBIS â working for you and our community IBIS publishes original papers, reviews, short communications and Forum articles reflecting the forefront of international research activity in ornithological science, with special emphasis on the behaviour, ecology, evolution and conservation of birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. View Steve’s profile | Follow Steve on Twitter @stevedudley_. Recent BOU conferences 1. Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research journal is typically peer-reviewed journals that publish theoretical discussions and articles that critically review published work. Five reasons to publish your paper with Ibis: international journal of avian science:. Homepage. Thomson-Reuters Journal Impact Factors were published this week and the IBIS 2-year IF (the standard IF metric) is now 2.279, up from 1.804 last year, with IBIS now ranked to 2 out of 24 journal listed in Ornithology (from 3rd).
Stinging Nettle Seeds For Dogs, Magento 2 Beginners Guide, Famous Amos Hamper, Hotels In Durham, Nc, Corporate Text Style, | https://projectdesignmanagement.com.br/kitchenaid-onyx-hmtzy/kcx02q7.php?52f925=ornithology-journals-impact-factor |
If you have high blood pressure, it is important to get routine medical care and to follow your prescribed treatment plan, which will include heart-healthy lifestyle changes and possibly medicines. Heart-healthy lifestyle changes can prevent high blood pressure, reduce elevated blood pressure, help control existing high blood pressure, and prevent complications, such as heart attack, heart failure, stroke, vascular dementia, or chronic kidney disease.
Current strategies for controlling cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol, are not widely used as standard practice. CDC developed this guide to provide health professionals with evidence-based strategies for effective and sustainable CVD prevention, including health and economic impact and potential for reducing health disparities.
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
The kidney can respond to changes in blood pressure by increasing or decreasing the amount of urine that is produced. Urine is primarily water that is removed from the blood. When the kidney makes more urine, the amount (volume) of blood that fills the arteries and veins decreases, and this lowers blood pressure. If the kidneys make less urine, the amount of blood that fills the arteries and veins increases and this increases blood pressure. Compared with the other mechanisms for adjusting blood pressure, changes in the production of urine affect blood pressure slowly over hours and days. (The other mechanisms are effective in seconds.)
Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic). In healthy people, low blood pressure without any symptoms is not usually a concern and does not need to be treated. But low blood pressure can be a sign of an underlying problem -- especially in the elderly -- where it may cause inadequate blood flow to the heart, brain, and other vital organs.
The authors bring several evidence-based yet progressive concepts into the guidelines, the first of which is that high blood pressure should be treated using a team approach. This makes sense, as science supports more and better patient education around self-monitoring, nutrition, and lifestyle changes, as well as stress management. Telehealth is emphasized as a cost-effective method of ongoing monitoring that is more convenient for patients than frequent office visits.
Blood pressure is measured with a blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer). This may be done using a stethoscope and a cuff and gauge or by an automatic machine. It is a routine part of the physical examination and one of the vital signs often recorded for a patient visit. Other vital signs include pulse rate, respiratory rate (breathing rate), temperature, and weight.
Quitting smoking. Visit Smoking and Your Heart and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Your Guide to a Healthy Heart [PDF – 2MB]. Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking. For free help and support to quit smoking, you can call the National Cancer Institute’s Smoking Quitline at 1-877-44U-QUIT (1-877-448-7848).
Blood pressure readings fall into four general categories, ranging from normal to stage 2 high blood pressure (hypertension). The level of your blood pressure determines what kind of treatment you may need. To get an accurate blood pressure measurement, your doctor should evaluate your readings based on the average of two or more blood pressure readings at three or more office visits. | https://www.lifechangingcarehouston.com/blood-pressure-lower-heart-rate-higher-pineapple-juice-lower-high-blood-pressure.html |
Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.
-John F. Kennedy
Change isn’t a favorite activity among us humans. It’s just not something that we tend to embrace. Change means risk. It means doing something new and different – which brings discomfort. And it doesn’t seem to matter that we’ve actively been engaged in change since birth (changing heights, weights, grades, schools, jobs, etc., etc.) – we still don’t like it.
So we resist, avoid, and in some cases, we’ve gone so far to sabotage change efforts. If you’ve ever been on a team where you’re trying to implement something new – then you know exactly what I’m talking about. Humans don’t like change.
But if life has taught us anything – especially in 2020 – it is that change is inevitable. And if our businesses are to survive and succeed, we need to continue to optimize what we’re doing across our organizations.
The greatest danger in times of turbulence is not the turbulence; it is to act with yesterday’s logic.
-Peter Drucker
The Need for Change
For organizations to thrive in today’s dynamics, much less succeed, they must review all aspects of their businesses to see where optimizations can be made. One of the most impactful areas to address is in looking at how things are done.
We’ve all seen examples of things being done a certain way because “that’s how it’s always been done.” You can apply new technologies, better tools, and highly skilled resources – but if the process is broken or has aged out of effectiveness, the outcomes will stagnate – or worse, they’ll decline.
Taking on Process Improvement
Process Improvement begins with understanding what is happening now. Once that understanding is complete, it is viewed with the perspective of today’s environment/requirements/productivity needs/goals for the future. Then the process is updated (or overhauled), implemented, reviewed, and adjusted.
Two critical factors are necessary for every step of the effort – data and acceptance. Data, once captured, is what it is. When collected in a timely, accurate manner, it stands on its own. Tools like mobilePLUS ensure that you can obtain the data that you need – and trust the validity of the results.
Acceptance is the bigger issue. Changes surrounding process improvement get us back to our default of discomfort and resistance. This makes sense as there are risks inherent to change in processes and protocols. The most common are:
- It won’t work
- I won’t be able to keep up
- It will uncover my past mistakes & indiscretions
Of course, there is a more significant risk to our organizations as a whole if we don’t continue to change. But that thought may not (immediately) cross the minds of your team as they are being asked to change.
If you don’t like change, you will like irrelevance even less.
-General Eric Shinseki
The Critical Role of Amnesty in Success
There are several ways to get your team on board and address their fears surrounding risks (perceived or otherwise). You can make them part of the process improvement project effort. Having skin in the game helps bring ownership to the results.
Implementing solid training, including ensuring an understanding of why something is being done – not just how to do it – will help diminish some of the fear of the unknown.
But one of the most effective tools that I’ve seen is providing Amnesty. When you start digging into the existing state of things, you might be surprised by what you find (or don’t find in the case of your fixed assets).
Fresh and accurate data often uncovers discrepancies between what has been reported and what is reality. That gap may not have been intentional – it may just have evolved from broken processes, insufficient time to gather information or unrealistic expectations of what could be done.
The key to a successful process improvement implementation is to ensure that the people that you need to execute the process have their fears addressed so that their resistance is lessened. So give them some room to get on board:
- Give them room to fail – it may take a little time to adjust to the new process
- Give them room to learn – it may take a little time to get up to speed – especially if there are new systems and tools involved
- Give them a clean slate to start fresh – taking away the threat of punishment for yesterday can go a long way to get everyone looking forward and focusing on the here and now
Process improvement is one of the best investments an organization can make to ensure that they move and flourish with changing times. Removing impediments to executing that change, and providing an environment to embrace it will take you a long way to getting the most out of your improvements.
Just always remember…
Change is inevitable–except from a vending machine. | https://mobileplusgroup.com/the-importance-of-amnesty-in-process-improvement/ |
DailyDirt: Waiting For Superman... From A Test Tube
from the urls-we-dig-up deptThe concept of creating superhumans using genetic engineering has been around for quite some time in science fiction, but now that it's almost becoming a practical thing to do, there are some scientists calling for a moratorium on experimenting with germline engineering until we can debate the issue and come to some consensus on what should be considered ethical. Treating diseases with drugs/radiation/whatever may let an individual patient live longer, but messing with embryonic DNA could have more lasting effects because whatever genetic edits are made will be passed down to future generations (well, unless genetically modified humans are purposely made sterile...). This kind of medicine is going to be controversial for the foreseeable future, but it's going to be done somewhere as the science and technology behind it gets better.
- Chinese researchers at Sun Yat-Sen University have already experimented with germline engineering, editing the DNA of human fertilized eggs to remove a blood disease called beta-thalassemia. Their method reveals that a lot more work needs to be done for germline engineering to become a reliable process for treating genetic diseases. They used abnormal embryos that could not be grown further for this particular study, but it's entirely conceivable that future experiments could be done with viable embryos. [url]
- Some optimists are not too concerned with the issues of creating superhumans. Perhaps superhumans will be benevolent and create a better world, but there's no guarantee that super intelligence correlates with super empathy or super kindness. There are no guarantees in life, period, but perhaps we can slow down the rate of problems we create...? [url]
- A three-parent IVF procedure can prevent certain mitochondrial disorders. Children born using this technique have DNA from their "traditional" parents PLUS mitochondrial DNA from a donor mother, and there are presumably some 3-parent teenagers walking around the world right now. [url]
Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community.
Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis.
While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. Thank you. | https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100809/03523710553/dailydirt-waiting-superman-test-tube.shtml |
Livestock and livestock products play an important role in the food, nutritional and income security of rural households in the developing world. However, climate change poses significant threats to the livelihoods of livestock keepers, affecting them in various ways including reduced productivity and increased costs of production.
To address the needs and interests of smallholders, part of the research at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) focuses on addressing challenges posed by climate change. The research carried out within ILRI’s Mazingira Centre – an environmental research and educational facility – aims at providing accurate context-specific information on the environmental impacts of current livestock production systems. A particular focus is given to productivity, nutrient cycles and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective is to enable predictions of intensification in these systems, and opportunities to mitigate GHG emissions.
The Mazingira Centre further focuses on capacity development, to mentor future environmental and agricultural production scientists as well as training of local technicians. Some of the main challenges in the area of GHG emissions in Africa include lack of accurate data and lack of a critical mass of scientists with the capacity to conduct such experiments and deduce justifiable conclusions.
On 20 to 24 June 2016, the centre hosted three high school students from Braeburn High School, Nairobi, to provide them with an exposure on what ‘understanding and managing the environmental footprint of livestock’ entails.
The students spent the week interacting with the technicians, undergraduate and graduate students as well as scientists from the Mazingira Centre, observing what their typical work involves. They also had the opportunity to get a practical experience on how the Centre’s state-of-the-art equipment are used to measure GHG emission from different sources including soil, manure and livestock.
We used state of the art equipment and worked with PhD students as well as experienced scientists throughout our visit which helped us familiarize ourselves with scientific thought processes. We participated in a wide variety of activities from cleaning cows to operating infra-red spectroscopy technology to sampling cow manure. Said the students
At the end of the week the students, whose interest in the centre was cultivated from an earlier day trip to the centre, expressed their appreciation at the experience. The students are just stepping out of high school and looking to acquire university education. They stated that while at the beginning they had mixed feelings about this kind of research and were uncertain about its relevance, their week-long stay at the Mazingira Centre and interaction with the cutting edge facilities erased their doubts.
Below are a few quotes from the students:
It was a fantastic experience working with leading researchers David Pelster and Lutz Merbold who were very open and gave insights into life as a scientist.
Overall, it was an amazing experience and we left better informed about climate change and as a result we’re better rounded in our knowledge of the greenhouse effect and we will like to strongly recommend this experience to anyone who would like to become a better scientist.
We would like to thank everyone in ILRI and look forward to coming again. | https://mazingira.ilri.org/2016/07/12/fostering-interest-in-climate-change-research/ |
A quick look back through the history of cryptography makes one thing perfectly clear: Security is never absolute. New technologies, new threats, and new practical demands are constantly emerging, reshaping expectations—and sometimes even redefining what 'security' means in the first place.
As a result of this ongoing evolution, cryptographic algorithms that once reigned supreme—DES, RSA and the like—have begun to show their limitations (and in the case of DES, have reached them). This has implications for manufacturers and security engineers building devices today, because the level of security they choose to build into their equipment will have a direct impact on the real-world lifecycle of that equipment. If security functionality can't stand up to the test of time, the longevity of the device itself is compromised.
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), once the young upstart of cryptographic algorithms, has now been shown to meet the most stringent long-term security requirements. The NSA has adopted ECC, and it has been recognized by accredited standards bodies such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO).
But what is ECC, and what will it mean for the software industry?
Public-Key Cryptography
Throughout history, encryption has been used to protect the confidentiality of data. In the 1970s, the Data Encryption Standard (DES) was designed, and in a few years became a worldwide de facto standard. DES is an example of a 'symmetric-key' algorithm, so called because the two communicating parties need to share a secret key—this key is used to encrypt data as well as to decrypt it. DES can also be used to authenticate data, so that a recipient can be assured of the source of the data. Again, the two communicating parties need to share a secret key in order to be able to authenticate data sent to each other.
There are some difficulties inherent to deploying symmetric-key cryptography on a large scale. First, there is the difficulty of establishing a secret key. This can be done using the services of a trusted courier or by a face-to-face meeting in a secure location, but obviously such solutions don't scale well. Second, each pair of users needs to share its own unique secret key. Thus, in a system with 1,000 users there are about 500,000 keys to protect, a very difficult task indeed. Lastly, non-repudiation, whereby the recipient of a message can convince any third party (such as a judge) of the origins of the message, is difficult to achieve with symmetric-key techniques. This is because the two communicating parties share the same secret key, and so while the recipient of an authenticated message is certain who the sender of the message is, the recipient cannot convince a judge of this—because from the judge's point of view, the recipient could have sent the message to himself!
Public-key cryptography was invented by Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, and Ralph Merkle in 1975 to overcome these deficiencies with symmetric-key cryptography. The idea is very simple, but extremely powerful. In public-key systems, each user generates two keys: a "public key" and a corresponding "private key." As the nomenclature suggests, the public key is available for everyone to use, while the private key is kept secret by that user. Now, anyone can use Alice's public key to encrypt messages for Alice, but only Alice can decrypt the message using her private key. Note that the first two problems with symmetric-key cryptography have been overcome because Alice does not need to share a secret key with anyone else, and because each user has only two keys. Furthermore, non-repudiation can be achieved—Alice uses her private key to generate a "signature" for a message and anyone else (including a judge) can use Alice's public key to verify that Alice did indeed generate that signature.
The Origins of ECC
Among the early public-key mechanisms designed were the Diffie-Hellman (DH) key agreement scheme that can be used to establish secret keys, and the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) scheme for public-key encryption and signatures. The security of these schemes is based, respectively, on the intractability of the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) and the integer factorization problem (IFP). This means that the keys used in DH and RSA should be sufficiently large so that the corresponding instances of the DLP and IFP are intractable using the best methods known and the fastest available computers.
While the DLP and IFP are believed to be hard problems, several breakthrough discoveries have been made which render the problems significantly easier than previous believed. The most prominent of these new attacks was the Number Field Sieve (NFS) that was discovered in the early 1990s and is still being refined today. Of course these faster attacks do not mean that Diffie-Hellman and RSA have been broken—it just means that one has to use larger keys in order to circumvent them. Unfortunately a direct implication of using larger keys is slower performance, and this can be a critical problem, especially in the world of small electronic devices.
In 1985, Neal Koblitz and Victor Miller recognized that the so-called elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) appeared to be inherently harder than the DLP and IFP. They reasoned that the techniques developed to accelerate the resolutions of the IFP and DLP could not be effectively applied to find faster ECDLP solvers. Koblitz and Miller showed how cryptographic protocols for key agreement, public-key encryption and signatures could be designed in such a way that their security was based on the hardness of the ECDLP. ECC was born.
The ECDLP has now been studied for twenty years by the cryptographic research community around the world. There is now general consensus that this problem is inherently harder than the DLP and IFP. In particular, the powerful NFS attacks do not carry over to the ECDLP setting. What this means in practice is that ECC public and private keys can be significantly smaller that DH and RSA systems for a given security level. In fact, ECC provides the most security per bit of any known public-key scheme.
For a full mathematical explanation of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem, see http://www.certicom.com/index.php?action=ecc,ecc_tut_1_0.
Where ECC Fits
Even though symmetric-key schemes have several deficiencies, they do have one distinct advantage over their public-key counterparts—they are much faster, perhaps by a factor of 1,000. In practice, symmetric and public-key schemes are used together. The former are used for bulk data encryption and the latter for key management and digital signatures. When used together, it is imperative that the symmetric-key and public-key components have equivalent levels of security. Otherwise, an attacker could gain an advantage by compromising the weaker component.
As mentioned earlier, the Data Encryption Standard, with keys of only 56 bits in length, has now reached the end of its life. The U.S. government's National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) recognized this and embarked on a project to develop a symmetric-key encryption scheme that would be secure for the foreseeable future. The result was the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), a symmetric-key encryption scheme with keys of 128, 192 or 256 bits in length. The AES is now being deployed in security products around the world, and is expected to serve our security needs for at least the next 50 years.
RSA and DH are very poor companions to the AES. They both require 3072-bit public keys in order to match 128-bit AES keys. The situation is even worse at higher strengths—8192-bit RSA and DH keys are needed to match 192-bit AES keys, while 15360-bit RSA and DH keys are needed for 256-bit AES keys. These large keys sizes can greatly penalize system performance, particularly on resource constrained devices such as smart cards.
ECC, on the other hand, is ideally suited as a companion to AES. It can match the security of 128-, 192- and 256-bit AES, respectively, with key sizes that are only 256, 384 and 512 bits. These relatively small key sizes also means that ECC can be implemented to meet the highest security requirements, without degrading system performance.
ECC Deployment
Three developments in recent years have caused security professionals to take notice of the benefits of ECC. The first was the standardization of ECC protocols by accredited standards bodies such as ANSI, ISO, and NIST. Such standards are crucial before large-scale deployment occurs in the security world, because they foster trust in the technology, promote the widespread use of cryptographically sound ECC protocols, and ensure interoperability of devices manufactured by different vendors.
The second development was the deployment of ECC by leading corporations such as Motorola (for cell phone communications), Research in Motion (for securing Blackberry communications), and Pitney Bowes (for digital postal marks).
The third and most significant milestone in ECC acceptance was the announcement in November 2003 that the U.S. government's National Security Agency (NSA) would be using ECC to secure mission-critical national security information. More recently, the NSA announced at the RSA 2005 conference in February 2005 that ECC would be their public-key technology of choice in their list of 'Suite B' algorithms for protecting sensitive but unclassified US government communications.
These endorsements from the world's premier code-breaking organization have not gone unnoticed. Many companies that supply cryptographic equipment to the U.S. government are incorporating ECC into their products. These products are also making their way to non-government markets, thus further accelerating the adoption of ECC.
In a relative short period of time since its introduction, ECC has moved from the province of pure mathematics into the mainstream of cryptography. It has proven to be extremely well suited to the unique demands of resource-constrained environments, where processing power is at a premium, and at the same time is capable of meeting stringent security requirements. And ECC deployment will most likely continue to grow as governments and commercial organizations around the world mandate the use of the AES for symmetric-key encryption.
Of course, activity continues in the research community. Each year the Centre for Advanced Cryptographic Research (CACR) at the University of Waterloo, Ontario sponsors an ECC workshop attended by over 100 top cryptographers to discuss advances in the field of elliptic curve cryptography. ECC 2005 will be held September 19-21 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Certicom also sponsors an ECC conference: The Certicom ECC Conference 2005 will be held October 3-5 in Toronto, Canada.
The Certicom ECC Challenge, begun in November 1997 and still continuing, offers an opportunity for people around the world to create new methods of attacking the algorithm and exposing any weaknesses. Security-conscious developers can learn more at http://www.certicom.com/index.php?action=ecc,ecc_challenge. | https://www.informationweek.com/it-life/throwing-cryptography-a-curve-ball |
Test_Lab: Better Than Reality
Virtual Reality's esthetic possibilities have changed enormously during recent years. By demonstrating state-of-the-art AR and VR artworks and by discussing those in the light of the promises made by early VR visionaries, Test_Lab: Better than Reality will explore these changed possibilities for the arts.
11
Dec 2008
20:00 to
23:00
location:
V2_, Eendrachtsstraat 10
Test_Lab is a bi-monthly public event organized by V2_ Institute for the Unstable Media that provides an informal setting for the presentation, demonstration, testing, and discussion of artistic research and development (aRt&D).
Ever wondered what happened to the future of Virtual Reality (VR)? VR's past has seen many visionaries who, often with goggles and joysticks in hand, claimed that the technology's future would hold completely new realities for everyone. These new realities would surpass the restraints of physical laws and flesh bodies by making "the artificial as realistic as, and even more realistic than, the real", as Negroponte stated. According to Kurzweil, the technology would result in millions of people being fully immersed into "a full-blooded parallel universe" most of the time. Obviously, such promises drew much attention from artists eager to explore the new esthetic possibilities that this technology had to offer. Consequently, VR became a popular research theme among artists and institutes dealing with technology and art: V2_ being no exception.
Looking at recent VR artistic development projects, at V2_ and elsewhere, one could wonder what happened to the promises of wild cybersex, psychedelic virtual experiences, and utopian parallel realities that VR exponents made. Decades after artists were first introduced to VR, the technology has indeed resulted in new immersive art experiences that most people have experienced at some point. However, do these experiences live up to the visions that artists had when VR first emerged?
It seems that advances in VR have taken several unexpected turns. One of these turns is the shift in attention away from purely virtual experiences towards the more hybrid experiences offered by Augmented Reality (AR), in which virtual elements overlay our physical reality. Also, recent developments allow access to such realities in places far removed from lab and home environments, and without the bulky technology attached to our bodies that accompanied early VR.
How do these developments influence our future visions of VR? Does the future still hold parallel realities accessible from our homes; or rather a single one that is virtually enhanced and part of our everyday urban environment? Does full-blooded immersion in the future perhaps take more physical involvement than we expected at first? Will we even be able to note the technology in future VR, or will it be seamlessly integrated in our body and environment? Are we still pursuing experiences that are better than reality; or are we trying to make reality better instead?
Most certainly, answers to these questions will show that VR's esthetic possibilities have changed enormously during recent years. By demonstrating state-of-the-art AR and VR artworks and by discussing those in the light of the promises made by early VR visionaries, Test_Lab: Better than Reality will explore these changed possibilities for the arts.
The V2_ Better than Reality artist-in-residence projects by Marnix de Nijs, Boris Debackere, and Jonas Hielscher will also be open to the public at V2_ on December 12th from 11h-16h.
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A single mobile is often a complete organism in by itself, like a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialised functions since they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialised cells and turned out to be the building up blocks of huge multicellular organisms, such as human beings in addition to other animals. Whilst cells are much more substantial than atoms, they are really even now extremely small. The smallest well-known cells are a team of little bacteria termed mycoplasmas; some single-celled organisms are spheres as smallish as 0.2 ?m in diameter (one?m = about 0.000039 inch), that has a whole mass of ten?fourteen gram?equal to that of 8,000,000,000 hydrogen atoms. Cells of individuals generally use a mass 400,000 instances greater compared to mass of a one mycoplasma bacterium, but even human cells are only about 20 ?m across. It could call for a sheet of about 10,000 human cells to go over the pinnacle of the pin, and each human organism consists of additional than thirty,000,000,000,000 cells.
This short article discusses the cell both of those as an individual device and like a contributing half of a greater organism. Being an personal unit, the cell is capable of metabolizing its possess nutrients, synthesizing lots of different kinds of molecules, presenting its personal electricity, and replicating alone for you to deliver succeeding generations. It might be seen being an enclosed vessel, in which innumerable chemical reactions acquire destination at the same time. These reactions are less than pretty exact deal with to ensure that they lead for the life and procreation on the cell. Inside a multicellular organism, cells grow to be specialized to do distinct capabilities in the technique of differentiation. In order to make this happen, just about every mobile keeps in continual interaction with its neighbours. Mainly because it gets nutrients from and expels wastes into its surroundings, it adheres to and cooperates with other cells. Cooperative assemblies of similar cells sort tissues, together with a cooperation among tissues consequently sorts organs, which execute the capabilities required to sustain the living of an organism.
Special emphasis is presented on this page to animal cells, with a few discussion in the energy-synthesizing procedures and extracellular factors peculiar to plants. (For precise dialogue with the biochemistry of plant cells, see photosynthesis. For just a comprehensive procedure for the genetic occasions inside cell nucleus, see heredity.)A mobile is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which kinds a selective barrier that allows vitamins and minerals to enter and waste goods to leave. The inside for the mobile is structured into plenty of specialized compartments, or organelles, every single surrounded by a independent membrane. A particular serious organelle, the nucleus, incorporates the genetic information essential for cell expansion and replica. Just about every cell has just one nucleus, whereas other types of organelles are current in multiple copies from the cellular contents, or cytoplasm. Organelles contain mitochondria, which are dependable with the energy transactions appropriate paraphrase me for cell survival; lysosomes, which digest undesirable materials within just the http://www.umaryland.edu/af/ cell; and the endoplasmic reticulum as well as Golgi apparatus, which participate in very important roles inside inside group for the mobile by synthesizing selected molecules after which you can processing, sorting, and directing them to their good areas. | https://blog.thisisgifted.com/cell-in-biology-the-fundamental-membrane-bound-unit-that-contains-the-fundamental-molecules-of-lifespan-and-of-which-all-dwelling-items-are-composed/ |
The generalization mystery of overparametrized deep nets has motivated efforts to understand how gradient descent (GD) converges to low-loss solutions that generalize well. Real-life neural networks are initialized from small random values and trained with cross-entropy loss for classification (unlike the "lazy" or "NTK" regime of training where analysis was more successful), and a recent sequence of results (Lyu and Li, 2020; Chizat and Bach, 2020; Ji and Telgarsky, 2020) provide theoretical evidence that GD may converge to the "max-margin" solution with zero loss, which presumably generalizes well. However, the global optimality of margin is proved only in some settings where neural nets are infinitely or exponentially wide. The current paper is able to establish this global optimality for two-layer Leaky ReLU nets trained with gradient flow on linearly separable and symmetric data, regardless of the width. The analysis also gives some theoretical justification for recent empirical findings (Kalimeris et al., 2019) on the so-called simplicity bias of GD towards linear or other "simple" classes of solutions, especially early in training. On the pessimistic side, the paper suggests that such results are fragile. A simple data manipulation can make gradient flow converge to a linear classifier with suboptimal margin. | https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2021/hash/6c351da15b5e8a743a21ee96a86e25df-Abstract.html |
The key to ensuring high-quality teachersResearch 9 Sep 2015 5 minute read
Ensuring the high quality of initial teacher education depends on selection into accredited courses, as well as a robust system for the accreditation, registration and induction of graduate teachers, says Lawrence Ingvarson.
The key to ensuring high-quality teachers
Recommendations to improve initial teacher education delivered to the Commonwealth Government earlier this year focus on the quality of teacher education; however, the quality of new teachers depends not only on the rigorous accreditation of teacher education programs, but also on selection into those programs, and the registration and induction of graduate teachers.
The Teacher Education Ministerial Advisory Group (TEMAG) report, Action Now: Classroom ready teachers, delivered to Commonwealth Minister for Education Christopher Pyne in February 2015, identified five key areas for initial teacher education (ITE) reform:
- Stronger quality assurance of teacher education courses.
- Rigorous selection for entry to teacher education courses.
- Improved and structured practical experience for initial teacher education (ITE) students.
- Robust assessment of graduates to ensure classroom readiness.
- National research and workforce planning capabilities.
If effective action is taken in these five areas, the TEMAG report will make a significant contribution to the quality of teacher education, but accountability involves others besides teacher educators.
Quality assurance
Policies to ensure high-quality teacher education outcomes need to operate across three stages:
- Selection and recruitment in order to ensure the quality of ITE students attracted to teaching, and to match supply and demand;
- Accreditation to ensure both the quality of teacher education programs and of their ITE graduates; and
- Induction and registration to ensure the quality of training and support during the induction period and the rigour of the registration assessment.
TEMAG’s brief focused only on the second stage, accreditation, consistent with the fact that while the Commonwealth is responsible for higher education, state and territory governments and other employing authorities are responsible for matters such as salaries, conditions of work, induction and registration. Recognising that this is the case, these three stages of quality assurance are highly interdependent and reform efforts need to focus on integrating all three. High-achieving countries with exceptional ITE graduates have strong quality assurance policies and processes at all three stages.
More about selection
The TEMAG recommendations that more rigorous selection methods for entry to ITE education programs be implemented should be welcomed. It is noteworthy that ‘selectivity’ is one of the key criteria for accrediting teacher education programs in the United States and Britain, where programs are assessed in terms of the academic quality of the students they are able to attract.
Courses with higher entry standards attract higher quality students academically. Research indicates that the quality of ITE programs and the academic background of entrants are inter-related. The prior knowledge and level of achievement of ITE students affects the quality of teaching and learning activities in a university program as well as the intellectual demands lecturers can place on their ITE students.
Accreditation that addresses induction and registration
Following the recommendations of a background report by ACER, TEMAG recommended that, ‘The Australian Government establish a national ITE regulator through a reconstituted Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) to overhaul and manage the accreditation of ITE programs, and work with the states and territories to ensure rigorous accreditation processes operate with teacher registration.’
Such a regulatory body would resolve the current uncertainty about who is responsible for what, since accreditation is a responsibility of state and territory ministers, while the Commonwealth minister is responsible for the quality of higher education.
Such a regulatory body would also be in a strong position to collect annual information across a range of indicators and measures, including:
- Data about the academic quality of entrants to ITE courses and their course progression.
- Measures of impact and outcome including:
- Assessments of knowledge about students and how they learn, content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge, and
- Assessments of performance using observations and structured portfolio tasks during intern or induction periods.
- Surveys of first-year teachers about perceptions of their preparedness for the first year of teaching.
- Surveys of cooperating schools about the quality of clinical practice and their partnerships with universities.
- Indicators of employer satisfaction.
The recent report by ACER and Michigan State University on ITE programs in 17 countries, An analysis of teacher education context, structure, and quality-assurance arrangements in TEDS-M countries, found that countries that do well on international tests of student achievement have strong quality assurance policies and mechanisms at all three stages of a teacher education system.
Countries with high student achievement make teaching an attractive career option for high academic achievers, they match supply to demand and they set high standards for admission to ITE programs. They have regulated teacher education systems and rigorous procedures for the accreditation of ITE programs. And they require and support a period of mentored induction or residency coupled with rigorous assessments of readiness for full entry to the profession.
Further information:
To read ACER’s background report on evidence-based research and benchmarking Best Practice Teacher Education Programs and Australia’s Own Programs report, visit the ACER Research Repository.
This article draws on a paper by Lawrence Ingvarson published in the July 2015 issue of Professional Voice, the professional journal of the Victorian branch of the Australian Education Union. | https://www.acer.org/au/discover/article/the-key-to-ensuring-high-quality-teachers |
The Energy Networks Plant Protection team ultimately aims to eliminate all cable strikes to our network.
The benefits in reducing cable strikes are measurable for ScottishPower customers and contractors alike. Our overriding concern is the potential injuries which could be inflicted on anyone making inadvertent contact with the electricity network and associated apparatus. With the correct processes in place, the risk of electricity related injuries can be greatly reduced.
The Case Studies highlighted are only a small proportion of incidents which occur on our network every year and with all the correct preventive measures in place, contact with the network can be avoided.
However, there are always behavioural factors to consider and in many of these case studies, incorrect decisions by the operatives had a major part to play in the related incident.
Our Case Studies do not account for every given situation which operatives will encounter when excavations take place; however, they will provide an insight into the variety of incidents which take place all too frequently on the network.
Concluding each case study, we recommend the appropriate measures to take into consideration prior to excavations commencing.
This section highlights alternative technology techniques which could be implemented to increase safety, whilst operating on or adjacent to underground electrical apparatus. Contact with the underground electrical network could lead to serious injuries or death.
This section highlights the hazards which can arise due to implementation of incorrect working processes adjacent to underground electrical apparatus. Contact with the underground electrical network could lead to serious injuries or death.
This section highlights the hazards which can arise due to implementation of incorrect working practices adjacent to electrical apparatus.
General advisories and information on ScottishPower apparatus.
This section deals with cable damages incurred by operatives using excavators and related heavy machinery without complying with HSG47.
The following section outlines the hazards involved in manual excavation around cables.
This section is intended to raise awareness when working close to ScottishPower network pillars and underground linkboxes.
Working with concrete which contains utility apparatus is a major concern for operatives and contractors. This section aims to provide information on how to proceed if electric cables are present in concrete. The section also deals with installation of lampposts and gulleys which contribute to the problem.
The vast majority of incidents on the network can be avoided if utility apparatus is diverted before works commence. These images explain the hazards and potential for injury which would easily have been prevented with a diversion.
Many contractors who undertake construction of tents and marquees are often unaware or assume that no utilities are present. The section will attempt to highlight that electrical apparatus can be found in any location and the necessary requirement for cable records.
This section will demonstrate the seriousness of a cable damage and the process of making the excavation safe and contacting ScottishPower. Under NO circumstances should an attempt be made to repair a cable.
Operatives should be aware that not all the electricity network is owned and maintained by ScottishPower. Private cables exist in many locations and include old rail / tram cables, private supplies and independent network operators. This section will highlight this situation.
These hazards can range from anything to a damaged oil filled cable to the removal of vegetation with preservation orders. This section will show some of the issues which affected the environment and other parties.
This section will demonstrate the correct (and incorrect!) methods of supporting electricity apparatus to allow work to commence below the apparatus.
Pressures of 132,000 volts to 400,000 volts are termed 'transmission voltages'. Most of this network is served by tower lines, however in some instances they run via underground cables. ScottishPower MUST be informed before works commence anywhere near this apparatus.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Is the last line in defence, to ensure that operatives are adequately protected from the possibility of personal injuries.Operatives have a duty to ensure that all personal protective equipment supplied, is utilised when undertaking the desired works. | https://www.spenergynetworks.co.uk/pages/case_studies.aspx |
Job summary: Designs, develops, troubleshoots and debugs software applications for Mindbody’s Ruby and React web applications. This includes developing new components and features, shared libraries, and APIs. Software Engineer III is a hands-on senior engineering role, with duties including writing code and automated tests, leading projects, mentoring other team members, proposing architectural solutions and exploring new technologies, frameworks and standards for possible team adoption. Engineers on the team work on several software applications across a microservices architecture, with full test coverage, continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD). Back-end development primarily utilizes Ruby-on-Rails, while front-end development primarily utilizes React.
Day to day:
- Develops high-quality, working code features and bug fixes.
- Writes automated tests, including comprehensive unit and integration tests.
- Regularly collaborates with other developers, product managers, and designers to complete projects.
- Collaborates with team members on key architecture decisions.
- Participates in regular code reviews, often in a mentorship role with other engineers.
- Create and refine best practices, coding standards, and documentation, and takes the opportunity to share knowledge across the team.
What you bring to the team:
- High proficiency working with Ruby on Rails in a scaled production environment.
- Extensive experience creating high quality software in a team environment.
- Extensive experience designing complex systems and building products using microservice architecture.
- Comfortable working in an Agile software development environment.
- Strong sense of ownership and ability to work cross functionally.
- Passion for troubleshooting and problem solving.
- Detail-oriented, professional and positive work attitude.
- Ability to communicate professionally both verbally and in writing.
- Experience leading many projects from start to finish.
- Experience with test-driven development (TDD) and/or writing and maintaining high level test coverage, including both unit and integration tests.
Great place to work: Mindbody has been certified as a great workplace by the independent analysts at Great Place to Work®, based on extensive ratings provided by our own employees. These ratings prove Mindbody to have a high-trust, high-performance workplace culture, with 84 percent of employees expressing that it is a great workplace. | https://co.mindbodyonline.com/careers/opportunities/123 |
When someone is experiencing a crisis, they often see no end in sight to their struggles or suffering. The emotional turmoil that comes with a crisis can be so devastating that it can drive someone to addiction, depression, and suicide. Crisis intervention is a powerful tool family member, friends, and partners can use to help their loved ones.
What’s a Crisis Intervention?
In a nutshell, crisis intervention is an immediate emergency response to mental, emotional, behavioral, and physical distress. The idea is to help restore someone’s biopsychosocial balance and minimize long-term trauma or distress. Hospitals, clinics, social services, and drug rehab centers often provide crisis intervention. However, family members or partners can do the same at home. It’s important to understand that crisis intervention is no substitute for long-term treatment. Instead, it’s meant to offer a quick response to help someone seek assistance, stabilization, and support for their crisis.
Recognizing a Crisis Situation?
Crisis can be many things, including trauma, mental illness, medical illness, grief, relationship change, or victimization. These are all things people can have difficulty coping with, so many resources use substances or other unhealthy coping mechanisms to survive. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), almost one in 10 individuals leaving a psychiatric hospital return within 30 days. The first step of crisis intervention is the assessment stage. An assessment often looks like an interview, which allows whoever is performing the examination to become familiar with the patient’s history of crisis and how they affected the individual. The second step is about understanding how the individual’s crisis experience was managed in the past. The third and final step is to explore the social and cultural context of someone’s crisis. The idea is to understand the level of stress, problem, the severity of the crisis episode, and how the situation was handled.
How to Execute a Crisis Intervention
After the crisis assessment, it’s time to consider the type of crisis intervention procedure that will best help a person. Not all crisis interventions will be successful, so it’s essential to understand the options available to help someone.
The Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model
One of the most common crisis intervention models is the Assessment, Crisis, Intervention, Trauma, Treatment (ACT) Model. This model aims to guide someone in resolving crises with the hope of returning things to the way they were before the crisis occurred. The seven steps of this model are:
- Plan and complete a thorough imminent danger assessment
- Establish a collaborative relationship with the patient or other professionals
- Identify the major problems
- Encourage exploration of feelings and emotions
- Explore alternatives and new coping strategies
- Implement an action plan
- Plan a follow-up
The SAFER-R Crisis Intervention Model
A simple and popular model for effectively handling a crisis. The goal is to return an individual to functioning similarly or better than before the state of crisis. The six steps of this model are:
- Stabilization
- Acknowledgment
- Understanding the situation
- Adaptive coping
- Restore functioning
- Refer to a professional
The Acute Traumatic Stress Management (ATSM)
A bit more comprehensive than other interventions, but the ATSM can help restore mental stability, particularly among those suffering from crisis trauma The ten steps of this model are:
- Assess for danger and safety of the individual and others
- Consider the different mechanisms of injury
- Evaluate the level of responsiveness
- Address any medical needs
- Observe and identify initial reactions
- Connect with the individual
- Ground the individual
- Provide support and assistance
- Normalize the response
- Prepare for the future with a professional
Do Crisis Interventions Work for Substance Use Disorders?
When helping a loved one struggling with addiction, interventions are often the first approach. Someone experiencing a crisis can easily turn to alcohol or drugs as a sense of escape and uses it as a coping mechanism to deal with this crisis. So many individuals with addiction have an underlying emotional, mental, and physical turmoil they have not treated. Whether they’re struggling with co-occurring mental illness or polysubstance abuse, they’re likely having difficulties coping with the crisis. Crisis intervention is often used as a first step in helping someone seek treatment for their addiction. Crisis intervention can shift someone’s mentality about using substances to cope with their struggles. Unlike traditional crisis interventions, there are many more strategies for a successful intervention when addiction is present.
GET OUR FREE GUIDE ON HOW TO STAGE AN INTERVENTION
Where Can I Find Help?
Anyone can attempt to set up a crisis intervention. However, it’s best to recruit the help of professionals. Usually, psychiatrists, counselors, psychologists, law enforcement, emergency medical staff, and communications personnel can assist crisis intervention. A certified intervention counselor can help families of those with substance use disorder or mental illness. It can be additional challenging to try these interventions without professional help because most people don’t understand these conditions’ underlying triggers during a crisis. Overall, most interventions range from 20 minutes to several hours long, depending on the type of crisis and the method used. In the end, the goal of an intervention is to trigger a follow-up action, which in most cases means seeking treatment for the unhealed trauma. At Lighthouse Recovery Institute, we help many families stage interventions to help a loved one seek the help they need to beat their addiction. We also coach and guide families to navigate the recovery journey and find the support they need to overcome this challenging situation. Call 866-308-2090 today and speak to an intervention specialist to get help.
About Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Programs
Now, communities have what’s known as a crisis intervention team (CIT) program. These are community-based teams to improve the encounters of law enforcement agents and crisis episodes. This program aims to give police offers more tools to do their jobs safely and effectively. Still, there’s a lot of work to be done, and these programs are at least a first step in reducing catastrophic police responses to a crisis episode. However, so far, in communities with CIT training, there was an 80% reduction of police officer injuries during mental health crisis calls. Of course, we all know that this isn’t the case in most calls. Hopefully, these programs will continue to develop and help those in desperate need of help. | https://lighthouserecoveryinstitute.com/blog/what-is-a-crisis-intervention/ |
Summer SAVY 2018: Session 6, Day 1 – Archaeology and Ancient Culture (Rising 3rd/4th)
Dear SAVY parents,
Our budding archaeologists had a wonderful first day in Mesoamerica! Students arrived ready to learn, and everyone showed their excitement right off the bat! We began this morning by playing People Bingo to get to know one another! Sort of like a scavenger hunt, students had a lot of fun asking each other questions like, “Have you ever been to an archaeological site,” “Have you ever met anyone famous,” and “Do you have more than 10 first cousins?” After this, we took a few minutes to complete our concept maps, which are used to find out what students already know about archaeology. Next, we talked about what it is we think archaeologists do versus what archaeologists actually do! Like most adults, many of the students were surprised to learn that archaeologists do NOT study dinosaurs! Instead, archaeologists study the history of humankind through the materials left behind by ancient people. Once we had that squared away, we discussed the location of Mesoamerica and the civilizations that lived there before Europeans arrived in the Americas. We looked at photos of archaeological sites from the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Mixtec, and Aztec civilizations, covering approximately 3,500 years of history! Keeping in line with our Big Picture concept this week, we began discussing systems, and I was pleasantly surprised to find that many of the students already knew what a system is and how it works! Throughout the rest of the week, we will be exploring how social, economic, and politic systems worked together in Mesoamerica to sustain these civilizations for centuries! Today, we started with social systems, which make up the base of the other systems. Since most social systems start at the household level, students were organized into four groups (or “households”), and each household was responsible for producing a particular type of clay craft (bowls, plates, cups, vases). After we shaped our crafts, students painted their pottery with specific colors that reflect the connections between members of each household. Later in the week, students will have the chance to see how these materials move through the economic and political systems and eventually end up in the archaeological record where they are interpreted by archaeologists! I think it’s going to be a really exciting week!
Here are a few discussion questions you can talk about with your students:
1. What is a system?
2. What types of elements make up a social system?
3. What is the difference between an artifact and a feature? What are some examples of each?
4. Why is it important for archaeologists to know how old artifacts or features are?
Thanks very much! | https://pty.vanderbilt.edu/2018/07/summer-savy-2018-session-6-day-1-archaeology-and-ancient-culture-rising-3rd-4th/ |
Microbe and plant assisted-remediation of organic xenobiotics and its enhancement by genetically modified organisms and recombinant technology: A review.
Environmental problems such as the deterioration of groundwater quality, soil degradation and various threats to human, animal and ecosystem health are closely related to the presence of high concentrations of organic xenobiotics in the environment. Employing appropriate technologies to remediate contaminated soils is crucial due to the site-specificity of most remediation methods. The limitations of conventional remediation technologies include poor environmental compatibility, high cost of implementation and poor public acceptability. This raises the call to employ biological methods for remediation. Bioremediation and microbe-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) offer many ecological and cost-associated benefits. The overall efficiency and performance of bio- and phytoremediation approaches can be enhanced by genetically modified microbes and plants. Moreover, phytoremediation can also be stimulated by suitable plant-microbe partnerships, i.e. plant-endophytic or plant-rhizospheric associations. Synergistic interactions between recombinant bacteria and genetically modified plants can further enhance the restoration of environments impacted by organic pollutants. Nevertheless, releasing genetically modified microbes and plants into the environment does pose potential risks. These can be minimized by adopting environmental biotechnological techniques and guidelines provided by environmental protection agencies and other regulatory frameworks. The current contribution provides a comprehensive overview on enhanced bioremediation and phytoremediation approaches using transgenic plants and microbes. It also sheds light on the mitigation of associated environmental risks.
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This document refers to installing the APTF10KT01, APTF10KW01, and APTF20KW01 transformers in a North American 120/240 or 120/208 environment. For installations in other regions please consult the users manual.
The wiring block outputs are as follows:
For domestic use, make sure that the Terminal Block Jumper is installed between the Ground Terminal and Terminal 8 on the output wiring block, as illustrated on page 8 of the user manual. Please also make sure that the input voltage switch is in the correct position.
The step-down transformer provides 240/120 output as 2 120v hots, a neutral, and a ground. It provides 208v output as a 120v hot, an 88v hot, and a ground. The 120v hot (terminal 7) and the 88v hot (terminal 9) are 180 degrees out of phase. You will measure 208v from terminals 7 to 9. The step-down transformer is not able to provide 2 120v hots that are 120 degrees out of phase as you would see with utility power.
Note: If your installation requires both 208v and 120v output power you will need 2 separate subpanels: a 240v/120v panel and a dedicated 208v subpanel.
Issue
The energy values are stored across two 16-bit integer registers on an energy meter.
Product Line
Energy Meter
Environment
Reading and converting Modbus register values
Resolution
The Energy Meter stores energy across two 16-bit integer registers.
Register #1 and Register #2 (Modbus address 257/258 for Register #1 and 259/260 for Register #2). Register #2 is the High WORD and Register #1 is the Low WORD.
The Multiplier/Divisor table states that both of these registers must be divided by 32 to obtain the real value from the raw data.
The Multiplier/Divisor should NOT be applied to both registers. It is applied to the final value of both registers.
To calculate the Energy the registers must first be arranged as the register list states is the High word and is the Low word.
To make the High word it needs to be shifted to the left 16 bits.
To accomplish this multiply the value in by 65,356.
You will then add this value to the value in .
The final value will be divided or multiplied by the correct scaling value. Please see the example listed below.
For this example we will assume an Energy Meter with 300 amp CTs. According to the Integer Multiplier/ Divisor table, 300 amp CTs will give a divisor value, (d), of 32 and a multiplier value, (m), of 0.03125.
We will assume the following register values.
Register #1 = 29,586
Register #2 = 31
Using Divisor Table
kWh = ([R2]*65,536+[R1])/d
kWh = (31*65,536+29,586) / 32
kWh = 64412.56
Using Multiplier Table
kWh = ([R2]*65,536+[R1]) * m
kWh = (31*65,536+29,586) * 0.03125
kWh = 64412.56
*Note the divisor will not always be 32 and the multiplier will not always be 0.03125. For the correct values please see the Integer Multiplier Table. | https://www.clipsal.com/products/detail?CatNo=287/150 |
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abstract: 'Let $D$ be a connected oriented graph. A set $S \subseteq V(D)$ is convex in $D$ if, for every pair of vertices $x, y \in S$, the vertex set of every $xy$-geodesic, ($xy$ shortest directed path) and every $yx$-geodesic in $D$ is contained in $S$. The convexity number, ${\textnormal{con}}(D)$, of a non-trivial oriented graph, $D$, is the maximum cardinality of a proper convex set of $D$. The strong convexity spectrum of the graph $G$, $S_{SC} (G)$, is the set $\{{\textnormal{con}}(D) \colon\ D \textnormal{ is a strong orientation of G} \}$. In this paper we prove that the problem of determining the convexity number of an oriented graph is $\mathcal{NP}$-complete, even for bipartite oriented graphs of arbitrary large girth, extending previous known results for graphs. We also determine $S_{SC} (P_n \Box P_m)$, for every pair of integers $n,m \ge 2$.'
address:
- |
Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,\
Area de la Investigación Científica, Circuito Exterior, C.U.\
Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México, D.F.
- |
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,\
Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México, D.F.
author:
- 'Gabriela Araujo-Pardo'
- 'César Hernández-Cruz'
- 'Juan José Montellano-Ballesteros'
title: The strong convexity spectra of grids
---
Convexity number ,Convex set ,Spectrum ,Oriented graph ,Grid 05C 12 ,05C20
Introduction {#intro}
============
Graphs considered in the paper are finite, without loops or multiple edges. In a graph $G = (V , E)$, $V$ and $E$ ($V(G)$ and $E(G)$) denote the vertex set and the edge set of $G$, respectively. For undefined concepts and notation we refer the reader to [@BJD].
For two vertices $u$ and $v$ in a graph $G$, a $uv$-geodesic is a shortest path between $u$ and $v$. A set $S$ of vertices of $G$ is convex if the vertices of every $uv$-geodesic is contained in $S$ for every $u, v \in S$. According to Duchet, convexity in graphs has been studied since the early seventies, when abstract convexity was studied in different contexts ([@D] is an outdated, but very nice, survey on the subject). Convexity in graphs has taken many different directions, and different related parameters have been defined and widely studied, e.g., the hull number [@ES], the geodetic number [@HLT], and the convexity number [@CWZ] of a graph. Recent papers on this subjects include [@ACGNSS; @DPRS2; @DPRS], where the decision problem associated with these three parameters are shown to be $\mathcal{NP}$-complete, even when restricted to bipartite graphs, and in the case of the geodetic number, even when restricted to bipartite chordal graphs.
Chartrand, Fink and Zhang generalized the concept of convexity to oriented graphs, and defined the convexity number for an oriented graph; oriented analogues of the hull number and geodetic number are defined in [@CZ]. We focus on the convexity number of oriented graphs; although this generalization was introduced in 2002, and the proof given by Gimbel in [@G] on the $\mathcal{NP}$-completeness of determining the convexity number of an arbitrary graph is one of the shortest and neatest $\mathcal{NP}$-completeness proofs ever done, the problem of determining the convexity number of an oriented graph was not known to be $\mathcal{NP}$-complete until now. We prove that determining the convexity number of an oriented graph is $\mathcal{NP}$-complete even when restricted to bipartite graphs of girth $g$, with $g \ge 6$.
An *oriented graph* is an orientation of some graph. In an oriented graph $D = (V , E)$, $V$ and $E$ ($V(D)$ and $E(D)$) denote the vertex set and the edge set of $D$, respectively. An *oriented subgraph* $D' = (V', E')$ of an oriented graph $D = (V , E)$ is an oriented graph with $V' \subseteq V$ and $E' \subseteq E$. An oriented graph is *connected* if its underlying graph is connected. A *directed path* is a sequence $(v_1,v_2,...,v_k)$ of vertices of an oriented graph $D$ such that $v_1,v_2,...,v_k$ are distinct and $(v_i,v_{i+1}) \in E(D)$ for $i \in \{ 1, 2, . . . , k-1 \}$. An oriented graph is *strongly connected* (or *strong*) if for every pair of distinct vertices $u$ and $v$, there exists a directed path from $u$ to $v$. The *girth* of an oriented graph is the length of a shortest directed cycle.
A $uv$-*geodesic* in a digraph $D$ is a shortest $uv$-directed path and its length is $d_D (u, v)$. A nonempty subset, $S$, of the vertex set of a digraph, $D$, is called a *convex set* of $D$ if, for every $u, v \in S$, every vertex lying on a $uv$- or $vu$-geodesic belongs to $S$. For a nonempty subset, $A$, of $V(D)$, the *convex hull*, $[A]$, is the minimal convex set containing $A$. Thus $[S] = S$ if and only if $S$ is convex in $D$. The *convexity number*, ${\textnormal{con}}(D)$, of a digraph $D$ is the maximum cardinality of a proper convex set of $D$. A *maximum convex set* $S$, of a digraph $D$, is a convex set with cardinality ${\textnormal{con}}(D)$. Since every singleton vertex set is convex in a connected oriented graph $D$, $1\le {\textnormal{con}}(D) \le n-1$. The *degree*, $d(v)$, of a vertex $v$ in an oriented graph is the sum of its in-degree and out-degree; this is, $d(v) = d^-(v) + d^+(v)$. A vertex, $v$, is an *end-vertex* if $d(v) = 1$. A *source* is a vertex having positive out-degree and in-degree $0$, while a *sink* is a vertex having positive in-degree and out-degree $0$. For a vertex $v$ of $D$, the in-neighborhood of $v$, $N^-(v)$, is the set $\{ x \colon\ (v, x) \in E(D) \}$ and the out-neighborhood of $v$, $N^+ (v)$, is the set $\{ x \colon\ (x, v) \in E(D)\}$. A vertex $v$ of $D$ is a *transitive vertex* if $d^+(v)>0$, $d^-(v) > 0$ and, for every $u \in N^+(v)$ and $w \in N^-(v)$, $(w, u) \in E(D)$.
For graphs $G$ and $H$, their [*cartesian product*]{}, $G \Box H$, is the graph with vertex set $V(G) \times V(H)$, and such that two vertices $(g_1,h_1)$ and $(g_2,h_2)$ are adjacent in $G \Box H$ if either $g_1=g_2$ and $h_1 h_2$ is an edge in $H$, or $h_1=h_2$ and $g_1 g_2$ is an edge in $G$. For a vertex $g$ of $G$, the subgraph of $G \Box H$ induced by the set $\{ (g,h) \colon\ h \in H \}$ is called an $H$-fiber and is denoted by $^gH$. Similarly, for $h \in H$, the $G$-fiber, $G^h$, is the subgraph induced by $\{ (g,h) \colon g \in G \}$. We will have occasion to use the fiber notation $G^h$ and $^gH$ to refer instead to the set of vertices in these subgraphs; the meaning will be clear from the context. It is clear that all $G$-fibers are isomorphic to $G$ and all $H$-fibers are isomorphic to $H$.
As mentioned, the concept of convexity number of an oriented graph was first introduced by Chartrand, Fink and Zhang in [@CFZ], where they proved the following pair of theorems.
Let $D$ be a connected oriented graph of order $n \ge 2$. Then ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = n-1$ if and only if $D$ contains a source, a sink or a transitive vertex.
\[no2\] There is no connected graph of order at least $4$ with convexity number $2$.
Taking an interesting direction for the subject of convexity in oriented graphs, in [@TYF], Tong, Yen and Farrugia introduced the concepts of convexity spectrum and strong convexity spectrum of a graph. For a nontrivial connected graph $G$, we define the *convexity spectrum*, $S_C (G)$, of a graph $G$, as the set of convexity numbers of all orientations of $G$, and the *strong convexity spectrum*, $S_{SC}(G)$, of a graph $G$ as the set of convexity numbers of all strongly connected orientations of $G$. If $G$ has no strongly connected orientation, then $S_{SC}(G)$ is empty. The *lower orientable convexity number*, ${\textnormal{con}^-}(G)$, of $G$ is defined to be $\min S_C(G)$ and the *upper orientable convexity number*, ${\textnormal{con}^+}(G)$, is defined to be $\max S_C(G)$. Hence, for every nontrivial connected graph $G$ of order $n$, $1\le {\textnormal{con}^-}(G) \le {\textnormal{con}^+}(G) \le n-1$.
Tong, Yen and Farrugia calculated the convexity and strong convexity spectra of complete graphs and also constructed, for every $a \in \mathbb{Z}^+$, a graph $G$ with convexity spectrum $\{ a, n-1 \}$. It is not very surprising that the strong convexity spectra of $K_n$ for $n \ge 7$ is a “large” set, $\{ 1, 3, 5,6, \dots, n-2 \}$, missing only $2, 4$ and $n-1$. Nonetheless, we find very surprising that, in one hand, Tong and Yen proved in [@TY] that $S_{SC} (K_{r,s}) = \{ 1 \}$ for every pair of integers $2 \le r, s$, and, in the other hand, we prove that the strong convexity spectrum of an $n \times m$ grid, for any pair of integers $n,m \ge 5$, only lacks the set of integers $\{ 2, 3, 5, n-1, n-2, n-3, n-4, n-5 \}$. So, an interesting question arises from the previous observation: What property in a graph determines a large strong convexity spectrum? We can discard regularity and high degrees; grids are not regular graphs, and have both small maximum and minimum degree. Although we did not find what is so special about grids in terms of convexity, we managed to calculate the strong convexity spectra of all grids.
The rest of this paper is ordered as follows.
Section \[SNP\] is devoted to prove the $\mathcal{NP}$-completeness of the problem of determining the convexity number of a given oriented graph; the problem remains $\mathcal{NP}$-complete even when restricted to bipartite oriented graphs of arbitrarily large girth. In Section \[SGrids\], we prove some basic results on the convexity number of general oriented graphs, and also introduce a concept of main importance to this work: The whirlpool orientation of a grid. Using this concept, we prove that $1 \in S_{SC} (G)$ for any grid $G$. We finish the section with a result excluding some values from the strong convexity spectra of certain grids. Section \[SCSSG\] is devoted to calculate the strong convexity spectra of $n \times 2$ and $n \times 3$ grids for every integer $n \ge 2$. In Section \[SMain\], the strong convexity spectra of $n \times m$ grids for every pair of integers $n, m \ge 4$ is calculated.
$\mathcal{NP}$-completeness {#SNP}
===========================
We define the problem <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oriented Convexity Number</span> as follows. Given an ordered pair $(D,k)$, consisting of an oriented graph $D$ and a positive integer $k$, determine whether $D$ has a convex set of size at least $k$.
This first section is devoted to prove the $\mathcal{NP}$-completeness of <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oriented Convexity Number</span>.
\[redu\] <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oriented Convexity Number</span> restricted to bipartite oriented graphs of girth $6$ is $\mathcal{NP}$-complete.
Let $D$ be an oriented graph. Given a subset $C \subseteq V(D)$, it can be verified in polynomial time whether $C$ is a convex set. Hence, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oriented Convexity Number</span> is in $\mathcal{NP}$.
In order to prove $\mathcal{NP}$-hardness (and hence $\mathcal{NP}$-completness), we reduce an instance $(G,k)$ of the well-known $\mathcal{NP}$-complete problem <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Clique</span> to an instance $(D,k')$ of <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oriented Convexity Number</span> such that $\omega(G) \ge k$ if and only if ${\textnormal{con}}(D) \ge k'$, the encoding length of $(D,k')$ is polinomially bounded in terms of the encoding length of $(G,k)$, and $D$ is bipartite.
Let $(G,k)$ be an instance of <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Clique</span>. Let us assume that $k \ge 3$ and $G$ is connected; we construct $D$ as follows. For every vertex $u$ of $G$ we create a directed hexagon, $H_u$, with two antipodal distinguished vertices $x_u$ and $y_u$. For every edge $uv \in E(G)$ we add the arcs $(x_u,y_v)$ and $(x_v,y_u)$ to $D$. We create four additional vertices $z_1, z_2, z_3, z_4$ with arcs $(z_i, z_{i+1})$ for $1 \le i \le 3$ and arcs $(x_u, z_1), (z_4, y_u)$ for every $u \in V(G)$.
![The digraph $D$ of Theorem \[redu\] when $G$ is $P_3 = (u,v,w)$.[]{data-label="reduFig"}](Reduction.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
Clearly, $|V(D)| = 6|V(G)| + 4$ and $|A(D)| = 8|V(G)| + 2|E(G)|+ 3$. It is direct to observe that the digraph $D$ is bipartite and strongly connected. In Figure \[reduFig\] the classes of the bipartition are given by the vertices of the same color (black and white). We also claim the following statements to hold.
\[C1\] Let $u$ be a vertex in $G$ and let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ with $|C| \ge 2$. If $C \cap V(H_u) \ne \varnothing$, then $V(H_u) \subseteq C$.
\[C2\] Let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ with $|C| \ge 2$. If $z_i \in C$ for $1 \le i \le 4$, then $C = V(D)$.
\[C3\] Let $u, v \in V(G)$ be such that $d_G (u,v) \ge 2$. If $C$ is a convex set of $D$ such that $C \cap V(H_u) \ne \varnothing \ne C \cap V(H_v)$, then $C=V(D)$.
\[C4\] If $S$ is a clique of $G$, then $C=\bigcup_{v \in S} V(H_v)$ is a convex set of $D$.
It follows from Claims \[C1\]-\[C4\] that $C$ is a proper convex set of $D$ with $|C| \ge 2$, if and only if there exists a clique $S$ in $G$ such that $C=\bigcup_{v \in S} V(H_v)$. Considering a maximum clique of $G$, and a maximum proper convex set of $D$, we obtain $\omega(G) = 6 {\textnormal{con}}(D)$. Hence, if $k'=6k$, then $G$ contains a clique of size at least $k$ if and only if $D$ contains a convex set of size at least $k'$. Since the encoding length of $(D,k')$ is linearly bounded in terms of the encoding length of $(G,k)$, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oriented Convexity Number</span> is $\mathcal{NP}$-complete.
We will consider two cases. First, assume that $|C \cap V(H_u)| \ge 2$. Let $w_1$ and $w_2$ be vertices in $C \cap V(H_u)$. Clearly, $w_1 H_u w_2$ is a $w_1w_2$-geodesic in $D$ and $w_2 H_u w_1$ is a $w_2w_1$-geodesic in $D$. Hence, $V(H_u) \subseteq C$.
For the second case suppose that $w_1 \in V(H_u)$ and $w_2 \in C \setminus V(H_u)$. Therefore, every $w_1w_2$-directed path in $D$ uses the vertex $x_u$, and every $w_2w_1$-directed path in $D$ uses the vertex $y_u$. Thus, $|C \cap V(H_u)| \ge 2$ and we are back to the first case.
Suppose first that $z_j \in C$ with $i \ne j$. Assume without loss of generality that $i < j$. Every $z_j z_i$-directed path in $D$ uses the vertices $z_1$ and $z_4$, thus $z_1, z_4 \in C$. For every $u \in V(G)$, $(z_4, y_u) \cup (y_u H_u x_u) \cup (x_u, z_1)$ is a $z_4 z_1$-geodesic in $D$. We conclude from Claim \[C1\] that $V(H_u) \subseteq C$ for every $u \in V(G)$, and it follows that $C = V(G)$.
If $z_i \in C$ for $1 \le i \le 4$ and $w \in C$ for some $w \in V(D) \setminus \{z_1, z_2, z_3, z_4\}$, then every $wz_i$-directed path in $D$ uses the vertex $z_1$ and every $z_iw$-directed path in $D$ uses the vertex $z_4$. Thus, $z_1, z_4 \in C$ and we are done.
It follows from Claim \[C1\] that $V(H_u) \cup V(H_v) \subseteq C$. Since $d_G(u,v) \ge 2$, it is easy to observe that $(x_u, z_1, z_2, z_3, z_4, y_v)$ is an $x_u y_v$-geodesic in $D$. Hence, $z_1 \in C$ and Claim \[C2\] guarantees $C=V(D)$.
It is direct to verify that $V(H_u)$ is a convex set of $D$ for every $u \in V(G)$. Let $|S| \ge 2$ and $u,v \in S$. If $w_1 \in V(H_u)$ and $w_2 \in V(H_v)$, then every $w_1 w_2$-directed path in $D$ uses the vertices $x_u$ and $y_v$; moreover, it must contain an $x_uy_v$-directed path. Our claim follows from noting that $(x_u, y_v) \in A(D)$.
It is easy to observe that the directed $6$-cycles in the previous construction can be replaced by directed $2n$-cycles, and the directed path $(z_1, \dots, z_4)$ can be replaced by a directed path of length $n$, in order to get the result for an oriented bipartite graph of arbitrary large girth.
Grids {#SGrids}
=====
We begin this section with two straightforward lemmas regarding convex sets in strong oriented graphs. The first lemma is a direct observation, so the proof will be omitted.
\[girthcon\] Let $D$ be a strongly connected oriented graph. If $C \subseteq V(D)$ is a convex set such that $|C| \ge 2$, then $C$ induces a strong subdigraph of $D$. Therefore, $\min (S_{SC} (G) \setminus \{ 1 \}) \ge g(G)$, where $g(G)$ stands for the girth of $G$.
\[comcon\] Let $D$ be an oriented graph. If $C \subseteq V(D)$ is a maximal convex set, then $D - C$ is a connected subdigraph of $D$.
Otherwise, let $D_1, \dots, D_n$ be the connected components of $D-C$. Since $C$ is a convex set of $D$, $C \cup \bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} V(D_i)$ is a convex set of $D$ properly containing $C$, a contradiction.
The following observation is simple, but also very useful while searching for adequate orientations to realize specific convex numbers. The proof is straightforward and thus will be omitted.
\[ai-ao\] Let $G$ be a triangle-free graph and let $D$ be an orientation of $G$ with a convex set $C$. Let $x \in V \setminus C$ be adjacent to a vertex $y \in C$.
- If $(x,y) \in A(D)$, then $N(x) \cap C \subseteq N^+ (x)$.
- If $(y,x) \in A(D)$, then $N(x) \cap C \subseteq N^- (x)$.
Let $n$ be an integer. We denote by $P_n$ the path on $n$ vertices, and we will assume without loss of generality that $P_n = (1, \dots, n)$. The $(n \times m)$-*grid* is the cartesian product $P_n \Box P_m$. Hence, if $G = P_n \Box P_m$, then $V(G) = \{ (i,j) \colon\ 1 \le i \le n, 1 \le i \le m \}$. Although it is not standard, and it can be impractical in a different context, for the sake of simplicity we will denote the ordered pair $(i,j)$ as $i_j$. Also, we will use the canonical embedding of the grid $G = P_n \Box P_m$ in the plane to define orientations of $G$, and directed paths in an orientation $D$ of $G$. To achieve this goal, we will use directions to “move” on the grid, denoted as a sequence of movements using the symbols $u, d, l, r$, which stand for up, down, left and right. As an example, consider a directed cycle denoted in the usual way, *i.e.*, $(i_j, i_{j+1}, (i+1)_{j+1}, (i+1)_j, i_j)$; with our notation we have the sequence $(u,r,d,l)$, starting at vertex $i_j$. In the following paragraph, there is another example of the orientations that can be defined in this way.
Let $n, m \ge 2$ be integers and $G$ be the canonical plane embedding of the grid $P_n \Box P_m$. Let $H^\ast$ be a connected subgraph of the interior dual of $G$ and let $H$ be the subgraph of $G$ induced by the faces in $V(H^\ast)$ (hence, the interior dual of $H$ is $H^\ast$). We define a *whirlpool* to be an oriented graph obtained from $H$ by the following orientation of its edges.
![A whirlpool orientation of the subgraph induced by the vertices in the gray region.[]{data-label="whirlpool"}](Figure8.pdf)
$$\textnormal{Orient } \left\{ \begin{array}{l} i_j i_{j+1} \textnormal{ as:} \left\{ \begin{array}{lc} (i_j,i_{j+1}) & \textnormal{if } i \stackrel{2}{\equiv} j \\ \\ (i_{j+1},i_j) & \textnormal{otherwise.} \end{array}\right. \\ \\ i_j (i+1)_j \textnormal{ as:} \left\{ \begin{array}{lc} ((i+1)_j,i_j) & \textnormal{if } i \stackrel{2}{\equiv} j \\ \\ (i_j,(i+1)_j) & \textnormal{otherwise.} \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right.$$ An example of a whirlpool is depicted in Figure \[whirlpool\], where the graph $H^\ast$ has the gray faces of the grid as its vertex set. In the rest of the figures, the gray squares will always correspond to directed cycles. As the following proposition shows, whirlpools have a very important property related to convexity.
\[lcon1grids\] If $D$ is a whirlpool, then ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 1$.
Let $D$ be a whirlpool. Hence, there exist a pair of integers $n, m \ge 2$ and a subgraph $H$ of the grid $P_n \Box P_m$ such that $D$ is obtained from $H$ by the aforementioned orientation of its edges. We affirm that every $4$-cycle in $H$ is an oriented $4$-cycle in $D$. If $C$ is a $4$-cycle in $H$, then $C = (i_j, i_{j+1},(i+1)_{j+1},(i+1)_j,i_j)$ for some $1 \le i \le n-1, 1 \le j \le m-1$. It is not difficult to observe that if $i \stackrel{2}{\equiv} j$, then $C$ is an oriented cycle in $D$. Else, $C^{-1}$ (the cycle $C$ in reverse order) is an oriented cycle in $D$. Hence, $D$ is strongly connected.
Since every edge of $H$ belongs to a $4$-cycle, it follows that every arc of $D$ belongs to a directed $4$-cycle. Recalling that $D$ is triangle free, it is clear that $u \to v$ implies $d(v,u) = 3$. Hence, if $u \to v$, then the vertex set of every $4$-cycle containing the arc $(u,v)$ is contained in the convex hull of $\{u,v\}$. But $D$ is strongly connected, so using the fact that the interior dual of $H$ is connected, it can be shown inductively that for every pair $u,v$ of vertices of $D$, the convex hull of $\{ u, v \}$ is $V(D)$. Therefore, ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 1$.
\[con=1\] For every grid $G$, $1 \in S_{SG}(G)$.
Observe that if an oriented grid $D$ contains a whirlpool $W$ as a subdigraph, then every convex set containing at least two adjacent vertices of $W$ must contain $V(W)$. Also, if $W$ is a whirlpool, then the digraph $\overleftarrow{W}$ obtained by the reversal of every arc of $W$ has the same properties as $W$; we will call such a digraph an *anti-whirlpool*.
For a given integer $k$ and an oriented graph $D$, it is easier to prove $k \in S_{SC} (D)$ than proving $k \notin S_{SC} (D)$. The following result excludes some values from the strong convexity spectra of grids. Although simple, the complete proof of the lemma is to long to be included here. The proof of the first item of the lemma is complete, as well as the cases $i=3$ and $i=4$ of the second item. The proofs for the cases $i=5$ and $i=6$ can be obtained with similar arguments.
\[forbid\] Let $n, m \ge 2$ be integers. If $G = P_n \Box P_m$, then:
- $2,3,5, |V|-1 \notin S_{SC} (G)$.
- For every $i \in \{ 3, 4, 5, 6 \}$, if $n,m \ge i$, then $|V|-(i-1) \notin S_{SC} (G)$.
By Theorem \[no2\] we have $2 \notin S_{SC} (G)$. Observing that every connected subdigraph of $G$ with $3$ or $5$ vertices has at least one vertex of degree $1$, and thus does not admit a strong orientation, it follows from Lemma \[girthcon\] that $3,5 \notin S_{SC} (G)$. Any strong orientation of $G$ has neither sinks nor sources. Also, $g(G)=4$ and hence the orientations of $G$ cannot have transitive vertices. It follows that $|V|-1 \notin S_{SC} (G)$.
Let $n,m$ be integers such that $n,m \ge 3$ and suppose that a strong orientation $D$ of $G$ has a convex set $C$ of cardinality $|V|-2$. Let $S=\{ x, y \}$ be the set $V \setminus C$ and assume without loss of generality that $(x,y) \in A(D)$. Since $D$ is strong, $d^-(x) \ge 1$ and $d^+(y) \ge 1$. It follows from Observation \[ai-ao\] that $N^-(x) \cap C = N^-(x)$ and $N^+(y) \cap C = N^+(y)$. Let us denote by $x^u, x^d, x^l, x^r$ the vertices above, below, to the left and to the right of $x$, respectively, in G. Since $n,m \ge 3$, we can assume without loss of generality that either $(x^u, x, y, y^r)$ or $(x^l, x, y, y^u)$ is a directed path in $D$, and hence a geodesic. But this contradicts that $C$ is a convex set. Hence, a convex set of cardinality $|V|-2$ cannot exist.
Let $n,m$ be integers such that $n,m \ge 4$ and suppose that a strong orientation $D$ of $G$ has a convex set $C$ of cardinality $|V|-3$. Let $S=\{ x, y, z \}$ be the set $V \setminus C$. Let us assume without loss of generality that $(x,y) \in A(D)$ and $x^r = y$. We have two cases.
First consider $y^r = z$. Again, we have two cases. Our first subcase is $(z,y) \in A(D)$. As in the previous argument, either $(x^l, x, y, y^u)$ or $(z^r, z, y, y^u)$ is a geodesic in $D$, contradicting that $C$ is a convex set. Our second subcase is $(y,z) \in A(D)$. We will assume without loss of generality that $(y^u, y) \in A(D)$. Hence, either $(x^l, x, y, z, z^u)$ or $(y^u, y, z, z^r)$ is a geodesic in $D$, contradicting that $C$ is a convex set.
As a second case, consider $y^d = z$, with two subcases. Our first subcase is $(z,y) \in A(D)$. Either $(x^d, x, y, y^r)$ or $(z^l, z, y, y^u)$ is a geodesic in $D$, a contradiction. The second subcase is $(y,z) \in A(D)$. Hence, at least one of the following directed paths is present in $D$, and it is a geodesic: $(x^d, x, y, y^u), (x^d, x, y, y^r), (y^u, y, z, z^l), (y^r, y, z, z^l)$. But every case results in a contradiction. Hence, a convex set of cardnality $|V|-3$ cannot exist.
Convex spectra of small grids {#SCSSG}
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The following pair of results deal with the convexity spectra of $n \times 2$ grids.
\[2\*n-part1\] Let $n \ge 2$ be an integer and let $G$ be the grid $P_n \Box P_2$. If $j$ is an integer such that $j \ne 1$ and $\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor \le j \le n-1$, then $2j \in S_{SC} (G)$.
Let $D_1$ be the orientation of $G_1 = P_j \Box P_2$ as a whirlpool. We will consider two cases.
First, suppose that $j \ge \frac{n}{2}$. Let $D_2$ be the orientation of $G_2 = G-G_1$ as a whirlpool, if $j$ is odd, or as anti-whirlpool if $j$ is even. In either case, the orientation of the edges $j_1 j_2$ and $(j+1)_1 (j+1)_2$ result in parallel arcs, *i.e.*, we have either the arcs $(j_1,j_2)$ and $((j+1)_1, (j+1)_2)$ or the arcs $(j_2,j_1)$ and $((j+1)_2,(j+1)_1)$. We will assume that $j$ is odd, the remaining case can be dealt similarly. If $D$ is the digraph obtained by orienting the two remaining edges as $(j_1,(j+1)_1)$ and $((j+1)_2,j_2)$, then it is clear that $\partial^+(V(D_1)) = \{ (j_1,(j+1)_1) \}$ and $\partial^-(V(D_1)) = \{ ((j+1)_2,j_2) \}$. But $d_D(j_1,j_2)=1$, and hence, $V(D_1)$ is a convex set of cardinality $2j$. If $C$ is a convex set of $P_n \Box P_2$ such that $|C| > 2j$, then $C \cap V(D_1) \ne \varnothing \ne C \cap V(D_2)$. From the previous observations about $\partial^+ (V(D_1))$ and $\partial^- (V(D_1))$, we conclude that $j_1, j_2, (j+1)_1, (j+1)_2 \in C$. Since $D_1$ and $D_2$ are whirlpools, we obtain $C=V(P_n \Box P_2)$. Therefore, $V(D_1)$ is a maximum convex set of $D$.
If $j = \left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor$, then we will assume that $n$ is odd, otherwise we are back in the previous case. Let $D_2$ be the orientation of $G_2 = G- G[V(D) \setminus V(G_1) \cup \{ (j+1)_1, (j+1)_2 \}]$ as a whirlpool, if $j$ is odd, or as anti-whirlpool if $j$ is even. Again, we will assume that $j$ is odd. Orient the remaining edges in the following way: $((j+1)_1, (j+1)_2), ((j+1)_2, j_2), ((j+1)_2, (j+2)_2), (j_1, (j+1)_1)$ and $ ((j+2)_1, (j+1)_1)$. An argument similar to the one used in the previous case shows that $V(G_1)$ and $V(G_2)$ are convex sets of $D$, and clearly $|V(G_1)| = |V(G_2)|$. If $C$ is a convex set of $P_n \Box P_2$ such that $|C| > 2j$, then $C \cap \{ (j+1)_1, (j+1)_2 \} \ne \varnothing$. Since $N^+((j+1)_1) = \{ (j+1)_2 \}$ and $N^-((j+1)_2) = \{ (j+1)_1 \}$, then $\{ (j+1)_1, (j+1)_2 \} \subseteq C$. But $((j+1)_2, j_2, (j-1)_2, (j-1)_1, j_1, (j+1)_1)$ and $((j+1)_2, (j+2)_2, (j+3)_2, (j+3)_1, (j+2)_1, (j+1)_1)$ are $(j+1)_2 (j+1)_1$-geodesics in $D$. Since $G_1$ and $G_2$ are whirlpools in $D$, we obtain $C = V(D)$. Hence, $V(G_1)$ is a maximum convex set of $D$.
If $n \ge 2$ is an integer and $G$ is the grid $P_n \Box P_2$, then $$S_{SC} (G) = \{ 1 \} \cup \{ 2j \colon\ \left\lfloor \tfrac{n}{2} \right\rfloor \le j \le n-1\} \setminus \{ 2 \}.$$
Let $D$ be a strong orientation of $G$ and $C$ a maximum convex set of $D$. It follows from Lemma \[comcon\] and the fact that $D[C]$ is strong that, for some $2 \le j \le n-1$, either $V(C) = V(P_j \Box P_2)$, or $V(C) = V(D) \setminus V(P_j \Box P_2)$. Hence, there are not odd integers greater than $1$ in $S_{SC} (G)$.
Assume without loss of generality that $C = V(P_j \Box P_2)$ for some $2 \le j \le n-1$. Also assume without loss of generality that $(j_1, j_2) \in A(D)$. We will consider two cases.
Consider for the first case $((j+1)_2, (j+1)_1) \in A(D)$. Since $D$ is strong, either $((j+1)_1, j_1), (j_2, (j+1)_2) \in A(D)$ or $(j_1, (j+1)_1), ((j+1)_2, j_2) \in A(D)$. In the former case $(j_2, (j+1)_2, (j+1)_1, j_1)$ is a $j_2 j_1$-geodesic in $D$, a contradiction. In the latter case, it is direct to verify that $V(D) \setminus C$ is also a convex set; since $C$ is maximum, we get $j \ge \frac{n}{2}$.
For the second case consider $((j+1)_1, (j+1)_2) \in A(D)$. Again, since $D$ is strong, either $((j+1)_1, j_1), (j_2, (j+1)_2) \in A(D)$ or $(j_1, (j+1)_1), ((j+1)_2, j_2) \in A(D)$. In the former case it is easy to check that $V(D) \setminus C$ is a convex set of $D$, hence, $j \ge \frac{n}{2}$. In the latter case, if $((j+2)_2, (j+1)_2), ((j+1)_1, (j+2)_1) \in A(D)$, then $V(P_{j+1} \Box P_2)$ is a convex set of $D$, a contradiction. Hence $((j+1)_2, (j+2)_2), ((j+2)_1, (j+1)_1) \in A(D)$ and we have two further cases.
If $((j+2)_2, (j+2)_1) \in A(D)$, then $V(D) \setminus C$ is a convex set of $D$, thus $j \ge \frac{n}{2}$.
If $((j+2)_1, (j+2)_2) \in A(D)$, then $V(D) \setminus (C \cup \{ (j+1)_1, (j+1)_2 \})$ is a convex set of $D$, and hence $j \ge \left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor$.
Although a bit more complex, similar arguments can be used for the $n \times 3$ grids.
\[3\*n-c=3k\] Let $n \ge 2$ be an integer and let $G$ be the grid $P_n \Box P_3$. If $j$ is an integer such that $2 \le j \le n-1$, then $3j \in S_{SC} (G)$.
![The orientations used in the proof of Lemma \[3\*n-c=3k\] with $n=7$ and $j \in \{ 4, 6 \}$.[]{data-label="3*n-c=3kFig"}](Figure10.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
We consider two cases. If $j=n-1$, then let $D_1$ be the orientation of $G_1 = P_{n-1} \Box P_3$ as a whirlpool. Suppose that $n$ is even, the remaining case is analogous. Orient the remaining edges as $((n-1)_3, n_3), ((n-1)_1, n_1), (n_2, (n-1)_2), (n_1, n_2), (n_3, n_2)$. It is straightforward to verify that this orientation $D$ of $G$ is strong and $V(D_1)$ is a maximum convex set of $D$.
For $2 \le j \le n-2$, let $D_1$ be the orientation of $G_1 = P_{j-2} \Box P_3$ as a whirlpool (note that $D_1$ is empty for $j=2$). Let $D_2$ be the orientation of $G_2 = G - (P_j \Box P_3)$ as a whirlpool. Orient $(j_3, (j-1)_3, (j-1)_2, (j-1)_1, j_1, j_2, j_3)$ as a directed cycle. Also, orient $\partial (G_1)$ as $((j-2)_3, (j-1)_3), ((j-1)_2, (j-2)_2), ((j-2)_1, (j-1)_1)$ if $j$ is even, and reverse each of these arcs if $j$ is odd. Finally, orient the remaining arcs as $(j_2, (j-1)_2), (j_3, (j+1)_3), (j_2, (j+1)_2), ((j+1)_1, j_1)$. Let $D$ be the resulting orientation of $G$, and let $D_3$ be the induced subdigraph $D[ V(P_j \Box P_3)]$ of $D$.
We will assume that $j$ is even, the remaining case can be dealt similarly. Observe that $\partial^+(D_3) = \partial^-(D_2) = \{ (j_3, (j+1)_3), (j_2, (j+1)_2) \}$, and $\partial^-(D_3) = \partial^+(D_2) = \{ ((j+1)_1, j_1) \}$. Since $d((j+1)_2, (j+1)_1)=3$, $d((j+1)_3, (j+1)_1)=4$, $d(j_3, j_1)=4$, and $d(j_2, j_1)=3$, it is clear that $V(D_3)$ is a convex set of $D$ with $|V(D_3)|=3j$.
Let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 3j$. Since every convex set in a strong digraph induces a strong subdigraph, we observe that $|C \cap V(D_2)| \ge 2$. But $D_2$ is a whirlpool, and hence $V(D_2) \subseteq C$. Note that $d((j+1)_1, (j+1)_3) = 4$ and also that $((j+1)_1, j_1, j_2, j_3, (j+1)_3)$ is a directed path in $D$. Thus, $j_1, j_2, j_3 \in C$. Recall that $d(j_3, j_1)=4$ and consider the directed path $(j_3, (j-1)_3, (j-1)_2, (j-1)_1, j_1)$ to conclude $(j-1)_1, (j-1)_2, (j-1)_3 \in C$. Since $j$ is even, $((j-1)_3, (j-1)_2, (j-2)_2, (j-2)_3, (j-1)_3)$ is a directed cycle in $D$. This implies $|C \cap V(D_1)| \ge 2$, but $D_1$ is a whirlpool, and hence $V(D_1) \subseteq C$ and $C=V(D)$. Therefore ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 3j$.
\[3\*n-c=3k+2\] Let $n \ge 2$ be an integer and let $G$ be the grid $P_n \Box P_3$. If $j$ is an integer such that $2 \le j \le n-2$, then $3j+2 \in S_{SC} (G)$.
![The orientations used in the proof of Lemma \[3\*n-c=3k+2\] with $n=7$ and $j \in \{2,3,4,5\}$.[]{data-label="3*n-c=3k+2Fig"}](Figure11.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
Let $D_1$ be the orientation of $G_1 = (P_{j+1} \Box P_3) - (j+1)_3$ as a whirlpool. We will consider two cases.
For the first case consider $\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor \le j \le n-3$, and let $D_2$ be the orientation of $G_2 = G - (P_{j+1} \Box P_3)$ as a whirlpool, if $j$ is even, or as an anti-whirlpool, if $j$ is odd.
If $j$ is even, orient the remaining edges as $((j+1)_3, j_3), ((j+1)_3, (j+1)_2), ((j+2)_3, (j+1)_3), ((j+2)_2, (j+1)_2), ((j+1)_1, (j+2)_1)$ to obtain the orientation $D$ of $G$. It is direct to verify that $D$ is strong. Observing that $d((j+1)_1, (j+1)_2) = 1$ and $d((j+1)_1, j_3) = 3$ it is easy to verify that $V(D_1)$ is a convex set of $D$. If $C$ is a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 3j+2$, then $|C \cap (V(D) \setminus V(D_1))| \ne \varnothing$. But $\partial^+(D_1) = \{ ((j+1)_1, (j+2)_1) \}$, and hence $|C \cap V(D_2)| \ge 2$. Recalling that $D_2$ is a whirlpool and observing that $((j+2)_3, (j+1)_3, j_3)$ is a $(j+2)_3 j_3$-geodesic in $D$, we conclude that $C = V(D)$. Hence ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 3j+2$.
If $j$ is odd, orient the remaining edges as $(j_3, (j+1)_3), ((j+1)_2, (j+1)_3), ((j+1)_3, (j+2)_3), ((j+1)_2, (j+2)_2), ((j+2)_1, (j+1)_1)$ to obtain the orientation $D$ of $G$. This orientation is, locally, the dual orientation of the case when $j$ is even, so analogous arguments show that $V(D_1)$ is a convex set and ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 3j+2$.
As a second case, assume that $2 \le j < \left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor $ or $j = n-2$. When $j$ is odd, orient $(j_3, (j+1)_3, (j+2)_3, (j+2)_2, (j+2)_1, (j+1)_1)$ as a directed path, and orient the arcs $((j+1)_2, (j+1)_3), ((j+1)_2, (j+2)_2)$. If $j \ne n-2$, let $D_2$ be the orientation of $G_2 = G \setminus (P_{j+2} \Box P_3)$ as an anti-whirlpool and orient the remaining edges of $G$ as $((j+2)_1, (j+3)_1), ((j+2)_2, (j+3)_2), ((j+3)_3, (j+2)_3)$ to obtain $D$. Clearly $D$ is strong. Also, it is direct to verify that $V(D_1)$ is a convex set of $D$ with $3j+2$ vertices.
Let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 3j+2$. If $|C \cap V(D_2)| \ge 2$, then $V(D_2) \subseteq C$. But $((j+3)_3, (j+2)_3, (j+2)_2, (j+2)_1, (j+3)_1)$ is a $(j+3)_3 (j+3)_1$-geodesic in $D$, and thus, $(j+2)_i \in C$ for $1 \le i \le 3$. Also, $((j+2)_1, (j+1)_1, j_1, j_2, (j+1)_2, (j+1)_3, (j+2)_3)$ is a $(j+2)_1 (j+2)_3$-geodesic in $D$. This implies $C=V(D)$, because $|C \cap V(D_1)| \ge 2$.
Otherwise, and because $j \ge 2$, $V(D_1) \subseteq C$ and $v \in C$ for some $v \in \{ (j+1)_3, (j+2)_1, (j+2)_2, (j+2)_3 \}$. In any case, $(j_3, (j+1)_3, (j+2)_3, (j+2)_2, (j+2)_1, (j+1)_1)$ is the union of a $j_3 v$-geodesic and a $v (j+1)_1$-geodesic in $D$ (and the case $j=n-2$ is finished) . Since $((j+2)_2, (j+3)_2, (j+3)_3, (j+2)_3)$ is a $(j+2)_2 (j+2)_3$-geodesic in $D$, we have $|C \cap V(D_2)| \ge 2$ and $C=V(D)$.
When $j$ is even, as in the previous case, we can orient the remaining edges of $G$ to obtain, locally, an orientation that is dual to the orientation when $j$ is odd. Hence, analogous arguments can be followed to prove that $V(D_1)$ is a maximum convex set of $D$.
Therefore, ${\textnormal{con}}(D)=3j+2$.
\[3\*n-c=3k+1\] Let $n \ge 2$ be an integer and let $G$ be the grid $P_n \Box P_3$. If $j$ is an integer such that $3 \le j \le n-2$, then $3j+1 \in S_{SC} (G)$.
![The orientation used in the proof of Lemma \[3\*n-c=3k+1\] for $n=7$ and $j \in \{3, 4, 5 \}$.[]{data-label="3*n-c=3k+1Fig"}](Figure12.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
We will assume that $j$ is odd, the remaining case can be dealt similarly. Orient $G'_1 = P_{j-1} \Box P_3$ as a whirlpool to obtain $D'_1$. We will consider two cases.
For the first case, suppose that $j = n-2$. Let $D_1$ be the digraph obtained from $G_1 = (P_{j+1} \Box P_3) - \{ j_3, (j+1)_3 \}$ by orienting $G'_1$ as $D'_1$, $((j-1)_1, j_1, (j+1)_1, (j+1)_2, j_2, (j-1)_2)$ as a directed path, and the remaining edge of $G[G_1]$ as $(j_2, j_1)$. Also, orient $((j+1)_1, (j+2)_1, (j+2)_2, (j+2)_3, (j+1)_3, j_3, (j-1)_3)$, and $((j+1)_3, (j+1)_2, (j+2)_2)$ as directed paths. Orient the remaining edge as $(j_3, j_2)$ to obtain the digraph $D$. It is immediate to verify that $D$ is a strong digraph.
Note that $\partial^+ (D_1) = \{ ((j+1)_1, (j+2)_1), ((j+1)_2, (j+2)_2) \}$ and $\partial^- (D_1) = \{ (j_3, (j-1)_3), (j_3, j_2), ((j+1)_3, (j+1)_2) \}$. Observing that $d((j+1)_2, j_2) = d((j+1)_1, (j+1)_2) = 1$, $d((j+1)_1, j_2)=2$, $d((j+1)_1, (j-1)_3)=4$, and $d((j+1)_2, (j-1)_3)=3$, it is easy to conclude that $V(D_1)$ is a convex set of $D$ with $3j+2$ vertices.
Let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 3j+1$. Since $j=n-2$, then $|C \cap V(D'_1)| \ge 2$ and hence $V(D'_1) \subseteq C$. Also, there is at least one vertex $v \in C \cap (V(D) \setminus V(D_1))$. Regardless of the choice of $v$, the directed path starting at $(j-1)_1$ and defined by the sequence $(r,r,r,u,u,l,l,l)$ results from the union of a $(j-1)_1 v$-geodesic and a $v (j-1)_3$-geodesic. Hence, $V(D) \subseteq C$ and therefore ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 3j+1$
As a second case, assume that $j \le n-3$. Let $D_1$ and $D_2$ be the digraphs obtained by orienting both $G_1 = (P_{j+1} \Box P_3) - \{ j_3, (j+1)_3 \}$ and $G_2 = G - (V(G_1) \cup \{ j_3, (j+1)_3, (j+2)_1 \})$ as whirlpools. Orient $((j+1)_3, (j+1)_2, (j+2)_2, (j+2)_1, (j+1)_1)$ and $((j+2)_3, (j+1)_3, j_3,(j-1)_3)$ as directed paths. If $j = n-3$, orient $((j+3)_1, (j+2)_1)$, and orient the same edge as $(j+2)_1, (j+3)_1$ otherwise. Finally, orient the remaining edges as $(j_3, j_2)$ to obtain the digraph $D$. It is direct to verify that $D$ is strong.
Observe that $\partial^+ (D_1) = \{ ((j+1)_2, (j+2)_2) \}$ and $\partial^- (D_1) = \{ (j_3, j_2), (j_3, (j-1)_3), ((j+1)_3, (j+1)_2), ((j+2)_1, (j+1)_1) \}$. Noting that $d((j+1)_2, (j+1)_1)=1$, $d((j+1)_2, j_2)=3$ and $d((j+1)_2, (j-1)_3) = 5$, it is not hard to verify that $V(D_1)$ is a convex set of $D$.
Let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 3j+1$. If $j=n-3$, then $|V(D_1) \cap C| \ge 2$, and $V(D_1) \subseteq C$. If $j < n-3$ and $|C \cap V(D_2)| \ge 2$, then $V(D_2) \subseteq C$. But $((j+2)_2, (j+2)_1, (j+3)_1)$ is a $(j+2)_2 (j+3)_1$-geodesic in $D$, which implies $(j+2)_1 \in C$. The directed path with initial vertex $(j+2)_1$ and defined by the sequence $(l,l,u,r,r)$ is a $(j+2)_1 (j+2)_2$-geodesic in $D$. From here we observe that $|V(D_1) \cap C| \ge 2$ and thus $V(D_1) \subseteq C$. If $j < n-3$ and $|C \cap V(D_2)| \le 1$, then $|V(D_1) \cap C| \ge 2$, and $V(D_1) \subseteq C$. Hence, in every case $V(D_1) \subseteq C$. Since there is at least one vertex from $V(D) \setminus V(D_1)$ in $C$, necessarily $(j+2)_2 \in C$. The directed path starting at $(j+2)_2$ and defined by the sequence $(r,u,l,l,l,l)$ is a $(j+2)_2 (j-1)_3$-geodesic, and hence $V(D_2) \subseteq C$. But if $V(D_2) \cup V(D_1) \subseteq C$, it is easy to verify that $C = V(D)$. Hence, ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 3j+1$.
So far, we have every integer of the convexity spectrum of $P_n \Box P_3$, except for $4$. Our next theorem deals with the remaining case.
\[n\*3-c=4\] If $n \ge 3$ is an integer and $G$ is the grid $P_n \Box P_3$, then $4 \in S_{SC} (G)$
![The orientation used in the proof of Lemma \[n\*3-c=4\] for $n=8$.[]{data-label="n*3-c=4Fig"}](Figure13.pdf)
Consider the standard plane embedding of $G$ and color the interior faces gray and white with a checkerboard-like pattern, coloring the square on the bottom left corner with gray. We will define an orientation of the arcs of $G$ using this coloring, an example can be seen on Figure \[n\*3-c=4Fig\].
There are two rows of squares. Enumerate the gray squares in each row from left to right. Orient the bottom left corner square as a whirlpool and, from here, orient all the gray squares in its row alternating whirlpool and anti-whirlpool orientations. Orient all the gray squares in the upper row following the same principle, but start orienting as an anti-whirlpool the first gray square. At this point, every arc dividing two interior faces of $G$ has received an orientation. Every remaining unoriented edge $e$ of $G$ divides a white square from the exterior face of $G$. Thus, the edge $e$ lies in exactly one square of $G$, and has one parallel arc $a$ in the square. It $e$ is not an edge of a corner square, orient it in the same direction as $a$. There are four edges belonging to the white corner squares that remain unoriented. Orient the remaining edges as $2$-paths in such way that there are not white oriented squares. Let $D$ be the digraph obtained by this orientation. Clearly, $D$ is strong and the vertices of each gray square conform a convex set.
Let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 4$. There must be two gray squares $S_1$ and $S_2$ such that $v \in V(S_1) \cap V(S_2)$ and $V(S_1) \cup V(S_2) \subseteq C$. Since $v$ is an interior vertex, it belongs to two white squares. Let $u$ be a vertex in the opposite corner in one of these white squares $S_3$. Assume without loss of generality that $v$ is the lower left corner of $S_1$, the upper right corner of $S_2$, and the lower right corner of $S_3$; the remaining cases can be dealt similarly.
If $u$ is the middle vertex of a $S_1 S_2$-path or a $S_2 S_1$-path of length two, then $u \in C$, and hence $V(S_3) \subseteq C$.
Otherwise, let $x$ and $y$ be the upper right and lower left corners of $S_3$, respectively. Hence, $d(x,y) = d(y,x)=4$ and either the sequence $(l,l,d,r)$ starting from $x$ determines an $xy$-directed path of length $4$, or the sequence $(l,u,r,r)$ determines a $yx$-directed path of length $4$. In either case, $V(S_3) \subseteq C$.
It can be verified inductively that $C = V(D)$, and hence, ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = 4$.
If $n \ge 3$ is an integer and $G$ is the grid $P_n \Box P_3$, then $$S_{SC} (G) = [1,3n-3] \setminus \{ 2, 3, 5, 7\}.$$
By virtue of Theorem \[no2\] and Lemmas \[forbid\], \[3\*n-c=3k\], \[3\*n-c=3k+2\], \[3\*n-c=3k+1\] and \[n\*3-c=4\], it remains to prove that $7 \notin S_{SC} (G)$. Let $D$ be a strong orientation of $G$ and $C$ a convex set of $D$. Lemmas \[girthcon\] and \[comcon\] imply that $C$ induces a strong subdigraph of $D$ and that $V(D) \setminus C$ induces a connected subdigraph of $D$, respectively. But every connected subgraph of $G$ with $7$ vertices has either a vertex of degree $1$, and thus does not admit a strong orientation; or does not have a connected complement. Hence, $7 \notin S_{SC} (G)$.
Convex spectra of general grids {#SMain}
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The following lemma is the cornerstone of the vast majority of the arguments we will use in this section.
![The digraph $H$: an orientation of $P_4 \Box P_4$ with convexity number $4$.[]{data-label="4*4-c=4"}](Figure1.pdf)
The oriented graph $H$ in Figure \[4\*4-c=4\] has convexity number $4$.
It is easy to check that the vertices on the boundary of each of the gray filled squares conform a convex set. We affirm that any convex set in $H$ has at most $4$ vertices. Let $C$ be a maximum convex set in $H$ and suppose that $|C| > 4$. Observe that the intersection of $C$ with the vertices of each gray filled square is either empty, or it has one vertex, or it has four vertices. Hence, since $|C| > 4$, the vertices of at least two squares are contained in $C$. If the vertices of two gray filled squares different from the central one are contained in $C$, then there are at least two vertices of the central square in $C$; thus, the vertices of the central square are contained in $C$. So, by symmetry, we need only to consider two cases.
The first case is when the square on the lower left corner and the central square are contained in $C$. Assume that the vertex in the lower left corner of $H$ is $(1,1)$. It is easy to check that $((2,3), (2,4), (1,4), (1,3), (1,2))$ and $((2,1), (3,1), (4,1), (4,2), (3,2))$ are $(2,3)(1,2)$- and $(2,1)(3,2)$-geodesics, respectively. From here, $(4,2), (3,3) \in C$, and $((4,2), (4,3), (3,3))$ is a $(4,2)(3,3)$-geodesic in $H$. Therefore, there are at least two vertices of each gray filled square in $C$ and we can conclude that $C = V(H)$, a contradiction.
In the second case, we have the upper left corner and the central square contained in $C$. Now, $((1,3), (1,2), (2,2))$ is a $(1,3)(2,2)$-geodesic in $H$. Hence, there are at least two vertices of the lower left corner square in $C$. So, the lower left corner square is contained in $C$ and we have the condition of the first case.
Since contradictions are obtained in both cases, we conclude that $|C| \le 4$. Hence, ${\textnormal{con}}(H) = 4$.
As the reader would expect, the main part of the argument in the next lemma’s proof is the construction of the orientation. The following lemmas will use similar orientations, so the descriptions will be very detailed in the first ones, and will loose detail as the lemmas progress.
\[n\*m-c=4\] Let $n,m \ge 4$ be integers. If $G= P_n \Box P_m$ is a grid, then $4 \in S_{SG} (G)$.
Consider the standard plane embedding of $G$ and color the interior faces gray and white with a checkerboard-like pattern, assigning gray to the square on the bottom left corner (like in Figure \[4\*4-c=4\]). We will define an orientation of the arcs of $G$ using this coloring.
Enumerate the rows of squares from bottom to top. Enumerate the gray squares in each row from left to right. Orient the bottom left corner square as a whirlpool and, from here, orient all the gray squares in the first column and first row alternating whirlpool and anti-whirlpool orientations. Now, the first square or every odd row is oriented, so we can orient all the gray squares in the odd rows alternating whirlpool and anti-whirlpool orientations. A similar idea can be used to orient all the gray squares in even rows, but start orienting as an anti-whirlpool the first gray square on the second row. At this point, every arc dividing two interior faces of $G$ has received an orientation. We will consider two cases.
First, suppose that $n$ and $m$ are even integers, hence every corner square of $G$ is gray, and every remaining unoriented edge $e$ of $G$ divides a white square from the exterior face of $G$. Thus, the edge $e$ lies in exactly one square of $G$, and has one parallel arc $a$ in the square. Orient $e$ in the same direction as $a$. All the edges of $G$ are now oriented; let $D$ be the resulting oriented graph. Figure \[4\*4-c=4\] is an example of this orientation. It is easy to verify that $D$ is strongly connected, and the vertices of every gray square conform a convex set of $D$. If $C$ is a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 4$, then $C$ intersects the vertices on at least two different gray squares $S_1$ and $S_2$ in odd columns and rows. Since $C$ induces a strong subdigraph of $D$, we may assume without loss of generality that $S_1$ and $S_2$ are gray squares in the same row and adjacent odd columns. If $S_1$ and $S_2$ are in row $i$ and columns $j$ and $j+2$, then the vertices of $S_1$ and $S_2$, together with the vertices of the squares $S_3$ and $S_4$ in row $i+2$ and columns $j$ and $j+2$, induce a subdigraph of $D$ isomorphic to the digraph $H$ of Figure \[4\*4-c=4\]. Therefore $\bigcup_{i=1}^4 V(S_i) \subseteq C$. We can repeat this argument using squares $S_2$ and $S_4$ and the squares in column $j+4$ and rows $i$ and $i+2$. Iterating this process we obtain $C = V(D)$. Hence, ${\textnormal{con}}(D)=4$.
For the second case, assume that $n$ or $m$ is an odd integer. By virtue of Lemma \[n\*3-c=4\], we assume that $n, m \ge 4$. Observe that there are exactly two white corner squares in $G$. Except for the edges in the white corner squares, orient the remaining edges of $G$ as in the previous case. For each of the white corner squares we have the two cases depicted in Figure \[n\*m-c=4Fig\] (the squares we are interested in are the bottom right corners), and two isomorphic cases obtained by reversing all the arcs of the previous ones. We will consider two cases.
![The two non-isomorphic cases for the white corners in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=4\].[]{data-label="n*m-c=4Fig"}](Figure2.pdf)
If $n \ne 4 \ne m$, complete the orientation $D$ of $G$ as in Figure \[n\*m-c=4Fig\]. Again, it is direct to verify that $D$ is strong and the vertices of every gray square conform a convex set of $D$. Let $C$ be a convex set of $D$ such that $|C| > 4$. As in the previous case, it suffices to show that there are two consecutive gray squares in the same row or the same column that intersect $C$. Since $|C| > 4$, there $C$ intersects at least two different gray squares. Hence, the desired condition is held, unless the gray squares are precisely those adjacent to one of the white corners. We will assume without loss of generality that one white corner square is the one in the bottom right, as in Figure \[n\*m-c=4Fig\]. Let $S_1$ and $S_2$ be gray squares to the left and above the white corner, respectively. Let $v_i$ be the vertex in the upper left corner of $S_i$, $i \in \{ 1, 2 \}$.
Consider first the situation depicted by the digraph on the left in Figure \[n\*m-c=4Fig\]. It is clear that $d(v_1, v_2) = 4$, and also that, starting from $v_1$, the sequence $(u,u,r,d)$ determines a $v_1 v_2$-directed path of length $4$. Hence, $C$ intersects two consecutive gray squares in the same row.
For the situation depicted by the digraph on the right in Figure \[n\*m-c=4Fig\], it is clear that $d(v_1, v_2)=6$. It is also clear that, starting from $v_1$, the sequence $(l,u,r,u,r,d)$ determines a $v_1 v_2$-directed path of length $6$. Since $C$ is convex, it intersects two consecutive gray squares in the same row.
As a final case, assume without loss of generality that $m=4$. Since $n$ is an odd integer, the two white corners are those on the right side of $G$. In the situation depicted by the digraph on the left in Figure \[n\*m-c=4Fig\], use precisely that orientation and the same argument as in the previous case. In the remaining case, use the orientation of Figure \[n\*m-c=4Fig\] for the bottom right corner, and orient the upper right corner also as a directed path of length $2$ (assume that it goes up and left). This orientation is strong, the vertices of each gray square conform a convex set, and the same argument as the previous case shows that we can find two consecutive gray squares in the same column that intersect $C$, and hence $C = V(D)$.
Our first modification to the previous orientation will be getting gray rectangles instead of $2 \times 2$ squares.
\[n\*m-c=ab\] Let $n,m \ge 4$ be integers and let $G= P_n \Box P_m$ be a grid. If $a,b \ge 2$ is a pair of integers such that $a \le n-1$ and $b \le m-1$, then $ab \in S_{SG} (G)$.
The idea of this proof is to generalize the orientation used in Lemma \[n\*m-c=4\], but using grids of size $ab$ instead of squares in the odd-numbered rows and columns. An example of this orientation is depicted in Figure \[n\*m-c=abFig\].
First, suppose that $a < n-1$ and $b < m-1$. Enumerate the rows and columns of squares of $G$ from down to up and from left to right, respectively. Color with gray and white the squares of $G$ in a checkerboard-like pattern, but considering rectangles of squares instead of single squares, in the following way. Color the squares in the first $a-1$ columns and $b-1$ rows, and the square in the $a$-th column and $b$-th row wih gray. Color the squares in the $a$-th column and the first $b-1$ rows, and the squares in the $b$-th column and the first $a-1$ rows in white. Color the rest of $G$ with a tiling of this coloring.
Enumerate the rows and columns of gray rectangles in the pattern from left to right and from down to up. Clearly, the gray rectangles in the even numbered rows (columns) are squares. We can assume that $ab > 4$, hence, the gray rectangles in the odd numbered rows (columns) are proper rectangles.
Orient the gray squares in the even rows as in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=4\] (in particular, the first gray square of the second row is an anti-whirlpool). Orient the gray rectangles in the odd rows as whirlpools or anti-whirpools in such way that every gray square (possibly except the last gray square in every row or every column) in a even row, together with the four gray squares sharing a vertex with it, induce a digraph isomorphic to $H$ (Figure \[4\*4-c=4\]). Of course, to achieve this end, we also need to orient four additional arcs dividing either two white squares of $G$, or a white square and the exterior face of $G$. Now, every unoriented edge of $G$ divides two white squares, or a white square from the exterior face in an even row or column of gray squares. Orient every edge dividing two white squares in the same direction as the closest arc in a gray square in the same row or column. There are unoriented edges parallel to the arcs oriented in the previous step; orient those edges in the same direction as the arcs they are parallel to. The remaining unoriented edges form paths on the exterior face of $G$ joining pairs of gray rectangles. Orient those paths as directed paths in such way that, if any, the corner vertices of $G$ in a white square have in-degree and out-degree equal to one. Figure \[n\*m-c=abFig\] shows an example of this orientation.
![The orientation described in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab\] for $n=9$, $m=8$, $a=4$ and $b=3$.[]{data-label="n*m-c=abFig"}](Figure3.pdf)
If $D$ is the digraph obtained from $G$ by means of the previously described orientation, then, by mimicking the arguments in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=4\] we reach the desired conclusion.
![The orientation used in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab\] for $n=8$, $m=6$, $b=5$ and $a \in \{ 5,6 \}$. []{data-label="n*m-c=abFig2"}](Figure14.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
If $a=n-1$ or $b=m-1$, we have to be careful with the white corners, but the simple modification shown in Figure \[n\*m-c=abFig2\] suffices to use the same argument as in the previous case.
In the next lemma we use a simpler orientation, which is depicted in Figure \[n\*m-c=nbFig\]. This orientation resembles the one used in Lemma \[2\*n-part1\].
![The orientations used in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=nb\] for $b=m-1$ (left) and $b<m-1$ (right).[]{data-label="n*m-c=nbFig"}](Figure9.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
\[n\*m-c=nb\] Let $n,m \ge 4$ be integers and let $G= P_n \Box P_m$ be a grid. If $b$ is an integer such that $\frac{m}{2} \le b \le m-1$, then $nb \in S_{SG} (G)$.
First, suppose that $b = m-1$. Orient $P_n \Box P_b$ as a whirlpool. Now, re-orient the corresponding arcs in the fiber $P_n^{m-1}$ to obtain a directed path in the same direction (left or right) as the arc between $1_{m-1}$ and $2_{m-1}$. Also, orient the fiber $P_n^m$ as a directed path in the same direction as the arc between $1_{m-1}$ and $2_{m-1}$. Assume without loss of generality that $P_n^m$ is oriented right. Finally orient down every edge in $\partial (P_n^m)$ except for $(1_{m-1}, 1_m)$, which is oriented up. If $D$ is the resulting oriented graph, then it is easy to verify that $V(P_n \Box P_b)$ is a convex set of $D$, and ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = nb$.
If $b < m-1$, then orient $G_1 = P_n \Box P_b$ as a whirlpool and $G_2 = G - G_1$ as a whirlpool or as an anti-whirlpool in such way that the fibers $P_n^b$ and $P_n^{b+1}$ are isomorphic. Orient the remaining edges arbitrarily, as long as there is one arc going up and one arc going down, to obtain $D$. We will show that $V(G_1)$ is a convex set of $D$.
Let $P$ be a $i_b j_b$-path in $D$ such that every intermediate vertex of $P$ belongs to $V(G_2)$. Then $P$ can be codified as $(u,x_2, \dots, x_{k-1}, d)$. Let $(y_2, \dots, y_{k-1})$ be the sequence such that $$y_i = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} x_i & \textnormal{if } x_i \in \{ l, r \} \\ u & \textnormal{if } x_i = d \\ d & \textnormal{if } x_i = u. \end{array} \right.$$
From the way we oriented $G_1$ and $G_2$ we conclude that $P'=(y_2, \dots, y_{k-1})$ defines a $i_b j_b$-path in $D$, strictly shorter than $P$ and such that $V(P') \subseteq V(G_1)$. Hence, $V(G_1)$ is a convex set of $D$.
Recalling that $\frac{m}{2} \le b$, and using the fact that every convex set with more than $nb$ vertices has at least two vertices in $V(G_1)$ and at least two vertices in $V(G_2)$, we conclude that ${\textnormal{con}}(D) = nb$.
The following three lemmas deal with the most complex cases.
\[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\] Let $n,m \ge 4$ be integers and let $G= P_n \Box P_m$ be a grid. If $a,b,k,l$ are integers such that $0 \le k \le a-2 \le n-3$, $0 \le l \le b-2 \le m-3$, and $a,b \ge 3$, then $ab-(k+l) \in S_{SG} (G)$.
![The orientation used in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\] for $n=8$, $m=6$, $a=7$ $b=5$ and $(k,l) \in \{ (5,3), (3,2) \}$.[]{data-label="n*m-c=ab-k-lFig"}](Figure15.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
Consider a coloring of the squares of $G$ similar to the coloring used in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab\], with the following differences. In the lower left corner of the aforementioned orientation of $G$ we have a rectangle, $R_1$, of $(a-1)\times(b-1)$ gray squares. Consider the subgraph $G_1$ of $G$ obtained by deleting the first $(a-1)$ columns and the first $(b-1)$ rows of vertices of $G$. Color $G_1$ as in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=4\]. Finally, complete the checkerboard-like pattern with gray rectangles of size $1 \times (a-1)$ squares in the first row, and with gray rectangles of size $(b-1) \times 1$ squares in the first column.
![The orientation described in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\] for $n=12$, $m=10$, $a=4=b$, $k=2$ and $l=1$.[]{data-label="n*m-c=ab-k-lFig"}](Figure4.pdf)
We want our largest convex set to be a segment of $R_1$, the gray rectangle in the lower left corner. Color white the squares in the first $k$ columns from the top row of $R_1$. Also color white the squares in the first $l$ rows of the rightmost column of $R_1$ to obtain the gray region $R$. Now, orient $G$ as in Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab\], orienting $R$ as a whirlpool. Orient all the remaining edges to the right and down to obtain $D$. An example of this orientation is depicted in Figure \[n\*m-c=ab-k-lFig\].
Now, observe that the top right corner of $R$ coincides with the top right corner of $R_1$. Hence, this orientation has the same properties as the orientation of Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab\]. We can assume without loss of generality that $k+l < \min \{ a, b\}$. Otherwise, assuming that $b \le a$, we have that $ab-(k+l)= a(b-1)-(k'+l')$ for some pair of integerers $k', l'$ such that $0 \le k' \le k$, $0 \le l' \le l$. Hence, $ab-(k+l) \ge 2a, 2b$. From here, it is easy to observe that the only proper convex sets of $D$ are the vertices in each of the gray regions of $D$. Since the largest one is $R$, which has $ab-(k+l)$ vertices, we conclude $S_{SC} (D) = ab-(k+l)$.
Again, we have to be careful when $a=n-1$ or $b=m-1$. The corresponding modifications to the previous orientation are depicted in Figure \[n\*m-c=ab-k-lFig\].
\[5\*4-c=nm-k\] Let $4 \le n,m \le 5$ be integers and let $G= P_n \Box P_m$ be a grid. If $k$ is an integer such that $6 \le k \le 2\max \{ n, m \}-1$, then $nm-k \in S_{SG} (G)$.
First, consider the case $n=5$ and $m=4$. If $k \in \{ 8,9 \}$, then the result follows from Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\]. The orientations for $k \in \{ 6, 7 \}$ are shown in Figure \[5\*4-c=nm-kFig\]. It can be easily verified that the set of white vertices is a largest convex set for this orientation.
Now suppose that $n=4=m$. The case $k=7$ follows from Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\]. The orientation for $k=6$ is depicted in Figure \[5\*4-c=nm-kFig\]. Again, it is not hard to verify that the sets of white vertices are largest convex sets for each of the orientations.
Finally, suppose that $n=5=m$. If $k=9$, then the result follows from Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\]. The orientations for $k \in \{6, 7, 8\}$ are depicted in Figure \[5\*4-c=nm-kFig\]. As in the previous cases, the sets of white vertices are largest convex sets for the corresponding orientation.
![The orientations used in the proof of Lemma \[5\*4-c=nm-k\].[]{data-label="5*4-c=nm-kFig"}](Figure5.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
\[n\*m-c=nm-k\] Let $n,m \ge 4$ be integers and let $G= P_n \Box P_m$ be a grid. If $k$ is an integer such that $6 \le k \le 2\max \{ n, m \}-1$, then $nm-k \in S_{SG} (G)$. If $m = 4$, then also $nm-5 \in S_{SC} (G)$.
If $n,m \le 5$, then the result follows from the previous lemma. Hence, we will suppose without loss of generality that $m \le n$ and $6 \le n$. Let us consider first that $m \ge 5$.
Observe the orientations of the $5 \times 4$ and $5 \times 5$ grids in Figure \[5\*4-c=nm-kFig\] for $k=6$. Clearly, the orientation of the latter can be obtained from the orientation of the former by adding an additional row of squares at the bottom of the grid, and orienting this new row as a whirlpool. Naturally, three arcs of the former orientation should change its direction, in this case, these are the arcs $(1_2, 1_3), (3_1,2_1)$ and $(5_1,4_1)$ of the former oriented graph. We have a similar situation with the orientation of the $4 \times 4$ and $5 \times 5$ grids for $k=6$ and $k=8$, respectively. Again, the latter can be obtained from the former by adding one row and one column of squares, orienting the new row as an anti-whirlpool and the new column following certain pattern. The idea of this proof is to observe that the three orientations of the $5 \times 5$ grids, shown in Figure \[5\*4-c=nm-kFig\], can be naturally extended to obtain the desired orientations.
![The orientations used in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=nm-k\] for $n=7$ and $m=5$.[]{data-label="n*m-c=nm-kFig"}](Figure6.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
First, observe that, independently of the value of $n$, we can always add a new row of squares at the bottom of the grid. Notice that we are extending the largest convex set of the grid, but the complement of such set remains unchanged. Hence, if we consider the aforementioned orientations of the $5 \times 5$ grid, we can conclude that $6, 7, 8 \in S_{SC} (P_5 \Box P_m)$ for every integer $m \ge 5$.
To add a new column of squares we have two different behaviors. First, consider the orientations for $k=6$ and $k=7$. In this case, to add a new column, we need to change the direction of one arc, as in the $5 \times 4$ and $5 \times 5$ grids for the $k=6$ argument. But, to add further columns we will not need to change the direction of any arc, just add a column of squares oriented as a whirlpool. Following this procedure we will obtain an orientation of the grid $P_n \Box P_m$ for every pair of integers $n, m \ge 5$, for $k=6$ and $k=7$, respectively. In the other hand, when $k=8$, adding a new column will not preserve the complement of our largest convex set, the complement will grow larger. If we add a new column, following the pattern as in the example in Figure \[n\*m-c=nm-kFig\], we will obtain an orientation of the grid $P_n \Box P_m$ for every pair of integers $n,m \ge 5$, for $k=2n-2$.
We can generalize the orientations used for $k=6$ and $k=7$, respectively, to obtain orientations of the grid $P_n \Box P_m$ for $k = 2n-4$ and $2n-3$. The idea is to extend the pattern horizontally, we will explain how it is done for the case $k=2n-4$, the remaining case is analogous. We want to preserve the $2_m n_{m-2}$ directed path defined by the sequence $(d,d,r,r, \dots, r)$, and the whirlpool (or anti-whirlpool) of $n-2$ squares in the upper right corner of the grid. The square of the upper left corner of the grid is oriented as a whirlpool and the rest of the grid is oriented as a whirlpool or anti-whirlpool, except for some alternating squares adjacent to the aforementioned directed path. The remaining unoriented edges are oriented as $(1_{m-2}, 1_{m-1})$ and, if it is still unoriented, $(n_{m-2}, n_{m-3})$. Following a similar idea, orientations for every grid $P_n \Box P_m$ for any pair of integers $n \ge m$ and any $k \in \{ 6, 7 \dots, 2n-2 \}$ can be obtained. We depict the orientations for $P_7 \Box P_5$ for $k \in \{ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 \}$ in Figure \[n\*m-c=nm-kFig\]. Since all these orientations follow a similar pattern, it can be easily proved that each one has convexity number $nm-k$, as desired.
Finally, since we are assuming $n \ge m$, we have $2n-1 \ge n+m-1$, and the case $k \ge n+m-1$ is covered by Lemma \[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\].
![The orientations used in the proof of Lemma \[n\*m-c=nm-k\] for $m=4$.[]{data-label="n*m-c=nm-kFig2"}](Figure7.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
Now, consider the case $m=4$. If $k \equiv 0$ (mod 4), then Lemma \[n\*m-c=nb\] gives the desired orientation. Else, we give basic orientations that can be enlarged adding columns of whirlpools, either to the largest convex set, or to its complement. The orientation for $k=6$ is the orientation used for the $4 \times 4$ grid (Figure \[5\*4-c=nm-kFig\]). Clearly, additional rows of whirlpools can be added in the bottom of the grid. We give the orientations for $k \in \{ 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14\}$ in Figure \[n\*m-c=nm-kFig2\]. Again, the set of black vertices is the complement of the largest set of the oriented graph. Since it is easy to observe that the given orientations have the desired properties, and when we extend them the arguments remain the same, this concludes the proof ot the lemma.
We present now the main theorem of this work.
Let $4 \le m \le n$ be a pair of integers and let $G = P_n \Box P_m$ be a grid.
- If $m=4$, then $S_{SC} (G) = [1, nm-4] \setminus \{ 2, 3, 5 \}$.
- If $m=5$, then $S_{SC} (G) = [1, nm-5] \setminus \{ 2, 3, 5 \}$.
- If $m \ge 6$, then $S_{SC} (G) = [1, nm-6] \setminus \{ 2, 3, 5 \}$.
The excluded values are a consequence of Lemma \[forbid\]. Corollary \[con=1\] shows $1 \in S_{SC} (G)$. Let $r$ be an integer $4 \le r \le nm-i$, for $i \in \{ 4, 5, 6 \}$. The three cases are dealt similarly.
If $nm-2n+1 \le r$, then Lemma \[n\*m-c=nm-k\] implies that $r \in S_{SC} (G)$. Otherwise $r \le nm-2n \le (n-1)(m-1)$, and it follows from Lemmas \[n\*m-c=4\], \[n\*m-c=ab\], \[n\*m-c=nb\] and \[n\*m-c=ab-k-l\], that $r \in S_{SC} (G)$.
As a final remark, the reader might have noticed that the proofs are lengthy and technical, which makes them hard to follow. It would be a good problem to find a short proof for the main theorem of this article.
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Why study this subject?
English Literature is a highly regarded academic subject which will help students to continue to develop their writing, reading and debating skills. Students will explore a wide range of texts (prose, poetry and drama) and will be encouraged to consider different interpretations of texts and how each text has been influenced by the historical period and culture in which it was written. Students study a broad range of classic and contemporary texts, develop analytical and comprehension skills and continue to develop their skills as expert readers and writers.
‘It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature’ – Henry James.
How is this course assessed?
The course is assessed through:
- Two written exam papers—80%
- Non-Exam Assessment (Independent Critical Study) – 20%
Paper 1: Love through the Ages (40% of A-Level)
- Three texts are studied: one poetry (AQA Poetry Anthology), one prose text (Wuthering Heights) and one Shakespeare play (Othello).
- Section A: Shakespeare: one passage-based question with linked essay
- Section B: Unseen poetry: essay question on two unseen poems
- Section C: Comparing texts: one essay question linking two texts
Paper 2: Texts in Shared Context (Modern-day Literature: 1945 to the present day)
(40% of A-Level)
- Three texts are studied; one prose (Oranges are not the Only Fruit), one poetry (Feminine Gospels) , and one drama (A Streetcar Named Desire).
- Section A: One essay question on set text
- Section B: Contextual linking: one compulsory question on an unseen extract and one essay question linking the other two texts studied
Coursework: Non-exam assessment: Independent critical study (20% of A Level)
- This part of the course is a comparative essay of two texts of the student’s choice.
- One extended essay (2,500 words).
Where can this subject lead?
Students who study Literature often go on to study English Literature or another English degree, such as Creative Writing, Journalism or English Language. Students can go on to careers in teaching, the media or law. | https://www.b6.bepschools.org/our-curriculum/subjects-to-study/english-literature/ |
Q:
Why pdf file cannot be reproduced?
I'm striking with an interesting problem. I created a pdf file long time ago. It can be downloaded here.
Now just to recall how it was generated I decided to repeat the process and compare pdf files.
I'm getting close, but I can't make the old and new pdf files look the same.
I remember that I did everything in a usual way, I just changed the margins.
Why the pdf file can't be reproduced?
This is the process to generate new pdf file:
1) Get the latest cweb sources from ftp://ftp.cs.stanford.edu/pub/cweb/cweb-3.64ah.tgz
2) In cwebmac.tex change {NOS} fith to {NOS} fitb manually or with this command
perl -i -pe 's/{NOS} fith/{NOS} fitb/' cwebmac.tex
3) Add the following to the end of cwebmac.tex
\let\Blue=\Black
\hoffset=1.52400970458984374999999999999cm
\pageshift=2in
\advance\pageshift by-\hoffset
\advance\hoffset by-1in
\advance\pageshift by-1in
4) Build cweave
touch *.c
make
5) Run cweave on cweave.w
./cweave cweave.w
6) Generate the pdf file:
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=1460880679 pdftex cweave.tex
7) Now we compare old pdf with new pdf. For this we must uncompress objects in pdf files.
qpdf --qdf --object-streams=disable cweave.pdf cweave-long.pdf
qpdf --qdf --object-streams=disable cweave-old.pdf cweave-old-long.pdf
diff -u cweave-old-long.pdf cweave-long.pdf
We see in the diff that in new pdf a lot of values are less by exactly 0.001 than in old pdf.
But I can't make this 0.001 disappear. If I set \hoffset to 1.52400970458984375,
the values in new pdf is by 0.001 greater than in old pdf. And if I set \hoffset
to 52400970458984374999999999999, the values are by 0.001 less in new pdf than in
old pdf. I'm completely puzzled by this. Also, I remember to have set \hoffset to something simple, like 1.5cm, not this value which I constructed empirically by repeatedly comparing the diff.
Also, some hyphenation is changed. For example, the following is different in old and new pdf files:
-/F13 9.9626 Tf 125.8 495.045 Td [(i)]TJ/F3 7.9701 Tf 13.837 0 Td [(Used)-354(in)-354(secti)-1(o)1(n)]TJ
+/F13 9.9626 Tf 125.799 495.045 Td [(i)]TJ/F3 7.9701 Tf 13.837 0 Td [(Used)-354(in)-354(se)-1(ction)]TJ
i.e., how is
[(Used)-354(in)-354(secti)-1(o)1(n)]TJ
different from
[(Used)-354(in)-354(se)-1(ction)]TJ
? But, more importantly, why it is different? What this pdf code means, anyway?
Why pdftex can't reproduce the pdf file?
This is the link to download the diff file: https://www.dropbox.com/s/lvbijcn2689cuye/cweave.diff?dl=1
A:
final addition: when does <foo> cm = <bar> in hold for TeX ?
passing mathematical details and barring mathematical oversight in my quick investigation it is necessary and sufficient that the rounding of <foo> to an entire multiple f/65536 of 1/65536 gives an f which is multiple of 127.
Then and only then is there some <bar> in which gives exactly the same TeX dimension. And the rounding of <bar> to an integral multiple g/65536 of 1/65536 will be with g a multiple of 50. And vice versa.
Example: we seek such a dimension nearby 0.6in. We need a multiple of 50 nearby 0.6*65536=39321.6, hence 39300 or 39350. The former is obtained via 0.59967in (and decimals nearby) and the latter via 0.60043in (and decimals nearby).
In fact, for TeX we have exactly
0.59967in = 1.52316cm = 2840211sp
0.60043in = 1.52510cm = 2843824sp
\number\dimexpr0.59967in\relax =\number\dimexpr1.52316cm \relax
\number\dimexpr0.60043in\relax =\number\dimexpr1.52510cm \relax
\bye
But, as is the main cause of the OP, 0.6in has no exact equivalent using cm unit. In terms of sp units the possible N sp which admit both a representation as <foo> in and <bar> cm are those with N = int(3613.5*k) for some integer k. Above, k is respectively 786 and 787.
update: explanation how TeX scans dimensions
It has been clarified below and in comments that the cause of the difference was in the fact that you used formerly in as dimension units, and in your reconstruction attempt were using rather cm. Further, it is not exactly the same to make the difference between two dimensions originally expressed in in and to specify directly the result in in's because 1in is not an integral number of sp, the smallest unit used by TeX.
In https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/231281/4686 I explained how TeX handles dimensions like abc.xyz... pt. This is from §452 of tex.pdf (texdoc tex.pdf). Turns out that part is reused also for abc.xyz... in, hence I recall the result:
the fraction abc.xyz... is rounded (the rounding being away from zero) to an integral multiple of 1/65536
in this process, the algorithm may discard (without affecting the theoretical result) all except the first 17 digits after the decimal mark.
Let's say that we have the "unpacked" result in the form of a pair (n, f) which represents at this stage the fraction (65536n+f)/65536.
Now TeX takes into account the dimension unit. This is explained at §458 of tex.pdf. The easy case is pt (which was handled earlier at §453), TeX simply puts 65536*n+f in the register. For the case of in, we morally need to do (65536*n+f)*7227/100. Of course the issue here is to not create overflows with integer arithmetic. The routine which does that is at §107. Let us write x=65536*n+f. The operations (simplified here, no signs, no overflow intercept) are
t<- (x mod 32768)*7227
u<- (x div 32768)*7227 + (t div 32768)
v<- (u mod 100)*32768 + (t mod 32768)
RESULT<- 32768*(u div 100) + (v div 100)
clarification to be very precise TeX applies this routine not to the integer x=65536 n + f, but to the (half-word) integer n, and the routine above also returns the "remainder" v mod 100, which is then appropriately combined with f and the scale 7227/100, so that almost up to the end data is maintained in shape (N, F) representing N + F/65536 where the exact F has been truncated to an integer; and at the very last step the attach_fraction sub-routine puts y = 65536*N+F into the register. But this final integer y is exactly as if the procedure above had been applied to x = 65536 n +f. Which would not be possible directly due to arithmetic overflows.
Following steps x = 32768 q + r, t = 7227r, u=7227q + int(7227r/32768) = 7727x/32768 - 7227r/32768 + int(7227r/32768) which mean that u (which is an integer) =7227x/32768 - d with 0<= d < 1. Hence u = int(7227x/32768). Writing u =100*(u div 100) + (u mod 100) = 100*(RESULT/32768 - (v div 100)/32768) + (v/ 32768 - (t mod 32768)/32768) = 100*RESULT/32768 + (v mod 100)/32768 - (t mod 32768)/32768, we get RESULT = x*7227/100 - 32768*d/100 - (v mod 100)/100 + (t mod 32768)/100. But the d was t/32768 - int(t/32768) = (t mod 32768)/32768, in fact. Thus all simplifies to RESULT= x*7227/100 - (v mod 100)/100. As RESULT is an integer, and as x*7227 is an integer, this means that, exactly, RESULT is the truncation of x*7227/100to an integer.
We can sum up the whole thing into:
first round the decimal abc.xyz.. into an integral multiple x of 1/65536. In doing this we need keep only 17 fractional digits of the input.
multiply by conversion factor 72.27 and then truncate to an integral number of sp units.
Ah, damn'd I wanted to illustrate the cm thing. Well then the conversion factor from §458 is 7227/254 and all of the above with 100 replaced by 254 goes through.
Let's look thus at 1.52400970458984374999999999999cm. First we need only 17 digits after decimal mark. Count digits and see we can simplify input to 1.52400970458984374. Then we need to multiply by 65536 and round. Take your preferred engine. Some like things like Maple, etc.. others enjoy xint.
$ rlwrap etex -jobname worksheet
This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.17 (TeX Live 2016) (preloaded format=etex)
restricted \write18 enabled.
**xintexpr.sty
entering extended mode
(/usr/local/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xint/xintexpr.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xint/xintfrac.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xint/xint.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xint/xintcore.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xint/xintkernel.sty))))
(/usr/local/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/xint/xinttools.sty))
*\def\x #1;{\message{\xinttheiexpr[40] #1\relax}}% (this rounds)
*\x 65536*1.52400970458984374;
99877.4999999999993446400000000000000000000000
*\x 65536*1.52400970458984375;
99877.5000000000000000000000000000000000000000
*
we are at a border case here, and the first case gives 99877. Then we do the second step which is 99877*7227/254:
*\x 99877*7227/254;
2841775.9015748031496062992125984251968503937008
which we must truncate: the result is 2841775sp.
In the second case we get first via rounding 99878, and then we must evaluate 99878*7227/254:
*\x 99878*7227/254;
2841804.3543307086614173228346456692913385826772
hence the result is 2841804sp.
Let's now take the case of the 0.6 in specification. We repeat the above. First 0.6*65536=39321.6 is rounded to 39322. Then 39322*7227/100 = 2841800.94 is truncated to 2841800sp.
You will find all these values below.
For the record 1.4in: 1.4*65536=91750.4, rounded to 91750 then 91750*7227/100=6630772.5 is truncated to 6630772sp.
this is not an answer but is too long for a comment
were you using cm as dimension unit back then ?
edit I think you were using 0.6in. See at bottom.
there is a (surprising to me currently because I have completely forgotten the details of TeX input process for dimensions at this stage) sensibility to using cm as dimension unit.
{
\dimen2=1.52400970458984374999999999999cm
\number\dimen2
\dimen2=1.52400970458984375cm
\number\dimen2
\dimen2=1.52400970458984374cm
\number\dimen2
}
\input xintexpr.sty
\xinttheiexpr [50] 1.52400970458984374999999999999*72.27/2.54*65536\relax
\xinttheiexpr [50] 1.52400970458984375*72.27/2.54*65536\relax
\xinttheiexpr [50] 1.52400970458984374*72.27/2.54*65536\relax
\bye
Update:
{
}
\number\dimexpr 2.54cm\relax
\number\dimexpr 1in\relax
\number\dimexpr 254cm\relax
\number\dimexpr 100in\relax
\xinttheiexpr [50] 1.52400970458984374/2.54\relax
{
\dimen2=0.6in
\number\dimen2
}
\bye
% TeX value
{
\dimen2=0.6in
\number\dimen2
}
% exact value:
\xinttheiexpr [10] 0.6*72.27*65536\relax
\bye
| |
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Despite having significantly higher health spending than comparably wealthy and sizable countries, the U.S. lags behind other countries in several measures of health outcomes, with worse life expectancy, mortality, and disease burden rates. Some of this cross-national difference in health outcomes could be due to quality of care provided (a comparative chart collection is available here). Albeit unknown to what degree, some of the difference in costs and outcomes could also be due to societal, economic, and environmental factors that influence health but are in some respects outside the control of the health system. Our latest chart collection explores international comparisons of some of these factors, broadly referred to as social determinants.
Although varying models exist, consideration of social determinants of health generally includes: individual and community behaviors, economic circumstances, and environmental factors. Our analysis does not intend to be a comprehensive look at all factors that could be considered social determinants – nor does it aim to isolate a set of health determinants outside the realm of the health system. It aims instead to gather data we do have about some of the better-understood factors that may influence health. These data are limited, and won’t allow us to pinpoint, for instance, the effect of income on diabetes outcomes. Rather, these data can give us a sense of whether the U.S. has higher rates of external factors that might negatively influence health outcomes or lead to higher spending relative to similarly sizable and wealthy OECD countries.
The complex nature of social determinants makes it difficult for researchers to estimate the relative contribution to health. Racial health inequalities, for example, can coincide with other socioeconomic factors that affect health, such as income and education. Additionally, the relationship between social circumstances and health is not always unidirectional. For example, having a lower income can lead to healthcare access barriers and difficulty living a healthy lifestyle, while in turn, poor health can lead to an inability to work, and thus lower income. And while cross-national assessments of social determinants of health are a useful compass, comparisons are complicated by differences in measurement, as well as national demographics (including race and age).
The U.S. is an outlier for health spending, but when combined with other social services, spending is similar to other countries
While the U.S. is an outlier for health spending, its spending looks more similar to that of other countries when health spending is combined with spending on other social services (such as cash assistance and other support for the elderly, poor, unemployed, and other disadvantaged or vulnerable populations). This is because the U.S. spends less than other countries on non-health social services, although such programs could indirectly improve health.
How the U.S. Compares on a Variety of Social Determinants
Although the aging population in the U.S. explains some of the growth in health spending, compared to other wealthy countries, the U.S. has a younger average age (38 years old vs. 42 years old) and smaller percent of the population over the age of 65 (14% vs. 18% on average).
Life expectancy at birth in the U.S is lower than comparably wealthy and sizable OECD countries. In 2013, the U.S. life expectancy was just under 79 years, compared to an average of just under 82 years for comparable OECD countries. Racial disparities may contribute to the United States’ relatively low life expectancy, but it is unclear how much or in what way. Despite improvement in the racial gap in life expectancy in recent years, Black Americans continue to have shorter life expectancies than Whites and Hispanics. Meanwhile, women in the U.S. have seen slower improvement in life expectancy than women in other countries, gaining 4 years of life expectancy at birth since 1980, compared to 6 years in comparable countries on average.
A large body of research has examined the ways in which income can significantly influence health outcomes. People who are lower income are less likely than those with higher incomes to report being in good health, and there is a growing disparity in the life expectancies of low and high income Americans. While income is also correlated with behavioral factors that can influence health, recent research has found that these factors only explain some of the difference in outcomes between low and high income people.
The U.S. has a higher degree of income inequality than comparably wealthy countries
The U.S. has a higher degree of income inequality than any comparably wealthy and sizable country. In 2012, the most recent year where data are available for the majority of comparable countries, the U.S. had a larger-than-average wage gap between males and females. Disparities can also be found across smaller geographies; the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s County Health Rankings reports have found that the least healthy American counties also tend to have higher degrees of income inequality, along with higher rates of unemployment and lower graduation rates.
Data on behavior and lifestyle-related social determinants of health, such as diet and exercise, show that the U.S. has long had a higher per capita fat and caloric intake than comparable countries, as well the highest prevalence of obesity (35.3% vs 21.2% average across comparable countries) and insufficient physical activity among adults (32.4% vs 26.4%). Despite smoking fewer cigarettes per capita and consuming less alcohol in terms of liters per capita, the U.S. has higher-than-average disease burden from lung cancer and alcohol abuse. Research has shown that in countries where alcohol consumption is more restricted and less frequently integrated into meals and other daily activities, such as the U.S., Canada, and much of Scandinavia, more people tend to abstain from drinking, but those who drink do so more heavily and are more likely to become intoxicated.
External causes (such as accidents, suicides, and violence) are the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., and are more common than in comparable countries. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unintentional poisonings (often due to prescription drug overdose) are the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. The U.S. had a higher than average mortality rate from accidental poisoning in 2000, but over time, the U.S. has become an outlier, now with far higher death rates from accidental poisoning than any comparable country.
In addition to accidental death, violence is another type of death due to external causes. In the U.S., 206 years of life per 100,000 people are lost to disability and premature death as a result of assault by firearm – almost 16 times the comparable country average of 13.1 years of life per 100,000 people.
The U.S. also has the highest environmental burden of disease of comparably high-income countries. The World Health Organization quantified the effect of environmental factors, such as pollution, occupational risks, agricultural methods, climate change, and food contamination on disease burden (measured in Disability Adjusted Life Years, or DALYs. Taken together, these factors present a higher burden of disease in the U.S. (1,861 DALYs per 100,000 capita) than in comparable countries, whose average environmental burden of diseases is 1,590 DALYs per 100,000 capita.
Discussion
There are more gaps in our understanding of social determinants than there are answers, and it is important to keep in mind that cross-national comparisons of these factors would not necessarily parallel differences in cross-national health outcomes. Consider alcohol intake, for example. Even though the U.S. has lower per capita alcohol consumption, data on disease and death with known links to alcohol use suggest that it presents more of a burden on health outcomes in the U.S. than in comparable countries. Alcohol intake varies by drink strength, type, and frequency of consumption, and research indicates that differing drink cultures may result in varied health outcomes. Cross-national comparison of these types of indicators should be used with care, as cultural and market-based differences are bound to shape lifestyle and behavioral factors in ways that we cannot reliably measure.
Literature does indicate, however, that the U.S. spends disproportionately more on healthcare than on other social services, compared to other Western countries. The ACA has stimulated considerable interest in the significance of broader determinants of health, due to its focus on preventative health, primary and integrated care, community needs, and new forms of health care delivery and payment. Yet there are limitations to developing policies based on social determinants. The mechanisms by which determinants shape health outcomes are not always clear. Also, behavioral change can be difficult to shape through policy, which we see exemplified by efforts to reduce sugar consumption (and thus the prevalence of obesity and diabetes) through legislation either limiting or taxing sales of soda and other sugary drinks. New York City’s proposal to limit the serving size of sugary drinks was ultimately rejected, and although legislation taxing high-sugar drinks passed recently in Berkeley, CA and the Navajo Nation, the impact of such policies on health outcomes and related behaviors is again difficult to parse from other factors.
Social circumstances and unhealthy behaviors no doubt influence health outcomes, but it is up for debate how much the health system itself can address these factors. Some providers are quite reasonably concerned about being held accountable for patient circumstances that are largely outside of providers’ control. Nevertheless, providers can play a role in connecting patients to other services and guiding them toward healthy behaviors. Some academic medical centers, for example, are beginning to shift away from a sole focus on individual patient care and toward a broader goal of improving population health. In its recent report on health quality measurement, the Institute of Medicine similarly looks beyond what might be considered the healthcare system and includes measures that address societal factors, such as rates of high school graduation, addiction, health literacy, and community support. While addressing social circumstance is not the primary responsibility of the health system, and improving health is likewise not the primary responsibility of social service programs, finding ways to coordinate the two types of services may improve both health and wellbeing, and potentially do so at a lower cost.
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1. First Nations, Inuit and Métis health: Considerations for Canadian health leaders in the wake of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada report
In this research paper First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples living in Canada face profound health disparities relative to non-Indigenous Canadians on almost every measure of health and well-being. Advancing health opportunities for Indigenous peoples require responses at all levels of healthcare delivery and policy.
2. Social Determinants of Health Inequities in Indigenous Canadians Through a Life Course Approach to Colonialism and the Residential School System
Indigenous populations in Canada have experienced social, economic, and political disadvantages through colonialism. The policies implemented to assimilate Aboriginal peoples have dissolved cultural continuity and unfavourably shaped their health outcomes. As a result, Indigenous Canadians face health inequities such as chronic illness, food insecurity, and mental health crises.
3.Social Support and Thriving Health: A New Approach to Understanding the Health of Indigenous Canadians
In this research paper they examined the importance of social support in promoting thriving health among indigenous Canadians, a disadvantaged population.Social support is a strong determinant of thriving health, particularly among women. Research that emphasizes thriving represents a positive and necessary turn in the indigenous health discourse.
4. Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions
Indigenous Canadians have a life expectancy 12 years lower than the national average and experience higher rates of preventable chronic diseases compared with non-Indigenous Canadians. Transgenerational trauma from past assimilation policies have affected the health of Indigenous populations. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively examine the social determinants of health (SDH), in order to identify priorities for health promotion policies and actions.
5. Disparities in Canadian Indigenous Health Research on Neurodevelopmental Disorders
The authors used a detailed search strategy to identify and access publications on ASD, CP, and FASD involving Canadian Aboriginal children, families, and communities from online databases. They analyzed these materials for the type of research, stated objectives, methodologies, and the level of engagement of Aboriginal Peoples. The focus on FASD in Aboriginal children and the absence of research on the other 2 major childhood disorders are at odds with rates of these disorders across Canadian children. The authors argue that this trend violates fundamental principles ensuring equitable representation of all children regardless of background in research and access to benefits of research in health care and perpetuates stigma in an already marginalized population.
6. Barriers to Including Indigenous Content in Canadian Health Professions Curricula
Indigenous peoples in Canada continue to face health care inequities despite their increased risk for various negative health outcomes. Evidence suggests that health professions students and faculty do not feel their curriculum ideally prepared learners to address these inequities. The aim of this study was to identify barriers that hinder the inclusion of adequate Indigenous content in curricula across health professions programs. | https://guides.library.ubc.ca/c.php?g=727113&p=5218253 |
Recently, accessibility in tech has been a hot topic. We are currently at peak popularity for terms like “WCAG” and “A11Y” in search engines. Certainly, the rise of web accessibility lawsuits plays a part in this increased interest, but with COVID-19 we are faced with using more online tools now than ever before. As UX designers, it is our responsibility to make our experiences as usable as possible, which also means considering inclusive design needs.
Inclusive design is about serving all types of people, and being exceptionally aware of our biases when creating designs. If you’re doing it right, you’re building a product that is usable for people from all backgrounds, including people with disabilities. The truth is, inclusive design is just better design.
I’ve been a UX designer since 2012, and I’ve been emphasizing inclusivity in my work since the very beginning of my career. My thesis for my undergraduate degree was a (poorly made) animation on the value of universal design. Inclusive design is also my focus in my Master’s, in which I am studying digital accessibility. Inclusive design, specifically accessibility, is something that I enjoy learning about because it’s this magical combination of great design and tearing down systemic biases.
That being said, there has been a learning curve for me, and there is for many of us. Accessibility is a part of UX, but it isn’t always taught to be. Some of us learn the basics but don’t know how to go beyond them or how to implement accessible design in our processes. Often times, accessibility is pushed out of our MVP work and put into a “future state” phase, never to be addressed. If you haven’t spent time learning about accessible UX, you’re not alone, but now is a great time to get started.
Over the past few years, I have worked on multiple teams to establish better accessibility standards and procedures, and I want to help others do the same. In this post, I want to acknowledge some of the things I hear from designers every day about accessibility. I hope I can provide some clarity so we can all be empowered to build more accessible work and sell accessibility to leadership.
Yup! If you are in the United States or EU (as well as many other places) I’m talking to you. To be sure, you can look at web accessibility laws and policies as they relate to the areas you are serving. For U.S. readers, take some time to learn about these:
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, essentially states that if a business is a “public place of accommodation,” then overall accessibility — digital or otherwise — is expected. As the web and smart devices become integrated as crucial parts of our society, it is essential to make them accessible. What is amazing about this is that the ADA was established back in 1990, which means that accessibility in our work isn’t some new trend, it’s been a necessity for over 30 years.
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act requires the federal government to take accessibility into account when procuring websites, telephones, copiers, computers, hardware, and software. While Section 508 was initially established in 1973, it was updated in 1998 to specifically include electronic and IT considerations. Even though Section 508 applies only to federal government entities, to sell to the federal government, private entities have to offer accessible products and services. This means that if your business wants to work with the federal government, they are obligated to accessible.
Some other notable web accessibility regulations in the U.S.:
Regardless, the legal obligation isn’t the primary reason we should be building websites, apps, and products that are accessible. Accessibility is a human right, and fortunately, we live in a time that makes accessibility exceptionally easy to do. It shouldn’t take a law to motivate us to build better work. I encourage you to take an empathetic approach when it comes to accessibility. Yes, the law matters, but we as designers are capable of going beyond the bare minimum and can build great work if we try.
Disclaimer: The legal information provided here is presented for informational purposes only, and should not be construed as authorized legal advice.
Accessibility is a lot easier to do than you might think and cheaper than the alternatives: doubling back on work, lawsuits, bad UX, and a poor reputation. There are many different ways to measure easy vs. hard: skills needed, the time required, the difficulty of the task, and so on. Considering accessibility from the beginning saves time, money and effort later on while also building a better user experience.
Retrofitting web experiences to be accessible is far more expensive than it is to build them accessibly in the first place. 20% of components written without regard to accessibility, will need to be rewritten, which can cost a lot. The good news is that if you are working on redesigning a product, this can be repaired as you go. We never consider our products and experiences to be “done,” so there will likely be many opportunities to fix your components anyways.
As we also discussed, avoiding accessibility is a legal liability. That shouldn’t be the main reason you consider accessibility, but it is undoubtedly a reason your organization will. So it’s important to leverage this information when selling the importance of accessibility to leadership.
In 2018, the number of federal website accessibility lawsuits nearly tripled to more than 2,250. I expect that number is going to remain steady or continue to rise, due to the prevalence of web usage and the increasing number of services moving online. Not only are people using the web more, but we are required to do so to live in today’s society. If your company is served a lawsuit, the cost can be high, especially if the lawsuit goes to court, and most especially if the court rules against you. Why bother with all of that hassle when it takes fewer resources to be accessible in the first place?
On the other side of the coin, accessibility is related to considerable improvements in overall usability, and increased user satisfaction. The global market of people with disabilities is over 1 billion, with a spending power of more than $6 trillion. Many tools designed specifically for people with disabilities, such as email and voice controls, have shown to be successful with a broader audience as well. While accessibility has different considerations than general usability, the application of accessibility standards is related to increased profits and improved results.
While accessibility can’t be done with the simple click of a button, the cost of implementing it in your experiences is far exceeded by its savings and return on investment.
Yes, you definitely do. There is no way of knowing exactly how many of your users have disabilities, but this is also a hard number to quantify. Not all disabilities affect a person’s ability to use the internet, and disabilities can have different levels of severity. People can gain or lose a disability at any given time, and many people with disabilities do not register them. For a general reference, people with disabilities make up about 20% of the population at any given time.
I’ve had people ask me if they can use Google Analytics to find out what users have screen reading applications, and I am glad to say it’s impossible. If someone was running a physical store and wanted to know if they should ask every customer coming in if they had disabilities, no one would think that was appropriate.
People asking for this data usually mean well, but the harsh reality is that this data can also be used as a way to de-prioritize accessibility. It’s also nearly impossible to gather this type of data considering that we can’t measure the people who would use our product but can’t. For example, let’s say you are working on an application that has no responsive behavior and someone says: “We don’t need a responsive site because our data shows that only 10% of our users are on screens less than 1024px.” That data may be accurate, but how can we quantify a user’s need for a product that already doesn’t serve that need? We can’t know if users would like to have a mobile-friendly based on what already exists if what exists excludes them.
The reality is, our data around accessibility needs are often biased and not compelling enough alone. It’s more important to explain how accessibility is non-negotiable. Without accessibility, people with disabilities can’t use web sites, and that can have a dramatically negative impact on their lives. Again, I want to remind you that all of us, especially now, are required to use tools remotely. Imagine how difficult it would be to be excluded from the tools you need to use every day. Anyone can acquire a disability at any moment in time, and other people live with temporary and situation disabilities. When it comes to advocating for better work, there are different quantifiable ways to validate it’s worth it. If you have to sell the value of accessibility to leadership, you can find many other (better) ways to do so, such as:
You can also go about talking through the importance of accessibility by talking about real experiences people with disabilities have. One example that has been on my mind with so many of us working remotely is the lack of automated real-time captioning available via video meeting software. Every time you ask someone with a hearing impairment to join a Zoom call, you may be unintentionally marginalizing them. These differences that you may not notice make all of the difference to someone who needs them.
I’m always surprised when designers say accessible designs are ugly and/or boring because the reality is that most accessible design solutions are invisible. People tend to believe accessibility in UX is only about things like color contrast or typography choices, when in reality, it goes into content strategy, architecture, code, and so much more. There are many opportunities for your work to stand out when it’s accessible.
In fact, accessible design actually tends to look better. No one wants royal blue links on a black background anyways! Did you really expect anyone could read that 10px #f4f4f4 text?
UX design isn’t just about being creative anyways. It’s about finding wicked problems and solving them. I know many people drawn to UX have a love for art, photography, and graphic design, so keep in mind that there are still plenty of opportunities to make creative and exploratory work while being accessible. Feel free to push the limit, but validate your work with research and testing. Many amazing products and experiences are beautiful and accessible all at once, while also solving problems.
It’s also important to note that you should be sure to build one experience for all of your users, rather than segregating experiences that are “accessible” from your primary platform. When we build accessibility into our work, it not only can be fantastically creative but also highly usable. Our responsibility is to build better products that work for the people that use them, which is the best job in the world if you ask me. Designs for people with disabilities can be just as beautiful (or as ugly) as designs for anyone else. That part is up to you.
It’s never too late to start building a more accessible product. As mentioned, we want to include accessibility at the beginning of a product’s life, and through every product cycle, but it’s never too late to fix it. Accessibility is not going away. As long as there are people, there will be a need for accessible design.
You may already include baseline accessibility standards into your product. If you want to build more accessible products, I recommend a grassroots approach to start.
Here are some grassroots approaches to get started:
If you’re a designer:
- Find allies in your team and the organization, create or join a taskforce that regularly meets and decides on action items.
- Find a sponsor in a leadership position to advocate for establishing accessibility standards across your organization. Having top-level buy-in is essential for setting accessibility expectations within a company.
- Make time to ensure you are meeting design requirements and discussing them with other designers in your organization to help them do the same. If you have a design system, start with accessibility there, and you will find you have quick results.
- Work with your lead to communicate issues you see and find ways to raise those concerns to leadership.
If you’re a design lead:
- Work with product owners to include accessible business requirements and acceptance criteria into epics, and stories
- Work with development to ensure your designs are being built with accessibility in mind. Establish good relationships with your development team to keep communication open. It’s also helpful to get development teams on tools like Pa11y.
- Ask QA if they are following accessible testing requirements, or get them started using Axe Pro Beta so they can learn some basic automated and manual testing techniques. Work with leadership to establish the standards necessary going forward.
- Give your team resources and training during work hours, and give them the tools necessary to succeed.
- Hire people who specialize in accessibility, and provide them with enough authority within the company to make a real difference.
- Hire people with disabilities, as it’s much easier to understand accessibility when you see the effect directly on people you know and interact with. Note: If you are hiring people with disabilities, ensure that you have the infrastructure in place to support them, from HR and ERGs to physical building accessibility.
If anyone tells you that there’s no way to measure the accessibility of our work, they are wrong. If you are looking to understand how accessible your work is, refer to the official WCAG 2.1 specification for the full list of success criteria and A to AAA standards.
For reference, A to AAA standards indicate the level of compliance in your experience where Level A refers to the lowest level of accessibility conformance, and Level AAA refers to the highest level of conformance.
The truth is, there is no single tool that can tell you what level of compliance your site or product has. Each atom, molecule, organism, and page needs to be evaluated, so it’s impossible to build a tool that can assess your entire experience. Much like user experience design itself, it requires critical thinking and evaluation skills that automated tools alone are not capable of.
If you’d like to know what overall standard your site meets, you will need to hire a consultancy to audit it and evaluate how accessible it is. But before you or your team decides to do this, I would recommend intentionally setting an internal standard and meeting it. Most organizations set AA as their internal standard because it is both achievable and meaningful without being too burdensome on developers.
Sorry, but not really, no. Accessibility requires more than a checklist to do well. Think of accessibility the same way you think of user experience design: lists can offer some best-practices, but every experience will require unique problem-solving skills and evaluative testing. This involves understanding people’s needs and challenges better than they do themselves, and testing solutions… do y’all know anyone who can do that kind of work? 😏 I already mentioned the WCAG list, but if you’re looking for something that’s easier to digest, start with these instead:
- WCAG Quick Reference Guide: This is my preference for web accessibility checklists because it includes everything we need to consider and an explanation about it. However, I know this list is pretty daunting for some so as an alternative…
- A11Y Checklist: This is an excellent resource for folks who are looking to have something a little easier to check through, or who want to get more comfortable with accessibility practices before they go further.
Again, take these lists merely as starting points and not as a catch-all accessibility solution. True accessibility needs to be baked into every part of your product lifecycle and evaluated by people.
Being interested in building more accessible work is the first step and an important one! You don’t have to be an accessibility specialist to learn the basics. There are many ways to get started, but I would recommend you immerse yourself in some tutorials and readings to get familiar. Don’t be afraid to start building better work now even if it means you’re changing your process; processes are intended to be replaced. Here are some resources to get started.
Readings
- Accessibility for Everyone-Laura Kalbag: I love this book because it essentially lays out all of the WCAG guidelines in a digestible way. The book is quite brief but explains the essential elements of web accessibility quite well.
- Web for Everyone — Designing Accessible User Experiences — by Sarah Horton & Whitney Quesenbery is another book that is well-known across our industry as an introduction to inclusive design.
- Designing for Real Life — by Sara Wachter-Boettcher and Eric Meyer
- Sara Soueidan’s blog: Sara Souedian has been a true inspiration to me in this space. I saw her speak at Smashing Conf San Francisco 2019 and I was blown away by how easy accessible client-side development can be. She is a great resource to front-end devs.
Tools
- Stark Colorblindness Simulator for Sketch, this is is a helpful tool to check color contrast in the context of your designs. Figma has some great tools as well.
- Color Contrast Checker from WebAIM. This one is one of my personal favorites because it’s detailed and shows you the contrast rating of objects in real-time, by size and by usage.
- axe plugin for automated accessibility code review from Deque. The axe plugin is another staple I like because it spends a lot of time explaining what you are looking at, why it isn’t accessible, how severe an issue is and ways to fix it. The beta tool also allows you to generate a heuristic analysis and export it, which is something I’ve used many times.
- Lighthouse automated code review from Google is another tool that I’ve heard people having great success with. Unlike axe, it also analyzes for performance, SEO, and much more. When you use inspect in Chrome just select the “audit” tab to use it.
- WAVE Toolbar — Chrome Extension (Mac/Win/Linux) is another tool that evaluates code, it can be a little simpler to use than axe or Lighthouse. It also does a good job of clearly indicating the location of accessibility issues on a page.
- Silktide Disability simulator — Chrome Extension, this is really helpful for building empathy with people who have disabilities and how they interact with the web. It definitely doesn’t go into a huge amount of detail or specifics in terms of particular needs and disabilities, but it can be helpful to get started.
- NoCoffee — Chrome Extension (Mac/Win/Linux) is a tool that has more advanced disability simulations, specifically around vision impairments.
- If you really want to get familiar with screen readers, try out VoiceOver (Mac, iOS) or NVDA (Win/Linux). I’d recommend taking a couple of hours just experimenting with these and their hotkeys. Try to do what you would normally do, except use these tools. At first, you can start off using as a supplement to your normal experience, but when you get comfortable I’d also recommend trying to use them without relying on your vision to navigate to better understand how they work.
Corporate Resources
I recommend using these as a way to show your leadership teams that industry heavy hitters are taking accessibility seriously. I’ve had success showing stakeholders these resources to help them understand the value of accessibility from an organizational perspective. | https://idevie.com/design/ux/8-common-questions-about-accessible-ux |
Arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses are among the Likewise, relationship between the number of root samples and that of. Mycorrhizae are considered to be a mutualistic relationship because both organisms benefit. types are arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, ericoid mycorrhizae, Arbuscular mycorrhizae (often called AM) are the most common and. Do ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal temperate tree species .. The Netherlands) to analyze relationships between the five investigated root.
Meanwhile, our statistical analysis also detected fungi preferentially associated with Chamaecyparis e. Overall, this study provides a basis for future studies on how arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plant species interactively drive community- or ecosystem-scale processes.
The physiological functions of the fungi highlighted in our host-preference analysis deserve intensive investigations for understanding their roles in plant endosphere and rhizosphere. Those fungi, for example, supply soil nitrogen and phosphorous to associated plants, thereby enhancing hosts' physiological states Smith and Read, Moreover, mycorrhizal fungi can contribute to physiological homeostasis of plants by increasing hosts' resistance to abiotic stress Grover et al.What are Mycorrhizal Fungi and How Do They Benefit Your Plants?
Therefore, understanding and managing below-ground integrations between plants and their mycorrhizal fungal symbionts are major challenges not only in basic ecology but also in forestry and agronomy. Among the several categories of mycorrhizal fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and ectomycorrhizal fungi are major groups of below-ground fungal communities in temperate forests Smith and Read, ; Peay et al.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi the phylum Glomeromycota first appeared early in the history of land plants Remy et al. They are obligate mutualistic symbionts and hence rely entirely on carbon supply from host plants Smith and Read, While they are abundant in root systems of herbaceous plants Hiiesalu et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungi, which consist mainly of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, appeared in the era of seed plant diversification Hibbett and Matheny, In contrast to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, some of them may obtain carbon not only from plants but also from soil by decomposing dead organic matter Talbot et al.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play important roles in forest community dynamics because they promote the dominance of the specific plant families e. Due to the difference in their major host taxa, arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi have been considered to form distinct sets of symbioses with their arbuscular mycorrhizal plant and ectomycorrhizal plant hosts Smith and Read,potentially driving discrete community ecological dynamics.
As a consequence, arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses have been investigated separately in most mycological studies. Nonetheless, recent studies integrating high-throughput DNA sequencing and host—symbiont network analyses have shown that diverse non-mycorrhizal fungi with broad host ranges are associated with roots of both arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plants within terrestrial ecosystems Toju et al.
Interestingly, an increasing number of studies have shown that non-mycorrhizal fungi e. Thus, host plant ranges of those non-mycorrhizal fungi are of particular interest because they will provide a basis for uncovering potential sharing of soil nutrients between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plants and its consequences on the community- or ecosystem-level dynamics Kadowaki et al.
Mycorrhiza - Wikipedia
However, while an increasing number of studies have evaluated host preferences or generality of diverse functional groups of root-associated fungi including possible endophytes Huang et al.
Consequently, we still have limited knowledge of how co-occurring arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plant species can interact with each other indirectly through below-ground webs of symbioses involving not only mycorrhizal but also diverse non-mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, we statistically examined host preferences of not only mycorrhizal but also root-endophytic fungi in a mixed forest of arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal coniferous trees in Japan.
We sampled roots of Chamaecyparis obtusa arbuscular mycorrhizal and Pinus densiflora ectomycorrhizal and then revealed community compositions of the fungi associated with the two plant species based on Illumina sequencing. The dataset allowed us to classify those fungi in terms of their host preferences, highlighting endophytic fungi preferentially found from either Chamaecyparis or Pinus, and those commonly associated with both plant species.
Overall, this study provides a basis for future studies examining how diverse functional groups of below-ground fungi mediate interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plant species in terrestrial ecosystems.
MYCORRHIZAE
They have a simple intraradical grow in cells phase, consisting of dense coils of hyphae in the outermost layer of root cells. There is no periradical phase and the extraradical phase consists of sparse hyphae that don't extend very far into the surrounding soil. They might form sporocarps probably in the form of small cupsbut their reproductive biology is little understood. It is however different from ericoid mycorrhiza and resembles ectomycorrhiza, both functionally and in terms of the fungi involved.
Myco-heterotrophy This type of mycorrhiza occurs in the subfamily Monotropoideae of the Ericaceaeas well as several genera in the Orchidaceae. These plants are heterotrophic or mixotrophic and derive their carbon from the fungus partner. This is thus a non-mutualistic, parasitic type of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Orchid mycorrhiza All orchids are myco-heterotrophic at some stage during their lifecycle and form orchid mycorrhizas with a range of basidiomycete fungi.
In such a relationship, both the plants themselves and those parts of the roots that host the fungi, are said to be mycorrhizal. The Orchidaceae are notorious as a family in which the absence of the correct mycorrhizae is fatal even to germinating seeds. This relationship was noted when mycorrhizal fungi were unexpectedly found to be hoarding nitrogen from plant roots in times of nitrogen scarcity.
Researchers argue that some mycorrhizae distribute nutrients based upon the environment with surrounding plants and other mycorrhizae. They go on to explain how this updated model could explain why mycorrhizae do not alleviate plant nitrogen limitation, and why plants can switch abruptly from a mixed strategy with both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots to a purely mycorrhizal strategy as soil nitrogen availability declines. On the right side of this diagram, the arbuscular mycorrhiza pathway, which branches off from the plant root, which is the brown cylinder-like figure in the image, provides the plant with nutrients, including, most importantly, phosphate and nitrogen.
My reference source for this information is: In return, the plant gains the benefits of the mycelium 's higher absorptive capacity for water and mineral nutrients, partly because of the large surface area of fungal hyphae, which are much longer and finer than plant root hairsand partly because some such fungi can mobilize soil minerals unavailable to the plants' roots.
The effect is thus to improve the plant's mineral absorption capabilities. One form of such immobilization occurs in soil with high clay content, or soils with a strongly basic pH. | https://avesisland.info/and-relationship/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-and-ectomycorrhizal-relationship.php |
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