content
stringlengths 0
1.88M
| url
stringlengths 0
5.28k
|
|---|---|
What is "Grand Slam" and "Golden Grand Slam"?
In Tennis there are Four major Tournaments those are Australian Open (Played on Hard Court), French Open (Played on Clay Court), Wimbledon (Played on Grass Court) and US Open (Played on Hard Court). These Tournaments are called "Grand Slam Tournaments". Wining all these tournaments by a player in the same calendar year is called "Grand Slam". If the player wins all those tournaments successively but not in the same calendar year, it is called as "Non Calendar Grand Slam".
If a Player wins Olympics along with Grand Slam in the same year is called "Golden Grand Slam".
Also Read: Most Men's Single Grand Slam Title Winners
Who Win Most Women's Singles Grand Slam Titles till now?
The former Australian professional tennis player Margaret Court has won Most Grand Women's Singles Slam Titles with a total of 24 titles, followed by "Queen of the Court" Serena Williams is in Second place with a total of 23 titles and former German professional Tennis player Steffi Graf with a total of 22 Grand Slam Titles in Third position among Most Grand Slam Women's Single Titles winners.
Women's Singles Most Grand Slam Title Winners:
Margaret Court:
Margaret Court is a Australian former Tennis player who win most women's singles grand slam titles till now. In her tennis career she has won 24 grand slam titles in women's singles, in that 11 Australian opens, 5 French Opens, 5 US Opens and 3 Wimbledon titles. Margaret court has achieve singles grand slam (winning all grand slam titles in same year) in 1970. Margaret Court is the second women in history to win the singles grand slam.
Serena Williams:
Serena Williams is the second Women who won most women's singles grand slam titles. she won 23 women's singles grand slam titles in her tennis career till now. There is only one title difference to level the Margaret Court record of winning most grand slam titles in women's singles. If she will win 2 more grand slam titles in women's single she will be in first place. She won 7 Australian opens, 7 Wimbledons, 6 US Opens and 3 French Open titles. Serena won career grand slam in 2003 by winning Australian open.
Steffi Graf:
Steffi Graf is one of the greatest female tennis player in the world. She has held the World No.1 rank for a record period of 377 weeks, this is the longest period by any player (male or female). Steffi Graf is the only player who won"Golden Grand Slam" in the year 1988. Steffi Graf has won 22 sinlges grand slam titles, 7 in Wimbledon, 6 in French Open, 5 in US Open and 4 in Australian Open.She is a retired German professional tennis player. | https://www.theilluminiate.com/2020/08/who-win-most-womens-singles-grand-slam.html |
"He was baptized as a human, but he remitted sins as God; he did not require purifications himself but that he might sanctify the waters. He was tempted as a human being, but he conquered as God; he exhorts us to be of good cheer, because he has conquered the world. He hungered, but he nourished thousands; he is heaven's bread of life. He thirsted, but he shouted, 'If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and let him drink.' He also offered springs of water to believers. He was tired, but he is a rest for the weary and heavy-laden. He was overcome with sleep, but he was lifted on the sea; he rebuked the winds, and he lifted up Peter who was being submerged. He pays taxes, but from a fish; he is king of those who demand them. As a Samaritan and a demoniac, he listens, but he saves the one who came down from Jerusalem and fell among thieves; he is recognized by demons and drives them away; he immerses a legion of spirits and sees the prince of demons falling as lightning. He is stoned, but he is not conquered. He prays, but he listens. He weeps, but he stops tears. He asks where Lazarus is for he was a human being; but he raises Lazarus, for he was God. He is sold, as a very low price--thirty pieces of silver--but he redeems the world, and at a great cost: his own blood. As a sheep he is led to the slaughter, but he is shepherd of Israel and now the entire world. As a lamb, he is speechless, but he is the Word, announced by the voice of him who cries in the wilderness. He bears infirmity and is wounded, but he heals every disease and every weakness. He is lifted up to the tree, he is affixed to the cross, but he will restore us by the tree of life. He saves even the robber being crucified; he made dark every visible thing. He is given sour wine to drink; he is fed gall. Who is this? He who has turned water into wine, the destroyer of bitter taste, sweetness and every desire. He hands over his soul, but he has the power to receive it again; the veil is torn, for the heavenly things are exhibited; the rocks are split; the dead rise. He dies, but he makes alive, and by his death he destroys death. He is buried, but he arises. He goes down into hell, but he leads up the souls. He goes up into heaven, and he will come to judge the living and dead, to test such words as yours. But these things create for you the pretext of error; those things demolish your error." -Gregory of NazianzusThe most well formulated theological articulation of Jesus' humanity and his divinity just doesn't do the trick in the same way that telling the story does. Propositional formulations have trouble getting to the truth that transcends language in the same way that a song, a story, or a poem can. And there's something poetic here, about the way in which Gregory of Nazianzus tells it. "He dies, but he makes alive, and by his death he destroys death." The truth is the paradox--once rationalized, it ceases to be truth.
Thursday, October 25, 2012
Gregory of Nazianzus on the Divinity-Humanity of Christ
No comments: | http://www.wesleywellis.com/2012/10/gregory-of-nazianzus-on-divinity.html |
It's night and Britt is in his shelter. He's looking for something. He killed a mouse. He put his head on a knife for the other rodents to see. It's about 30 calories, but they've got to eat anything they can get at this point. He's looking it over the fire in his shelter.
The meat tastes good. Small and satisfying.
Sam
It's still night and he's in his shelter. He hears mice too. In the grass. He is going to try to catch the mice too. He can't catch any fish, so he's going to catch and eat what he can get. That trap go off? Yes, baby. Yes! - Sam
The mouse is still alive, but it's not running anywhere, so Sam went over and wacked the mouse. He wonders about Larry.
Larry
"She's a cold one this morning, boys." Larry. He's very excited. It's a beautiful morning. Clear skies. The birch tree outside has frost in it. The mice are gone from his place, so he's singing a celebration song.
Larry caught a mouse in his trap outside. He's talking about mice and how they were partying just the other night.
Day 33 Larry
Larry is finding a lot of mice in his traps, and he's happy about that. He's using a deadfall and it's working out well. He's talking about the mice and how they've been bothering him for a month, so he named his deadfall Slayer, and set them for the mice. He had different names for each trap.
He had silence last night and he was glad about that. He went into his shelter and it started to rain. There's a mouse in his tent again, and he is flipping out. Again. Mood swings are bad with Larry. He's holding his head and looks like he's losing it a little. Talking himself up.
Randy
It's raining, and he's going to hang out in his cabin and work on projects to keep his mind busy. He's having trouble staying focused and he's getting depressed. He's a social human being and that is what is making him crazy. He has all the skills, but being by himself is the hardest part for him. He made himself a chair out of wood pieces.
Dave
Rain has stopped and it's getting cold. He's not catching fish and he's seeing no grouse. He's hunting deer. He heard some elk. "Just one deer. That's all I need." - Dave. He's in the woods, being as quiet as he can. He's lost 27 pounds at this point.
He feels like there's something in the woods, but he doesn't know what. It's three deer he spooked out of bed. He's going to try to run ahead and bushwack them. He's gotta go fast to get there in time.
Dave lost track of the deer. He just used a lot of energy for nothing. He doesn't want to starve. He's at a low point because he can't feed himself, and it's depressing him. He's going to take it easy walking back to his camp. He has a lot to learn. He thought he was invincible.
Randy
He's talking about his dad and how he was hunting without randy in Utah. Randy decides to climb a mountain because he has to get himself out of the mindset of being alone. It's hard for him to be alone. He's wondering what it looks like from the top of the mountain.
"These little wanderings. They're so good for my mental state." Randy
The mountain is steep, but he's confident he can make it. He made it to the top. He said it was worth it. He feels rejuvenated.
Sam
He is finishing his wall because winter is here. He's looking to block the wind. He's talking about home and how he would love to be with his family, but every day there is for them. First snow, and Sam is watching it fall.
Dave
He's building a wikiup because the area he hunts for the big game is far from his regular shelter. It's basically a teepee. The weather turned quick. It's snowing, and he's in his wikiup, but it's not done yet. He's laughing about it, saying how beautiful the snow is.
He's going to take a nap and see what happens with the snow.
Britt
He's talking about the snow, and how he loves to be in the first snow. The mountains are pretty. He is watching fish jump and he's hoping to catch some. He caught a fish. It's day 35, which is a milestone for him because last time he tapped on day 35.
He's not cold, he's not sad, he doesn't even really feel lonely. He has a great attitude.
Randy
The water bottle he uses is solid frozen. He woke up with a poor me situation attitude going on for some reason. He's going to do some fishing to try and cheer himself up. It's snowing. He can't find any fish. It's been a week since he's caught fish or grouse.
He's feeling anxious about his next meal. He's bummed, watching the fire. Lack of food and companionship is taking its tole. He misses the community. He takes a polar bath in the cold water. He wants to continue going. But he doesn't want to do it alone. He's tapping.
He outlasted himself, so he's happy about that.
Larry
It was cold the night before and now it's snowing. He's hoping the snow will kill the mice. He doesn't know what to do today. He's bored. He doesn't want to keep pushing himself, but it's beautiful, so he's enjoying that. He prefers the cold. He found out he can echo there, and it makes him so happy he wants to cry.
- Show:
- Alone
- Season:
- Alone Season 5
- Episode Number: | http://plus.tvfanatic.com/shows/alone/episodes/season-5/slayer-ii/ |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates primarily to prefabricated bridge deck forms and, more specifically, to concrete slabs and metal deck forms for holding such slabs in a prefabricated construction.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Bridge construction or bridge deck replacement has been a large and important industry all over the world since the advent of the era of the automobile. Road construction formerly was mapped out with the main consideration being a route which required only cut and fill as the limiting factor, since bridge construction was avoided wherever possible. As a result, the super cross-country highway was slow in becoming a primary long-distance transportation capability. When it became obvious that interstate and cross-country vehicle transportation was every bit as important as rail and airline transportation, the road engineering field set about to avoid bridge construction being a limiting factor in the cross-country road systems. Instead of being a limiting factor, bridge construction could be looked upon as a necessary "evil", but still a limiting factor with respect to both costs and the time required for construction. Furthermore, the repair of bridges also became an avoided maintenance requirement in the field of road upkeep. In other words, road repair was correctly recognized as an absolute necessity in maintaining the vehicular road form of transportation, but bridge repair was not considered with the same urgency because of the difficulties.
In terms of bridge construction, as it presently exists, the weak member is often the concrete deck slab, rather than the main beam members of the bridge support. Deck slabs must be sound enough to support the loads presented by the weight of moving vehicles, and if such slabs are worn away enough not to offer such support, they should be replaced. During replacement, traffic over the bridge could be completely disrupted during the time it takes to replace the slab. With conventional methods of bridge deck slab replacement, unreliable quality of such slabs often results and/or there is such high construction cost and traffic disruption that the replacement produces problems.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a bridge slab construction which is quickly, easily and reliably provided in order to avoid high cost, minimum traffic disruption and unreliability.
A further and more particular object of the present invention is to provide a prefabricated bridge deck construction for use particularly for automobile support.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a concrete bridge deck slab construction with metal forms in order to offer the advantages as stated in the foregoing.
These and other objects of the present invention are provided in a prefabricated deck form which features a concrete slab and metal plates for holding the conrete slab. Metal beam stiffeners are provided to be longitudinally welded to the metal plates for providing more rigidity and reinforcement in order to resist and withstand external and internal forces and surface cracks. The edges of the deck slab forms provide connection joints for reinforcement by metal channels to resist the concentration of stresses transferred from adjacent deck units. Each element of the prefabricated deck forms are tied to each other by reninforcement members bent into a U-shape, or by regular reinforcement splice, in order to enable such deck forms to perform as a single unit.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent by the following more detailed description of a preferred, but nonetheless illustrative, embodiment thereof, taken in conjunction with the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prefabricated deck slab form appearing in a direction in which primary tension and compression forces are acting;
FIG. 2 is a side sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is another side sectional view of the present invention, taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a partial, top, plan sectional view taken along the line 4-- 4 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is another partial top sectional view taken along the line 5--5 of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along the line 6- - 6 of FIG. 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 represents a transverse sectional view of a prefabricated deck slab form according to the present invention. The form includes longitudinal reinforcement bars (rebars) 10 at the top layer, and optional rebars 13 at the second layer, arranged in the direction at which primary tension and compression forces are acting. Perpendicular thereto are first (top or upper) transverse bars 12 and second or lower transverse bars 14. Metal beam stiffeners (T-shape 16 or channel shape 18 or rectangular shaped tube beams) and channel shaped beam 20 along the edge of deck form 22, support the form vertically, so that a deck form unit 22 is enabled. U- shaped reinforcement bar 24, bent into a U-shape in order to connect the form at the ends, are provided and such connection bars 24 are hooked in place.
Connection shear studs 26 are welded to connection plates 28, which in turn, are welded to the bottom flange 20' of channel section 20. A light- gage (thin), corrugated metal plate 36, which is sometimes a simple planar thin metal plate 36', is provided so that concrete slab 32 is placed in the deck form as one unit of a prefabricated metal deck. An adjacent deck unit generally designated 34, which is shown to indicate the juxtaposition between such units, is sitting on metal plate 28 by passing the head 30 of shear studs 26 through openings 56 at bottom flange 20' of channel beam 20.
Thin metal plates 36 serve as deck forms, which hold concrete slabs in position until the concrete is hard enough to reach required strength. After that, the metal plates 36 form permanent stays in the concrete deck slab.
Thin metal plate 36 assists in forming the concrete 32, but are not counted as a stress member in the overall structure. Smooth contact surface 38 between forms 36 and concrete 32, cannot develop enough shear resisting force; accordingly, the metal beam stiffeners, such as T-shape section 16, are welded at bottom flange 44 of the metal beam stiffener to metal plate 36, to improve bonding shear strength between slab 32 and metal plate 36. In this way, metal plate 36 works as a tensile member in the composite deck slab. Alternatively, planar metal plate 36' is used to give greater rigidity to the deck form, but suffers somewhat from the drawback of providing for the unit 22 a greater amount of concrete dead weight.
By contrast, thin corrugated metal plate 36 is more efficient, in that it improves longitudinal rigidity of deck unit 22, whereby the longitudinal loads are carried to beams 40 (FIG. 2).
A metal beam stiffener, such as section beam 16, includes web 42 and bottom flange 44 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Bottom flange 44 acts with corrugated metal plate 36 as a tensile member in the concrete slab 32. Web 42 functions, while imbedded in slab 32, to assist flange 44 and corrugated plate 36 to perform as tensile members in concrete slab 32.
FIG. 2 shows openings 46 defined by web 42, which are designed to improve the bond with the concrete. Transverse reinforcements 14 (FIGS. 2 and 3) pass through openings 52, and are defined to greatly improve concrete bonding to metal supports 16. The bar 13 at the second or lower layer can be optionally used to improve longitudinal rigidity, and to more evenly distribute loads to deck unit 22. The use of channel beams 18 (FIG. 1) (or rectangular tube beams) are useful when the deck form is subjected to more stress in the longitudinal direction, in order to support the dead load before concret slab 32 hardens; or to serve live loads when the metal deck form 22 is not completely filled with concrete, as depicted by 22' of FIG. 2.
Web section 42 of beam 16 holds reinforcements bars 10, 12, 13, 14 in their right location and improves longitudinal rigidity in the deck form 22. Transverse reinforcement bars 14 in the second or lower layer properly bond beam 16 to the concrete 32, so that the bottom thin plate 36 works perfectly as a tensile member in concrete slab 32. Also, reinforcement bars 14 and 12 improve the rigidity of the deck form 22 in a transverse direction, so as to make up for the weakness of the corrugated metal deck form 22 in transverse direction.
Reinforcement bars 12 and 14, running in a transverse direction in the top layer and lower layer, respectively, (FIG. 1), hold the main reinforcement bars 10 and optional longitudinal bars 13 in a proper location for when the concrete is poured into the deck form. These bars 12 and 14 distribute the loads properly to the reinforced concrete deck slab.
Main reinforcement bars 10 work as reinforcements against compressive and tension forces in the concrete slab 32, for serving satisfactorily in the bridge. Metal deck forms 22 are reinforced with channel members 20, so that such channel members 20 support major longitudinal force and stiffen the edge of the metal deck to sustain stress concentration transferred from an adjacent deck unit.
Reinforcement bars 12 are welded to the top flange 20" of channel member 20, so as to maintain all manner of transverse loads to edge channel section 20. Edge channel sections 20 resist bending and shear force in a longitudinal direction at the edge of metal deck form 22. The web of metal channel member 20 has both smaller openings 52 and larger openings 46. Concrete slab 32 is poured through openings 46, 52 to bond, and to tie adjacent channel members to each other, so that such edge channel sections 20 work as a unitary member in the concrete deck slab.
The top flange 20" of the channel 20 has holes 54 or openings, through which the U-shaped bars 24 are hooked in through. Openings 54 (FIG. 4) function to hold the U-shaped bar reinforcements embedded in the concrete, so that tension or compression forces transmitted by transverse bars 12 to the top flange 20" of channel member 20 are successfully carried to the adjacent deck unit 34. The force with which the U-shaped connection reinforcements bars are embedded in concrete slab 32 are greatly improved by the interlocking mechanism of openings 54 of channel member 20. Another function of opening 54 is to improve the bonding of channel beam 20 to concrete slab 32 by concrete passing through the hole 54.
The bottom flanges 20' of the channel members 20 also have metal plates 28 welded through holes 64 and along the edge of bottom flange 20' of channel member 20. The function of plate 28 is to sustain tension forces in a transverse and longitudinal direction along the edge of deck form 22.
The shear studs are welded to metal plate 28 and embedded in adjacent concrete slab in deck form 34, so that metal, bottom plate 28 fully sustains the tension forces transmitted therein. Bottom plate 28 resists shear forces which occur along the edge of channel member 20.
The U-shaped connection reinforcement bars 24 which pass through hole 54 located near rebar 12 (FIG. 4) as to tighten together adjacent deck units 34, so as to provide a unitary operating concrete deck slab. The U- shaped reinforcement bars 24 sustain tension and compression forces and shear forces along the edge 51 of the deck unit.
Metal channel shape beam 58 works as a cap at both ends of the deck unit 22 shown in FIG. 2. The bottom of the flange 60 (FIG. 6) of channel member 58 works as a bearing plate for metal deck form 22, so as to distribute all of the loads from deck unit 22 to the top flange of beam 40. The longitudinal reinforcement bars 10 (FIG. 6) are welded to the top flange 59 of the channel member and the U-shape bars 61 are hooked into top flange 59 of channel shape beam 58 (FIG. 6). Top flange 59 of channel 58 works as a connection plate between the longitudinal bars 10 and the U- shape connection bars 61. Such top flanges 59 of channel 58 are strongly working against shear deformation, so that all of the force may be transmitted from the longitudinal bars 10 to the U- shaped connection bars 61.
The connection reinforcement bars 61, bent in U-shape, are embedded in concrete slab 32 through holes 54 (FIG. 5). The rebars 61 are located near reinforcement 10 welded to top flange 59, so as to transfer the tension or compression force from rebar 10 with a minimum of shear deformation for top flange 59. The strength of rebars 61, when it is embedded in concrete, is greatly improved by an interlocking mechanism, which is enabled by concrete bonding at rebars 61 through holes 54. Reinforcement bar 12 is connected to connection rebar 61 by welding, for construction convenience (FIG. 2), on top flange 40 of the main beam.
Web 62 (FIG. 6) of the metal channels 58 and the top flange 59 of channel 58 define large openings 64, and small openings 54, respectively, in order to improve concrete bonding to channel beam member 58. The ends of beam stiffeners 16, and the corrugated metal plate 36, channel beam 20 and end channel beam 58 are completely interconnected by welding so that the metal deck form may be successfully maintained, both before and after construction of the concrete deck slab.
The metal piece 70 is welded to the bottom flange 60 of the channel beam 58, all of which guides the metal deck form to set in the right location and to prevent the metal deck form from falling down.
According to the above description, a prefabricated bridge deck form is provided, but the description is not to be considered as a limitation of the present invention, whose delineation as to bounds is to be set only by the following claims: | |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Machine generated data is information that is automatically generated by a computer process, application, or other mechanism without the active intervention of a human. Machine generated data has no single form. Rather, the type, format, metadata, and frequency vary according to the purpose of the data. Machines often create the data on a defined time schedule or in response to a state change, action, transaction, or other event. Examples of machine generated data include: various types of computer logs, financial and other transaction records, and sensor recordings and measurements. Owners and users of machine generated data can be overwhelmed by the oftentimes voluminous nature of such data. Thus, it would be beneficial to develop techniques directed toward improving management of machine generated data.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Various embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1
is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system for managing machine generated data.
FIG. 2
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for managing machine generated data.
FIG. 3
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for matching a machine generated data entry to a pattern associated with a cluster.
FIG. 4
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for clustering machine generated data entries.
FIG. 5
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for performing supplemental clustering of new machine generated data entries.
FIG. 6
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for performing remediation associated with machine generated data entries.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process; an apparatus; a system; a composition of matter; a computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium; and/or a processor, such as a processor configured to execute instructions stored on and/or provided by a memory coupled to the processor. In this specification, these implementations, or any other form that the invention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within the scope of the invention. Unless stated otherwise, a component such as a processor or a memory described as being configured to perform a task may be implemented as a general component that is temporarily configured to perform the task at a given time or a specific component that is manufactured to perform the task. As used herein, the term ‘processor’ refers to one or more devices, circuits, and/or processing cores configured to process data, such as computer program instructions.
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention is provided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate the principles of the invention. The invention is described in connection with such embodiments, but the invention is not limited to any embodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims and the invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the invention may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention has not been described in detail so that the invention is not unnecessarily obscured.
Machine generated data entries are received. The machine generated data entries are clustered into a plurality of different clusters that each includes a different subset of the received machine generated data entries. For each of the plurality of different clusters, content of the corresponding subset of the received machine generated data entries belonging to the corresponding cluster of the plurality of different clusters is analyzed to determine a corresponding pattern of the corresponding cluster. A new machine generated data entry is received. The new machine generated data entry is matched to one of the determined patterns. The new machine generated data entry is assigned to one of the plurality of different clusters corresponding to the matched pattern.
A practical and technological benefit of the techniques disclosed herein is increased productivity of users of machine generated data as a result of automated pattern extraction reducing dimensionality of a large volume of machine generated textual data. The techniques disclosed herein allow users to extract patterns out of a large volume of textual data, which aids in visualizing the data, identifying highest occurring patterns, and building other applications using these patterns. The techniques disclosed herein solve the technological problem of automatically converting large amounts of textual data into a manageable form for human interpretation. Approaches that do not utilize the techniques disclosed herein are deficient because resulting data would be too unorganized to be reasonably interpreted and utilized.
Examples of textual data include: various types of computer logs, financial and other transaction records, and sensor recordings and measurements. Within an information technology (IT) context, examples of textual data include: error and/or warning logs, workflow outputs, scratch pad comments, IT tickets, etc. As used herein, a log refers to a record of an event, status, performance, and so forth. Unless otherwise specified, logs refer to records of errors and/or warnings associated with IT hardware and/or software assets. Workflow outputs are associated with a workflow analyzer that can be utilized to predict whether a workflow activity that is planned will fail or not (e.g., by comparing the workflow activity to prior workflow activities). Workflow activities are computer generated actions (e.g., report generation, computer script activation, and transmittal of computer alerts to users). A scratch pad is a common, global object that is shared by workflow activities (e.g., to share data). IT tickets refer to requests by users for assistance with computer asset repair, maintenance, upgrade, etc.
In some embodiments, the techniques disclosed herein are applied to monitoring error/warning logs, such as those stored on a management, instrumentation, and discovery (MID) server. A large number of errors/warnings can be monitoring by clustering them. As used herein, clustering refers to grouping a set of objects in such a manner that objects in the same group, called a cluster, are more similar, in one or more respects, to each other than to objects in other groups. Clustering can be a component of classification analysis, which involves identifying to which of a set of categories a new observation belongs. In various embodiments, in the IT context, clustering involves dimensionality reduction due to removing log parts, such as Internet Protocol (IP) address, configuration item (CI) name, system identifier, unique user identifier, etc., that are not relevant to the substance of errors/warnings. As used herein, a CI refers to a hardware or software asset. A CI is a service component, infrastructure element, or other item that needs to be managed to ensure delivery of services. Examples of CI types include: hardware/devices, software/applications, communications/networks, and storage components. In some embodiments, the techniques disclosed herein are applied to monitoring logs (e.g., analyzing logs to classify and organize them). In some embodiments, the techniques disclosed herein are applied to predicting workflow activity outcomes based on pattern extraction (e.g., patterns extracted from logs, workflow output, scratchpads, etc.). Workflow activity outcome (e.g., probability of success) can be calculated based on the occurrence of patterns which occur in failed and successful workflow activities.
In various embodiments, input is received in the form of a collection of textual data (e.g., logs, comments/work notes, workflow output, and scratchpad output) and a pattern is extracted. In some embodiments, as described in further detail herein, pattern extraction includes pre-processing input data (e.g., using regular expression (RegEx) handling to remove words that could skew clustering, such as removing alphanumeric words in order to remove CI names), tokenizing text, building term frequency-inverse document frequency (TD-IDF) vectors, building a Euclidean distance matrix using the TD-IDF vectors, employing a clustering algorithm (e.g., k-means) on the distance matrix to cluster the input data, determining a longest common substring (LCS) for each cluster once the input data is grouped into clusters, and automatically classifying new textual data based on the determined LCSs (e.g., based on string matching). A regular expression is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern, and in many scenarios, the search pattern is used to perform operations on strings, e.g., find or find and replace operations. The techniques disclosed herein are also generally applicable to pattern recognition and database management (e.g., sorting user information in a database, determining an applicable product, such as advertising, movie, or television show, for a user, etc.).
FIG. 1
100
102
104
106
112
114
is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system for managing machine generated data. In the example shown, system includes textual data server , network , central service server , machine learning server , and RCA and remediation server .
102
100
102
102
102
102
106
In various embodiments, textual data server manages and stores textual data utilized by system . Examples of textual data that may be managed and stored include: various types of IT machine generated data entries (e.g., error and/or warning logs, workflow outputs, scratch pad comments, IT tickets, etc.), financial and other transaction records, and sensor recordings and measurements. In some embodiments, textual data server stores and manages error and warning logs. Textual data server may be a distributed log store that includes several hardware and/or software components that are communicatively connected. In various embodiments, textual data server includes one or more computers or other hardware components that provide log collection and storage functionality. Textual data server houses textual data, potentially from many sources, and provides the data to other servers, e.g., central service server .
102
Textual data server may be a MID server. The MID server can be a Java application that runs as a Windows service or UNIX daemon on a server in a user's local computer network. In some embodiments, the MID server facilitates communication and movement of data between a user's local computer network and a remote system. IT operation management can utilize the MID server to obtain data or perform operations in the user's local computer network. The MID server can act as an access/entry point behind a firewall protecting the user's local computer network with which the remote system can interface. Operations can be performed in the MID server by coding “JavaScript script includes” (computer program content to be executed by the MID server) that are deployed to the MID server. Upon receiving requests from specified software agents, in specified forms and/or patterns, or through specified interfaces, such as a cloud application programming interface (CAPI), the MID server can execute script includes to perform operations and return results. In some embodiments, the MID server includes a software portion (e.g., a Java application that runs as a Windows service or UNIX daemon) as well as a hardware portion (e.g., a physical server, such as a computer or other hardware component) that runs the software portion. In some embodiments, the MID server is a virtual machine running on a physical machine. In some embodiments, the MID server is configured for a proxy role including by running a portion of an application that is also running on a remote system. In some embodiments, logs are stored on a storage device of a hardware portion of the MID server (e.g., a hard disk drive, a solid-state drive, etc.).
102
106
112
114
104
104
In the example illustrated, textual data server , central service server , machine learning server , and RCA and remediation server are communicatively connected via network . Examples of network include one or more of the following: a direct or indirect physical communication connection, mobile communication network, Internet, intranet, Local Area Network, Wide Area Network, Storage Area Network, and any other form of connecting two or more systems, components, or storage devices together.
106
106
108
110
108
102
112
110
110
110
In various embodiments, central service server comprises one or more hardware (e.g., computer) components capable of receiving, storing, and processing data (e.g., textual data). In the example illustrated, central service server includes data management and processing and pattern management . In various embodiments, data management and processing includes one or more hardware and/or software components capable of receiving textual data from textual data server , storing the textual data, sending the textual data (e.g., to machine learning server ), modifying and reorganizing the textual data (e.g., group into clusters), receiving new textual data, comparing the new textual data with previously stored and processed textual data, and storing and otherwise processing the new textual data. In various embodiments, pattern management stores patterns associated with clusters of textual data. As described in further detail herein, LCS is a type of pattern that may be stored. In various embodiments, an attempt is made to classify the new textual data that is received based on patterns stored in pattern management . In various embodiments, pattern management includes storage functionality (e.g., via a computer memory, hard disk drive, solid-state drive, etc.).
112
112
106
112
112
106
112
106
In various embodiments, machine learning server comprises one or more hardware (e.g., computer) components, as well as supporting software components, capable of providing machine learning services. Machine learning refers to the use and development of computer systems that are able to learn and adapt without following explicit instructions, e.g., by using algorithms and statistical models to analyze and draw inferences from patterns in data. As used herein, machine learning includes clustering. Clustering is an example of utilizing numerical methods to analyze and draw inferences from patterns in data. In various embodiments, machine learning server is requested by central service server to provide quantitative analysis of textual data, including pattern extraction. In various embodiments, pattern extraction performed by machine learning service includes tokenizing textual data, generating TD-IDF vectors, performing clustering (e.g., k-means clustering based on Euclidean distance), and determining LCSs. The above list is merely illustrative and not restrictive. Machine learning service is a generic service that services many types of textual data and can be adapted to perform different workflows for different types of data. It is also possible for one or more processing steps to be performed by another server (e.g., by central service server ) for computational efficiency reasons. It is also possible for the functionality of machine learning server to be directly incorporated into central service server . An advantage of such an implementation is reduced communication latency and overhead.
114
114
106
In various embodiments, RCA and remediation server comprises one or more hardware (e.g., computer) components, as well as supporting software components, capable of providing error/warning root cause analysis (RCA) and remediation services. It is also possible for there to be a separate RCA server and a separate remediation server that are distinct but communicatively connected. RCA is a systematic process for finding and identifying a root cause of a problem or event. Remediation refers to fixing, reversing, stopping, etc. identified problems or events, e.g., for software and hardware. An example of a problem is unresponsive software. Example remediation actions for unresponsive software (e.g., an unresponsive process) include stopping the process (e.g., pausing the process and continuing it later), ending the process (e.g., terminating the application to which the process belongs), killing the process (e.g., forcing closure without cleaning up temporary files associated with the process), and restarting the device/server on which the process is running. Examples of hardware problems include power supply problems, hard drive failures, overheating, connection cable failures, and network connectivity problems. Example remediation actions include updating hardware configurations, restarting devices/servers, and dispatching a technician to physically attend to the hardware (e.g., by replacing the hardware). In some embodiments, RCA and remediation server utilizes information stored in central service server to assist with RCA and remediation of IT problems. In many scenarios, a large volume of errors/warning makes RCA and remediation too time-consuming and infeasible. By clustering the large volume of errors/warnings, RCA and remediation can be feasible as a result of reduced dimensionality of data to analyze.
112
106
114
In some embodiments, the frequencies of error patterns are determined and the most common error patterns, corresponding to the most common errors, are addressed first. This is particularly advantageous when maintaining a large cloud infrastructure (e.g., distributed across the world) in which errors may be discovered across tens of thousands of servers and hundreds of thousands of sub-systems. Very large numbers of errors may be collected, which is why clustering is useful. If an error is remediated at one location, errors at other locations may be resolved automatically. Commonalities between errors that are identified as a result of pattern extraction can help avoid redundant work. In various embodiments, pattern extraction performed by machine learning server and managed by central service server aids tasks performed by RCA and remediation server . In various embodiments, various mappings associated with extracted patterns can be performed. For example, with respect to error patterns, a first occurred date, last occurred date, number of occurrences, CIs that are affected, and other attributes can be determined and stored. These attributes can then be viewed in a user interface (UI). In various embodiments, the UI has different modes, and it is possible to sort errors according to error pattern (e.g., LCS) or CIs affected. For example, a top error pattern can be clicked on to determine which CIs to investigate.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
In the example shown, portions of the communication path between the components are shown. Other communication paths may exist, and the example of has been simplified to illustrate the example clearly. Although single instances of components have been shown to simplify the diagram, additional instances of any of the components shown in may exist. For example, additional textual data servers may exist. The number of components and the connections shown in are merely illustrative. Components not shown in may also exist.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
100
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for managing machine generated data. In some embodiments, the process of is performed by system of .
202
102
106
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
At , machine generated data entries are collected. In some embodiments, the machine generated data entries comprise textual data. In some embodiments, the textual data comprise error and/or warning information associated with IT assets. In some embodiments, the machine generated data entries are provided by textual data server of to central service server of . In various embodiments, the machine generated data entries do not fall under any already determined pattern. Thus, pattern extraction would be useful to perform on the collected machine generated data entries.
204
106
106
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
At , the machine generated data entries are stored. In some embodiments, the machine generated data entries are stored on central service server of . In various embodiments, a specified storage designation is utilized for machine generated data entries without an already determined pattern. For example, the machine generated data entries can be stored with a code such as “error_no_pattern”. In some embodiments central service server of performs pre-processing (e.g., handling problematic characters in textual data) on the machine generated data entries. It is also possible for a machine learning service to perform the pre-processing. Pre-processing is described in further detail herein.
206
112
112
106
108
106
110
106
114
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
At , the stored machine generated data entries are processed and utilized. In various embodiments, processing includes requesting a machine learning service to extract patterns associated with the machine generated data entries. In some embodiments, the machine learning service resides on machine learning server of . In various embodiments, the processing includes tokenization, TD-IDF vector generation, clustering (e.g., k-means), and pattern (e.g., LCS) generation. Processing of machine generated data entries is described in further detail herein. In some embodiments, machine learning server of generates and then sends patterns back to central service server of , which adds the patterns to a pattern definitions table. In some embodiments, storage and management of the machine generated data entries for which patterns are generated is handled by data management and processing of central service server . In some embodiments, a pattern definitions table is stored in and/or managed by pattern management of central service server . As described in further detail herein, in some embodiments, patterns in the pattern definitions table are utilized to determine to which cluster group a new machine generated data entry belongs. Such a determination may be used for error analysis and remediation (e.g., by RCA and remediation server of ).
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
FIG. 3
FIG. 2
106
112
206
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for matching a machine generated data entry to a pattern associated with a cluster. In some embodiments, the process of is performed by central service server and machine learning server of . In some embodiments, at least a portion of the process of is performed in of .
302
102
106
112
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
At , machine generated data entries are received. In various embodiments, the machine generated data entries comprise textual data. In some embodiments, the textual data comprise error and/or warning information associated with IT assets. In some embodiments, the machine generated data entries arrive from textual data server of to central service server of and are shared with machine learning server of . In various embodiments, the machine generated data entries do not fall under any already determined pattern. Thus, pattern extraction would be useful to perform on the received machine generated data entries.
304
At , the machine generated data entries are clustered into a plurality of different clusters that each includes a different subset of the received machine generated data entries. In various embodiments, clustering the machine generated data entries includes tokenizing and pre-processing the entries, determining a numerical representation for each of the entries, and grouping the entries based on the determined numerical representations (e.g., based on calculating distances between entries derived from the determined numerical representations and identifying entries that are a close distance to one another).
306
At , for each of the plurality of different clusters, content of the corresponding subset of the received machine generated data entries belonging to the corresponding cluster of the plurality of different clusters is analyzed to determine a corresponding pattern of the corresponding cluster. Stated alternatively, after clustering, within each cluster, a pattern associated with that cluster is extracted. In some embodiments, the pattern is an LCS associated with that cluster. In various embodiments, the pattern is extracted from original textual data that is neither pre-processed nor tokenized.
308
302
304
106
102
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
At , a new machine generated data entry is received. In various embodiments, the new machine generated data entry is of the same general type as the machine generated data entries that have been clustered into the plurality of different clusters. For example, if at and , error and/or warning log text entries have been received and clustered, then the new machine generated data entry is also an error and/or warning log text entry. In some embodiments, the new machine generated data entry is received by central service server of from textual data server of .
310
306
At , the new machine generated data entry is matched to one of the determined patterns. Stated alternatively, the patterns determined at are utilized to identify a cluster of the plurality of different clusters to which to assign the new machine generated data entry. For example, for LCS patterns, it is determined whether any existing LCS corresponding to any cluster in the plurality of different clusters matches to (can be found in) the new machine generated data entry (e.g., by performing string matching).
312
FIG. 3
At , the new machine generated data entry is assigned to one of the plurality of different clusters corresponding to the matched pattern. For example, if the new machine generated data entry is an error and/or warning log text entry that is matched to a specific LCS, then that error and/or warning log text entry is assigned to the corresponding cluster for the specific LCS. Thus, an appropriate cluster for the new machine generated data entry is determined without needing to perform re-clustering combining the new machine generated data entry with the previously clustered machine generated data entries. A significant advantage of this is computational speed because the new machine generated data entry can be correctly classified without performing computationally time-consuming re-clustering. This improves the efficiency and functioning of a processor (e.g., a computer) performing the process of . Any approach that requires re-clustering would be deficient because it would be computationally slower.
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
FIG. 1
FIG. 4
FIG. 3
112
304
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for clustering machine generated data entries. In some embodiments, the process of is performed by machine learning server of . In some embodiments, at least a portion of the process of is performed in of .
402
At , data entries are tokenized and pre-processed. In various embodiments, the data entries are machine generated data entries. In various embodiments, the data entries comprise textual data (e.g., error and/or warning information associated with IT assets). It is possible for each data entry to be a single error/warning message or a combination of multiple error/warning messages (e.g., multiple error/warning messages from a common log file). Tokenization refers to demarcating and potentially classifying sections of a string of input characters. Stated alternatively, during tokenization, textual data is separated and sub-divided into individual lexical units. In some embodiments, tokenization is performed by regarding a block of text as tokens separated by specified delimiters (e.g., blank spaces, periods, slashes, numerical values, specific character sequences, etc.) that define boundaries of tokens. As used herein, tokens may also be referred to as word tokens. In some embodiments, textual data is tokenized by using primarily space characters as delimiters.
In some embodiments, pre-processing includes converting characters to lowercase or uppercase, removing punctuation, removing numbers, removing non-alphabetic (e.g., special) characters, and/or removing alphanumeric words. Punctuation, numbers, and special characters are oftentimes not relevant to the type of error for an error message. Alphanumeric words are oftentimes proper nouns (e.g., CI names) that are also not relevant to the type of error for an error message and could skew TD-IDF analysis (e.g., by assigning too much weight to proper nouns). Suppose an error/warning data entry as follows: “Server15B is low on storage, 80% full.” Tokenization and pre-processing would remove the CI name “Server15B” and “80%”. What remains is the type of error/warning, which is “low on storage”. In some embodiments, RegEx matching is utilized to determine whether a token is a proper noun. For example, RegEx matching can be used to remove URLs by identifying strings with the pattern “https:”. RegEx can also be utilized on entire data entries (e.g., entire error/warning messages). RegEx is most effective when the data entries, or parts thereof (e.g., CI names) are known a priori to follow a specified structure. RegEx can also be combined with specified rules. For example, for error/warning messages, a rule may be that any tokens that include “err” or “warn” are kept.
106
112
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
In some embodiments, pre-processing follows tokenization. It is also possible to perform pre-processing before tokenization. For example, it is possible to use a combination of rules and RegEx to filter out unwanted characters (e.g., numbers and special characters) so that only blank space delimiters are needed for tokenization. It is also possible to pre-process, tokenize, and then perform some additional processing (e.g., remove certain numbers and special characters, tokenize based on blank space delimiters, and then remove proper nouns, such as CI names). It is also possible to split pre-processing and tokenization tasks across services. For example, some pre-processing may be performed by central service server of and tokenization and/or additional processing may be performed by machine learning server of .
404
FIG. 4
At , a numerical representation is determined for each of the data entries. In various embodiments, the numerical representation is a vector of numbers. Numerical representations can be utilized by a clustering algorithm to quantitatively compare data entries corresponding to the numerical representations. Unless otherwise indicated, as used hereafter in reference to the process of , token refers to any token determined after pre-processing/processing to remove numbers, special characters, proper nouns, and any other unwanted characters or words. In various embodiments, the numerical representation is a vector for which each value is a specified metric computed for each token of a data entry. In some embodiments, the metric is TD-IDF. Stated alternatively, in some embodiments, a TD-IDF value is computed for each token of each data entry. The vectors for all the data entries comprise a document term matrix. Computations (e.g., distance calculations) can be performed on the vectors collectively by performing them on the document term matrix.
In various embodiments, for each token in a data entry, a term frequency (TD) of the token in the data entry is calculated. In some embodiments, TD is calculated as the number of times the token appears in the data entry divided by the total number of tokens in the data entry. In addition, an inverse document frequency (IDF) of the token is determined. IDF measures frequency of the token in other data entries. In some embodiments, IDF is calculated as a logarithm of a quotient, wherein the quotient is the total number of data entries divided by the number of data entries that include the token. For example, if the token appears in all data entries, IDF is equal to log(1)=0. In various embodiments, a TD-IDF score (also referred to as a TD-IDF value) is computed as TD multiplied by IDF. Other formulations for TD and IDF (and thus TD-IDF, e.g., adjusting TD for data entry length and different weighting schemes for TD and IDF) are also possible. A common feature across various formulations is that the TD-IDF score increases proportionally to the number of times the token appears in a current data entry and is offset by the number of data entries in which the token appears, which deemphasizes tokens that appear more frequently in general.
As an example, in the error/warning message “low on storage”, the number of times “low” occurs in a log of error/warning messages can be associated with TD and IDF can be associated with how often “low” occurs across all logs. Words specific to a particular log are weighted more heavily. If this error message is supplied to a clustering algorithm, it will be a shorter distance to other error messages that have similar tokens. In addition, very common tokens will not factor heavily into distance comparisons by the clustering algorithm.
It is also possible to utilize a metric other than TD-IDF. In general, any transformation of a token (in text) format to a numerical format may be utilized. For example, a neural network or other machine learning model can be trained to map a collection of words (e.g., a corpus of words that are used in an IT error/warning context) to numbers or vectors, wherein words that are semantically similar map to similar numbers or vectors. Such a neural network (or other machine learning model) is trained using training example words whose semantic closeness is already known.
406
At , the data entries are clustered based on the determined numerical representations for the data entries. In various embodiments, distances between vectors corresponding to the different data entries are calculated according to a specified distance metric. In some embodiments, the distance metric is Euclidean distance. Other distance metrics are also possible. Examples of other distance metrics include Manhattan distance, Minkowski distance, and Hamming distance. The data entries are clustered based on the distance metric. In some embodiments, k-means clustering is applied to the determined numerical representations (e.g., vectors) to cluster the data entries. Other clustering approaches are also possible. Examples of other clustering approaches include mean-shift clustering, expectation-minimization clustering using gaussian mixture models, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN).
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
FIG. 1
FIG. 5
FIG. 2
100
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for performing supplemental clustering of new machine generated data entries. In some embodiments, the process of is performed by system of . In some embodiments, the process of is performed after the process of .
502
102
106
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
At , machine generated data entries that cannot be assigned to existing clusters based on matching to existing patterns are collected. In some embodiments, these (additional) machine generated data entries are provided by textual data server of to central service server of . These newly collected machine generated data entries have the same general format as existing machine generated data entries that have been received and clustered (e.g., textual data, such as error/warning messages) but do not fall under any already determined pattern. For example, there may be no already extracted LCSs that match the newly collected machine generated data entries. Thus, pattern extraction would be useful to perform on the newly collected machine generated data entries. In various embodiments, the newly collected machine generated data entries are stored and consolidated (e.g., until a specified number of entries are collected or after a specified amount of time, such as a day, a week, etc., has passed) in preparation for clustering.
504
FIG. 4
At , new clusters for the collected machine generated data entries are determined and new patterns are extracted. Clustering and pattern extraction (a new round) are needed because the collected machine generated data entries cannot be assigned to existing clusters based on matching to existing patterns. This occurs in a scenario, for example, when new types of textual data (e.g., new error/warning messages) occur. In some embodiments, the process of is utilized to cluster the collected machine generated data entries. In various embodiments, previously clustered machine generated data entries are not included in the new round of clustering, which has a benefit of saving computation time. Preexisting clusters need not be considered because it is already known that the corresponding patterns (e.g., LCSs) of the preexisting clusters do not match the new data entries. In some embodiments, the extracted new patterns are LCSs corresponding to the new clusters of the newly collected machine generated data entries.
506
106
106
110
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
At , the new clusters are combined with the existing clusters and the extracted new patterns are combined with the existing patterns. In some embodiments, the new clusters are stored with the existing clusters on central service server of . In some embodiments, the extracted new patterns are stored with the existing patterns on central service server of (e.g., added to a pattern definitions table of pattern management of ). After the extracted new patterns are stored, future occurrences of machine generated data entries that are similar to the ones that have been newly clustered can be matched to the corresponding patterns that have been newly stored.
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
FIG. 1
FIG. 6
FIG. 2
114
206
is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a process for performing remediation associated with machine generated data entries. In some embodiments, the process of is performed by RCA and remediation server of . In some embodiments, at least a portion of the process of is performed in of .
602
At , one or more data entries in a cluster of data entries are examined. In various embodiments, the data entries are error and/or warning messages. In many scenarios, a large volume (e.g., hundreds of thousands) of errors and warnings are generated through error/warning discovery logs. In some embodiments, the one or more data entries are examined by a user through a user interface. With respect to error patterns, various attributes, such as a first occurred date, last occurred date, number of occurrences, and CIs that are affected may be examined through the user interface. The user may select an error whose type has occurred very frequently to further investigate and remediate. The first occurrence of an error can be useful to determine where the error originated. The last occurrence can be useful to determine what remediations have been successful. Affected CIs can be useful to determine where to start remediation. In some embodiments, affected CIs are identified through the pre-processing that removes CI names. The user is able to manage the large volume of errors and warnings because they have been clustered into a manageable number of types (of error patterns), which makes it easier to select top errors for RCA and remediation.
In some embodiments, error/warning logs occurring each day are assigned into their respective clusters and patterns and a count of occurrences is updated every day. Computer scripts can be written to extract affected CIs from logs for each pattern type. The first occurred date for each pattern is maintained, which aids identification of errors that began after events such as upgrades. In various embodiments, the last occurred date is updated during a daily scan, which aids identification of error patterns that have been addressed and fixed.
604
At , RCA associated with the one or more data entries is performed. In some embodiments, performing RCA includes collecting various inputs and providing the inputs to an RCA engine. The various inputs can include error messages indicating faults and symptoms. The various inputs can be collected by various hardware and software sensors measuring properties such as network speed, storage capacity, hardware failures, component connectivity, etc. Collection of error messages based on monitoring by hardware and/or software sensors is referred to as error discovery (or simply discovery). In some embodiments, the RCA engine compares collected symptoms to a symptom model and fault/cause model to determine a cause of the symptoms. For example, symptoms such as low network bandwidth and poor connectivity at specific nodes in a network may be determined by the RCA engine to be caused by a specific computer in the network.
606
At , remediation associated with the one or more data entries is performed. Example remediations include: stopping a software process, ending the software process, killing the software process, restarting a device or server, updating a hardware configuration, and dispatching a technician. In some embodiments, remediation starts with a user selecting one or more affected CIs to address.
Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementing the invention. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and not restrictive. | |
Destination England, where Garnett recognises him and details Jimmy to tail him.
It must be bacon, because only one thing smells like bacon, and that's bacon! Anime and Manga InuYasha: Played straight but often for comedy.
Inuyasha is a Half-Human Hybrid whose youkai heritage is canine. He's very simple-minded as a result and his limited intelligence can get him into a lot of trouble. However, his instincts for fighting evil are very powerful and he's therefore capable of surprising acts of wisdom.
Sesshoumaru rarely transforms into his true form. When forced to against Magatsuhi, he becomes entangled in his enemy's tentacles. Jaken notices that all Sesshoumaru needs to do to escape is drop back to his smaller humanoid form and slide out.
When Sesshoumaru instead pointlessly shakes his body like a wet dog, Jaken realises Sesshoumaru's true form gives him both his full power and a dog's intellect. An implied telepathic connection between them is revealed when Sesshoumaru first responds to Jaken's tactical analysis to transform and escape and then responds angrily to Jaken's disparaging thoughts regarding canine intellect.
The battle is very serious, but the scene involving Jaken's internal assessment of Sesshoumaru's intellect while in dog form is Played for Laughs. Thinking "He is unable to escape Or is he helpless because he is in that form?! Or does this form also have Founding Pet Avenger Lockjawon the other hand, is smarter than the average dog, and superpowered to boot.
Lockjaw isn't actually a dog.
He's an Inhuman whose exposure to the Terrigen Mists changed him into a dog-like shape. In Rockythe title character a dog tries to get a friend's advice on trying to play some obscure Hip-Hop music video on a Swedish music TV station, since he doesn't know any current pop music.
The final panel has the friend laughing as he watches Rocky introduce a video by Vengaboys. In the English language version of the comic, the reference is changed to No Doubt. She gets mad at the fact it's a cat, not a puppy, but her aunts mention amongst themselves that dogs aren't smart enough to be familiars.
Comic Strips Odie from Garfieldpictured above. Garfield and Friends had the cat usually extending it to all dogs. Which once led him to a beating, when saying "dogs have no brains" In the cartoon, Garfield once wore a shirt reading "I hate dogs" However, Odie might actually be a case of Obfuscating Stupidity.
One cartoon showed him reading War and Peace while Garfield and Jon were gone, and another showed he's a wiz at Sudoku.
Neither Satchel nor Bucky is very bright; the difference is that Satchel has a more innocent stupiditywhile Bucky's is a more malevolent stupidity.
A one-panel Non Sequitur, captioned "How Your Pets Think", shows a dog and a cat looking at a man sitting in a recliner. The dog's thought-bubble reads "Petmelovemepetmelovemepetmeloveme! Several dogs onscreen were barking, which was translated to, "Hey!
Kenny from Dogs of C-Kennelalthough most of the other dogs are an aversion of the trope. Films — Animation The also-eponymous Bolt is something of an exception, being naive rather than stupid. The other dogs, however, particularly Alphaare not very dumb at all, and regard Dug with scorn and shameso it's really just Dug who represents this trope.
They are all shown to have some sort of Attention Deficit Disney's The Aristocats portrays dogs as being on a par with the mountain-men from Deliverance. Dave thinks like the human he is, but succumbs instantaneously to frisbees, scritches, and games of fetch.
The eponymous Beethoven is not exactly a canine genius.Outline of Döblin's Berlin Alexanderplatz. Page references are to Eugene Jolas's circa English translation of the novel, initially published as Alexanderplatz, Berlin; the edition used here is from Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.,New York (sixth printing, ).
‘The Real Inspector Hound’ was first performed in The play is a comic spoof of the whodunits popularized by Agatha Christie, with the clichéd plot of a secluded English country manor house, ominous radio reports of a criminal on the loose, visitors behaving suspiciously, a relative with a.
The Fair Love. Hyung-man (Ahn Sung-ki) is a man in his 50s who leads a lonely, ordered life. He runs a small camera repair shop, and his mastery of this intricate skill draws customers from across the city. Welcome to the Free E-mail Database.
|Sherlock Holmes (Franchise) - TV Tropes||KoreanImported Total admissions:|
|An analysis of the melodrama the real inspector hound||Full study guide for this title currently under development. To be notified when we launch a full study guide, please contact us.|
This page is a public service to provide E-mail addresses for any purpose you may need. Drawing from a constantly-updated database, we offer up free lists of E-mail address to hundreds of users per day! Contrasting settings, ideals and people dominate The Real Inspector Hound.
Almost every character has an opposite, and is otherwise totally unique. Cynthia is opposite to Felicity, Simon is the contrast of Magnus, and so on. Tom Stoppard has included these contrasts for a variety of reasons and.
The EPA’s decision conflicts with a March report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer that found that glyphosate “probably” contributes to non-Hodgkin lymphoma in humans and classified it as a ‘Group 2A’ carcinogen. | https://niwicagumig.leslutinsduphoenix.com/an-analysis-of-the-melodrama-the-real-inspector-hound-44086am.html |
Feb 25, 2019
Friends, today I am excited to introduce you to Jax Ball. She is the epitome of a multi-passionate entrepreneur. Jax is a blogger at her blog, Jax & Crew, where she writes about travel, beauty, fashion, and lifestyle. In addition to doing graphic design and marketing, she and her husband also run several business...
Feb 18, 2019
On today’s episode of The Inspired Entrepreneur Podcast, I am going to walk you through the Problem-Awareness Spectrum and how understanding this spectrum can help you figure out what audience you need to focus on and how to improve your marketing efforts. Listen in for tips on how to take inspired action to improve...
Feb 11, 2019
Hello friends! Welcome to Episode 7 of the Inspired Entrepreneur Podcast. Today I am excited to chat with Emily Kirby of Texture Design Co. Emily is an interior designer turned graphic designer, who creates amazing greeting cards, calendars, art prints, even mugs! The mission of her company is to create products that...
Feb 4, 2019
MAGGIE GIELE IS AN AWARD WINNING BUSINESS AND MARKETING STRATEGIST AND A CERTIFIED COACH. SHE HELPS FIERCELY DEDICATED BUSINESS OWNERS SLAY STRATEGIES AND SCALE BUSINESSES, SO THEY CAN MAKE MORE IMPACT AND MORE MONEY WITH EASE. SHE’S ALSO THE FOUNDER OF BOSSES IN EUROPE WHICH IS AN ONLINE COMMUNITY FOR... | http://inspiredentrepreneur.libsyn.com/2019/02 |
Tires screech to his right as he races across the intersection at Rampart. Horn blaring, an angry tourist leans out the window of his rental car, cursing the young man in a language Cricket doesn't understand. The young activist seizes this opportunity to cross Canal, switching direction in mid-stride. He crosses over and continues racing down Canal Street. He hears the short "Woop!" of a police siren behind him, and realizes that they have finally sent a cruiser to assist in taking him down. He doesn't have much time now...
Here comes Dauphine Street. Cricket races underneath a huge section of scaffolding and makes a left at the corner. Now heading away from Canal on Dauphine, he hears the stomping sounds of the riot cops merge with the video-game chirps and grunts of the police cruiser as the "authorities" round the corner in hot pursuit. Bourbon Street is one block away; parallel to the street he is on now.
Cricket races diagonally across the intersection of St. Louis Street and Dauphine, making a right on St. Louis toward Bourbon. He hears the patrol car less than a block behind him, and knows that this is the moment of truth. He has to run to the restaurant on the northern corner of St. Louis and Bourbon, and he has to reach it before the cop car can cut him off. The cop car is only a block behind him, but there is foot traffic in the street. Cricket pushes his muscles to their limit, and loses all feeling in his body as a final, consuming wave of adrenaline propels him up the street at 19 miles per hour, which is exactly one mile per hour faster than the police cruiser can go with the pedestrians slowly making their way out of the street. The footsore riot cops can only manage a meager 14mph at this point, not having the "fight or flight" trigger to goad them toward a quicker rate of travel.
"Shouldn't have gotten a table next to the open doors and the street," she thinks to herself, "I'd be a lot cooler in the back of the room." She eyes the tables in the back longingly. "It must be at least five degrees cooler back there. Oh well." Tiffany begins to absentmindedly fan herself with the drink menu when a young man wearing a black handkerchief around his face leaps over the chain separating the sidewalk from the restaurant floor and races through the dining area, leaving overturned tables and upset tourists in his wake. As her table is overturned, Tiffany hears a small cry begin to leave her throat, but then sanity kicks in and she realizes that the scene she is witnessing now is much preferable to the hot, boring day she had been having five seconds ago. She looks on with a bemused stare as two men dressed up like the Storm Troopers from Star Wars (only in black instead of white) enter the scene, presumably in pursuit of the first man. The first Storm Trooper makes it over the chain just fine, but manages to become entangled in the legs of the overturned table closest to the street; her table, as a matter of fact. The second riot cop doesn't even see the chain that crosses his path at knee level. The top of his body drops like the head of a hammer, and fortunately for him his partner provides a relatively soft place to land in a hopeless tangle, their chances of catching their elusive prey now rendered quite unpromising. | http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2004/07/292447.shtml |
# Still of the Night (film)
Still of the Night is a 1982 American neo-noir psychological thriller film directed by Robert Benton and starring Roy Scheider, Meryl Streep, Joe Grifasi, and Jessica Tandy. It was written by Benton and David Newman. Scheider plays a psychiatrist who falls in love with a woman (Streep) who may be the psychopathic killer of one of his patients.
The film is considered as an overt homage to the films of Alfred Hitchcock, emulating scenes from many of his movies: a bird attacks one character (as in The Birds), a scene takes place in an auction (as in North by Northwest), someone falls from a height (as in Vertigo and a number of other films), stuffed birds occupy a room (as in Psycho), and an important plot point is the interpretation of a dream (as in Spellbound). Meryl Streep's hair is styled much like Eva Marie Saint's was in North by Northwest, and the town of Glen Cove features in both films. Jessica Tandy also features both in this film, and in The Birds (1963) as the mother of the protagonist.
## Plot
Manhattan psychiatrist Dr. Sam Rice is visited by glamorous, enigmatic Brooke Reynolds, who works at Crispin's (a fictitious New York auction house modeled after Christie's). Brooke was having an affair with one of Rice's patients, George Bynum, who has just been murdered. Brooke asks the doctor to return a watch to Bynum's wife and not reveal the affair.
Sam is visited by NYPD Detective Joseph Vitucci but refuses to give any information on Bynum, a patient for two years. After the police warn him that he could become a target because the killer may believe he knows something, Sam reviews the case files detailing Bynum's affairs with various women at Crispin's, including Brooke. Bynum had also expressed concern, claiming a wealthy friend had once killed someone, and Bynum was the only person who knew about this. He wondered if this friend might kill again.
The police believe Bynum's killer is a woman. Sam gradually falls for Brooke but believes he is being followed. He is mugged by someone who takes his coat, whereupon the mugger is killed in the same manner as Bynum.
Sam tries to interpret clues from the case file with his psychiatrist mother, Grace, including a strange dream of Bynum's in which he finds a green box in a cabinet in a dark house and is then chased up a narrow staircase by a little girl carrying a bleeding teddy bear.
Brooke's behavior becomes increasingly suspicious. Sam tails her to a family estate on Long Island. She explains her guilt in the accidental death of her father, and claims Bynum threatened to reveal this secret if she broke off their affair.
Sam pieces together that Bynum's previous girlfriend was Gail Phillips, an assistant to Bynum at Crispin's. Gail blames Brooke for her breakup with Bynum. Gail, trying to frame Brooke, kills Det. Vitucci. Now she arrives at the estate to kill Brooke and Sam.
As they are about to leave, Brooke forgets her keys and goes back into the dark house, alone, to retrieve them, while Sam waits in his car. Gail appears in the back seat of the car and stabs Sam with a knife. Gail then chases Brooke through the house, recapitulating Bynum's dream. Brooke narrowly escapes, as Gail falls to her death over a railing. Sam is not seriously hurt and is embraced by Brooke.
## Cast
Roy Scheider as Dr. Sam Rice Meryl Streep as Brooke Reynolds Jessica Tandy as Dr. Grace Rice Joe Grifasi as Joseph Vitucci Sara Botsford as Gail Phillips Josef Sommer as George Bynum Rikke Borge as Heather Wilson Irving Metzman as Murray Gordon Larry Joshua as Mugger Tom Norton as Auctioneer Richmond Hoxie as Mr. Harris Hyon Cho as Mr. Chang Danielle Cusson as Girl John Eric Bentley as Night Watchman George A. Tooks as Elevator Operator
## Production
Filming took place in March 1981. Still of the Night was filmed in and around New York City, including at Columbia University, the Trefoil Arch and the Boathouse Cafe in Central Park, and the Museum of the City of New York.
Art dealer Arne Glimcher served as a consultant on the film and helped choreograph the auction scene (as well as playing a cameo role as an art dealer who bids against the Streep character). Thomas E. Norton, who had been a long-time executive at Sotheby's, served as a consultant for the film. (He also played the auctioneer taking bids during the Crispin's auction scene.) The auction scene was filmed in the auditorium of the International House of New York.
## Reception
### Box office
The film had a platform release on five screens and grossed $548,255 before going wide on 502 screens on December 17, 1982, but it disappointed with only $633,273 for the weekend. Altogether, the film made $5,979,947 domestically, on a budget of $10 million.
### Critical reaction
Still of the Night holds an aggregate score of 67% fresh on the website Rotten Tomatoes.
A review in Variety stated: "It comes as almost a shock to see a modern suspense picture that's as literate, well acted and beautifully made as Still of The Night. Despite its many virtues, however, Robert Benton's film has its share of serious flaws, mainly in the area of plotting".
In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby explained that the screenplay "makes inescapable references to such Hitchcock classics as 'Vertigo,' 'Rear Window,' 'North by Northwest' and 'Spellbound,' among others."
In 2013, Meryl Streep stated it was one of the worst movies in which she had acted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_of_the_Night_(film) |
Tom O’Brien Construction Ltd. were professional and efficient, the project was completed to the agreed schedules and budgets while maintaining excellent Health & Safety and Quality standards. I would have no hesitation in recommending Tom O’Brien Construction Ltd.
The Tom O'Brien team rose to the challenges of this project, implementing solutions that met our needs and were both sympathetic to the buildings heritage and to our budget.
Over the years we have built up a relationship with Tom O'Brien Construction that provides us with an efficient, prompt and professional service, with all work carried out to the highest standard and with the highest priority for health & safety.
We have worked with Tom O'Brien on a number of projects which were all of a highly technical nature in existing hospital sites where services had to be maintained to the existing buildings while the projects were under construction. They are extremely competent and understanding of all potential risks in such a scenario.
The projects that we have worked together on at Waterford Regional Hospital involved a very high level of detailed finishes & needed to be executed within a very tight time scale where the hospital remained in operation for the duration of works.
Tom O'Brien carried out the renovation works to Christchurch Cathedral Waterford with skill, diligence and within the agreed time frame. The range of skills brought to bear upon this protect structure by the Company was impressive and they were a pleasure to deal with. | http://www.tobcon.ie/ |
Yes, even wars have laws.
To find out more, visit http://therulesofwar.org
********
Rules of War in a Nutshell - script
Since the beginning, humans have resorted to violence as a way to settle disagreements.
Yet through the ages, people from around the world have tried to limit the brutality of war.
It was this humanitarian spirit that led to the First Geneva Convention of 1864,and to the birth of modern International Humanitarian Law.
Setting the basic limits on how wars can be fought, these universal laws of war protect those not fighting, as well as those no longer able to.
To do this, a distinction must always be made between who or what may be attacked, and who or what must be spared and protected.
- CIVILIANS -
Most importantly, civilians can never be targeted. To do so is a war crime.
“When they drove into our village, they shouted that they were going to kill everyone. I was so scared, I ran to hide in the bush.
I heard my mother screaming. I thought I would never see her again.”
Every possible care must be taken to avoid harming civilians or destroying things essential for their survival.
They have a right to receive the help they need.
- DETAINEES -
“The conditions prisoners lived in never used to bother me.
People like him were the reason my brother was dead.
He was the enemy and was nothing to me.
But then I realized that behind bars, he was out of action and no longer a threat to me or my family.”
The laws of war prohibit torture and other ill-treatment of detainees, whatever their past.
They must be given food and water and allowed to communicate with loved ones. This preserves their dignity and keeps them alive.
- SICK & WOUNDED -
Medical workers save lives, sometimes in the most dangerous conditions.
“Several fighters from both sides had been critically wounded in a fierce battle and we were taking them to the closest hospital.
At a checkpoint, a soldier threatened us, demanding that we only treat his men. Time was running out and I was afraid they were all going to die.”
Medical workers must always be allowed to do their job and the Red Cross or Red Crescent must not be attacked.
The sick or wounded have a right to be cared for, regardless of whose side they are on.
- LIMITS TO WARFARE -
Advances in weapons technology has meant that the rules of war have also had to adapt.
Because some weapons and methods of warfare don't distinguish between fighters and civilians, limits on their use have been agreed.
In the future, wars may be fought with fully autonomous robots.
But will such robots ever have the ability to distinguish between a military target and someone who must never be attacked?
No matter how sophisticated weapons become it is essential that they are in line with the rules of war.
International Humanitarian Law is all about making choices that preserve a minimum of human dignity in times of war, and makes sure that living together again is possible once the last bullet has been shot.
Is international humanitarian law up to the job of protecting the people affected by modern-day armed conflicts? This film looks in turns at the poor security conditions frequently confronting the civilian population, the fact that people often have to flee their homes, hostage-taking, the dangers posed by cluster munitions, and the work of preventing and, punishing war crimes. It tells us the basic rules of the law and reminds us that respecting them is everyone's responsibility. http://www.icrc.org
✪✪✪✪✪ WORK FROM HOME! Looking for US WORKERS for simple Internet data entry JOBS. $15-20 per hour. SIGN UP here - http://jobs.theaudiopedia.com ✪✪✪✪✪
✪✪✪✪✪ The Audiopedia Android application, INSTALL NOW - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.wTheAudiopedia_8069473 ✪✪✪✪✪
What is INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW? What does INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW mean? INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW meaning - INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW definition -INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
International humanitarian law (IHL) is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello). It is that branch of international law which seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities, and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants. IHL is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. "It comprises a set of rules, established by treaty or custom, that seeks to protect persons and property/objects that are (or may be) affected by armed conflict and limits the rights of parties to a conflict to use methods and means of warfare of their choice". It includes "the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, as well as subsequent treaties, case law, and customary international law." It defines the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations, and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning non-combatants. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and military necessity, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and mitigating human suffering.
Serious violations of international humanitarian law are called war crimes. International humanitarian law, jus in bello, regulates the conduct of forces when engaged in war or armed conflict. It is distinct from jus ad bellum which regulates the conduct of engaging in war or armed conflict and includes crimes against peace and of war of aggression. Together the jus in bello and jus ad bellum comprise the two strands of the laws of war governing all aspects of international armed conflicts.
The law is mandatory for nations bound by the appropriate treaties. There are also other customary unwritten rules of war, many of which were explored at the Nuremberg War Trials. By extension, they also define both the permissive rights of these powers as well as prohibitions on their conduct when dealing with irregular forces and non-signatories.
International humanitarian law operates on a strict division between rules applicable in international armed conflict and internal armed conflict. This dichotomy is widely criticized.
The relationship between international human rights law and international humanitarian law is disputed among international law scholars. This discussion forms part of a larger discussion on fragmentation of international law. While pluralist scholars conceive international human rights law as being distinct from international humanitarian law, proponents of the constitutionalist approach regard the latter as a subset of the former. In a nutshell, those who favors separate, self-contained regimes emphasize the differences in applicability; international humanitarian law applies only during armed conflict. On the other hand, a more systemic perspective explains that international humanitarian law represents a function of international human rights law; it includes general norms that apply to everyone at all time as well as specialized norms which apply to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (i.e., IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (e.g., the 1951 Refugee Convention), children (the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child), and prisoners of war (the 1949 Third Geneva Convention).
SCOPE OF THE LAW IN ARMED CONFLICT - Part 2
• (00:00) The nature and challenges of classifying armed conflict - Prof. Marco Sassòli
• (13:06) Question: "If armed actors with purely criminal motivations continue to use force after a peace agreement, does the country remain classified as a non-international armed conflict?
***
At a time where conflicts around the world are becoming more complex, answering the questions on the scope of international law - when does it apply, to whom and who does it protect? - is of particular relevance. The pursuit of the “war on terror” by military means has given rise to concerns over the emergence of a “global battlefield” governed by IHL. Contemporary armed conflicts also feature a multitude of actors, making it challenging to identify the parties to the conflict and the level of protection afforded to all present on the ground. Finally, the fragmentation of non-state armed groups and extraterritorial involvement of State armed forces raise further questions about the classification and typology of non-international armed conflicts.
The event took place in ICRC's Humanitarium (Geneva, Switzerland) on 19 February 2015, and launched an upcoming issue of the International Review of the Red Cross that will come out in print in May 2015 (part of the content is already available online).
The discussion was introduced by Helen Durham, Director of Law and Policy at the ICRC, and featured Prof. Marco Sassòli, Ms. Jelena Pejic and Prof Marko Milanovic as panelists, and with Prof. Noam Lubell as moderator.
Qualifying – or classifying – a situation as an international armed conflict (IAC) or non-international armed conflict (NIAC) is an important and often necessary step when determining whether the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) apply in a specific context. The application of IAC or NIAC rules to a given scenario is of significant consequence; for instance, under IHL the standards governing the use of lethal force in an IAC or NIAC are far more permissive than those that apply during peacetime. The basic distinction between IACs and NIACs is reflected in both treaty and customary law, and dictates which rules apply to a particular situation. For instance, the treaty rules regulating conduct of hostilities and the treaty rules addressing humanitarian access differ in an IAC as compared to a NIAC.
This session provides an introduction to conducting a qualification analysis under IHL. It will address such questions as:
- What is the value or utility of such an exercise?
- Who undertakes such an exercise and why? Is there a final arbiter of such an analysis?
- What are the definitions of an IAC and a NIAC? Where does occupation fit in?
- When does a situation of violence become an IAC or NIAC?
- What are some of the challenges in qualifying a situation as an armed conflict?
Read more about this session on https://phap.org/OLS-HLP-4
International humanitarian law (IHL) establishes a number of provisions designed to enhance protections for civilians in armed conflict. The provision of humanitarian assistance, and securing the requisite humanitarian access to do so, are critical to addressing the suffering of the civilian population. IHL provides a legal basis for humanitarian actors to engage with parties to the conflict. It presents a common set of concepts, principles, and terminology that can inform negotiations as well as policy and operational decisions. Understanding what IHL says – and does not say – in terms of humanitarian access is critical for humanitarians. This event introduces the concept of humanitarian access and highlight the relevant IHL terminology and rules and presents some of the key challenges to this concept.
Read more about the event at https://phap.org/OLS-HLP-14
SCOPE OF THE LAW IN ARMED CONFLICT - Part 3
• (00:00) IHL's applicability to extra-territorial drone strikes - Ms. Jelena Pejic
• (15:15) Prof. Noam Lubell's follow-up on the geographical scope of application of IHL
***
At a time where conflicts around the world are becoming more complex, answering the questions on the scope of international law - when does it apply, to whom and who does it protect? - is of particular relevance. The pursuit of the “war on terror” by military means has given rise to concerns over the emergence of a “global battlefield” governed by IHL. Contemporary armed conflicts also feature a multitude of actors, making it challenging to identify the parties to the conflict and the level of protection afforded to all present on the ground. Finally, the fragmentation of non-state armed groups and extraterritorial involvement of State armed forces raise further questions about the classification and typology of non-international armed conflicts.
The event took place in ICRC's Humanitarium (Geneva, Switzerland) on 19 February 2015, and launched an upcoming issue of the International Review of the Red Cross that will come out in print in May 2015 (part of the content is already available online).
The discussion was introduced by Helen Durham, Director of Law and Policy at the ICRC, and featured Prof. Marco Sassòli, Ms. Jelena Pejic and Prof Marko Milanovic as panelists, and with Prof. Noam Lubell as moderator.
SCOPE OF THE LAW IN ARMED CONFLICT - Part 4
• (00:00) The challenge of determining the end of armed conflict - Marko Milanovic
• (15:05) Question: "Why are you seemingly more comfortable with the "revolving door" scenario (intermittently classifying and de-classifying a conflict) for non-international armed conflicts, and not for international armed conflicts?"
***
At a time where conflicts around the world are becoming more complex, answering the questions on the scope of international law - when does it apply, to whom and who does it protect? - is of particular relevance. The pursuit of the “war on terror” by military means has given rise to concerns over the emergence of a “global battlefield” governed by IHL. Contemporary armed conflicts also feature a multitude of actors, making it challenging to identify the parties to the conflict and the level of protection afforded to all present on the ground. Finally, the fragmentation of non-state armed groups and extraterritorial involvement of State armed forces raise further questions about the classification and typology of non-international armed conflicts.
The event took place in ICRC's Humanitarium (Geneva, Switzerland) on 19 February 2015, and launched an upcoming issue of the International Review of the Red Cross that will come out in print in May 2015 (part of the content is already available online).
The discussion was introduced by Helen Durham, Director of Law and Policy at the ICRC, and featured Prof. Marco Sassòli, Ms. Jelena Pejic and Prof Marko Milanovic as panelists, and with Prof. Noam Lubell as moderator.
A panel of national security law experts discusses the challenges of translating traditional rules of war to the unconventional conflicts taking place in the Middle East. The panel consists of Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Ken Watkin (former Judge Advocate General, Canadian Armed Forces); Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Rich Gross (former legal counsel, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) and Michael Meier (office of the Judge Advocate General, Department of the Army). Geoff Corn, South Texas College of Law, moderates. This panel was part of the UVA Law conference "Region in Turmoil: Conflicts in the Middle East." (University School of Law, March 2, 2017)
Webinar: Use of Force in Armed Conflicts. Interplay between the Conduct of Hostilities and Law Enforcement Paradigms
This webinar will discuss the conclusions set forward in an Expert Meeting Report (ICRC, 2013) on the distinction between the conduct of hostilities and law enforcement paradigms.
Synopsis:
In contemporary armed conflicts, in particular in non-international armed conflicts and occupations, armed forces are increasingly expected to conduct not only combat operations against the adversary, but also law enforcement operations, in order to maintain or restore public security, law and order. In practice, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between situations governed by the conduct of hostilities paradigm (derived from international humanitarian law) and those governed by the law enforcement paradigm (mainly derived from human rights law). Effective determination of the appropriate applicable paradigm may have a crucial impact on the humanitarian consequences of an operation, since the rules and principles shaping the two paradigms are different.
In order to shed further light on these issues, the ICRC has organized an expert meeting on the topic and subsequently published an Expert Meeting Report (end of 2013) in English.
The aim of this webinar is to discuss the conclusions set forward in the Expert Meeting Report.
Panelists:
• Gloria Gaggioli, former ICRC Thematic Legal Advisor, Associate professor, University of Geneva
• Brigadier General Richard Gross, Legal Counsel to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
• David Kretzmer, Emeritus Professor, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Colonel Juan Carlos Gómez Ramirez, Ministry of Defence, Colombia
• Moderated by: Jamie Williamson, Head of Unit, Unit for Relations with Arms Carriers (ICRC)
For more information: https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/event/2014/webinar-use-of-force.htm
The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was adopted at The Hague (Netherlands) in 1954 in the wake of massive destruction of cultural heritage during the Second World War. It is the first international treaty with a world-wide vocation focusing exclusively on the protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict.
To learn more about the 1954 Hague Convention and its two (1954 and 1999) Protocols visit: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/armed-conflict-and-heritage/
This session provides a brief introduction to the basic rules of conduct of hostilities, offering participants the opportunity to learn about the relationship between the principles of distinction and proportionality, the rules regarding precautionary measures, and the prohibition of superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering. The definition of a military objective will be covered, as will conditions under which damage to civilian objects or injury or death to civilians may not be unlawful under IHL in certain circumstances.
The Advanced IHL Learning Series are addressed to lecturers and trainers who wish to update their knowledge of the latest developments and challenges in international humanitarian law (IHL) and other related areas. They enable lecturers to update and deepen their expertise in topical issues, have access to teaching resources and introduce the topics in their course or training.
This video provides some insights into the challenges that exist in armed conflicts today, particularly how the three main principles of IHL are applied, namely the principles of distinction, proportionality and precautions. Watch this video for more insights.
This video was filmed during the 2017 edition of the Advanced Seminar in IHL for University Lecturers co-organized by the ICRC and the Geneva Academy. The opinions expressed by the lecturers in the series are theirs alone, and not necessarily shared by the ICRC.
دورة مدربي قانون النزاعات المسلحة بالتعاون مع اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر / بعثة عمان
رغم تعدد تعريفات القانون الدولي الإنساني، إلا أنها- أي التعريفات- أجمعت على حقيقة واحدة مفادها؛ أن هدف هذا القانون هو حماية الأشخاص الذين يعانون من ويلات الحرب.
تعرف اللجنة الدو لية للصليب الأحمر القانون الدولي الإنساني بأنه: مجموعة القواعد الدولية الموضوعة بمقتضى معاهدات أو أعراف، والمخصصة بالتحديد لحل المشاكل ذات الصفة الإنسانية الناجمة مباشرة عن المنازعات المسلحة الدولية أو غير الدولية، والتي تحد – لاعتبارات إنسانية- من حق أطراف النزاع في اللجوء إلى ما يختارونه من أساليب أو وسائل للقتال، وتحمي الأشخاص والممتلكات"
International humanitarian law (IHL), or the law of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of armed conflicts (jus in bello). It is that branch of international law which seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not or no longer participating in hostilities, and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants. IHL is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. "It comprises a set of rules, established by treaty or custom, that seeks to protect persons and property/objects that are (or may be) affected by armed conflict and limits the rights of parties to a conflict to use methods and means of warfare of their choice". It includes "the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, as well as subsequent treaties, case law, and customary international law. It defines the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations, and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and military necessity, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and mitigating human suffering.
On 21 April 2016, the ICRC hosted a livestreamed panel at the Humanitarium to discuss whether international humanitarian law (IHL) is under threat today; and if so, how respect for it can be rebuilt. The panel also provided an opportunity to reflect on the role of actors such as the ICRC in upholding IHL. The event was part of the Conference Cycle on “Generating Respect for the Law” and accompanied the meeting of the Editorial Board of the International Review of the Red Cross.
Speakers included:
• Vincent Bernard, Head of Law and Policy Forum, Editor in Chief of the International Review of the Red Cross, ICRC
• Helen Durham, Director of International Law and Policy Department, ICRC
• Marco Sassòli, Professor of International Law and Director of the Department of International Law and International Organization of the University of Geneva
• Adama Dieng, UN Secretary-General's Special Adviser for the Prevention of Genocide
• Michael N. Schmitt, US Naval War College, University of Exeter
• Fiona Terry, Research Advisor, ICRC
Subscribe to the ICRC Law and Policy Newsletter: http://bit.ly/1QgBtDJ
On 22 September, PHAP will host the next online learning session on humanitarian law and policy, where we will take an initial look at a legal question that has fundamental importance to many humanitarian operations - namely how international human rights law (IHRL) applies to situations of armed conflict. Register now for this opportunity to hear from Professor John Cerone, a leading expert in this area, who will deliver a lecture and answer questions from participants.
International law plays a central role in the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and both international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) establish important principles and rules. This session will provide an introduction to the application of IHL and IHRL to situations of armed conflict, looking at fundamental issues including the circumstances in which IHRL applies, who has rights and obligations under IHRL, derogation from treaty obligations, the question of co-application, and the extraterritorial application of human rights. The session aims to provide participants with the basic knowledge necessary to follow upcoming learning sessions focusing on current humanitarian crises.
In particular, the session will address the following questions:
Under what circumstances does IHRL apply? How does this differ from the applicability of IHL?
Who has rights under IHL and IHRL? Who has obligations under IHL and IHRL? Who can bring a claim for violations of IHL and IHRL? Who may be held liable for violations of IHL and IHRL?
What is derogation from treaty obligations, and under what circumstances may it be invoked?
Do human rights obligations apply outside the territory of a state - in other words, is there extraterritorial applicability of IHRL?
If IHL and IHRL both address the same type of situations – for instance, detention or the use of lethal force – how do we know which body of law to apply? What is the lex specialis principle that is often cited in this context?
What are the practical consequences of the current debates concerning the relationship between IHL and IHRL, in particular the legal and operational issues resulting from co-application of the two frameworks?
You can access additional resources and take the assessments on the session page at https://phap.org/OLS-HLP-8
As conflicts are becoming greater in complexity and more atrocious in the human suffering they cause, how can military commanders ensure their operations remain within the confines of international humanitarian law (IHL)?
Where do we stand with regard to translating IHL into coherent operational guidance and rules of engagement that are not only legally accurate, but also relevant and effective in contemporary armed conflicts? More information: http://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2016/09/15/translating-ihl-military-operations/
Understanding the legal bases for detention is important for those working in situations of armed conflict, even if they are not focusing on the issue in their work. However, while detention in international armed conflicts is regulated in detail under international humanitarian law (IHL), the situation in non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) is less clear.
Knowing the basics of this topic and its current state of discussion has become essential. The debate has been further intensified after the ruling on the 2014 Serdar Mohammed case against UK authorities regarding unlawful detention, in which IHL was considered neither authorizing nor regulating detention in NIACs. The issue becomes further complicated when dealing with internationalized NIACs as in Iraq or Afghanistan, where the application of international human rights law or domestic law by one state in the territory of another state has been questioned.
In this learning session, Professor Gabor Rona will provide PHAP members with an introduction to legal frameworks applicable to detention in armed conflict and the existing legal debate regarding detention in NIACs, followed by an opportunity for questions and answers.
Read more about the session and access related resources at https://phap.org/15nov2016
The Advanced IHL Learning Series are addressed to lecturers and trainers who wish to be abreast of the latest developments in international humanitarian law (IHL) and other related areas. The series help lecturers strengthen their grasp of topical issues and gives them access to teaching resources, thereby enabling them to introduce these topics or issues in the courses or training sessions that they run.
This video provides some insights on recent developments in the interplay between IHL and IHRL, namely: the challenges posed by the application of IHRL in armed conflicts, the issues related to the simultaneous application of IHL and IHRL, the interplay between IHL and IHRL concerning use of force and deprivation of liberty in armed conflict, an overview of recent case law and courts decisions, as well as perspectives and future challenges on the matter.
This video was filmed during the 2015 edition of the Advanced Seminar in IHL for University Lecturers co-organized by the ICRC and the Geneva Academy. The opinions expressed by the lecturers in the series are theirs alone, and not necessarily shared by the ICRC.
For more information please visit: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/recent-developments-interplay-between-ihl-and-ihrl
Applying IHRL in armed conflict: Challenges
(Excerpt from “Recent developments in the interplay between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL)”)
The application of IHRL to situations of armed conflict is complicated by a number of issues: the differences in the ways IHRL and IHL protect persons; the extent to which IHRL can be applied to armed conflicts taking place outside the territory of the parties concerned; whether non-State parties are bound to apply IHRL in non-international armed conflicts; and the extent to which States may derogate from certain of their obligations under IHRL, in particular those related to detention. Watch this video for more insights.
This video was filmed during the 2015 edition of the Advanced Seminar in IHL for University Lecturers co-organized by the ICRC and the Geneva Academy. The opinions expressed by the lecturers in the series are theirs alone, and not necessarily shared by the ICRC.
For more information please visit: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/recent-developments-interplay-between-ihl-and-ihrl
This video is part of the Exploring Humanitarian Law education programme. For more information, visit http://www.ehl.icrc.org. About this video:
This module introduces the idea that there are rules for behaviour in armed conflict that seek to protect victims and other vulnerable people. After exploring some of the complexities and potential threats to individuals that arise from an armed conflict, students propose rules for protecting life and human dignity. They study the basic provisions of international humanitarian law (IHL) and apply them to such issues as the recruitment or other use of children by armed forces or groups, and limits on certain weapons and methods of warfare.
Professor Marco Sassòli discusses how the international community can recommit to respect international humanitarian law (IHL).
Widespread violations of IHL cause tremendous human suffering. Against this background, it is tempting to conclude that IHL is less relevant or no longer relevant at all. And yet, in substance, IHL has grown stronger, not weaker, over the past years. States have negotiated new international treaties and incorporated IHL into their domestic legal orders, international tribunals have produced judgments on the basis of IHL, and arms carriers have been trained in this body of law.
Professor Sassòli shares his insights on bridging the gap between the development of IHL and the situation on the ground.
Marco Sassòli is Professor of International Law and Director of the Department of International Law and International Organization at the University of Geneva, and Commissioner of the International Commission of Jurists' (ICJ). From 2001-2003, he taught at the Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada, where he remains Associate Professor. From 1985-1997 he worked for the ICRC at the headquarters, inter alia as deputy head of its legal division, and in the field, inter alia as head of the ICRC delegations in Jordan and Syria, and as protection coordinator for the former Yugoslavia. During a sabbatical leave in 2011, he joined again the ICRC, as legal adviser to its delegation in Islamabad. He also served as executive secretary of the ICY, as registrar at the Swiss Supreme Court, and from 2004-2013 as chair of the board of Geneva Call, an NGO engaging non-State armed actors to respect humanitarian rules.
ICRC speaks with Anna Segall, Legal Adviser and Director, Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs, UNESCO, about protecting cultural property in armed conflict, at the Fourth Commonwealth Red Cross and Red Crescent Conference on International Humanitarian Law, in Canberra, July 2015.
This panel of international experts discussed key issues and challenges related to human shields and the regulation of armed conflicts, including which party – the attacker or the defender – has the greater responsibility to avoid civilian casualties and whether the distinction between voluntary and involuntary human shields practically realistic and legally relevant.
International humanitarian law (IHL) is the law that regulates the conduct of war. It is that branch of international law which seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities, and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants. IHL is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. "It comprises a set of rules, established by treaty or custom, that seeks to protect persons and property/objects that are (or may be) affected by armed conflict and limits the rights of parties to a conflict to use methods and means of warfare of their choice". It includes "the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, as well as subsequent treaties, case law, and customary international law".
The relationship between international human rights law and international humanitarian law is disputed among international law scholars. This discussion forms part of a larger discussion on fragmentation of international law. While pluralist scholars conceive international human rights law as being distinct from international humanitarian law, proponents of the constitutionalist approach regard the latter as a subset of the former. In a nutshell, those who favor separate, self-contained regimes emphasize the differences in applicability; international humanitarian law applies only during armed conflict. On the other hand, a more systemic perspective explains that international humanitarian law represents a function of international human rights law; it includes general norms that apply to everyone at all time as well as specialized norms which apply to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (i.e., IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (e.g., the 1951 Refugee Convention), children (the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child), and prisoners of war (the 1949 Third Geneva Convention). Democracies are likely to protect the rights of all individuals within their territorial jurisdiction.
choice. The main treaty sources of IHL applicable in international armed conflict are the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocol I of 1977. The main treaty sources applicable in non-international armed conflict are Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocol II of 1977. There is a further Protocol III to the 1949 Conventions adopted in 2005, which is concerned with the narrow issue of the (ab)use of the symbol of the Red Cross/Red Crescent, which is of critical importance in the context of IHL and providing humanitarian assistance to civilians, the injured and sick. There are also many older treaties dealing with matters which are a part of the corpus of IHL, primarily the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which are still relevant in certain contexts. It is also important to stress that there were also two earlier Geneva Conventions from 1929. Although these have been superseded, these conventions applied during the Second World War. Many of the treaty provisions of IHL bind states as the provisions are considered to represent customary international law. There is also a clear relationship between IHL and aspects of international criminal law (ICL); violations of IHL are often violations of ICL and entail individual criminal responsibility which is recognised by international law.
Thus, IHL, also known as the laws of war, is a body of rules and principles which has a complex but important relationship with IHRL and ICL. IHL primarily stems from the Geneva and Hague Conventions that relate to the treatment of combatants and non-combatants in times of conflict. The fundamental basis for the existence of IHL is, rather paradoxically, human dignity. IHL is a recognition that armed conflicts exist and have always done so. But it is the attempt to ‘humanise’ conflict so that suffering is not unnecessary and that there is a recognition that there are limits to what can be done to others in a situation of conflict. Thus IHL is, like IHRL, based upon an attempt to legally protect the inherent dignity of humankind.
IHL and Humanitarian principles
The Advanced IHL Learning Series are addressed to lecturers and trainers who wish to update their knowledge of the latest developments and challenges in international humanitarian law (IHL) and other related areas. They enable lecturers to update and deepen their expertise in topical issues, have access to teaching resources and introduce the topics in their course or training.
What are the respective aims of IHL and the humanitarian principles? What are their sources? Who are they addressed to? Does IHL refer to the principles? What is the normative framework governing relief operations? How can the principles help foster respect for IHL? This Advanced IHL Learning Series provides lecturers with a wide range of resources to understand and teach these issues.
For more information please visit: https://www.icrc.org/en/ihl-and-humanitarian-principles
Date: June 18, 2009
Conference: "Hamas, the Gaza War, and Accountability Under International Law" hosted by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs & Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
Speaker: Col. (ret.) Pnina Sharvit Baruch (Former Head of the Int'l Law Dept. of the IDF Military Advocate General's Office)
In her presentation, Col. Baruch examines the question of whether the existing laws of armed conflict are suited to dealing with situations of fighting against a terror organization, or whether such asymmetric armed conflicts require a new set of rules. Baruch argues that in principle the existing body of laws of armed conflict are suitable and relevant, even in counterterrorism operations. Some contend that since the existing laws are unsuitable there are no applicable rules and therefore states should enjoy a free hand. She argues that this is an unacceptable outcome and is impractical. Rather, you have to give tangible, practical legal advice that are based on some framework of laws. These are derived from the accepted principles of distinction and proportionality, and are then applied to the situation at hand. Distinction refers to how a person is defined. The current perception of a terrorist involved in an armed conflict, they do not enjoy civilian immunity from attack when involved in hostilities. In some circumstances, they may even lose their civilian status altogether and be regarded as members of the armed forces of a party to the conflict.
The principle of proportionality states that an attack is legal as long as the collateral damage expected to occur to civilians, or civilian objects, is not excessive with respect to the military advantage that is anticipated from the attack. She argues that the formula seeks to achieve a realistic balance between the protection of civilians and the military necessities of war, and does not therefore prohibit collateral damage per se.
View the full article here: http://jcpa.org/article/asymmetric-conflicts-and-the-rules-of-war/
View the full conference here: http://media-line.co.il/Events/Jcpa/Law-Conference/eng.aspx
This IHL Talk discussed the legal framework protecting cutural property in armed conflicts situations. It also addressed the recent international initiatives aiming an enhancing the protection of cultural property, including the creation of the International Alliance for the Protection of Cultural Property in Conflicts Zones (ALIPH).
As part of its conference cycle on Generating respect for the law, the ICRC and the German Permanent Mission to the United Nations convened a panel discussion on 29 June at the Humanitarium to launch the book: "Humanizing the Laws of War – the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law" edited by Robin Geiß, Andreas Zimmermann and Stefanie Haumer. The event discussed the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement's role as a gentle modernizer of international humanitarian law (IHL) ever since its very creation and, in particular, critically assessed the ICRC's unique role.
Over the 15 years since its inception, the South Asian Teaching Session (SATS) programme has developed into a prestigious and regionally acclaimed event, with participants from 10 countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Iran, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Over the years, the participants have gone on to scale great heights and the ICRC wished to convene and reunite SATS alumni and thereby expand the forum for dialogue on international humanitarian law (IHL) and to share perspectives on its development.
On 11 September 2014, the ICRC regional delegation in New Delhi organized a SATS alumni meet at its delegation office. The meet gave the guests the opportunity to participate in a panel discussion on 'Protection of civilians in armed conflict and other emergencies', led by Justice Geeta Mittal of the Delhi High Court and army veteran Lt Gen Satish Nambiar, PVSM, AVSM, VrC (Retd).
The ICRC, through the SATS, imparts knowledge on IHL and trains mid-level professionals — including government officials working with ministries/departments — in the field of international law, human rights, international relations and defence studies on IHL. The teaching session focuses on the academic aspects of IHL, and the participants include government officials, academicians, NGO representatives and military officers.
Initially, this teaching session drew the attention of the those involved in teaching courses on public international law, political science, international relations, human rights, and defence and strategic studies in universities and colleges in the South Asian region. SATS gradually gained in popularity and has witnessed participation from members of government departments, military circles and civil society groups who were dealing directly or indirectly with IHL issues in their professions.
In this IHL Talk, panelists discussed the rules for military actions versus members of armed groups in non-international armed conflicts and how this relates to current state practice armed non-state actors
Humanitarian law is a body of international law that aims to protect human dignity during armed conflict and to prevent or reduce the suffering and destruction that results from war. All nations are party to the Geneva Conventions, and have a legal obligation to encourage the study of humanitarian law as widely as possible.
The Exploring Humanitarian Law curriculum gives teachers easy-to-use materials to help students understand the rules governing war and their impact on human life and dignity.
Find out more by visiting www.redcross.org/ehl
| |
About Elly | Monte Gordo & Vila Real Santo Antonio | Alfamar | Vilamoura | Algarve Map | Vila Real Santo Antonio Sports Complex
Elly is a famous athlete in her native Netherlands having been their National Champion over 70 times at distances ranging from 800m - 10,000m. This is unique in the world of Dutch athletics.
She competed for almost 20 years as a world class elite athlete competing in the Olympic Games of Los Angeles ('84) and Seoul ('88). During her career Elly won a number of European and World Indoor titles and broke the World Indoor Record for 3000m in 1989. Her remarkable record time of 8:33.82 was not bettered until 2001.
Athletics fans in Britain will remember Elly for her famous head to head battle with Liz McColgan at the 1989 World Indoors in Budapest.
BBC Sport Online when recalling some of the more memorable moments in the history of the World Championships describe the race.
'Elly Van Hulst and Liz McColgan broke away from the field in the 3000m matching each other stride by stride. The Dutch athlete finally snatched victory from McColgan and smashed the World Record as the pair finished 15 seconds ahead of the rest of the field'
It would have been little consolation to Liz McColgan that her time of 8:34.80 was a full five seconds under the previous record.
From 1980 when Elly was competing she trained in Portugal several times each year. She has been living in Portugal permanently since 1990 with husband and former coach Theo Kersten. After her athletics career, she started her own business "Elly van Hulst Promotion Ltd." This company now provides several services. | http://www.mpmtravel.co.uk/algarve/training/about_elly.htm |
I know that autumn means pumpkins will be available in abundance, but what other produce is in season in the fall?
You are correct: This is the time of year when you will start to see pumpkins, squash, and gourds—which are all part of the Cucurbitaceae family—for sale in grocery aisles, farmers markets, and farms.
But fall is also a good time to buy grapes, apples, watermelons, potatoes, berries, zucchini, yellow squash, and peaches, among many other seasonal fruits and vegetables. In fact, those are some of the commodities that many grocery stores are now starting to promote heavily at discounted prices in their grocery aisles, according to the Sept. 4 edition of the National Retail Report, a weekly roundup of advertised retail pricing information compiled by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. | https://u.osu.edu/pauldingmgv/tag/pumpkins/ |
It was a good day for Josh with lots of hard therapy. He enjoys feeling like his body is getting stronger. He spent a decent amount of time today working on rolling from side to side so that he can roll around a bit in bed. He did very well with some assistance from Kristy. It was very hard to get the technique down in the beginning but by the end he was doing very well. Right now he can roll about 45 degrees. He is still not able to turn himself from one side to another, but that's why he's working on getting stronger.
We spent some time looking at land possibilities on the internet today. My parents also did some driving around looking at some perspective plots. Right now, our main goal is to get our family back together, comfortably, under one roof. We are fervently praying for guidance in this situation. There are numerous options but we want to make the right decision for our family, Greenhouse and Noah's schooling. Noah is our almost 5 year old with developmental delays. We live in the Grand Rapids school district right now and it is serving Noah's needs perfectly. Our concern is that as Noah grows older and heads off to older elementary and beyond, the schools are well known for being pretty rough. That is of great concern for us. We cannot easily send him to a private school because all of his needs will not be met. No matter where we live, Zoe will have many school options so she is all set. So, we have a lot of things weighing on our minds as we consider relocating.
Josh is having surgery tomorrow to have a permanent catheter placed, coming out of his abdominal wall. Surgery is scheduled for 3:00 tomorrow afternoon. Please remember him in prayer. He does not feel very anxious, just ready to get this thing done! Pray that his health stays strong tonight and tomorrow so the surgery can happen as planned. It was cancelled last week because of an infection issue. He continues on I.V. antibiotics for a few more days so he should be all set!
That's all for tonight. This momma is falling asleep at the computer.
Prayer Requests:
-TOTAL HEALING FROM GOD!!!! | http://www.joshandshellybuck.org/buckblog/2007/03/31907-1030-p.html |
19 minute halves. 2 minute halftime. 5 minutes between games.
-
Official clock is kept centrally, running clock. No time outs.
-
2021 US Lacrosse high school rules will apply to ALL grad years 2022-2027 with the following specifications/exceptions:
-
https://www.nfhs.org/articles/free-movement-approved-in-high-school-girls-lacrosse/
-
Please see the ***Free Movement Primer/Clarification that is in italics at the end of the rules.
-
Free movement rules are new to the officials, and we do ask for your patience, respect and sportsmanship as officials work to implement them into games.
-
On the draw, players must hold behind the restraining line until possession is obtained by one of the 6 players on the draw circle. Players’ sticks may cross the restraining line and touch the ground before possession, but their feet must not cross.
-
If a half or game ends on a defensive major foul within the CSA the officials will set up a free position and play will end at the end of the scoring play.
-
-
Teams listed first on the schedule are the “Home” team and will be given first alternating possession when offsetting fouls occur.
-
Yellow Card times will be kept on the field by the officials.
-
Players receiving a red card in a game may play in the next game, unless decided otherwise by tournament director or head official.
-
A purple card will be given to anyone exhibiting unsportsmanlike behavior – such behavior will not be tolerated.
-
If a game ends in a tie in regulation, it gets recorded as a tie.
Weather
-
All games will be postponed during lightning and/or thunder. Games will resume 30 minutes after the last sight of lightning and/or crack of thunder is heard.
-
If games are delayed, they will resume on real time. This means that teams may lose games on their schedule.
-
A game score will stand at the point it was delayed if at least a complete half has been played.
-
Games will be played during rain unless the fields or conditions are deemed unsafe by the game officials and/or the tournament director.
***Free Movement Primer/Clarifications
With the allowance of free movement at the high school level the game pace will pick up quickly. Below is a primer to help explain the free movement rule and how to officiate it. Players will now be allowed to move during dead-ball. During these times we will need to be extra vigilant with substitutions, and ensure the following:
Encroachment area:
A player cannot be within 2 meters of the ball carrier AND engage the ball carrier once play has started. If there are repeated calls for this penalty a delay of game foul can be called (give the players the benefit of the doubt
Example 1:
#5 Red fouls #12 Green in the midfield, #23 Red gets closer (within 2 meters), and when #12 self starts #23 makes a check.
-RULING: Foul – Encroachment penalty – bring back the ball to the spot of the foul, give it to #12, place #23 4m behind and restart play with a whistle.
Example 2:
#5 Red fouls #12 Green in the midfield, #23 Red gets closer (within 2 meters) but is continuing past the player and does not make a play to the player or the ball when #12 self starts.
-RULING: No foul – the defense did not gain an advantage by being in the Encroachment area.
Example 3:
#5 Red fouls #12 Green in the midfield, as #5 is moving away from #12 (but still within 2 meters), #12 self starts.
-RULING: No foul – #12 decided to start before her encroachment area was clear and the defense was moving out of the area
At the draw:
Once the official’s hands are on the sticks at the center, no more substitutions are allowed until the restraining lines are released (possession, foul, or crossing the RL)
If a foul occurs at the draw the restraining lines are released, and players may move about the field freely (except for the encroachment area).
Example 4:
#5 Red fouls #12 Green at the draw, after the whistle is blown #9 Green crosses the Restraining line and #12 performs a legal self start and passes the ball to #9.
-RULING: Legal – the restraining lines are released once a foul occurs
In the Critical Scoring Area (reminder ALL starts in the CSA are whistle starts):
Setup on the 8m fan foul by defense: Defensive players are entitled to the next closest hash marks, everyone else must be 4m away and outside of the penalty zone before play can be restarted (remember the area below goal line and the dots must be cleared too!). The player that committed the foul must be 4m behind
Foul by the defense between the 8 and the 12m arc: the player with the ball will be placed at the 12m arc and the player that fouled will be placed 4m away (behind for a major foul). Lane must be kept clear for play to start (WATCH SHOOTING SPACE!).
Foul by the offense in the CSA:
Place the player that was fouled in their appropriate position (at least 8m away from goal above the Goal line, on the closest dot if below), the player that committed the foul MUST go 4m behind; whistle start.
Example #5:
#5 Red fouls #12 Green inside the 8m Arc, Red #23 tried to move to the hash next to the ball carrier, but #9 Green has taken up a position there, and play is now ready to resume. | https://www.eothlax.com/tournament-rules |
US Patent No. 8,000,000 Awarded to Second Sight Medical Products for a “Visual Prosthesis Apparatus” that Enhances Visual Perception for the Sight Impaired
On September 8, 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") will host a ceremonial signing Thursday for US Patent No. 8,000,000 entitled "Visual Prosthesis Apparatus" which enhances visual perception for those that have gone blind due to outer retinal degeneration; also on the agenda is an overview of the patent reform legislation which is currently before Congress (The America Invents Act).
The Argus® II, the subject matter of US Patent No. 8,000,000, is designed to bypass damaged photoreceptors. A miniature video camera housed in the patient’s glasses and sends information to a small computer worn by the patient where it is processed and transformed into instructions which are transmitted wirelessly to a receiver in an implanted stimulator. The signals are then sent to an electrode array which is attached to the retina and which emits small pulses of electricity. These electrical pulses are intended to bypass the damaged photoreceptors and stimulate the retina’s remaining cells to transmit visual information along the optic nerve to the brain.
For more information, please see the USPTO press release:
http://www.uspto.gov/news/pr/2011/irl_2011sept6.jsp
. | https://www.medlawblog.com/2011/09/articles/intellectual-property/united-states-patent-and-trademark-office-awards-patent-number-8000000/ |
The Problem With Abandoned Carts is ClearAfter all, not all users who browse online stores and place items into virtual shopping carts actually intend to make a purchase: some want to see the total cost of the item including shipping, for example. However, many of the reasons for abandoned shopping carts reported by shoppers are still within the responsibility of the store owner. Consider the most frequently cited reasons for abandoned carts:
- unexpected additional costs
- complicated site navigation
- website too slow or it crashes
- bad shipping options
- price in foreign currency
- payment security issues
The Abandoned Carts Solution? Less ObviousWith the e-commerce purchase rate at around 2% of all visitors even a small increase in the conversion rate – just by a percentage point or two – can make a real difference to the overall revenue. The tips below can help make users more comfortable with shopping as they have reliably shown to increase the conversion rate: | https://www.mavenecommerce.com/2014/12/15/get-back-online-shoppers-who-abandon-carts/ |
Carolyn “Candy” Virginia Boyd Johnson, age 78, went to her Heavenly home on July 30, 2022, while surrounded by her loving family. She was born on December 28, 1943, to Forrest “Bob” Bodkin Boyd and Mabel Lee McCowan Boyd. Candy graduated from Mena High School in 1962. She was a cook/waitress before retirement, but she treasured her time as a truck driver most. She enjoyed her word search books and watching movies.
She was preceded in death by her father and mother, her beloved grandmother, Bertha Grace Sikes McCowan, two brothers and one sister.
Candy is survived by her son, Michael Lance and wife Shawn; her daughter, Tonya Gore and husband Paul, her sister and care giver, Ronda Wall and partner Greg; her grandchildren Lauren and husband Derrick and Justin and his wife Jessie; as well as 5 great-grandchildren who she adored. Also, numerous nieces and nephews who were special to her, and her dear friends, Mandy Henry and son Jayden, and Gerald Johnson.
A memorial celebration will be held at Board Camp Cemetery on August 6, 2022, at 2:00 p.m. | https://mypulsenews.com/carolyn-candy-virginia-boyd-johnson/ |
The AI field is currently dominated by domain-specific approaches to intelligence and cognition instead of being driven by the aim of modeling general human intelligence and cognition. This is despite the fact that the work widely regarded as marking the birth of AI was the project of creating a general cognitive architecture by Newell and Simon 1959. This thesis aims to examine recently designed models and their various cognitive features and limitations in preparation for building our own comprehensive model that would aim to address their limitations and give a better account for human cognition. The models differ in the kind of cognitive capabilities they view as the most important. They also differ in whether their foundation is built on symbolic or sub-symbolic atomic structures. Furthermore, we will look at studies in the philosophy and cognitive psychology domain in order to better understand the requirements that need to be met in order for a system to emulate general human cognition. | http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/handle/11693/29843 |
Language:
Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub
Size: 7.03 MB
Downloadable formats: PDF
Pages: 0
Publisher: Cengage Learning (2006)
ISBN: 0495266728
Instructor's commentary and solutions for Trigonometry, functions and applications (Addison-Wesley innovative series)
Algebra & Trigonometry Solutions Manual 3rd (third) Edition by Penna, Judith A., Beecher, Judith A., Bittinger, Marvin L.,
When the sun casts the shadow, the angle of depression is the same as the angle of elevation from the ground up to the top of the tree. So let’s solve using trig: and you usually see it as a percentage. So a 20% grade is the same as a grade of; for every 20 feet the road goes up vertically, it goes 100 feet horizontally. Hit Submit (the arrow to the right of the problem) to see the solution for this problem e-Study Guide for: Trigonometry by Cynthia Y. Young, ISBN 9780470222713. Take a piece of fairly stout paper and fold it in two. Let AB, Fig. 28, be the line of the fold Trigonometrische Vermessungen Im Kirchenstaate Und In Toscana: Unter Der Direction Des K. K. Milit. Geogr. Inst. In D. Jahren 1841, 1842 U. 1843, Volume 1. Further persuaded by Rheticus and others, he finally agreed to publish the whole work, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and dedicated it to Pope Paul III Trigonometry, Special 7th Edition with Partial Solutions Guide. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to: (A) apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace; (B) use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution; (C) select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems; (D) communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate; (E) create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas; (F) analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and (G) display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication. (2) Numeric reasoning Elements of geometry and trigonometry. Revised and adapted to the course of mathematical instruction in the United States.
Download Essentials of Trigonometry, 4th Edition, Washtenaw Community College pdf
A Digital Video Tutor for Graphical Approach to Algebra and Trigonometry
Algebra and Trigonometry
A Textbook On Advanced Algebra And Trigonometry: With Tables (1910)
Four place logarithmic tables; containing the logarithms of numbers and of the trigonometric functions, arranged for use in the entrance examinations ... scientific school of Yale university
Selected Material from "Algebra & Trigonometry, 8e"--Custom Edition for Wentworth Institute of Technology
Basic trigonometry (Series in mathematics modules)
Algebra and Trigonometry: Graphs and Models (Student's Solutions Manual, 2nd Edition)
Trig Or Treat: An Encyclopedia of Trigonometric Identity Proofs With Intellectually Challenging Games
Plane Trigonometry
Algebra and Trigonometry Enhanced with Graphing Utilities: Chapter Test Prep Video
A Treatise On Plane and Spherical Trigonometry
Outlines & Highlights For Algebra And Trigonometry
Shop trigonometry. | http://tajimisunma.com/?ebooks/essentials-of-trigonometry-4-th-edition-washtenaw-community-college |
Last month, I promised to discuss with you the audio measurement protocol known as B.S. 1770-1 (from the ITU), pursuant to a discussion of measured broadcast playback levels that I made and reported on earlier. B.S. 1770-1 is a protocol (an algorithm, actually) for modifying the television audio signal to measure its magnitude in a way that more closely agrees with humans' subjective sense of loudness. The protocol also includes another feature having to do with the detection of digital peaks, which we are not going to discuss here.
B.S. 1770-1 is now mandated, through the CALM Act, as the approved way to determine the broadcast level of an audio signal (mono, stereo or multichannel). That level is expressed as "Loudness" (more about that in a moment), and is referenced to Full Scale of a digital audio signal, and is more formally known as "LKFS" (L stands for Loudness, K for the spectrum weighting of the signal to be measured, and FS stands for Full Scale, of course). A change of 1 LKFS is the same as 1 decibel (ca. 12 percent change in amplitude).
What this means is that, if you intend to comply with the CALM Act, you need to use a (digital) audio meter that contains the B.S. 1770-1 algorithm and applies it to the signals to be measured.
LOUDNESS VS. AMPLITUDE OR SUBJECTIVE VS. OBJECTIVE
As an acoustician working mainly on psychoacoustic issues, I have my quibbles about this. From my standpoint, loudness is a subjective sensation, not a physical quantity. Objective Loudness is an oxymoron in my world—there's actually no such thing, got it?
Well, now, set it aside. For your purposes, my psychoacoustic quibbles are irrelevant. The reality is that the frequency response (K-weighting) applied to the audio signals as a function of measuring them comes from a well-researched, good-faith and highly relevant effort to improve the correlation between our subjective sense of loudness and objective physical changes in amplitude.
As you probably know, the frequency response of our hearing is not "flat," nor is it linear or constant; it changes dramatically as a function of level. Finally, hearing is variable from listener to listener. So, whatever effort we make to approximate a typical "human" hearing response needs to aim for a "probable range of responses" under a "probable range of conditions" and then accept that the result will be quite "fuzzy" in terms of accuracy. I personally think that the response curves at the heart of the B.S. 1770-1 algorithm do quite a good job at this.
The net result is a correction that yields "loudness approximations" that are going to be pretty reliable for most of us couch potatoes when we are curled up on our reclining sofas with our big-screen LCD monitor and 5.1 audio system, soaking up our cultural heartland. Let's talk about what, specifically, is being done to make amplitude more closely resemble loudness.
THE PROTOCOL
As already noted, our hearing is not flat; we have a pronounced rise in our hearing sensitivity, peaking around 4 kHz and almost two octaves wide (it varies with the amplitude of the sound), (see Fig. 1). To approximate that rise, the algorithm uses a high-frequency shelf that hinges at about 1 kHz and boosts the entire spectrum above 3 kHz by about 4 dB, (see Fig. 2).
Fig. 1: Flow chart of the B.S. 1770-1 algorithm used to determine LKFS
Fig. 2: Flow chart of the B.S. 1770-1 algorithm used to determine LKFS After that, the algorithm uses a modified version of the B-weighting curve, (see Fig. 3). B-weighting is intended to approximate human hearing at moderately loud levels (it is, I think, modeled roughly on the inverse of the 70 Phon Equal Loudness Contour, which is anchored to 70 dB SPL at 1 kHz.). In any case, the revised B-weighting filter used for B.S. 1770-1 begins to roll off below 200 Hz, and is down ca. 15 dB at 20 Hz, (see Fig. 4).
Fig. 3: An approximate response curve of the revised B-weighting high-pass filter used in the B.S. 1770-1 algorithm
Fig. 4: The resulting approximate composite K-weighted response curve used in the B.S. 1770-1 algorithm After these filters have been applied, the Leq (or average relative power over time) of each channel's signal is taken. Gain is then applied for the surround channels (+1.4 dB) and then all the Leq values are summed to create the so-called LKFS level. This is the level you need to use when determining if you are in compliance with the CALM Act. How you use that level depends on your particular role in the creation or transmission of that broadcast signal (see the ATSC Recommended Practice A/85).
WHAT IT ALL MEANS
The theory (which I think works pretty well here) is that when such a response curve such as K-weighting is applied, the resulting changes in program level adhere more closely to subjective human estimations of changes in loudness than does simple amplitude change. As a result, such levels can be used successfully to estimate relative "loudnesses" of different programs for a wide range of end-listeners.
This means that, if we use these measured levels (which we call "loudness" even though they aren't) carefully, we should have more uniform and predictable loudnesses for our end-users.
And that is why Patrick Waddell at Harmonic is correct when he says that measurements of audio levels for television broadcast should be compliant with the standards of B.S. 1770-1.
A couple of other things to note: first, the LKFS level is a monaural sum of however many channels are in use in any given case, so complex multichannel mixes will tend to be louder than mono signals for any given observed channel level; and, second, the LFE channel is not included in the loudness estimation, which I personally think is the correct thing to do, simply because its result is so widely and wildly variable (and unpredictable!) in end-user situations.
Next month, I will show you the measured effect of A, B, C and K-weighting on the amplitudes of a variety of broadcast signals, just so you have an idea what these relationships are.
Thanks for listening.
Dave Moulton is busy dealing with spring, allergies and other trivial pursuits. However, if you can wake him up from his afternoon nap you can complain to him about almost anything at his website, moultonlabs.com. He really does try to be a good listener! | https://www.tvtechnology.com/opinions/using-bs-17701-for-fun-and-profit |
Scroll down below to find our top ten list of the best Rolling Songs. Each song listed is accompanied by their respective music video.
“Wild Horses” is a song by the Rolling Stones from their 1971 album Sticky Fingers, written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards.
The song is credited, as most Rolling Stones songs are, to both Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, but it is acknowledged to be almost completely written by Richards. “Angie” was recorded in November and December 1972 and is an acoustic-guitar-driven ballad characterizing the end of a romance. The song’s distinctive piano accompaniment, written by Richards, was played on the album by Nicky Hopkins, a Rolling Stones recording-session regular.
“Can’t You Hear Me Knocking” is a song by English rock band the Rolling Stones from their 1971 album Sticky Fingers. The song is over seven minutes long, and begins with a Keith Richards open-G tuned guitar intro. At two minutes and forty-three seconds, an instrumental break begins, with Rocky Dijon on congas; tenor saxophonist Bobby Keys performs an extended saxophone solo over the guitar work of Richards and Mick Taylor, punctuated by the organ work of Billy Preston. At 4:40 Taylor takes over from Keith and carries the song to its finish with a lengthy guitar solo.
Though credited, like most of their compositions, to the singer/guitarist pair of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, the song was primarily the work of Jagger, who wrote it sometime during the filming of Ned Kelly in 1969.
“Jumpin’ Jack Flash” is a song by English rock band the Rolling Stones, released as a single in 1968. One of the group’s most popular and recognisable songs, it has featured in films and been covered by numerous performers, notably Thelma Houston, Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner, Peter Frampton, Johnny Winter and Leon Russell. To date, it is the band’s most-performed song. The band has played it over 1,100 times in concert.
“You Can’t Always Get What You Want” is a song by the Rolling Stones on their 1969 album Let It Bleed. Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, it was named as the 100th greatest song of all time by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2004 list of the “500 Greatest Songs of All Time”.
“(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction” is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released in 1965. It was written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards and produced by Andrew Loog Oldham. Richards’ three-note guitar riff, intended to be replaced by horns, opens and drives the song. The lyrics refer to sexual frustration and commercialism.
“Paint It Black” is a song by the English rock band The Rolling Stones. Jointly credited to the songwriting partnership of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, it was first released as a single on 6 May 1966, and later included as the opening track to the US version of their 1966 album Aftermath.
“Gimme Shelter” is the opening track to the 1969 album Let It Bleed by the Rolling Stones. Greil Marcus, writing in Rolling Stone magazine at the time of its release, praised the song, stating that the band has “never done anything better”. The song was written by the Rolling Stones’ lead vocalist Mick Jagger and guitarist Keith Richards. Richards began working on the song’s signature opening riff in London while Jagger was away filming Performance. As released, the song begins with Richards performing a guitar intro, soon joined by Jagger’s lead vocal.
“Sympathy for the Devil” is a song by English rock band the Rolling Stones, written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, however, the song was largely a Jagger composition.. It is the opening track on their 1968 album Beggars Banquet. Rolling Stone magazine placed it at number 32 on its list of the “500 Greatest Songs of All Time”. | https://www.concerttour.us/11/2018/our-top-ten-rolling-stones-songs-of-all-time/ |
Kitsunes and Werewolves do appear get along, but they do also have their differences. If a Kitsune is bitten by a werewolf, it will either lose its powers and become a werewolf or die and turn to dust. Like with Werewolves, the eyes of a Kitsune glow a bright, light orange.
Every one hundred years, they must feed on the pituitary gland, a part of the brain- without it, they will die. When they do, they grow a new tail, causing them to become more powerful, and when they reach nine tails (Kyuubi no Kitsune), they become demi-gods, reaching superhuman intelligence and almost extreme powers. Foremost among these abilities is the ability to assume a human form. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others as foxes in folklore, other stories often portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers and wives. The folklore says they are afraid of dogs to the point that they run away every time they see one.
𝐌𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
There are 13 types of Kitsune: Celestial, Spirit, Wild, River, Wind, Time, Sound, Forest, Mountain, Fire, Thunder, Ocean and Void.
Kira Yukimura is a teenage kitsune, of the type Thunder, who discovers her newly awakened powers.
Kira's mother Noshiko Yukimura is also a kitsune, though what type is currently unknown, who is close to 900 years old.
A Void Kitsune, a 1000 year old malevolent spirit.
Kitsune are described as being Tricksters with no care for the concept of right or wrong.There are two common classifications of kitsune. The zenko (善狐, literally good foxes) are benevolent, celestial foxes associated with the god Inari; they are sometimes simply called Inari foxes. On the other hand, the yako (野狐, literally field foxes, also called nogitsune) tend to be mischievous or even malicious. Local traditions add further types. For example, a ninko is an invisible fox spirit that human beings can only perceive when it posseses them. Another tradition classifies kitsune into one of thirteen types defined by which supernatural abilities the kitsune possesses.
Physically, kitsune are noted for having as many as nine tails. These kyūbi no kitsune (九尾の狐, nine-tailed foxes) gain the abilities to see and hear anything happening anywhere in the world. Other tales attribute them infinite wisdom (Omniscence).
There are thirteen different kinds of Kitsune, each with a corresponding element, listed as follows: Heaven (or Celestial or Prime), Void (or Dark), Wind, Spirit, Fire, Earth, River, Ocean, Mountain, Forest, Thunder, Time and Sound. One of the most important things to a Kitsune is freedom. They do not fare well to being locked away, and do not like to be forced to do something they don't want to. Doing something like that would be likely to get you killed if they are freed. Kitsune love playing tricks. They like to take things and hide them from people, or do just about anything else to piss someone off. In some stories, kitsune have difficulty hiding their tails when they take human form; looking for the tail, perhaps when the fox gets drunk or careless, is a common method of discerning the creature's true nature. Variants on the theme have the kitsune retain other foxlike traits, such as a coating of fine hair, a fox-shaped shadow, or a reflection that shows its true form. Kitsune-gao or fox-faced refers to human females who have a narrow face with close-set eyes, thin eyebrows, and high cheekbones. Traditionally, this facial structure is considered attractive, and some tales ascribe it to foxes in human form. Kitsune have a fear and hatred of dogs even while in human form, and some become so rattled by the presence of dogs that they revert to the shape of a fox and flee. A particularly devout individual may be able to see through a fox's disguise automatically.
One folk story illustrating these imperfections in the kitsune's human shape concerns Koan, a historical person credited with wisdom and magical powers of divination. According to the story, he was staying at the home of one of his devotees when he scalded his foot entering a bath because the water had been drawn too hot. Then, "in his pain, he ran out of the bathroom naked. When the people of the household saw him, they were astonished to see that Koan had fur covering much of his body, along with a fox's tail. Then Koan transformed in front of them, becoming an elderly fox and running away."
Other supernatural abilities commonly attributed to the kitsune include possession, mouths or tails that generate fire or lightning (known as kitsune-bi; literally, fox-fire), willful manifestation in the dreams of others, flight, invisibility, and the creation of illusions so elaborate as to be almost indistinguishable from reality. Some tales speak of kitsune with even greater powers, able to bend time and space, drive people mad, or take fantastic shapes such as a tree of incredible height or a second moon in the sky. Other kitsune have characteristics reminiscent of vampires or succubi and feed on the life or spirit of human beings, generally through sexual contact.
Kitsune possess great intelligence, long life, and magical powers. Foremost among these is the ability to shapeshifting into human form; a fox is said to learn to do this when it attains a certain age (usually a hundred years, though some tales say fifty).
Kitsune usually appears in the shape of a beautiful woman, a young girl, or an old man, but almost never an elderly woman.
𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Kitsune are mostly noticed for is their tails as a fox may possess as many as nine of them. Generally, an older and more powerful fox will possess a greater number of tails, and some sources say that a fox will only grow additional tails after they have lived for a thousand years. After that period of time, the number increases based on age and wisdom (depending on the source). However, the foxes that appear in folk stories almost always possess one, five, or nine tails, not any other number.
Kistunes look like regular human beings but have the ability to partially shapeshift themselves into animal-like qualities. A Kitsune's primary weapon is their claws; they can extend claws from their fingertips upon demand. And, if they are feeding or attacking, their eyeballs turn yellow and foxlike while the pupils narrow. All in all they take on a very similar appearance a werewolf does.
Kira Yukimura and her mother Noshiko have both displayed glowing orange eyes as per their nature.
Kitsune, in their younger years, naturally possess an aura in the shape of a flaming fox.
Initially this aura is only visible to beings with a supernatural vision, or a developed image using flash photography. They can eventually learn to mask, conceal this aura to hide themselves. InIlluminated, Kira shows Scott her then unidentified aura via a photo. Later on, he locates Kira using his werewolf vision and sees her Fox-shaped aura around her frame in full detail. Kira underwent a Kitsune Evolution, her inner Fox becoming more powerful. As such, her kitsune aura became more pronounced.
In the heat of battle, Kira's aura would become naturally visible. It would flare up all around her, she'd experience losses of control and an innate bloodlust, even coming close to killing her mother. Noshiko explains this is due to the power within Kira being in conflict between Kira's human side and the Fox.
Scott witnesses Kira's Evolved aura with his werewolf vision when he and Kira are looking for Kira's belt sword. The Fox Spirit has grown from simply encasing and shielding Kira to flaming all around her, grown in size and had taken on a more threatening shape. It has also become separate from Kira as the Spirit points out the location of the misplaced sword to the werewolf with Kira none the wiser.
When she'd experience these homicidal episodes, her aura flaring up, the Fox Spirit would take control of Kira. This is shown when Kira would rant, or say in her sleep, "Watashi wa shi no shisha da", ("I am the messenger of death" in English), even though Kira knows no Japanese at all.These said rules are: if an Alpha werewolf were to Bite a kitsune, they'd lose their kitsune abilities whilst changing into a new canine shifter, the Bite can exorcise anogitsune of its host because the body is changed, and a werewolf is immune tokitsunetsuki.
Foxes, in the real world, are solitary animals, they can be pesky, and rely on their cunning to survive. In contrast, wolves and other pack animals are innately predators, are more direct and follow a code of loyalty, as they are social creatures.
One particular kitsune, a nogitsune who had renounced his humanity, went on a terror spree while operating by his own rules as he saw fit. More than just simply his monstrous nature, he appeared to play by these rules as if they were to come by naturally.
When this Dark kitsune was first summoned by Noshiko Yukimura, Noshiko had intended for him to possess her to escape death and seek justice for a mass slaughter.
However, it's stated Kitsune are not meant to be controlled, commanded by a master. This could be because of the rule of Foxes being solitary creatures, that they are more freedom minded.
kitsunes are commonly portrayed as Tricksters. They are known to play games, tricks with their victims. In order for a game to be played, it must have rules for the players to operate by. Languages, for instance, don't follow a fully concrete set of rules as they are often complex, interchangeable.
Kira found she is unable to read the coded novel featuring the Dread Doctors. The novel had been written by supernatural Gabriel Valack to work as a tool to trigger memory senses of the brain to uncover repressed memories.
Mason Hewitt offers input telling her kitsunes have difficulty with language. He recounts a myth where people could identify kitsune. When answering a phone call, the receiver would say "Moshi, Moshi" (meaning "hello", in Japan). They'd say the word for "hello" twice which would confuse a kitsune because it's a language trick. He surmises Kira can't properly read the novel because the entire coded story is one big language trick and it's confusing the Fox part of Kira. Noshiko tells Kira how to overcome this issue. The story was the confusing factor, so she should read the book without following the story, i.e. read it backwards.
Tails
Kitsunes create and collect their Tails as they age and grow more powerful. Tails are manifested as physical objects or real tails. Due to their enhanced reflexes and coordination, Kitsune prefer to have the objects representing their Tails altered into weapons they can wield. Tails are formed when a Kitsune triggers, uses or masters each of their supernatural talents. The more Tails a Kitsune possesses indicates the Kitsune's power level. Like how the full moon is to werewolves, Tails are also the source of a Kitsune's power.
𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐤𝐢𝐭𝐬𝐮𝐧𝐞𝐬
Apparently, there are thirteen types, however only five have been named. Celestial, Wild, Ocean, Thunder and Nogitsune (Void). We technically seen two types but only one has been named. Thunder. It is currently unknown what type of Kitsune Noshiko is.
𝐍𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐬𝐮𝐧𝐞
A Nogitsune is a Dark Kitsune, one of type Void. They draw their power from strife, chaos, tragedy and pain; they feed off of pain. Nogitsune are particularly prideful, they have a dark sense of humor and are dangerous when they have been offended. Nogitsune have the ability to possess other people, then copy their shapes, a talent known as kitsunetsuki. This means they are over a 100 years old. Dark Nogitsune spirits can be exorcised from their host, or their host-copy shapes can be killed, by two known methods. One is changing the body of the host. One known way this can be done is the the Bite of an Alpha werewolf. The other is being slain by a weapon wielded by a Kitsune. Two Nogitsune appear during Season 3 of Teen Wolf. One was the primary antagonist of Season 3B. This Dark Kitsune was a very powerful 1000 year old spirit, possessed Stiles Stilinski and was Noshiko Yukimura's enemy. The other encountered Chris Argent 24 years prior to the series who'd possessed a kumichō, the boss of a Yakuza family.
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬
•Super Coordination: Kitsune naturally possess an enhanced coordination that supplements their enhanced strength and reflexes
•Shapeshifting: Kitsunes can take human form by shapeshifting into a human. They can also shapeshift into their true appearance, a large fox creature. Ability to turn into anything found in nature.
•Super Strength: Kitsunes are stronger than humans. They can easily knock down and overpower humans with little difficulty. Like with Werewolves, Skinwalkers, and other shapeshifters, a Kitsune's strength increases in its fox form. A Kitsune's strength increases in its fox form. Some older and more Kitsunes possesses an incredible level of strength and offensive power that can distort or do immense damage to almost anything in existence. Kitsunes are able to go toe-to-toe with some the strongest of beings with nothing but the raw force of their physical blows. However, the Primordial Beings and the Original Angel, as well as Lucifer himself, and any of the Archangls can overpower any Kitsune, no matter how old or powerful. Any level of weight the Kitsune needs to lift is almost irrelevant as their body can emit force that can repel an object of any mass. With this ability, the Kitsune could shatter rocks with their fists alone and even tear through walls with the sheer force of their strikes.
•Enhanced Physical Attributes: Kitsune are faster, stronger and much more agile than normal humans. When they are disguised as people, they are often known for battling on all fours - sometimes even sprouting a tail if they let themselves get out of control - and being recognized as nothing but a shimmer constantly hitting left and right.
•Super Leap: Kitsune can leap incredible distances, jump between/over hills, travel intergalactic or greater distances and perform other amazing feats.
•Unrestricted Movement: Kitsune can fluidly move around in just about any environment or conditions, allowing feats such as kicking off any/all surfaces including intangible and ever-changing surfaces. They can move with complete ease on land, air, water or anything else.
•The Kitsune movements can not be bound, restricted or sealed in any way, allowing them to ignore things like Binding, Acceleration, and even Inertia. They can treat any substance, terrain or angle as if it was a solid, flat and smooth surface.
•Super Stamina:The Kitsune possesses remarkable physical energy, stamina and vitality, is essentially untiring and can keep working, fighting, mowing, etc. at optimal efficiency under any circumstances and for an unlimited duration.
•Super Speed: Kitsune can move at speeds that olny the most attuned of beings can grasp, allowing Kitsune to outrun or avoid somethings an opponent can use against the Kitsune. The Kitsune can move at great velocities, allowing user to reach or even surpass and perceive light speed movements and move at speeds that allow them to move past time and space itself. Kitsunes possess supernatural speed that is described as almost foxlike, making them faster than humans and they have much better stamina and agility. Along with their strength, they use their speed to catch their prey or enemies off guard and kill them swiftly and expediently. In fox form, their speed increases.
•Molecular Oscillation: Kitsune can vibrate the molecules of living (including themselves) and non-living matter at high speed, enabling them to pass through or harden other molecules. kira can vibrate her molecules using her super speed to escape containments such as cages or handcuffs.
•Hyperspace Travel: Kitsune can travel at speeds faster than speed of light, moving at such speed that it appears the traveler has moved from one spatial location to another instantly. This is achieved usually by moving along tachyons, particles faster than light or by bending two locations within space to temporarily join together, and "jumping" from point A to point B via that bend.
•Absolute Athleticism: Kitsune possess limitless athletic skills, they have reached the absolute highest levels in speed, explosiveness, power, quickness, and other various athletic abilities than normal members of their species can ever hope to attain.
•Impale: Kitsune of this power can pierce through almost any sort of substance or form of defense with either a weapon or claws.
•Speed Force:The Speed Force enhances all movement capabilities of a Kitsune, down to a microscopic level, as well as giving the he/her conscious control over it. This enhances overall acceleration, agility, reflexes, coordination, balance, and reaction time to inhuman levels. Furthermore, Kitsune could perceive time in slow motion and be able to act and move in what they perceive is normal speed, while actually moving at inhuman speed, faster than normal humans can percieve. The Kitsune speed usually caused them to appear to be mere vibrating blurs or streaks of motion. This ability allows the Kitsune overall speed to rival the fastest vehicles at low levels, while allow the Kitsune to break the sound barrier, moving at super sonic speeds. Kitsune can even exceed the speed of light at their peak speed. Skilled Kitsune have been fast enough to distort light and create a holographic, mirage like projection of themselves and appear to be in two or more places at once by moving from one location to the other fast enough and therefore create an after image of themselves. These projections become less realistic looking when the Kitsune is creating more than one. Augmented movement, motion and momentum results in the Kitsune, especially one using super speed, being immune to extreme pressure, friction, vectors, tension, spring, inertia, gravity, and kinetic energy. This further enhances a Kitsune resilience and durability Lastly, super speed at its peak, Kitsune can create a hole in the fabric of space time and travel through time, with the Kitsune immediate thoughts cause them to end up at a certain time and place. This last ability is also the most dangerous, as altering the events of the past in the slightest could distort the Kitsune present and future, usually with devastating results. If the Kitsune travels to a time where they existed recently, their younger or previous self will vanish from existence, causing the the Kitsune to replace themselves in that time.
Also, chemical processes, as well as cellular, neural, and brain activity occurs in a user far faster than normal, which enhanced the speed and efficiency of physical healing and metabolism to inhuman levels. The increase in speed and activity within bodily systems can enhance the Kitsune physical performance to great extent, as well as increasing these systems overall reaction speed, resulting in adrenaline, dopamin and other endorphins to be produced quicker and the Kitsune being able to think, read, scan and comprehend concepts and ideas all in seconds while their powers are in use. Therefore, the Kitsune mental speed and efficiency as well as physical is also enhanced to inhuman levels. This caused a Kitsune to be able to be completely healed a from severe injuries in a matter of hours, as well as be able to not be stunned, dazed, staggered, tripped or knocked off balance by great forces, especially as they move at super speed. It also caused enhanced physical conditioning, resulting in the user being having peak human physical capabilities and health with little to no physical maintaining. Their naturally healthy bodies also are naturally conditioned and adapted to the extreme pressure, air deprivation and kinetic impact the user is exposed to while moving at super speed.
•Flawless Indestructibility: Kitsune with this ability have no physical, spiritual or mental weaknesses giving them immunity to everything harmful, essentially making them indestructible.
•Infinite Supply:a Kitsune is able to possess an unlimited supply of any essential. For example, a Kitsunecould cause a canteen to never run out of water, or a notebook to never run out of paper.w
•Weapon Proficiency:Kitsune with this ability need only to pick up a weapon before they instantly become proficient in it. The first time they pick up a sword, they can spar with masters, the first time they use a bow, they can hit bulls-eyes. Even alien, magical, or other weaponry that they should not understand comes naturally to them. Kitsune can understand and use any and all weapons with the proficiency of a master.
•Invulnerability - Their extremely dense body tissue renders a Kitsune indestructible, capable of withstanding high-caliber bullets, sharp objects, extreme forces, asphyxiation, artillery shells, lasers, falls from great heights.Kitsune are also invulnerable to extreme temperatures (both hot and cold). In addition,Kitsune are immune to all earthly diseases, bacteria and viruses and other Kitsune (who can generate enough force to break through a Kitsune invulnerability).In addition, Kitsune are capable of breathing underwater and can even survive without an atmosphere, in outer space. Because of this, Kitsune are resistant to all forms of physical damage. Their enhanced durability allows them to exert much harder attacks when in battle (without them having to worry about injuring themselves in the process), with such attacks having the force to break the sound barrier and generate shock-waves in-between their bodies and what they come in physical contact with while exerting blows of tremendous force.
•Regenerative Healing Factor: Kitsune can rapidly regenerate. In other words, they recreate lost or damaged tissues, organs and limbs, even stopping, aging. The rate and amount of healing varies widely (see Levels of Regeneration), Kitsune can regrow missing limbs, can put the limb back in place for rapid regeneration. They are generally in very good physical shape as their bodies are constantly reverting to healthy state, granting them inexhaustible stamina and vitality.
At higher levels, Kitsune can regenerate not just their cellular tissues, but also their DNA, undoing genetic mutations and breakdown, as well as maintaining one's youth by extending telomeres. This also gives them immunity to diseases and infections, undoing any unwanted symptoms, as well as provide a form of self-sustenance, forgoing the needs for oxygen and food intake. If advanced enough, the ability will cause the body to cease aging as the cells are regenerating and dying in equilibrium, granting immortality.
Regeneration differs from wound healing, which involves closing up the injury site with a scar. Allows a Kitsuneto heal quickly from just about any wounds which were inflicted by either other Kitsunes, an exposure to UV or under a red sun's radiation, for instance.
•X-Ray Vision - Allows a Kitsunes to see through almost any material.Kitsunes can mentally break down the polymers in objects and organisms, allowing them to see through the object or person.As such, Kal-El had no problem seeing through the one-way mirror of an interrogation room, which enabled him to face Dr. Hamilton while talking to him, and even read the ID badge in the latter's pocket. He also saw through several walls simultaneously, observing several soldiers in an adjacent room. Since a Kitsunes senses are inhumanly high, uncontrollable and unstable when first discovered, it can cause a Kitsunes to randomly see through objects at varying levels, which, along with the extremely powerful hearing and other senses, can overwhelm them.
•Solar battery: When a Kitsune is exposed to the rays of a yellow sun, the cells of his body store solar energy as a battery, enabling him to develop skills beyond description. Without the sun, Kitsunes would not have superhuman abilities. A depowered Kitsunes can regenerate his/her abilities if he/she get close to the Sun. These abilities seem to be relatively easy to master, or at least most of them, as some do take time and great effort (such as heat vision or arctic breath). MostKitsunes that have made it to Earth were aware of these powers and even for those who were not aware, such as Jor-El, who quickly adapted to his powers when he was forced to use them to save Louise McCallum fromLachlan Luthor, and Dax-Ur, who later learned of his abilities, saying: "It is Sunshine State had that effect on me." The more solar energy a Kitsunes absorbs, the more powerful he becomes.
•Accelerated Healing: Kitsunes have an advanced healing factor, they can heal much faster than humans and are able to sustain much more extensive physical injuries, broken bones, gashes, gunshot wounds without danger of dying. In order to use this ability, Kitsunes must first activate it.
•Super stamina: Kitsunes possess unlimited endurance in all physical activities due to receiving better nourishment from the solar energy their cells process. In addition, a Kitsunes body stores enough solar energy to negate eat, drink, breathe and even sleep for as long as they want. This is evident as Kitsunes survive in the vacuum of space, as they do not require air. That said, Kitsunes can take part in battle sequences for as long as they want, without difficulty or fatigue.
•Super breath: Kryptonians are able to create strong pulses of air and hurricanes by simply exhaling air from their mouths.
•Super dexterity: Kitsunes are extremely agile and precise in all forms of strenuous movement. A Kitsunes can throw a football in a basketball standing back to the frame.
•Arctic breath:Kitsunes can freeze objects and people with their breath.
•Super agility: Kitsunes have perfect balance, which gives them a better degree of flexibility and range of motion.
•Flight: Kitsunes can defy gravity through telekinesis or gravitional manipulation and can reach speeds approaching the velocities of light. They can maneuver with precision in any direction, as well as hover. They must be mentally trained to handle this capability. Through this power they can fly over the skies, hover on air and carry people or objects.
•Speed Force:The SSuper-Intelligence: All Kitsunes possess a genius-level intellect; under a yellow sun, this power is amplified hundreds of times beyond those of human beings. Their brains work similar, or superior, to high computers; they are able to make immensely fast calculations and multitasking at alarming rates.Kitsunes, while in super-speed mode, can see everything at a standstill; because their perception is greatly enhanced, they could crash into every building or object they come in contact with.
•Super-Memory: Kitsunes possess an eidetic memory; under a yellow sun, this ability is amplified hundreds of times beyond those humans beings. They can receive or process large amounts of information and data at once, reading words and pictures at a fast pace. They do have a photographic memory with total recall, possess the ability to super-read in seconds and can retain large amounts of information flawlessly.
•Multilingualism: Kitsunes gain the ability to learn, speak and understand any language they come in contact with.
•Electromagnetic Spectrum Perception: Kitsunes can see all of the EM spectrum. They can see and identify radio and television, as well as all other transmissions or transmitted frequencies. With this ability, they can avoid detection by radar or satellite monitoring methods. This also allows him to see the auras generated by living beings.
•Superhuman Reflexes: Kitsunes speed also augments their reaction time, allowing them to react to danger and events much faster than a normal human. The movement generated by their reflexes can cause sonic booms by breaking the sound barrier.
•Fox-Fire: Each Kitsune has a fox-like fire and can produce/create fire and lightning by rubbing their tails together. Kitsune can also create small balls of fire and even breathe fire. Kitsune are also able to absorb a large amount of electricity into her body. The foxfire appears to be more than just electrical. There is apparently a magical component as well as Kitsune was able to use lightning to repair a broken human.
•Enhanced Swordsmanship: Kitsunes are able to learn how to wield a sword quickly.
•Dream Manipulation: Similar to what Angels and Vampires do, Kitsune can cause willful manifestation in the dreams of others
•Magic: Like witches, Kitsune can study any normal field of magic.
•Mind Control: Similar to vampires, a Kitsune can cause someone to see anything the kitsune wishes, or overlook anything the kitsune wants them to, similar to compulsion.
𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬
•Weaponized Canine Distemper Virus: The virus affects Kitsunes differently at first. It effects the brain then and then blinds them before it kills them. But it can be cured.
•Beings of Equal Power - Beings of comparable incalculable superhuman might, such as other Kitsunes, can generate enough force that can knock out, injure and even kill Kitsunes, breaking through their invulnerability without the need of uv. For instance, Kal-El possessed the strength to knock Nam-Ek unconscious and, with some effort, break Zod's incredibly durable neck,
•Kryptonite - exposure to this radioactive xenomineral from Krypton is the greatest weakness of all Kitsunes,since the mineral's radiation is extremely toxic to them, with it causing them severe pain and completely breaking down their invulnerability, allowing outside forces to damage their body. This weakens a Kitsunes to the point that even a regular human like Lex Luthor will be able to overpower him/her. Prolonged exposure will ultimately lead to an excruciating death for the Kitsunes. However, the mineral's harmful effects can be instantly neutralized by even a very thin coating of lead. | https://aminoapps.com/c/teen-wolf/page/item/kitsune/KxeL_eYfKI02rmqwYXpQ88pYJr0q0Qe2aq |
Whole wheat flour production up in quarter, but…
WASHINGTON – The good news? Third-quarter whole wheat flour production was up from a year earlier.
The not so good news? Accounting for the entire gain, and then some, was a highly unusual jump in production of whole wheat semolina. Whole wheat flour production ex-semolina was down from a year earlier.
According to data published Nov. 1 by the National Agricultural Statistics Service of the US Department of Agriculture, total production of whole wheat flour in July-September was 4,974,000 cwts, up 66,000 cwts, or 1.3%, from 4,908,000 cwts in the third quarter of 2020. The quarterly total was up 2.2% from 4,866,000 cwts in the second quarter of the year.
At 4,974,000 cwts, whole wheat flour production in July-September accounted for 4.7% of total US flour production of 106,161,000 cwts. It was the third straight quarter in which whole wheat flour production held a 4.7% share of total flour production. In 2020, the whole wheat share ranged from 4.4% to 5.4%.
In the first three quarters of the year, whole wheat flour production was 14,700,000 cwts, down 569,000 cwts, or 3.7%, from 15,269,000 cwts in January-September 2020.
Whole wheat semolina production in the third quarter was 238,000 cwts, up 104,000 cwts, or 78%, from 134,000 cwts in the same period last year. Production in the quarter was the largest for whole wheat semolina for any quarter since the third quarter of 2015 when production was 339,000 cwts.
Whole wheat semolina production equated to 3.3% of all semolina production in the third quarter, up from 1.5% a year earlier and from 2% in the second quarter of this year.
During the first nine months of 2021, whole wheat semolina production was 528,000 cwts, up 13% from 469,000 cwts the prior-year period.
Production of whole wheat flour ex semolina was 4,736,000 cwts, down 38,000, down 0.8% from 4,774,000 cwts in the third quarter last year. Whole wheat flour ex-semolina accounted for 4.8% of all flour production ex-semolina in the third quarter, the same as last year.
Year-to-date production of whole wheat flour ex-semolina was 14,172,000 cwts, down 4.2% from 14,800,000 cwts in the same period the previous year. | |
- Genre:
- Style:Chamber Music
- Date of release:2004
- Duration:50:30
- Size FLAC version1956 megabytes
- Size MP3 version1910 megabytes
- Size WMA version1895 megabytes
- Rating:4.6
- Votes:248
- Formats:VQF AAC APE AC3 VOX DXD
The Bamberg String Quartet plays both works with energy and tight cohesion, but seems dark and slightly muted in the high range, perhaps due to Cavalli's restricted audio range and dry acoustics.
3 Waltzes for String Quartet. Opus/Catalogue NumberOp. I-Catalogue NumberI-Cat. No. IFK 54. Key. G major.
The Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg published four string quartets, distributed over his lifetime: String Quartet No. 1 in D minor, Op. 7 (1905), String Quartet No. 2 in F♯ minor, Op. 10 (1908), String Quartet No. 3, Op. 30 (1927), and the String Quartet No. 4, Op. 37 (1936). In addition to these, he wrote several other works for string quartet which were not published. The most notable was his early String Quartet in D major (1897)
Waltz for String Quartet, O. 3. Classical/Chamber music, 1872. Title by uploader: Waltz for String Quartet (Violin II), O. Sheet music file . 5 USD. Seller PlaceArt. PDF, 52. Kb ID: SM-000030832 Upload date: 08 Jul 2010.
String Quartet N., O. Identifier 3-fries-albin. Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t6nz9cv05. Ocr ABBYY FineReader . Piece-style Romantic.
Sample this album Artist (Sample). String Quartet No. 1, Op. 7: IV. 4(Rondofinale). Performer: Leipzig String Quartet, Leipziger Streichquartett.
Streichquartett a-moll D 804 (Rosamunde) - Quartettsatz c-moll D 703 - String Quartet in A minor D 804 (Rosamunde) - Quartettatz in C minor D 703 String Quartet: 2 violins, viola, cello Barenreiter. Urtext der Neuen Schubert-Ausgabe. For string quartet (2 violins, viola, cello). Baerenreiter Studienpartituren - Study scores. Arnold Schönbergs Streichquartett Nr. 2 o. 0 mit Sopranstimme (1907/1908) zählt zu den Gründungsdokumenten Neuer Musik. 1. 0 EUR - Sold by Woodbrass Pre-shipment lead time: 24 hours - In Stock. | https://ww1.icvalledeilaghi.it/84348/friedrich-kiel-streichquartett-a-moll-op-53-nr-1-walzer-op-73-bamberg-string-quartet-download-mp3.html |
PC-Write was a word processor originally released in 1983 by a company (now defunct) called Quicksoft. It was released on a shareware basis, with a paid version available.
The files were basically plain text, with optional special functions causing control characters to be inserted. However, the default filename suggested when you started the program was "WORK.DOC", suggesting .doc as the default file extension to be used, which could be confusing given MS-Word's more well-known use of this extension. You could create or edit files with any extension, including .txt, however.
If you stick to characters found in the ASCII character encoding, and don't use any special PC-Write features, the resulting files will be completely ASCII, using the standard PC-DOS carriage return + linefeed for line breaks. If you use accented characters (you could type them by typing a letter, then the backtick (`), then another character representing the diacritical mark such as an apostrophe or tilde), those will use the active MS-DOS code page. Other features (accessed within PC-Write through Alt key combinations) will cause various control characters to be inserted into the file, but the rest of the content will remain plain text. The control characters have meanings that are specific to PC-Write, not generally resembling their "official" meaning (C0 controls) in the ASCII set; for instance, a variety of special commands are done as "dot commands" (on a line by themselves, with a dot followed by a special command) which are preceded by a control character that is entered as Alt-G in PC-Write but stored as Ctrl-K, which is officially the Vertical Tab character in ASCII.
Control characters
These are the control characters as stored in PC-Write documents, and their meanings. Mode toggles (for various font and color effects) are reset at line breaks, so they need to be set on each line of a multi-line enhanced passage.
|Hex||Dec||ASCII Char||Ctrl Key||PC-Write Key||PC-Write meaning|
|00||0||NUL||^@||Not used (Null character)|
|01||1||SOH||^A||Alt-S||Toggles Second Strike mode|
|02||2||STX||^B||Alt-B||Toggles Bold mode|
|03||3||ETX||^C||Alt-E||Toggles Elite Fast mode|
|04||4||EOT||^D||Alt-V||Toggles Variable mode|
|05||5||ENQ||^E||Alt-P||Toggles Pica Quality mode|
|06||6||ACK||^F||Alt-C||Toggles Compressed mode|
|07||7||BEL||^G||Alt-M||Toggles Marine Blue mode|
|08||8||BS||^H||Alt-J||Toggles Jade Green mode|
|09||9||HT||^I||Tab||Move to next tab stop. In some configurations, gets replaced with proper number of space characters.|
|0A||10||LF||^J||Enter||Linefeed: follows Carriage Return for line break. (Enter inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)|
|0B||11||VT||^K||Alt-G||Signals that what follows is a dot command or guide line (commands should be on a line by themselves)|
|0C||12||FF||^L||Shift-Alt-T||Soft page break. (If followed by ^O (0F), it's a hard page break, entered in PC-Write with Alt-T.)|
|0D||13||CR||^M||Enter||Carriage Return: precedes Linefeed for line break. (Enter inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)|
|0E||14||SO||^N||Alt-A||Toggles font align mode|
|0F||15||SI||^O||Alt-T||Follows ^L (0C) to indicate hard page break (Alt-T inserts two-character sequence ^L^O)|
|10||16||DLE||^P||Alt-D||Toggles Double Wide mode|
|11||17||DC1||^Q||Alt-N||Flags where an automatic number needs to be inserted; follow with digit or letter then a non-digit/letter symbol, e.g., ^Q1.|
|12||18||DC2||^R||Alt-W||Toggles Double Underline mode|
|13||19||DC3||^S||Alt-O||Toggles Overstrike mode|
|14||20||DC4||^T||Alt-K||Keep Paragraph: used at end of paragraph to mark it not to be reformatted|
|15||21||NAK||^U||Alt-I||Toggles Italic mode|
|16||22||SYN||^V||Alt-Q||Toggles Quality Elite mode|
|17||23||ETB||^W||Alt-U||Toggles Underline mode|
|18||24||CAN||^X||Alt-H||Toggles Superscript mode|
|19||25||EM||^Y||Alt-L||Toggles Subscript mode|
|1A||26||SUB||^Z||Not used (MS-DOS used it as end-of-file marker, but PC-Write didn't mark files this way)|
|1B||27||ESC||^[||Not used (Escape character)|
|1C||28||FS||^\||Alt-F||Toggles Fast Pica mode|
|1D||29||GS||^]||Shift-Ctrl-Hyphen||Soft Hyphen|
|1E||30||RS||^^||Alt-R||Toggles Red mode|
|1F||31||US||^_||Alt-Y||Toggles Yellow mode|
|F6||246||Ctrl-Hyphen||Hard Hyphen|
|FA||250||Ctrl-Space||Hard Space|
|FF||255||Shift-Ctrl-Space||Soft Space|
Dot commands
These commands are intended to be on a line by themselves, beginning with the ^K (0B) control character (entered in PC-Write with Alt-G). | http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/wiki/PC-Write |
keychain band - ZAHRA - sparrow bird
these keychains are made out of moroccan ribbons called sfifa. originally they are used for decorating traditional kaftans.
developing from ‘sabra’ to ‘sfifa’ the threads are transformed step by step into keychains. the threads are braided into ribbons on the outskirts of marrakesh using an antique machine.
the keychains are produced by zahra from the women’s association al kawtar in marrakech. together with yoomee the colour and design combinations are developed. each keychain can be assembled individually, using different carabiners, tags and mini tags.
for every keychain sold - we give something back to al kawtar.
at the end of each year we give a donation to one of there projects. | https://yoomee.ch/products/keychain-band-zahra-sparrow-bird |
- The solar system comprises of the sun, eight planets, and other smaller bodies.
- The eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (and Pluto was dropped from this list of planets and is now considered as a dwarf planet).
(For many years scientists thought there were nine planets orbiting around the sun)
Mercury is the planet that is closest to the sun while Neptune is the farthest from the sun.
The Sun is a very large star compared to the planets orbiting it.
Jupiter is the largest planet while Venus is the brightest.
All these planets go round the sun.
Venus is also referred to as the evening star and can be spotted in the evening in the sky.
Saturn has a ring around it.
Standard 6
1. A rocket was launched from earth the planet Jupiter. Which one of the following planets was it likely to pass on its way?
A. Mars B. Saturn C. Neptune D. Venus
2. The diagram below represents the first four planets nearest to the sun.
The planets labeled P, Q, R and S are
|
|
P
|
|
Q
|
|
R
|
|
S
|A. Mars||
|
Earth
|
|
Venus
|
|
Mercury
|B. Earth||
|
Mars
|
|
Mercury
|
|
Venus
|C. Mercury||
|
Venus
|
|
Earth
|
|
Mars
|D. Venus||
|
Mercury
|
|
Mars
|
|
Earth
3. A ball and a source of light are used to demonstrate how day and night are caused. Which one of the following should NOT be done? The
A. The ball should be rotated
B. Ball should be tilted on the axis
C. Source of light should be rotated
D. The source of light should be fare from the ball. | https://learn.e-limu.org/topic/view/?t=33&c=446 |
March 4, 2012 - by InterestingFacts.org - 33 Comments.
Olbers’ paradox, a part of astrophysics and physical cosmology, is basically a squabble about the sky being dark at night. This paradox is also phrased as the ‘dark night sky paradox’. The paradox states that an inert, considerably old universe with an equal number of stars scattered in the proportionately large space should be bright rather than being dark at night. The question of sky being dark at night might seem ridiculous with a much obvious answer, and the topical answer might surprise you. This question has been studied by the best physicists who have reached an answer that is simple but not so obvious. In order to find an answer to the Olbers’ paradox, the scientists and physicists had to struggle a lot to learn about the behavior of energy involved in the concept. One argument given by the scientists against the dark night paradox is that the light of distant stars might be hidden by the dust clouds. But this answer is again contradicted by the statement that these dust clouds should reach the temperature of the stars by their heat. Another statement contradicting the Olber’s paradox is that these distant stars might be too tiny and far that they can be seen in the vicinity. Besides, there might be numerous stars at increasing distances such that their smaller perceptible size is formed of by their bigger numbers. Another theory is of the time and age of the universe. Universe is 13.73 billion years old which states that light of the starts had certain time to light up the universe. Most of the starts we see today, in our night sky, do not exist anymore. We can see their light because it takes ages for their light to travel around the universe. So we could say that stars in the universe had certain amount of time to contribute to the illumination of the whole universe. Please read comments bellow for additional theories. However, as much as we searched this subject, it still remains a paradox.
I think that the conclusion here is wrong. What’s really happening is that the constant expansion of the universe stretches the light waves out- through what is known as the Doppler Effect- and converts them into longer wavelengths. These light waves are so stretched that they become microwaves.
The universe is not really dark and the math conclusions are right.
Our eyes would be destroyed by the light of the day sun, so our own sensors are diminishing the light and actually because of this the night is dark. We also have build all of our instruments to mimic our eye sight. Try making a photo of the night sky with everything on max to reduce the darkness and you will see a bright image. Actually the universe is pretty much different than our senses are able to feel it.
The only problem here is that our sun is too close to us (compared to the rest of the universe) so its light is too powerful for our eyes, so we had to adapt … this is why we see darkness where there’s actually light. I hope I was clear enough.
Sorry for my bad english, but this problem isn’t a problem and not at all a paradox, unless you really want to make one out of nothing.
Very nice I like the information. The real reason is who knows what.
a nice post.eager to know a lot about this.
Bens conclusion is much more likely to be true.
The situation is not nearly as complicated as this article makes it out to be. Because each star is so far away from us (trillions of miles), their light is greatly diffused. Because only a very, very small part of each star is aimed precisely at us we only get a tiny fraction of the radiant energy emitted by each star. And the reason we never see the rest of the light is because space is a vacuum and so the light never hits anything. Sometimes light from stars (and from our own star) hit cosmic objects (the moon, meteors, planets), and light does reflect toward us. Often when this happens, however, the amount of light that comes to us is so small that it’s undetectable without special equipment.
The reason for the universe to be dark is that any form of energy[specially light] does not want to reveal its identity unless it comes in contact with any particle i.e. collides. That is why the region around the sun is dark. Even due to the presence of stars and light emitting bodies the universe looks dark.
Like every radiation of energy Light also has dual nature-wave and particle. when a particle strikes any obstacle it reflects or completely deforms. Same story with wave,when it is obstructed by some means. The universe is drastically filled with ‘The Dark matter'(unknown matter) and it’s mass is 98% of the total mass of the universe.Hence a bulk part of light from stars are absorbed by these dark matter and the universe looks dark.
Here is a link to know more about dark matter.
universe always remains dark…As we know that, any light is visible to us only when it is hit by any object…so, when u travel in space, u would be lighten by sun’s light but your surroundings remains dark as it is free space..
I think the doctors “theory” is the most rediculous I’ve heard.
I think everyone is over thinking this. Dark-matter, Microwaves, Doppler?
We can only see light that enters our eyes. ’nuff said.
it may be one of the reasons,who knows what had happened.
just wait a while and i am sure something more interesting and answerable will come along.
It might be because in order for light to be seen, it must have something to bounce off. There is no edge of the universe, and the only thing faster than light is the expansion of the universe. So light cant bounce off the edge, and seeing as there are no particles in space like gases in air, light cannot be reflected off that. Black holes also contribute, seeing as they cannot be seen and would absorb light, black being the absence of color (white light being every color).
Light dissipates over distance…duh. get a flashlight and try it yourself.
Your example is wrong. The light coming from your flashlight does not dissipate, it simply “expands” and “stretches” as it travels, giving you the “dissipating effect” The shape of the lens of the flashlight also has an effect. This lens which generally is a concave lens then distributes the light particles in a much more larger area, therefore it can hit more objects (therefore you can see more things!!!). Light never stops, unless it hits something (a particle) or it enters a black hole.
I agree with some people here that the sky is dark because our vision organ(the eyes) can only perceive a tiny portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, “Visible light”. The other light wavelengths are either to long or to short for us to see (unlike some animals like snakes, which can see UV light!).
according to me,,,there must be not obstructions like dust or any particle in the light’s way in universe to which it could hit and dispatch its colours……moreover,,,,may be the wavelenght of THE BLACK LIGHT which we can see in space be more or less than human eye could see..
Okay I really have no idea what this means, but my best response is that light wouldn’t need to hit anything because it would be the colour of the star it came from and that “black light” is just weak ultra violet light.
Maybe the universe isn’t dark. The reason we think it is dark is because we are so close to the sun, the ambient light in the universe is dark compared to the sun’s light during the day. The human eye is accustomed to the sun’s light, so it isn’t good at detecting light from distant stars. Just because we can’t see well doesn’t mean things are dark. The night sky looks pretty bright through a good telescope.
Actually that’s exactly what it means since we describe things as they would appear to humans. If we could see things like microwaves and infrared naturally than I’m sure it would be quite bright, but subjectively when you look up at night its dark.
You wouldn’t say for example the universe is actually bright, for cats and bumble bees.
Thanks to most of your retarded answers I feel like a dam genius right about now! Man….some u peeps dum as hell!!!!
If you are using an ordinary tnutsgen filament lamp (preferably with a clear glass bulb) then a 150watt bulb will put out around 15watts of light in the visible range, a glass magnifying glass will not pass much infra-red so you really are comparing about 15 watts from this bulb with what you can get from sunlight(in the visible range) this is more than 800W per square metre.With a small glass, say 5cm diameter, you could focus about 1.5Watts power to a very small spot using sunlight (it comes in almost parallel from a very distant source).To get to half a kW per square meter at your magnifying glass you need to be much less than 5cms away from the filament of the 150Watt bulb and you can’t focus the filament image down to a spot at that range.
I believe the night sky is dark because it is free of dust. You can only see light if(or when) it hits an object. Light cannot illuminate an object it cannot touch(hit).
I think, this caused by the universe is so large. And the star radius is not reaches the earth sky or the nearly.
Having been to a high altitude (sleeping at 14000 ft), I would say that it is likely that the atmosphere itself is what causes the sky to be dark at night. When one camps at such a high altitude (such as on Mt. Kenya), you can see a lot more of the stars and it actually appears quite bright even when the moon is down. Thus, by extrapolation, I would imagine that just inside of our atmosphere, looking into the night sky, it would appear even brighter, perhaps even to the level that the “paradox” suggests.
Thank you always for your reading materials.
I’m Korean(S.K). Thus, this has been helpful for me to learn English properly.
The night sky is dark so our midnight earth parties can light it up! | https://www.interestingfacts.org/fact/why-is-universe-dark |
Mediation is a voluntary process in which individuals that are in disagreement about an issue, problem, or misunderstanding meet with a specially trained neutral party. Mediation is accessible to everyone in the community.
Identify issues | Clarify perceptions | Explore options for an acceptable outcome
Facilitation
Facilitation refers to the process of designing and running a successful meeting. The definition of facilitate is “to make easy” or “ease a process.” What a facilitator does is plan, guide and manage a group event to ensure that the group’s objectives are met effectively, with clear thinking, good participation and full buy-in from everyone who is involved. To facilitate effectively, you must be objective. This doesn’t mean you have to come from outside the organization or team, though. It simply means that, for the purposes of this group process, you will take a neutral stance. You step back from the detailed content and from your own personal views, and focus purely on the group process. (The “group process” is the approach used to manage discussions, get the best from all members, and bring the event through to a successful conclusion. The key responsibility of a facilitator is to create this group process and an environment in which it can flourish, and so help the group reach a successful decision, solution or conclusion.
Arbitration
Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and is a way to resolve disputes outside the court system. The dispute will be decided by one or more persons (the “arbitrators”, “arbiters” or “arbitral tribunal“), which renders the “arbitral award.” An arbitral award is legally binding on both sides and enforceable in the courts. Arbitration is a proceeding in which a dispute is resolved by an impartial adjudicator whose decision the parties to the dispute have agreed, or legislation has decreed, will be final and binding. There are limited rights of review and appeal of arbitration awards.
Restorative Practices
Restorative Practices are gently directed problem-solving and change making processes; structured face to face communication about the nature and impact of harm and conflict from all possible perspectives, where all parties have an equal role in negotiating mutually equitable solutions and closure. Restorative Practices are keys to proactive responses to improving interpersonal relationships.
To discuss your case and determine if mediation is appropriate, Please Contact: | https://www.accordny.com/other-services/ |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To achieve camera calibration very simply.
SOLUTION: In a camera calibration apparatus and method which determines camera parameters for associating two-dimensional image coordinates set on a photographed image by a fixed camera with three-dimensional world coordinates set in the real space, a map image which simulates a plane (x, y, 0) of which the height z in the real space is zero is provided. The two dimensional coordinates (α, β) of the map image and the world coordinates (x, y, 0) of the plane are associated with each other by a scaler 40. When the position of an indicator placed in the real space is designated on the map image, therefore, the world coordinates (x, y, 0) of the position is determined, and by adding the height of the indicator to this, the world coordinates (x, y, z) at the height position of the indicator is determined. The world coordinates (x, y, z) of the indicator are thus determined very simply, achieving camera calibration very simply.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT | |
Performs complex engineering work and oversees engineers through the review of project submittals with the goal of achieving compliance with Metro standards, directives, and project objectives.
Example Of Duties
- Plans, organizes, assigns, implements, and manages engineering projects in accordance with budget and schedule requirements
- Interacts with user departments in response to service requests; researches and gathers all necessary details to determine engineering functional requirements to meet project user needs
- Provides engineering design services and design support during construction; provides support for project bid and award phase, construction management, closeout, activation, and startup activities for bus and rail transit projects
- Supports development of workplans, safety guidelines, maintenance requirements, and operational needs for design projects
- Reviews contract documents, shop drawings, specifications, RFI (request for information), and DDR (detailed design review) for compliance with codes, project specifications, and Metro criteria
- Reviews designs for quality, constructability, and cost effectiveness; recommends design changes
- Assures project compliance with design criteria and standards, workplans, safety guidelines, maintenance requirements, and operational needs
- Manages Contract Document Required Receivables and project budget for assigned projects
- Updates and enforces the Metro Design Standards and Criteria
- Prepares preliminary design documents for future projects
- Coordinates projects with utility companies, railroad, and city, county, and state agencies when required
- Makes field visits for research and inventory
- Participates in the engineering configuration management process to maintain current engineering records for bus and rail facilities and systems
- Works with in-house engineering and construction disciplines, consultants, and/or contractors to identify and resolve problems which may impact the progress of the project or users existing or planned operational performance
- Provides resident engineer and quality control inspection services
- Provides guidance, coaching, training, and oversees the work product of employees in area of expertise
- Contributes to ensuring that the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) policies and programs of Metro are carried out
May be required to perform other related job duties
Requirements For Employment
A combination of education and/or experience that provides the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the essential functions of the position. Additional experience, as outlined below, may be substituted for required education on a year-for-year basis. A typical combination includes:
Education
- Bachelor′s Degree in Engineering or other related field; Master's Degree in a related field preferred
Experience
- Six years of relevant experience in appropriate engineering discipline, including design and construction of public transit projects or major public agency projects; some positions in this class may require specialized experience in area of assignment
Certifications/Licenses/Special Requirements
- State of California registration as a Professional Engineer in the appropriate discipline desirable
- A valid California Class C Driver License or the ability to utilize an alternative method of transportation when needed to carry out job-related essential functions
- Microsoft Office Word 2010 and Excel 2010 Specialist preferred
Preferred Qualifications
Preferred Qualifications (PQs) are used to identify relevant knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) as determined by business necessity. These criteria are considered preferred qualifications and are not intended to serve as minimum requirements for the position. PQs will help support selection decisions throughout the recruitment. In addition, applicants who possess these PQs will not automatically be selected.
The following are the preferred qualifications:
- Experience applying engineering design codes and standards related to civil/roadway public work, traffic studies and third-party utilities
- Experience performing civil engineering analysis and design work related to roadway drainage, grading, traffic studies and utilities
- Experience utilizing computer-aided tools, such as AutoCAD and MicroStation, to perform civil engineering tasks
Knowledge:
- Theories, principles, and current practices of engineering analysis, design, and construction in appropriate discipline
- Fundamentals of architectural, civil, structural, mechanical, electrical, vehicle, systems design and environmental engineering as they relate to assigned engineering discipline
- Software applications as they relate to assigned engineering discipline, e.g., AutoCAD (Computer-Aided Design), MicroStation, Revit, and EnergyPro
- Engineering design codes
- Applicable federal, state (Title 24), and local codes, standards, policies, procedures, and regulations
- Engineering mathematics, e.g., heat load, ducting, and piping pressure loss calculations
- Local and state-wide governmental authorities
- Microsoft Office Suite applications, including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint
- Contract administration and budgeting
- Project management and control practices
Skill in:
- Performing complex engineering analysis and design work in assigned discipline
- Using computer-aided tools and products
- Reading and understanding plans, specifications, mechanical drawings, and diagrams
- Communicating effectively orally and in writing
- Understanding and solving challenges
- Interacting professionally with various levels of Metro employees and outside representatives
- Time management
- Implementing guidelines and policies
Abilities:
- Serve as lead for in-house specialized engineering activities for bus and rail transit engineering projects from conception to completion
- Review plans and calculations to find errors and omissions
- Monitor and evaluate work by consultants and construction contractors
- Compile, analyze, and interpret complex data in order to prepare comprehensive reports and correspondence
- Analyze situations, identify problems, and recommend solutions
- Exercise sound judgment and creativity in making engineering decisions
- Understand, interpret, and apply codes, regulations, specifications, and project contract agreements
- Update and revise Metro criteria and baseline specifications
- Meet tight constraints and deadlines
- Work on several tasks simultaneously
- Read, write, speak, and understand English
Selection Procedure
Applicants who best meet job-related qualifications will be invited to participate in the examination process that may consist of any combination of written, performance, or oral appraisal to further evaluate job-related experience, knowledge, skills and abilities.
Application Procedure
To apply, visit Metro's website at www.metro.net and complete an online Employment Application. Telephone: (213) 922-6217 or persons with hearing or speech impairments can use California Relay Service 711 to contact Metro.
All completed online Employment Applications must be received by 5:00 p.m. on the closing date. (TS)
*Open to the public and all Metro employees
This job bulletin is not to be construed as an exhaustive list of duties, responsibilities, or requirements. Employees may be required to perform other related job duties. | https://careers.asce.org/job/187738/senior-engineer-civil-roadway-/ |
Q:
What does %A mean in F#?
In the F# tutorial for Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 there was this code though slightly varied.
module Integers =
/// A list of the numbers from 0 to 99
let sampleNumbers = [ 0 .. 99 ]
/// A list of all tuples containing all the numbers from 0 to 99 andtheir squares
let sampleTableOfSquares = [ for i in 0 .. 99 -> (i, i*i) ]
// The next line prints a list that includes tuples, using %A for generic printing
printfn "The table of squares from 0 to 99 is:\n%A" sampleTableOfSquares
System.Console.ReadKey() |> ignore
This code returns the heading The table of squares from 0 to 99 is:.
Then it sends the numbers from 1-99 and their squares. I don't understand why \n%A is needed and specifically why it has to be an A.
Here are some other similar examples with different letters:
Uses %d
module BasicFunctions =
// Use 'let' to define a function that accepts an integer argument and returns an integer.
let func1 x = x*x + 3
// Parenthesis are optional for function arguments
let func1a (x) = x*x + 3
/// Apply the function, naming the function return result using 'let'.
/// The variable type is inferred from the function return type.
let result1 = func1 4573
printfn "The result of squaring the integer 4573 and adding 3 is %d" result1
Uses %s
module StringManipulation =
let string1 = "Hello"
let string2 = "world"
/// Use @ to create a verbatim string literal
let string3 = @"c:\Program Files\"
/// Using a triple-quote string literal
let string4 = """He said "hello world" after you did"""
let helloWorld = string1 + " " + string2 // concatenate the two strings with a space in between
printfn "%s" helloWorld
/// A string formed by taking the first 7 characters of one of the result strings
let substring = helloWorld.[0..6]
printfn "%s" substring
This is making me a little confused because they have to have them letters or they won't work so could someone. Please explain the %a, %d and %s and any other if there are some and possibly what \n means as well.
A:
This is all explained on this page: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee370560.aspx
F# uses reasonably standard format strings similar to C.
To summarise:
%s prints a string
%d is an integer
the only weird one is %A which will try to print anything
the \n is just a newline
| |
This happened in G1, BW, and BM: lines of dialogue would be spliced from one episode to another if the same character was expressing the same idea. Not just "transform and roll out," but real dialogue: Dinobot urging Megatron to destroy Primal, and then vice versa in a different episode; BM Megatron's "I am your creator and will reward you" speech to his generals repeated twice in Mercenary Pursuits.
Is this written into the script? Or is there a sound or production editor who can say "We're not recording that line, because we already have a recording of basically the same thing"?
Edited by Thylacine 2000, 14 June 2018 - 09:13 AM.
I remember the 1990s Spider-Man series did this a number of times. Sometimes they'd actually record most of a new line, and then add something from a previous line to it.
Edited by Sprocket, 14 June 2018 - 09:59 AM.
So that's why some lines of dialogue felt a bit choppy in their editing in that show.
Full disclaimer: I loved that show as a kid and still appreciate it for what it was.
...Primal urging Megatron to destroy Dinobot?
I would wager it's a decision made late in episode production, a "we should add some dialogue here" or "something's not right here we need to replace it" but it's well after/between recording sessions so they go digging for something that fits.
Just some standard ADR fun.
When did G1 reuse clips of dialog?
Presumably sometime between 1984 and 1988.
"Perhaps we should seek some cover."
"No! Place your faith in our defense systems."
That's the only one I know of.
The G1 example is a little inexplicable, but the Beast Machines one is fairly self explanatory - the scene required Megatron to be occupied with Tankor while Rattrap, unnoticed, slipped his bonds in the background, but the script evidently didn't call for any unique dialogue, so none was recorded at the time. Without audible evidence that Megatron's attention was elsewhere the scene would feel kinda "off," so rather than bring Kaye back in for a pick-up line, they re-used a bit of dialogue from when he was talking to the generals earlier in the episode.
I remember a similar case from a Beast Wars episode... I forget which, but, when the story required the Predacons to be occupied talking amongst themselves while Tigatron snuck up on them. The script included lines from the Preds to begin the scene and to end it, but nothing in the middle while Tigatron was doing his sneaking, so again, the just re-used a sample from Waspinator earlier in the episode ("Waspinator is greatest of Predacons!"), played at a barely-audible level.
Edited by Chris McFeely, 15 June 2018 - 10:10 AM. | https://www.allspark.com/forums/topic/152277-who-decides-to-reuse-cartoon-voice-clips/ |
Located in the heart of Torun, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Znaki Czasu Contemporary Art Centre, Town Museum, and Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Rynek Staromiejski and Church of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist are also within 10 minutes.
Hotel Features
This hotel features a restaurant, meeting rooms, and a computer station. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include tour/ticket assistance.
Room Amenities
All 22 rooms offer free WiFi, TVs, and hair dryers. Phones and desks are also available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us! Opens in a new window
Heban Hotel
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A computer station is located on site and wireless Internet access is complimentary. Event facilities measuring 2206 square feet (205 square meters) include meeting rooms.
- Conference space size (meters) - 205
- Number of meeting rooms - 3
- Restaurant
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Meeting rooms 3
- Total number of rooms - 22
- Free WiFi
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Computer station
- Conference space size (feet) - 2206
Internet
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Desk
- Phone
- Hair dryer
- Television
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 7:00 AM and 10 AM.
Heban - Onsite restaurant.
Hotel Policies
Check-out
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are not available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are not available.
Pets
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy. | https://www.expedia.com/Kuyavian-Pomeranian-Voivodeship-Hotels-Heban-Hotel.h4440087.Hotel-Information |
We present a new data set of 1014 images with manual segmentations and semantic labels for each segment, together with a methodology for using this kind of data for recognition evaluation. The images and segmentations are from the UCB segmentation benchmark database (Martin et al., in International conference on computer vision, vol. II, pp. 416-421, 2001). The database is extended by manually labeling each segment with its most specific semantic concept in WordNet (Miller et al., in Int. J. Lexicogr. 3(4):235-244, 1990). The evaluation methodology establishes protocols for mapping algorithm specific localization (e.g., segmentations) to our data, handling synonyms, scoring matches at different levels of specificity, dealing with vocabularies with sense ambiguity (the usual case), and handling ground truth regions with multiple labels. Given these protocols, we develop two evaluation approaches. The first measures the range of semantics that an algorithm can recognize, and the second measures the frequency that an algorithm recognizes semantics correctly. The data, the image labeling tool, and programs implementing our evaluation strategy are all available on-line (kobus.ca//research/data/IJCV_2007). We apply this infrastructure to evaluate four algorithms which learn to label image regions from weakly labeled data. The algorithms tested include two variants of multiple instance learning (MIL), and two generative multi-modal mixture models. These experiments are on a significantly larger scale than previously reported, especially in the case of MIL methods. More specifically, we used training data sets up to 37,000 images and training vocabularies of up to 650 words. We found that one of the mixture models performed best on image annotation and the frequency correct measure, and that variants of MIL gave the best semantic range performance. We were able to substantively improve the performance of MIL methods on the other tasks (image annotation and frequency correct region labeling) by providing an appropriate prior. | https://arizona.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/evaluation-of-localized-semantics-data-methodology-and-experiment |
3. This guide was designed to assist WHO Member States, both large and small, to bridge the gap between the legal requirements of the International Health Regulations (2005), or IHR (2005), and the pragmatic readiness and response capacity for public health emergencies at designated points … Contingency, an amount of funds added to the base cost estimate to cover estimate uncertainty and risk exposure, is a topic of interest for both project managers and sponsors alike. A construction contingency, as it relates to a build project, is a percentage of a contract value set aside for unpredictable changes in the scope of the work. Owner’s Reserve. If my total project estimate is over my budget, should I cut my contingency? cash flow, or obligation, i.e. III. This contingency is intended to cover the unexpected costs for a likelihood of 50/50 for the project to be over budget. The term “deterministic” implies that the cost contingency is determined as a single point estimate, typically as a percentage of the base cost estimate. A home sale contingency is one type of clause frequently included in a ... this is usually a red flag because it indicates the potential buyer is just thinking about buying and selling at this point. This contingency is intended to cover a lower probability of project overrun; 80/20 for example and it is dependent on owner’s approach to risk. Overview. Find more ways to say contingency, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Contingency planning prompts a small business to prepare for various scenarios that have the potential to harm the enterprise. Project Contingency. Contingency is the relationship between two events, one being "contingent" or a consequence of the other event. These can add costs, especially when the materials are upgraded. Quotes About Contingency Quote 1 “[What we need is] a metaphysics of morals, which must be carefully cleansed of everything empirical in order to know how much pure reason could achieve.” (Immanuel Kant, Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals)Immanuel Kant famously tried to root his entire moral philosophy in necessity. However, as long as there is budget available at the point of finish work, it can be a good idea to use the rest of the contingency budget for upgrades, and a nicer space. Biopoint Barcoded Point-of-Care (BPOC) is the only contingency application designed for the VA to allow for continual electronic administration of medications during BCMA, VistA or network outages, ensuring the continuity of the patients’ electronic medical record. In deterministic methods, contingency is estimated as a predetermined percentage of base cost depending on the project phase. Construction Contingency May Be a Point of Contention When Building. Behaviorism (ABA) sees all behavior as a response to an antecedent and driven by the consequences. Percentage of Project Base Cost Estimate. This paper will present positions on certain key points with respect to the drawdown curve including: 1. the value of creating separate curves for cost and schedule contingency; 2. whether the profile should represent expenditure, i.e. Preparation. At one point in the exchange, Butler refers to the exercise as an unintentional "comedy of formalisms" (137), with each writer accusing the other two of being too abstract and formalist in relation to the declared themes of contingency, hegemony, and universality. when a risk is realized. Another word for contingency.
1969 Harvard-yale Football Game,
Bob Mcgrath Age,
Critics Choice Awards Timeline,
Houses For Rent In The Country Near Philomath,
California Air Tools Black Friday,
Worship Circle 2019,
Lives Of A Bengal Lancer, | http://consumerinfo.org.ua/8a5gjz/05445d-point-of-contingency |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention relate to audio signal processing technologies, and in particular, to a noise detection method and apparatus.
During transmission of an audio signal, noise may be caused due to various reasons. When severe noise occurs in an audio signal, normal use of a user is affected. Therefore, noise in an audio signal needs to be detected in time, so as to eliminate noise affecting normal use.
In an existing noise detection method, a time-domain signal of an audio signal is analyzed, which focuses on analysis of a parameter related to time-domain energy variations of the audio signal. However, time-domain energy variations of some noise signals are normal, making it difficult to detect these noise signals by using the existing noise detection method.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
is a time-domain waveform graph of a speech signal, where a horizontal axis is a sample point, and a vertical axis is a normalized amplitude. In the speech signal shown in , speech-grade noise is on a left side of a dashed line 11, a first section of normal speech is between the dashed line 11 and a dashed line 12, a metallic sound is between the dashed line 12 and a dashed line 13, a second section of normal speech is between the dashed line 13 and a dashed line 14, and background noise is on a right side of the dashed line 14. The speech-grade noise is a type of special noise, and a normal speech signal may be indistinguishable or may sound unnatural due to occurrence of speech-grade noise. The metallic sound is noise sounds like a metallic effect, and is relatively high-pitched. The speech-grade noise, the metallic sound, and the background noise all are noise signals. However, it can be learned from that only the metallic sound has a relatively large amplitude variation, and waveforms of the speech-grade noise and the background noise are relatively similar to a waveform of a normal speech signal. Therefore, according to a time-domain waveform of a speech signal, it is difficult to distinguish such noise whose waveform is similar to that of a normal speech signal from the normal speech signal.
It can be seen that the existing noise detection method is applicable only to detection of a signal having short duration, a relatively large energy variation, and a sudden variation, and has low accuracy in detecting noise whose time-domain signal characteristic is similar to that of a normal speech signal.
Embodiments of the present invention provide a noise detection method and apparatus, which can improve noise detection accuracy of an audio signal through analysis of frequency-domain energy of the audio signal.
obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame of an audio signal, and obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame;
obtaining a tone parameter of the current frame, and obtaining a tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame;
determining, according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section; and
determining that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a first threshold.
According to a first aspect, a noise detection method is provided, including:
obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame;
calculating a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; and
obtaining a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame;
obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame;
calculating a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
obtaining a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
determining that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a second threshold.
With reference to the first aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame of an audio signal includes:
the obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame includes:
the determining that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a first threshold includes:
obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame;
calculating a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; and
obtaining a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame;
obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame;
calculating a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
obtaining a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
determining that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to the second threshold, and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a third threshold.
With reference to the first aspect, in a second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter includes a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio and a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame of an audio signal includes:
the obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame includes:
the determining that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a first threshold includes:
using the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame as a frame set;
using each frame in the frame set as the current frame, and obtaining a quantity N of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold, and N is a positive integer; and
determining that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if N is greater than or equal to a fifth threshold.
With reference to the first aspect, in a third possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the method further includes:
obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame;
calculating a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; and
obtaining a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame;
obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame;
calculating a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
obtaining a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame;
obtaining a quantity M of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, total frequency-domain energy is greater than or equal to a sixth threshold, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a seventh threshold, and M is a positive integer; and
determining that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if M is greater than or equal to an eighth threshold.
the determining that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if N is greater than or equal to a fifth threshold includes:
With reference to the third possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in a fourth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame of an audio signal includes:
the obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame includes:
the obtaining a quantity N of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold, and N is a positive integer includes:
obtaining a largest tone quantity value, where the largest tone quantity value is a tone quantity of a frame whose tone quantity is the largest among the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
if the largest tone quantity value is greater than or equal to a preset speech threshold, determining that the current frame is in a speech section,
or if the largest tone quantity value is smaller than a preset speech threshold, determining that the current frame is in a non-speech section.
the determining, according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section includes:
With reference to any possible implementation manner of the first aspect to the fourth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in a fifth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the obtaining a tone parameter of the current frame, and obtaining a tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame includes:
an obtaining module, configured to obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame of an audio signal, and obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; obtain a tone parameter of the current frame, and obtain a tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and determine, according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section; and
a detection module, configured to determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a first threshold.
According to a second aspect, a noise detection apparatus is provided, including:
With reference to the second aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining module is specifically configured to: obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
the detection module is specifically configured to determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a second threshold.
With reference to the second aspect, in a second possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter includes a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio and a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining module is specifically configured to: obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
the detection module is specifically configured to determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to the second threshold, and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a third threshold.
With reference to the second aspect, in a third possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the detection module is further configured to: use the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame as a frame set; use each frame in the frame set as the current frame, and obtain a quantity N of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold, and N is a positive integer; and determine that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if N is greater than or equal to a fifth threshold.
With reference to the third possible implementation manner of the second aspect, in a fourth possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining module is specifically configured to: obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and
the detection module is specifically configured to: obtain a quantity M of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, total frequency-domain energy is greater than or equal to a sixth threshold, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a seventh threshold, and M is a positive integer; and determine that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if M is greater than or equal to an eighth threshold.
With reference to any possible implementation manner of the second aspect to the fourth possible implementation manner of the second aspect, in a fifth possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the obtaining module is specifically configured to: obtain a largest tone quantity value, where the largest tone quantity value is a tone quantity of a frame whose tone quantity is the largest among the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and if the largest tone quantity value is greater than or equal to a preset speech threshold, determine that the current frame is in a speech section, or if the largest tone quantity value is smaller than a preset speech threshold, determine that the current frame is in a non-speech section.
According to the noise detection method and apparatus provided in the embodiments of the present invention, a frequency-domain energy parameter and a tone parameter of a current frame and a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter and a tone parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are obtained; it is determined, according to the tone parameters, whether the current frame is in a speech section; and it is determined, according to the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters, whether the current frame is speech-grade noise. A method for detecting noise of an audio signal according to a frequency-domain energy variation of the audio signal is provided, so that noise detection accuracy of an audio signal can be improved.
FIG. 1
is a time-domain waveform graph of a speech signal;
FIG. 2
is a flowchart of Embodiment 1 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C
are schematic diagrams of a tone variation of an audio signal according to an embodiment;
FIG. 4
is a flowchart of Embodiment 2 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5A to FIG. 5C
are schematic diagrams of a noise detection according to an embodiment;
FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C
are schematic diagrams of another noise detection according to an embodiment;
FIG. 7
is a flowchart of Embodiment 3 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8
is a flowchart of Embodiment 4 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9A to FIG. 9C
are schematic diagrams of still another noise detection according to an embodiment; and
FIG. 10
is schematic structural diagram of a noise detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
To describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or in the prior art more clearly, the following briefly introduces the accompanying drawings required for describing the embodiments or the prior art. Apparently, the accompanying drawings in the following description show some embodiments of the present invention, and a person of ordinary skill in the art may still derive other drawings from these accompanying drawings without creative efforts.
To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the following clearly and completely describes the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Apparently, the described embodiments are a part rather than all of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Noise in an audio signal may be caused due to multiple reasons, for example, caused due to a failure of a digital signal processing (Digital Signal Processing, DSP) core, or due to a packet loss, or due to a noisy sound. Overall, the noise in the audio signal is mainly classified into two types. One type is speech-grade noise, where a normal speech signal changes into speech-grade noise due to various reasons, and the normal speech signal may be indistinguishable or may sound unnatural. The other type is non-speech-grade noise, such as a metallic sound, some background noise, radio channel switching noise, or the like.
In an existing method for detecting noise in an audio signal, a time-domain energy analysis method is used, and a signal with a sudden time-domain energy variation is detected as noise. However, the speech-grade noise and some non-speech-grade noise (for example, a metallic sound) do not have a sudden time-domain energy variation. Therefore, the noise cannot be detected by using the existing noise detection method.
It can be learned through analysis that occurrence of noise does not necessarily indicate occurrence of time-domain energy abnormality, but is generally followed by frequency-domain energy abnormality. Therefore, the embodiments of the present invention provide a noise detection method, where noise in an audio signal is detected through analysis of a frequency-domain energy variation of the audio signal.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
is a flowchart of Embodiment 1 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , the method in this embodiment includes the following steps.
Step S201: Obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame of an audio signal, and obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Specifically, according to the noise detection method provided in this embodiment, whether each frame of an audio signal is noise is determined through analysis of frequency-domain energy of the audio signal. However, it can be learned according to a characteristic of an audio signal that a normal signal or a noise signal in the audio signal generally includes a section of continuous frames, where frequency-domain energy distribution of some frames in a normal audio signal may be the same as that of a noise signal, and frequency-domain energy distribution of some frames in a noise signal may be the same as that of a normal audio signal. If a frame or limited frames of an audio signal have frequency-domain energy abnormality, the frame(s) may not be noise. Therefore, during detection of an audio signal, although frames in the audio signal are detected one by one, analysis needs to be performed by using related parameters of both each frame and several neighboring frames of the frame, to obtain a detection result of each frame.
Therefore, according to the noise detection method provided in this embodiment, although each frame of the audio signal is detected, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the current frame and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame need to be obtained first. Generally, the audio signal is represented in a form of a time-domain signal. To obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the audio signal, first, fast Fourier transformation (Fast Fourier Transformation, FFT) needs to be performed on the audio signal in a time-domain form, to obtain a frequency-domain representation form of the audio signal.
Then, a frequency domain of the audio signal is analyzed. A frequency-domain energy variation trend is mainly analyzed, to obtain the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the current frame and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame. The frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the current frame and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame represent various parameters related to frequency-domain energy of the current frame and each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame. The parameters include but are not limited to frequency-domain energy distribution characteristics, frequency-domain energy variation trends, distribution characteristics of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios, and the like of the current frame and each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Step S202: Obtain a tone parameter of the current frame, and obtain a tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Specifically, because noise in an audio signal is classified into speech-grade noise and non-speech-grade noise, and for the speech-grade noise and the non-speech-grade noise, their frequency-domain energy distribution characteristics differ, whether the current frame is noise cannot be very accurately determined according only to the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the current frame and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame. In an audio signal, a part including a speech signal is referred to as a speech section, and a part including a non-speech signal is referred to as a non-speech section. In terms of a frequency-domain characteristic of the audio signal, the speech section and the non-speech section in the audio signal mainly differ in that the speech section includes more tones. Therefore, it may be determined, according to a tone parameter of the audio signal, whether the current frame of the audio signal is in a speech section.
The tone parameter in this embodiment may be any parameter that can represent a tone characteristic of the audio signal. For example, the tone parameter is a tone quantity. Using the current frame as an example, the step of obtaining a tone parameter is: first, obtaining a power density spectrum of the current frame according to an FFT transformation result; second, determining a partial maximum point in the power density spectrum of the current frame; and finally, analyzing several power density spectrum coefficients centered around each partial maximum point, and further determining whether the partial maximum point is a true tone component.
f
p,
f
F
.
f
P
f
p - p
dB
i
dB
f
i
(±)
How to select several power density spectrum coefficients centered around the partial maximum point for analysis is relatively flexible, and may be set according to a requirement of an algorithm. For example, the following manner may be used for implementation: It is assumed that a partial maximum point of a power density spectrum is where 0 < < (/2-1) If the partial maximum point satisfies the following condition ≥ 7, where = 2,3,··,10, that is, when it is determined that there is a relatively large difference between a value of the partial maximum point and a value of another neighboring point, where in this embodiment, the difference is 7, it indicates that the partial maximum point is a true tone component. A quantity of tone components is counted, and an obtained tone quantity of the current frame is used as the tone parameter.
Step S203: Determine, according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section.
Specifically, after the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are obtained, the tone parameter of each frame may be analyzed, so as to determine whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section.
A difference between a speech signal and a non-speech signal mainly lies in that tone parameter distribution of the speech signal complies with a particular rule. For example, in frames within a particular range, there are a relatively large quantity of frames having a relatively large quantity of tone components; or in frames within a particular range, an average value of tone component quantities of the frames is relatively high; or in frames within a particular range, there are a relatively large quantity of frames whose tone component quantities exceed a particular threshold. Therefore, the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame may be analyzed, and if a corresponding characteristic of the speech signal is satisfied, it may be determined that the current frame is in a speech section.
Step S204: Determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a first threshold.
Specifically, for an audio signal, frequency-domain energy of a normal audio signal frame has some constant characteristics, and a particular deviation exists between a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a noise signal frame and that of the normal audio signal frame. Therefore, after it is determined that the current frame is in a speech section, and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the current frame and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are obtained, whether the current frame is speech-grade noise may be determined by analyzing whether the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the current frame and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame present a characteristic of a noise signal. In this way, noise detection of the audio signal is completed.
Because frequency-domain energy distribution parameters of a normal audio signal in a speech section have different characteristics, after it is determined that the current frame is in a speech section, it is further determined whether a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of the current frame and the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame is greater than or equal to a first threshold.
That is, the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are used as a frame set; it is determined whether a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each frame in the frame set falls within the preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval; and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within the preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval is counted, and it is determined whether the quantity is greater than or equal to the first threshold. If the quantity is greater than or equal to the first threshold, it is determined that the current frame is speech-grade noise.
According to the noise detection method provided in this embodiment, a frequency-domain energy parameter and a tone parameter of a current frame and a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter and a tone parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are obtained; it is determined, according to the tone parameters, whether the current frame is in a speech section; and it is determined, according to the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters, whether the current frame is speech-grade noise. Therefore, a method for detecting noise of an audio signal according to a frequency-domain energy variation of the audio signal is provided, so that noise detection accuracy of an audio signal can be improved.
The following provides a specific method for determining whether the current frame is in a speech section according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame. The specific method is: obtaining a largest tone quantity value, where the largest tone quantity value is a tone quantity of a frame whose tone quantity is the largest among the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and if the largest tone quantity value is greater than or equal to a preset speech threshold, determining that the current frame is in a speech section, or if the largest tone quantity value is smaller than a preset speech threshold, determining that the current frame is in a non-speech section.
Specifically, it can be learned according to a characteristic of an audio signal that a speech signal generally includes a section of continuous frames with tones. The speech signal includes an unvoiced sound and a voiced sound, the unvoiced sound does not have a tone, and the voiced sound has a relatively large quantity of tones. Therefore, if a frame or limited frames in an audio signal have a relatively large quantity of tones, the frame may not be a frame in a speech section; likewise, if a frame or limited frames in an audio signal have a relatively small quantity of tones, the frame may be a frame in a speech section. Therefore, similar to the analysis of the frequency-domain energy of the audio signal, when it is determined whether the current frame is in a speech section, both a tone quantity of the current frame and a tone quantity of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are obtained and analyzed. Moreover, only a tone quantity of the frame whose tone quantity is the largest among the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame needs to be obtained. The tone quantity is used as a largest tone quantity value of the current frame, and it is determined whether the largest tone quantity value of the current frame satisfies a characteristic of the speech signal.
The obtaining a tone quantity of a frame whose tone quantity is the largest among the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, that is, the largest tone quantity value, is based on a frequency-domain characteristic of the audio signal. First, the tone quantity of the current frame is obtained based on the frequency-domain representation form of the audio signal, and is represented by num_tonal_flag. Then, a largest tone quantity value of each of the frames in the neighboring domain range of the current frame is obtained. The neighboring domain range of the current frame may be preset. For example, the neighboring domain range of the current frame is set to 20 frames. When the largest tone quantity value of the current frame and the frames in the neighboring domain range of the current frame is obtained, a tone quantity of each frame in a range of previous 10 frames of the current frame and subsequent 10 frames of the current frame is detected, and a largest tone quantity value within the range is used as the largest tone quantity value of the current frame, which is represented by avg_num_tonal_flag. It is determined, according to the largest tone quantity value of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section, and if avg_num_tonal_flag≥N1, it is determined that the current frame is in a speech section, or if avg_num_tonal_flag<N1, it is determined that the current frame is in a non-speech section, where N1 is a tone quantity threshold of the speech section.
FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C
FIG. 3A
FIG. 3A. FIG. 3B
FIG. 3A
FIG. 3A
FIG. 3A
FIG. 3B
FIG. 3C
FIG. 3A
FIG. 3C
FIG. 3C
are schematic diagrams of a tone variation of an audio signal according to an embodiment. shows a time-domain waveform of an audio signal, where a horizontal axis is a sample point, and a vertical axis is a normalized amplitude. It is difficult to distinguish a speech section from a non-speech section in is a spectrogram of the audio signal shown in , and is obtained after FFT transformation is performed on the audio signal shown in , where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, which corresponds to the sample point in in a time domain, and a vertical axis is frequency, which is in units of Hz. It can be detected that frames in a dashed circle of have a relatively large quantity of tone components. Therefore, a range 31 in the dashed circle is a speech section. is a tone quantity variation curve of the audio signal shown in , where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, and a vertical axis is a tone quantity value. In , a solid curve represents a tone quantity num_tonal_flag of each frame, a dashed curve represents a largest tone quantity value avg_num_tonal_flag of each frame and frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the frame, and N1 in a vertical axis represents a speech section threshold. The speech section and the non-speech section of the audio signal can be distinguished in .
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
is a flowchart of Embodiment 2 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , the method in this embodiment includes the following steps.
Step S401: Obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame, and obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
FIG. 2
Specifically, based on the embodiment shown in , this embodiment provides a specific method for obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame and a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, and detecting speech-grade noise. The frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio.
First, the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame is obtained, where a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of an audio signal is used to represent an energy distribution characteristic of the current frame in a frequency domain.
th
th
th
th
th
th
<mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><munderover><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mi>f</mi></munderover></mrow></mstyle><mfenced separators=""><msup><mrow><mi>Re</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Im</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><munderover><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mfenced separators=""><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>lim</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced></munderover></mrow></mstyle><mfenced separators=""><msup><mrow><mi>Re</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Im</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>∈</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" separators=","><mn>0</mn><mfenced separators=""><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>lim</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced></mfenced></mrow>
k
ratio_energy
f
fft
i
fft
i
i
F
i
f
lim
Assuming that the current frame of the audio signal is the k frame, a general formula of a frequency-domain energy distribution curve of the current frame signal is as follows: where () represents a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the k frame, Re_() represents a real part of FFT transformation of the k frame, and Im_() represents an imaginary part of the FFT transformation of the k frame. In the foregoing formula, a denominator represents a sum of energy of the k frame in a frequency domain corresponding to ∈ [0,(-1)], and a numerator represents a sum of energy of the k frame in a frequency range corresponding to ∈ [0,].
F
F
F
i
f
lim
lim
<mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><munderover><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mi>f</mi></munderover></mrow></mstyle><mfenced separators=""><msup><mrow><mi>Re</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Im</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><munderover><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mfenced separators=""><mi>F</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced></munderover></mrow></mstyle><mfenced separators=""><msup><mrow><mi>Re</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Im</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">_fft</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced><mi>i</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>∈</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" separators=","><mn>0</mn><mfenced separators=""><mi>F</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced></mfenced></mrow>
th
th
A value of may be set according to experience, for example, may be set as = /2, where F is an FFT transformation magnitude. Then, the formula (1) is converted to a formula (2): where in the formula (2), the denominator represents total energy of the k frame, and the numerator represents the sum of the energy of the k frame in the frequency range corresponding to ∈ [0,].
th
The frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame is obtained according to the foregoing method. The neighboring domain range of the current frame may be preset. For example, the neighboring domain range of the current frame is set to 20 frames. When the current frame is the k frame, the neighboring domain range of the current frame is [k-10, k+10].
Step S402: Calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame, and calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Specifically, to further highlight energy distribution characteristics of the current frame and each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame in a frequency domain, next, the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame and the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are calculated. There may be many methods for calculating a derivative of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and a Lagrange (Lagrange) numerical differentiation method is used herein as an example for description.
th
th
th
<mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>ʹ</mi></msubsup><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msup><mfenced><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><munderover><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow></munderover></mrow></mstyle><mfenced separators=""><mfenced><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><munderover><mrow><mo>∏</mo></mrow><mrow><mtable columnalign="left" width="auto"><mtr><mtd><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>i</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>n</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow></munderover></mrow></mstyle><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mfenced><mo>*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>n</mi></mfenced></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mi>ʹ</mi></msup></mrow>
<mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced></mrow>
<mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>∈</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" separators=","><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mfenced separators=""><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>lim</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mfenced></mfenced></mrow>
k
ratio_energy
n
Assuming that the current frame of the audio signal is the k frame, a general formula for calculating the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame by using the Lagrange numerical differentiation method is as follows: where represents a derivative of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the k frame, () represents an energy distribution ratio of the k frame, N represents a numerical differentiation order in the formula (3), and
<mrow><mtable columnalign="left" width="auto"><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>ʹ</mi></msubsup><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced></mtd><mtd><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>60</mn></mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced separators=""><mi>f</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>9</mn><mn>60</mn></mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced separators=""><mi>f</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mfenced><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mn>45</mn><mn>60</mn></mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced separators=""><mi>f</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mspace width="1em" /></mtd><mtd><mspace width="1em" /><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>45</mn><mn>60</mn></mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced separators=""><mi>f</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mn>9</mn><mn>60</mn></mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced separators=""><mi>f</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>60</mn></mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mfenced separators=""><mi>f</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn></mfenced></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow>
<mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="italic">ratio_energy</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msubsup><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced></mrow>
f
F
f
f
F
F
A value of N may be set according to experience, for example, may be set as N=7. The formula (3) is converted to the following formula: where ∈ [3,(/2-4)], and when ∈ [0,2] or ∈ [(/2-3),(/2-1)], is set to 0.
Likewise, the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame is obtained according to the foregoing method.
Step S403: Obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame, and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
th
th
Specifically, finally, the derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame is obtained according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame, and the derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame is obtained according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame. A derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio is represented by a parameter pos_max_L7_n, where n represents the n largest value in derivatives of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios, and pos_max_L7_n represents a position of a spectral line in which the n largest value in the derivatives of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is located.
Step S404: Obtain a tone parameter of the current frame, and obtain a tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Specifically, this step is the same as step S202.
Step S405: Determine, according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section.
Specifically, this step is the same as step S203.
Step S406: Determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a second threshold.
Specifically, a frequency-domain energy variation rule of the current frame and each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame may be visually obtained according to the derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios, so that whether the current frame is noise may be determined according to the derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of the current frame and each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame. A noise interval of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios may be preset. If it is determined that the largest tone quantity value is greater than or equal to the preset speech threshold, that is, the current frame is in a speech section, a quantity of frames whose derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios fall within the preset noise interval of the derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame is counted, and it is determined whether the quantity is greater than or equal to the preset second threshold. It is determined that the current frame is speech-grade noise only when the quantity is greater than or equal to the second threshold. That is, if the current frame is in a speech section, it is determined that the current frame is speech-grade noise only when it is determined that a large quantity of frames in the current frame and several neighboring frames have sudden frequency-domain energy variations.
In this step, the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are used as a frame set, and a quantity of speech frames that are in the frame set corresponding to the current frame and that satisfy a condition pos_max_L7_1<F2 and a quantity of speech frames that are in the frame set corresponding to the current frame and that satisfy a condition 0<pos_max_L7_1<F1 are separately extracted and are respectively represented by num_max_pos_lf and num_min_pos_lf, where F1 and F2 are respectively a lower limit and an upper limit of a derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of speech frames. Further, it is determined whether the current frame satisfies both conditions: num_max_pos_lf≥N2 and num_min_pos_lf≤N3, that is, it is determined whether a quantity of frames whose derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios fall within the preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of the speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios exceeds the second threshold, where N2 and N3 form a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter threshold interval of the speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios. That the threshold interval is satisfied is equivalent to that the quantity is greater than or equal to the second threshold.
FIG. 5A to FIG. 5C, FIG. 5A to FIG. 5C
FIG. 5A
FIG. 5A. FIG. 5B
FIG. 5A
FIG. 5A
FIG. 5A
FIG. 5B
FIG. 5C
FIG. 5A
FIG. 5C
As shown in are schematic diagrams of a noise detection according to an embodiment. shows a time-domain waveform of an audio signal, where a horizontal axis is a sample point, and a vertical axis is a normalized amplitude. Bounded by a dotted line 51, speech-grade noise is on the left of the dotted line 51, and a normal speech is on the right of the dotted line 51. It is difficult to distinguish the speech-grade noise from the normal speech in is a spectrogram of the audio signal shown in , and is obtained after FFT transformation is performed on the audio signal shown in , where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, which corresponds to the sample point in in a time domain, and a vertical axis is frequency, which is in units of Hz. It can be learned from that the entire audio signal has a relatively large quantity of tones. is a distribution curve of largest derivative values of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of the audio signal shown in , where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, a vertical axis is a value of pos_max_L7_1, and F1 and F2 on the vertical axis are respectively a lower limit and an upper limit of a derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of speech frames. It can be learned from that, bounded by the dotted line 51, values of pos_max_L7_1 in an area on the left of the dotted line 51 are basically limited between F1 and F2, but values of pos_max_L7_1 in an area on the right of the dotted line 51 are not limited.
FIG. 4
FIG. 2
Further, shows a specific method for: when the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, determining, according to derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios, whether the current frame is speech-grade noise. In a specific implementation manner of the embodiment shown in , the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter includes a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio and a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, that is, after it is determined that the current frame is in a speech section, whether the current frame is speech-grade noise is determined according to both derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios and the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios.
FIG. 5C
FIG. 4
Specifically, a value range of pos_max_L7_1 of most normal speeches is similar to that of the normal speech shown in . Therefore, in most cases, speech-grade noise in an audio signal can be detected through determining in the embodiment shown in . However, a value range of pos_max_L7_1 of a few normal speeches is also basically between F1 and F2, and for these normal speeches, if determining is performed according only to the method provided in Embodiment 4, a normal speech may be mistaken for speech-grade noise.
Therefore, in this implementation manner, the determining that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a first threshold includes: determining that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to the second threshold, and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a third threshold.
FIG. 4
In this implementation manner, first, processing is performed according to step S401 to step S405 in the embodiment shown in . Then, when step S406 is performed, after it is determined that a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a second threshold, it is not directly determined that the current frame is speech-grade noise, but it is further determined whether a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a third threshold. It can be determined that the current frame is speech-grade noise only when the foregoing two conditions are both satisfied.
k
ratio_energy
lf
R
k
ratio_energy
lf
R
k
ratio_energy
lf
That is, based on step S406, the current frame and each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are still used as a frame set, and a quantity of speech frames that are in the frame set corresponding to the current frame and that satisfy a condition ()> 2 and a quantity of speech frames that are in the frame set corresponding to the current frame and that satisfy a condition ()≤ 1 are separately extracted and are respectively represented by num_max_ratio_energy_lf and num_min_ratio_energy_lf, where R1 and R2 are respectively a lower limit and an upper limit of the speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval. () is used to represent frequency-domain energy distribution characteristics of the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame in a relatively low frequency interval, and in this embodiment, it is set that lf=F/2. Further, it is determined whether the current frame satisfies both conditions num_max_ratio_energy_lf<N4 and num_min_ratio_energy_lf≤N5, that is, it is determined whether a quantity of frames whose frequency-domain energy distribution ratios fall within the preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval is greater than or equal to the third threshold, where N4 and N5 form a preset frequency-domain energy distribution ratio threshold interval of a speech-grade noise interval. That the threshold interval is satisfied is equivalent to that the quantity is greater than or equal to the third threshold.
FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C, FIG. 6A to FIG. 6C
FIG. 6A
FIG. 6A. FIG. 6B
FIG. 6A
FIG. 6B
FIG. 6C
FIG. 6A
FIG. 6C
k
ratio_energy
lf
As shown in are schematic diagrams of another noise detection according to an embodiment. shows a time-domain waveform of an audio signal, where a horizontal axis is a sample point, and a vertical axis is a normalized amplitude. Bounded by a dotted line 61, speech-grade noise is on the left of the dotted line 61, and a normal speech is on the right of the dotted line 61. It is difficult to distinguish the speech-grade noise from the normal speech in is a distribution curve of largest derivative values of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of the audio signal shown in , where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, a vertical axis is a value of pos_max_L7_1, and F1 and F2 on the vertical axis are respectively a lower limit and an upper limit of a derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of speech frames. It can be learned from that a value range of pos_max_L7_1 of normal speech frames in a range 62 also basically falls within an interval range between F1 and F2. Therefore, if determining is performed only by using pos_max_L7_1, these normal speech frames may be mistaken. is a distribution curve of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of the audio signal shown in , where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, a vertical axis is a value of (), and R1 and R2 on the vertical axis are respectively a lower limit and an upper limit of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval of speech frames. It can be learned from that values of the speech-grade noise on the left of the dotted line 61 are basically limited between R1 and R2, but a value range of normal speech frames, including normal speech frames in a range 62, on the right of the dotted line 61 is not limited.
As described above, if the quantity of frames whose derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios fall within the preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame exceeds the second threshold, and the quantity of frames whose frequency-domain energy distribution ratios fall within the preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval in the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame exceeds the third threshold, it may be determined that the current frame is speech-grade noise.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
According to the noise detection method provided in the embodiment shown in , a specific method for detecting speech-grade noise according to a frequency-domain energy distribution characteristic of an audio signal is provided. However, in addition to the speech-grade noise, the audio signal further includes non-speech-grade noise. Based on the embodiment shown in , the present invention further provides a non-speech-grade noise detection method.
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
FIG. 2
is a flowchart of Embodiment 3 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , based on the embodiment shown in , the method in this embodiment further includes the following steps.
Step S701: Use the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame as a frame set.
Specifically, when it is determined whether the current frame is non-speech-grade noise, the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame need to be used as a set, and determining is performed on all frames in the set.
Step S702: Use each frame in the frame set as the current frame, and obtain a quantity N of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold, and N is a positive integer.
Specifically, when determining is performed on the frame set in step S701, it needs to determine whether a quantity of frames in the frame set that satisfy both the following two conditions is greater than or equal to a fifth threshold, and if the quantity is greater than or equal to the fifth threshold, it is determined that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise. The foregoing two conditions are as follows: First, the frames are in a non-speech section; and second, the quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within the preset non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval is greater than or equal to the fourth threshold. During the determining, determining needs to be performed by using each frame in the frame set as the current frame, and a quantity N of frames in the frame set that satisfy both the foregoing two conditions is counted.
Step S703: Determine that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if N is greater than or equal to a fifth threshold.
Specifically, if the quantity N is greater than or equal to the fifth threshold, it may be determined that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise.
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
is a flowchart of Embodiment 4 of a noise detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , the method in this embodiment includes the following steps:
Step S801: Obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame, and obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
FIG. 7
Specifically, this embodiment is used to detect non-speech-grade noise in an audio signal. Based on the embodiment shown in , a specific method for obtaining a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame and a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, and detecting non-speech-grade noise is provided. The frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio. This step is the same as step S401.
Step S802: Calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame, and calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Specifically, this step is the same as step S402.
Step S803: Obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame, and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Specifically, this step is the same as step S403.
Step S804: Obtain a tone parameter of the current frame, and obtain a tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame.
Specifically, this step is the same as step S404.
Step S805: Determine, according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section.
Specifically, this step is the same as step S405.
Step S806: Use the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame as a frame set.
Specifically, this step is the same as step S701.
Step S807: Obtain a quantity M of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, total frequency-domain energy is greater than or equal to a sixth threshold, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a seventh threshold, and M is a positive integer.
Specifically, when it is determined whether the current frame is non-speech-grade noise, the current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame need to be used as a set, and determining is performed on all frames in the set. It is determined whether a quantity of frames in the set that satisfy all of the following three conditions is greater than or equal to an eighth threshold, and if the quantity is greater than or equal to the eighth threshold, it is determined that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise. The three conditions are as follows: First, the frames are in a non-speech section; second, total frequency-domain energy is greater than or equal to a sixth threshold; and third, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a seventh threshold. During the determining, determining needs to be performed by using each frame in the frame set as the current frame, and a quantity M of frames in the frame set that satisfy both the foregoing two conditions is counted. A specific determining method is described as follows:
The current frame and the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame are used as a frame set, and a quantity of non-speech frames that are in the frame set corresponding to the current frame and satisfy a condition pos_max_L7_1≥F3, and whose total frequency-domain energy is greater than the sixth threshold is extracted, and is represented by num_pos_hf, where F3 is a lower limit of the derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of the non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios, and the sixth threshold is a lower energy limit of speech-grade noise. Further, it is determined whether the current frame further satisfies a condition num_pos_hf≥N6, where N6 is the seventh threshold.
FIG. 9A to FIG. 9C, FIG. 9A to FIG. 9C
FIG. 9A
FIG. 9A. FIG. 9B
FIG. 9A
FIG. 9B
FIG. 9C
FIG. 9C
As shown in are schematic diagrams of still another noise detection according to an embodiment. shows a time-domain waveform of an audio signal, where a horizontal axis is a sample point, and a vertical axis is a normalized amplitude. Bounded by a dotted line 91, a normal speech is on the left of the dotted line 91, and non-speech-grade noise is on the right of the dotted line 91. It is difficult to distinguish the normal speech from the non-speech-grade noise in is a distribution curve of largest derivative values of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of the audio signal shown in , where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, a vertical axis is a value of pos_max_L7_1, and F3 on the vertical axis is a lower limit of a derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of non-speech frames. It can be learned from that derivative maximum value distribution parameter variation rules of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios of the normal speech frame and the non-speech-grade noise are similar. Therefore, determining needs to be performed according to the method described in this step. is a parameter value curve of num_pos_hf, where a horizontal axis is a frame quantity, and a vertical axis is a value of num_pos_hf. It can be learned from that values of num_pos_hf of non-speech-grade noise on the right of the dotted line 91 are obviously greater than N6.
Step S808: Determine that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if M is greater than or equal to an eighth threshold.
Specifically, as described above, if the quantity M of frames that are in the frame set consisting of the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame and that satisfy the condition in step S806 is greater than or equal to the eighth threshold, it is determined that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise.
In summary, according to the noise detection method provided in this embodiment of the present invention, much noise that cannot be distinguished through time-domain waveform analysis can be detected by analyzing a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of an audio signal, and further, speech-grade noise and non-speech-grade noise can be further distinguished based on tone parameters, so that after the noise is detected, the noise can be processed correspondingly.
Further, the noise detection method provided in this embodiment of the present invention may be further applied to audio quality assessment (Voice Quality Monitor, VQM). Because an existing assessment model of the VQM cannot cover in time all new speech-grade noise and cannot detect non-speech-grade noise that does not need to be rated, speech-grade noise that needs to be rated may be mistaken for a normal speech, thereby getting a relatively high rating, and non-speech-grade noise that has not been detected is also rated, resulting in an incorrect assessment result. If the noise detection method provided in this embodiment of the present invention is applied, speech-grade noise and non-speech-grade noise may be detected first, which avoids sending the speech-grade noise and the non-speech-grade noise to a rating module for rating, thereby improving assessment quality of the VQM.
FIG. 10
FIG. 10
an obtaining module 111, configured to obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of a current frame of an audio signal, and obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution parameter of each of frames in a preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; obtain a tone parameter of the current frame, and obtain a tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and determine, according to the tone parameter of the current frame and the tone parameter of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame, whether the current frame is in a speech section or a non-speech section; and
a detection module 112, configured to determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a first threshold.
is schematic structural diagram of a noise detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , the noise detection apparatus provided in this embodiment includes:
FIG. 2
The noise detection apparatus provided in this embodiment of the present invention is configured to implement the technical solution in the method embodiment shown in , and their implementation principles and technical solutions are similar, which are not described herein again.
Optionally, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining module 111 is specifically configured to: obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and the detection module 112 is specifically configured to determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section and a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a second threshold.
Optionally, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter includes a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio and a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining module 111 is specifically configured to: obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and the detection module 112 is specifically configured to determine that the current frame is speech-grade noise if the current frame is in a speech section, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to the second threshold, and a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios falling within a preset speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratio interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a third threshold.
Optionally, the detection module 112 is further configured to: use the current frame and each frame in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame as a frame set; use each frame in the frame set as the current frame, and obtain a quantity N of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, a quantity of frequency-domain energy distribution parameters falling within a preset non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution parameter interval in all the frequency-domain energy distribution parameters is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold, and N is a positive integer; and determine that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if N is greater than or equal to a fifth threshold.
Optionally, the frequency-domain energy distribution parameter is a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio, and the obtaining module 111 is specifically configured to: obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of the current frame; obtain a frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; calculate a derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and obtain a derivative maximum value distribution parameter of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame according to the derivative of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratio of each of the frames in the preset neighboring domain range of the current frame; and the detection module 112 is specifically configured to: obtain a quantity M of frames in the frame set, where the frames are in a non-speech section, total frequency-domain energy is greater than or equal to a sixth threshold, a quantity of derivative maximum value distribution parameters of frequency-domain energy distribution ratios that fall within a preset derivative maximum value distribution parameter interval of non-speech-grade noise frequency-domain energy distribution ratios in all derivative maximum value distribution parameters of the frequency-domain energy distribution ratios is greater than or equal to a seventh threshold, and M is a positive integer; and determine that the current frame is non-speech-grade noise if M is greater than or equal to an eighth threshold.
Persons of ordinary skill in the art may understand that all or a part of the steps of the method embodiments may be implemented by a program instructing relevant hardware. The program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. When the program runs, the steps of the method embodiments are performed. The foregoing storage medium includes: any medium that can store program code, such as a ROM, a RAM, a magnetic disc, or an optical disc.
Finally, it should be noted that the foregoing embodiments are merely intended for describing the technical solutions of the present invention other than limiting the present invention. Although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, persons of ordinary skill in the art should understand that they may still make modifications to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent replacements to some technical features thereof, without departing from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention. | |
---
abstract: 'We investigate how a protoplanetary disc’s susceptibility to gravitational instabilities and fragmentation depends on the mass of its host star. We use 1D disc models in conjunction with 3D SPH simulations to determine the critical disc-to-star mass ratios at which discs become unstable against fragmentation, finding that discs become increasingly prone to the effects of self-gravity as we increase the host star mass. The actual limit for stability is sensitive to the disc temperature, so if the disc is optically thin stellar irradiation can dramatically stabilise discs against gravitational instability. However, even when this is the case we find that discs around $2$M$_{\odot}$ stars are prone to fragmentation, which will act to produce wide-orbit giant planets and brown dwarfs. The consequences of this work are two-fold: that low mass stars could in principle support high disc-to-star mass ratios, and that higher mass stars have discs that are more prone to fragmentation, which is qualitatively consistent with observations that favour high-mass wide-orbit planets around higher mass stars. We also find that the initial masses of these planets depends on the temperature in the disc at large radii, which itself depends on the level of stellar irradiation.'
author:
- |
\
$^{1}$SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, Scotland, UK\
$^{2}$Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK\
$^{3}$Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK\
$^{4}$Astronomy Unit, School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK\
\
bibliography:
- 'main.bib'
date: 'Accepted 2020 January 13. Received 2020 January 13; in original form 2019 November 19'
title: Fragmentation favoured in discs around higher mass stars
---
\[firstpage\]
accretion, accretion discs – planets and satellites: formation – gravitation – instabilities – stars: formation
Introduction
============
Most protostellar discs will go through a self-gravitating phase during their lifetimes, most likely whilst they are still young and the disc is cold and massive [@linpringle87; @linpringle90; @riceetal10]. The susceptibility of a disc to the growth of a gravitational instability can be established by considering the Toomre parameter [@toomre64], $$Q = \frac{c_{\rm s} \kappa}{\pi G \Sigma},
\label{eq:Q}$$ where $c_{\rm s}$ is the disc sound speed, $\kappa$ is the epicyclic frequency (equal to the angular frequency $\Omega$ in a rotationally supported disc), G is the gravitational constant, and $\Sigma$ is the disc surface density.
A self-gravitating phase will emerge when $Q \lesssim 1$. It can be seen from the dependence of $Q$ on $c_{\rm s}$ and $\Sigma$ why such a phase requires that the disc is sufficiently cool and/or massive. The growth of the gravitational instability has two basic outcomes. The disc will either settle into a long-lived [@halletal2019] quasi-steady state in which the instability acts to transport angular momentum [@paczynski78; @laughlinbodenheimer94; @lodatorice04], or it can become sufficiently unstable that it fragments to form bound objects, potentially of planetary mass [@boss97; @boss98].
A requirement for disc fragmentation is that the disc is able to cool rapidly [@gammie01; @ricelodatoarmitage05]. In protostellar systems it is likely that these conditions will only be satisfied in the outer parts of the disc [@rafikov05; @clarke09; @ricearmitage09], since small amounts of irradiation can act to suppress the instability [@halletal2016]. Models of the Jeans mass in spiral arms of self-gravitating discs predict that fragmentation will primarily form objects with initial masses greater than $\sim$3 Jupiter masses [@kratteretal10; @forganrice11; @forganrice13]. It is therefore likely that planet formation through the gravitational instability (hereafter GI) favours the formation of wide-orbit gas giants and brown dwarfs [@stamatellosetal09; @forganrice13b; @viganetal17; @halletal2017; @forganetal2018].
Core accretion (hereafter CA) [@pollack96] describes planet formation through the steady collisional accumulation of smaller planetesimals to form progressively larger bodies. If these cores are able to grow massive enough, they may become capable of maintaining a massive gaseous envelope [@lissauer93; @pollack96], thus forming gas giant planets. However planetesimal growth in the outer disc is slow and planet formation timescales may well exceed disc lifetimes [@haischladalada01], making it challenging to explain the formation of wide-orbit gas giants through CA.
Results from radial velocity surveys for exoplanets suggest that giant planets are more frequently found around higher-mass hosts [@johnson07; @bowler10], although @lloyd2011 express some concerns regarding how accurately the mass of these host stars can be measured. These results stimulated large-scale searches for directly imaged exoplanet companions around high-mass hosts [primarily A stars, @janson11; @vigan2012; @nielsen2013], even though intrinsically higher contrasts are needed to detect companions around these bright stars relative to solar analogues. Recently, considering the first 300 stars observed during the Gemini GPIES survey, @nielsenetal19 found a significantly higher frequency of wide-orbit ($R=10-100$au) giant planets ($M=5-13$M$_{\rm Jup}$) around higher mass stars ($M>1.5$M$_{\odot}$) vs. $M<1.5$M$_{\odot}$ stars [@nielsenetal19], while direct imaging surveys of low mass stars (M stars) have not yielded any companion detections [@lannieretal16]. If wide-orbit giant planets are indeed preferentially formed via GI, these observations may suggest that fragmentation is favoured in discs around higher mass stars.
It has previously been shown that GI in discs around low-mass stars is quenched by a combination of viscous heating and stellar irradiation, making planet formation through fragmentation unlikely [@matznerlevin05]. [@krattermatzner06] found a critical disc outer radius of $\sim 150$au, above which discs around massive stars may become prone to fragmentation. This critical radius is set by two competing factors; increased stellar irradiation with increasing stellar mass pushing the radius out, while the more rapid accreting around the more massive stars favours fragmentation. [@kratterlodato16] used the scaling of $Q$ with disc-to-star mass ratio to suggest analytically that we may expect some scaling of instability with stellar mass. Recently this relation has been further explored by Haworth et al. (in prep.).
Haworth et al. (in prep.) demonstrated that low-mass stars are able to maintain discs with high disc-to-star mass ratios, with masses comparable to that of the central protostar, without becoming gravitationally unstable and fragmenting. The large mass reservoirs potentially available may have important consequences for planet formation through CA, and may help to explain the origin of multi-planet systems around very low-mass stars, such as Trappist-1 [@gillonetal17].
The work we present here is an extension of this previous work, but conversely aims to investigate how susceptibility to fragmentation varies with stellar mass. In particular we concentrate on the critical disc-to-star mass ratios for fragmentation. To approach this, 1D disc models for various stellar masses have been used to calculate the effective viscous-$\alpha$ values [@shakurasunyaev73; @lodatorice04] for a range of disc radii and accretion rates. It has then been determined for which disc-to-star mass ratios we expect the disc to be unstable against fragmentation, assuming that disc fragmentation can occur when $\alpha \gtrsim 0.1$ [@gammie01; @ricelodatoarmitage05]. These 1D results have then been followed up using 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations to validate their predictions.
This paper is organised as follows. In section \[sec:frag\] we introduce fragmentation in self-gravitating discs and summarise previous work done in this area. In Sections \[sec:1Dsetup\] and \[sec:3Dsetup\] we describe the setup of our 1D disc models and 3D SPH simulations respectively, and present the results of these in section \[sec:results\]. In section \[sec:jeansmass\] we analyse the Jeans masses in self-gravitating discs, allowing us to predict the planet masses we might expect to form through disc fragmentation. In section \[sec:fragtimescale\] we discuss the timescales over which we might expect the conditions for fragmentation to be satisfied. Finally, in sections \[sec:discuss\] and \[sec:conclusion\] we summarise our results and discuss their implications for planet formation through disc fragmentation.
Disc Fragmentation {#sec:frag}
==================
As already mentioned, the stability of a rotating accretion disc against GI is characterised by the Toomre $Q$ parameter, shown in Equation (\[eq:Q\]). It is clear that the $Q$ parameter illustrates that GI is more likely in discs that are massive (large $\Sigma$) and/or cold (small $c_{\rm s}$).
A differentially-rotating disc is susceptible to axisymmetric perturbations if $Q < 1$ and to non-axisymmetric perturbations if $Q < 1.5 - 1.7$ [@durisenetal07]. In the latter case, the gravitational perturbations manifest themselves as spiral density waves, which can act as an effective means of transporting angular momentum.
If the disc settles into a quasi-steady state, in which heating and cooling are in balance, this can be parameterised via an effective viscosity with the effective viscous-$\alpha$ [@shakurasunyaev73] given by [@gammie01; @ricelodatoarmitage05] $$\label{eq:alpha}
\alpha = \frac{4}{9\gamma(\gamma-1)\beta_c},$$ where $\gamma$ is the ratio of specific heats and $\beta_c = t_{\rm cool}\Omega$ is a dimensionless cooling parameter, with $t_{\rm cool}$ representing the local cooling timescale [@gammie01]. This modelling of disc viscosity assumes local angular momentum transport only, and may therefore be violated in some cases where global effects become important, as discussed in Section \[sec:1Dsetup\]. A disc will typically be unstable against fragmentation if the local cooling time is smaller than the rate at which fragments are disrupted by the disc, given by the local dynamical time. Some early work [@gammie01; @riceetal03] suggested that fragmentation occurs when $\beta_c \lesssim 3$.
In an extension of this, [-@ricelodatoarmitage05] illustrated that the condition could be expressed in terms of a critical-$\alpha$ value, representing a maximum stress that a disc can sustain without fragmenting. Consistent with the results from @gammie01, they found $\alpha_{\rm crit} \approx 0.06$. This, however, only really applies in the absence of an additional heating source. The presence of an additional heating source, such as some kind of external irradiation, will tend to stabilise the disc both against fragmentation [@riceetal11] and the development of prominent spiral arms [@halletal2016; @halletal2018]. Fragmentation will then require more rapid cooling than in the absence of this additional heating source. There have, however, been suggestions [@merubate11; @merubate12] that the simulations on which these estimates are based don’t converge. In particular, the critical $\alpha$ decreases with increasing numerical resolution, suggesting that fragmentation could happen for very long cooling times. However, it now appears that this is more a consequence of numerical issues with the codes [@riceetal12; @lodatoclarke11; @paardekooperetal11; @riceetal14; @dengetal2017; @hongpingetal19], rather than an indication that fragmentation can actually happen for very long cooling times. More recent work continues to indicate that fragmentation typically requires $\alpha \approx 0.1$ [@baehretal17]. We can’t, however, rule out that there might be an element of stochasticity [@paardekooper12; @youngclarke16; @kleeetal17; @kleeetal19], or an alternative mode of fragmentation [@youngclarke15], that could sometimes lead to fragmentation for longer cooling times, or smaller effective $\alpha$ values, than this boundary value.
When a region of a gravitationally unstable disc fragments, it will collapse to form bound clumps of masses comparable to the local Jeans mass. In the presence of external irradiation this is given by,
$$\label{eq:jeansmass}
M_J = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{32G}\frac{ \pi^3Q^{1/2}{c_{\rm s}}^2 H}{(1+4.47\sqrt{\alpha})^{1/2}}.$$
Note that this expression differs slightly from the expression found previously in [@forganrice13]. We now have a different prefactor and the $1 + 4.47\sqrt{\alpha}$ term is now square-rooted. A full derivation of this expression can be found in Appendix \[sec:appendixA\].
Typical Jeans masses in the spiral arms of self-gravitating discs are found to be of the order a few Jupiter masses (see section \[sec:jeansmass\]). We therefore expect, from the arguments presented in this section, that planet formation through fragmentation will primarily form wide-orbit giant planets, or brown dwarfs [@forganrice13].
1D Disc Models - Methodology {#sec:1Dsetup}
============================
To investigate how disc stability against fragmentation varies with stellar mass, we have implemented the 1D disc models first presented by @clarke09 and then further developed by @forganrice11. Specifically, we use the formalism in which external irradiation is also included [@forganrice13]. We consider two cases; one in which irradiation leads to a constant background temperature of $T_{\rm irr}=10$K and another in which the stellar irradiation is based on the MIST stellar models for 0.5Myr stars [@MIST1; @MIST2].
The four stellar masses considered in this analysis are $0.25$M$_{\odot}$, $0.5$M$_{\odot}$, $1.0$M$_{\odot}$ and $2.0$M$_{\odot}$. For host-star masses above $2$M$_\odot$, these models become complicated as the outer disc becomes optically thick and dynamical heating may become important. We therefore choose not to model stellar masses greater than this. For each stellar mass we have generated a suite of 1D disc models and investigated the conditions necessary for fragmentation to occur, assuming that fragmentation is possible for $\alpha \gtrsim 0.1$ [@ricelodatoarmitage05].
A self-gravitating disc is constructed by assuming that it settles into a state with a steady mass accretion rate given by [@pringle81] $$\label{eq:accretionrate}
\dot{M} = \frac{3\pi\alpha c_{\rm s}^2 \Sigma}{\Omega}.$$
Assuming that the disc is gravitationally unstable at all radii, with $Q = 2$, equations (\[eq:Q\]), (\[eq:alpha\]) and (\[eq:accretionrate\]) allow for the values of $\alpha$, $\Sigma$ and $c_{\rm s}$ to be derived if we use that $\beta_c = (u/\dot{u})\Omega$ and that the cooling function is given by $$\dot{u} = \frac{\sigma_{SB}T^4}{\tau + 1/\tau},$$ where $\sigma_{SB}$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, $T$ is the disc temperature and $\tau$ is the optical depth. We can estimate the optical depth using $\tau = \Sigma\kappa(\rho,c_{\rm s})$, where $\rho=\Sigma/2H$ is the disc volume density and $\kappa$ is the opacity. Values of $\gamma$, $T$ and $\kappa$ are obtained from $\rho$ and $c_{\rm s}$ using the equation of state from [@stamatellosetal07]. The scaling of this cooling function with optical depth as $\tau + 1/\tau$ allows us to account for both optically thin and optically thick regimes. In regions of low optical depth, and regions of high optical depth, cooling will be inefficient and our cooling function will account for this.
In this way we have generated a suite of disc models for values of $\dot{M}$ and $R_{\rm out}$ in the ranges $10^{-10} - 10^{-1}$M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$ and $1-200$au respectively. From the values of $\alpha$, $\Sigma$ and $c_{\rm s}$, we are able to calculate the disc-to-star mass ratio for each value of $\dot{M}$ and $R_{\rm out}$.
For the case in which irradiation is modelled using a constant background temperature, the disc temperature is prevented from dropping below a floor of temperature of $T_{\rm irr}=10$ K. In the case of the stellar irradiated discs we model the temperature as,
$$\label{eq:stellarirrad}
T_{\rm irr} = \Big(\frac{L_*}{4\pi \sigma R^2}\Big)^{1/4},$$
where $L_*$ is obtained from the MIST stellar evolution tracks at 0.5Myr [@MIST1; @MIST2]. These tracks are plotted in Fig. \[fig:MISTtrakcs\] and the values of $L_*$ used here for the cases of $0.25$M$_{\odot}$, $0.5$M$_{\odot}$, $1.0$M$_{\odot}$ and $2.0$M$_{\odot}$ stellar masses are $0.44$L$_{\odot}$, $1.19$L$_{\odot}$, $3.40$L$_{\odot}$ and $10.11$L$_{\odot}$ respectively.
This modelling of stellar irradiation assumes the disc to be optically thin and thus passively irradiated. In reality there will be significant self-shielding in the inner disc and the true disc heating will lie somewhere in between these two cases. An initial assessment on the impact of self-shielding finds the mid-plane dust radiative equilibrium temperature to be a factor $\sim 3-4$ smaller than that from equation \[eq:stellarirrad\]. We therefore might expect the true critical disc-to-star mass ratios to be closer to the predictions of the $T_{\rm irr}=10$K discs than the stellar irradiated discs (see Haworth et al. in prep. for a more detailed discussion).
Comparing the disc temperatures from Equation \[eq:stellarirrad\] to the 10K irradiated discs we find that for a $R_{\rm out}=150$au disc in the cases of a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$, $0.5$M$_{\odot}$, $1$M$_{\odot}$ and $2$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host, the irradiation temperatures in the outer disc will be 26.1K, 33.5K, 43.6K and 57.2K respectively. These higher disc temperatures in the presence of stellar irradiation will further suppress fragmentation due to there being greater pressure support against gravitational collapse, whilst also reducing the disc effective-$\alpha$.
The 1D disc models presented here assume local angular momentum transport in which the disc viscosity can be represented by a local $\alpha-$parameter (e.g. Equation \[eq:alpha\]). [@forganriceetal11] found the local approximation to be valid up to disc-to-star mass ratios of $q \sim 0.5$, above which global effects become important and the effective viscosity is not well represented by this local parameterisation. We should therefore proceed with caution when interpreting the results of these models at high disc-to-star mass ratios. However, they do provide useful information that informs the 3D SPH simulations which follow.
![\[fig:MISTtrakcs\] MIST stellar evolution tracks [see @MIST1; @MIST2]. The 0.5Myr luminosities extracted from these plots have been used in these analyses.](MIST0_5Myr.png){width="\linewidth"}
3D SPH Simulations - Methodology {#sec:3Dsetup}
================================
To extend the results from the 1D disc models we have produced a suite of 3D SPH simulations using the Phantom SPH code [@priceetal18]. We model the disc cooling using the radiative transfer method introduced in [@stamatellosetal07]. This method represents a more realistic cooling method than the simple $\beta-$cooling formalism, and allows us to consider regions of both high and low optical depths.
The gas discs are represented by 500,000 SPH particles, allowing us to simulate a large number of discs spanning a wide range of parameter space. The stellar masses are the same as those from the 1D models; $M_* = 0.25$M$_{\odot}$, $0.5$M$_{\odot}$, $1.0$M$_{\odot}$ and $2.0$M$_{\odot}$. Each disc has an initial surface density profile of $\Sigma \propto R^{-1.5}$, and an initial temperature profile, $T \propto R^{-0.5}$. These profiles were chosen to be consistent with those resulting from the 1D models. This steep surface density profile also avoids immediately inducing fragmentation artificially by initially having too much mass in the outer disc. In Haworth et al. (in prep.) shallower surface density and temperature profiles have been used, and we don’t expect that these will affect our conclusions. We use artificial viscosity terms $\alpha_{\rm SPH}=0.1$ and $\beta_{\rm SPH}=0.2$.
Once again we assume two cases of disc irradiation; one with a constant 10K floor temperature as well as stellar irradiation using the MIST 0.5Myr luminosities, in line with the 1D disc models.
For the cases of 10K and stellar irradiation, a total of 192 and 58 discs have been simulated respectively. The specific disc masses and radii were selected from inspection of the 1D model results, considering disc parameters which lie close to the $\alpha = 0.1$ contour. The inner disc radii are set as $R_{\rm in}=1.0$au with gas particles falling within this region being accreted onto the central protostar, represented here as a point mass.
Each disc has been allowed to evolve for 5 outer orbital periods, assuming that if it has not fragmented by this point then it will not fragment in the future. Discs are considered to have not fragmented if they initially appear to form clumps, but these clumps are then either rapidly destroyed by dynamical effects or accreted onto the central protostar within the 5 orbital periods.
[2]{} {width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
[2]{} {width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
[2]{} {width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
[2]{} {width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
Results {#sec:results}
=======
1D Disc Models
--------------
Considering initially Figures \[fig:1dmodels\] and \[fig:1dmodelsstellar\], the blue contours show how the disc-to-star mass ratio, *q*, varies with accretion rate as a function of disc outer radius. For example, in Figure \[fig:1dmodels\] for a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host, a disc with an accretion rate $\dot{M} = 10^{-7}$M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$ and a radius $R_{\rm out} = 80$au will have a disc-to-star mass ratio, $q=0.520$.
The black contours show the Shakura-Sunyaev effective viscous-$\alpha$ values from Equation \[eq:alpha\]. We show contours for $\alpha = 0.01$ and $\alpha = 0.1$. As discussed in section \[sec:frag\], the canonical fragmentation boundary is typically taken to be $\alpha = 0.06$. There is, however, some uncertainty in this exact value, partly due to convergence issues in the simulations [@merubate11], partly due to possible stochasticity [@paardekooper12], and partly because there is some evidence for an alternative mode of fragmentation [@youngclarke15]. It seems likely, though, that fragmentation will occur somewhere in the region between the $\alpha = 0.01$ and $\alpha = 0.1$ contours. What Figures \[fig:1dmodels\] and \[fig:1dmodelsstellar\] illustrate is that this will require discs with masses that are a significant fraction of the mass of the central protostar.
### $T_{\rm irr}=10$K
Figure \[fig:1dmodels\] shows the scenario in which we assume some background irradiation prevents the disc temperature from dropping below $T = 10$K. It shows that as we increase the host star mass from $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ to $2$M$_{\odot}$ the critical mass ratio for the discs to become unstable against fragmentation generally decreases. If we consider the $\alpha = 0.1$ contour in Figure \[fig:1dmodels\], for a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host the disc-to-star mass ratio needs to exceed $q=1$ before the disc’s viscous-$\alpha$ values exceed $\alpha = 0.1$. We would therefore expect these discs to avoid fragmenting even for very large disc-to-star mass ratios. As stellar mass is increased to $2$M$_{\odot}$, the disc’s viscous$-\alpha$ exceeds $\alpha = 0.1$ for mass ratios of around $q=0.4-0.5$. The minimum radius for fragmentation also tends to shift outwards with increasing stellar mass. Fragmentation is only expected in discs larger than $R\sim 90$au in the case of a $2$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host, compared to $R\sim 50$au in the case of a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host.
### $T_{\rm irr}=\rm Stellar$
When considering the case of stellar irradiation, shown in Figure \[fig:1dmodelsstellar\], the critical mass ratios are now shifted to even higher masses with respect to the case when $T_{\rm irr}=10$K. This is due to the now higher disc temperatures suppressing GI [@riceetal11]. For a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host we now require $q \gtrsim 1.4$ before the disc’s viscous-$\alpha$ values exceed $\alpha = 0.1$. Increasing the stellar mass to $2$M$_{\odot}$ reduces the required disc-to-star mass ratio to $q \gtrsim 0.7$. The minimum radii at which fragmentation is likely to occur has also been pushed outward with respect to the 10K irradiated discs. Fragmentation will now only occur in discs larger than $R\sim 100$au for a $2$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host, and $R\sim 60$au for a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host.\
\
These 1D models therefore indicate that fragmentation requires higher disc-to-star mass ratios around lower mass stars than around higher mass stars. When including the effects of stellar irradiation we also find that discs become less prone to fragmentation, as we now require far higher disc-to-star mass ratios before the discs’ viscous$-\alpha$ values exceed $\alpha = 0.1$. Hence, these 1D models suggest that disc fragmentation may favour higher mass stellar hosts. We note again that above $q\sim0.5$, global effects may become important which are not accounted for in these 1D models. However, we do not expect this to affect the general trends demonstrated by these results.
{width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
3D SPH Simulations {#sec:3Dresults}
------------------
In Figures \[fig:1dmodels\] and \[fig:1dmodelsstellar\], we also show the results of the 3D SPH simulations. These are represented by the markers over-plotted on the mass-ratio contours. Each marker represents an individual simulation, which has been set up as described in Section \[sec:3Dsetup\]. Red crosses show discs that have not fragmented after 5 outer orbital periods and green circles show discs in which a bound fragment has formed.
Example plots of the final states of these simulated discs are displayed in Figure. \[fig:3dplots2solarmass\]. The discs shown are for a $2$M$_{\odot}$ host star in the case of $T_{\rm irr}=10$K, and demonstrate how discs become increasingly gravitationally unstable and prone to fragmentation as we increase the disc’s outer radius and mass. Bound fragments have clearly formed in the largest and most massive discs, whilst the smaller and less massive discs display spiral arm structure only.
As we mentioned previously, our 1D models assume local angular momentum transport which may not be valid at high disc-to-star mass ratios. The effect of this can be clearly seen in Figure \[fig:1dmodels\] by comparing the 1D predictions to the 3D results at the highest mass ratios ($q \geq 0.5$) in e.g. the $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ case. Here we find that fragmentation can occur for lower $q$ values than initially predicted from the 1D models. When comparing the 1D predictions to the 3D results for slightly lower mass ratios, e.g. from the $2.0$M$_{\odot}$ results, we find the results to be far more consistent as the 1D models are now more reliable. Despite this, the SPH results shown in Figures \[fig:1dmodels\] and \[fig:1dmodelsstellar\] display the same general trend as suggested by the 1D disc models; the critical disc-to-star mass ratio for fragmentation generally decreases with increasing stellar host mass and the critical radius steadily shifts outward.
In Figure \[fig:1dmodels\], for a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ host star and $T_{\rm irr}=10$K, discs are able to fragment for mass ratios greater than $q=0.7$. This is lower than suggested by the $\alpha=0.1$ contour but still broadly consistent with the 1D models. For its $2$M$_{\odot}$ counterpart, discs are able to fragment for mass ratios of $q=0.4$ and above. Discs as small as $R_{\rm out}=30$au are able to fragment around a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ host star, with this value increasing to $R_{\rm out}=110$au for a $2$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host.
In Figure \[fig:1dmodelsstellar\], when considering stellar irradiated discs, only the $2$M$_{\odot}$ stellar hosts produce fragments after 5 orbital periods. Fragmentation can occur for $q \geq 0.7$ in these systems. All other stellar hosts had no fragmentation for discs with $q=1.0$, with these being the highest mass discs modelled in our SPH simulations. We have chosen to not model discs with mass ratios greater than this as it is unclear whether these would exist as disc-star systems at all, or whether the system would instead be deeply embedded in an envelope. See Section \[sec:discusslowmass\] for a discussion of the implications of high disc-to-star mass ratios. The critical radii at which we expect discs to fragment has again shifted outward with respect to the $10$K irradiated discs, with discs around a $2$M$_{\odot}$ star only fragmenting for $R_{\rm out}\gtrsim 140$au.
Figures \[fig:10KSPHdiscs\] and \[fig:stellarSPHdiscs\] further illustrate the effects of increasing stellar host mass on disc instability. It can be seen that as we increase the star mass from left to right for constant $R_{\rm out}$ and $q$, discs become increasingly gravitationally unstable. In Figure \[fig:10KSPHdiscs\] in the case of $T_{\rm irr}=10$K, $q=0.5$ and $R_{\rm out}=140$au, the discs with a $1$M$_{\odot}$ and a $2$M$_{\odot}$ host star have formed bound fragments, whilst for a $0.5$M$_{\odot}$ host star we observe spiral structure and for a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ host star we observe almost no spiral structure at all. A similar trend can be seen for the case of stellar irradiation in Figure \[fig:stellarSPHdiscs\], with only the $2$M$_{\odot}$ host star case forming bound fragments.
The results from these 3D models are therefore largely consistent with the 1D calculations, suggesting that fragmentation is preferred at large radii around higher mass stellar hosts. For an optically thin disc we find that stellar irradiation is potentially able to completely switch off fragmentation around lower mass stars. However we again note that the disc is likely to be optically thick in the inner regions, and that the true critical $q$ values may lie closer to the $T_{\rm irr}=10$K case.
[2]{} {width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
A reevaluation of the Jeans mass in a spiral wave perturbation {#sec:jeansmass}
==============================================================
As Equation \[eq:jeansmass\] differs from that found in [@forganrice13], with a full derivation found in Appendix \[sec:appendixA\], it is necessary to re-analyse the Jeans masses inside spiral density perturbations here. The Jeans mass in the spiral arms of self-gravitating discs represents the masses of the fragments that we expect to form in these regions, thus placing a constraint on the type of objects which may be produced through disc fragmentation.
Figure \[fig:jeansmasses\] shows the calculated Jeans masses from the 1D disc models in the case of a $2$M$_{\odot}$ host star, considering both $10$K and stellar irradiation. We consider here the case of a $2$M$_{\odot}$ host star as we are concerned with fragmentation around the more massive stellar hosts. The Jeans mass for each value of $\dot{M}$ and $R_{\rm out}$ has been calculated using Equation \[eq:jeansmass\] and plotted as the green contours in Figure \[fig:jeansmasses\].
The minimum Jeans masses for the $10$K and stellar irradiated cases are $1.10$M$_{\rm Jup}$ and $6.18$M$_{\rm Jup}$ respectively, assuming fragmentation is only possible above the $\alpha=0.1$ contour. The tendency for the Jeans mass to increase with the level of irradiation is a consequence of higher disc temperatures reducing the effective-$\alpha$ thus causing discs to be more massive for a given $\dot{M}$ and $R_{\rm out}$, and the higher temperatures producing greater pressure support against gravitational collapse, as previously discussed in [@forganrice13].
The analysis in [@forganrice13] considered the case of a $1$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host, and it should be noted that the values found here remain reasonably similar to those found previously despite the changes made to Equation \[eq:jeansmass\]. For the case of a $1$M$_{\odot}$ stellar host, we find minimum Jeans masses of $1.10$M$_{\rm Jup}$ and $4.60$M$_{\rm Jup}$ when using 10K and stellar irradiation respectively, compared to values of $4.1$M$_{\rm Jup}$ and $11.2$M$_{\rm Jup}$ found in [@forganrice13] previously.
Timescale for fragmentation {#sec:fragtimescale}
===========================
Our results indicate that fragmentation is preferred in discs around higher mass stars, and could potentially be completely suppressed in very-low-mass stars if the level of irradiation is sufficient. However, another factor to consider is the timescale over which a disc may sustain the conditions that are suitable for fragmentation. This is not possible to assess using the results from the 1D model and the 3D SPH simulations, since the 1D models are not time-dependent and the 3D SPH simulations are simply sampling regions of parameter space.
To consider this, we use the time-dependent models presented in @ricearmitage09, which assume that angular momentum transport is predominantly driven by GI. Given that we don’t actually know what the initial conditions will be, we assume that all discs start with an outer radius of $R_{\rm out} = 100$ au and with a disc-to-star mass ratio of $q = 1$. We also only consider the case where $T_{\rm irr} = 10$ K.
Figure \[fig:time-dependent\] shows the time evolution of the disc-to-star mass ratio for the same host star masses as considered before ($M_* = 0.25, 0.5, 1$ and $2$ M$_\odot$). The markers show, for each host star, the disc-to-star mass ratio above which fragmentation is possible, based on the results presented in Figure \[fig:1dmodels\].
![Figure showing the evolution of disc-to-star mass ratio, $q$, in discs in which the gravitational instability is the dominant angular momentum transport mechanism, for host star masses of $M_* = 0.25, 0.5, 1$ and $2$ M$_\odot$. The markers show the disc-to-star mass ratios above which disc fragmentation is possible, based on the results presented in Figure \[fig:1dmodels\].[]{data-label="fig:time-dependent"}](disk-to-star-mass-ratio_withtimes.png){width="\linewidth"}
What Figure \[fig:time-dependent\] illustrates is that, in conjunction with the required disc-to-star mass ratio decreasing with increasing stellar mass, the timescale over which fragmentation could occur also increases.
Of course, Figure \[fig:time-dependent\] does assume that sufficiently massive discs can indeed exist, but - if they can - the conditions for fragmentation would only persist around a 0.25 M$_\odot$ host star for a few 100 kyr. Around a 2 M$_\odot$ host star, however, the timescale for fragmentation could be much longer, potentially a Myr, or longer. However, this does assume that GI is the dominant mass transport mechanism, which may not be the case once the disc mass, and mass accretion rate, have become low enough for other mechanisms to become more important [@riceetal10].
Discussion {#sec:discuss}
==========
Implications for planet formation via disc fragmentation {#sec:discusslowmass}
--------------------------------------------------------
The results presented in Section \[sec:results\] illustrate that disc fragmentation is potentially favoured around higher-mass stars. If we consider the case where $T_{\rm irr} = 10$K, and assume that the fragmentation boundary is at $\alpha = 0.1$, fragmentation requires a disc-to-star mass ratio of close to unity for a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ host star, but requires $q \sim 0.4$ around a $2$M$_{\odot}$ host. If we then consider stellar irradiation (e.g. Figure \[fig:1dmodelsstellar\]), fragmentation around a $0.25$M$_{\odot}$ host star would then require disc masses that exceed the mass of the central protostar, while fragmentation around a $2$M$_{\odot}$ host could still occur for mass ratios of $q \sim 0.6$. This might suggest that stellar irradiation could completely suppress fragmentation around lower-mass host stars.
However, the simple modelling of stellar irradiation used in these models does not account for these being young, massive discs and there likely being a large amount of material in the inner disc regions. We therefore neglect factors such as self-shielding by material in the inner disc that could lead to stellar irradiation having less of an impact at large radii than we’ve assumed here. We should therefore expect that the true heating to be somewhere in between the two irradiation cases we’ve considered, (possibly being closer to the $T_{\rm irr}=10$K as already mentioned in section \[sec:1Dsetup\]) and that the critical mass ratio where fragmentation can occur is probably somewhere within the range we’ve presented. We don’t expect, however, that this will influence the trend that fragmentation is preferred around higher-mass host stars.
In general, discs with mass ratios of order unity, or above, are probably unrealistic. For Class II sources we expect the disc mass to be small compared to the stellar mass, usually no more than 10$\%$. Higher mass-ratio systems would likely be in the Class I phase whilst there is still a large amount of material in the envelope. For even higher mass ratio systems, with $q$ approaching unity, we would expect them to likely still be in the Class 0 phase in which the source is still deeply embedded. In this phase it is uncertain if there would be a star-disc system at all, or if instead there would be a massive envelope or torus. Additionally, even if such a system could exist, it would probably evolve very rapidly. It’s, therefore, unclear if there would be sufficient time for fragmentation to actually occur in a disc with $q > 1$.
A full discussion for the implications of lower mass stars being capable of hosting high-mass-ratio discs before becoming susceptible to gravitational instabilities can be found in Haworth et al. (in prep.). The key points to note are that the results suggest these systems may potentially have very large mass reservoirs available to them for planet formation through CA, thus loosening the constraint that any formation scenario (e.g., the Trappist-1 system, @gillonetal17) must involve highly efficient dust growth. Haworth et al. (in prep.) also find that the high mass ratio discs ($q\gtrsim0.3$) required from photoevaporation models of the formation of the Trappist-1 system [@haworthetal16] to be entirely plausible, with our models finding discs to be gravitationally stable even when far more massive than this.
It is then intriguing that [@moralesetal19] recently discovered a $0.46$M$_{\rm Jup}$ planet orbiting a very low mass, $0.12$M$_{\odot}$, M dwarf on a 204 day period, with the authors proposing GI as the likely formation scenario. The results presented here suggest that only very massive discs around these very low mass stars may be permitted to be gravitationally unstable, thus indicating that such massive discs may indeed exist. We also require that these discs be optically thick to stellar irradiation, which would likely be the case for such a massive disc.
The results in this paper are complementary to those presented in Haworth et al. (in prep.). Fragmentation around lower mass stars requires large disc-to-star mass ratios and could be completely suppressed in the presence of stellar irradiation. However, the required disc-to-star mass ratio decreases with increasing central star mass and the mass ratio required for fragmentation remains below $q \sim 1$ for higher mass stars, even in the presence of stellar irradiation. Our results therefore find fragmentation to be preferred around higher-mass stars ($M_* \sim 2$M$_{\odot}$) and an unlikely, if not an altogether impossible, planet formation scenario around very-low-mass stars.
Several direct imaging surveys for companions around $M>1.5$M$_{\odot}$ stars have tentatively pointed to a higher fraction of exoplanet and brown dwarf companions to higher mass stars relative to solar analogues or very-low-mass stars [@janson11; @nielsen2013; @vigan2012]. Recently, considering the first 300 stars observed during the Gemini GPIES survey, @nielsenetal19 demonstrates this more conclusively, finding a significantly higher frequency of wide-orbit ($R=10-100$au) giant planets ($M=5-13$M$_{\rm Jup}$) around higher mass stars ($M>1.5$M$_{\odot}$) vs. $M<1.5$M$_{\odot}$ stars. @nielsenetal19 find an occurrence rate of (10-100 au) giant planets ($M=5-13$M$_{\rm Jup}$) of $9^{+5}_{-4} \%$ for their high mass stellar sample, vs. a brown dwarf occurrence rate ($M=13-80$M$_{\rm Jup}$, 10-100 AU) of $0.8^{+0.8}_{-0.5} \%$ around all survey stars. The mass divisions adopted in [@nielsenetal19] do not straightforwardly map to a specific formation mechanism – the brown dwarfs they detect could likely have formed via gravitational instability, whereas some of the planets in their cohort (e.g. 51 Eri b, for instance) are likely lower than the Jeans masses we have calculated here, and thus not as likely to be disc instability objects. However, these results imply that the total companion frequency ($M=5-80$M$_{\rm Jup}$, 10-100 AU) must be higher for their high mass vs. low mass stellar sample, qualitatively consistent with the work presented here.
Although our analysis does indicate that disc fragmentation is more likely around higher-mass stars, it also suggests that it will probably occur at radii $\gtrsim 100$au, with this critical radius moving outward with increased levels of irradiation. We might also expect the fragments to have initial masses above $5$M$_{\rm Jup}$ and to undergo further growth. However, since we expect GI to act when the disc is young ($< 0.1$Myr) and massive, we would expect these fragments to undergo significant inward radial migration and potentially tidal downsizing after they form [e.g. see @nayakshin10; @forganrice13].
Conclusions {#sec:conclusion}
===========
In this paper we have used a set of 1D disc models followed by a suite of 3D SPH simulations to investigate how the conditions necessary for gravitational instability in protostellar discs vary with host star mass. In these models we have varied the disc masses and radii and have in particular focused on determining the critical disc-to-star mass ratio at which fragmentation is able to occur for stellar masses $M_* = 0.25$M$_{\odot}$, $0.5$M$_{\odot}$, $1$M$_{\odot}$ and $2$M$_{\odot}$. We have run models for both $T_{\rm irr}=10$K and for stellar irradiation, with the true disc irradiation likely lying somewhere in between these two cases.
The primary conclusions drawn from this work are that,
1. Discs become more susceptible to GI as we increase the host star mass, with discs around higher mass stars being prone to fragmentation which will tend to produce wide-orbit giant planets and brown dwarfs.
2. Discs around lower mass stars ($M \leq 1.0$M$_{\odot}$) are able to host very high mass-ratio discs whilst still remaining gravitationally stable. In the case of stellar irradiated discs, when using the 0.5Myr MIST stellar luminosities in the optically thin regime, we find fragmentation to be completely suppressed in discs up to mass ratios of order unity. This may have important implications for CA, since it may be possible for these discs to have large mass reservoirs available for planet formation. This could allow for less strict constraints with regards to pebble accretion efficiency and the depletion of disc material in planet formation models.
3. Discs around higher-mass stars $M \geq 2$M$_{\odot}$ are more susceptible to GI and fragmentation. For the case of a $2$M$_{\odot}$ host star, we find that discs may fragment for mass ratios $q\geq0.4$ and $q\geq0.7$ in the cases of $T_{\rm irr}=10$K and 0.5Myr MIST stellar irradiated discs respectively. We find that fragmentation will only likely occur at radii $\gtrsim 100$au, with this critical radius increasing with increased irradiation and with increasing host star mass. Fragment masses are found to be strongly dependent on disc irradiation, with hotter discs producing more massive planets due to higher Jeans masses. Fragmentation in discs around $2$M$_{\odot}$ stars will produce objects of masses $\geq 1.10$M$_{\rm Jup}$ and $\geq 6.18$M$_{\rm Jup}$ in discs with $T_{\rm irr}=10$K and stellar irradiation respectively, thus producing wide orbit giant planets and brown dwarfs.
4. Discs around $2$M$_{\odot}$ stars are able to sustain the conditions necessary for fragmentation for far longer timescales than discs around lower mass stars are. This is due to these discs becoming unstable against fragmentation for lower disc-to-star mass ratios, thus the conditions necessary for discs to be unstable against fragmentation will be satisfied for longer.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
CH is a Winton Fellow and this research has been supported by Winton Philanthropies / The David and Claudia Harding Foundation. TJH is funded by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship.
Derivation of the Jeans mass in a spiral density perturbation {#sec:appendixA}
=============================================================
Deriving the Jeans mass in a spiral density perturbation can be done by equating the freefall timescale of a collapsing spherical density perturbation with the timescale on which the cloud is able to respond to the collapse, given by the sound crossing time.
Starting from the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium for a spherical cloud of density, $\rho (r)$, pressure, $p$, mass, $M(r)$, and radius, $r$, we have,
$$\frac{dp}{dr} = -\frac{G\rho(r)M(r)}{^2}.$$
Newton’s second law gives,
$$\frac{d^2R}{dt^2} = -\frac{GM}{R^2} = -\frac{G}{R^2}\frac{4\pi R_0^2\rho}{3},$$
and as,
$$\frac{d^2R}{dt^2} = \frac{d}{dt}v = \frac{dR}{dt}\frac{dv}{dR} = v\frac{dv}{dR},$$
we can state that,
$$v\frac{dv}{dR} = -\frac{4\pi G R_0^3\rho}{3R^2}.$$
Integrating this gives,
$$\int v dv = -\frac{4\pi GR_0^3\rho}{3}\int\frac{dR}{R^2},$$
$$\frac{1}{2}v^2 = \frac{4\pi GR_0^3\rho}{3R} + C.$$
Boundary conditions that $v=0$ when $R=R_0$ give that,
$$C = -\frac{4\pi GR_0^3\rho}{3},$$
so that,
$$\frac{1}{2}v^2 = \frac{4\pi GR_0^3\rho}{3R} - \frac{4\pi GR_0^2\rho}{3},$$
$$|v| = \sqrt{\frac{8\pi GR_0^2\rho^2}{3}\Big(\frac{R_0}{R} - 1\Big)}.$$
To find the timescale on which the cloud will collapse, $$t_c = \int dt = \int \frac{dt}{dr}dr = \int \frac{dr}{|v|},$$ $$t_c = \sqrt{\frac{3}{8\pi GR_0^2 \rho^2}}\int _0^{R_0} \Big(\frac{R_0}{R}-1\Big)^{-1/2} dr,$$ where, $$\int _0^{R_0} \Big(\frac{R_0}{R}-1\Big)^{-1/2} dr \equiv \frac{\pi R_0^2}{2},$$ $$t_c = \sqrt{\frac{3}{8\pi G\rho}}\frac{\pi}{2}=\sqrt{\frac{3\pi}{32G\rho}}.$$ The sound crossing time is found by considering the sound speed in the gas cloud, $c_s$, and considering the case of an ideal gas such that,
$$c_s = \sqrt{\frac{\gamma k_B T}{m}},$$
where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $\gamma$ is the adiabatic index, T is the temperature of the gas, and $m$ is the mass of a gas particle.
The sound crossing time is then,
$$t_s = \frac{R}{c_s} = \sqrt{\frac{m}{\gamma k_B T}}R.$$
When $t_s > t_c$ the cloud will begin to collapse. The Jeans length, $R_J$, is the radius at which the gas cloud will begin to collapse, found when $t_s / t=c \equiv 1$.
$$\frac{t_s}{t_c} = \Big(\frac{m}{\gamma k_BT}\Big)^{1/2}R\Big(\frac{32G\rho}{3\pi}\Big)^{1/2},$$
$$R_J = \sqrt{\frac{3\pi\gamma kT}{32G\rho m}} = c_s\sqrt{\frac{3\pi}{32}\frac{1}{G\rho}}.$$
From this we can then find the Jeans mass as,
$$\label{eq:appendixmj1}
M_J = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_J^3 \rho_{\rm pert} = \frac{4}{3}\Big(\frac{3}{32}\Big)^{3/2}\pi^{5/2}\frac{c_s^3}{G^{3/2}\rho_{\rm pert}^{1/2}}$$
The scale height, *H*, and local surface density of the perturbation, $\Sigma_{\rm pert}$ are related to $\rho_{\rm pert}$ as,
$$\label{eq:appendixrhopert}
\rho_{\rm pert} = \Sigma_{\rm pert}/2H,$$
where,
$$\label{eq:appendixsigma}
\Sigma_{\rm pert} = \Big(1 + \frac{\Delta\Sigma}{\Sigma}\Big).$$
Here, $\frac{\Delta\Sigma}{\Sigma}$ represents the fractional amplitude of the spiral wave perturbation.
Rearranging equation \[eq:Q\] in terms of G and $\Sigma$ gives,
$$\label{eq:appendixtoomre}
(G\Sigma)^{1/2} = \Big(\frac{c_s \Omega}{\pi Q}\Big)^{1/2}.$$
Now substituting \[eq:appendixsigma\], \[eq:appendixtoomre\] and $H = c_s/\Omega$ into \[eq:appendixmj1\] gives,
$$\label{eq:appendixmj2}
M_J = \frac{4\sqrt{2}}{3}\Big(\frac{3}{32}\Big)^{3/2}\frac{\pi^3}{G}\frac{Q^{1/2}c_s^2 H}{(1+\frac{\Delta\Sigma}{\Sigma})^{1/2}}$$
In the presence of external irradiation [@riceetal11] showed that,
$$\langle \frac{\Sigma_{\rm RMS}}{\Sigma} \rangle = 4.47 \sqrt{\alpha}.$$
Substituting this into \[eq:appendixmj2\] gives the expression for Jeans mass found in equation \[eq:jeansmass\],
$$\label{eq:appendixmj3}
M_J = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{32G}\frac{\pi^3Q^{1/2}{c_s}^2 H}{(1+4.47\sqrt{\alpha})^{1/2}}.$$
\[lastpage\]
| |
Babysitters with Childcare Qualifications in Cramlington
We have 4 Babysitters with Childcare Qualifications in Cramlington listed in our online babysitting directory.
Please read our Safety Centre for advice on how to stay safe and always check childcare provider documents.
For more detailed local babysitter results enter your full postcode in the search box above or try our Advanced Search feature.
Popular Searches
Logged in 25 July 19
I have recently relocated to this area to be closer to my two grown up daughters who both live in Newcastle. I was a manager of a Private Day Nursery for the last 18 years …
Logged in 29 June 19
I am 32 with a 12 year old daughter who i have raised single handedly. I have worked with chidren since the age of 16 in numerous settings. I am currently working for NHS c…
Logged in 11 February 19
im kayleigh im 29 with 3 children im married for 3 years
Post a Job Advert
Posting a job on Childcare.co.uk is the easiest way to find local childcare.
It's free to get started and takes just two minutes.
Logged in 04 February 19
My name is Amy Louise Kate Edwards, I am 20 years old I live in Cramlington, Northumberland. I am friendly, creative, kind and polite. Please text/call me if interested. I…
These search results have been produced from information provided to us by our users. We have not verified or confirmed the accuracy of any of the information and members should undertake their own vigorous checks and references. Please ensure you read our Safety Advice and information on how to Check Childcare Provider Documents. | https://www.childcare.co.uk/search/Babysitters/Cramlington/Childcare-Qualifications |
TECHNICAL FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a cable holding arrangement with a holding plate as used in switch cabinets, for example. The cables led in must be secured mechanically in front of their electrical connection points, and there often must also be a ground connection with the cable shielding. To this end, the cable is stripped in a known way in the holding area up to the cable shielding after which there is a fastening to a metal rail by means of a screw terminal or collar.
One of the drawbacks of this conventional fastening means is that screw holes must be drilled to fix the screw terminal or collar, and screw fastening involves a not inconsiderable amount of labor. A subsequent shift in the fastening point is a complicated matter and also entails a major amount of work. Since the cables to be fastened usually have different diameters, different-size screw terminals or collars must be provided. Another drawback is that the minimum space between cables to be fastened is not inconsiderable because of the holding tabs of the screw terminals or collars to be screwed tight so that an often desirable fastening of the cables right to each other is hardly possible.
The object of the invention is thus to provide a cable holding arrangement that makes cable fastening and loosening possible without considerable mounting effort.
This object is achieved according to the invention by a cable holding arrangement with a holding plate having a plurality of similar holding openings arranged next to each other in a row, with at least one holding clip that has two plug feet connected with each other through a holding area for insertion in two of the holding openings and which forms a U-like arrangement in the plugged-in condition by means of which a cable to be secured can be clasped and pressed onto the holding plate, the plug feet having an arrangement for locating with the holding openings.
The particular advantage of the invented cable holding arrangement is that, to secure the cable, only one holding clip has to be mounted in a way that its two plug feet engage a holding opening on both sides of the cable.
Location and securing of the cable is automatic on insertion. Selection of the cable fastening point can be practically anywhere because of the many holding openings that are arranged next to each other in a row. Depending on the diameter of the cable to be fastened, the holding clip can used in two holding openings arranged next to each other or in two that are spaced farther apart.
1
Advantageous developments and improvements with respect to the cable holding arrangement indicated in claim are possible with measures that are given in the subordinate claims.
The holding openings are preferably designed as parallel slots in order to ensure a wide and reliable fixing of the suitable shaped plug feet.
The holding clip is preferably designed as a flexibly sprung arrangement, the plug feet to be pressed toward each other for insertion in the two holding openings being spring-mounted in the inserted condition on the most widely separated outer edges or edge areas of the two holding openings.
The holding clip can be disengaged and loosened in a simple way by pressing the two plug feet together. The flexibly sprung arrangement of the holding clip ensures adjustment to cables with different cross-sections.
For reliable location, the two plug feet have stop projections and/or stop recesses pointing in opposite directions designed for locating with the outer edges of two holding openings. The outer edges thus act as counter-locating means for the stop projections and/or stop recesses.
Each plug foot will preferably have at least one row of stop teeth running in the plugging direction so that locating will take place with practically any insertion depth. This helps considerably to make it possible for a single kind of holding clip to be used for quite different cable diameters.
In a further advantageous development, the stop teeth have tooth ramps that facilitate insertion on their side pointing in the direction of insertion and tooth edges that are essentially vertical on the other side. In this way, the holding clips can be pressed against the cable following insertion of the plug feet into two holding openings, which provides in a simple way for clamping and reliable location. Production of the holding clips is especially simple and economical in that they are preferably designed as a one-piece stamped and bent part made of sheet metal.
An even better adjustment to different cable diameters and a more reliable fixing of the clamp is achieved in that a holding spring arrangement, which is flexibly held against the cable to be held when the holding clip is in the inserted condition, is formed on the holding area. The holding spring arrangement is preferably designed as a one-piece metal strip formed on the holding area and extends from one edge of the holding plate along the underside of the holding area pointing in the inserted condition toward the holding plate.
In an alternative advantageous development, the holding area is designed as a tension spring that preferably has a flat shape. This development is especially suitable for cables with very large diameters, the design of the holding plate as a tension spring also achieving very good adjustment to the cross-section of the cable to be fastened. This kind of holding clip can also be used, for example, to secure a number of cables in place together.
In a simple development, the holding plate has a U-shaped cross-section, the holding openings being arranged on the connection cross-piece between the strip-like U-legs. In an improved development, these holding elements are arranged in the middle area of the connection cross-piece, and holding elements with a T-shape in particular are formed on the two side areas. With these holding elements, isolated areas on both sides of the insulated area can also be fastened with holding strips, tapes or wires. To adjust to the reduced cross-section of the cable in the stripped area, the plane of the middle area of the connection cross-piece is preferably displaced relative to the two side areas toward the side facing away from the U-legs, particularly by a value equal to the thickness of the insulation layer so that the cable can be secured linearly.
In a further advantageous development, the holding plate is provided on one side with a with a mount for clamping attachment on a bearing rail or a mounting cross-piece on the opposite side with the holding openings. The mount is preferably designed as a bent over end area of the holding plate.
This kind of holding plate can thus be clamped or located in a very simple and rapid way on an existing bearing rail or an existing mounting cross-piece so that it can be provided later at the required point with this kind of holding plate that can also be displaced.
The mount for clamping location is designed with a stop strip arranged in particular on a U-leg of the bearing rail or of the mounting cross-piece.
This kind of stop strip is often present in any case on conventional bearing rails or mounting cross-pieces.
The holding plate and the at least one holding clip consist at least in part of an electrically conductive material, especially metal, so that a grounding connection with the cable shielding of the cable is established when fastening is carried out by means of the holding clip.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Example embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawing and explained in more detail in the description following. In the drawing:
FIG. 1
shows a plan view of a cable fastened to a U-shaped holding plate by means of a holding clip;
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is a side view of the holding clip illustrated in ;
FIG. 3
FIGS. 1 and 2
is a perspective view of a modified version of the holding clip illustrated in in which a holding spring arrangement is provided;
FIG. 4
is a modified version of a holding plate.
FIG. 5
4
is a sectional view of the holding plate illustrated in FIG. .
FIG. 6
is a side view of a further example embodiment of a holding clip in which the holding area is designed as a flat tension spring.
FIG. 7
is a perspective view of a further embodiment of a holding plate that can be mounted on a mounting cross-piece, and
FIG. 8
7
is a partial front view of a detail of the arrangement illustrated in FIG. .
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT AND BEST MODE
FIGS. 1 and 2
10
11
In the first example embodiment shown in , a cable holding arrangement comprises a holding plate with U-shaped cross-section that can be cut to any length as a holding rail for cables that can be mounted in a switch cabinet (not shown) or any other switching arrangement, for example, next to a mounting cross-piece for electrical switch units. This U-shaped holding plate is made, for example, of galvanized sheet steel or is designed as an extruded aluminum shape and, in the middle, has a row of parallel, slotted, rectangular and equidistant holding openings .
12
10
13
13
12
13
15
14
14
15
11
15
16
15
15
11
16
15
11
A cable is secured on this holding plate by a holding clip , a correspondingly large number of holding clips being needed for fastening a plurality of cables . This holding clip is made as a one-piece stamped and bent part from thin and flexible sheet metal. It consists basically of two plug feet connected with each other over a holding area , the holding area and the plug feet being formed basically by a bent sheet-metal strip, the width thereof being slightly smaller than the length of the holding openings . The two longitudinal edges of the two plug feet each have a row of stop teeth , each being bent outwardly and substantially rectangularly with respect to the plane of the plug feet , To facilitate the insertion of the plug feet into two holding openings , the stop teeth have tooth ramps on their sides inclined in the insertion direction, that is, toward the free end of the plug feet , while their other sides have tooth edges arranged substantially vertically with respect to the insertion direction, these tooth edges ensuring reliable location with longitudinal edges of the holding openings .
17
14
18
17
14
12
10
11
15
11
12
13
14
11
12
16
11
13
17
12
10
17
A holding spring made of a strip of sheet metal is formed at the side on the middle holding area and runs below, along and at a distance from the holding area , the end area of this holding spring being angled or curved toward the holding area . To secure the cable , it is placed vertical to the longitudinal direction of the holding plate between two holding openings . The plug feet diverging at an angle relative to the center line are then pressed together with two fingers so that their free end areas can be inserted through the two holding openings to both sides of the cable . The holding clip is now forced by pressure on the holding area into the two holding openings until the cable is firmly secured. Since the stop teeth each locate with the two outwardly directed side edges of these two holding openings , location of the holding clip is automatic. In the stopped condition, the holding spring also presses the cable against the holding plate . Naturally, the holding spring can also be eliminated in a simpler embodiment.
12
16
12
13
15
11
Cables with different diameters can be secured by the rows of stop teeth . In the case of cables with extremely large diameters, it is of course possible to use larger holding clips , the plug feet thereof being no longer inserted into holding openings arranged next to each other but rather into holding openings that are farther apart.
12
12
13
19
12
13
10
10
13
In order to provide for grounding at the same time the cable is secured, the cable is stripped in the area of the holding clip up to the metallic cable shield . Electrical grounding then takes place automatically when the cable is secured because of the metal holding clip and the metal holding plate . In principle, the holding plate and/or the holding clip could also be made of another conductive material such as electrically conductive plastic or plastic with a suitable metallic coating.
FIG. 3
FIGS. 1 and 2
FIG. 3
13
20
17
21
21
20
21
21
shows a modification of the holding clip shown in ; the area and parts that are the same or have the same effect are provided with the same reference symbols and are not described again. In distinction to the holding clip , the holding clip shown in does not have a one-piece holding spring but rather a two-part holding spring . Since the two strips of the two-part holding spring act independently of each other, two different cables can be secured at the same time with the one holding clip , for example. This kind of two-part holding spring has its advantages also for a single cable that is not precisely centered. In principle, the holding spring can also be divided into a greater number of strips.
FIGS. 4 and 5
10
22
11
23
24
25
23
26
24
24
12
23
26
12
13
20
12
22
23
12
26
show a modification of the holding plate . This holding plate is designed as an elongated, basically U-shaped rail. The holding openings are arranged only in the middle area of the connection cross-piece between two strip-like U-legs . This middle area projects relative to side areas of the connection cross-piece on the side of the connection cross-piece opposite the legs by an amount that corresponds basically to the thickness of the insulation layer of a cable to be secured. That is, the plane of the middle area is displaced with respect to the plane of the side areas . When a cable is secured by means of a holding clip or , the cable can thus run linearly transverse to the holding plate in that the stripped area at the middle area and the connecting non-stripped area of the cable lie on the side areas .
26
27
25
27
26
The side areas have stamped out areas extending in part into the U-legs . The stamped out areas thus form T-like holding elements in the plane of the side areas , their free ends each pointing outwardly.
28
22
The cable areas still provided with the insulating layer can be secured by means of these holding elements to the holding plate along with cable straps or the like.
FIG. 6
29
15
13
20
14
30
15
30
29
30
29
30
shows a further modification of the holding clip . While the plug feet correspond to those of holding clips and , the holding area is replaced by a tension spring with a flat shape, the width thereof corresponding basically to that of the plug feet . This tension spring designed as a spiral spring allows for a more variable placement on one or more cables to be secured with this holding clip , and even very wide cables can be engaged therewith. The length of the tension spring can be adjusted to requirements or holding clips can be provided that have tension springs of different lengths.
FIGS. 7 and 8
31
13
32
34
33
32
show a structural modification of the holding plate . Unlike the preceding embodiments, this holding plate is no longer itself designed as a bearing rail, but is rather secured on an existing bearing rail or a mounting cross-piece which has a U-shaped profile here. Stop strips are integrally formed on the inner sides of the two U-legs of this mounting cross-piece , as is usually the case in commercially available mounting cross-pieces.
31
35
36
35
33
32
36
34
31
36
31
33
11
A longitudinal side of the holding plate has a bent holding area , which in turn has a curved stop end area . This holding area , bent basically 180 degrees, is slipped onto a U-leg of the mounting cross-piece so that the stop end area locates with the corresponding stop strip . Relatively simple disengaging can be carried out for withdrawing the holding plate with a suitable curvature of the stop end area . This holding plate lies in part on the outer side of one of the U-legs , the holding openings being arranged in the projecting area.
31
11
31
32
31
32
11
31
11
15
This kind of holding plate can be relatively short, only four holding openings being provided in the example embodiment. This holding plate can be clipped anywhere on the mounting cross-piece where a cable has to be secured. If need be, a number of holding plates can thus be secured in an irregular arrangement to the mounting cross-piece , which has only two holding openings in the simplest case. Of course, it is also possible to have elongated embodiments of holding plates with very many holding openings . As a modification of the example embodiments of holding clips, the strip-like plug feet can in principle be replaced by plug feet with other shapes such as those having a cross-section that is round or multi angular. | |
---
author:
- 'Sadamori Kojaku[^1]'
- Mengqiao Xu
- Haoxiang Xia
- 'Naoki Masuda [^2]'
title: 'Multiscale core-periphery structure in a global liner shipping network'
---
Introduction {#sec:intro}
============
Transportation networks such as airways, railways and roadways underpin how the goods and people flow. An understanding of the structure of transportation networks is crucial in finding bottleneck of transportation and vulnerable parts, contributing one to improve its efficiency and resilience [@Barthelemy2011]. Maritime transport is by far the most cost-effective way to move goods and raw materials across the globe. More than 80% of global trade by volume is carried by ships and handled by seaports [@rev2017]. The most dominant type of global maritime transport in terms of seaborne trade value is the global liner shipping. To date, container ships carry over 70% value of the world trade [@rev2017], making the global liner shipping network (GLSN) indispensable to the development of international trade and the world economy.
Core-periphery (CP) structure is a meso-scale structure of networks that has been found in many networks including transportation networks such as airport networks [@Holme2005; @Rossa2013; @Kojaku2017; @Kojaku2018a], railway networks [@Rombach2017] and road networks [@Holme2005; @Lee2014]. With CP structure based on edge density, a network is decomposed into a set of core nodes and that of peripheral nodes [@Borgatti2000; @Boyd2006; @Csermely2013; @Lee2014; @Tunc2015; @Cucuringu2016; @Kojaku2017; @Rombach2017; @Kojaku2018a]. The nodes within the core are densely interconnected, those in the periphery are sparsely interconnected, and a node in the core and one in the periphery are connected with some probability depending on the assumption. Previous studies suggested that transportation networks with CP structure would be robust against random failures (e.g., closure) of nodes [@Peixoto2012] and realise a competitive trade-off between the cost and profit [@Verma2016]. Moreover, the existence of a core may contribute to the functional stability of networks [@Liu2011; @Csermely2013].
The portrait of core-periphery dichotomy was postulated as a means to explain the uneven trade development and economic growth of nations in the process of globalization [@Krugman1995]. Maritime shipping serves as the primary transportation mode for international trade. As such, investigating the CP structure of the GLSN may help us to understand heterogeneous international trade among world regions and countries [@Mahutga2006; @Garcia-Perez2016]. Specifically, there are many practical questions one can address by uncovering CP structure in maritime networks. How can we plan shipping routes to improve the stability and economic efficiency of seaborne trade? Which are the ports playing key roles in regional trade and those in international trades? How are ports integrated to global trade markets? Therefore, we analyse the CP structure in the GLSN. Crucially, we use the extension of our previous algorithm, Kojaku-Masuda (KM) algorithm [@Kojaku2017; @Kojaku2018a]. The algorithm generally detects multiple CP pairs in networks (Fig. \[fig:cp-example\]), which many other algorithms do not. We use this algorithm for two reasons. First, individual CP pairs are expected to correspond to either regional or global (or intermediate) groups of ports in each of which some ports may serve as core ports whereas the others may play a role of peripheral ports. Second, in our previous studies [@Kojaku2017; @Kojaku2018a], the algorithm found CP pairs more accurately than other algorithms did in artificial networks with planted CP pairs. We construct the GLSN from the empirical data on the liner shipping services operated by world’s top 100 liner shipping companies in terms of fleet capacity (i.e., the twenty-foot equivalent unit capacity of the fleet). The data altogether account for over 92% of the total fleet capacity in the world.
To reveal the CP structure in the GLSN, we extend our previous algorithm in the following three manners. First, we adopt a null model that is compatible with the way we construct the GLSN from the data. Specifically, the original data set is regarded as a bipartite network composed of a layer of port nodes and a layer of shipping route nodes (Fig. \[fig:one-mode-projection\]). Edges represent which ports belong to which shipping routes. Our null model discounts the effects induced by the one-mode projection of an originally bipartite network. Second, our previous algorithms have a resolution limit, with which one can not find CP structure smaller than a threshold size [@Kojaku2018a; @Kojaku2018b]. To circumvent this problem, we use a multiresolution method for community detection [@Reichardt2006; @Heimo2008a] to extend the algorithm. Third, our previous algorithms provide different CP structures in the different runs of the same algorithm even if the initial condition is the same. In the present study, we run the algorithm 100 times and look at the consensus of the results obtained from the different runs.
The present algorithm is applicable to networks constructed from a one-mode projection of bipartite networks. Examples of such networks include human disease networks [@Goh2007], metabolic networks [@Guimera2005a] and mutualistic networks [@Padron2011]. The Python code of the present algorithm is available on GitHub [@code].
Results {#sec:results}
=======
Number of calling ports, number of serving routes, and node strength
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The distribution of the container capacity of a route (i.e., the sum of the maximum volume of containers that shipping companies deploy on the shipping route) is shown in Fig. \[fig:stat-bipartite\](a). The container capacity is heterogeneously distributed; a majority of the shipping routes has a capacity less than $10^2$, while 2% of the routes has a capacity larger than $10^5$. Degree $d_i ^{\text{port}}$ of ports in the bipartite network is also heterogeneously distributed (Fig. \[fig:stat-bipartite\](b)). A majority (56%) of ports is shared by less than five routes, whereas 13 ports (1.3%) including Shanghai and Singapore are shared by more than 100 routes. Degree $d_r ^{\text{route}}$ of routes in the bipartite network is more homogeneously distributed than $d_i ^{\text{port}}$. A majority (52%) of routes contains less than five calling ports. The largest number of calling ports in a route is 31, which covers only $3.2\%$ of the $N=977$ ports.
The degree of each port in the GLSN is shown in Fig. \[fig:stat-bipartite\](c). A majority of ports (540 ports; 55%) has a degree less than 25 in the GLSN, while 60 (6%) ports have a degree larger than 100. We define node strength (i.e., weighted degree) of each port by the sum of the weight of edges attached to the port. As is the case for the container capacity, node strength is heterogeneously distributed (Fig. \[fig:stat-bipartite\](d)). Most ports (813 ports; 83%) have a strength less than $2 \times 10^5$, while 51 ports (5%) have a strength larger than $10^6$.
Multiscale CP structure {#sec:multi-cp}
-----------------------
We identify consensus CP pairs (we call them CP pairs for short in the following text) using the algorithm presented in the section. The present algorithm is equipped with a resolution parameter $\gamma$, with which one can control the characteristic size of CP pairs to be detected. Different $\gamma$ values may yield considerably different results. Therefore, we examine CP pairs across a range of $\gamma$, i.e., $\gamma \in \{0.01, 0.1, 0.2,0.3,\ldots,4\}$.
We show the CP pairs detected at some $\gamma$ values in Figs. \[fig:cons\_1\]– \[fig:cons\_3\]. There are at most five CP pairs. For $0.01 \leq \gamma \leq 1.9$, the algorithm identifies a unique CP pair containing ports in various geographical regions (Fig. \[fig:cons\_1\]). We refer to this CP pair as CP pair 1. The number of ports in CP pair 1 decreases from 951 ports at $\gamma = 0.01$ to 76 ports at $\gamma = 1.9$. At $\gamma =1.9$, the CP pair 1 contains many ports in China, the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and North America. Few ports in Oceania, the South America, the West Africa and the East Africa belong to CP pair 1. For $2 \leq \gamma \leq 3$, the algorithm identifies three CP pairs (Fig. \[fig:cons\_2\]). As is the case for $0.01 \leq \gamma \leq 1.9$, CP pair 1 contains the ports across many regions. At $\gamma=2.0$, the algorithm identifies CP pair 2 that branches from CP pair 1 (Fig. \[fig:cons\_2\](a)). CP pair 2 contains most ports in the East Coast of the US, a Canadian port (Halifax) and an Egyptian port (Suez). At $\gamma = 2.1$, the algorithm identifies CP pair 3 located in the South Africa (Fig. \[fig:cons\_2\](a)). CP pair 2 persists and enlarges in most cases as $\gamma$ increases. In contrast, CP pair 3 is absent for $\gamma \geq 2.2$ (Fig. \[fig:cons\_2\](b)).
For $3.1 \leq \gamma \leq 4$, the algorithm identifies four CP pairs. Each of CP pairs 1 and 2 spans different continents (Fig. \[fig:cons\_3\]). At $\gamma = 3.1$, CP pair 1 contains a majority of Chinese ports, the only port in Singapore and ports in the West Coast of the US. CP pair 2 contains most ports in the East Coast of the US, two ports in the Mediterranean Sea, a port in Sri Lanka. The other CP pairs 4 and 5 also branch from CP pair 1 and are composed of geographically close ports. In fact, CP pairs 4 and 5 mostly consist of the Mediterranean ports and North European ports, respectively.
The membership of each port at each $\gamma$ value is shown in Fig. \[fig:membership\]. The number of ports in CP pair 1 decreases as $\gamma$ increases. CP pairs 2, 4 and 5 detected for $2 \leq \gamma \leq 4$ are part of CP pair 1 detected for smaller $\gamma$ values. CP pair 4 is absent for some $\gamma$ values for $2.6 \leq \gamma \leq 3$ but persists for $ 3.1 \leq \gamma \leq 4$. As $\gamma$ increases, CP pairs 2, 4 and 5 largely expand by absorbing ports that belong to CP pair 1 at small $\gamma$ values.
The distribution of the coreness values of ports in any CP pair is shown in Fig. \[fig:coreness\]. For all $\gamma$ values, most ports have a coreness value larger than 0.9. Therefore, the algorithm has classified most ports as core ports in most runs. If a CP pair only consists of core nodes, then the CP pair is a group of nodes that are densely interconnected with each other, which is equivalent to the usual notion of community. Therefore, the current result indicates that the detected CP pairs are close to communities. This property holds true for all $\gamma$ values that we have examined.
Persistence of ports
--------------------
CP pair 1 considered across different resolutions (i.e., $\gamma$) has a nested relation. In other words, CP pair 1 at resolution $\gamma$ contains CP pair 1 at all larger $\gamma$ values in a majority of cases. This is the case for all but two ports when one varies $\gamma$ in the range $0.01\leq \gamma \leq 4$. Based on this observation, we define the persistence of a port as the smallest $\gamma$ value above which the port does not belong to CP pair 1 for the first time as one increases $\gamma$. In other words, the persistence is the largest value of $\gamma$ such that the port belongs to CP pair 1 for all resolution values up to that $\gamma$ value. We note that the persistence is independent of $\gamma$.
The persistence of each port is represented by the size of the circle in Fig. \[fig:persistence\]. In the figure, only the ports belonging to CP pair 1 at $\gamma = 0.01$ are shown. Highly persistent ports (e.g., persistence value larger than 3) are concentrated in China, the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Malay Peninsula, the Red Sea, and the West Coast of the US. The two highly persistent ports in the Malay Peninsula, Singapore and Tanjung Pelepas, face the Strait of Malacca, which is an important shipping lane in the world [@Qu2012]. There are few highly persistent ports in the Caribbean Sea, Japan, Oceania, the East Coast of the South America, the East Africa and the West Africa. Therefore, these regions may be relatively segregated from the main international shipping trade networks.
We show the ports with the persistence value larger than 2.8 in Table \[ta:persistence\]. Highly persistent ports have a relatively large node strength (i.e., weighted degree). More precisely, the persistence and node strength are positively correlated with the Spearman correlation coefficient being equal to 0.83. We find that 497 ports (51%) have a persistence value less than or equal to 0.1, while 64 ports (7%) have a persistence value larger than 2.
Discussion {#sec:discussion}
==========
We developed a multiscale algorithm to identify CP structure in a one-mode projection of bipartite networks, which intends to reveal multiscale CP pairs across different scales. We applied the algorithm to a GLSN and revealed the inequality of regions in terms of the extent to which they are integrated into the global maritime transportation system. Specifically, our algorithm uncovered the following properties of the CP structure in the GLSN.
First, at a coarse resolution, we detected a unique CP pair (CP pair 1) that mainly consists of ports in Asia, Europe and North America (Fig. \[fig:cons\_1\](c)). As major production and consumption centres on a global scale, these three regions have long been seen as dominating poles in global trade and container shipping activities [@Cesar2012]. Container shipping services that connect Asia and Europe, Asia and North America, and Europe and North America constitute the world’s main East-West trading lanes, well-known as “East-West Corridor” in the maritime shipping industry [@Notteboom2008]. Our result also provides some information on the integration of the economy in different regions into the global markets. For instance, the ports in CP pair 1 are located in leading countries in trades (e.g., China, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States) but not in Japan. The absence of Japanese ports indicates that the integration of Japan into the global maritime transportation system may be insufficient, despite its status as the world’s fourth-largest export economy in value. This situation might have a negative influence on the country’s international trade development in the long run.
Second, for finer resolutions, the algorithm identified four small CP pairs that branch from CP pair 1 (Fig. \[fig:cons\_3\]). These CP pairs involve main regional liner shipping markets of North Europe, Mediterranean, East Asia and North America, respectively. Two out of the four CP pairs, which are composed of major container ports in Northern Europe (CP pair 4) and the Mediterranean (CP pair 5), respectively, are geographically concentrated. In the liner shipping industry, they are highly developed conventional markets of intra-regional seaborne trade in Europe. In contrast, the other two CP pairs extend across distinct geographical regions, corresponding to two inter-regional shipping routes in the West-East direction: North American East Coast-Mediterranean Sea-Indian Subcontinent shipping route via Suez Canal (CP pair 2) and North American West Coast-East Asia shipping route across the Pacific Ocean (CP pair 1). In particular, the dominance of China and the US in CP pair 1 is consistent with the high intensity of the bilateral trade between China and the US, the world’s two largest countries in commodity trades [@UNCD].
Third, the present algorithm classified a majority of ports in the GLSN as core ports as opposed to peripheral nodes (Fig. \[fig:coreness\]), as indicated by their high coreness values. Although we do not know why this is the case, the result underlines the specificity of the GLSN. In fact, in worldwide airport networks, more than half of the airports were classified as peripheral nodes [@Kojaku2017; @Kojaku2018a]. This comparison indicates that the GLSN may be better regarded as a collection of communities, which is in agreement with the previous work reporting the community structure of global maritime shipping networks [@Kaluza2010]. It should be noted that we found that CP pairs in the GLSN were similar to communities because we actually ran CP analysis.
Fourth, the persistence that we calculated for each port might be useful in evaluating the extent to which a port is integrated into the main international seaborne trade markets. The majority of the most persistent ports are regional load centres in the container shipping markets, i.e., world’s leading container ports in terms of the yearly container throughput volume [@LloydList]. Examples include East Asian ports of Busan, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Qingdao, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, Southeast Asian ports of Singapore and Tanjung Pelepas, North American West Coastal ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, and European ports of Antwerp, Hamburg and Rotterdam.
Our study has the following limitations. First, we did not inform the edge weight by the actual container traffic between ports due to the commercial confidentiality. Instead, we used traffic capacity deployment data provided by shipping companies to approximate the actual traffic, assuming that the traffic capacity between any port pair on a same shipping service route was equal and bidirectional. Second, one-mode projection discards much information about the original bipartite network composed of the ports and routes. To mitigate this problem, one can use other one-mode projection methods that reflect some properties of the bipartite network to the projected networks [@Zhou2007; @Gualdi2016; @Saracco2017]. Another approach is to study the original bipartite network without one-mode projection. Third, we did not analyse another family of CP structure, i.e., transportation-based CP structure [@Holme2005; @Csermely2013; @Lee2014; @Rombach2017]. Transportation-based CP structure dictates that a core is a group of nodes that are frequently used in paths connecting nodes, e.g., nodes with high betweenness centrality. Because GLSNs underlie maritime transportation, analysis of transportation-based CP structure may yield useful knowledge of the flow of cargo across the world.
Methods {#sec:methods}
=======
Data set {#sec:dataset}
--------
We use an empirical data set provided by Alphaliner [@Alphaliner], which reports the statistics of $R=1,631$ major liner shipping service routes in the world for the year 2015. On each liner shipping service route (hereafter, shortened as service route), container ships call at a sequence of ports with a fixed service schedule. Cargo ships may call at ports for bunkering and maintenance, which are not directly associated with trade. The present data set contains only the calling ports for cargo loading and unloading, ensuring a high relevance to world seaborne trade. There are $N = 977$ ports in total. We denote by $d^{\text{route}}_r$ the number of calling ports for route $r$. Additionally, we denote by $d^{\text{port}}_i$ the number of routes that port $i$ serves. The container capacity of route $r$, denoted by $\phi_r$, is given by the sum of the maximum volume of containers (counted in Twenty Equivalent Unit; TEU) deployed on shipping route $r$ by world shipping companies.
The data set does not contain the amount of containers transported between ports owing to the commercial confidentiality. Therefore, we assume that the same amount of containers is transported between any pair of ports belonging to the same route. This procedure is equivalent to the following one-mode projection of the bipartite network.
We represent the data as a bipartite network composed of ports and routes, where a port $i$ and a shipping route $r$ are adjacent if and only if port $i$ is a calling port of route $r$ (Fig. \[fig:one-mode-projection\]). We denote by $\Bmat = (B_{ir})$ the $N \times R$ adjacency matrix of the bipartite network, where $B_{ir} = 1$ or $B_{ir} = 0$ indicates that port $i$ and route $r$ are adjacent or not adjacent, respectively.
We construct the GLSN composed of ports by projecting the bipartite network to a one-mode network (Fig. \[fig:one-mode-projection\]). For example, in collaboration networks between academic authors, one connects all pairs of authors of a paper by an edge, resulting in a clique. Because a larger clique (i.e., a paper involving more authors) implies that the pairwise relationships between each pair of authors would be weaker, one often normalises the edge weight by dividing it by $d-1$ [@Guimera2007; @Newman2010], where $d$ is the number of authors of the paper. We apply the same method to the GLSN because the pairwise relationship between ports on a route would be relatively weak if the route involves many ports. We assume that a route is worth a summed edge weight of unity for each port. Then, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:one-mode-projection}
W _{ij} \equiv \left[1-\delta(i,j)\right] \sum_{r = 1}^ R \frac{\phi_r}{ d^{\text{route}}_r - 1 }B_{ir}B_{jr}, \end{aligned}$$ where $\delta(\cdot, \cdot)$ is Kronecker delta. The sum of the weight of edges incident to each port (i.e., node strength) is equal to the sum of the container capacity deployed in all the individual service routes in which the port is involved. This quantity is used for calculating the well-known country-level liner shipping connectivity index (LSCI) [@UNCTAD2]. We note that the GLSN is a weighted network and does not contain self-loops (i.e., edges whose endpoints are the same node).
Multiresolution algorithm {#sec:kmalgorithm}
-------------------------
We regard a network as a collection of $C$ non-overlapping CP pairs (Fig. \[fig:cp-example\]). Each CP pair consists of one core block (i.e., group of nodes) and one periphery block. By construction, there are many edges within each core block, whereas there are relatively few edges within each periphery block. One may assume that there are many edges between the core and periphery blocks [@Borgatti2000; @Cucuringu2016] or few edges [@Boyd2010; @Craig2014]. We assume that there are many edges between the core and periphery blocks because we need to pair each periphery block with a particular core block.
The present algorithm is an extension of our previous algorithm, which we call the KM algorithm [@Kojaku2017; @Kojaku2018a]. Therefore, we start by explaining the KM algorithm. The algorithm identifies multiple CP pairs in networks, which many previous algorithms do not. In the KM algorithm, we quantify the intensity of CP structure of a network by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:S}
S \equiv \frac{1}{2\Omega}\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^{N} W_{ij}x_ix_j\delta(c_i,c_j) + \frac{1}{2\Omega}\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^{N} W_{ij}\left[ (1-x_i)x_j + x_i(x_j-1)\right]\delta(c_i,c_j),\end{aligned}$$ where $c_i$ is the index of the CP pair to which node $i$ belongs, and $x_i = 1$ or $x_i = 0$ indicates that node $i$ is a core node or a peripheral node, respectively. The first and second terms on the right-hand side of Eq. are the fraction of the weight of edges confined within the core blocks and that connecting the core and periphery blocks within a CP pair, respectively. Quantity $\Omega = \sum_{i=1} ^N \sum_{j=1}^{N} W_{ij}/2$ is the sum of the edge weight in the entire network, which normalises the value of $S$ between 0 and 1. The KM algorithm seeks CP pairs by maximising $$\begin{aligned}
\Qcp \equiv& S - \Exp[\tilde S] \nonumber \\
=& \frac{1}{2\Omega}\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^{N} \left( W_{ij} -\Exp[\tilde W _{ij}]\right)(x_i + x_j - x_i x_j) \delta(c_i,c_j), \label{eq:qcpmulti-1}\end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde S$ is the value of $S$ in a sample network generated from a null model. The adjacency matrix of the sampled network is denoted by $\tilde \Wmat = (\tilde W_{ij})$. The expectation with respect to the null model is denoted by $\Exp[\cdot]$. We note that $\Qcp$ is equivalent to the modularity [@Newman2004; @Reichardt2006] when all nodes are core nodes, i.e., $x_i = 1$ ($1 \leq i \leq N$).
This algorithm has a resolution limit [@Kojaku2018a]. In other words, CP pairs whose size is smaller than a threshold cannot be detected. The modularity maximisation for finding communities in networks also shares this shortcoming [@Fortunato2007]. To discuss the CP structure at different resolutions, here we extend the algorithm [@Kojaku2018a; @Kojaku2018b] using multiresolution methods [@Reichardt2006; @Heimo2008a]. In the new algorithm presented in this study, we seek CP pairs by maximising $$\begin{aligned}
\Qcpmulti \equiv
\frac{1}{2\Omega}\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^{N} \left( W_{ij} -\gamma \Exp[\tilde W _{ij}]\right)(x_i + x_j - x_i x_j) \delta(c_i,c_j), \label{eq:qcpmulti-1}\end{aligned}$$ where $\gamma$ ($\gamma \geq 0$) is a resolution parameter that controls the effect of the null model term (i.e, $\Exp[\tilde W_{ij}]$). The value of $\gamma$ affects the size of the CP pairs. A detected CP pair is typically large if $\gamma$ is small. It should be noted that $\Qcpmulti$ is equivalent to $\Qcp$ when $\gamma = 1$.
The KM algorithm accepts various null models. We exploit this property to mitigate the artificial effect induced by the one-mode projection of bipartite networks such as the abundance of large cliques in the projected network. In our previous algorithms [@Kojaku2017; @Kojaku2018a], we have adopted the random graph [@erdHos1959random] or the configuration model [@Fosdick2016] as the null model. With the configuration model, we rewire the edges by preserving the degree of each node; the random graph does not preserve the degree of each node. Here we use the configuration model as the null model because it is a standard null model in community detection [@Newman2004], rich-club detection [@Colizza2006] and motif analysis [@Milo2002]. However, applying the configuration model directly to the GLSN is problematic because the GLSN is obtained as the one-mode projection of a bipartite network (i.e., Eq. ). To circumvent this problem, we incorporate the effect of the one-mode projection into the configuration model, similar to a previous study on community detection [@Guimera2007], as follows.
We generate a randomised bipartite network, whose adjacency matrix is denoted by $\tilde \Bmat = (\tilde B_{ir})$, using the configuration model. In other words, the randomised network preserves the degree of each node and the bipartiteness; otherwise, the network is uniformly randomly generated. We allow multi-edges (i.e., multiple edges between the same pair of nodes) in the randomised bipartite networks for computational ease. We carry out the one-mode projection of $\tilde \Bmat$ to obtain a randomised unipartite network, whose adjacency matrix is denoted by $\tilde \Wmat = (\tilde W_{ij})$. The expected edge weight of the randomised unipartite network, $\Exp\left[\tilde W_{ij}\right]$, is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:wij-1}
\Exp[\tilde W_{ij}] = \left[1-\delta(i,j) \right] \Exp\left[ \sum_{r = 1} ^R \frac{\phi_r}{ d_r ^{\text{route}} -1 } \tilde B_{ir} \tilde B_{jr} \right].\end{aligned}$$ The randomised bipartite network (whose adjacency matrix is $\tilde \Bmat$) preserves the degree $d_r ^{\text{route}}$ of each route $r$. Therefore, Eq. simplifies to $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:wij-2}
\Exp[\tilde W_{ij}] = \left[ 1-\delta(i,j) \right] \sum_{r = 1} ^R \frac{\phi_r}{ d_r ^{\text{route}} -1 } \Exp\left[\tilde B_{ir} \tilde B_{jr} \right].\end{aligned}$$ The term $\Exp\left[ \tilde B_{ir} \tilde B_{jr} \right]$ represents the probability that ports $i$ and $j$ are adjacent to route $r$ in the randomised bipartite network. With the configuration model, the probability that ports $i$ and $j$ are adjacent to route $r$ is equal to [@Guimera2007] $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:bir-bjr}
\Exp\left[ \tilde B_{ir} \tilde B_{jr}\right] = d_i^{\text{port}} d_j^{\text{port}} \frac{d_r ^{\text{route}}(d_r ^{\text{route}}-1)}{M(M-1)},\end{aligned}$$ where $M =\sum_{r^{\prime}=1} ^R d_{r^{\prime}} ^{\text{route}}$ is the number of edges in the randomised bipartite network. Substitution of Eq. into Eq. yields $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:wij-null}
\Exp[\tilde W_{ij}] = \left[ 1-\delta(i,j) \right] d_i^{\text{port}} d_j^{\text{port}} \sum_{r = 1} ^R \frac{\phi_rd_r ^{\text{route}}}{M(M-1)}.\end{aligned}$$ By substituting Eq. into Eq. , we obtain the quality function $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:qcpmulti-2}
\Qcpmulti =\frac{1}{2\Omega}\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^{N} \left( W_{ij} -\gamma d_i^{\text{port}} d_j^{\text{port}} \sum_{r = 1} ^R \frac{\phi_r d_r ^{\text{route}}}{M(M-1)}\right)(x_i + x_j - x_i x_j) \delta(c_i,c_j). \end{aligned}$$
Maximisation of $\Qcpmulti$ {#sec:algorithm}
---------------------------
We used a label switching heuristic to maximise $\Qcpmulti$ in our previous algorithms [@Kojaku2018a; @Kojaku2018b]. In our preliminary analysis, we found that the label switching heuristic in the present case detected multiple CP pairs in the GLSN for $\gamma=0$, whereas a single CP pair is natural anticipation in this case. This result suggests that the label switching heuristic may return notably suboptimal results for various $\gamma$ values. Therefore, we implemented the following Louvain algorithm [@Blondel2008] to maximise the $\Qcpmulti$, which in fact yielded larger values of $\Qcpmulti$ than the label switching heuristic for all $\gamma$ values that we investigated.
We iterate rounds, each of which consists of two steps (Fig. \[fig:alg-schematic\]). In the first step, we identify CP pairs in a network using a label switching heuristic. In the second step, we coarse-grain the network by contracting the nodes belonging to the same CP pair detected in the first step into a super-node. (To avoid the confusion with the nodes in the original GLSN, here we use the term super-node to refer to a node in the coarse-grained network.) Then, we apply another round of the two steps to the coarse-grained network. We iterate the rounds of the two steps until the value of $\Qcpmulti$ stops increasing. Then, we set the label of each node in the original network (i.e., $\Wmat$) to the label of the super-node to which it belongs in the final coarse-grained network.
The details of each step are as follows. Let $\overline \Wmat$ be an $N' \times N'$ weighted adjacency matrix of the network in the beginning of the $r$th round, where $N'$ is the number of super-nodes in the beginning of the $r$th round. We note that $\overline \Wmat = \Wmat$ and $N' = N$ in $r=1$. In the first step of each round, we initialise the label of each super-node $i$ by $(c_i,x_i)= (i,1)$, where $1\leq i\leq N'$. Then, we inspect each super-node in a random order. For each inspected super-node $i$, we propose a new label $(c_i, x_i) = (c_j, 0)$, where super-node $j$ is a neighbour of super-node $i$ in the network specified by $\overline \Wmat$. We also propose new label $(c_i, x_i) = (c_j, 1)$. After carrying out this procedure for all neighbours of super-node $i$, we adopt the proposed label that yields the largest increment in $\Qcpmulti$. If the largest increment in $\Qcpmulti$ is negative, then we do not change the label of super-node $i$. The increment in $\Qcpmulti$ caused by changing the label of super-node $i$ from $(c,x)$ to $(c',x')$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:dQ}
&
\frac{1}{\Omega} \Bigg[
\overline W_{i,(c',1)} + x' \overline W_{i,(c',0)}
-\overline W_{i,(c,1)} - x \overline W_{i,(c,0)}+(x' - x)\overline W_{ii} \nonumber \\
& - \gamma \overline d _i
\left(
\overline D_{(c',1)} + x'\overline D_{(c',0)}
- \overline D_{(c,1)} -x\overline D_{(c,0)}
\right)\left(\sum_{r = 1} ^R \frac{\phi_r d_r ^{\text{route}}}{M(M-1)}\right)
\Bigg], \end{aligned}$$ where $\overline d_i$ is the sum of $d_{j} ^{\text{port}}$ values of the nodes belonging to super-node $i$, $\overline W_{i,(c,x)} = \sum_{j=1,j\neq i} ^{N'} \overline W_{ij} \delta(c,c_j)\delta(x,x_j)$ is the sum of the weight of the edges between super-node $i$ and other super-nodes with label $(c,x)$, and $\overline D_{(c,x)} = \sum_{j=1} ^{N'}\overline d_j \delta(c,c_j)\delta(x,x_j)$ is the sum of $\overline d_i $ over the super-nodes with label $(c,x)$. We note that $\overline W_{ii} $ is the edge weight of the self-loop of super-node $i$. If no label has changed in the process of inspecting the $N'$ super-nodes, then we proceed to the second step. Otherwise, we repeat to draw a new random order of the $N'$ super-nodes and inspect the $N'$ super-nodes for possible label switching, until no further increase in $\Qcpmulti$ occurs.
In the second step, we coarse-grain the network by contracting the super-nodes having the same label as a result of the first step into one super-node. In the new network, the edge weight between two super-nodes representing labels $(c,x)$ and $(c',x')$ is given by the sum of the weight of the edges between a super-node with label $(c,x)$ before the coarse-graining and a super-node with label $(c',x')$ before the coarse graining. We note that the super-nodes may have self-loops (Fig. \[fig:alg-schematic\]).
Statistical test {#sec:stat-test}
----------------
We examine the statistical significance of individual CP pairs using the so-called $(q,s)$–test [@Kojaku2018a; @Kojaku2018b] that we previously proposed. The $(q,s)$–test evaluates the significance of individual CP pairs. For a CP pair in question, the $(q,s)$–test computes the quality of a CP pair composed of the same number of nodes in randomised networks. Then, the $(q,s)$–test judges the CP pair in question as significant if its quality value is statistically larger than that of the CP pair of the same number of nodes in randomised networks. The $(q,s)$–test requires a quality function $q$ for individual CP pairs. We compute the quality of the CP pair $c$, denoted by $q_c$, by the contribution of the $c$th CP pair to $\Qcpmulti$, i.e., $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:dq}
q_c \equiv \frac{1}{2\Omega}\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^{N} \left( W_{ij} -\gamma d_i^{\text{port}} d_j^{\text{port}} \sum_{r = 1} ^R \frac{\phi_r d_r ^{\text{route}}}{M(M-1)}\right)(x_i + x_j - x_i x_j) \delta(c_i,c_j) \delta(c_i,c).\end{aligned}$$ We note that the sum of $q_c$ over all CP pairs is equal to $\Qcpmulti$.
The value of $q_c$ would be positively correlated with the number $n_c$ of nodes in the $c$th CP pair [@Kojaku2018a]. In other words, a large $q_c$ value may be caused by a large number of nodes in the CP pair. To discount the effect of the correlation, the $(q,s)$–test assesses the significance of the $c$th CP pair using the conditional probability $P(\tilde q \geq q_c {\:\vert\:}n_c)$ that the quality $\tilde q$ of a CP pair of the same size $n_c$ detected in a randomised network is larger than $q_c$. If $P(\tilde q \geq q_c {\:\vert\:}n_c)$ is smaller than a significance level $\alpha$ ($0 < \alpha \leq 1$), then one judges the CP pair in question to be significant. Otherwise, the CP pair is insignificant.
In the $(q,s)$–test, one infers $P(\tilde q \geq q_c {\:\vert\:}n_c)$ as follows. First, we generate 500 randomised networks using the null model discussed in the section. Second, we detect the CP pairs in the randomised networks using the present algorithm with the same resolution parameter used for finding the CP pair in question. For each ${\overline c}$th detected CP pair in the 500 randomised networks, we compute the quality $\tilde q^{({\overline c})}$ and the number $\tilde n^{({\overline c})}$ of nodes in the CP pair. Third, we infer a joint probability $P(\tilde q, \tilde n)$ using the Gaussian kernel density estimator [@Wand1993], i.e., $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:joint}
P(\tilde q, \tilde n) &= \left.\sum_{{\overline{c}}=1} ^{\overline{C}} f\left( \frac{\tilde q - \tilde q^{({\overline{c}})}}{h\sigma_{\tilde q}}, \frac{\tilde n - \tilde n^{({\overline{c}})} }{h\sigma_{\tilde n}} \right) \middle/ \overline{C} \right.,\end{aligned}$$ where $\overline C$ is the sum of the number of CP pairs detected in the 500 randomised networks, and $\sigma_{\tilde q}$ and $\sigma_{\tilde n}$ are the unbiased estimation of the standard deviation for $\{ \tilde q^{({\overline c})} \}$ and $\{ \tilde n ^{({\overline c})} \}$ ($1 \leq {\overline c} \leq {\overline C}$), respectively. Function $f(\cdot, \cdot)$ is the bivariate standard normal distribution given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:bivariate}
f(y_1,y_2) \equiv \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{1-\rho ^2}} \exp\left( -\frac{ y_1 ^2 - 2 \rho y_1 y_2 + y_2 ^2 }{2\left(1-\rho^2 \right)} \right),\end{aligned}$$ where $\rho$ is the Pearson correlation coefficient between $\{ \tilde q^{({\overline c})} \}$ and $\{ \tilde n ^{({\overline c})} \}$ ($1 \leq {\overline c} \leq {\overline C}$). Using Eq. , we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:pval}
P(\tilde q \geq q_c {\:\vert\:}n_c ) &=
\frac{\int_{q_c} ^{\infty} P(\tilde q, n_c) {\rm d}\tilde q}{\int_{\infty} ^{\infty} P(\tilde q,n_c){\rm d}\tilde q} \nonumber \\
& = 1 - \dfrac{
\displaystyle \sum\limits_{{\overline c}=1}^{{\overline C}}{ \exp\left( -\frac{\left(n_c - \tilde n ^{({\overline c})} \right)^2}{2\sigma_{\tilde n}^2h^2}\right)}
\Phi\left( \frac{\sigma_{\tilde n}\left(q_c -\tilde q^{({\overline c})}\right) - \rho \sigma_{\tilde q}\left(n_c-\tilde n^{({\overline c})}\right)}{\sigma_{\tilde n}\sigma_{\tilde q}h\sqrt{1-\rho^2}}\right)
}{
\displaystyle \sum\limits_{{\overline c}=1}^{{\overline C}}{\exp\left( -\frac{\left(n_c - \tilde n^{({\overline c})} \right)^2}{2\sigma_{\tilde n}^2h^2}\right)}
}, \end{aligned}$$ where $\Phi\left( y \right) = (2\pi)^{-1/2}\int^{y} _{-\infty} \exp(-u^2 /2){\rm d}u$ is the cumulative function of the standard normal distribution. We note that the Gaussian kernel estimator converges to any form of the probability distribution as the number of samples, ${\overline C}$, increases [@Parzen1962]. Parameter $h$ is a free parameter that affects the speed of the convergence. We use Scott’s rule of thumb [@Scott2012], i.e., $h={\overline C}^{\ -1/6}$. We adopt the [Š]{}id[á]{}k correction [@Sidak1967] to evade the multiple comparisons problem. In other words, we test each CP pair in the original network at a significance level of $\alpha = 1-(1-\alpha')^{1/C}$, where $\alpha'$ is the targeted significance. We set $\alpha'=0.05$.
Consensus CP pairs
------------------
Even one starts with the same initial condition, the present algorithm yields different significant CP structures in different runs due to the stochasticity of the algorithm. We address this issue by gathering the consensus of the results of different runs, which is regarded as a type of consensus clustering of data points [@Strehl2002; @Topchy2005; @Goder2008].
To this end, we first run the present algorithm 100 times for a given value of $\gamma$. (We show the results for 6 runs at each $\gamma$ value in the Supplementary Figures S1–S9). Second, for each pair of ports $i$ and $j$, we compute the fraction of runs in which ports $i$ and $j$ belong to the same CP pair, which we denote by $P_{ij}$. Third, we construct an undirected and unweighted network composed of the $N = 977$ ports, where two ports $i$ and $j$ are adjacent if and only if $P_{ij} \geq \theta$. We set $\theta = 0.9$. Finally, we regard each connected component of the network as a consensus CP pair. We refer to the ports that do not belong to any consensus CP pair as homeless ports. We define the coreness of each port $i$ in the consensus CP pair as the fraction of runs in which port $i$ is classified as core port.
Matching CP pairs across resolutions
------------------------------------
Given consensus CP pairs calculated at different resolutions, we match consensus CP pairs detected at two consecutive resolutions $\gamma$ and $\gamma'$ as follows. For each consensus CP pair $c$ at resolution $\gamma$ and each consensus CP pair $c'$ at resolution $\gamma'$, we compute the similarity $\tau_{c,c'}$ between them using the Jaccard index, i.e., $$\begin{aligned}
\tau_{c,c'} \equiv \frac{|V_{c} \cap V_{c'}|}{|V_{c} \cup V_{c'}|},\end{aligned}$$ where $V_{c}$ and $V_{c'}$ are the sets of ports in consensus CP pairs $c$ and $c'$, respectively. We match $c$ and $c'$ if $\tau_{c,c'} > \max_{\overline c \neq c} \tau_{\overline c,c'}$ and $\tau_{c,c'} > \max_{\overline c \neq c'} \tau_{c,\overline c}$. We note that some consensus CP pairs at resolution $\gamma$ may not be matched with any consensus CP pair at $\gamma'$ or vice versa. We did not find ties in the $\tau_{c,c'}$ value during the matching procedure.
As a result of the matching, we found seven consensus CP pairs across the resolution values. In fact, three of them (shown in green in Figs. \[fig:cons\_1\]–\[fig:cons\_3\] and \[fig:membership\]) are composed of almost the same set of nodes and reside in different ranges of $\gamma$ separated by gaps (therefore not contiguous in terms of the $\gamma$ value). Therefore, we regard these three consensus CP pairs as a single consensus CP pair.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare no competing interests.
Author contributions
====================
M. X. and N. M. conceived and designed the research; M. X. preprocessed the empirical data; S. K and N. M. proposed the algorithm; S. K performed the computational experiment; S. K., M. X., H. X. and N. M. wrote the paper.
Acknowledgement
===============
M. X. acknowledges the support provided through China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Grant Number 2017M621141. H. X. acknowledges the support provided through National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Numbers 71371040 and 71871042. N. M. acknowledges the support provided through JST, CREST, Grant Number JPMJCR1304.
[10]{} url \#1[`#1`]{}urlprefix\[2\][\#2]{} \[2\]\[\][[\#2](#2)]{}
. ** ****, ().
.
. ** ****, ().
, & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
, & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, & . ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, , , & . ** ****, ().
, & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
. ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
*et al.* . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
.
, , & . ** ****, ().
.
, , & . ** ****, ().
, , , & . ** ****, ().
*et al.* . ** ****, ().
.
, & . ** ****, ().
** (, , ).
.
, , & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
*et al.* . ** ****, ().
, , & . ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
. ** ****, ().
. In **, (, ).
. ** ****, ().
& . ** ****, ().
, & . ** ****, ().
& . In **, (, , ).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![ Adjacency matrix of a network with two CP pairs. The filled cell or empty cell indicates the presence or absence of an edge, respectively. The solid line indicates the partition of nodes into the two CP pairs. The dashed lines within each CP pair indicate the subpartition of nodes into the core and periphery. Each core block (top-left block in each CP pair) and periphery block (bottom right block in each CP pair) consist of 20 nodes and 40 nodes, respectively. The probability that each pair of nodes is adjacent by an edge is equal to 0.95 within each core block. The same probability is equal to 0.8 between the core and periphery blocks within each CP pair. The same probability is equal to 0.05 within each periphery block and between different CP pairs. We draw edges according to these probabilities, independently for the different node pairs. []{data-label="fig:cp-example"}](adj-2cps.pdf){width="\hsize"}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![ The construction of the GLSN. The width of edges in the one-mode network indicates the edge weight. []{data-label="fig:one-mode-projection"}](one-mode-projection.pdf){width="\hsize"}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
![ Distributions of (a) container capacity $\phi_r$ of each route, (b) the node’s degree in the bipartite network, (c) the port’s (unweighted) degree in the GLSN and (d) the port’s weighted degree (i.e., node strength) in the GLSN. []{data-label="fig:stat-bipartite"}](stat.pdf "fig:"){width="\hsize"}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
![ Consensus CP pairs in the GLSN. The resolution is equal to (a) $\gamma = 0.01$, (b) $\gamma = 0.1$, (c) $\gamma =1.9$. The filled circles indicate the ports with a coreness value larger than 0.5. The open circles indicate the ports with a coreness value less than or equal to 0.5. The open squares indicate homeless ports. []{data-label="fig:cons_1"}](cons1.pdf){width="0.8\hsize"}
![ Consensus CP pairs in the GLSN. The resolution is equal to (a) $\gamma = 2$, (b) $\gamma = 2.1$, (c) $\gamma =3$. []{data-label="fig:cons_2"}](cons2.pdf){width="0.8\hsize"}
![ Consensus CP pairs in the GLSN. The resolution is equal to (a) $\gamma = 3.1$, (b) $\gamma = 3.5$ and (c) $\gamma =4$. []{data-label="fig:cons_3"}](cons3.pdf){width="0.8\hsize"}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![ Membership of each port. The colour at $(\gamma, i)$ indicates the index of the CP pair to which port $i$ belongs at resolution $\gamma$. The colour code is the same as that used in Figs. \[fig:cons\_1\]–\[fig:cons\_3\]. []{data-label="fig:membership"}](cpmembership.pdf){width="\hsize"} ![ Membership of each port. The colour at $(\gamma, i)$ indicates the index of the CP pair to which port $i$ belongs at resolution $\gamma$. The colour code is the same as that used in Figs. \[fig:cons\_1\]–\[fig:cons\_3\]. []{data-label="fig:membership"}](colourcode.pdf){width="0.7\hsize"}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
![ Distribution of coreness values of the ports in the consensus CP pairs. []{data-label="fig:coreness"}](coreness-pdf.pdf){width="0.8\hsize"}
![ Persistence of each port, i.e., the largest resolution at which the port belongs to CP pair 1. The radius of the circle is proportional to the persistence of the port. []{data-label="fig:persistence"}]({persistence-0.90}.pdf){width="\hsize"}
![ Schematic illustration of the variant of the Louvain algorithm. At the beginning of the current round, we have an input network of nodes (i.e., (a)). In the first step, we detect CP pairs in the input network using a label switching heuristic (i.e., (b)). In the second step, we construct a coarse-grained network by contracting the nodes in the input network having the same label into a super-node (i.e., (c)). Then, we perform the next round of which the input network is the coarse-grained network of the current round (i.e., (d)). We iterate the rounds until the value of $\Qcpmulti$ stops increasing. (a) Input network for the current round. (b) CP pairs detected in the first step. The colour of each node indicates the CP pair to which the node belongs, i.e., $c_i$ $(1 \leq i \leq N)$. The filled and blank circles indicate core and peripheral nodes, respectively, i.e., $x_i$. (c) Coarse-grained network constructed in the second step. The colour and openness of circles indicate the label $(c_i,x_i)$ of super-node $i$. The thickness of the edge between super-nodes indicates the weight of the edge, i.e., the sum of the weight of the edges between a node in the input network belonging to one super-node and a node in the input network belonging to the other super-node. (d) The input network for the next round. []{data-label="fig:alg-schematic"}](alg-schematic.pdf){width="\hsize"}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name Country Strength Persistence
----------------- -------------- -------------- -------------
Shanghai China $10,831,283$ $4.0$
Shenzhen China $9,646,887$ $4.0$
Ningbo-Zhoushan China $9,415,002$ $4.0$
Hong Kong China $6,880,967$ $4.0$
Busan South Korea $6,309,888$ $4.0$
Qingdao China $4,369,577$ $4.0$
Xiamen China $3,416,973$ $4.0$
Tanjung Pelepas Malaysia $3,116,464$ $4.0$
Guangzhou China $2,361,131$ $4.0$
Oakland US $1,953,242$ $4.0$
Los Angeles US $1,360,462$ $4.0$
Long Beach US $1,230,191$ $4.0$
Vostochny Russia $931,440$ $4.0$
Vancouver Canada $902,164$ $4.0$
King Abdullah Saudi Arabia $848,920$ $4.0$
Tacoma US $634,167$ $4.0$
Seattle US $606,047$ $4.0$
Prince Rupert Canada $120,980$ $4.0$
Jiangyin China $30,156$ $4.0$
Singapore Singapore $7,732,268$ $3.8$
Port Said Egypt $1,798,944$ $3.3$
Rotterdam Netherlands $4,343,461$ $3.0$
Hamburg Germany $3,695,669$ $3.0$
Port Kelang Malaysia $3,512,490$ $3.0$
Felixstowe UK $2,378,804$ $3.0$
Le Havre France $2,142,498$ $3.0$
Bremerhaven Germany $1,905,953$ $3.0$
Jeddah Saudi Arabia $1,874,875$ $3.0$
Salalah Oman $1,673,569$ $3.0$
Marsaxlokk Malta $1,462,921$ $3.0$
Southampton UK $1,441,165$ $3.0$
Khor Fakkan UAE $921,245$ $3.0$
Zeebrugge Belgium $684,815$ $3.0$
Sines Portugal $441,525$ $3.0$
Wilhelmshaven Germany $415,918$ $3.0$
Gdansk Poland $225,241$ $3.0$
Kaliningrad Russia $182,586$ $3.0$
Kwangyang South Korea $1,587,926$ $2.9$
Aarhus Denmark $241,769$ $2.9$
Trieste Italy $348,319$ $2.8$
Rijeka Croatia $242,332$ $2.8$
: Ports with the largest persistence values.[]{data-label="ta:persistence"}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Ports with the largest persistence values.[]{data-label="ta:persistence"}
[^1]: $\ ^*$These authors equally contributed to this work
[^2]: $\ ^\[email protected]
| |
Q:
Sketching a continuous path
Given are the integration paths $\alpha, \beta, \gamma: [0,1]\to \mathbb{C}$ and $ \delta : [0,3]\to\mathbb{C}$:
$$\begin{align*}
\alpha(t)&=2,5e^{2\pi i t}\\
\beta(t)&=-1,5i+1,5\cos(\pi(t+1))+0,5 i \sin(\pi(t+1)) \\
\gamma(t)&=-1,5i+2it \\
\\
\delta(t)&= \left\{
\begin{array}{ll} -1+0,5e^{i\pi(1/2-2t)} &, 0\leq t \leq 1\\
-1+0,5i+2(t-1) &, 1\leq t\leq 2\\
1+0,5e^{i\pi(9/2-2t)} &, 2\leq t\leq 3 \end{array}\right.\\
\end{align*} $$
Sketch the trace of the chain $\Gamma=\alpha+\beta+\gamma+\delta$ and compute $$\displaystyle \int_{\delta} z\, \mathrm{d}z$$.
First I want to make this equations easier:
$$
\beta(t)=-1,5i -1,5 e^{\frac{1}{3}i\pi t}\\
\gamma(t)= 2i\left(t-\frac{3}{4}\right)$$
Only for $\delta(t)$ I didn't get something useful.
Unfortunately I don't know how to sketch this. To find the starting and ending point of each path, maybe I have to calculate $\alpha(0), \alpha(1)$, etc. Is this the right way? Thank you!
A:
Hint. Note that in the complex plane,
path $\alpha$ is a circle centered at $0$ of radius $2.5$.
path $\beta$ is a half of an ellipse centered at $-1.5i$, semi-major axis of $1.5$ and semi minor axis of $1.5$.
path $\gamma$ is a segment from $-1.5i$ to $0.5i$.
Are you able to sketch the path $\delta$ now?
As regards the integral $\int_{\delta}z\,dz$, note that it suffices to find the endpoints of the path $\delta$ (why?).
| |
Brain tumour patients in the UK are more likely to survive major surgery if their operation is carried out by a neurosurgeon with specialist experience of the disease, researchers have found.
The study, published online last week by the British Journal of Cancer, says death rates within 30 days of surgery to remove a brain tumour are lower for surgeons who focus their efforts on neuro-oncology.
The research is the first to show a correlation in the UK between the number of brain tumour patients a surgeon operates on and better outcomes for patients undergoing a brain tumour resection (removal or partial removal).
All previous analyses have been carried out using data from the United States.
The research team was led by Dr Matt Williams, consultant clinical oncologist at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The work was based on data and analysis supplied by the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), part of Public Health England (PHE).
They found that a doubling of surgeon load, in terms of the number of brain tumour resections performed, was associated with a 20% relative reduction in patient mortality.
Dr Williams will now work alongside The Brain Tumour Charity on measures to increase brain tumour patients' access to specialist neuro-oncology surgeons.
He said, “Although there will always be patients who need an emergency operation, most patients with a brain tumour should be operated on by a surgeon who specialises in brain tumours.
“This isn't about reducing the number of neurosurgical units – it's just about reorganising some of the work within those units, and that is something that should be well within our grasp.
“The Brain Tumour Charity has agreed to support a programme of workshops and events to help bring together hospital staff and make these changes happen more quickly."
Dr Williams and his team analysed data from 9194 operations, 163 consultant neurosurgeons and 30 centres. They highlight a significant potential difference in 30-day mortality between neurosurgeons who operate rarely on brain tumour patients and those who do so frequently.
They say, “Our final model predicts 50 deaths over three years amongst patients of surgeons who operate less than once per month. If these operations had been performed by a surgeon operating once per week the corresponding predicted number of deaths is 28 – a reduction of 44%, although the overall risk is low."
The team's findings were welcomed by Emma Tingley, director of services and influencing at The Brain Tumour Charity. She said, “Evidence from the US has shown previously that outcomes there are better for brain tumour patients whose surgeon specialises in neuro-oncology.
“Dr Williams' research provides for the first time the UK data we need to argue at the highest level for greater sub-specialisation among neurosurgeons, in order to improve survival rates after brain tumour surgery.
“The workshops we are planning in partnership with Dr Williams aim to bring together those from around the UK who can make it happen."
Dr Williams said, “We hope that the work we have done reinforces the benefits of individual surgeon specialisation.
“Unlike in the USA, in the UK we have the benefit of centralised services concentrated in regional neurosurgical centres, and our centres are much bigger than most American centres.
“In addition, some centres already ensure that brain tumour operations are carried out only by a small number of specialist surgeons.
“That means patients in the UK benefit in general from access to greater expertise than in other countries but there is more we can do in partnership with organisations like The Brain Tumour Charity to improve things further."
Guidelines published in 2006 by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) suggest that brain tumour surgery should be performed by a surgeon who spends at least 50% of their time devoted to neurosurgery, but this is not always implemented. | https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/media-centre/news/research-news/brain-tumour-surgery-improve-survival/ |
A dominant leader in the Business Intelligence market, New Relic’s San Francisco and Portland offices are an expression of its authentic, passionate and bold culture. Seeped in each city’s unique vibe, both environments were designed to reflect the company’s identity and values around wellness, creativity, collaboration and integrated technology.
Insider Insights:
Elements of wood and color are intentionally designed to manifest a welcoming and vibrant company culture. In Portland, you’re greeted with guest bike parking and a bicycle art installation featuring a wood map graphic of Portland bridges. The realistic-looking flames in the Campfire meeting corner are steam. In SF, each floor has a vibrant kitchenette, connecting workspaces with social and collaboration amenities. | https://www.insidesource.com/projects/new-relic/ |
Product codes are well known such that information symbols are arranged in two-dimensional form; error correction codes are encoded for each row and column on the two-dimensional arrangement so that each information symbol is included in two error correction code series. In decoding the product code, an error correction code is decoded for each column, and an error correction code can be decoded for each row by employing the decoded information. The decoded information is called a pointer.
In the conventional method, since each information symbol is associated with a pointer, it is required that the total number of pointers is at least equal to the number of the information symbols.
Further, in the case where erasure correction is made by employing the pointers, since the pointers are read out from a pointer memory and the error values are calculated for every row, there exists a problem in that the number of processing steps such as memory accesses, calculations and so on inevitably increases.
On the other hand, in the case where complicated codes such as BCH codes are employed as error correction codes, since the operations for obtaining error values become inevitably complicated, there exists a problem in that a great number of program steps are required in the case where the calculations are implemented by hardware.
| |
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byLisandro Cowley Modified over 6 years ago
1
Title I Schoolwide Providing the Tools for Change Presented by Education Service Center Region XI February 2008
2
Schoolwide vs. Targeted Assisted A schoolwide campus is: At least 40% poverty level Whole school instructional reform that leads to the achievement of high standards for all students Flexibility in utilizing funds
3
Schoolwide vs. Targeted Assisted A targeted campus is: Less than 40% poverty level and targets a limited number of students to serve Focuses on individual student academic intervention to lead to the achievement of high standards Limits utilizing funds and other Title I resources to targeted students, teachers and paraprofessionals
4
What is a Title I Schoolwide Program? SWPs are schools that receive flexibility (in exchange for accountability) in order to carryout major reform strategies to help all students meet high standards SWPs are schools that choose to create and implement highly effective, scientifically research based comprehensive reform plans SWPs are schools that target resources to address high priority student needs
5
What is a Title I Schoolwide Program? SWPs are schools that use funds from Title I and other NCLB programs to upgrade the entire educational program of the school to raise academic achievement for all students in the school.
6
The Purpose of SWPs Improve student academic achievement throughout the school so that all students demonstrate proficiency The improved achievement is to result from improving the entire educational program of the school
7
Benefits of SWPs Flexibility– combining resources, serving all students, redesigning school services Coordination and integration– reducing curricular and instructional fragmentation Common goals– integrating and unifying school, parent, and community goals
8
Schoolwide Campus Plan Describes how the school will implement the ten schoolwide components Describes how the school will use resources Includes a list of those resources Describes how the school will provide individual student assessment results to parents
9
Ten Schoolwide Components A comprehensive needs assessment Schoolwide reform strategies Instruction by highly qualified teachers High quality and sustained professional development Strategies to attract highly qualified teachers Strategies to increase parental involvement
10
Ten Schoolwide Components Strategies to help preschool children transition from early childhood programs Inclusion of teachers in decisions about the use of academic assessment information for the purpose of improving student achievement Effective, timely assistance to students who are having difficulty mastering State and local standards Coordination and integration
11
SWP Requirements Schoolwide programs are subject to the following AYP/Accountability School Improvement Parental Involvement Teacher and Paraprofessional requirements
12
SWP Requirements District Parental Involvement Policy School Parent Involvement Policy Parent-School Compacts
13
High Quality Teachers and Paraprofessionals Title I requires all teachers of core academic subjects to be highly qualified Para must have two years of college, or obtained an associate’s degree or met a rigorous standard of quality by demonstrating through a formal academic assessment Knowledge of and ability to assist in instructing reading, writing, and mathematics Must have diploma or GED
14
Guiding Principles and Practices Strong leadership Reform goals Commitment to the investment of time Training of participants Flexible reform strategies
15
Guiding Principles and Practices Redesign of organizational structure Investment of resources Continuous self-assessment Use of a meaningful planning process Accommodation and support of a diverse student population
16
Questions to Ask to Improve Your School What is the vision for student learning at the district and school level? What support and facilitation mechanisms exist? At what levels? Is leadership capacity high at the school level? What do you see as the range of interventions needed to address barriers to student learning?
17
Questions to Ask to Improve Your School Ideally, how may a school reorganize its learning supports (student support services, special programs, professional development, other interventions) to more effectively address barriers to student learning?
18
The Cycle to Improve Student Learning Plan revision cycle continuation Preparation Internal Analysis Schoolwide Plan Development Review and Refinement Implementation Evaluation ImprovingStudentLearning
19
Six Step Planning Process Planning Team Comprehensive Needs Assessment Scientifically Research Based Strategies Goal Setting Writing the Plan Submit, Implement and Review
20
The Planning Team Membership Major stakeholders School representation Reasonable number of members
21
Function of the Planning Team Establish a process and timeline Create a program that meets local, state, and federal requirements and community expectations
22
Comprehensive Needs Assessment Replace hunches/hypotheses with facts Identify root causes of problems, not just the symptoms Prioritizes needs Helps in the selection of strategies Benchmark the progress of efforts Identifies areas for professional development
23
Comprehensive Needs Assessment What information do we already have on hand from our data sources? Do we have data for: Student achievement Curriculum and instruction Professional development and teacher quality Family and community involvement School context and organization processes Is the data appropriate? Useful? Available? 1
24
Comprehensive Needs Assessment What areas are we lacking information? Do we need to collect more data in certain areas? If so, … Decide what you want to measure. How you are going to measure, collect, present, and analyze the data. Is there already a tool to use or must we develop one? Develop a management system
25
Comprehensive Needs Assessment Collect and analyze data What are the strengths and needs of our school? Does the evidence support our assertions? Do we need more information? What priorities does the information suggest? What did we learn about our students? Parents and community? Staff? School? From this data can we clarify some specific goals for our school? 2
26
Comprehensive Needs Assessment What areas do we need to focus our attention? Prioritize needed areas Focus on a few, not all Set a vision How are we going to attain our vision? 3
27
Scientifically Based Research as Defined by NCLB 1.Employs systematic, empirical methods 2.Uses rigorous data analyses 3.Relies on measurements that provide reliable and valid data 4.Uses experimental or quasi-experimental designs 5.Ensures that studies are clear and detailed to all for replication 6.Has been reviewed or accepted by independent experts
28
Setting Schoolwide Program Goals Goals are the roadmap for schoolwide improvement Few in number Focused on student academic achievement Target core curriculum areas Unambiguous, realistic, and measurable Built on strengths as the basis of improvement Achievable within a reasonable time frame
29
Setting Schoolwide Program Goals Understand NCLB Requires schoolwide programs to identify effective strategies in their plans Connect goals and campus plans Promote commitment to the recommended schoolwide program goals Ensure the goals directly address the problems identified
30
Key Elements of Goal Statements Baseline Goal Outcome Indicator Standard or Performance Level Time Frame
31
Goals Clear and measurable Achievable for all students Professional development Resources Timelines Roles of parents and community
32
Set Goals and Align with Strategies Check Connections Between Identified Problems, Goals, and Plan
33
Writing the Schoolwide Plan What has been completed? Needs assessment Analysis of results SRB Strategies Goal Setting
34
Writing the Plan Ten components become the framework Review how federal funds are utilized Plan for accountability Continue program development and coordination
35
Submit, Implement and Review Submit the plan to stakeholders for review and to board for approval Implement the SWP Monitoring the SWP Offer opportunities for discussion and revision of the schoolwide campus plan at least annually
36
It Begins Here….. Are we willing to invest a year in planning our schoolwide program? Can we get continuing support from the administration, school board, staff, and community? Will we be willing to continuously monitor and evaluate the success of our program?
37
For more information Linda Currier [email protected] 817 740-7544
Similar presentations
© 2021 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved. | https://slideplayer.com/slide/3586048/ |
Vintage Beaded Cleopatra Collar Multi Strand Necklace and Earrings by Kramer circa 1960. This elegant vintage necklace by Kramer features a Cleopatra collar composed of two gold tone rope chains and a lower strand decorated with fanning drops. The plastic beads are a luscious shade of translucent cranberry red, with each bead enhanced with metallic gold or silver accents. The coordinating clip earrings feature gold tone ovals embellished with petite beads and textured gold tone detailing. The necklace is finished with a K drop.
CONDITION: Very good vintage condition, with minimal signs of surface wear. | https://www.heirloomfinds.com/listing/652721622/vintage-kramer-cranberry-beaded |
I love a good baked sandwich this time of year. It's a great compliment to a salad or small bowl of soup. This is one of my favorites. It's sort of a vegetarian twist on the classic croque monsieur. I guess you could call this a croque pomme et fromage, maybe? It's a crispy apple and cheese sandwich. If any of our French speaking readers want to weigh in on this, feel free!
Whatever you call it, this sandwich has it all: crispy apples paired with melted cheese all baked together on sourdough bread with pesto and spinach. The following recipe allows you to make three or four sandwiches at once, but if you are making less, just cut back on the amount of sauce (béchamel) you make at once.
Baked Cheesy Apple Sandwiches, makes four.
8 slices of sourdough bread
8 tablespoons of butter, divided
2 tablespoons pesto (store bought or homemade)
1-2 apples (depending on size)
8 slices of provolone cheese
2 big handfuls of spinach
3 tablespoons flour
1/3 cup milk
salt + pepper
1-2 teaspoons chopped parsley for garnish, optional
First, I just assemble the sandwiches so they are ready once my sauce is done.
Melt 3 tablespoons of the butter in a small bowl or dish. Brush onto the outside of two slices of bread. Assemble the sandwiches so each one has pesto, thinly sliced apple (I like to use a mandoline for this), spinach and a slice of provolone.
Next, make your sauce by melting the remaining 5 tablespoons of butter in a small pot over medium heat. Whisk in the flour until a thick paste forms. Then whisk in the milk and season with a little salt and pepper. After a minute or so, it will begin to thicken into a gravy. Immediately remove from the heat and pour the sauce over the top of each sandwich. Add another slice of provolone cheese, and then bake the sandwiches under the broiler until bubbly and well toasted. You may need to rotate the pan so each sandwich gets toasted evenly, but just keep an eye on them so they don't burn.
Top with a little chopped parsley and serve warm. You've gotta make these sometime this season, guys. They're seriously SO good. If you just can't get behind apples and cheese together, then you could change the apple out for sautéed mushrooms. Up to you. Enjoy! xo. Emma
Credits // Author and Photography: Emma Chapman. Photos edited with A Beautiful Mess actions. | https://abeautifulmess.com/baked-cheesy-apple-sandwiches/ |
:
Alice in Windows 8
View Single Post
Alice in Windows 8
#
1
(permalink)
djslater107
Administrator
Status:
Offline
Posts: 168
Join Date: Jan 2007
Alice in Windows 8 -
12-04-2012, 07:01 AM
We have installed and are running both Alice 2.3 and Alice 3.1 on a new Windows 8 machine (a Dell "All in One" with wireless mouse and keyboard. Also, it has a touch screen). Both are "alive and well" and working just fine in Windows 8.
To install, we followed (and recommend) these steps:
1) Download the zipped file (Alice 2.3, universal zip for 3.1) to the desktop.
2) Unzip on the desktop.
3) Move the unzipped folder (containing all of Alice) to the Program Files (X86) folder on the C:\ drive.
4) Create a shortcut on the desktop to Alice.exe (Alice 2.3) or Alice3.bat (Alice 3.1).
5) Click the shortcut to start Alice.
By way of explanation: Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8 all have a strong malware protection scheme that resists installing non-standard software directly on the hard drive. The best way we have found to work within this protection scheme is to unzip the Alice download on the desktop and then move it to the hard drive.
If you are working on a networked system, please consult the instructions on the Alice 2.x download page (on
www.alice.org
) for setting up the appropriate path for saving/loading files.
We do hope this is helpful. | http://www.alice.org/forums/showpost.php?s=395856c325497e7589bdd2086494bfde&p=51811&postcount=1 |
The anonymity of a text's writer is an important topic for some domains, such as witness protection and anonymity programs. Stylometry can be used to reveal the true author of a text even if s/he wishes to hide his/her identity. In this paper, we present our approach for hiding an author's identity by masking their style, which we developed for the Author Obfuscation task, part of the PAN-2016 competition. The approach consists of three main steps: The first one is an evaluation of different metrics in the text that can indicate authorship; the second one is application of various transformations, so that those metrics of the target text are adjusted towards the average level, while still keeping the meaning and the soundness of the text; as a final step, we are adding random noise to the text. Our system showed the best performance for masking the author style. | https://qfrd.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/supan2016-author-obfuscation |
Find Out Why These 13 Celebrities Love Vegan Food
Today, there are more vegan celebrities than ever before. Why are they coming out in favor of a plant-based diet? While some of them are more vocal about it than others, it's usually a combination of health, environmental, and ethical reasons. Here are just a few stars you might not know are either vegetarian or vegan.
1. Alanis Morissette
This '90s alt-pop star gave up meat in 2009 to lose weight and found that she had far more benefits than just weight loss. “I feel very alive,” she says. “I have no more aches and pains, and my allergies are gone, too.”
2. Travis Barker
The former Blink-182 drummer makes veganism decidedly rock-and-roll. The tattooed musician says that he switched to a vegan diet in 2008 after a pretty bad health scare.
“I went to the doctor and found that I had eight ulcers in my stomach, and then I found out that I had a condition from it, from excessive smoking,” he says. “Right there, that was a game changer… I quit everything immediately.”
3. Johnny Galecki
His TV alter ego may regularly partake in the Cheesecake Factory's Factory Burrito Grande, but Galecki is a vegetarian in real life. (Maybe his vocal vegan costar Mayim Bialik had something to do with it.)
4. Milo Ventimiglia
Everyone’s favorite bad boy bibliophile from "Gilmore Girls" isn’t eating any of the burgers he was serving at Luke’s Diner: Ventimiglia has been a vegetarian his entire life. Raised by two long-time veggie parents, Milo, his sisters, and even the family dog ate a plant-based diet growing up.
5. Steve-O
Steve-O of "Jackass" fame isn’t just a vegan, he’s also passionate about exposing others to the reasons behind his diet and lifestyle. After Steve-O gave up both drugs and animal products, he appeared in a farm animal rescue documentary entitled "What Came Before."
6. Alan Cumming
Emmy-nominated actor Alan Cumming has been a vegan since 2012.
"I just don't like meat," says the actor. "Rotten carcasses don't feel good inside in my body."
He's also campaigned for more widespread vegan treats, like at Dairy Queen.
7. Usher
Usher has been eating a vegan diet since 2012, in part to stave off the heart disease that runs in his family – his father died of a heart attack in 2008. Apparently, Usher tried to convince Justin Bieber to switch to a plant-based diet too, but the Biebs hasn’t bit – yet.
8. Mike Tyson
Mike Tyson made the switch to a vegan diet as part of a healthy makeover he was giving his lifestyle. He told Oprah that he was “so congested from all the drugs and bad cocaine I could hardly breathe,” and that once he switched to a plant-based diet, “All that stuff diminished.”
9. Emily Deschanel
This "Bones" star isn‘t just a vegan herself – her character, Temperance Brennan, is a vegetarian, and Deschanel even convinced co-star David Boreanaz to eat vegetarian once a week.
She kept up her vegan diet even through her pregnancy –- despite many busybodies who tried to get her to change her mind.
“As a pregnant woman especially, people will say to me, ‘You must eat meat and dairy,’” she says. “You really have to tap into your self-esteem whenever people try to convince you you’re making the wrong choice.”
10. Thom Yorke
Thom Yorke of Radiohead fame may be a long-time animal rights activist, but his foray into vegetarianism actually came from trying to impress a girl.
“I pretended I’d been vegetarian all along,” he explains. “And I immediately felt a lot better, a lot healthier.”
11. Alec Baldwin
Alec Baldwin switched to a vegan diet after a 2011 prediabetic diagnosis. His diet helped him lose 30 pounds in under a year. He also does yoga and pilates as part of his healthier way of life.
12. Stevie Wonder
This crooner has been a vegan for about three years, he told James Corden on Carpool Karaoke. During his sing-a-long, he shared, “I like not eating meat, but I do miss the chicken!”
13. Kate Mara
Kate Mara is a long-time vegan who attributes her choice to health, environmental, and animal welfare reasons. | https://www.organicauthority.com/buzz-news/13-celebrities-you-didnt-know-ate-a-plant-based-diet |
TSM vs. IMT Summer Split Finals 2017
After an unbelievable come back in the final game, TSM won the 2017 NA LCS Summer Split. In the final game of the series, TSM overcame a 10k deficit and a 7-0 lead by Immortals, to end the game 7-20. A great performance by TSM. It was a fantastically fought series, and they were the deserved victors.
IMT should be proud of their battling. They looked incredibly strong at some points in the series. However, TSM showed why they are considered to be the best team in NA.
TSM strike first
The NA LCS playoff finals were well and truly a battle of giants. What would happen when TSM and IMT collided? The expectation was lying heavily on both teams, but the favourites were definitely TSM. However, IMT definitely had the potential to create an upset and beat the kings of NA.
In game 1 TSM came out swinging. A small lead into the mid game was opened up by TSM. Both teams had late game scaling on their sides, but it seemed as if TSM would get there first. Bjergsen was on his signature pick, Syndra, and was feeling strong going into the mid game.
The game was just waiting to be split open by one of the teams. A scrappy mid game team fight which went in favour of TSM led to the first baron of the series. It looked unlikely that IMT would come back after the big purple worm was taken down.
The damage output from TSM was far too high for IMT to deal with. Moreover, once their composition was ahead, it was impossible to stop. Naturally, TSM destroyed IMT’s base after a massive baron power play. The game was ended on the second baron buff after some patient play by TSM.
IMT make things interesting
IMT had to have a strong start in the second game. Xsmithie and Flame dived Hauntzer early on. Also, Xsmithie continued his first blood king run in the NA LCS. He had netted 28 in the regular summer split. He was looking to carry IMT to victory and pressured Svenskeren early on. Unfortunately for IMT, a botched dive let TSM back into the game.
However, some fantastic play from IMT around the map led to a decent gold lead going into the mid game. They roamed around the map, making plays and catching TSM across the map. This led to a 4-1 fight, which led to baron and IMT were now in the driver’s seat.
It took another baron fight to help settle the game. With 3 members remaining to 0 of TSM, IMT took the final baron of the game and used it to end the game. All things being equal, the third game was going to be vital.
Cho’gath OP?
A much slower start to game 3 exposed the potential nerves on both rosters. A potentially risky pick came out of Cody Sun, who picked up the Jinx. However, if he was able to make it pay off, then Jinx is one of the strongest late game ADCs in the game.
A baron rush by Immortals at 29 minutes almost went disastrously wrong. However, a potential mistake by Hauntzer, who went for kills instead of feasting the baron on Cho’gath, led to a baron for IMT.
It was all getting a bit scrappy. It was obvious that both teams were feeling the pressure. However, Hauntzer was getting uncontrollable on the Cho’gath pick. Furthermore, IMT were evidently struggling to shred through the triple front line composition built by TSM.
A massive throw around the elder drake swung the pressure from IMT into TSM’s favour. That was one which may haunt some of these players for the next few weeks. It wasn’t quite the end of the game. In the end, it was the arguably broken triple tank composition of Alistar, Cho’gath and Gragas which gave game 3 to TSM.
IMT Throw again?
Again Xsmithie got Sejuani , and again it paid off early. They left the Rakan open, yet again baiting TSM into the Rakan support which they had played in 2/3 of the previous games. They then killed Biofrost on Rakan for first blood and started off their 4th game strongly.
An amazing team performance by IMT led to a 20-minute baron after a 3 for 0 trade. Flame picked up the Rumble and hit some amazing equalisers throughout the early game. Olleh was on the playmaking Alistar support and was making the plays across the map. This looked like a potential stomp by IMT.
A 22-minute inhibitor could have signaled the beginning of the end for TSM. However, an overextension by IMT for the second inhib stalled the game. TSM after some unbelievable shot calling picked up the second baron of the game. TSM turned the game completely on its head and overcame a massive deficit. The loss of a 10k gold lead will hurt for IMT. A massive mistake by Hauntzer, getting caught taking a red buff, gave IMT a way back in.
Baron was rushed down by IMT at the cost of 3 members. TSM attempted to finish the game, but a decent defence by Pobelter and Flame meant the game didn’t end just yet. TSM won the final team fight of the North American LCS season and TSM were crowned split champions for the 6th time!
Biofrost receives series MvP
Bio played his heart out in the entire series. He had a bad start to the final game, however, ending the game with 100% kill participation (with 20 kills on his team) is no easy feat. The TSM roster was very emotional at the end of the series and you could see the victory meant a lot to them.
Furthermore, you could hear the hoarseness in Bjergsen’s throat at the end of the game. After 4 very close and intense games, you can hardly be surprised by this. Bjergsen is known as one of the main shot callers on TSM and these games all came down to incredibly close decisions and decisive calls made by TSM. It could have gone either way, however TSM were the better team on the night.
| |
Understanding FIFO Cost Flow Assumptions
In order to properly report their cost of goods sold, companies must resort to one of the three inventory valuation methods. These include the so-called FIFO, LIFO, and the weighted average cost flow assumptions. The FIFO method, which stands for the First-In First-Out, will remove the oldest items from the inventory first. Contradictory, Last-In First-Out (LIFO) will first get rid of the items that were produced recently. Lastly, the weighted average method simply takes the average of all units and expenses them at the same cost.
Why the different methods?
Although there are many reasons why companies resort to using one of the aforementioned inventory costing methods, the SEC originally intended to provide businesses with alternatives depending on their inventory’s spoilage and customization. For instance, companies that produce liquid products like chemicals or fuel may be unable to distinguish between the first and the last gallon. Thus, they get to use the weighted average.
LIFO and FIFO, on the other hand, are more closely related to income statement manipulations that will result in less taxable income. For instance, if one is experiencing a period of rising costs, they will seldom use the FIFO inventory method. Instead, they will charge the latest costs of production to their revenues in order to reduce the taxable income. Thus, the LIFO method will be more likely to come into play when inflation is taking place or the raw material costs are going up.
FIFO, on the other hand, will give one a more accurate depiction of their ending inventory. Consider, for example, a tech-based company that sells laptops. If they have 200 laptops from 2016 that are worth $200 each and another 200 from 2018 that are worth $300 each, they will first write off the costs of the older ones. So, the amount left in their ending (read unsold) inventory will be based on the cost of those laptops from 2018. Hence how it is a more recent depiction of their inventory valuation on the balance sheet.
Disadvantages
As with nearly everything in accounting, both LIFO and FIFO come with a few disadvantages. LIFO’s main disadvantage will be the fact that it can result in lower operating profits. Although this is beneficial for tax purposes, it is not great for a company to report fewer earnings. In fact, doing so can be very repulsive to potential investors.
FIFO, on the other hand, has an issue when it comes to consistency. If one is constantly charging their oldest costs against their recent revenues, they will frequently see discrepancies in the profits. For instance, if those computers from 2016 are sold for $500, the company has a $300 profit. If the ones from 2018 go for the same price, however, the profit is now only $200. So, having to constantly change one’s asking prices to account for the rising costs under FIFO may be an issue for someone’s customers.
Using FIFO and Changing Methods
One of the most popular examples for companies that use FIFO are businesses with perishable goods. Think about a company that sells milk. In order to avoid spoilage, they must get rid of the oldest batches first. Thus, the FIFO inventory method makes much more sense in their case.
If a business decides to change their cost flow assumption, the SEC will generally permit this if certain rules are followed. First, the change will have to be retrospective. Meaning, it will result in a restatement of some of the annual reports and balance sheet for the previous few years. Additionally, the IRS must be properly notified and certain forms must be completed. Nevertheless, most companies avoid going through this procedure as the benefits are heavily outweighed by the costs. | https://basicaccountinghelp.com/understanding-fifo-cost-flow-assumptions/ |
The Guardian recently posted an article on Sheila Kitzinger, a natural childbirth activist who died in April. The article speaks of her passion for her work and her advocating for more natural births at home, the de-medicalization of the child birth process, as well as her plans for her own death. Sheila understood the power of regaining control over the death process by advocating for herself, writing and speaking her wishes and desires; much in the same way she helped so many to reclaim control over childbirth by planning for at home and alternative birthing techniques. She, unlike so many of us, didn’t fear death in a way that made her keep silent about it, she expressed her wishes to die as she had lived, strong, happy, at home and in as much control as possible.
The Article can be found here: Sheila Kitzinger’s Story
Sheila’s work in the de-medicalization of the birth process is similar to what many of us now feel passionate about doing with the dying. Here is the root of the idea of a death doula or end of life midwife. The modern medical technology and advancements are amazing, they have changed our paradigm, they have changed the way we die. These advancements also have great power in making our end days much more comfortable, they offer pain control and ease of physical suffering, increased mobility and safety as medical issues take their toll on our bodies and mind. Palliative and hospice care have come leaps and bounds in recent years, though we continue to have a long way to go.
The advances in healthcare, as wonderful as they are, assure that most of us will not die suddenly in our sleep, with no warning. The very real fact is that most people these days die slowly of incurable long term diseases, COPD, cancer, heart failure, MS, ALS and other diseases with horrible complications.
The journey to that death can be controlled by the individual, the choices of life sustaining treatments or heroic measures are yours. If you choose to make them. If you want everything done until the moment of your last breath, that is your choice as well, and I would support you 100%.
The choice to die at home, for your body to be laid to rest in one of many different methods, for final viewing and services, all of these choices are yours.
No, I assure you, you can plan and control your death if you choose, and those that accept that dying is an inevitable part of life, are choosing more and more to plan their final journeys.
This planning, though difficult to contemplate for many, can often make the final days, weeks, or months far more peaceful and joyful for families and friends. Your wishes known they seek to live out your time with you, celebrate amazing lives and let you rest in peace when the time comes, knowing they have honored your wishes and loved you until the last moments.
Think of the child, standing in front of their mother’s hospital bed. Her mother never shared her wishes, the last weeks have been filled with medical interventions both painful and invasive, she has watched her mom suffer greatly, and now watches her live on a ventilator…kept alive only by the oxygen forced into her lungs by that machine. Imagine the doctors that present her with the option to turn off the machine, to let her mother go….imagine that child has no idea what her mother would want.
I know that child…she was 27 when the decision had to be made, and to this day she is haunted by guilt and fear that she made the wrong decision.
The power of choice, the power of letting your desires and choices be known is not only for yourself but also to ease your passing for those that remain.
You can plan, and I beg you to….
All of these resources however, are only as valuable as our ability to express and communicate our wishes, in essence, our ability to face the reality of death and the conversation about what it is we desire in our final journey. Sheila Kitzinger did what I wish the entire population would do, she wrote down her wishes and shared them with family and friends….she thought about her death and planned it in accordance with her life and values. Have the conversations my friends, the tough ones that consider what’s to come, and make your desires known, so that you might have such a beautiful journey to peace. | http://changingthefaceofdying.com/thank-you-sheila-kitzinger/ |
Download citation:
BibTeX
|
RIS
|
EndNote
|
Medlars
|
ProCite
|
Reference Manager
|
RefWorks
Send citation to:
Mendeley
Zotero
RefWorks
Modeling for Estimation of Barchan Dunes Volume (Cease study: Barchans of Chah Jam Region). Arid Regions Geographic Studies. 2012; 2 (6) :1-14
URL:
http://journals.hsu.ac.ir/jarhs/article-1-128-en.html
Modeling for Estimation of Barchan Dunes Volume (Cease study: Barchans of Chah Jam Region)
Abstract:
(26715 Views)
1. Introduction Among sedimentary systems that are rich and poor in terms of sediment load, a different organization of the sand dunes can be seen. Barchan dunes are one of the accumulative landforms of wind that are considered from poor sedimentary systems in desert environments. The dunes are the crescent shape, and have two horns at the end. Along the horns the prevailing wind direction and the maximum of its speed is indicated. These crescent dunes are formed from tow side with different slope that slip face has the maximum slope via the collapse of sediment grains by shear velocity of wind and the gravity. The windward side with fewer slopes than slip face is separated from it by brink. The change in wind direction and the collision of barchan dunes with each other cause the instability in the size and shape of them. The morphological characteristics of barchan are affected by various spatial and temporal factors. The volume of sediment is one of the most important features of barchan morphology that is the function of the three-dimensional form and morphometric parameters of barchan such as length, width, height and area. Barchan dunes which have the smaller three-dimensional form and less volume are more unstable, relatively. Therefore, barchan volume is important and fundamental parameter for estimation of movement rate and its control. Also, the barchan volume estimation, with regard to environmental management and planning according to systematic approach is a necessary condition to calculate the rate of input and output of material (sand grains) and energy (wind power) to the barchan system. Therefore, there is this possible to identify and study the function and behavior of barchan along its movement way. The aim of this research is to achieve the appropriate models for estimating the sediment volume of barchan dunes. For this purpose, the sediment estimation models were determined using simple and multiple statistical relationships among various parameters of barchan, and the most suitable model was introduced according to the accuracy measurement factors. Therefore, this study tries to present the accurate models for estimation of barchan volume using its morphometric parameters such as length, width, height and area. 2. Study area The study area in this research is barchan field of Chah Jam that is located in the southern part to south east of Damghan Basin and Haj Ali Gholi Playa. Damghan Basin is a rectangular region that with area of 18700 km2 is extended in the south and south eastern of Alborz Range. The maximum and minimum altitudes belong to Alborz Mountains (3908 m) and Haj Ali Gholi Playa (1060 m), respectively. In this region wind morphogenesis systems are dominant on others, because it has sparse vegetation and rare precipitation. The most common of geomorphic features in the area are Nebka, Barchan (longitudinal, transverse, symmetric and asymmetric), Seif and sand dunes that have been developed more in the Chah Jam region. This region, with an area of about 25260 hectares, is located at Eastern longitudes between 54° 40΄ and 55° 10΄ and at Northern latitudes between 35° 45΄ and 35° 50΄. 3. Materials and Methods The first step in this research is the investigation, extent determination and recognition of environmental and geomorphological characteristics of study area using Google Earth images, topographic maps 1:50000 and field studies. The next step is the field visits to the region, positioning barchan dunes, sampling and measurement of their morphometric parameters via linear method. In order to cover the entire study area, some transects was considered using the GPS, and then, only barchan dunes coinciding with mentioned transects have been studied and measured. Totally, 52 barchans were measured and evaluated. The most important of barchan morphometric parameters that this study has more emphasis on them are the volume, length, height, width and area. Eventually, the quantities of barchans morphometric parameters were determined, and a data matrix was prepared for modeling. The data sets were modeled using SPSS software and the regression analysis technique. For this purpose, first, simple and complex regression methods were examined. Then, the accuracy of models is determined through comparing their validity, and the most suitable was selected. The preference and selection indexes of models are based on the maximum R. Square, R., Adjusted R. Square, Sig. level and the minimum Std. Error of Estimate (α≤0.01). In order to determine the relations type and intensity between volume and barchan morphometric parameters, simple and complex regression methods were examined, and among them the most suitable relationships were selected. The obtained results from the study of simple relationships between volume and height, width, length and area of barchan have been presented in tables (2) and (3). In this study, power equations gave the best results. Therefore, in first part, we have only mentioned power relationships. The results of multiple statistical modeling between volume and other parameters have been described in table (4). Results of statistical modeling showed significant relationships between barchan volume and other morphometric parameters. In the simple relations, there is maximum significant power relationship between barchan volume and its area with 0.993 R. Square and 0.169 Std. Error of Estimate. Also complex nonlinear relationships indicate several models with preference value better than simple power models. Among them, there is maximum significant multiplier relationship between barchan volume with area and height parameters that has maximum of R. Square (0.999) and minimum of standard error. 5. Discussion and Conclusion Barchan dunes are one of the aeolian landforms that originate from reciprocal interaction between wind and sand bed. These features have been formed from quicksand, and migration is one of the most important of their characteristics. The volume of dune is a principle parameter for prediction of barchan behavior, because it is an effective factor in the explaining its movement in different spatial and temporal situations. Therefore, estimation of dune volume can act as an index in order to determine the condition of barchan system and its trends. Also, barchans displacement is a consequence from its volume that indicates the threat and destruction rate of human infrastructures in arid and semi-arid regions. In this research, we have used simple and multiple regression methods to model the barchan volume. As a result, we have presented several models that can be used to estimate the volume of barchan dunes (equations 6 to 15). Some models have one independent variable and some models have two independent variables. The latest models have better preference value than previous ones. The results of this study provide the possibility of exact and rapid estimation of barchan volume using its morphometric parameters. According to results of the research, comparative analysis of simple and complex models shows the importance of modeling approaches and presenting various models. Keywords Barchan Volume, Chah Jam, Statistical Analysis, Modeling, Morphometric Parameter. 6- References - Ahmadi, H., 2004, Applied Geomorphology (Desert-Wind Erosion), 2nd Volume, Tehran, University of Tehran Press, 3rd Edition, Pp. 328. - Anthonsen, K.L., Clemmensen, L.B., Jensen, J.H., 1996, Evolution of a dune from crescentic to parabolic form in response to short-term climatic changes — Rabjerg- Mile, Skagen-Odde, Denmark, Journal of Geomorphology, No. 17, Pp. 63–77. - Anton, D., Vincent, P., 1986, Parabolic dunes of the Jafurah Desert, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments, No. 11, Pp. 187–198. - Bagnold, R.A., 1941, The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, Methuen, London. Pp. 90-189. - Barclay, W. S., 1917, Sand dunes in the Peruvian Desert. Geogr. J. 49, Pp. 53–56. - Bonham, C.D., 1989, Measurement for Terrestrial Vegetation, John wiley & Sons, Inc. - Daniell, J., Hughes, M., 2007, The morphology of barchan-shaped sand banks from western Torres Strait, northern Australia, Journal of Sedimentary Geology, No. 202, Pp. 638-652. - Douglass, A. E., 1909, The crescentic dunes of Peru. Appalachia 12, Pp. 34–45. - El belrhiti, H., Douady, S., 2010, Equilibrium versus disequilibrium of barchan dunes, Journal of Geomorphology, 03416, Pp. 1-11. - Finkel, H.J., 1959, The barchans of southern Peru, Journal of Geology, No. 67, Pp.614–647. - Forman, S.L., Pierson, J., 2003, Formation oflinear and parabolic dunes on the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho in the nineteenth century. Geomorphology 56: Pp. 189–200. - Gay, S.P., 1999. Observations regarding the movement of barchan sand dunes in the Nazca to Tanaca area of southern Peru. Journal of Geomorphology, No. 27, Pp. 279–293. - Havholm, K.G., Running, IV, G.L., 2005, Stratigraphy, sediment logy and environmental significance of late mid-Holocene dunes, Lauder Sand Hills, glacial lake Hind Basin, southwestern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, Pp. 847–863. - Herrmann, H.J., Sauerman, G., 2000, The shape of dunes, Journal of Physical A, No. 283, Pp. 24–30. - Hersen, P., 2004, On the crescentic shape of barchan dunes, The European Physical Journal B, No. 37, Pp. 507–514. - Hesp, P., Hastings, K., 1998, Width, height and slope relationships and aerodynamic maintenance of barchans, Journal of Geomorphology, No. 22, Pp. 193–204. - Hesse, R., 2008, Do swarms of migrating barchan dunes record pale environmental changes? A case study spanning the middle to late Holocene in the Pampa de Jaguay, southern Peru, Journal of Geomorphology, 02747, Pp. 1 – 6. - Howard, A.D., Morton, J.B., Gad-El-H& M., Pierce, D.B., 1978. Sand transport model of barchan dune equilibrium. Journal of Sedimentology, No. 25, Pp. 307-338. - Hugenholtz, C.H., et al., 2008, Spatial and temporal patterns of aeolian sediment transport on an inland parabolic dune, Bigstick Sand Hills, Saskatchewan, Canada, Journal of Geomorphology: 02707, Pp. 1- 13. - Klinsley, D.B., 2002, The Deserts of Iran and Geomorphological Features and its Paleoclimatology, Translated by Abbas Pashaei, Tehran, National Geographical Organization Publication, 1st Edition, Pp. 72-83. - Lima, A.R., Sauermann, G., Herrmann, H.J., Kroy, K., 2002, Modeling a dune field. Journal of Physical A, 310, Pp. 487 – 500. - Mahmoudi, F.A., 2000, Dynamic Geomorphology, Tehran, University of Payam-Noor Publication, 2nd Edition, P. 261. - Mahmoudi, Sh., 2005, Investigation of physical variations of sand dunes in the East Jask (Monitoring of sand dunes using RS and GIS in the time period (1990-2004)), Isfahan, M.A. Thesis, University of Isfahan, Faculty of Literature and Humanities. - Mohammad Rezaei, Sh., 2003, Systematic approach to analyzing the Ecosystems, Tehran, Environmental Protection Organization Publication, 1st Edition, P. 16. - Mousavi, S.H., 2009, The assessment of effectiveness Barchan morphometry on stabilities (Case study: Erg Chah Jam), M.A. Thesis, Isfahan, University of Isfahan, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Pp 1-120. - Mousavi, S.H., Dorgouie, M., Vali, A.A., Pourkhosravani, M., & Arab Ameri A.R., 2010, Statistical Modeling of Morphological Parameters of Barchan Dunes (Case Study: Chah Jam Erg in South of Haj Ali GHoli Playa, in Central Part of Semnan Province, IRAN), Journal of Geography and Geology, Vol. 2, No. 1 Pp. 98-113. - Mousavi, S.H., Moayeri, M., Vali, A.A., 2010, The combination of mathematical and statistical modeling of Barchan dunes (Case study: Chah Jam Erg), Iranian Journal of Physical Geography Research Quarterly, No. 73, Pp. 83-96. - Mousavi, S.H., Vali, A.A., Moayeri, M., 2010, The effectiveness of Barchan morphometric parameters on its movement rate (Case study: Chah Jam Erg), Iranian Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, No. 38 (2), Pp. 101-118. - Negaresh, H., Latifi, L., 2008, Geomorphologic analysis of the advancing trend of sand dunes in East Sistan Plain in recent droughts, Iranian Journal of Geography and Development, No. 12, Pp. 43-60. - Ramesht, M.H., 2002, Symbols and Images in Geomorphology, Tehran, Samt Publication, 1st Edition, Pp. 70-85. - Sauermann, G., Andrade, J. S., Maia, L. P., Costa, U. M. S., Araujo, A. D., Herrmann, H.J., 2003. Wind velocity and sand transport on a barchan dune. Journal of Geomorphology, No. 54, Pp. 245 – 255. - Sauermann, G., Rognon, P., Poliakov, A., Herrmann, H.J., 2000, The shape of the barchan dunes of Southern Morocco, Journal of Geomorphology, No. 36, Pp. 47–62. - Valle, H.F.del., Rostagon, F.R, C.M., Coronato, F.R., Bouza, P.J., Blanceo, P.D., 2008, Sand dune activity in north-eastern Patagonia, Journal of arid Environment, No. 72, Pp. 411-422. - Wang, T.Z., Chen Tao, S., Wen Xie, Y., Hui Dong, G., 2007, Barchans of Minqin: Morphometry, Journal of Geomorphology, No. 89, Pp. 405-411. - Wippermann, F.K., Gross, G., 1986. The wind-induced shaping and migration of an isolated dune: A numerical experiment, Journal of Boundary-Layer Meteorol, No. 36, Pp. 319–334.
Keywords:
Barchan Volume
,
Chah Jam
,
Statistical Analysis
,
Modeling
,
Morphometric Parameter.
Full-Text
[PDF 678 kb]
(2517 Downloads)
Type of Study:
Research
|
Received: 05/Nov/12 | Published: 15/Jan/12
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
Rights and permissions
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
.
Related Websites
Scientific Publications Commission - Health Ministry
Scientific Publications Commission - Science Ministry
Yektaweb Company
Site Keywords
نشریه
,
Academic Journal
,
Scientific Article
,
کلمه شماره یک
, کلمه شماره یک,
کلمه شماره یک
,
کلمه شماره یک
, کلمه شماره دو,
کلمه شماره یک
,
کلمه دو
Vote
© 2022 CC BY-NC 4.0 |
Journal of Arid Regions Geographics Studies
Designed & Developed by : | http://journals.hsu.ac.ir/jarhs/article-1-128-en.html |
The Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust is an NHS trust based in London. It is one of the largest NHS trusts in England. It has over 13,000 staff and treats over 1.3 million patients.
Challenge
They wanted to create a large-scale patient experience programme with over 2,500 clinical and non-clinical staff from across the services delivered at the Trusts’ five hospitals.
They wanted to produce a blended learning programme that enhanced the attitudes and behaviours to improve the quality of customer care. As well as to have a positive economic output.
The Solution
Alchemist trained over 100 Customer Care Ambassadors to have the confidence and skills to run their own localized patient experience campaigns. As well as to challenge poor behaviours they witnessed or were made aware of.
Alchemist also selected elements of its training programme to design a workshop for the Trust’s internal training teams to deliver. As well as producing 28 bitesize films for the Trust’s intranet, future training events, and induction workshops.
The impact
Over 80% of the 2,500 staff scored the events as Excellent or Good. With two out of three marking it as Excellent.
As a result of the programme there has been a 50% drop in complaints. And afterwards the National Inpatient Survey was run, which showed the Trust was “performing significantly better on 13 questions” compared with the year before. | https://thisisalchemist.com/case-study/patient-care-programme/ |
Many border stickers remind me of ribbon. However, because they are flat and self-adhesive, you can use them to achieve a look that would be difficult with ribbon. In this layout I have used border stickers to create a unique background for my page. Play around with your border stickers and see what you can come up with. And don't be afraid to cut them!
This layout was created using green, blue and purple Bazzil cardstock, alphabet stickers and SRM Press Toddler Time Borders stickers.
Use the green Bazzil cardstock as the background. Cut a strip of purple Bazzil cardstock approximately 7cm tall. Adhere across your page approximately 3cm from the bottom.
Play with the arrangement of your border stickers. Once you are happy with your design, cut them to size and adhere. Please note, for the strips that look like they go behind your photo, you will need to use two smaller pieces (one for the left of your photo and one for the right of the photo) otherwise you will run out of sticker before you have finished your background.
Mat a 5x7 photo with blue Bazzil cardstock. If you are using a smaller photo, you might like to first mat your photo with white cardstock and then blue Bazzil cardstock. Adhere towards the top left corner of your page, as shown in the layout above.
Cut the remainder of your purple and aqua stickers into small different sized stripes. Arrange along the bottom of your page as shown in the layout above. For the effect above you will need 12 purple pieces and 11 aqua pieces. Space them approximately 0.8cm apart.
Finally, use alphabet stickers to add your title along the purple strip. If you wish, you can also add journaling here. | http://www.stickersnfun.com/borders16.asp |
These petite treats are a little slice of heaven, with a Ferrero Rocher hazelnut candy center and crust made out of Rice Krispies Treats. As if that wasn't enough, they also feature a chocolate cream filling and silky chocolate shell.
Cal/Serv: 879
Yields: 6
Prep Time: 0 hours 30 mins
Total Time: 7 hours 30 mins
Ingredients
Crusts:
6 purchased Rice Krispies Treats bars, unwrapped
Filling:
2 1/2 c. bittersweet or semisweet chocolate chips
1 jar Marshmallow Fluff or Creme
1 c. heavy whipping cream
6 Ferrero Rocher Fine Hazelnut Chocolates
Coating:
c. solid vegetable shortening
Garnish: chopped nuts or flaked coconut
Directions
- Make Crusts: Press 1 Krispies bar into a flat circle. Roll between 2 sheets of plastic wrap to a 3 1⁄2-in. circle. Uncover and invert a 6-oz custard cup on top; cut around edge. Repeat 5 times.
- Rinse six 6-oz custard cups; line with plastic wrap, letting enough wrap extend above each to cover top.
- Spoon coating over 1 bombe at a time to cover. While wet, remove to baking sheet. Sprinkle with a garnish, or scrape drippings off foil into a ziptop bag, snip off a tip and pipe designs on bombes. Refrigerate at least 20 minutes.
- Make Filling: Melt 1 cup chocolate chips in a medium bowl in microwave as package directs. Stir in marshmallow cream to blend.
- Beat heavy cream in a bowl with mixer on high speed until stiff peaks form when beaters are lifted. Stir a large spoonful into chocolate mixture until blended, then fold in remaining until just combined. Spoon evenly into prepared cups. Insert a chocolate candy in center of each.
- Place 1 crust on each mousse, trimming crust to fit. Cover with the plastic wrap; refrigerate at least 6 hours for mousse to set.
- Make Coating: Microwave remaining chocolate chips and the shortening in a bowl, stirring until melted and smooth. Cool 10 minutes.
- Meanwhile set a wire rack on foil. Uncover cups; invert a few inches apart on rack. Gently release mousse onto rack; peel off wrap. Cover a baking sheet with foil. | https://www.womansday.com/food-recipes/food-drinks/recipes/a9984/individual-chocolate-mousse-bombes-121321/ |
Since the inception of the Joint Commission's ORYX initiative in 1997,^[@R1]^ which integrated the use of performance measures into the hospital accreditation process, our health care system has been inundated with performance measures. Yet, Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports continue to identify problems; these findings have spurred improvements in both system performance and health care quality.^[@R2],[@R3]^ Still, in 2006, only 54.9% of patients received the recommended care,^[@R4]^ which led to the implementation of additional performance measures, primarily assessing processes of care.^[@R5]--[@R8]^ As a result, many regulatory agencies, payers, and providers encounter duplicative and custom measures that are difficult to obtain and replicate and may not be linked to better patient outcomes.
Using reporting and assessment measures that are based on easily obtainable data is like "looking under the streetlight"^[@R9]^; that is, it is assessing health care quality and value by using only easy-to-find data, presumably in an attempt to reduce the burden of data collection on providers and payers. For the same reason of ease of use, health care claims and other administrative data are being used as performance measures, which has led to performance metrics being impacted by coding and billing practice issues. Many current quality report cards and assessments, then, do not reflect the breadth or complexity of many referral center practices, which are those institutions that provide advanced diagnosis and treatment specialists and facilities (usually academic centers and multispecialty group practices), after referral from primary or secondary care practices.
The National Quality Strategy, mandated by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, established three aims for our health care system---better care, healthy people/healthy communities, and affordable care.^[@R10]^ Population health efforts, however, tend to focus on addressing high-frequency or common problems that are applicable to primary/community care along with developing performance measures to assess that care. At the opposite end of the illness spectrum is complex care. Complex care treats diseases that require subspecialty care or illnesses that are esoteric and/or difficult to diagnose and treat. This clinical complexity makes it difficult to assess the quality of the care provided using performance measures designed for common conditions. Measures that track the outcomes of episodes of care for specific individual conditions do not generally account for the impact of comorbidities on patient outcomes. With the dynamic shift to assess not only the quality but also the cost and value of care, as demonstrated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Accountable Care Organization and Value Based Purchasing (VBP) programs, performance measures may need to differ across levels of care and incorporate additional risk adjustment to eliminate referral bias. Referral or selection bias represents the reality that patients with more complex problems (even with the same underlying condition) usually represent a higher proportion of the patients at referral centers than at community practices. Risk adjustment is a method to adjust payment or measurement to account for some of these differences in patient mix across providers.
In this article, we highlight the differences between population health efforts and referral care and address issues related to value measurement and performance assessment in each of these domains.
Levels of Care
==============
Health care services can be categorized into three tiers in a pyramid structure---primary/community care, secondary care, and complex care. This pyramid is dynamic, with most of the population accessing community care for acute illnesses, wellness support, and preventive services. Secondary care is needed when acute or chronic illnesses or traumas require a specialist consultation or concentrated resources for a specific disease or body system, such as a particular treatment, procedure, or alternative therapy (e.g., primary joint replacement, general surgery, cancer treatment). This level of care includes "focused factories."^[@R11]^ At the top of the pyramid is complex care. Complex care, which is generally provided at tertiary and quaternary referral centers by multiple specialists, focuses on diagnostic mystery, treatment of rare or unusual diseases, previous failed therapies, and advanced diseases with no treatment options at other centers. It follows a "solution shop" model.^[@R12]^ While the focus of complex care is generally highly technical and specialized in nature, there is a misconception that only patients with severe, complex, or uncommon health problems require this type of care. Patients with multiple comorbidities also may require specialized, integrated care. Although the conditions themselves may be straightforward, managing them simultaneously may require all the knowledge, skill, and resources of an integrated care team or subspecialist.^[@R13]^
Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} summarizes the definitions, goals of care, and types of providers at each level of this pyramid.
######
Characteristics of the Three Levels of Medical Care
Defining and Measuring Complexity
=================================
While managing a complex patient generally requires greater clinician effort and entails factors other than medical decision making, no standard definition for the term "complex patient" exists. A Veterans Affairs working group defined health care complexity as requiring challenging clinical decision making and care processes that are not routine or standard.^[@R14]^ Others have used proxies like the number of unique diagnoses^[@R15]^; domains that characterize complexity (e.g., chronic conditions, functional status, health care use)^[@R16]^; and factors such as medical decision making, care coordination, and socioeconomic status^[@R17]^ to identify complex care.
Identifying performance measures that accurately capture medical complexity remains a challenge. Many current quality reporting and improvement initiatives do not adequately distinguish the differences between the delivery of community care and that of complex care; hence, risk profiles do not capture the complexity of the patient.^[@R18]^ In addition, standard quality measures are often developed in study populations that exclude complex patients.^[@R19]^ Yet, in the era of pay-for-performance, measures that account for clinical complexity are needed.
In a review, a technical panel of experts found that VBP programs generally focus on a narrow set of measures and "estimated that a small fraction (less than 20 percent) of all care that is delivered by providers is addressed by performance measures in VBP programs."^[@R20]^ A 2014 analysis by Kaiser Health News found that about half of academic medical centers (143 of 292) have been financially penalized for high rates of hospital-acquired conditions. Further analysis revealed that penalties were levied against 32% of the hospitals with the sickest patients, while only 12% of the hospitals with the least complex patients received penalties. Sicker patients and more complex cases are likely to have more complications, and complex procedures performed at academic medical centers, such as organ transplants and invasive cancer surgeries, are more likely to result in adverse events.^[@R21]^
Many of the current measures that compare providers treating complex patients versus those not treating these patients are victims of Simpson's paradox.^[@R22],[@R23]^ Simpson's paradox (also known as the Yule--Simpson effect) explains how overall performance can show that one provider who actually performs poorer than a second provider with both common and complex patients can appear to perform better overall because of the relative proportions of common and complex patients treated by each provider.^[@R24],[@R25]^ Using an indirect standardization (or regression adjustment) approach to account for case mix, severity, and comorbidity adjustments does not actually remove the differences when directly comparing provider profiles.^[@R26]^
Differences in patient panels then may lead to community or single-specialty hospitals dominating quality rating lists, like the recently released Medicare Overall Hospital Quality Star Ratings. A review by Kaiser Health News indicated that 102 hospitals received the top rating of five stars; yet, few of those hospitals are considered to be the nation's best by private ratings sources such as U.S. News & World Report or as the most elite within the medical profession. Five stars were awarded to relatively unknown hospitals and to at least 40 hospitals that specialize in just a few types of surgery, such as knee replacements.^[@R27]^
Examples of the Effects of Referral Bias and Complex Care on Quality Measures
=============================================================================
If complex patients were randomly distributed across the health care centers being measured, we would expect high variability in performance measures. The overall picture, though, would still be accurate. However, if these complex patients were concentrated at a few referral centers, as they are now, they could have a great impact on the performance measures of those centers, resulting in unadjusted referral bias.
A popular performance measure among patients with diabetes is a composite measure of blood glucose (HbA1c \< 8), cholesterol (LDL \< 100), and blood pressure (SBP/DBP \< 140/80), as well as smoking cessation advice and daily aspirin prescription. This measure appears to be a very good indication of diabetes control in a primary care population but not in patients who are referred to endocrinologists.^[@R28]^ Increasing complexity is associated with poorer performance on diabetes metrics.^[@R29]^ For example, the subset of patients requiring specialty care usually are those with advanced or difficult-to-control disease, multiple medications and comorbidities, or unique situations, such as patients requiring chronic steroids or members of the transplant population. In these cases, patient-specific goals that differ from standard goals may be in the patient's best interest. Additional risk adjustment then is needed to capture the greater management efforts or more intense interventions needed to obtain results similar to those in primary care.
Potential referral bias is not restricted to ambulatory care measures. Among surgical patients, the focus on select complications, including infections and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality patient safety indicators (PSIs), has increased.^[@R30]^ PSI-15 (accidental puncture/laceration) is one example where referral bias could potentially affect both the perception of the quality of care provided by colorectal surgeons and their reimbursement. It currently makes up almost 50% of the PSI-90 score, which is a composite of eight complication measures. PSI-90 accounts for 35% of a hospital's overall quality score, which could lead to penalties for hospital-acquired conditions, and for 30% of a hospital's overall score in the VBP program.^[@R31]^ Patients with complex abdominal surgeries or with prior abdominal surgeries are more vulnerable to PSI-15 injuries, and these surgeries tend to be concentrated at a few referral centers. While this issue appears to be a simple definition problem, coding variability, institutional coding policies, and the lack of an opportunity to indicate prior surgery in administrative databases influence the appropriate identification of an accidental puncture/laceration and limit potential risk adjustment.
Another example of potential referral bias, affecting colon surgery, occurs in the measurement of colon surgical site infection rates, which are evaluated as part of the VBP program. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network changed its surgical hierarchy for classifying procedure types in 2013.^[@R32]^ Prior to the change, patients who had colon procedures and either small bowel or rectal procedures were counted in the latter two categories, which have higher expected infection rates. After the change, these patients were counted only in the publicly reported colon surgery category; however, the expected infection rates and the standardized infection ratio were still based on historical data captured using the original categories. For most institutions, there was little impact. However, for at least one referral center with an active practice in treating inflammatory bowel disease, the 10% increase in colon surgery cases with additional small bowel or rectal procedures tripled the number of observed infections, with no corresponding increase in expected infection rates, leading to unadjusted referral bias.
Performance measures for nonsurgical hospital patients are similarly affected by referral bias. In 2014, CMS began publicly reporting 30-day mortality and 30-day readmission rates for ischemic stroke patients, despite concerns that the measures were not adequately risk-adjusted. No valid measure of initial stroke severity was incorporated into these calculations, even though research indicates that initial stroke severity, as indexed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, is a dominant predictor of mortality in ischemic strokes.^[@R33]^
Operationalizing Value Measurement and Payment for Specialty Care
=================================================================
Most health care needs are relatively straightforward and involve issues that are appropriately directed to primary/community care. Specialty care is needed when the issues become more complex and exceed the ability or capacity of primary care. A patient encounter for specialty care can take three distinct forms: (a) episodic consultation (e.g., standard advice and treatment); (b) diagnosis and treatment as part of a well-defined episode (i.e., "focused factory"); or (c) diagnosis and/or treatment involving uncertainty of approach, uncertainty of time frame, or patient complexity (i.e., "solution shop") (see Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Patients' health care needs are dynamic; they move back and forth between the levels of care based on their medical needs. The ultimate goal of specialty care is treatment and the return of the patient to the appropriate level of care or, if necessary, continuing specialty care to enable the patient to maintain optimum health. This movement between the levels of care contributes to the challenge of obtaining accurate performance measures. As patients move between the levels of care, the expected intensity of care changes, as do the resources needed to provide care; both performance measures and reimbursement schemes need to reflect this change in intensity.
{#F1}
Most existing quality and performance measures appropriately focus on primary care and population health; however, these metrics may not be relevant and/or adequately risk-adjusted to reflect the breadth and intensity of the complex care provided at many referral centers. This "one size fits all" approach of using the same quality and performance measures for all levels of care needs to be revamped to provide relevant information about the value of complex care provided.
Recommendations for Differentiating Between Levels of Care in Performance Measurement
=====================================================================================
While several publications have called for changes to the way quality is measured,^[@R34]--[@R38]^ a workable solution has yet to be identified. CMS has taken steps to incorporate value measures into payment models for hospitals, physicians, home health care, and bundled care. The announcement by the Department of Health and Human Services that they were going to increase the proportion of traditional Medicare payments tied to quality and value to 85% by 2016 and 90% by 2019, coupled with the move to the Medicare Shared Savings Program and the advent of alternative payment models like the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement initiative, increases the need to accommodate the complex care offered by referral centers in value measurement.^[@R39]^ To provide a level playing field for referral centers, we propose the following policy changes, operational actions, and new model development. Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} summarizes the implementation strategy, implementation partners, and potential barriers for each of these recommendations.
######
Recommendations for Differentiating Performance Measures by Level of Care
Policy changes
--------------
### Match performance measures to levels of care.
To be useful to patients and consumers and to adequately assess performance, different measures should be applied to different levels of care and reported in a way that compares care at like institutions. In addition, in *Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21^st^ Century*,^[@R3]^ the IOM identified six domains that are pivotal to improving health care system performance---care should be safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. We recommend that performance measures align with the level of the care and encompass these domains. Examples of metrics that meet these criteria are listed in Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}.
######
Performance Measures Across the Institute of Medicine Quality Domains by Level of Care
### Move away from global or composite comparisons of providers and institutions.
In many cases, provider groups and health care centers have "institutes" or other entities in which specialty resources are focused on a specific diagnostic group of conditions (e.g., a cancer center). Most health care costs are also related to a small group of high-cost, high-prevalence conditions. Focusing on these conditions and reporting performance measures for specific conditions and procedures (e.g., cancer care, elective major surgeries, congestive heart failure) will allow for the differentiation of value to emerge, will provide a more valid and reliable basis for evaluating complex care, and should be more useful for consumers. The development of clinical interinstitutional registries (e.g., cardiac surgery, neonatology, transplant) has followed this model, and the recent release of seven core measure sets by CMS and America's Health Insurance Plans is another step in the right direction.^[@R40]^
### Align quality/outcome measures with appropriate reimbursement models.
Each level of care has different goals and expectations and requires a matching reimbursement model (see Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) with appropriate value measures. For example, bringing down a diabetic patient's HbA1c from 11.0 to 10.0 (still elevated) may have more "value" than lowering it from 8.5 to 7.5 (the measure goal).
Operational actions
-------------------
### Develop operational definitions to categorize level of care.
An agreed-upon operational definition for complex care using existing data sources does not exist. In addition, although not all specialty patients are complex, complex patients are more concentrated among specialty practices than primary care practices. To address this patient distribution bias, following our framework for measuring performance (see Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), standard specialty care (secondary care) could be incorporated into primary/community care payments (global cost value-based payment), and well-defined, high-risk episodes could be addressed with risk-adjusted bundled services. Care that involves a higher degree of medical uncertainty, however, will require a more flexible approach that provides incentives that support high-value providers and allows patients to access and receive needed care (outlier reimbursement model).
### Identify referral centers of excellence that consistently deliver high-quality care.
To identify these centers, we must first define the scope of services they provide and performance measures for standard care, using evidence-based medicine and practices. Then, we must identify what constitutes an outlier episode of care that falls outside the standard scope of services, requiring a more complex level of care and reimbursement model. Finally, we must establish, codify, and develop performance measures (e.g., mortality rate, complication rate, patient-reported outcomes) to identify referral centers of excellence that provide complex care. Birkmeyer and colleagues^[@R41]^ showed that referral centers that have higher volumes of complex surgeries also have improved outcomes.
New model development: Identify the characteristics of patients who require complex care and standardize performance measures that incorporate those definitions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Referral centers must identify the characteristics that distinguish their patient populations that require complex care and thus fall outside the standard care process. Once these populations have been identified, referral centers could analyze these groups to determine commonalities that tend to trigger complex care. Metrics targeting reductions in these triggers or that include risk adjustments that account for them then could be developed. For example, a recent study of adult cardiac surgery patients demonstrated a change in the cost curve at the 75th percentile, indicating a change in the complexity of care. More complex care was required for patients in the top 25th percentile.^[@R42]^
Conclusion
==========
While quality measurement in health care has been a catalyst for performance improvement and payment reform, current metrics focus on primary care and population health. Complex care is not well represented in these efforts. Including referral centers, which provide highly specialized complex care and episodic procedural treatments, in population-focused measurement will not provide an accurate representation of the quality of the care provided. Without a change in measurement domains to account for the increased risk in caring for more complex patients, physicians and hospitals will likely reassess their willingness to take on such complex cases for fear of damaging their reputations and reducing their reimbursements.
In this article, we provided examples that highlight the measurement problems that referral centers face when they are evaluated using primary care/population health measures as well as recommendations to address these shortcomings. Our proposed approach to quality measurement and suggested reimbursement schemes will require a shift from the current norm of using population-based quality measures to assess care at all levels. This shift is necessary to continue improving health care quality and value. Referral centers, like those in academic medicine, should take a lead role in furthering this approach.
*Funding/Support*: The Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery supported the authors' work on this manuscript.
*Other disclosures*: None reported.
*Ethical approval*: Reported as not applicable.
| |
Scouts Honour: Care Home Pays Tribute to Baden Powell
Residents at a local care home have been paying their tributes to Lord Baden Powell, founder of world-wide Scout Movement.
Upton Bay Care Home, of Hamworthy, Poole, opened their residents eyes to the establishment of both the Scouts and the Guides, founded in 1907 by Lord Robert Baden Powell.
The Scouts was formed on the basis of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, sports, and basic survival. Their motto, ‘Be Prepared’, still resonates throughout various programmes over the world today, from Tiger Cubs, Brownies, Rainbows and Girl Guides.
Upton Bay team member, Diane Stacey, has been part of the Girl Guide organisation most of her life. Starting out within the Guides as a young girl, establishing her role as Brown Owl today.
Over the past decades, Diane has stitched pieces of history into a ‘Campfire Blanket’, a traditional cape covered in badges and pins from various Scout and Guide groups over the last century.
A constant work in progress, the cape features skills and achievement badges in sports, survival, domestic skills, and interpersonal skills.
Residents studied each badge, taking great care of the one of a kind piece.
“I was a Brownie, and then a Girl Guide back in the 50’s. I met friends for life and was fortunate to share with them some amazing experiences,” said Margaret, resident at Upton Bay. | https://thecareruk.com/scouts-honour-care-home-pays-tribute-to-baden-powell/ |
Ryan joined Troop 17 in November of 2009 after achieving his Arrow of Light from Pack 495.
Ryan completed his First Class requirements in just 15 months. And in his subsequent advancements, he progressed in a steady and consistent manner towards his Eagle award.
Ryan’s leadership responsibilities have included serving as the Patrol Leader of the Stag Patrol, from January 2012 to July of 2013. He led his patrol to a first place finish in the 2012 Spring Camporee. Ryan then became a Troop Instructor where his duties included teaching scouting skills and assisting with organizing outdoor activities. He became Assistant Senior Patrol Leader in April 2014 and Senior Patrol Leader the following November, going on to serve as a Junior Assistant Scoutmaster.
Ryan’s participation in the troop’s outdoor program has included campouts, camporees, hikes, and seven years at summer camp for a total of 95 nights and 125 miles. In the summer of 2015, he was a member of a backpacking trek with our troop at Philmont Scout Ranch – scouting’s high adventure ranch in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of northeast New Mexico. In recognition of his camping and leadership skills, Ryan was elected by his fellow scouts in 2014 to the Order of the Arrow, scouting’s national society for scout honor campers.
In 2016, Ryan earned the National Outdoors Award, Aquatics Award Segment. He had to complete First Class, earn the Swimming and Lifesaving Merit Badges, complete one other aquatics merit badge, earn the Mile Swim Award, and complete at least 50 hours of aquatic related activities. The merit badges he earned for this award were Fishing, Kayaking, Motor Boating, Small Boat Sailing, and Water Sports.
Ryan has earned 37 merit badges – only 21 being required for Eagle – and his list of optional merit badges reflects an interest in aquatics. He has earned enough merit badges to earn his Bronze, Gold, and Silver Palms.
For his Eagle service project, Ryan built a barn-style shed at Hope Montesorri Pre-School in Wildwood so they could store their bikes and other outdoor equipment out of the weather. This was a pre-cut 8 by 12 foot shed. An Eagle Project has to benefit the community and show leadership. Ryan recruited scouts and adults to perform the work which took 180 man-hours.
Ryan is active in his church. As a member of the St. John United Church of Christ, he participated in three mission trips to the Appalachian Region with Appalachia Service Project, an organization that works to make homes warmer, safer and drier. On these mission trips he remodeled a bathroom, insulated the underside of a house and re-roofed a home.
Ryan attended Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School. He excelled on the Water Polo and Swim Teams. His Water polo team took 3rd in State in 2015.
Ryan plans on attending University of Missouri Science and Technology in Rolla majoring in engineering. | https://troop17.org/ryan-dreiswerd/ |
I love date bread during the holidays. Dates and oranges together is a great flavor, and quite festive. I have several orange-date bread recipes on this site; but this is my favorite. Refer to my article on Grains, Flours & Starches for more info on the flours used in this recipe.
Orange Date Bread, with Softened Dates & Orange Zest
This recipe is adapted from Better Homes and Gardens NEW Cook Book (published 1976′ see Beloved Cookbooks for more). See also Orange Date Bread-II, with Dredged Dates.
I usually use maple syrup and stevia, but I’ve included instructions to modify for using dried sugar cane juice (Rapadura sugar).
I also use a mix of flours in this recipe. Either wheat or spelt can be used, but please refer to Spelt vs Wheat in Baked Goods for more. You can also use sprouted wheat or spelt instead of the whole grain flour; see Sprouted Grain & Sprouted Grain Flour (About) for more on this.
Coconut flour is only used if you are using stevia and maple syrup as the sweetener, as it is needed to absorb the liquid in the maple syrup; if batter is too stiff, add orange juice or milk 1 Tbsp at a time until you get the right consistency.
Alternately, you can include the coconut flour for its fiber content when sweetening with sugar, but you will need to add equivalent amount of liquid (I’d use orange juice). For example, if you add ¼ cup coconut flour, add ¼ cup liquid to the recipe. Also, never use more coconut flour than ¼ of the total flour in the recipe; this recipe uses 2 1/2 c ups total flour, so do not use more than ⅜ cup (10 Tbsp) coconut flour.
Ingredients & Equipment:
- 1 ½ cup chopped dates
- 1 ½ cup boiling water
- 1 cup Rapadura sugar (or ½ tsp stevia extract powder plus 2 Tbsp maple syrup or Grade-B molasses)*
- 1 egg, beaten
- 2 Tbsp coconut oil
- 1 Tbsp grated orange zest
- 2 cups whole wheat pastry or sprouted wheat flour (or use whole or sprouted spelt, but use 1 ¾ cups to start, then add more if needed)
- ¼ cup unbleached white flour (see note below) *
- ¼ cup coconut flour (see note below) *
- 2 tsp baking powder
- ½ tsp baking soda
- 1 tsp unrefined sea salt
- Equipment
- saucepan
- large bowl
- 1 regular loaf pan, or 2 small loaf pans (4½ x 2¾ x 2″); do not use aluminum pans.
* NOTE: The coconut flour is added to absorb the moisture from the maple syrup; it also adds fiber. But here are some alternatives:
- If you use sugar instead of maple syrup and stevia, omit the coconut flour and increase the white flour to ½ cup;
- Or, if you want the added fiber but don’t want to use stevia, decrease the coconut flour to 2 Tbsp, increase white flour to¼ cup plus 2 Tbsp, and add 2 Tbsp orange juice..
Method:
- Preheat oven to 325°F. Grease bread pan with butter.
- Combine dates and water in a saucepan, and bring to a boil. Turn off heat, add stevia (if using) and cool to room temperature.
- Grate zest from 1 – 2 oranges (you need 1 Tbsp of zest).
- Combine eggs, sugar or maple syrup, oil, and orange zest in a large bowl. Stir in date mixture and let rest a few minutes.
- Measure dry ingredients into a sifter, then sift over the date mixture. Stir well to combine. If using coconut flour, sift only 3 Tbsp of that flour with the other dry ingredients; stir in the remaining Tbsp only if the batter is too moist.
- Pour into prepared loaf pan and bake in preheated oven for about 60 minutes, until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean.
- Cool before serving. | https://www.catsfork.com/CatsKitchen/orange-date-bread-1-with-softened-dates-orange-zest/ |
Robert S. Baker Death
Robert passed away on September 30, 2009 at the age of 92.
Robert S. Baker death quick facts:
When did Robert S. Baker die?September 30, 2009
How old was Robert S. Baker when died?92
Robert S. Baker Birthday and Date of Death
Robert S. Baker was born on October 17, 1916 and died on September 30, 2009. Robert was 92 years old at the time of death.
Birthday: October 17, 1916
Date of Death: September 30, 2009
Age at Death: 92
Robert S. Baker - Biography
Robert Sidney Baker (17 October 1916 – 30 September 2009) was a British film and television producer, who at times was also a cinematographer and director. Born in London and serving as an artillery man in the British Army, posted to North Africa where he became involved in the army's film and photographic unit, later serving as a combat cameraman in Europe. | https://deadorkicking.com/robert-s-baker-dead-or-alive/ |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates broadly to an apparatus and method for production of an object. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for applying electromagnetic radiation on a liquid or a flexible material to produce solid three-dimensional objects.
The recent development of three-dimensional model making machines is very fast in these few years. Customers have many choices on choosing various kinds of three-dimensional model making machine in the market. Ultra-violent light solidification box is one of their choice. Such UV box is able to solidify the UV activated material which is either in liquid form or solid form. However, the problem faced by the user is that the time to complete the whole solidification process for modelling by such UV box is very long. In addition, the UV light for solidification is not so even distributed inside the UV box. The result is that certain weak performances including uneven hardness and lack of durability are often appeared in such three-dimensional model making machines of the existing technology.
The problem to be solved in the present invention is to solve the technical problem of the uneven hardness of three-dimensional objects made by three-dimensional objects making machine of the existing technology and this problem will result in less durability and structural weakness of the objects. Another problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for making durable three-dimensional objects effectively.
The present invention provides an apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects comprising a reflective chamber, a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources adapted for providing electromagnetic radiation inside the said reflective chamber, the plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources arranged on inner walls of the said reflective chamber, a reflective layer for reflecting the said electromagnetic radiation provided by the said electromagnetic radiation sources mounted on an inner wall of the said reflective chamber, a three-dimensional object receiver removably mounted inside the said reflective chamber, a switching means for controlling the power of the said apparatus mounted to the said apparatus and a control means for controlling the operation of the plurality of the said electromagnetic radiation sources mounted to the said apparatus.
Typically, a flexible member is received by the said three-dimensional object receiver.
Typically, the said flexible member is adapted to be solidified by the said electromagnetic radiation from the plurality of the said electromagnetic radiation sources.
Typically, the said flexible member is made of a UV activated material.
Typically, the said UV activated material comprises 600 to 900 parts by weight of a Polycarbonate diol and 1 to 20 parts by weight of UV Colorants.
Typically, the said UV activated material further comprises 50 to 300 parts by weight of a Dipentaerythritol Hexaacrylate.
Typically, the said UV activated material further comprises 10 to 100 parts by weight of a silicon dioxide.
Typically, the said UV activated material further comprises 10 to 100 parts by weight of a Photoinitiator 184.
Typically, the said reflective substance adapted for reflecting the light from the plurality of the said electromagnetic radiation sources inside the said reflective chamber is made of aluminum.
Typically, the said reflective substance is aluminum coating mounted on the inner walls of the said reflective chamber.
Typically, a reflective chamber cover adapted for preventing the said electromagnetic radiation escaping from the said reflective chamber is pivotally mounted to the said reflective chamber.
Typically, wherein the said reflective chamber cover comprises a reflective layer adapted for reflecting the said electromagnetic radiation from electromagnetic radiation sources arranged on a side facing the inner walls of the said reflective chamber.
Typically, the said control means is adapted to control the time value and light intensity of emission of electromagnetic radiation provided by the said electromagnetic radiation sources.
Typically, the said electromagnetic radiation sources is formed by ultra-violet light-emitting diodes
Typically, the said three-dimensional object receiver is a transparent plate.
Typically, the said three-dimensional object receiver comprises a plurality of concave regions adapted for receiving the said UV activated material.
Typically, the said three-dimensional object receiver comprises a plurality of convex elements adapted to be covered by the said UV activated material.
Typically, the said reflective chamber is formed by a combination of two U-shaped structures.
Typically, the said UV activated material comprises at least one of of Polycarbonate diol, Acryloylmorpholine, silicon dioxide, Dipentaeythritol Hexaacrylate, 2,4,6-Trimethyl Benzoyl Diphenyl Phosphine Oxide, Photoinitiator 184 and UV colorants.
Typically, at least two concave members for receiving the end portions of the said three-dimensional object receiver are arranged on opposing inner walls of the said reflective chamber.
The present invention further provide a method for production of three-dimensional objects comprising the steps of placing a UV activated material on a model template or transparent plate; setting of time value and light intensity of ultra violet light emitted from a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources by a control means for controlling the operation of the plurality of the said electromagnetic radiation sources; emitting ultra violet light from the plurality of the said electromagnetic radiation sources and allowing the reflection of ultra violet light between a plurality of reflective layers inside the reflective chamber; solidifying the said UV activated material inside the said reflective chamber after a period of time set out by the said control means; forming a three-dimensional object from the said UV activated material on a model template or transparent plate.
Typically, the said UV activated material comprises at least one of Polycarbonate diol, Acryloylmorpholine, silicon dioxide, Dipentaeythritol Hexaacrylate, 2,4,6-Trimethyl Benzoyl Diphenyl Phosphine Oxide, Photoinitiator 184 and UV colorants.
Typically, the said time value is between 60 seconds and 300 seconds.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
30
30
10
30
10
30
51
52
30
30
51
52
30
10
61
61
51
52
30
10
Referring to , , and , in an embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects is constructed in the present invention, a reflective chamber comprises a reflective layer. The reflective layers are mounted on the inner walls of the reflective chamber . Preferably, the reflective layer is an aluminum coating coated on the inner walls of the reflective chamber . Alternatively, other materials having high reflective characteristics for reflecting ultra violet light can also be used as a reflective layer. Additionally, the reflective layer can incorporate an electromagnetic radiation source or specific optical focused ultra-violent light light-emitting diodes or UV LEDs. The reflective layers are preferred to be arranged on all inner walls of the reflective chamber in order that the UV light can be reflected by all surfaces inside the reflective chamber and allow at least one light reflection from at least one inner wall to the flexible member or UV activated material. The above construction facilitates an evenly, uniformly and optimum light distribution across inner walls of the reflective chamber , and shortens the curing time for the flexible member or UV activated material such as resin and plastic materials. The UV activated materials will be solidified to become a three-dimensional object within the prescribed time. It uses less power consumption and no heat is generated during operation. In the embodiment, the apparatus can apply electromagnetic radiation on a flexible material or a liquid substance or UV activated material in order to produce solid three-dimensional objects by constructing the reflective chamber made of aluminum or other metals or other materials with reflective surface as a reflection media/material for UV light as its interior structure. Additionally, the UV LED or electromagnetic radiation can be as a light source which can be arranged inside the reflective chamber . In this embodiment, alternatively, the reflective chamber can further comprises a hollow portion . The hollow portion is adapted to receive the flexible material or UV activated material which is to be solidified inside the reflective chamber . The hollow portion can be defined between two opposing inner walls of the reflective chamber . Further, the hollow portion can be surrounded by at least two walls coated with reflective layers. An opening for being a passage allowing the three-dimensional object receiver or to be placed inside the hollow portion is arranged on an end of the hollow portion . Preferably, the three-dimensional object receiver or is removably mounted to the opposing walls of the hollow portion or opposing inner walls of the reflective chamber . It is also preferred that concave members or concave slideways for receiving and supporting the end portions of the three-dimensional object receiver or are arranged on the walls of the hollow portion or the inner walls of the reflective chamber .
30
10
30
10
51
52
30
10
10
30
30
30
30
30
10
35
35
10
30
35
In this embodiment, alternatively, the hollow portion can also be a hollow cylindrical structure having at least one opening mounted inside the reflective chamber . The inner walls of the hollow portion are coated with reflective layers, such as aluminum films. Preferably, in order to provide an enclosed chamber with high reflective condition for solidification process, the inner walls of the remaining portion of the reflective chamber facing the three-dimensional object receiver or can be coated with reflective layers or aluminum films. Typically, UV activated material or flexible material can be received inside a hollow portion of the reflective chamber . By considering that the outer shell of the reflective chamber can be made of plastic in order to reduce the total weight of the apparatus, the hollow cylindrical structure of the hollow portion can be made of metal in order to increase the performance of light reflection inside the hollow portion . The present invention chooses a light metal, such as aluminum, to construct the hollow portion . The advantage of using aluminum as a material of the hollow portion is that the performance of light reflection of solid aluminum is comparatively higher than aluminum coatings or films. Alternatively, the hollow portion can also be made of plastic material with aluminum coatings. Preferably, the hollow portion of the reflective chamber comprises a plurality of inner walls which can be coated with reflective material adapted for light reflection. Alternatively, the inner walls can be made of aluminum or other metals having reflective layer or reflective surface. In the embodiment, it is preferable to apply the aluminum coatings or aluminum material or aluminum film on the hollow portion because the aluminum has a characteristic of high reflective index which can maximize the reflection of electromagnetic radiation including the ultraviolet light onto the UV activated material including liquid substance or flexible material. Preferably, a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources or UV LEDs can be arranged on the inner walls of the reflective chamber or UV Chamber or the hollow portion . Alternatively, UV LEDs can be mounted on at least one inner wall of the hollow portion and they can be evenly distributed and mounted on all inner walls of the hollow portion. Preferably, by considering the safety reason, the present invention chooses to use UV LEDs instead of traditional UV lamps as a light source because UV lamp is made of glass which is very dangerous for children use.
10
11
13
17
19
11
13
15
30
15
10
15
30
10
15
11
13
In the embodiment, the reflective chamber can comprise an outer shell formed by an upper member , a bottom member , a first side member and a second side member . Particularly, a hollow structure having side walls and an opening can be formed by the combination of the upper member and the bottom member . A reflective chamber cover is removably or pivotally mounted to the opening of the hollow structure. The hollow structure can be the hollow portion . The reflective chamber cover can function as a door to cover the opening in order for allowing the hollow portion to become an enclosed region and preventing the electromagnetic radiation or UV light escaping from the reflective chamber . As such, the construction can restrict the UV light to be reflected within the chamber only. Additionally, the reflective chamber cover can have a side surface which is coated with a reflective layer facing towards the hollow portion in order to provide additional reflective means to maximum light reflections inside the reflective chamber . The above reflective layer can be a metal reflective film or an aluminum film having a reflective index. Alternatively, the reflective chamber cover can be pivotally mounted to the upper member or the bottom member .
20
17
19
20
17
19
17
19
10
20
21
30
In the embodiment, the battery receiver for receiving the battery can be arranged in the first side member or the second side member . Preferably, the battery receiver can be the concave region of the first side member or the second side member . A space from the outer wall of the first side member or the second side member towards the interior portion of the reflective chamber forms the concave region which defines the battery receiver . Further, a battery cover can cover the opening of the battery receiver through buckles or other means.
30
31
32
35
31
32
Preferably, the hollow portion can be constructed by combination of an upper structure and a lower structure . A plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources or UV LEDs can be mounted on the upper structure or the lower structure or both.
40
41
42
43
42
43
41
43
37
35
40
20
20
40
37
37
35
37
37
Additionally, a switch assembly or switching means for controlling the power of the apparatus includes a switch , a switch connector and a switch printed circuit board . The switch connector adapted for providing ON/ OFF signal to the switch printed circuit board is arranged between the switch and the switch printed circuit board . A control means for controlling the UV LEDs or electromagnetic radiation sources is connected with the switching means and the battery receiver . The battery receiver is adapted to provide power to both switching means and control means to operate. Further, the control means is adapted to control the time value and light intensity of emission of electromagnetic radiation or ultra-violent light provided by the said electromagnetic radiation sources or UV LEDs . Also, the control means can control and manage the processing time of the solidification of the apparatus. Particularly, the user can depend on the kind of model or materials to be solidified inside the reflective chamber and allow the control means to control the completion time of the whole solidification process or re-solidification process. Alternatively, the user can follow the instruction of the suggested time for solidification of a particular UV activated material and input the time data and light intensity data to the control means in order to control the desired hardness of the three-dimensional objects during model making process.
FIG. 4
Referring to , the flexible member or the UV activated material can be stored in a container or receiver.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
51
10
Referring to and , in the embodiment, a three-dimensional object receiver or model template or model plate is adapted for carrying the flexible member or UV activated materials inside the reflective chamber .
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
10
51
In this embodiment, a three-dimensional object receiver or the model template is a mold plate having a plurality of separate parts of a complete model which are allowed to put the UV activated material into a plurality of concave regions of the model template . Alternatively, a convex element can also be arranged on the model template or the three-dimensional object receiver in order that the UV activated material can cover the convex element. Particularly, a plurality of convex elements is adapted to be projected from a side of the model template or the three-dimensional object receiver and the outer surfaces of the convex elements are able to be covered or surrounded by the the UV activated material. More particularly, the convex element can be a mold with a variety of shapes. Alternatively, the convex element can also be arranged on the concave region of the model template or the three-dimensional object receiver . In this embodiment, the UV activated material or the flexible member which is covering the convex element can form a hollow convex structure or pre-determined structure after solidification process. After the completion of the solidification process performed inside the reflective chamber , such UV activated materials being placed inside the concave regions or on the convex elements will become solid three-dimensional parts of the complete model. The user can make a complete model by mounting the parts together. Preferably, the different patterns of the model template are designed to make different models. Alternatively, other carriers can be used as a model base for carrying the UV activated materials in order for the user to design his own model by using different shapes or patterns or appearance of the model base.
FIG. 3
52
30
52
10
30
Referring to , in another embodiment, the three-dimensional object receiver can be a transparent plate adapted for receiving the UV activated material is mounted in the central part of the hollow portion . The transparent plate is used to allow the UV light to pass through and reach the UV activated material during solidification process. In this embodiment, the processing time to complete the solidification of the UV activated material inside the reflective chamber will be greatly reduced because the UV light rays will be increased by reflections through the reflective surfaces of the inner walls of the hollow portion such that almost all parts of the UV activated materials will be reached by UV light rays in a short period of time.
10
In this embodiment, the user can put solid three-dimensional object together with the UV activated materials into the reflective chamber in order to perform re-solidification process. The re-solidification process is adapted to make a top-up solidification based on the existing three-dimensional objects. The re-construction of a basic three-dimensional object by solidification process through implementation of the present invention can be used as modelling or production of the parts of a complete model.
10
15
In the present invention, the solidification process involves the UV activated material, which can be a specially formulated resin/ink that can be drawn in any shape the user chooses onto a non-stick surface as provided. The user inserts the non-stick template made of UV activated material into the reflective chamber , closes the hinged door or the reflective chamber cover and activates the UV LEDs through the control means. Alternatively, the user can input the different programs of the control means in order to choose the preferred processing time and light intensity. It further prevents the leaking of UV light rays from the apparatus by closing the hinged door and cause harmful effect to the children users. The UV activated material will be hardened or solidified within the prescribed time (preferably in between 60 seconds and 300 seconds) so that it is hard enough to use as a craft toy construction piece. Posts, Walls and frames can be created this way and used to form bigger structures.
51
52
51
52
37
40
10
10
10
51
52
10
51
51
The present invention provides a method for production of three-dimensional objects. In this embodiment, the user can place a UV activated material on a model template or a transparent plate . Particularly, the user can place the UV activated material into at least one concave region with at least one default shape of the model template . Alternatively, in case of re-solidification process, the user can put the UV activated material with a pre-determined shape on the transparent plate . After activation of the control means and the switching means , the electromagnetic radiation sources will emit the ultra violet light inside the reflective chamber . The ultra violet light is then reflected onto the surfaces of the said UV activated material between a plurality of reflective layers inside the reflective chamber . The setting of time value and light intensity of ultra violet light emitted from the electromagnetic radiation sources is determined and controlled by the control means. After a period of time set out by the control means or a period of the time value, the UV activated material inside the reflective chamber is solidified. Then, the model template or transparent plate can be removed from the reflective chamber . Further, the UV activated material forms a three-dimensional object on a model template or transparent plate. Alternatively, the three-dimensional object with the pre-determined shape of the concave region or convex element can be formed. The above three-dimensional object can be a part of the model in the model template such that the whole model will be created by combination of the parts of the model in the model template . Alternatively, the method for production of three-dimensional objects can comprises steps of placing a UV activated material on a model template or transparent plate; setting of time value and light intensity of ultra violet light emitted from a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources by a control means for controlling the operation of the plurality of the said electromagnetic radiation sources; emitting ultra violet light from the plurality of the said electromagnetic radiation sources and allowing the reflection of ultra violet light between a plurality of reflective layers inside the reflective chamber; solidifying the said UV activated material inside the said reflective chamber after a period of time set out by the said control means and forming a three-dimensional object from the said UV activated material on a model template or transparent plate.
In the above embodiments, the UV activated material can comprise Polycarbonate diol, Acryloylmorpholine, silicon dioxide, Dipentaeythritol Hexaacrylate, 2,4,6-Trimethyl Benzoyl Diphenyl Phosphine Oxide, Photoinitiator 184 and UV colorants. Alternatively, in respect of the use of a safety modelling apparatus for children use of the present invention, the UV activated material preferably comprises Acryloylmorpholine, silicon dioxide, Dipentaeythritol Hexaacrylate and Photoinitiator 184. Alternatively, the UV activated material comprises Acryloylmorpholine, silicon dioxide and Dipentaeythritol Hexaacrylate. Alternatively, the UV activated material comprises silicon dioxide and Acryloylmorpholine.
Preferably, in order to implement the above embodiments of the present invention and by considering the safety of children in using the apparatus, the composition of the flexible member or the UV activated material is required to get rid of long-term health hazards. Through numerous experiments, preferably, the composition of UV activated material for children use comprises 71% to 75% parts by weight of Polycarbonate diol, 17% to 20% parts by weight of Dipentaerythritol Hexaacrylate, 6% to 8% parts by weight of Silicon Dioxide, 3% to 4% parts by weight of Photoinitiator 184 and 0.8% parts by weight of UV Colorants. Alternatively, the composition of the composition of the flexible member or the UV activated material can comprise 600 to 900 parts by weight of a Polycarbonate diol, 1 to 20 parts by weight of UV Colorants, 50 to 300 parts by weight of a Dipentaerythritol Hexaacrylate, 10 to 100 parts by weight of a silicon dioxide and 10 to 100 parts by weight of a Photoinitiator 184. In particular, by using the UV activated material with the above composition by children and through observation of numerous experiments, there is no significant sign or symptoms indicative of any adverse health hazard are expected to occur at standard conditions due to the low volatility of this material.
The present invention has been described in detail, with reference to the preferred embodiment, in order to enable the reader to practice the invention without undue experimentation. However, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that many of the previous disclosures may be varied or modified somewhat without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the intellectual property rights to this invention are defined only by the following claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
This and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading of the following detailed descriptions and drawings, in which:
FIG. 1
shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2
shows an exploded view of the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3
shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 4
shows a perspective view of a receiver for storing the flexible member of the present invention. | |
The Science of Acupuncture – BBC Documentary
For thousands of years, what we now think of as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) was the only medicine; now, traditional cures are being treated with a fresh respect. For BBC TWO, scientist Professor Kathy Sykes from Bristol University Kathy Sykes investigates why science is starting to respond to these centuries-old remedies….
Part 1: Alternative Medicine: The Evidence on Acupuncture
Kathy begins her journey in China where she sees some incredible demonstrations of acupuncture. The most astonishing is a scene in a Chinese hospital in which doctors perform open heart surgery on a young woman – using a combination of acupuncture and conventional pain relief instead of a general anaesthetic. In China, she discovers, acupuncture is used alongside western medicine and, at times, as a replacement.
So, what does western science make of these claims? Kathy meets the key scientists, both in the UK and in the US, who have put them to the test. She discovers that – although for most conditions and illnesses acupuncture cannot be shown to work – scientists have, intriguingly, uncovered a number of conditions relating to chronic pain in which they can be fairly certain acupuncture is having a powerful effect.
Kathy recruits a team of top scientists and alternative practitioners to find out if acupuncture might be having an effect. Over several months they devise an experiment which they hope will find the answer and finally uncover the secrets of acupuncture. Kathy and her team scan the brains of volunteers undergoing acupuncture. The conclusions challenge current understandings of the workings of the brain and throws new light on this ancient practice. | https://www.chinesemedicineliving.com/acupuncture/the-science-of-acupuncture-bbc-documentary/ |
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a lens system and an image pickup apparatus.
BACKGROUND ART
Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2014-126652 discloses a configuration composed, in order from the object side, of a first lens group that includes an aperture stop and has positive refractive power and a second lens group that has negative refractive power. When focusing from infinity to a near distance, the first lens group moves toward the object side. The first lens group is composed of a former first lens sub-group that has positive refractive power and is disposed on the object side of the aperture stop and a rear first lens sub-group that has positive refractive power and is disposed on the image side of the aperture stop. The former first lens sub-group includes a positive lens and, on the image side of the positive lens, a cemented lens composed of a positive lens with a convex surface facing the object side and a negative lens with a concave surface facing the image side.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In the field of medium telephoto or normal type (standard type) lenses, there is demand for a high-performance lens system.
f
f
One aspect of the present invention is a lens system for image pickup including, in order from an object side: a first lens group with positive refractive power that moves during focusing; a second lens group with positive refractive power that is disposed on an opposite side of a stop to the first lens group and moves during focusing; and a third lens group with positive refractive power that is fixed and is disposed closest to an image plane side (the most of image plane side). The third lens group includes a cemented lens composed, in order from the object side, of a lens with positive refractive power and a lens with negative refractive power, and a combined focal length f3 of the third lens group and a combined focal length f12 of the first lens group and the second lens group satisfy a following condition.
2≤3/12≤200
This lens system has a positive-positive-positive three-group configuration. Among systems where positive refractive power is disposed on the object side, telephoto types where negative power is disposed on the image plane side are typical and are capable of providing compact normal-type to telephoto-type lens systems. On the other hand, when negative refractive power provided to the rear is used to diffuse light flux that has been narrowed by lenses with positive refractive power on the object side so as to enable the flux to reach the image plane, the amount of refraction of light rays at each lens becomes large, and in particular the amount of refraction at the lenses on the object side where the positive refractive power is concentrated increases, which makes aberration correction difficult. In order to favorably perform aberration correction, many lens surfaces are required, resulting in a tendency for the number of lenses to increase. When the number of lenses increases, differences between individual lenses and tolerances have a greater effect. In addition, when the number of lenses increases, the MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) tends to fall. Even if a design that improves the MTF is used, there is high probability that the actual MTF will fall or deteriorate unless the large number of lenses are disposed at predetermined positions with predetermined accuracy.
With the lens system according to the present aspect, the positive refractive power in a telephoto-type positive-negative arrangement is provided as a positive-positive-positive three-group configuration, so that the positive refractive power is distributed among the three lens groups. By doing so, concentration of the positive refractive power in any of the lens groups, and in particular the lens group on the object side, is avoided, which suppresses the occurrence of aberration and enables aberration to be corrected with a small number of lenses. In addition, by making the positive refractive power of the third lens group that is closest to the image plane side lower than the power of the other lens groups on the object side, a configuration suited to a medium telephoto is produced. For this reason, the combined focal length f3 of the third lens group and the combined focal length f12 of the first lens group and the second lens group satisfies the above condition.
In addition, the third lens group uses a cemented lens including a combination of a cemented surface with a certain amount of curvature and surfaces that have large curvature provided at a distance from the cemented surface, and by using a cemented lens where the distances (gaps) between surfaces do not need to be adjusted, various aberrations including chromatic aberration are corrected. Accordingly, the cemented lens occupies an extremely large proportion of the third lens group. On the other hand, if the distance (length) of the cemented lens becomes too large, the total length of the lens system becomes too long and the curvature of the cemented surface also becomes too large, which increases the manufacturing cost. For this reason, the cemented lens of the third lens group is made of glass with a high refractive index, so that a cemented lens with a predetermined aberration correction performance can be compactly provided.
B
L/G
L≤
nB
ab≤
nB
a≤
For the reasons given above, the distance G3L on the optical axis of the third lens group G3 (that is, the total length of the third lens group) and the distance B31L on the optical axis of the cemented lens (that is, the length of the cemented lens) may satisfy the following condition, and additionally the refractive index nB31ab of at least one out of the lens with positive refractive power and the lens with negative refractive power in the cemented lens may satisfy the following condition.
0.6≤31311.8≤312.0
The refractive index nB31a of the lens with positive refractive power in the cemented lens may satisfy the following condition.
1.65≤312.0
In this lens system, the third lens group uses a cemented lens that has a cemented surface with a certain amount of curvature, which is suited to correcting various aberrations, including chromatic aberration. Accordingly, the cemented lens occupies an extremely large proportion of the third lens group. On the other hand, if the distance (length) of the cemented lens becomes too large, the total length of the lens system becomes too long and the curvature of the cemented surface also becomes too large, which increases the manufacturing cost. For this reason, a lens with positive refractive power and a refractive index nB31a that satisfies the above condition is used in the cemented lens, so that a cemented lens with a predetermined aberration correction performance can be compactly provided.
nB
b≤
nB
a≤
Another aspect of the present invention is a lens system for image pickup composed, in order from the object side: a first lens group with positive refractive power; a second lens group with positive refractive power that is disposed on an opposite side of a stop to the first lens group; and a third lens group with positive refractive power that is disposed closest to an image plane side (the most of image plane side). The first lens group includes, in order from the object side, a first cemented lens composed of a lens with negative refractive power and a lens with positive refractive power and a second cemented lens composed of a lens with positive refractive power and a lens with negative refractive power, the second lens group includes, a third cemented lens, which in order from the object side is composed of a lens with negative refractive power and a lens with positive refractive power, and a rear lens with positive refractive power, the third lens group includes a fourth cemented lens composed, in order from the object side, of a lens with positive refractive power and a lens with negative refractive power, and a refractive index nB11b of the lens with positive refractive power in the first cemented lens and a refractive index nB31a of the lens with positive refractive power in the fourth cemented lens satisfy following conditions.
1.75≤112.01.75≤312.0
With the lens system according to the present aspect, the positive refractive power in a telephoto-type positive-negative arrangement is provided as a positive-positive-positive three-group configuration, so that the positive refractive power is distributed among the three lens groups. By doing so, concentration of the positive refractive power in any of the lens groups, and in particular the lens group on the object side, is avoided, which suppresses the occurrence of aberration and enables aberration to be corrected with a small number of lenses.
By disposing the first cemented lens, which is made up of a combination of a negative lens and a positive lens, closest to the object side (the most of object side) of the first lens group and disposing the fourth cemented lens with a symmetrical combination of refractive powers at a symmetrical position to the first cemented lens, the symmetry of the lens system can be improved, which is also effective in reducing the Petzval sum. In the first and fourth cemented lenses, it is preferable for the refractive power nB11b and the refractive power nB31a of the lenses with positive refractive power where the distance (thickness) along the optical axis increases to be large, and by satisfying the conditions above, it is possible to further improve the symmetry and provide a lens system capable of favorably correcting aberration.
Another aspect of the present invention is an image pickup apparatus (imaging device) including: the lens system described above; and an image pickup element disposed on an image plane side of the lens system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
a
FIG. 1()
b
FIG. 1()
depicts the configuration of a lens system of Example 1, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest distance (shortest distance).
FIG. 2
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 1.
FIG. 3
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 1.
FIG. 4
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 1 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 5
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 1 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 6
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 1 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
FIG. 7
a
FIG. 7()
b
FIG. 7()
depicts the configuration of a lens system according to Example 2, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest (shortest) distance.
FIG. 8
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 2.
FIG. 9
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 2.
FIG. 10
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 2 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 11
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 2 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 12
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 2 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
FIG. 13
a
FIG. 13()
b
FIG. 13()
depicts the configuration of a lens system according to Example 3, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest (shortest) distance.
FIG. 14
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 3.
FIG. 15
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 3.
FIG. 16
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 3 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 17
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 3 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 18
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 3 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
FIG. 19
a
FIG. 19()
b
FIG. 19()
depicts the configuration of a lens system according to Example 4, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest (shortest) distance.
FIG. 20
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 4.
FIG. 21
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 4.
FIG. 22
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 4 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 23
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 4 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 24
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 4 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
FIG. 25
a
FIG. 25()
b
FIG. 25()
depicts the configuration of a lens system according to Example 5, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest (shortest) distance.
FIG. 26
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 5.
FIG. 27
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 5.
FIG. 28
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 5 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 29
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 5 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 30
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 5 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
FIG. 31
a
FIG. 31()
b
FIG. 31()
depicts the configuration of a lens system according to Example 6, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest (shortest) distance.
FIG. 32
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 6.
FIG. 33
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 6.
FIG. 34
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 6 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 35
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 6 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 36
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 6 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
FIG. 37
a
FIG. 37()
b
FIG. 37()
depicts the configuration of a lens system according to Example 7, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest (shortest) distance.
FIG. 38
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 7.
FIG. 39
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 7.
FIG. 40
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 7 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 41
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 7 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 42
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 7 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
FIG. 43
a
FIG. 43()
b
FIG. 43()
depicts the configuration of a lens system according to Example 8, with depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is infinity and depicting the lens arrangement when the focus position is a nearest (shortest) distance.
FIG. 44
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system according to Example 8.
FIG. 45
depicts various numerical values of the lens system according to Example 8.
FIG. 46
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 8 when the focus is at infinity.
FIG. 47
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 8 when the focus is at an intermediate position.
FIG. 48
is a diagram depicting various aberrations and the MTF of the lens system according to Example 8 when the focus is at a nearest distance.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
FIG. 1
a
FIG. 1()
b
FIG. 1()
1
10
5
12
10
10
11
5
depicts one example of an image pickup apparatus (imaging device, camera or camera apparatus) including an optical system for image pickup. depicts a state where the system is focused at infinity, and depicts a state where the system is focused at a nearest distance. The camera (image pickup apparatus) includes a lens system (optical system, image pickup optical system or image forming optical system) and an image pickup element (image pickup device, image plane, or image forming plane) disposed on the image plane side (image side, image pickup side, or image forming side) of the lens system . This lens system for image pickup is composed, in order from the object side (subject side) , of a first lens group G1 with positive refractive power, a second lens group G2 with positive refractive power disposed on an opposite side of a stop St to the first lens group G1, and a third lens group G3 with positive refractive power. The first lens group G1, the stop St, and the second lens group G2 integrally move during focusing, and the third lens group G3 is fixed during focusing. That is, the distance between the third lens group G3 and the image plane does not fluctuate due to focusing.
10
7
11
12
11
The lens system has a positive-positive-positive three-group configuration and is a normal-type (standard-type) lens system with a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 55 mm, where the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 move along the optical axis during focusing. Among systems where positive refractive power is disposed on the object side , telephoto types where negative power is disposed on the image plane side are typical and are capable of providing normal-type to telephoto-type compact lens systems. But in an optical system, when negative refractive power provided to the rear is used to diffuse light flux that has been narrowed by lenses with positive refractive power on the object side so as to enable the flux to reach the image plane, the amount of refraction of light rays at each lens becomes large, and in particular the amount of refraction at the lenses on the object side where the positive refractive power is concentrated increases, which makes aberration correction difficult. In order to favorably perform aberration correction, many lens surfaces are required, resulting in a tendency for the number of lenses to increase. When the number of lenses increases, differences between individual lenses and tolerances have a greater effect. In addition, when the number of lenses increases, the MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) tends to fall. Even if a design that improves the MTF is used, there is high probability that the actual MTF will fall or deteriorate unless the large number of lenses are disposed at predetermined positions with predetermined accuracy.
10
11
12
11
In the lens system according to the present embodiment, the positive refractive power in a telephoto-type positive-negative arrangement is provided as a positive-positive-positive three-group configuration, so that the positive refractive power is distributed among the lens groups G1 to G3. By doing so, concentration of the positive refractive power in any of the lens groups, and in particular the lens group on the object side , is avoided, which suppresses the occurrence of aberration and enables aberration to be corrected with a small number of lenses. In addition, by making the positive refractive power of the third lens group G3 that is closest to the image plane side (the most of image plane side) lower than the power of the other lens groups on the object side , a configuration suited to a medium telephoto is produced. In addition, by using combinations of lenses with negative refractive power as necessary, a configuration more suited for aberration correction is produced.
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
10
Accordingly, the combined focal length f3 of the third lens group G3 and the combined focal length f12 of the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 may satisfy the following Condition (1).
2≤3/12≤200 (1)
The lower limit of Condition (1) may be 3, or may be 100, and the upper limit may be 170. Accordingly, Condition (1) may be the following Condition (1a).
3≤3/12≤200 (1a)
In particular, the range of the following Condition (1b) can suppress the occurrence of aberration in the third lens group G3, and is suited to improving the MTF. The lower limit of Condition (1b) may be 110. As described above, the upper limit may be 200.
100≤3/12≤170 (1b)
Also, the range of the following Condition (1c) makes it possible for the third lens group G3 to be relatively compact, so that a lens system that is compact as a whole can be provided. The upper limit of Condition (1c) may be 6.
2≤3/12≤10 (1c)
10
14
13
15
14
10
14
In addition, in the lens system according to the present embodiment, the third lens group G3 includes a cemented lens B31 that has a cemented surface S with a certain amount of curvature and surfaces S and S that have large curvature provided at certain distances from the cemented surface S, and by using a cemented lens where the distances (gaps, intervals) between surfaces do not need to be adjusted, various aberrations including chromatic aberration are corrected. In this configuration, the cemented lens B31 may occupy an extremely large area (length, proportion) of third lens group G3. But, if the distance (length) B31L of the cemented lens B31 becomes too large, the total length WL of the lens system becomes too long and the curvature of the cemented surface S also becomes too large, which increases the manufacturing cost. For this reason, the cemented lens B31 of the third lens group G3 may be made of glass with a high refractive index, so that a cemented lens B31 with a predetermined aberration correction performance can be compactly provided.
7
13
11
17
12
7
13
15
B
L/G
L≤
B
L/G
L≤
For the reasons given above, the distance G3L on the optical axis from the surface S that is closest to the object side of the third lens group G3 to the surface S that is closest to the image plane side (that is, the total length of the third lens group G3) and the distance B31L on the optical axis of the cemented lens B31 (that is, the distance between the surface S and the surface S, which is the length of the cemented lens B31) may satisfy the following Condition (2).
0.6≤3131 (2)
The lower limit of Condition (2) may be 0.65 and the upper limit may be 0.80. The range of Condition (2a) below in particular is suited to improving the MTF.
0.65≤3130.8 (2a)
nB
ab≤
The refractive index nB31ab of at least one out of the lens L31 with positive refractive power and the lens L32 with negative refractive power in the cemented lens B31 may satisfy the following Condition (3).
1.8≤312.0 (3)
10
7
1
11
17
12
G
L/WL≤
The distance (total length) G3L of the third lens group and the total length WL of the lens system (that is, the distance on the optical axis between the surface S closest to the object side to the surface S closest to the image plane side ) may satisfy Condition (4).
0.1≤30.5 (4)
The lower limit of Condition (4) may be 0.2, or may be 0.25 or 0.28. The upper limit of Condition (4) may be 0.4.
12
11
11
11
12
12
5
Since the positive power of the third lens group G3 can be further reduced, disposing the lens L33 with negative refractive power on the image plane side of the cemented lens B31 is effective in correcting various aberrations, including chromatic aberration. It is effective for the third lens group G3 to include, from the object side , the cemented lens B31 and a rear lens L33 that has negative refractive power and is concave on the object side . By disposing the lens L33 with negative refractive power and a concave surface on the object side closest to the image plane side (the most image plane side), a telephoto configuration or a configuration close to telephoto can be realized in combination with the lens groups G1 and G2 with positive refractive power disposed to the front (object side). This makes it easy to shorten the total length WL of the lens system. In addition, the lens L33 with negative refractive power closest to the image plane side makes it possible to widen the light flux toward the image plane , which can produce a large image circle, as one example, a size of around 55 mm in diameter.
By constructing the third lens group G3 of the cemented lens B31 and the lens L33 with negative refractive power, it is possible to provide each lens with refractive power without increasing the power of the third lens group G3. Accordingly, aberration can be corrected more favorably without a large increase in the number of lenses, which is suited to improving the MTF.
f
ab/f
GL|≤
f
ab/f
GL|≤
The combined focal length f31ab of the lens L31 with positive refractive power and the lens L32 with negative refractive power in the cemented lens B31 and the focal length f3GL of the rear lens L33 may satisfy the following Condition (5).
0.5≤|3131.1 (5)
The lower limit of Condition (5) may be 0.7, or may be 1.0. In particular, in the range of the following Condition (5a), the power of the negative lens L33 to the rear is slightly higher than the power of the cemented lens B31, which results in favorable correction of aberration.
1.0<|3131.1 (5a)
f
ab|+|f
GL
f
f
ab|+|f
GL
f
The combined focal length f31ab of the lens L31 with positive refractive power and the lens L32 with negative refractive power in the cemented lens B31, the focal length f3GL of the rear lens L33, and the combined focal length f3 of the third lens group G3 may satisfy the following Condition (6).
0<(|313|)/|3|≤1.3 (6)
It is possible to set the total of the positive refractive power and the negative refractive power that construct the third lens group G3 the same or larger than the refractive power of the third lens group G3, and to provide a configuration suited to aberration correction without increasing the power of the third lens group G3. The upper limit of Condition (6) may be 1.0, or may be 0.7 or 0.1. In particular, in the range that satisfies the following Condition (6a), the positive refractive power of the cemented lens B31 and the negative refractive power of the rear negative lens L33 can be made substantially equal and sufficiently large relative to the refractive power of the third lens group G3, and since the total power of the third lens group G3 can be set at a weak power, this is suited to aberration correction.
0<(|313|)/|3|≤0.1 (6a)
11
10
11
7
nB
a≤
The cemented lens B31 of the third lens group G3 is preferably a combination, from the object side , of the lens L31 with positive refractive power and the lens L32 with negative refractive power. In the positive-positive-positive lens system , a cemented lens B11 composed of a combination of the lens L11 with negative refractive power and the lens L12 with positive refractive power is disposed closest to the object side of the first lens group G1. The cemented lens B31 is a symmetrical combination of refractive powers at a symmetrical position to the cemented lens B11, which improves symmetry and is effective in reducing the Petzval sum. In the cemented lens B31, the refractive index nB31a of the lens L31 with positive refractive power with a large distance (i.e., thickness) along the optical axis is preferably large and may satisfy the following Condition (7).
1.65≤312.0 (7)
nB
a≤
nB
b≤
This refractive index nB31a and the refractive index nB11b of the lens L12 with positive refractive power that constructs the cemented lens B11 at the symmetrical position to the cemented lens B31 may satisfy the following Conditions (7a) and (11).
1.75≤312.0 (7a)1.75≤112.0 (11)
nB
a≤
12
In this cemented lens B31, as indicated in Condition (3), at least one refractive index out of the refractive index nB31a of the lens L31 with positive refractive power and the refractive index nB31b of the lens L32 of the negative refractive power is preferably 1.8 or higher. Accordingly, the refractive index nB31a of the lens L31 with positive refractive power is preferably large and may satisfy the following Condition (7b).
1.8≤312.0 (7b)
Since it is possible to make the cemented lens B31 thin while maintaining a sufficient distance between the surfaces, together with Condition (2a), this is suited to disposing the lens L33 with negative refractive power to the rear of (that is, on the image plane side ) of the cemented lens B31.
nB
a≤
nB
a≤
14
11
10
In addition, the refractive index nB31a of the lens L31 with positive refractive power in the cemented lens B31 may satisfy the following Condition (7c) or may satisfy the Condition (7d).
1.85≤312.0 (7c)1.88≤312.0 (7d)
It is easy to provide refractive power at the cemented surface S of the cemented lens B31 that is concave on the object side , and possible to improve the aberration correction performance of the cemented lens B31. This means that it is possible to reduce the number of high-refractive-index lenses that construct the lens system , which is economical.
nB
b/nB
a≤
14
11
10
In particular, the refractive index nB31a of the lens L31 with positive refractive power in the cemented lens B31 is larger than the refractive index nB31b of the lens L32 with negative refractive power, and may satisfy the following Condition (8).
0.5<31311 (8)
This makes it easy to provide refractive power at the cemented surface S of the cemented lens B31 that is concave on the object side , and thereby possible to improve the aberration correction performance of the cemented lens B31. This means that it is possible to reduce the number of high-refractive-index lenses that construct the lens system , which is economical.
nB
b<
When focusing on the refractive index nB31b of the lens L32 with negative refractive power in the cemented lens B31, the following Condition (9) may be satisfied.
1.60≤311.87 (9)
n
GL/nB
b<
12
11
16
11
15
16
16
11
15
12
10
10
The relationship between the refractive index nB31b of the lens L32 with negative refractive power in the cemented lens B31 and the refractive index n3GL of the lens L33 with negative refractive power to the rear of the third lens group G3 may satisfy the following Condition (10).
0.5<3311 (10)
By making the refractive index n3GL of the rear negative lens L33, which is adjacent to the rear (image plane side) of the cemented lens B31 and is concave on the object side , relatively small, it is possible to increase the curvature of the surface S on the object side of the negative lens L33 (that is, to make the radius of curvature smaller). This means that the distance between the surfaces S and S can be set so that a peripheral part (edge part) of the surface S of the negative lens L33 that is concave on the object side can be placed adjacent to or touching the surface S on the image plane side of the cemented lens B31. This facilitates assembly of the lens system , and means a lens system that has a stable and favorable MTF can be provided.
11
11
11
The first lens group G1 may include, in order from the object side , the first cemented lens B11 composed of the lens L11 with negative refractive power and the lens L12 with positive refractive power and a second cemented lens B12 composed of a lens L13 with positive refractive power and a lens L14 with negative refractive power. The second lens group G2 may include, in order from the object side , a third cemented lens B21 composed of a lens L21 with negative refractive power and a lens L22 with positive refractive power, and a rear lens L23 with positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 may include, in order from the object side , the fourth cemented lens B31 made up of the lens L31 with positive refractive power and the lens L32 with negative refractive power.
10
11
11
12
11
11
11
12
11
11
10
This lens system has a substantially symmetrical arrangement of powers with, from the object side , negative-positive-positive-negative lenses and negative-positive-positive-positive-negative lenses on respective sides of the stop St. In addition, the negative-positive and positive-negative cemented lenses B11 and B12 are disposed on the object side of the stop St, and the negative-positive and positive-negative cemented lenses B21 and B31 are disposed on the image plane side to produce an arrangement that is also symmetrical in units of cemented lenses. The two cemented lenses B11 and B12 on the object side are both combinations of a positive meniscus lens that is convex on the object side and a negative meniscus lens that is convex on the object side , and the two cemented lenses B21 and B31 on the image plane side are both combinations of a negative meniscus lens that is concave on the object side and a positive meniscus lens that is concave on the object side , so that the orientations of the surfaces are also disposed so as to be symmetrical across the stop St. Accordingly, the arrangement as a whole is highly symmetrical, which makes aberration easy to correct, and is suited to reducing the Petzval sum. This means that the lens system can obtain sharp and bright images and it is easy to improve the MTF.
7
10
Also, by disposing the negative meniscus-type cemented lenses B12 and B21 facing each other across the stop St, it is possible for light flux that has been collimated with respect to the optical axis to pass through the stop St. As a result, a lens system that is brighter and has a small F number can be provided.
12
10
10
In addition, although the configuration has ten lenses including the negative lens L33 closest to the image plane side , by including the four cemented lenses B11, B12, B21 and B31, the number of lens elements at the time of assembly is six. This means that the lens system is easy to assemble, and the positions of the 10 lenses (L11 to L14, L21 to L23, and L31 to L33) can be set with high precision, which makes it possible to prevent deterioration or a fall in the MTF due to poor assembly and possible to provide the lens system that has little fluctuation in tolerance due to assembly and has a low assembly sensitivity (that is, whose performance hardly fluctuates due to quality of assembly).
2
11
14
11
11
12
10
10
10
In addition, the refractive index nB11b of the lens L12 with positive refractive power in the first cemented lens B11 and the refractive index nB31a of the lens L31 with positive refractive power in the fourth cemented lens B31 may satisfy the conditions (7a) and (11) described above. The cemented surface S that is convex on the object side and the cemented surface S that is concave on the object side of the cemented lenses B11 and B31 positioned closest to the object side and on the image plane side of the lens system can be provided with a certain refractive power. This means that aberration correction can be favorably performed, the number of lenses with a high refractive index included in the lens system can be reduced, and a high-performance lens system can be provided at low cost.
11
vB
a/vB
b<
The refractive index nB31a of the lens L31 with positive refractive power in the cemented lens (fourth cemented lens) B31 of the third lens group G3 and the refractive index nB31b of the lens L32 with negative refractive power in the fourth cemented lens B31 may satisfy the above Condition (8), and the Abbe number vB11a of the lens L11 with negative refractive power and the Abbe number vB11b of the lens L12 with positive refractive power in the cemented lens (first cemented lens) B11 on the object side of the first lens group G1 may satisfy the following Condition (12).
0.5<11111 (12)
11
10
12
2
11
11
14
11
12
10
10
By making the negative-positive cemented lens B11 disposed closest to the object side (the most object side) of this lens system and the positive-negative cemented lens B31 disposed closest to the image plane side combinations of a high-refractive index, for example, 1.8 or higher, low dispersion (high Abbe number) positive lens, and a low-refractive index, for example, 1.7 or lower, and high dispersion (low Abbe number) negative lens, it is possible to provide the cemented surface S that is convex on the object side and closest to the object side and the cemented surface S that is concave on the object side and closest to the image plane side with optically symmetrical performance. Accordingly, aberration correction can be favorably performed, the number of lenses with a high refractive index included in the lens system can be reduced, and a high-performance lens system can be provided at low cost.
10
11
11
10
f
f
f
This lens system has a positive-positive-positive three-group configuration, and the combined focal length f1 of the first lens group, the combined focal length f2 of the second lens group, and the combined focal length of the third lens group f3 may satisfy the following Condition (13).
2<1<3 (13)
By suppressing the refractive power of the first lens group G1 disposed closest to the object side (the most of object side), it is possible to suppress the occurrence of aberration in the lens group on the object side where the angle of light rays is most likely to be large. Also, using a lens made of anomalous dispersion glass in the second lens group G2 that has the highest refractive power is effective in improving the performance (MTF) of the lens system , and also effective in correcting chromatic aberration. Accordingly, the lenses L21 to L23 that compose the second lens group G2 may include at least one lens made of anomalous low dispersion glass. In addition, the second lens group G2 may include at least two lenses made of anomalous low dispersion glass. In more detail, the lens L22 with positive refractive power in the cemented lens (third cemented lens) B21 of the second lens group G2 may be anomalous low dispersion glass. The lens L23 with positive refractive power to the rear of the cemented lens B21 of the second lens group G2 may also be anomalous low dispersion glass.
FIG. 1
a
FIG. 1()
b
FIG. 1()
10
A more detailed description will now be given with reference to the drawings. depicts the lens arrangement of the lens system in different states. depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the nearest distance (near distance, 400 mm).
10
1
10
11
5
11
The lens system is a normal-type (standard-type) lens with a focal length of around 65 mm at infinity (a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 55 mm), and has a suitable configuration for an interchangeable lens of the camera used for shooting or recording (image pickup of) photographs, movies, or video. The lens system has a three-group configuration composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with overall positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St integrally and monotonously move toward the object side .
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
10
11
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . The radius of curvature (Ri) is the radius of curvature (mm) of each surface of each lens disposed in order from the object side , the distance di is the distance (mm) between the respective lens surfaces, the effective diameter (Di) is the effective diameter of each lens surface (diameter, mm), the refractive index nd is the refractive index (d-line) of each lens, and the Abbe number vd is the Abbe number (d-line) of each lens. In , the lenses whose lens names have been marked with an asterisk are lenses that use anomalous dispersion glass. The same applies to the embodiments described later.
FIG. 3
10
10
depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable distance d12 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (2400 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 400 mm).
a
FIG. 4()
10
depicts spherical aberration, astigmatism, and distortion for when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity. Spherical aberration is depicted for the wavelengths of 435.8400 nm (dashed line), 486.1300 nm (dotted line, short dashed line), 546.0700 nm (dot-dot-dash line), 587.5600 nm (short dot-dash line), and 656.2800 nm (solid line). Astigmatism is depicted for tangential (meridional) rays T and sagittal rays S. The same applies to the aberration diagrams described later.
b
FIG. 4()
10
depicts the MTF of the lens system with respect to image height. The solid line indicates RAD (the MTF on the sagittal plane) and the broken line indicates TAD (the MTF on the tangential (meridional) plane), and from the top, the MTF is depicted for 10 line pairs/mm (10 lp/mm), 20 line pairs/mm (20 lp/mm), and 30 line pairs/mm (30 lp/mm). The same applies to the following embodiments.
FIG. 5
a
FIG. 5 ()
b
FIG. 5()
FIG. 6
a
FIG. 6()
b
FIG. 6()
depicts an aberration diagram () and the MTF () at an intermediate position (2400 mm) and depicts an aberration diagram () and the MTF () at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 400 mm).
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
The lens system depicted in the drawings is composed of a total of 10 lenses (L11 to L14, L21 to L23, and L31 to L33). The first lens group G1 disposed closest to the object side has a four-lens configuration including, from the object side , a meniscus lens L11 with negative refractive power that is convex on the object side , the meniscus lens L12 with positive refractive power that is convex on the object side , the meniscus lens L13 with positive refractive power that is convex on the object side , and the meniscus lens L14 with negative refractive power that is convex on the object side . The lenses L11 and L12 construct the positive meniscus-type cemented lens (balsam or first cemented lens) B11 that is convex on the object side , and the lenses L13 and L14 construct the negative meniscus-type cemented lens (balsam or second cemented lens) B12 that is convex on the object side .
11
11
11
The second lens group G2, which is opposite the first lens group G1 on the other side of the stop St, has a three-lens configuration including the negative meniscus lens L21 that is concave on the object side , the positive meniscus lens L22 that is concave on the object side , and the biconvex positive lens L23. The lenses L21 and L22 construct the negative meniscus-type cemented lens (balsam or third cemented lens) B21 that is concave on the object side .
11
11
11
11
11
The third lens group G3 has a three-lens configuration including, in order from the object side , the positive meniscus lens L31 that is concave on the object side , the negative meniscus lens L32 that is concave on the object side , and the negative meniscus lens L33 that is concave on the object side . The lenses L31 and L32 construct the positive meniscus-type cemented lens (balsam or fourth cemented lens) B31 that is concave on the object side .
10
Accordingly, the lens system is composed of a total of ten lenses, but in terms of optical elements, is composed of six lenses made up of the four cemented lenses B11, B12, B21, and B31 and the two lenses L23 and L33. By using many cemented lenses, the lens system has a simple configuration and is easy to assemble.
10
FIG. 1
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows. The unit of the focal length and the total length is mm. The same applies to the following embodiments.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 121.92
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 73.40
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 11124.26
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 69.09
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 79.47
Focal length of the rear lens L33 of the third lens group G3 (f3GL): −75.50
Total length of lens system (WL): 69.2
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 23.52
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 16.97
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 161.0
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 0.72
Condition (3) (nB31ab(max(nL31,nL32))): 1.89
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.34
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): 1.05
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): 0.01
Condition (7) (nB31a(nL31)): 1.89
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a(nL32/nL31)): 0.90
Condition (9) (nB31b(nL32)): 1.70
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b(nL33/nL32)): 0.88
Condition (11) (nB11b(nL12)): 1.83
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b(vL11/vL12)): 0.81
10
10
10
FIG. 1
The lens system depicted in includes all of the configurations described above, and also satisfies Conditions (1) to (13). The lens system also satisfies all the conditions including Conditions (1a), (1b), (2a), (5a), (6a), and (7a) to (7d). Also, although anomalous dispersion lenses are used for the lenses L22 and L23 in the second lens group G2, there are only two high-refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or higher, the lenses L12 and L31, which makes it possible to provide a lens system that can favorably correct various aberrations at low cost.
10
FIGS. 4 to 6
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal type interchangeable lens with a focal length of around 65 mm when focused on infinity, and makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 2.80 and has a large angle of view of 46.8 degrees. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance, there is little separation between sagittal and tangential, and it can be understood that coma aberration, astigmatism, and the like are favorably corrected.
FIG. 7
a
FIG. 7()
b
FIG. 7()
10
depicts a different example of the lens system . depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the nearest distance (near distance, 410 mm).
10
11
5
11
This lens system also has a three-group configuration with a positive-positive-positive arrangement of refractive powers and is composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with overall positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with overall positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with overall positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St integrally as one unit and monotonously move toward the object side .
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
FIGS. 10 to 12
a
a
a
FIGS. 10(), 11(), 12()
b
b
b
FIGS. 10(), 11(), 12()
10
10
10
10
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable distance d12 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (2400 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 410 mm). respectively depict various aberrations () and the MTF () when the focal distance of the lens system is at infinity, at the intermediate position, and at the nearest distance.
10
10
FIG. 1
The lens system depicted in these drawings is composed of a total of 10 lenses (L11 to L14, L21 to L23, and L31 to L33), and the fundamental configuration of the individual groups and individual lenses are the same as Example 1 depicted in . Accordingly, this lens system is also composed of a total of ten lenses, but in terms of optical elements, is composed of six lenses made up of the four cemented lenses B11, B12, B21, and B31 and the two lenses L23 and L33. By using many cemented lenses, the lens system has a simple configuration and is easy to assemble.
10
FIG. 7
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 106.87
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 79.81
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 7636.74
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 69.00
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 85.34
Focal length of the rear lens L33 of the third lens group G3 (f3GL): −81.56
Total length of lens system (WL): 69.2
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 23.60
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 17.10
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 110.7
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 0.72
Condition (3) (nB31ab (max (nL31, nL32))): 1.89
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.34
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): 1.05
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): 0.02
Condition (7) (nB31a(nL31)): 1.89
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a (nL32/nL31)): 0.90
Condition (9) (nB31b(nL32)): 1.70
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b (nL33/nL32)): 0.88
Condition (11) (nB11b (nL12)): 1.83
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b (vL11/vL12)): 0.81
10
10
10
FIG. 7
The lens system depicted in includes all of the configurations described above, and also satisfies Conditions (1) to (13). The lens system also satisfies all the conditions including Conditions (1a), (1b), (2a), (5a), (6a), and (7a) to (7d). Also, although an anomalous dispersion lens is used for the lens L22 in the second lens group G2, there are only two high-refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or higher, the lenses L12 and L31, which makes it possible to provide a lens system that can favorably correct various aberrations at low cost.
10
FIGS. 10 to 12
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal-type interchangeable lens with a focal length of around 65 mm when focused on infinity, and makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 3.24 and has a large angle of view of 46.8 degrees. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance, there is little separation between sagittal and tangential, and coma aberration, astigmatism, and the like are favorably corrected. In particular, it can be understood that the MTF at infinity is favorable compared to the MTF at the near distance.
FIG. 13
a
FIG. 13()
b
FIG. 13()
10
depicts a different example of the lens system . depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the nearest distance (near distance, 545 mm).
10
11
5
11
This lens system also has a three-group configuration with a positive-positive-positive arrangement of refractive powers and is composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with combined positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St monotonously move as a unit toward the object side .
FIG. 14
FIG. 15
FIGS. 16 to 18
a
a
a
FIGS. 16(), 17(), 18()
b
b
b
FIGS. 16(), 17(), 18()
10
10
10
10
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable interval d12 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (2400 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 545 mm). respectively depict various aberrations () and the MTF () when the focal distance of the lens system is at infinity, at the intermediate position, and at the nearest distance.
10
11
10
FIG. 1
The lens system depicted in these drawings is composed of a total of 10 lenses (L11 to L14, L21 to L23, and L31 to L33), and aside from the lens L31 with positive refractive power that is closest to the object side of the third lens group G3 being a biconvex positive lens and the cemented lens B31 also being a biconvex positive lens, the fundamental configuration of the individual groups and individual lenses are the same as Example 1 depicted in . Accordingly, this lens system is also composed of a total of ten lenses, but in terms of optical elements, is composed of six lenses made up of the four cemented lenses B11, B12, B21, and B31 and the two lenses L23 and L33. By using many cemented lenses, the lens system has a simple structure and is easy to assemble.
10
FIG. 13
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 127.08
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 75.22
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 261.12
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 75.26
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 81.08
Focal length of the rear lens L33 of the third lens group G3 (f3GL): −113.66
Total length of lens system (WL): 67.23
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 18.58
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 14.35
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 3.47
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 0.77
Condition (3) (nB31ab (max (nL31, nL32))): 1.85
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.28
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): 0.71
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): 0.75
Condition (7) (nB31a (nL31)): 1.82
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a (nL32/nL31)): 1.02
Condition (9) (nB31b (nL32)): 1.85
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b (nL33/nL32)): 0.80
Condition (11) (nB11b (nL12)): 1.80
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b (vL11/vL12)): 1.13
10
10
FIG. 13
The lens system depicted in satisfies Conditions (1) to (7), (9) to (11), and (13). Conditions (1a), (1c), (2a), and (7a) to (7b) are also satisfied. An anomalous dispersion lens is used as the lens L22 of the second lens group G2. In this lens system , there are five high refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or more, the lenses L12, L14, L23, L31, and L32, so that a relatively high number of high refractive index lenses are used and various aberrations are favorably corrected.
10
FIGS. 16 to 18
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal-type interchangeable lens with a focal length of about 65 mm when focused at infinity, and makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 2.8 and has a large angle of view of 47.6°. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance aside from the region where the image height is large, and there is little separation between sagittal and tangential.
FIG. 19
a
FIG. 19()
b
FIG. 19()
10
depicts a different example of the lens system . depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the nearest distance (near distance, 555 mm).
10
11
5
11
This lens system also has a three-group configuration with a positive-positive-positive arrangement of refractive powers and is composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with overall positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with overall positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with overall positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St synchronously and monotonously move toward the object side .
FIG. 20
FIG. 21
FIGS. 22 to 24
a
a
a
FIGS. 22(), 23(), 24()
b
b
b
FIGS. 22(), 23(), 24()
10
10
10
10
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable interval d12 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (2500 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 555 mm). respectively depict various aberrations () and the MTF () when the focal distance of the lens system is at infinity, at the intermediate position, and at the nearest distance.
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
The lens system depicted in these drawings is composed of a total of 10 lenses. The first lens group G1 has a three-lens configuration and includes a positive meniscus lens L11 that is convex on the object side , a positive meniscus lens L13 that is convex on the object side , and a negative meniscus lens L14 that is convex on the object side . The lenses L13 and L14 construct a negative meniscus-type cemented lens B12 that is convex on the object side . The second lens group G2 has a four-lens configuration and includes a negative meniscus lens L21 that is concave on the object side , a positive meniscus lens L22 that is concave on the object side , a biconvex positive lens L23a, and a negative meniscus lens L23b that is concave on the object side . The lenses L21 and L22 construct a cemented lens B21 that is concave on the object side , and the lenses L23a and L23b construct a biconvex cemented lens B22.
11
11
The third lens group G3 includes a biconvex positive lens L31, a negative meniscus lens L32 that is concave on the object side , and a negative meniscus lens L33 that is concave on the object side . The biconvex cemented lens B31 is constructed by the lenses L31 and L32.
10
FIG. 19
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 122.56
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 84.55
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 244.88
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 76.12
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 62.62
Focal length of the rear lens L33 of the third lens group G3 (f3GL): −81.25
Total length of lens system (WL): 68.7
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 17.66
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 13.85
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 3.22
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 0.78
Condition (3) (nB31ab (max (nL31, nL32))): 1.92
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.26
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): 0.77
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): 0.59
Condition (7) (nB31a (nL31)): 1.85
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a (nL32/nL31)): 1.04
Condition (9) (nB31b (nL32)): 1.92
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b (nL33/nL32)): 0.84
Condition (11) (nB11b (nL12)): NA
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b (vL11/vL12)): NA
10
10
FIG. 19
The lens system depicted in satisfies Conditions (1) to (7), (9), (10), and (13). Conditions (1a), (1c), (2a), and (7a) to (7b) are also satisfied. An anomalous dispersion lens is used as the lens L22 of the second lens group G2. In this lens system , there are five high refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or higher, the lenses L11, L23a, L23b, L31, and L32, and since a relatively large number of high refractive index lenses are used, various aberrations are favorably corrected.
10
FIGS. 22 to 24
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal-type interchangeable lens with a focal length of about 65 mm when focused at infinity, and makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 2.8 and has a large angle of view of 47.6°. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance, and there is no great separation between sagittal and tangential, which is favorable.
FIG. 25
a
FIG. 25()
b
FIG. 25()
10
depicts a different example of the lens system . depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the shortest distance (near distance, 540 mm).
10
11
5
11
This lens system also has a three-group configuration with a positive-positive-positive arrangement of refractive powers and is composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with overall positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with overall positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with overall positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St integrally and monotonously move toward the object side .
FIG. 26
FIG. 27
FIGS. 28 to 30
a
a
a
FIGS. 28(), 29(), 30()
b
b
b
FIGS. 28(), 29(), 30()
10
10
10
10
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable distance d12 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (2400 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 540 mm). respectively depict various aberrations () and the MTF () when the focal distance of the lens system is at infinity, at the intermediate position, and at the nearest distance.
10
11
10
FIG. 1
The lens system depicted in these drawings is composed of a total of 10 lenses (L11 to L14, L21 to L23, and L31 to L33). Aside from the lens L31 with positive refractive power that is closest to the object side in the third lens group G3 being a biconvex positive lens and the cemented lens B31 also being a biconvex positive lens, the fundamental configuration of each group and each lens is the same as Example depicted in . Accordingly, this lens system is also composed of a total of ten lenses, but in terms of optical elements, is composed of six lenses made up of the four cemented lenses B11, B12, B21, and B31 and the two lenses L23 and L33. By using many cemented lenses, the lens system has a simple configuration and is easy to assemble.
10
FIG. 25
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 136.84
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 80.26
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 186.81
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 80.60
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 75.07
Focal length of the rear lens L33 of the third lens group G3(f3GL): −122.63
Total length of lens system (WL): 64.07
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 15.97
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 13.10
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 2.32
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 0.82
Condition (3) (nB31ab (max (nL31,nL32))): 1.80
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.25
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): 0.61
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): 1.06
Condition (7) (nB31a (nL31)): 1.70
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a (nL32/nL31)): 1.06
Condition (9) (nB31b (nL32)): 1.80
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b (nL33/nL32)): 0.83
Condition (11) (nB11b (nL12)): 1.83
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b (vL11/vL12)): 1.64
10
10
FIG. 25
The lens system depicted in satisfies Conditions (1) to (7), (9) to (11), and (13). Condition (1c) is also satisfied. This lens system does not use an anomalous dispersion lens and there are four high refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or higher, the lenses L12, L14, L23, and L32. Since a relatively large number of high refractive index lenses are used, various aberrations are favorably corrected.
10
FIGS. 28 to 30
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal-type interchangeable lens with a focal length of about 65 mm when focused at infinity, and makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 2.8 and has a large angle of view of 47.8°. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance, and there is no great separation between sagittal and tangential, which is favorable.
FIG. 31
a
FIG. 31()
b
FIG. 31()
10
depicts a different example of the lens system . depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the nearest distance (near distance, 600 mm).
10
11
5
11
This lens system also has a three-group configuration with a positive-positive-positive arrangement of refractive powers and is composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with overall positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with overall positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with overall positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St integrally as a unit and monotonously move toward the object side .
FIG. 32
FIG. 33
FIGS. 34 to 36
a
a
a
FIGS. 34(), 35(), 36()
b
b
b
FIGS. 34(), 35(), 36()
10
10
10
10
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable interval d12 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (2500 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 600 mm). respectively depict various aberrations () and the MTF () when the focal distance of the lens system is at infinity, at the intermediate position, and at the nearest distance.
10
10
The lens system depicted in these drawings is composed of a total of 10 lenses (L11 to L14, L21 to L23, and L31 to L33). The fundamental configuration of each group and each lens is the same as the lens system of Example 5, with many cemented lenses being used as optical elements.
10
FIG. 31
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 139.11
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 77.96
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 195.53
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 79.78
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 77.75
Focal length of the rear lens L33 t of the third lens group G3 (f3GL): −126.46
Total length of lens system (WL): 64.10
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 15.88
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 13.10
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 2.45
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 0.82
Condition (3) (nB31ab (max (nL31, nL32))): 1.80
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.25
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): 0.61
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): 1.04
Condition (7) (nB31a (nL31)): 1.70
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a (nL32/nL31)): 1.06
Condition (9) (nB31b (nL32)): 1.80
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b (nL33/nL32)): 0.83
Condition (11) (nB11b (nL12)): 1.83
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b (vL11/vL12)): 1.64
10
10
FIG. 31
The lens system depicted in satisfies Conditions (1) to (7), (9) to (11), and (13). Condition (1c) is also satisfied. This lens system does not use an anomalous dispersion lens and there are four high refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or higher, the lenses L12, L14, L23, and L32. Since a relatively large number of high refractive index lenses are used, various aberrations are favorably corrected.
10
FIGS. 34 to 36
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal-type interchangeable lens with a focal length of about 65 mm when focused at infinity, which makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 2.8 and has a large angle of view of 47.8°. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance, and there is no great separation between sagittal and tangential, which is favorable.
FIG. 37
a
FIG. 37()
b
FIG. 37()
10
depicts a different example of the lens system . depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the shortest distance (near distance, 590 mm).
10
11
5
11
This lens system also has a three-group configuration with a positive-positive-positive arrangement of refractive powers and is composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with overall positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with overall positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with overall positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St integrally and monotonously move toward the object side .
FIG. 38
FIG. 39
FIGS. 40 to 42
a
a
a
FIGS. 40(), 41(), 42()
b
b
b
FIGS. 40(), 41(), 42()
10
10
10
10
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable interval d13 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (3000 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 590 mm). respectively depict various aberrations () and the MTF () when the focal distance of the lens system is at infinity, at the intermediate position, and at the nearest distance.
10
10
10
10
13
14
15
16
17
14
15
16
17
18
The lens system depicted in these drawings is composed of a total of 10 lenses (L11 to L14, L21 to L23, and L31 to L33). Aside from the lenses L13 and L14 of the first lens group G1 being separately provided and not constructing a cemented lens, the basic configuration of each group and each lens are the same as the lens system of Example 1. In terms of optical elements, the lens system is composed of seven elements including the three cemented lenses B11, B21 and B31, and the lenses L13, L14, L23, and L33. Note that in the lens system of this example, the surfaces S, S, S, S and S described earlier respectively correspond to the surfaces S, S, S, S, and S.
10
FIG. 37
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 133.84
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 83.22
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 194.91
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 78.33
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 88.56
Focal length of the rear lens L33 of the third lens group G3 (f3GL): −162.41
Total length of lens system (WL): 63.10
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 15.04
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 11.67
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 2.49
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 0.78
Condition (3) (nB31ab (max (nL31, nL32))): 2.00
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.24
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): 0.55
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): 1.29
Condition (7) (nB31a (nL31)): 1.83
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a (nL32/nL31)): 1.09
Condition (9) (nB31b (nL32)): 2.00
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b (nL33/nL32)): 0.74
Condition (11) (nB11b (nL12)): 1.88
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b (vL11/vL12)): 1.75
10
10
FIG. 37
The lens system depicted in satisfies Conditions (1) to (7), (9) to (11), and (13). Conditions (1c), (2a), (7a), and (7b) are also satisfied. This lens system does not use an anomalous dispersion lens and there are four high refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or higher, the lenses L12, L14, L23, and L32. Since a relatively large number of high refractive index lenses are used, various aberrations are favorably corrected.
10
FIGS. 40 to 42
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal-type interchangeable lens with a focal length of about 65 mm when focused at infinity, and makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 2.8 and has a large angle of view of 47.6°. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance, and there is no great separation between sagittal and tangential, which is favorable.
FIG. 43
a
FIG. 43()
b
FIG. 43()
10
depicts a different example of the lens system . depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is at infinity, and depicts the lens arrangement when the focus position is the shortest distance (near distance, 500 mm).
10
11
5
11
This lens system also has a three-group configuration with a positive-positive-positive arrangement of refractive powers and is composed, from the object side , of the first lens group G1 with overall positive refractive power and, on the other side of the stop St, the second lens group G2 with overall positive refractive power and the third lens group G3 with overall positive refractive power. The third lens group G3 is a fixed lens group that does not move, so that the distance from the image plane does not change during focusing. When the focus position moves from infinity to the near distance during focusing, the first lens group G1 and the second lens group G2 disposed on opposite sides of the stop St monotonously move toward the object side as a unit.
FIG. 44
FIG. 45
FIGS. 46 to 48
a
a
a
FIGS. 46(), 47(), 48()
b
b
b
FIGS. 46(), 47(), 48()
10
10
10
10
depicts data on the respective lenses that construct the lens system . depicts the values of the focal length f, the F number (F No.), the angle of view, and the variable distance d11 in the lens system when the focal length of the lens system is at infinity, at an intermediate position (2400 mm), and at the shortest distance (nearest distance, 500 mm). respectively depict various aberrations () and the MTF () when the focal distance of the lens system is at infinity, at the intermediate position, and at the nearest distance.
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
The lens system depicted in these drawings is composed of a total of eight lenses. The first lens group G1 has a three-lens configuration and includes the positive meniscus lens L11 that is convex on the object side , the biconvex positive lens L13, and the biconcave negative lens L14. The lenses L13 and L14 construct a negative meniscus-type cemented lens B12 that is convex on the object side . The second lens group G2 has a three-lens configuration, and includes the negative meniscus lens L21 that is concave on the object side , the positive meniscus lens L22 that is concave on the object side , and the positive meniscus lens L23 that is concave on the object side . The lenses L21 and L22 construct the cemented lens B21 that is concave on the object side .
11
10
10
13
14
15
12
13
14
14
17
12
The third lens group G3 includes the negative meniscus lens L31 that is convex on the object side and the biconvex positive lens L32, with the lenses L31 and L32 constructing the biconvex cemented lens B31. The lens system is composed of five optical elements including the three cemented lenses B12, B21, and B31 and the lenses L11 and L23, making it a simple configuration. Note that in the lens system according to this example, the surfaces S, S, and S described earlier respectively correspond to the surfaces S, S, and S, and the surface S corresponds to the final surface S on the image plane side .
10
FIG. 43
Various numerical values and values of the respective conditions for the lens system depicted in are as follows.
Focal length of first lens group G1 (f1): 142.14
Focal length of second lens group G2 (f2): 68.24
Focal length of third lens group G3 (f3): 396.85
Combined focal length of first and second lens groups (f12): 72.19
Focal length of cemented lens B31 (f31ab): 396.85
Focal length of the rear lens L33 of the third lens group G3 (f3GL): NA
Total length of lens system (WL): 57.86
Total length of third lens group G3 (G3L): 8.38
Total length of cemented lens B31 (B31L): 8.38
Condition (1) (f3/f12): 5.50
Condition (2) (B31L/G3L): 1.00
Condition (3) (nB31ab (max (nL31, nL32))): 1.74
Condition (4) (G3L/WL): 0.14
Condition (5) (|f31ab/f3GL|): NA
Condition (6) (|f31ab|+|f3GL|)/|f3|): NA
Condition (7) (nB31a (nL31)): 1.74
Condition (8) (nB31b/nB31a (nL32/nL31)): 0.92
Condition (9) (nB31b (nL32)): 1.60
Condition (10) (n3GL/nB31b (nL33/nL32)): NA
Condition (11) (nB11b (nL12)): NA
Condition (12) (vB11a/vB11b (vL11/vL12)): NA
10
10
FIG. 43
The lens system depicted in satisfies Conditions (1), (2), (4), (7) to (9), and (13). Condition (1c) is also satisfied. This lens system uses an anomalous dispersion lens as the lens L32. On the other hand, no high refractive index lenses with a refractive index of 1.8 or higher are used.
10
FIGS. 46 to 48
This lens system has the performance of a medium-telephoto or normal-type (standard-type) interchangeable lens with a focal length of about 65 mm when focused at infinity, and makes it possible to provide an image pickup lens that is bright with an F number of 2.8 and has a large angle of view of 46.8°. Also, as depicted in , it is possible to acquire images in which various aberrations have been favorably corrected across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance (short distance). In the MTF curves, no extreme drop in MTF was observed across the entire focusing range from infinity to the near distance aside from the region where the image height is large, and there is little separation between sagittal and tangential, which is favorable. | |
At about 14 months old… I swapped one bottle out, then a few days later made it two cow’s milk bottles a day, and so on till they were completely transitioned.
I did mine just after my daughter turned one. I started off doing bottles 75% formula 25% milk then slowly putting less and less formula in and more milk. Worked a treat! | https://mouthsofmums.com.au/mom-answer/formula-to-cows-milk-transition/ |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention pertains to a full size typewriter type keyboard layout designed for use by the non-skilled typist.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In computer keyboards, there are keys added for specific computer functions, that is, functions other than the entry of letters, numbers, punctuation marks and symbols found on the standard typewriter keyboard. Each manufacturer has differently arranged keys for the computer functions; the basic typewriter keyboards generally, however, are the same for all.
The common typewriter keyboard layout has a haphazard letter arrangement. Punctuation marks, sharing the same typewriter keys with numbers and symbols, are disposed in three different rows. This layout has been in use for over 100 years, with little or no change. This arrangement was deliberate in order to slow down the typist and avoid the jams common with the early typewriters. It requires long periods of constant typing, however, without looking at the keyboard, to develop speed and accuracy and even short periods of non-use can significantly diminish the acquired skill. The common keyboard layout is frustrating, timeconsuming, and prone to errors. It is, for example, eyestraining and tiring to continually scan the keyboard to locate each correct key to strike. The average non-skilled typist does not have the time, or may not have any reason, to acquire a skill not continuously used and which quickly deteriorates unless frequently used.
The advent of the computer, used by millions of people in all business and personal endeavors, and by millions of students, has created many non- skilled typists who must use the keyboard tied to the computer.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,979 to Kilbey et al. shows an electronic check writer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,337 to Otey et al. shows a keyboard in which letters serve a double purpose for numbers, with emphasis on keys representing vowels.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,358,278 to Goldfarb shows a special purpose machine called learning and matching apparatus and method.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,628 to Laughon et al. shows an electronic learning aid with picture book, held in one hand.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,193 to Stone discloses a keyboard with color coding, apparently used to obtain desired beverage from a dispenser.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,629 to Power shows a small portable elongated keyboard of 14 rows to be held in one hand for operation by the other hand for input into computer devices.
German Patent No. 25 17,555 discloses an office machine with the keyboard divided into letters on left side and numbers on right side.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of the keyboard according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention pertains to a practical and useful keyboard layout designed for the non-skilled typist, who must look at the keyboard when typing. All 26 letters are arranged in alphabetical order and in only two rows, simplifying the rapid selection of the correct key to facilitate entry of information faster and with greater accuracy. Because the letter order of the alphabet is never forgotten, the location of each letter is always known. The letter order of the alphabet thus is as old as the written language and well-known to everyone who can read and write. In a keyboard where all the letters are in alphabetical order, there is no time lost searching for the correct key to strike, since its location is always known, provided the letters are not in many rows. Fewer lines make for quick and accurate selection of what we look for. Therefor, it is important for all the letters to be in as few rows as possible.
All punctuation marks are disposed in just one row, again for quick selection of the correct key.
Punctuation marks should not share the same keys with numbers and symbols. All the punctuation marks are concentrated in just one row for rapid and accurate selection.
Numbers in numerical order also are in one row, with miscellaneous printing symbols in upper case (or shift mode). This is the logical layout for the non-skilled typist because time is not lost searching the keyboard. This layout is always remembered and does not require use to retain efficiency. Typing becomes simple and easy for the average non- skilled person. | |
always been a bit of an artist. He has always been able to draw very well.
At Christmas 2004 he had been showing an interest in some of the programs
on satellite TV about painting so Mum decided to buy him some paint &
paper and an easel so he could have a proper go. | http://phickman.co.uk/family/dad.htm |
The entrance to Sezincote is up a dark avenue of holm oaks that opens into an English park of Reptonian influence with fine trees and distant views of the rolling Cotswold hills. The name Sezincote is itself derived from ‘chêne’, French for oak, and ‘cot’ for dwelling. It literally means the ‘home of the oaks’. Yet despite this somewhat romanticised English introduction, nothing will quite prepare you for what you find at Sezincote. As it is, in fact, a Mughal Indian palace created in 1805 by the nabob Sir Charles Cockerell.
Sir Charles, grandson of the diarist Samuel Pepys, returned to England having amassed a fortune in the East India Company. He inherited Sezincote when his older brother John who had also worked for the East India Company, passed away in 1798. After inheriting the estate, Charles employed his other brother, the architect Samuel Pepys Cockerell, to design the Indian-style house. The house combines Mughal and Muslim elements with Palladian motifs resulting in a unique and fanciful property that still remains. The house provided the inspiration for the Royal Pavilion in Brighton which was designed for the Prince Regent by famed Regency architect, John Nash.
Thomas Daniell, who was a painter of Indian architectural sceneries, was chiefly responsible for many of the garden buildings. It is thought that Humphrey Repton helped advise on the gardens. Although, while the gardens have a distinctly Reptonian and Picturesque feel, little is known about his actual involvement.
The house fell into a state of decline during the second World War when it was rescued by Sir Cyril and Lady Betty Kleinwort. Once the structure was restored, Lady Kleinwort turned to Graham Stuart Thomas, the leading horticulturist and rosarian of the day, for planting advice. The partnership between Thomas and Sezincote would officially last for 30 years.
SEZINCOTE GARDENS
There are two main gardens at Sezincote, the formal Persian canal garden beside the house, and a more informal stream garden near the entrance to the grounds. In 1964, after a visit to the Taj Mahal, Lady Kleinwort established the Persian Garden of Paradise using hardy fastigiate yews to achieve the right look. The Persian Garden is framed by the iconic orangery with its peacock motifs which blurs the boundaries between indoor and outdoor space.
The more informal stream garden, known as the Thornery, shines in every season with primulas, hostas, astilbes, lilies and irises planted in large blocks under rare shrubs and trees. Some, like the ancient weeping hornbeam, said to be the oldest in the country, were part of the original landscape planting. The Thornery is approached over an Indian bridge adorned with Brahmin bulls, which gives way to winding paths along a stream. At the top of the stream is a fountain pool punctuated at one end by a small temple to Surya, a Hindu sun god. Stepping stones lead across the stream and under the bridge, where stone benches let visitors sit out of the sun and enjoy the view down the garden slope.
Sezincote remains a delightfully alluring and exotic garden enveloped by the bucolic Cotswolds countryside. It has been handed down within the Kleinwort family and remains a much-loved family home to this day.
For information on all of our current tours please click on the link: | https://violetsandtea.com/gardens/sezincote/ |
This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0101845, filed on, Aug. 27, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a display device and a method of setting group information, and more particularly to a method of setting group information by displaying additional information to be added to base information via a first gesture input and a second gesture input.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
With recent technological advances, display devices, such as those integrated into smart-phones, have begun to implement a wider array of functions. For instance, smart-phones may implement various functions, such as telephone calls, message transmission/reception, playback of moving images, image capture, web browsing, alarm setting, and the like.
When setting an alarm of a display device, a user occasionally sets a plurality of alarms at certain intervals, to prevent the user from falling to notice the alarm. In this case, setting the plurality of alarms one by one may inconvenience the user somewhat. Therefore, there is demand for easier alarm setting in the case of setting a plurality of alarms at certain intervals.
Accordingly, embodiments are directed to a display device and a method of setting group information that substantially obviate one or more problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
According to one embodiment, an object of the present disclosure is to easily and rapidly set group alarms via a user gesture input to a display device.
According to another embodiment, an object of the present disclosure is to enable deletion of all or only some group alarms via a gesture input to a display device.
According to another embodiment, an object of the present disclosure is to switch all group alarms from ‘On’ to ‘Off’ via a single gesture input to a display device.
According to a further embodiment, an object of the present disclosure is to easily input incremented/decremented information into a spreadsheet via a gesture when inputting information that needs to be incremented or decremented.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the present disclosure will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the present disclosure. The objectives and other advantages of the present disclosure may be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
To achieve these objects and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, a display device according to one embodiment includes a display unit configured to display visual information, a sensor unit configured to detect an input signal and to transmit a detected result to a processor, and the processor configured to control the display unit and the sensor unit, wherein the processor is further configured to display base information, detect a first gesture input to the displayed base information, determine an interval of additional information based on a position of the detected first gesture input, detect a second gesture input, determine the number of additional information based on a position of the detected second gesture input, and display at least one additional information according to the determined interval and the determined number of the additional information.
In accordance with another embodiment, a method of setting group information of a display device, includes displaying base information, detecting a first gesture input to the displayed base information, determining an interval of additional information based on a position of the detected first gesture input, detecting a second gesture input, determining the number of additional information based on a length of the detected second gesture input, and displaying at least one additional information according to the determined interval and the determined number of the additional information.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of the present disclosure are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the present disclosure as claimed.
Although the terms used in the following description are selected, as much as possible, from general terms that are widely used at present while taking into consideration the functions obtained in accordance with the embodiments, these terms may be replaced by other terms based on intensions of those skilled in the art, customs, emergence of new technologies, or the like. Also, in a particular case, terms that are arbitrarily selected by the applicant may be used. In this case, the meanings of these terms may be described in corresponding description parts of the disclosure. Accordingly, it should be noted that the terms used herein should be construed based on practical meanings thereof and the whole content of this specification, rather than being simply construed based on names of the terms.
Moreover, although the embodiments will be described herein in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and content described in the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to or restricted by the embodiments.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
is a block diagram of a display device according to the present disclosure. It is noted that indicates but one embodiment, and some constituent modules may be omitted or new constituent modules may be added as those skilled in the art will readily comprehend.
FIG. 1
100
110
120
130
As exemplarily shown in , the display device may include a display unit , a sensor unit , and a processor .
100
First, the display device may include various devices that may display images, such as, for example, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a tablet PC, and a smart-phone.
110
110
130
130
110
The display unit may output an image on a display screen. In addition, the display unit may output an image based on content executed by the processor or a control instruction of the processor . In the disclosure, the display unit may display visual information. Here, the visual information may correspond to a group information interface.
120
100
100
130
120
130
The sensor unit may sense a surrounding environment of the display device using at least one sensor equipped in the display device and transmit a sensed result in the form of a signal to the processor . In addition, the sensor unit may sense a user input and transmit a sensed result in the form of a signal to the processor .
120
The sensor unit may include at least one sensing means. In one embodiment, the at least one sensing means may include various sensing means, such as, for example, a gravity sensor, geomagnetic sensor, motion sensor, gyro sensor, accelerometer, infrared sensor, inclination sensor, brightness sensor, height sensor, olfactory sensor, temperature sensor, depth sensor, pressure sensor, bending sensor, audio sensor, video sensor, Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor, grip sensor, and touch sensor.
120
120
100
130
130
100
100
The sensor unit is a generic term for the above enumerated various sensing means. The sensor unit may sense a variety of user inputs and an environment of the display device , and transmit a sensed result to the processor to allow the processor to implement an operation based on the sensed result. The above enumerated sensors may be provided as individual elements included in the display device , or may be combined to constitute at least one element included in the display device .
120
110
130
In the present disclosure, the sensor unit may sense a user input to the display unit and transmit a sensed result to the processor . Here, the user input is a gesture input including a touch input, a drag input, and the like.
130
100
The processor may process data, and control the aforementioned respective units of the display device as well as data transmission/reception between the units.
130
110
130
130
130
110
130
130
In the present disclosure, the processor may display base information on the display unit . In addition, the processor may detect a first gesture input with respect to the displayed base information. The processor may determine an interval of additional information based on a position of the detected first gesture input. In addition, the processor may detect a second gesture input with respect to the display unit . The processor may determine the number of additional information based on a position of the detected second gesture input. Then, the processor may display at least one additional information according to the determined interval and the determined number of the additional information.
130
100
100
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the processor may control operations to be implemented by the display device . For convenience, all of these operations will be described as being implemented/controlled by the display device in the following description and the drawings.
FIG. 1
100
130
100
Although not shown in , the display device may include a storage unit, a communication unit, a power unit, and the like. The storage unit may store various digital data including audio, moving images, still images, and the like. The storage unit may store programs for processing and control of the processor , and may temporarily store input/output data. For instance, the storage unit may be located inside or outside the display device .
The communication unit may implement communication with an external device using various protocols to receive or transmit data. In addition, the communication unit may access an external network in a wired or wireless manner to receive or transmit digital data, such as content, and the like. For instance, the communication unit may use Wireless LAN (WLAN)(Wi-Fi), Wireless broadband (Wibro), World Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wimax), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) communication standards, for access to a wireless network.
100
100
The power unit is a power source connected to a battery inside the display device or an external power source, and may supply power to the display device .
FIG. 1
100
100
100
In as a block diagram of the display device according to one embodiment, separately shown blocks logically distinguish elements of the device . Accordingly, the elements of the above-described display device may be mounted as a single chip or a plurality of chips based on device design.
100
110
100
a
b
FIGS. 2to 6
FIG. 7
The present disclosure relates to a method of setting group information in the display device . The user may set group information in the display unit using the display device . Here, the group information refers to information wherein plural units of correlated information are generated and grouped in a predetermined sequence. For instance, the group information may include group alarms (i.e. a group of alarms), and group data of a spreadsheet program, such as Excel. With regard to this group information, illustrate methods of setting and controlling group alarms, and illustrates a method of setting group information in a spreadsheet.
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
a
FIG. 2
b
c
FIGS. 2and 2
are views indicating a first embodiment of setting of group alarms according to the present disclosure. More specifically, indicates setting of group alarms via a first gesture input, and are views indicating setting of group alarms via a second gesture input.
100
200
110
200
100
200
10
First, the display device may display a base alarm on the display unit . Here, the base alarm may correspond to an alarm preset in the display device . For instance, the base alarm may correspond to an alarm that a user sets before setting group alarms.
100
200
10
200
200
200
110
a
FIG. 2
a
FIG. 2
Next, the display device may detect a first gesture input to the base alarm . The first gesture input may include a touch input and a hovering input by the user . In , the first gesture input corresponds to a drag input to the base alarm . It is noted that a position of the first gesture input to the base alarm is not specified so long as the first gesture input is detected within the base alarm displayed on the display unit . Moreover, in , the first gesture input may correspond to a rightward input.
100
10
200
100
200
a
FIG. 2
The display device may recognize that the user attempts to set group alarms when the first gesture input to the base alarm is detected. As exemplarily shown in , if the first gesture input is a drag input, the display device may detect beginning and end positions of the first gesture input to the base alarm .
100
100
100
230
a
FIG. 2
Next, the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms based on a position of the detected first gesture input. More specifically, the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms according to amount of movement in position of the detected first gesture input. In , the amount of movement in position of the first gesture input represents a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the first gesture input. In addition, the display device may display a time interval interface when the first gesture input is detected.
100
230
200
200
230
200
a
FIG. 2
In one example, the display device may display the time interval interface at one of upper and lower sides and left and right sides of the base alarm when the beginning position of the first gesture input to the base alarm is detected. In , the time interval interface is displayed at the upper side of the base alarm .
230
230
230
100
10
a
FIG. 2
a
FIG. 2
The time interval interface represents a time interval for setting of group alarms on the basis of a time of a base alarm. Referring to , the time interval interface may display a time interval of group alarms set to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, and 25 minutes. Here, the time interval displayed by the time interval interface may correspond to a time interval predetermined by the display device or a time interval predetermined by the user . Although indicates that the last time is 25 minutes, the time interval to be displayed may be increased in increments of 5 minutes as a position of the first gesture input is moved rightward.
100
200
100
230
10
a
FIG. 2
In another example, the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms when the end position of the first gesture input to the base alarm is detected. That is, the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms based on a position of the time interval interface corresponding to the end position of the first gesture input. In the embodiment of , a time interval of additional alarms may correspond to 15 minutes based on a position of the hand of the user .
100
235
200
10
235
200
235
10
a
FIG. 2
The display device may provide a graphic effect based on the first gesture input to the base alarm to allow the user to easily recognize a time interval of additional alarms. In the embodiment of , the graphic effect located at the beginning position of the first gesture input constitutes a partial left portion of the base alarm . However, as the first gesture input is moved rightward, the graphic effect is gradually extended rightward. This may assist the user in intuitively recognizing a time interval determined upon setting of the time interval.
100
200
10
200
200
110
b
c
FIGS. 2and 2
b
FIG. 2
c
FIG. 2
Next, the display device may detect a second gesture input. Here, the second gesture input may correspond to a gesture input to the base alarm . In addition, the second gesture input may include a touch input and a hovering input by the user . In , the second gesture input corresponds to a drag input to the base alarm . It is noted that the second gesture input is not necessarily a gesture input to the base alarm so long as the second gesture input is detected by the display unit . The second gesture input in may correspond to a downward input, and the second gesture input in may correspond to an upward input.
100
100
200
100
100
b
c
FIGS. 2and 2
The second gesture input is subsequent to the first gesture input. The second gesture input may correspond to a gesture input detected within a predetermined time from when the display device detects the first gesture input. Accordingly, as exemplarily shown in , the display device may detect the first gesture input to the base alarm , and thereafter detect the second gesture input within a predetermined time from when the display device detects the first gesture input. In addition, the second gesture input may be connected to the first gesture input. In addition, the directions of the first gesture input and the second gesture input may be perpendicular to each other. That is, the display device may detect the rightward first gesture input, and subsequently may detect the downward second gesture input.
100
100
100
240
b
c
FIGS. 2and 2
Next, the display device may determine the number of additional alarms based on a position of the detected second gesture input. More specifically, the display device may determine the number of additional alarms according to amount of movement in position of the detected second gesture input. In , the amount of movement in position of the second gesture input is a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the second gesture input. In addition, the display device may display an additional alarm interface when the second gesture input is detected.
240
200
240
240
240
b
FIG. 2
b
FIG. 2
The additional alarm interface represents at least one additional alarm that may be added according to a time interval determined on the basis of a time of the base alarm . For instance, referring to , if a time interval is 15 minutes, the additional alarm interface may display alarms to be added at a time interval of 15 minutes from ‘7:30 AM’. Although the second gesture input is a downward input and thus the additional alarm interface is displayed only downward in , the additional alarm interface may be displayed upward and downward regardless of the direction of the gesture input.
100
200
100
200
100
200
100
b
FIG. 2
The display device may determine whether an additional alarm proceeds or follows the base alarm based on the direction of the second gesture input. In one example, if the direction of the second gesture input is in a first direction, the display device may add at least one additional alarm after the base alarm according to a time interval. Referring to , if the second gesture input is a downward gesture, the display device may determine that the user wishes to add an alarm after the base alarm . More specifically, the display device may determine that the user wishes to add three additional alarms set respectively to ‘7:45’, ‘8:00’, and ‘8:15’ based on a position of the second gesture input.
100
200
100
200
100
c
FIG. 2
In another example, if the direction of the second gesture input is in a second direction, the display device may add at least one additional alarm before the base alarm according to a time interval. Here, the second direction may be opposite to the first direction. Referring to , if the second gesture input is an upward gesture, the display device may determine that the user wishes to add an alarm before the base alarm . More specifically, the display device may determine that the user wishes to add three additional alarms set respectively to ‘7:15’, ‘7:00’, and ‘6:45’ based on a position of the second gesture input.
100
245
10
235
240
245
10
b
FIG. 2
Meanwhile, the display device may provide a graphic effect based on the second gesture input to allow the user to easily recognize an additional alarm to be added. In an embodiment of , the graphic effect at the beginning position of the second gesture input constitutes a portion of the additional alarm interface . On the other hand, the graphic effect is gradually extended downward as the second gesture input is moved downward. This may assist the user in intuitively recognizing an additional alarm that may be determined upon setting of the additional alarm.
100
100
100
200
100
250
200
a
FIG. 2
b
FIG. 2
b
FIG. 2
Next, the display device may display at least one additional alarm according to the determined time interval as well as the determined number of additional alarms. In one example, in , the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms to be 15 minutes based on a position of the first gesture input. In addition, in , the display device may determine the number of additional alarms following the base alarm to be 3 based on a position of the second gesture input. In this case, as exemplarily shown in , the display device may display three additional alarms at a time interval of 15 minutes in a downward direction of the base alarm .
a
FIG. 2
c
FIG. 2
c
FIG. 2
100
100
200
100
250
200
In another example, in , the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms to be 15 minutes based on a position of the first gesture input. In addition, in , the display device may determine the number of additional alarms preceding the base alarm to be 3 based on a position of the second gesture input. In this case, as exemplarily shown in , the display device may display three additional alarms in an upward direction of the base alarm at a time interval of 15 minutes.
100
250
200
250
200
100
250
200
100
250
200
b
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
The display device may display the additional alarms having different graphic effects than the base alarm . In one example, as exemplarily shown in , to easily distinguish the additional alarms and the base alarm from each other, the display device may display the additional alarms smaller than the base alarm . In another example, although not shown in , the display device may display the additional alarms , the color of which is different from the color of the base alarm .
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
10
100
Through the embodiments of , the user may easily and rapidly set a plurality of alarms via two intuitive gesture inputs to the display device .
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
is a view indicating a second embodiment of setting of group alarms according to the present disclosure. More specifically, indicates setting of group alarms using first to third gesture inputs.
a
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
100
First, as described above with reference to , the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms based on a position of a first gesture input. Referring to , a time interval of additional alarms may correspond to 15 minutes.
100
10
10
100
FIG. 3
Next, the display device may detect a second gesture input and a third gesture input. For instance, the directions of the second gesture input and the third gesture input may be opposite to each other. Referring to , the second gesture input may be input by the thumb of the user , and the third gesture input may be input by the index finger of the user . In addition, for instance, the display device may almost simultaneously detect the second gesture input and the third gesture input.
100
240
200
100
240
200
200
FIG. 3
The display device may display the additional alarm interfaces above and below the base alarm when the second gesture input and the third gesture input are detected. Referring to , if a time interval is determined to be 15 minutes, the display device may display the additional alarm interfaces above and below the base alarm at a time interval of 15 minutes on the basis of ‘7:30’ that is a time of the base alarm .
100
200
100
200
FIG. 3
Next, the display device may determine that the user wishes to add at least one additional alarm before and after the base alarm according to a time interval based on a position of the detected second gesture input and a position of the detected third gesture input. In , if the second gesture input is input by the thumb, the end position of the second gesture input corresponds to ‘8:15’. In addition, if the third gesture input is input by the index finger, the end position of the third gesture input corresponds to ‘7:00’. Accordingly, the display device may determine that the user wishes to add two alarms before ‘7:30’ that is a time of the base alarm and wishes to add three alarms after ‘7:30’ according to positions of the inputs by the thumb and the index finger.
100
245
10
245
245
10
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
The display device may provide the graphic effect based on the second gesture input and the third gesture input to allow the user to easily recognize additional alarms. In the embodiment of , if the second gesture input is input by the thumb, the graphic effect is downwardly extended as the thumb moves from the beginning position to the end position of the second gesture input. In addition, in the embodiment of , if the third gesture input is input by the index finger, the graphic effect is upwardly extended as the index finger moves from the beginning position to the end position of the third gesture input. Thereby, the user may intuitively recognize increase/reduction of the number of additional alarms.
100
200
100
250
200
250
200
FIG. 3
Next, the display device may display at least one additional alarm according to the determined time interval as well as the determined number of additional alarms. For instance, as exemplarily shown in , the time interval may be determined to be 15 minutes, and the number of additional alarms to be added before and after a time of the base alarm may respectively be determined to be 2 and 3. In this case, the display device may display two additional alarms above the base alarm at a time interval of 15 minutes and three additional alarms below the base alarm at a time interval of 15 minutes.
FIG. 3
Through the embodiment of , the user may simultaneously input the second and third gesture inputs after the first gesture input, and may easily display a plurality of alarms before and after a time of the base alarm.
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
is a view indicating a first embodiment of control of group alarms according to the present disclosure. More specifically, indicates that group alarms are switched off by a fourth gesture input if a time of at least one of the group alarm has come.
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
FIG. 3
100
200
250
200
250
As described above with reference to and , the display device may display the base alarm as well as the at least one additional alarm . In this case, the base alarm and the additional alarm , which are previously set, may be in an ‘On’ state.
200
250
100
200
100
10
FIG. 4
A time of at least one of the base alarm and the additional alarm may be come upon. Referring to , the display device may detect that a time of the base alarm has come at ‘7:30 AM’. In addition, the display device may notify the user that an alarm time has come via sound, vibration, graphic effects.
100
10
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
In this case, the display device may detect a fourth gesture input to at least one alarm included in group alarms, i.e. a group of alarms. Here, the fourth gesture input is an input by the user , and may include a touch input, a drag input, and a hovering input. For instance, in , the fourth gesture input may correspond to a touch input. The fourth gesture input may correspond to an input to an alarm included in a group of alarms, a time of which has come. For instance, in , the fourth gesture input may correspond to an alarm set to ‘7:30 AM’. Here, a position of the fourth gesture input may correspond to an ‘On/Off’ button of the alarm set to ‘7:30 AM’. It is noted that a position of the fourth gesture input is not limited thereto.
100
10
10
100
10
10
100
100
FIG. 4
Next, the display device may switch off all alarms included in the group of alarms based on the detected fourth gesture input. The user may set group alarms in consideration of a situation in which the user is not awakened by one or two alarms. Accordingly, if the display device detects an input by the user to switch off alarm setting with respect to one of a plurality of alarms, that the user awakes may be judged and alarms that are set thereafter should be deactivated. Therefore, the display device may switch off all of the alarms. Referring to , the display device may switch off the alarm set to ‘7:30 AM’ as well as the four other alarms set thereafter based on the fourth gesture input to the alarm set to ‘7:30 AM’.
FIG. 4
100
10
Differently from , the display device may switch off only an alarm, corresponding to the fourth gesture input, among alarms included in a group of alarms based on the detected fourth gesture input. The user may set an alarm to switch off in various ways.
a
b
FIGS. 5and 5
a
FIG. 5
b
FIG. 5
are views indicating a second embodiment of control of group alarms according to the present disclosure. More specifically, indicates deletion of all group alarms by a fifth gesture input, and indicates deletion of some of group alarms by a sixth gesture input.
a
b
FIGS. 5and 5
100
200
250
10
As exemplarily shown in , the display device may display the base alarm and a plurality of additional alarms . In this case, for instance, the user may no longer need group alarms, or deletion of all group alarms may be necessary to change times of the group alarms.
100
200
200
200
200
250
200
In this case, the display device may detect a fifth gesture input to the base alarm . Here, the fifth gesture input to the base alarm is to delete the base alarm that is the source of group alarms. Thus, the fifth gesture input may correspond to an input to delete the base alarm as well as all additional alarms derived from the basic alarm .
10
200
200
a
FIG. 5
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
a
FIG. 5
The fifth gesture input is an input by the user , and may include a touch input, a hovering input, and a drag input. For instance, in , the fifth gesture input may correspond to a drag input. In addition, the direction of the fifth gesture input may be opposite to the direction of the first gesture input for setting of group alarms as described above with reference to . For instance, in , the fifth gesture input may correspond to a leftward input opposite to the rightward first gesture input. It is noted that the end position of the fifth gesture input is not necessarily located within the base alarm so long as the beginning position of the fifth gesture input is located within the base alarm . In addition, it is noted that amount of movement in position of the fifth gesture input is not necessarily determined so long as the fifth gesture input exhibits movement from the right side to the left side.
100
100
200
10
10
a
FIG. 5
a
FIG. 5
Next, the display device may delete all group alarms based on the detected fifth gesture input. In an embodiment of , the display device may delete five alarms included in a group of alarms based on a leftward input to the base alarm . Through the embodiment of , if the user wishes to delete all group alarms, the user may easily delete all of the group alarms via a single gesture input.
In another example, if the number of alarms included in a group of alarms is great, or if the user does not need all alarms included in the group of alarms, deletion of some of the alarms included in the group of alarms may be necessary.
100
250
250
In this case, the display device may detect a sixth gesture input to at least one additional alarm . Here, the sixth gesture input to the at least one additional alarm may correspond to an input to delete an alarm, at which the sixth gesture input is detected, among a plurality of alarms included in the group of alarms.
b
FIG. 5
10
250
250
In , the sixth gesture input may correspond to a drag input by the user . In addition, the direction of the sixth gesture input may be opposite to the direction of the first gesture input, in the same manner as the above-described direction of the fifth gesture input. It is noted that the end position of the sixth gesture input is not necessarily located within the additional alarm so long as the beginning position of the sixth gesture input is located within the additional alarm . In addition, it is noted that amount of movement in position of the sixth gesture input is not necessarily determined so long as the sixth gesture input exhibits movement from the right side to the left side.
100
100
10
b
FIG. 5
b
FIG. 5
Next, the display device may delete an additional alarm, at which the sixth gesture input is detected, among group alarms based on the detected sixth gesture input. In an embodiment of , the display device may delete a single alarm set to ‘8:00 AM’ among the additional alarms based on a leftward input to the alarm set to ‘8:00 AM’. Through the embodiment of , if the user wishes to delete only some of the group alarms, individual deletion of the group alarms is possible.
a
b
FIGS. 6and 6
a
FIG. 6
b
FIG. 6
a
b
FIGS. 6and 6
FIG. 2
are views indicating a third embodiment of control of group alarms according to the present disclosure. More specifically, indicates setting of a second additional alarm by a seventh gesture input, and indicates setting of a second additional alarm by an eighth gesture input. In the following description of the embodiments of setting of the second additional alarm in , the same parts as those of the embodiment of of setting of additional alarms will not be described in detail.
a
FIG. 6
a
FIG. 6
FIG. 2
a
FIG. 6
10
250
250
100
250
110
10
250
As exemplarily shown in , if group alarms are set, the user may wish to set a second additional alarm derived from the additional alarm . Here, the additional alarm may correspond to a first additional alarm. In this case, the display device may detect a seventh gesture input to at least one additional alarm displayed on the display unit . Here, the seventh gesture input is an input by the user , and may include a touch input, a hovering input, and a drag input. For instance, in , the seventh gesture input may correspond to a drag input. In addition, the direction of the seventh gesture input may be equal to the direction of the first gesture input described above with reference to . For instance, in , the seventh gesture input may be a rightward input. In addition, a position of the seventh gesture input is freely selected so long as the seventh gesture input is detected within the additional alarm for setting of the second additional alarm.
100
100
100
a
FIG. 6
The display device may determine a time interval of a plurality of second additional alarms based on a position of the seventh gesture input. More specifically, the display device may determine a time interval of the second additional alarms according to amount of movement in position of the detected seventh gesture input. In , the amount of movement in position of the seventh gesture input is a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the seventh gesture input. Here, the display device may display a time interval interface when the seventh gesture input is detected.
100
250
250
In one example, the display device may display a time interval interface at one side of upper and lower sides and left and right sides of the additional alarm when the beginning position of the seventh gesture input to the additional alarm is detected.
FIG. 2
a
FIG. 6
230
230
230
100
10
As described above with reference to , the time interval interface represents a time interval of setting group alarms. For instance, in , the time interval interface may display a time interval of alarms set to 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 6 minutes, and 8 minutes. Here, the time interval displayed by the time interval interface may correspond to a time interval predetermined by the display device or a time interval predetermined by the user .
100
100
230
a
FIG. 6
In another example, the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms when the end position of the seventh gesture input to the additional alarm is detected. For instance, referring to , the display device may determine a time interval of additional alarms to be 4 minutes because the end position of the seventh gesture input corresponds to 4 minutes displayed at the time interval interface .
100
250
FIG. 2
b
FIG. 6
Next, the display device may detect an eighth gesture input. Here, the eighth gesture input may be equal to the above-described second gesture input of . In , the eighth gesture input may correspond to a drag input to the additional alarm .
100
100
100
240
b
FIG. 6
Next, the display device may determine the number of second additional alarms based on a position of the detected eighth gesture input. More specifically, the display device may determine the number of second additional alarms according to amount of movement in position of the detected eighth gesture input. In , the amount of movement in position of the eighth gesture input corresponds to a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the eighth gesture input. In addition, the display device may display the additional alarm interface when the eighth gesture input is detected.
FIG. 2
b
FIG. 6
240
As described above with reference to , the additional alarm interface represents at least one second additional alarm that may be added according to a time interval determined on the basis of a time of the additional alarm. In , since the eighth gesture input is a downward input, a second additional alarm interface with respect to time increment may be displayed downward.
100
100
250
b
FIG. 6
b
FIG. 6
Next, the display device may display more than one second additional alarms according to the determined time interval and the determined number of the second additional alarms. In , a time interval of the second additional alarms may be determined to be 4 minutes, and the number of the second additional alarms may be determined to be 2. Therefore, the display device may display the second additional alarms set to ‘8:19 AM’ and ‘8:23 AM’ proximate to an alarm set to ‘8:15 AM’. Here, it is noted that positions of the second additional alarms are not necessarily determined so long as the second additional alarms are positioned proximate to any one additional alarm. For instance, in , the second additional alarms may be located below the right side of the additional alarm set to ‘8:15 AM’.
100
250
a
FIG. 6
b
FIG. 6
In addition, the display device may provide a graphic effect based on the seventh gesture input and the eighth gesture input to the additional alarm to allow the user to easily recognize a time interval of additional alarms and the number of additional alarms. As exemplarily shown in , the graphic effect may gradually be extended rightward based on a position of the seventh gesture input. In addition, as exemplarily shown in , the graphic effect may gradually be extended downward based on a position of the eighth gesture input.
b
FIG. 6
200
250
100
200
250
200
250
100
200
250
The second additional alarms providing a different graphic effect than the additional alarm may be displayed. For instance, as exemplarily shown in , to easily distinguish the base alarm , the additional alarms , and the second additional alarm from one another, the display device may display the largest base alarm , the additional alarms smaller than the base alarm , and the second additional alarms smaller than the additional alarms . In another example, the display device may display the base alarm , the additional alarms , and the second additional alarms, the colors of which are different from one another.
a
b
FIGS. 6and 6
10
Through the embodiments of , the user may easily and rapidly set the additional alarm as well as the second additional alarm derived from the additional alarm via a gesture input.
a
c
FIGS. 7to 7
a
FIG. 7
b
FIG. 7
c
FIG. 7
are views indicating one embodiment of group information according to the present disclosure. More specifically, indicates setting of additional information via a first gesture input, and indicates setting of additional information via a second gesture input. In addition, indicates setting of group information in a spreadsheet.
100
310
300
310
10
310
a
FIG. 7
The display device may display the numeral ‘100’ as base information in a spreadsheet exemplarily shown in . Here, the base information may include incremented/decremented information, such as dates, day of week, and the like, as well as numerals. The user may wish to easily generate group information using the base information .
100
310
100
310
100
320
310
320
310
10
20
30
40
320
a
FIG. 7
a
FIG. 7
In this case, the display device may detect a first gesture input to the base information . For instance, in , the first gesture input may correspond to a rightward drag input. If the display device detects the first gesture input to the base information , the display device may display an interval interface at one side of upper and lower sides and left and right sides of the base information . Here, the interval interface represents an interval of information to be added on the basis of the base information . In , numerals , , , and may be displayed at the interval interface .
100
100
30
320
100
a
FIG. 7
Next, the display device may determine an interval of additional information based on a position of the detected first gesture input. More specifically, the display device may determine an interval of additional information according to amount of movement in position of the detected first gesture input. The amount of movement in position of the first gesture input represents a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the first gesture input. In , the end position of the first gesture input corresponds to the numeral displayed at the interval interface . Accordingly, the display device may determine an interval of additional information to be 30.
100
310
100
310
100
330
310
330
310
330
b
FIG. 7
b
FIG. 7
Next, the display device may detect a second gesture input to the base information . For instance, in , the second gesture input may correspond to a downward drag input. If the display device detects the second gesture input to the base information , the display device may display an additional information interface at one side of upper and lower sides and left and right sides of the base information . Here, the additional information interface represents at least one additional information to be added before and after the base information according to a determined interval. In , the additional information interface may display numerals ‘130’, ‘160’, ‘190’, ‘220’, and ‘250’ downward in this sequence according to an interval set to 30.
100
100
330
100
b
FIG. 7
Next, the display device may determine the number of additional information based on a position of the detected second gesture input. More specifically, the display device may determine the number of additional information according to amount of movement in position of the detected second gesture input. The amount of movement in position of the second gesture input represents a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the second gesture input. In , the end position of the second gesture input corresponds to the numeral ‘220’ displayed at the additional information interface . Accordingly, the display device may determine the number of additional information to be 4.
100
100
310
10
c
FIG. 7
c
FIG. 7
Accordingly, the display device may display at least one additional information according to the determined interval and the determined number of units of additional information. In , the display device may display numerals ‘130’, ‘160’, ‘190’, and ‘220’ downward of the base information . Through an embodiment of , the user may easily create a table via a gesture without manipulating a mouse in a spreadsheet program, such as Excel.
FIG. 8
FIG. 1
FIG. 8
130
100
is a flowchart of a method of setting group information of a display device according to the present disclosure. The processor of the display device exemplarily shown in may control each operation of .
810
FIG. 2
FIG. 7
First, the display device may display base information (S). For instance, as exemplarily shown in , the base information may correspond to alarm information set by the display device. In addition, for instance, as exemplarily shown in , the base information may correspond to information input to a spreadsheet.
820
FIG. 2
Next, the display device may detect a first gesture input to the displayed base information (S). As described above with reference to , the first gesture input is an input by the user, and may include a touch input, a drag input, and a hovering input, for instance. In addition, the first gesture input may correspond to a rightward input.
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
a
c
FIGS. 7to 7
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
As described above with reference to and , the display device may display an interval interface when the first gesture input is detected. Here, the interval interface may represent an interval of information to be added on the basis of the base information. For instance, in , the interval interface may correspond to a time interval interface.
830
Next, the display device may determine an interval of additional information based on a position of the detected first gesture input (S). More specifically, the display device may determine an interval of additional information according to amount of movement in position of the detected first gesture input. Here, the amount of movement in position of the first gesture input represents a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the first gesture input. In addition, the display device may determine an interval of additional information based on a position of the interval interface corresponding to a position of the detected first gesture input.
840
FIG. 2
Next, the display device may detect a second gesture input (S). For instance, the display device may detect a second gesture input to the base information. As described above with reference to , the second gesture input is an input by the user, and may include a touch input, a drag input, and a hovering input, for instance. In addition, the second gesture input may correspond to a downward input.
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
a
c
FIGS. 7to 7
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
As described above with reference to and , the display device may display an additional information interface at one side of upper and lower sides and left and right sides of the base information when the second gesture input is detected. Here, the additional information interface may represent at least one additional information to be added before and after the base information according to a determined interval. In , the additional information interface may correspond to an additional alarm interface.
The direction of the first gesture input may be different from the direction of the second gesture input. For instance, as described above, the first gesture input may correspond to a rightward input, and the second gesture input may correspond to a downward input. That is, the directions of the first gesture input and the second gesture input may be perpendicular to each other. In addition, for instance, the first gesture input and the second gesture input may be successive inputs.
850
Next, the display device may determine the number of additional information based on a position of the detected second gesture input (S). More specifically, the display device may determine the number of additional information according to amount of movement in position of the detected second gesture input. Here, the amount of movement in position of the second gesture input represents a difference between the beginning position and the end position of the second gesture input. In addition, the display device may determine an interval of additional information based on a position of the additional information interface corresponding to a position of the detected second gesture input.
860
Next, the display device may display at least one additional information according to the determined interval and the determined number of the additional information (S).
Although the respective drawings have been described individually for convenience, the embodiments described in the respective drawings may be combined to realize novel embodiments. In addition, designing a computer readable recording medium in which a program to execute the above-described embodiments is recorded according to a need of those skilled in the art is within the scope of the disclosure.
A display device and a method of setting group alarms according to the present disclosure are not limited to the configurations and methods of the above described embodiments, and all or some of the embodiments may be selectively combined to achieve various modifications.
Meanwhile, the display device and the method of setting group alarms may be implemented as code that may be written on a processor readable recording medium and thus read by a processor provided in a network device. The processor readable recording medium may be any type of recording device in which data is stored in a processor readable manner. Examples of the processor readable recording medium may include a ROM, a RAM, a CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, a floppy disc, and an optical data storage device. In addition, the processor readable recording medium includes a carrier wave (e.g., data transmission over the Internet). Also, the processor readable recording medium may be distributed over a plurality of computer systems connected to a network so that processor readable code is written thereto and executed therefrom in a decentralized manner.
As is apparent from the above description, according to one embodiment, the user may easily set a plurality of alarms in a display device via a single gesture input.
According to another embodiment, the user may delete all of the plurality of alarms set in the display device via a single gesture input.
According to another embodiment, the user may easily switch the plurality of alarms set in the display device from ‘On’ to ‘Off’ via a singe gesture input.
According to another embodiment, the user may easily add at least one additional alarm using a gesture input in a state in which the plurality of alarms is set in the display device.
According to a further embodiment, the user may easily input information via a gesture input when inputting incremented/decremented information into a spreadsheet.
It will be apparent that, although the preferred embodiments have been shown and described above, the disclosure is not limited to the above-described specific embodiments, and various modifications and variations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the appended claims. Thus, it is intended that the modifications and variations should not be understood independently of the technical sprit or prospect of the disclosure.
In addition, the disclosure describes both a device invention as well as a method invention, and descriptions of both inventions may be complementarily applied as needed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the present disclosure and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the present disclosure. In the drawings:
FIG. 1
is a block diagram of a display device according to the present disclosure;
a
c
FIGS. 2to 2
are views showing a first embodiment of setting of group alarms according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 3
is a view showing a second embodiment of setting of group alarms according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 4
is a view showing a first embodiment of control of group alarms according to the present disclosure;
a
b
FIGS. 5and 5
are views showing a second embodiment of control of group alarms according to the present disclosure;
a
b
FIGS. 6and 6
are views showing a third embodiment of control of group alarms according to the present disclosure;
a
c
FIGS. 7to 7
are views showing one embodiment of group information according to the present disclosure; and
FIG. 8
is a flowchart of a method of setting group information of a display device according to the present disclosure. | |
What are the major themes you pursue in your work?
Untamed nature is very important to my practice. I travel and walk a great deal with my husband Mike, exploring, absorbing, and photographing wild places. I then pour these journeys onto primed linen. I feel things deeply, and my canvas provides a container for these huge emotions. Oceans, meadows, forests, and moorlands all inspire my work, but I also love simply playing with color and creating abstracted pieces. My work is ultimately my spiritual practice; paintings feel like offerings and are an acknowledgment of all that is good in the world. Each piece is a celebration of love.
How did you first get interested in your medium, and what draws you to it?
I love the intensity and lustrous quality of oil paints. The richness of the pigments is so exciting to work with. They are versatile and easily lend themselves to experimentation. I always mix my own colors and I’m fascinated by the alchemy of this process. There is also, of course, a long, established historic tradition with oil paints that has been used by masters since the middle ages. This is both humbling and inspiring.
How has your style and practice changed over the years?
When I started my formal training with a foundation course in Sussex, my initial explorations were with textiles and printmaking. I loved the results of layering with these materials. This gradually translated into my works on canvas. I was attracted to the delicate qualities of fabrics as opposed to the pure physicality of working with printing techniques. It was during this period that I explored methods of creating the effects of building up layers of oil paints that I had previously explored with fabrics.
Can you walk us through your process? Do you begin with a sketch, or do you just jump in? How long do you spend on one work? How do you know when it is finished?
The paintings begin with a dream, and slowly this dream takes shape on my canvas. I always work outside; so, in a very direct sense the elements are woven into the work. With my meadow paintings, I usually start with a traditional landscape and gradually over weeks and months build this up to create depth and vitality in the work. I love the ways colors vibrate next to one another, and my paintings are also an exploration of this. I work quickly in the initial stage, almost dancing around the canvas until finally, in the last stages, I am obsessed with the most minute details. It has to be perfect in my eyes. It has to sing. It is then that I know the work is finished.
If you couldn’t be an artist, what would you do?
I have such a profound love of flowers that I think I would have to be a florist. I believe that an exquisite arrangement of old-fashioned country garden blooms has the ability to take ones’ breath away. Flowers also have the simple power of communicating hope, tenderness, and love, and these are qualities I would desire to offer to the world.
Who are some of your favorite artists, and why?
I adore William Turner and the sense of light and the dreamlike quality found within his paintings, and I adore Cy Twombly for his freedom on canvas and his desire to constantly push the boundaries of his practice. My heart is also inspired by Monet, not least because of his deep love of flowers. I love to visit exhibitions and am fascinated by the way paint has, and continues to be, used. | https://canvas.saatchiart.com/art/inside-the-studio/yvonne-coombers-paintings-are-a-colorful-celebration-of-love |
Library taking it ’nice and easy’
Tuesday
CRESTVIEW — Frank Sinatra sang, “Let’s take it nice and easy.” What great advice for a city carefully reopening after more than a month’s closure, and for your Crestview Public Library, too.
Though Ol’ Blue Eyes was singing about falling in love, we know you’re already in love with reading, learning, story hours, crafts, classes, and all the other services your library has to offer. They’re all coming back, but following Gov. Ron DeSantis’ “Safe, Smart, Step-By-Step Plan,” the city, the library and other Crestview facilities are reopening in three careful phases.
That’s so city leaders can regularly monitor how well our community and region are recovering from the coronavirus infection rate and adjust the pace of reopening as the situation dictates.
The library began progress toward “normal” May 4 when we returned to work and started implementing reopening plans that were many weeks in the making and making preparations for limited services and reduced occupancy.
For the first week, we’ve been disinfecting every doorknob and surface we can find and calling patrons who have materials on hold so we can distribute them curbside.
Starting Monday, May 11, we’re open for curbside pick-up service weekdays from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Here’s how it works:
• Check availability at readokaloosa.org. Only materials in our collection are available
• Email your request to [email protected], or call 682.4432. Provide your full name and library card number
• There is a five-item limit
• Allow 24 hours to fill your request
• Materials will be checked out on your pick-up day. If you can’t make it, please let us know. Materials not picked up will be reshelved
• Let the librarian know the color and make of your car. Please show your ID or library card, and finally
• When you’re done enjoying your materials, please return them on time to the appropriate book or media drop box
Beginning Monday, May 18, your library will be open 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. weekdays under limited capacity to assure physical distancing between us, you and other patrons. Computer use will be limited to one hour so others may use them. And, of course, we’ll be disinfecting everything like crazy!
We appreciate these necessary steps are a little awkward, but if everything goes well and the local COVID-19 infection data improves, we will return to our regular operating hours, including weekends, by May 26. Remember, though, this date could be affected by community health data and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance.
We know you are eager to return to your library as much as we are eager to see you again. We have some exciting programs waiting for you, including our children’s programs, classes and regular club gatherings — although with physical distancing in place.
As you contemplate stepping out into the world again, in our lobby we will have an exhibit of materials about traveling in Europe, rescheduled from May, to let you stretch your wings. It will be accompanied by a free 6 p.m. Tuesday, June 16, class (rescheduled from May 5) on how to travel in Europe by rail.
Like Frank said, we’ll return to normalcy, but in steps. Because, “nice and easy does it every time.”
Brian Hughes is the public information officer for the city of Crestview.
Never miss a story
Choose the plan that's right for you.
Digital access or digital and print delivery. | |
100 Hands differentiate themselves by their craftsmanship (which is the soul of 100 Hands shirts) and produce handcrafted shirts using the most traditional methods, many dating over 100 years.
The handwork ensures that every shirt of yours has a character of its own.
Each shirt takes birth over a period of 1.5 days where 100 hands of highly expert artisans take immense care to invisibly sew the body of the shirt with 25 stitches per inch. After a long and meticulous process, it is ready to be the finest of your wardrobe. | https://www.shopuncommonman.com/pages/partnerships |
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a gait motion display system and program for displaying an image that shows a gait motion of a subject.
BACKGROUND ART
Gait motions of a subject are conventionally shown to the subject, in the fields of nursing care and rehabilitation, to provide coaching for proper gait motions. In a typical method, for example, an observer who is watching the moving image of the subject's gait motions extracts a predetermined image to display it.
Patent Literature (PTL) 1 discloses a three-dimensional motion analyzing device that determines the coordinate positions of each marker from moving image data obtained by taking images of a subject wearing a plurality of markers by a plurality of cameras, and analyzes the gait motions on the basis of the determined coordinate positions. The three-dimensional motion analyzing device disclosed in PTL 1 displays posture diagrams on the basis of the result of the analysis.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-344418
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Technical Problems
Solutions to Problems
Advantageous Effect of Invention
However, the above-described conventional method, which requires the observer to extract an image, has a problem in that a great burden is placed on the observer. Furthermore, since the selection of an image to be extracted is up to the experience and skills of the observer, the subject cannot receive coaching in the absence of a competent observer, which is inconvenient. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional motion analyzing device disclosed in PTL 1 requires the subject to wear a plurality of markers to take images by a plurality of cameras, and thus involves a complicated device structure.
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a highly convenient gait motion display system and program with a simple structure.
To achieve the above object, the gait motion display system according to one aspect of the present invention includes: a triaxial accelerometer that measures acceleration data of a subject in walking, the triaxial accelerometer being attached to the subject; an imaging unit that takes images of the subject in walking to obtain moving image data showing gait motions of the subject; a recording unit that records the acceleration data and the moving image data in synchronization with each other; an identification unit that converts the acceleration data recorded by the recording unit into horizontal displacement data and vertical displacement data, and identifies, from the moving image data, a representative image corresponding to a representative motion in a gait cycle, based on the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data; and a display that displays an image illustration of the representative motion in the gait cycle, together with the representative image identified by the identification unit.
Another aspect of the present invention is achieved in the form of a program that causes a computer to function as the above-described gait motion display system, or in the form of a computer-readable recording medium storing such program.
The present invention is capable of providing a highly convenient gait motion display system with a simple structure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
1
FIG.
is a diagram showing the structure of a gait motion display system according to an embodiment.
2
FIG.
is a block diagram showing the functional structure of the gait motion display system according to the embodiment.
3
FIG.
is a diagram showing a triaxial accelerometer being attached to a subject in the gait motion display system according to the embodiment.
4
FIG.
is a diagram showing image illustrations of representative motions in a gait cycle.
5
FIG.
is a diagram showing a relationship between horizontal and vertical displacement data and the representative motions of gait motions in the gait motion display system according to the embodiment.
6
FIG.
is a diagram showing an example reporting screen displayed by a display of the gait motion display system according to the embodiment.
7
FIG.
is a diagram showing horizontal and vertical displacement data converted from acceleration data that has been actually measured by the triaxial accelerometer in the gait motion display system according to the embodiment.
8
FIG.
is a diagram showing another example of the reporting screen displayed by the display of the gait motion display system according to the embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT
Embodiment
Gait Motion Display System
Triaxial Accelerometer
Imaging Unit
Gait Motion Display Device
Recording Unit
Memory
Identification Unit
Display
Representative Motions in Gait Cycle
Relationship Between Displacement Data and Motions of Subject
Horizontal (Right-Left Direction) Displacement Data
Vertical (Up-Down Direction) Displacement Data
Reporting Screen
Detailed Operations of Identification Unit
Embodiment
Effects, Etc.
Others
The following describes in detail the gait motion display system according to the embodiment of the present invention with reference to the drawings.
Note that the following embodiment shows an exemplary illustration of the present invention. The numerical values, shapes, materials, structural components, the arrangement and connection of the structural components, steps, the processing order of the steps etc. shown in the following embodiment are mere examples, and thus are not intended to limit the present invention. Of the structural components described in the following embodiment, structural components not recited in any one of the independent claims that indicate the broadest concepts of the present invention will be described as optional structural components.
Also note that the drawings are schematic diagrams, and thus they are not necessarily precise illustrations. Also, the same structural components are assigned with the same reference marks throughout the drawings.
1
FIG.
2
FIG.
First, an overview of the gait motion display system according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to and .
1
FIG.
2
FIG.
1
1
is a diagram showing a concrete structure of gait motion display system according to the present embodiment. is a block diagram showing a functional structure of gait motion display system according to the present embodiment.
1
FIG.
2
FIG.
1
10
20
30
30
31
32
33
34
As shown in , gait motion display system includes triaxial accelerometer , imaging unit , and gait motion display device . As shown in , gait motion display device includes recording unit , memory , identification unit , and display .
The following describes in detail the structural components of the gait motion display system with reference to the drawings.
3
FIG.
10
2
is a diagram showing triaxial accelerometer according to the present embodiment being attached to subject .
10
2
2
10
2
10
10
31
30
Triaxial accelerometer is attached to subject to measure acceleration data of subject in walking. More specifically, triaxial accelerometer measures, at a predetermined measurement rate, the acceleration of a body part of subject at which triaxial accelerometer is attached. Measurement rate is the number of times acceleration is measured per unit of time. Triaxial accelerometer transmits the measured acceleration data to recording unit of gait motion display device .
10
30
10
30
In the present embodiment, triaxial accelerometer communicates with gait motion display device . Triaxial accelerometer transmits the acceleration data to gait motion display device by, for example, wireless communication. Wireless communication is performed in conformity with a predetermined wireless communication standard such as, for example, Bluetooth (registered trademark), Wi-Fi (registered trademark), and ZigBee (registered trademark).
10
2
The acceleration data measured by triaxial accelerometer is three-dimensional acceleration vector data, which is, for example, data on the accelerations in the front-back direction, right-left direction, and up-down direction of subject . The acceleration data includes a plurality of measurement points. Each of the measurement points is associated with time information indicating the time at which such measurement point has been measured. Note that not all the measurement points are required to be associated with time information. For example, it is possible to calculate the time at which a measurement point not associated with time information has been measured, on the basis of the time information of a reference measurement point among a plurality of measurement points (e.g., the first measurement point) and on the basis of the measurement rate of the acceleration data.
3
FIG.
1
FIG.
10
2
10
11
2
11
10
2
In the present embodiment, as shown in , triaxial accelerometer is attached at the lower back waist of subject . As shown in , triaxial accelerometer is fixed to attachment . Worn by subject , attachment enables triaxial accelerometer to be attached at a predetermined body part of subject .
11
2
11
12
13
12
13
11
2
12
2
12
12
12
13
1
FIG.
An example of attachment is a belt that is worn around the waist of subject . As shown in , attachment includes strap , and hook and loop fastener . The length of strap is adjustable by putting together the hook surface and the loop surface of hook and loop fastener at an appropriate position. More specifically, attachment is worn around the waist of subject by looping strap around the waist of subject , and then by appropriately adjusting the length of strap to tighten strap . Note that the means for adjusting the length of strap is not limited to hook and loop fastener , and thus a buckle or another attachment may be employed.
3
FIG.
10
2
11
2
2
10
As shown in , triaxial accelerometer is attached at the waist of subject by attachment being worn around the waist of subject . Note that a body part of subject at which triaxial accelerometer is attached is not limited to the lower back waist, and thus may be the front side of the waist, or may be the head, the chest, a leg, an arm, etc.
11
2
10
10
10
2
Also note that attachment is not limited to a belt, and thus may be clothes worn by subject . For example, triaxial accelerometer may be fixed at the clothes, or may be held in a pocket of the clothes. Triaxial accelerometer may include a fixture such as a hook and loop fastener, a safety pin, and a clip, and may be attached to the clothes by such fixture. Alternatively, triaxial accelerometer may be directly attached on the skin of subject by, for example, an adhesive sealing material.
20
2
2
20
31
30
Imaging unit takes images of subject in walking to obtain moving image data showing the gait motions of subject . Imaging unit transmits the obtained moving image data to recording unit of gait motion display device .
20
20
1
FIG.
An unlimited example of imaging unit is a video camera as shown in . Imaging unit may also be a mobile terminal such as a smart phone, or may be a compact camera mounted on a personal computer (PC).
20
30
20
30
20
30
In the present embodiment, imaging unit communicates with gait motion display device . Imaging unit transmits the moving image data to gait motion display device by, for example, wireless communication. Wireless communication is performed in conformity with a predetermined wireless communication standard such as, for example, Bluetooth (registered trademark), Wi-Fi (registered trademark), and ZigBee (registered trademark). Note that imaging unit may be connected to gait motion display device via a communication cable to perform wired communication.
20
The moving image data obtained by imaging unit includes a plurality of images (frames). Each of the images is associated with time information indicating the time at which such image has been obtained. Note that not all the images are required to be associated with time information. For example, it is possible to calculate the time at which an image not associated with time information has been obtained, on the basis of the time information of a reference image among a plurality of images (e.g., the first frame) and on the basis of the frame rate of the moving image data.
30
2
30
2
Gait motion display device analyzes the gait motions of subject on the basis of the acceleration data and the moving image data, and displays the result of the analysis. More specifically, gait motion display device displays, as the result of the analysis, image illustrations of the representative motions in the gait cycle, together with the obtained images of subject .
30
30
31
32
33
34
1
FIG.
Gait motion display device is embodied, for example, as a computer and a monitor as shown in . More specifically, gait motion display device includes: a non-volatile memory that stores a program; a volatile memory, which is a temporary storage region for the execution of the program: an input/output port; and a processor that executes the program. The functions of recording unit , memory , identification unit , display , and others are executed by the processor and the memories working in concert with one another.
31
10
20
31
32
Recording unit records the acceleration data measured by triaxial accelerometer and the moving image data obtained by imaging unit in synchronization with each other. More specifically, recording unit associates the measurement points with the images on the basis of the time information of a plurality of measurement points in the acceleration data and the time information of a plurality of images in the moving image data, and stores the associated measurement points and images into memory .
31
31
For example, recording unit associates one measurement point with an image with which time information is associated indicating the time closest to the time indicated by the time information of such measurement point. This is carried out for each of the measurements points. Consequently, the measurement points included in the acceleration data are associated with the images taken at approximately the same times as the times at which such measurement points have been measured. Note that when the measurement rate of the acceleration data and the frame rate of the moving image data are the same, recording unit associates one measurement point with one image such that each of the remaining measurement points and images can be associated with each other in order of obtainment.
31
31
10
31
20
31
Note that when at least one of the acceleration data and the moving image data includes no time information, recording unit may record the acceleration data and the moving image data in synchronization with each other, by use of the time at which recording unit has received the acceleration data from triaxial accelerometer , or by use of the time at which recording unit has received the moving image data from imaging unit . Recording unit may use any method to synchronize the acceleration data and the moving image data.
32
32
32
Memory is a memory that stores the acceleration data and the moving image data. The acceleration data and the moving image data recorded in memory are synchronized with each other. More specially, the respective measurement points included in the acceleration data and the respective images taken at approximately the same times at which the measurement points have been measured are recorded in memory in association with each other.
33
31
33
Identification unit converts the acceleration data recorded by recording unit into horizontal displacement data and vertical displacement data. More specifically, identification unit generates displacement data by second order integration of the acceleration data.
31
10
33
33
In the present embodiment, the acceleration data recorded by recording unit is three-dimensional acceleration vector data measured by triaxial accelerometer . As such, identification unit first converts three-dimensional acceleration vector data into three-dimensional displacement data, for example, and then separates the three-dimensional displacement data into horizontal and vertical displacement data. Note that identification unit may first separate the three-dimensional acceleration vector data into horizontal acceleration data and vertical acceleration data, and then convert the respective data items into displacement data items.
10
33
2
33
2
2
Note that lower half frequency components of the gait frequency of the acceleration data in triaxial accelerometer are affected by gravitational acceleration. For this reason, identification unit applies the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to remove the low-frequency components from the acceleration data. Note that gait frequency is the reciprocal of the period (cycle) during which subject takes two steps (one step for each foot). Identification unit also removes, from the acceleration data, the acceleration components produced by the travelling of subject to generate displacement data indicating only the amount of displacement produced by the gait motions of subject .
33
33
4
FIG.
Identification unit identifies, from the moving image data, a representative image corresponding to each of the representative motions in the gait cycle, on the basis of the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data. More specifically, identification unit extracts a characteristic point corresponding to each representative motion in the gait cycle from the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data, and identifies, as the representative image, an image corresponding to the time of the extracted characteristic point. Note that the representative motions in the gait cycle will be described later with reference to .
5
FIG.
The characteristic point is, for example, a local maximum value, a local minimum value, or a zero-crossing point in the horizontal displacement data, or the characteristic point is, for example, a local maximum value, a local minimum value, or a zero-crossing point in the vertical displacement data. The relationship between the characteristic point and each representative motion will be described later with reference to .
33
2
2
In the present embodiment, identification unit further calculates walking time and the number of steps per predetermined unit of time, on the basis of the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data. The walking time is a period during which subject is in gait motions. The number of steps per predetermined unit of time is, for example, the number of steps per minute, which is calculated on the basis of the number of steps taken by subject during the walking time.
33
2
Identification unit further calculates a ratio between the right and left stance phases, on the basis of the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data. The ratio between the right and left stance phases is a proportion between the duration of the stance phases of the left leg and the duration of the stance phases of the right leg. Such ratio is represented, for example, as each ratio of the stance phases of the left leg and each ratio of the stance phases of the right leg that take up the total duration of the both stance phases. The ratio between the right and left stance phases corresponds the right and left balance of the gait motions of subject .
34
33
34
Display displays the image illustration of each of the representative motions in the gait cycle, together with its representative image identified by identification unit . More specifically, display displays a reporting screen that includes the image illustrations and their representative images.
34
33
34
33
34
6
FIG.
Display further displays the walking time and the number of steps calculated by identification unit . Display further displays the ratio between the right and left stance phases calculated by identification unit . An example of the reporting screen displayed by display will be described later with reference to .
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
The following describes the representative motions in the gait cycle with reference to . is a diagram showing image illustrations of the representative motions in the gait cycle.
4
FIG.
The gait cycle is a repetition period that starts with one motion and ends with the same motion in walking. For example, as shown in , a single period of the gait cycle starts from when the left foot heel contacts the ground to when the left foot heel contacts the ground again.
4
FIG.
As shown in , the gait cycle includes stance phases and swing phases. The stance phase of the left leg is a period from when the left foot heel contacts the ground to when the left foot toe leaves the ground. The swing phase of the left leg is a period from when the left foot toe leaves the ground to when the left foot heel contacts the ground. The same is true of the right leg. Usually, the stance phase of the left leg includes the swing phase of the right leg, and the stance phase of the right leg includes the swing phase of the left leg.
4
FIG.
The representative motions in the gait cycle include at least one of heel contact, foot flat, mid stance, heel off, toe off, and mid swing. As shown in , these motions are carried out by each of the left foot and the right foot. The following focuses on the left foot to describe the representative motions in walking.
4
FIG.
As (a) in shows, heel contact is a motion of the heel of the left foot (or the right foot) contacting the ground. When in this motion, the two legs are widely open, and thus the posture of the subject is low. More specifically, the waist (the head, chest, etc. as well) of the subject is in the lowest position.
4
FIG.
As (b) in shows, foot flat is a motion of the sole of the left foot (or the right foot) contacting the ground.
4
FIG.
As (c) in shows, mid stance is a motion of the two legs most closely approaching each other, with the sole of the left foot (or the right foot) contacting the ground. When in this motion, the left leg contacting the ground is stretched straight, and thus the posture of the subject is high. More specifically, the waist of the subject is in the highest position.
4
FIG.
As (d) in shows, heel off is a motion of the heel of the left foot (or the right foot) leaving the ground. When in this motion, the two legs are widely open, and thus the posture of the subject is low. More specifically, the waist of the subject is in the lowest position.
4
FIG.
As (e) in shows, toe off is a motion of the toe of the left foot (or the right foot) leaving the ground.
4
FIG.
As (f) in shows, mid swing is a motion of the two legs most closely approaching each other, with the left foot (or the right foot) leaving the ground. When in this motion, the right leg contacting the ground is stretched straight, and thus the posture of the subject is high. More specifically, the waist of the subject is in the highest position.
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
The same is true of the right foot. In the present embodiment, the motions of the left foot and the motions of the right foot have the following correspondences: as (a) in shows, the heel contact of the left foot corresponds to the heel off of the right foot; as (b) in shows, the foot flat of the left foot corresponds to the toe off of the right foot; as (c) in shows, the mid stance of the left foot corresponds to the mid swing of the right foot; as (d) in shows, the heel off of the left foot corresponds to the heel contact of the right foot; as (e) in shows, the toe off of the left foot corresponds to the foot flat of the right foot; and as (f) in shows, the mid swing of the left foot corresponds to the mid stance of the right foot.
Meanwhile, when the left leg is in stance phase, the center of gravity of the subject is located on the left foot, and thus the subject is in a left-leaning posture. More specifically, the waist of the subject leans to the left compared to when the subject is standing upright. Meanwhile, when the right leg is in stance phase, the center of gravity of the subject is located on the right foot, and thus the subject is in a right-leaning posture. More specifically, the waist of the subject leans to the right compared to when the subject is standing upright.
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
For example, when the left foot is in mid stance (the mid swing of the right foot) shown in (c) in , the greatest center of gravity is located on the left foot, and thus the waist of the subject is in the leftmost position. Similarly, when the right foot is in mid stance (the mid swing of the left foot) shown in (f) in , the greatest center of gravity is located on the right foot, and thus the waist of the subject is in the rightmost position. Meanwhile, when one of the feet is in heel contact (the heel off of the other foot) shown in (a) or (d) in , the subject is in the lowest and thus a stable posture, and the center of gravity is approximately the same as that of when the subject is standing upright.
2
5
FIG.
Next, a relationship between the horizontal displacement data/the vertical displacement data and the motions of subject is described with reference to .
5
FIG.
5
FIG.
5
FIG.
1
is a diagram showing a relationship between the horizontal and vertical displacement data and the representative motions of the gait motions in gait motion display system according to the present embodiment. Note that the horizontal (right-left direction) displacement data and the vertical (up-down direction) displacement data shown in are based on ideal gait motions. In , the lateral axis indicates the walking time, and the longitudinal axis indicates the amount of displacement in the horizontal direction or the vertical direction.
5
FIG.
As shown in , the horizontal displacement data and the vertical displacement data are both in curves that are analogous to sinusoidal curves. As such, the horizontal displacement data and the vertical displacement data each include local maximum values and local minimum values that appear alternately and repeatedly. Zero-crossing points appear between a local maximum value and a local minimum value, and between a local minimum value and a local maximum value.
10
2
2
2
2
The horizontal displacement data is data that indicates displacements of a body part at which triaxial accelerometer is attached (more specifically, the waist of subject ), and that indicates displacements of subject in the right-left direction. The horizontal displacement data represents, for example, a leftward displacement of subject as being positive and a rightward displacement of subject as being negative.
91
91
2
4
FIG.
Local maximum value in the horizontal displacement data is the point at which the maximum leftward displacement takes place in one period of the gait cycle. More specifically, local maximum value corresponds to the motion in which the waist of subject is in the leftmost position, i.e., the mid stance of the left foot (the mid swing of the right foot) shown in (c) in .
92
92
2
4
FIG.
Local minimum value in the horizontal displacement data is the point at which the maximum rightward displacement takes place in one period of the gait cycle. More specifically, local minimum value corresponds to the motion in which the waist of subject is in the rightmost position, i.e., the mid stance of the right foot (the mid swing of the left foot) shown in (f) in .
93
2
93
2
93
92
91
93
91
92
a
b
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
Zero-crossing points in the horizontal displacement data indicate that no displacement of subject takes place in the right-left direction. More specifically, zero-crossing points correspond to the heel contact (or the heel off) of the left foot or the right foot of subject . Even more specifically, zero-crossing point that appears between local minimum value and local maximum value corresponds to the heel contact of the left foot (the heel off of the right foot) shown in (a) in . Zero-crossing point that appears between local maximum value and local minimum value corresponds to the heel contact of the right foot (the heel off of the left foot) shown in (d) in .
93
93
93
93
93
93
a
a
a
b
b
a
Here, a period from zero-crossing point to the next zero-crossing point is a single period of the gait cycle. A period from zero-crossing point to zero-crossing point is the stance phase of the left leg (i.e., a period during which the left foot is in contact with the ground). A period from zero-crossing point to zero-crossing point is the stance phase of the right leg (i.e., a period during which the right foot is in contact with the ground).
93
94
94
91
92
Note that zero-crossing points are intersection points of the horizontal displacement data and zero baseline . Zero baseline is determined, for example, as the mean value of a plurality of local maximum values and a plurality of local minimum values .
10
2
2
2
2
The vertical displacement data is data that indicates displacements of a body part at which triaxial accelerometer is attached (more specifically, the waist of subject ), and that indicates displacements of subject in the up-down direction. The vertical displacement data represents, for example, an upward displacement of subject as being positive and a downward displacement of subject as being negative.
95
95
2
Local maximum values in the vertical displacement data are points at which the maximum upward displacement takes place in one period of the gait cycle. More specifically, local maximum values correspond to the motion in which the waist of subject is in the highest position, i.e., mid stance (or mid swing).
95
95
95
a
b
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
Here, it is unknown only from the vertical displacement data whether local maximum values correspond to the mid stance of the left foot or the mid stance of the right foot. As such, the horizontal displacement data is used to determine which one of the feet the mid stance belongs to. More specifically, local maximum value is the local maximum value of the stance phase of the left leg, and thus corresponds to the mid stance of the left foot (the mid swing of the right foot) shown in (c) in . Also, local maximum value is the local maximum value of the stance phase of the right leg, and thus corresponds to the mid stance of the right foot (the mid swing of the left foot) shown in (f) in .
96
96
2
Local minimum values in the vertical displacement data are points at which the maximum downward displacement takes place in one period of the gait cycle. More specifically, local minimum values correspond to the motion in which the waist of subject is in the lowest position, i.e., heel contact (or heel off).
95
96
96
96
a
b
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
As in the case of local maximum values , the horizontal displacement data is used to determine whether local minimum values correspond to the heel contact of the right foot or the left foot. More specifically, local minimum value corresponds to the timing at which the stance phase of the left leg starts, and thus corresponds to the heel contact of the left foot (the heel off of the right foot) shown in (a) in . Also, local minimum value corresponds to the timing at which the stance phase of the right leg starts, and thus corresponds to the heel contact of the right foot (the heel off of the left foot) shown in (d) in .
97
2
97
2
Zero-crossing points in the vertical displacement data indicate that no displacement of subject takes place in the up-down direction. More specifically, zero-crossing points correspond to foot flat (or toe off) of subject .
95
96
97
97
97
a
b
4
FIG.
4
FIG.
As in the case of local maximum values and local minimum values , the horizontal displacement data is used to determine whether zero-crossing points correspond to the foot flat of the right foot or the left foot. More specifically, zero-crossing point is the zero-crossing point in the stance phase of the left leg, and thus corresponds to the foot flat of the left foot (the toe off of the right foot) shown in (b) in . Also, zero-crossing point is the zero-crossing point in the stance phase of the right leg, and thus corresponds to the foot flat of the right foot (the toe off of the left foot) shown in (e) in .
97
98
97
96
95
98
95
96
Note that zero-crossing points are intersection points of the vertical displacement data and zero baseline . More specifically, zero-crossing points are each zero-crossing point between local minimum value and local maximum value . Zero baseline is determined, for example, as the mean value of a plurality of local maximum values and a plurality of local minimum values .
34
100
34
1
6
FIG.
6
FIG.
Next, a reporting screen displayed by display will be described with reference to . is a diagram showing an example of reporting screen displayed by display of gait motion display system according to the present embodiment.
100
34
33
2
100
33
100
101
106
111
116
121
122
123
6
FIG.
Reporting screen is a screen displayed by display to present the representative images identified by identification unit to, for example, subject . Reporting screen also includes information indicating the walking time, the number of steps per unit of time, and the right-left gait balance calculated by identification unit . More specifically, as shown in , reporting screen includes a plurality of image illustrations to , a plurality of representative images to , walking time information , step information , and balance information .
101
106
111
116
101
106
In the present embodiment, a plurality of image illustrations to and a plurality of representative images to corresponding to the respective image illustrations to are placed side by side. More specifically, the image illustrations and their corresponding representative images are placed side by side in a lateral direction or in a vertical direction such that their correspondences can be seen at a glance. Note that the image illustrations and their representative images may be, for example, superimposed on each other to be displayed.
101
111
96
4
FIG.
b
Image illustration is an image illustration of the heel contact of the right foot shown in (d) in . Representative image , which is included in the moving image data, is an image corresponding to the time of the characteristic point corresponding to the heel contact of the right foot (more specifically, local minimum value ).
102
112
97
4
FIG.
b
Image illustration is an image illustration of the foot flat of the right foot shown in (e) in . Representative image , which is included in the moving image data, is an image corresponding to the time of the characteristic point corresponding to the foot flat of the right foot (more specifically, zero-crossing ).
103
113
95
4
FIG.
b
Image illustration is an image illustration of the mid stance of the right foot shown in (f) in . Representative image , which is included in the moving image data, is an image corresponding to the time of the characteristic point corresponding to the mid stance of the right foot (more specifically, local maximum value ).
104
114
96
4
FIG.
a
Image illustration is an image illustration of the heel contact of the left foot shown in (a) in . Representative image , which is included in the moving image data, is an image corresponding to the time of the characteristic point corresponding to the heel contact of the left foot (more specifically, local minimum value ).
105
115
97
4
FIG.
a
Image illustration is an image illustration of the foot flat of the left foot shown in (b) in . Representative image , which is included in the moving image data, is an image corresponding to the time of the characteristic point corresponding to the foot flat of the left foot (more specifically, zero-crossing ).
106
116
95
4
FIG.
a
Image illustration is an image illustration of the mid stance of the left foot shown in (c) in . Representative image , which is included in the moving image data, is an image corresponding to the time of the characteristic point corresponding to the mid stance of the left foot (more specifically, local maximum value ).
121
33
33
2
33
31
Walking time information represents the walking time calculated by identification unit in numerical values. Identification unit calculates, as the walking time, a period of time during which the images of the gait motions of subject have been taken properly and during which the acceleration has been detected. More specifically, identification unit calculates, as the walking time, a period during which the acceleration data and the moving image data are recorded in synchronization with each other by recording unit .
122
33
2
91
92
33
91
92
Step information indicates the number of steps per unit of time calculated by identification unit . A single step taken by subject is represented as local maximum value or local minimum value in the horizontal displacement data. As such, identification unit counts local maximum values and local minimum values in the walking time, and divides the counted total value (i.e., the number of steps) by the walking time to calculate the number of steps per unit of time.
33
93
91
92
33
95
96
97
Note that identification unit may count the number of zero-crossing points instead of calculating the total value of local maximum values and local minimum values . Alternatively, identification unit may count one of local maximum values , local minimum values , and zero-crossing points in the vertical displacement data.
123
33
33
93
93
93
93
93
33
33
a
b
b
a
Balance information indicates a ratio between the right and left stance phases calculated by identification unit . In the present embodiment, identification unit extracts zero-crossing points in the horizontal displacement data to calculate the durations of the right and left stance phases. The stance phase of the left leg is a period from zero-crossing point to zero-crossing point , and the stance phase of the right leg is a period from zero-crossing point to zero-crossing point . The walking time includes a plurality of stance phases of each of the left leg and the right leg, and thus identification unit calculates the mean value or the intermediate value of the stance phases of the left leg and the mean value or the intermediate value of the stance phases of the right leg. For example, identification unit calculates a ratio between the mean value of the stance phases of the left leg and the mean value of the stance phases of the right leg as a proportion between the right and left stance phases.
33
33
111
116
101
106
The following describes detailed operations of identification unit . More specifically, a method will be described below by which identification unit identifies representative images to that correspond to image illustrations to .
33
33
95
96
97
In the present embodiment, identification unit first identifies the stance phases of the left leg and the stance phases of the right leg on the basis of the horizontal displacement data. Identification unit further extracts, as characteristic points, local maximum values , local minimum values , and zero-crossing points from the vertical displacement data to identify, as the representative images, the images corresponding to the times of the extracted characteristic points.
33
96
96
96
33
96
114
104
114
34
96
96
33
96
111
101
111
34
a
a
b
b
For example, identification unit extracts local minimum values in the vertical displacement data as characteristic points corresponding to heel contact. In so doing, in the case where local minimum value is local minimum value included in the stance phase of the left leg, identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of local minimum value as representative image . Consequently, image illustration of the heel contact of the left foot and representative image are displayed together on display . In the case where local minimum value is local minimum value included in the stance phase of the right leg, identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of local minimum value as representative image . Consequently, image illustration of the heel contact of the right foot and representative image are displayed together on display .
33
93
33
93
93
a
b
Note that identification unit may extract zero-crossing points in the horizontal displacement data as characteristic points corresponding to heel contact. More specifically, identification unit may extract zero-crossing point in the horizontal displacement data as the characteristic point corresponding to the heel contact of the left foot, and may extract zero-crossing point in the horizontal displacement data as the characteristic point corresponding to the heel contact of the right foot.
33
97
97
97
33
97
115
105
115
34
97
97
33
97
112
102
112
34
a
a
b
b
Identification unit also extracts zero-crossing points in the vertical displacement data as characteristic points corresponding to foot flat. In so doing, in the case where zero-crossing point is zero-crossing point included in the stance phase of the left leg, identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of zero-crossing point as representative image . Consequently, image illustration of the foot flat of the left foot and representative image are displayed together on display . In the case where zero-crossing point is zero-crossing point included in the stance phase of the right leg, identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of zero-crossing point as representative image . Consequently, image illustration of the foot flat of the right foot and representative image are displayed together on display .
33
112
115
33
112
92
93
33
115
93
91
b
a
Note that identification unit may identify representative image or on the basis of the horizontal displacement data. More specifically, identification unit may identify, as representative image , the image corresponding to the time in between local minimum value and zero-crossing point (e.g., the time corresponding to the midpoint between these two points) in the horizontal displacement data. Also, identification unit may identify, as representative image , the image corresponding to the time in between zero-crossing point and local maximum value (e.g., the time corresponding to the midpoint between these two points) in the horizontal displacement data.
33
95
95
95
33
95
116
106
116
34
95
95
33
95
113
105
115
34
a
a
b
b
Identification unit also extracts local maximum values in the vertical displacement data as characteristic points corresponding to mid stance. In so doing, in the case where local maximum value is local maximum value included in the stance phase of the left leg, identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of local maximum value as representative image . Consequently, image illustration of the mid stance of the left foot and representative image are displayed together on display . In the case where local maximum value is local maximum value included in the stance phase of the right leg, identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of local maximum value as representative image . Consequently, image illustration of the mid stance of the right foot and representative image are displayed together on display .
7
FIG.
8
FIG.
10
2
2
34
With reference to and , the following describes an embodiment in which measurements and taking of images are performed, with triaxial accelerometer being attached to a real person as subject . Note that the embodiment employs as subject a person who has difficulty in walking properly. For this reason, the report screen displayed by display shows discrepancies between the motions represented by image illustrations and the motions represented by representative images.
7
FIG.
10
1
is a diagram showing horizontal displacement data and vertical displacement data converted from acceleration data that has been actually measured by triaxial accelerometer in gait motion display system according to the present embodiment. Note that the lateral axis indicates the walking time, and the vertical axis indicates the amount of displacement in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.
7
FIG.
2
As shown in , it is deemed difficult to extract local maximum values and local minimum values from the actual displacement data. When the gait motions of subject are improper, the movements of the center of gravity mismatch the gait motions. As a result, there might be a significant difference in the gait cycles between the horizontal displacement data and the vertical displacement data
7
FIG.
7
FIG.
For example, the horizontal displacement data shown in indicates that a single period of the gait cycle is about 3.3 seconds to 3.4 seconds. Meanwhile, it is difficult, with the vertical displacement data shown in , to identify the gait cycle because of such a factor as uncertainty of the timing at which the local maximum values and local minimum values appear. For example, a single period of 13.3 seconds to 16.7 seconds includes three local maximum values and three local minimum values in the vertical displacement data.
33
33
In such a case as this where the extraction of characteristic points from the vertical displacement data is difficult, identification unit is capable of extracting characteristic points from the horizontal displacement data without using the vertical displacement data. For example, when the dispersion in one period of the gait cycle in the vertical displacement data is greater than a predetermined value, identification unit extracts characteristic points from the horizontal displacement data, judging that the extraction of characteristic points from the vertical displacement data is difficult.
33
33
114
104
For example, identification unit extracts, as the characteristic point corresponding to the heel contact of the left foot, a zero-crossing point (e.g., the zero-crossing point at the time point of about 15.0 seconds) from the horizontal displacement data. Identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of the extracted zero-crossing point (15.0 seconds) as representative image to be displayed together with image illustration of the heel contact of the left foot.
33
33
116
106
Similarly, identification unit extracts, as the characteristic point corresponding to the mid stance of the left foot, a local maximum value (e.g., the local maximum value at the time point of about 15.8 seconds) from the horizontal displacement data. Identification unit identifies the image corresponding to the time of the extracted local maximum value (15.8 seconds) as representative image to be displayed together with image illustration of the mid stance of the left foot.
8
FIG.
100
34
1
is a diagram showing an example of reporting screen displayed by display of gait motion display system according to the present embodiment.
7
FIG.
2
As shown in , the movements of the center of gravity mismatch the gait motions of subject in the case where such gait motions are improper. As such, when representative images are identified on the basis of the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data, the motions represented by the image illustrations mismatch the motions represented by the representative images.
100
111
116
101
106
100
2
1
8
FIG.
For example, in reporting screen shown in , the motions represented by representative images to mismatch the motions represented by image illustrations to . For this reason, by visually checking reporting screen , subject or an instructor can judge whether the gait motions are properly made, or can see the extent of the discrepancies in the case where such gait motions are improper. As described above, gait motion display system according to the present embodiment is capable of assisting the coaching for proper gait motions with a simple structure.
1
10
2
10
2
20
2
2
31
33
31
34
33
As described above, gait motion display system according to the present embedment includes: triaxial accelerometer that measures acceleration data of subject in walking, triaxial accelerometer being attached to subject ; imaging unit that takes images of subject in walking to obtain moving image data showing gait motions of subject ; recording unit that records the acceleration data and the moving image data in synchronization with each other; identification unit that converts the acceleration data recorded by recording unit into horizontal displacement data and vertical displacement data, and identifies, from the moving image data, a representative image corresponding to a representative motion in a gait cycle, based on the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data; and display that displays an image illustration of the representative motion in the gait cycle, together with the representative image identified by identification unit .
1
10
20
10
This provides a highly convenient gait motion display system with a simple structure that includes triaxial accelerometer and imaging unit (video camera). More specifically, this structure enables a representative image to be identified on the basis of the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data converted from the acceleration data measured by triaxial accelerometer and to be displayed together with its image illustration. Consequently, the gait motions can be checked with ease even in the absence, for example, of a skilled observer.
33
Moreover, identification unit , for example, extracts a characteristic point from the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data, and identifies an image corresponding to a time of the extracted characteristic point as the representative image, the characteristic point corresponding to the representative motion in the gait cycle.
2
10
2
10
2
For example, a body part of subject at which triaxial accelerometer is attached undergoes periodic displacements in accordance with the gait motions of subject . As such, the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data converted from the acceleration data measured by triaxial accelerometer periodically changes in accordance with the representative motions in the gait cycle. The characteristic points included in the displacement data correspond to the representative motions in the gait cycle, and thus the extraction of the characteristic points from the displacement data enables easy and precise identification of representative images. Consequently, by checking correspondences between image illustrations and their representative images, it is possible to easily judge whether the gait motions are properly made by subject , and thus to assist the coaching for gait motions
Also, the characteristic point is, for example, one of a local maximum value, a local minimum value, and a zero-crossing point in the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data.
This structure uses a local maximum value, a local minimum value, or a zero-crossing point as a characteristic point, and thus allows for easy extraction of the characteristic point.
Also, the representative motion in the gait cycle is, for example, at least one of heel contact, foot flat, mid stance, heel off, and toe off, which are selected from a stance phase and a swing phase.
34
2
2
This enables display to display a characteristic motion of the gait motions such as heel contact, and thus makes it easier to provide coaching for gait motions of subject . For example, when the motion represented by an image illustration is approximately the same as the motion represented by its representative image to be displayed together with such image illustration, it is possible to see that the gait motion is properly made. When the motion represented by an image illustration differs from the motion represented by its representative image to be displayed together with such image illustration, it is possible to present to subject the extent of the discrepancy from the proper gait motion, and thus to assist the coaching for proper gait motions.
33
34
33
Identification unit further calculates, for example, walking time and the number of steps per predetermined unit of time, based on the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data, and display further displays the walking time and the number of steps calculated by identification unit .
34
2
This allows display to display the walking time and the number of steps per unit of time, thereby assisting the coaching concerning, for example, the gait speed in the gait motions of subject .
33
34
33
Identification unit further calculates, for example, a ratio between right and left stance phases, based on the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data, and display further displays the ratio calculated by identification unit .
34
2
This allows display to display the ratio between the right and left stance phases, thereby assisting the coaching for improving the right and left balance in the gait motions of subject .
Note that the technology of the present embodiment can be embodied not only as a gait motion display system, but also as a program that causes a computer to function as the above-described gait motion display system. Alternatively, the technology of the present embodiment can be embodied as a computer-readable recording medium such as a digital versatile disc (DVD) storing such program.
Stated differently, the above-described comprehensive or specific embodiment can be achieved in the form of a system, a device, an integrated circuit, a computer program, or a computer-readable recording medium, or can be achieved in the form of a combination of any of a system, a device, an integrated circuit, a computer program, and a recording medium.
The gait motion display system according to the present invention has been described on the basis of the embodiment and its variations, but the present invention is not limited to such embodiment.
33
33
For example, the foregoing embodiment presents an example in which identification unit identifies representative images on the basis of both the horizontal displacement data and the vertical displacement data, but the present invention is not limited to this. Identification unit may identify representative images on the basis of only the horizontal displacement data or the vertical displacement data.
33
34
34
121
122
123
123
123
6
FIG.
Also, the foregoing embodiment presents an example in which identification unit calculates the walking time, the number of steps per unit of time, and the temporal ratio between the stance phases, and display displays these items of information, but the present invention is not limited to this. For example, display may not display at least one of walking time information , step information , and balance information shown in . Also, balance information indicates the temporal ratio between the right and left stance phases, but balance information may indicate the temporal ratio between the right and left swing phases.
34
34
20
1
FIG.
Also, the foregoing embodiment presents an example in which display takes the form of a computer monitor as shown in , but the present invention is not limited to this. Display may be, for example, a monitor of a video camera (imaging unit )
Moreover, in the above embodiment, each structural component may be materialized as dedicated hardware, or may be achieved by executing a software program suited to each structural component. Alternatively, each structural component may be achieved by reading and executing, by a program execution unit such as a central processing unit (CPU) or a processor, a software program recorded in a recording medium such as a hard disk or a semiconductor memory.
The present invention also includes embodiments achieved by making various modifications to the present embodiment that are conceivable by those skilled in the art, and embodiments achieved by combining any structural components and functions of the present embodiment without materially departing from the essence of the present invention. | |
By Elisabeth Rochford*
The launch of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 focused the world’s attention on 17 “Global Goals” to be met by 2030. They highlight the significant challenges that lie ahead for every one of us, as a student, community member, policy maker or NGO worker. Goal 17 is to “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development” – but just why are partnerships so important in sustainable development and why could cooperation be vital to achieving these goals by 2030?
- It works better
Locals commonly know best what is needed for their own communities, and local experience is a powerful tool and motivator. Local people are often expert guides in their own culture, environment, geography and society. However, strong state support and international resources can also be crucial to bolstering locals who may be lacking in capacity to act on their own. Through a combined effort from both communities and bigger organisations in setting up and maintaining development projects, the initiative can benefit from the varied expertise of all involved.
It can also mean that resources are better utilised in ways that are relevant and targeted to local needs. This avoids misinformed aid ideas, where good intentions can miss the point and fail to address the real social problems at play. Thorough cooperation and co-production can also improve transparency and accountability, reducing the possibility of corruption.
- It lasts
Cooperation between local and international actors leads to the improved sustainability of development projects. Locals often also have a great deal of influence in their community and can help promote development initiatives through informal local networks with greater success than international actors, who may be seen as untrustworthy or to have conflicting interests. In this way locals, as community organisers, may achieve greater support and cooperation in their locality for the development initiative, helping it last.
- It promotes equity and inclusiveness
High-quality programmes produced by locals and outsiders can promote equity and inclusiveness in communities, tackling issues of marginalisation and exclusion. By working together, local and international actors can ensure that resources are distributed fairly and everyone is involved in the process. This can mean a more equal power balance that also incorporates an external perspective, driven by a desire for fairness.
Inclusiveness between local and international agents in development initiatives can also help to engage those who might otherwise be marginalised in the wider processes to ensure that their rights and needs are recognised.
- It empowers local communities
When it comes to development, empowerment is a vital element in its success. Working with communities and involving locals in the decision-making and implementation of initiatives can empower them to assert control over their own development, and help them access resources and capacity needed to do so. It encourages self-reliance, helping to free people from control by mainstream political processes and manipulation or exploitation through unequal power relationships with the state or international actors. That’s why local people’s ability to negotiate with and to hold accountable the institutions and initiatives that affect their lives must be fostered and acknowledged.
- It ensures that we all get to play our part in the world
Ultimately, each and every one of us has an important role to play in global development and deserves to be given the chance to do so. Community development cannot operate in a vacuum, but needs local coordination via local government structures and support from international sectors. We need to foster greater development dialogue and cooperation rather than a simple bottom-up or top-down approach.
A successful sustainable development agenda requires widespread participation and the formation of partnerships between local and international actors. In the words of Ban Ki-moon: “To successfully implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, we must swiftly move from commitments to action. To do that, we need strong, inclusive and integrated partnerships at all levels.”
It’s up to all of us who study global development, volunteer and aspire to make the world a better place to ensure true, productive cooperation between organisations or individuals with the resources for change, and those who seek to solve their own problems.
Works Cited:
- UN Sustainable Development Goal 17. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17
- Suzy Mmaitsi. “In Kenya, A Skill Can Turn A Girl From Bride Into Business Owner”. BRIGHT. https://brightreads.com/in-kenya-a-skill-can-turn-a-girl-from-bride-into-business-owner-30b5b9c19c38
- North Carolina State University. “Where Credit is Due: How Acknowledging Expertise Can Help Conservation Efforts”. ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140408122139.htm
- World Bank. “Localizing Development: Does Participation Work?”. http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:23147785~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html
- Richard Stupart. “7 Worst International Aid Ideas”. Matador Network. https://matadornetwork.com/change/7-worst-international-aid-ideas/
- Adam Grech. “The Role of Aid Theft in Africa: A Development Question”. Development in Action. http://www.developmentinaction.org/the-role-of-aid-theft-in-africa-a-development-question/
- James Stewart. “Local Experts in the Domestication of Information and Communication Technologies”. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691180701560093
- Lisa Cornish. “In an Era of Declining Trust, How Can NGOs Buck the Trend?”. DevEx. https://www.devex.com/news/in-an-era-of-declining-trust-how-can-ngos-buck-the-trend-89648
- Katy Jenkins. “Practically Professionals? Grassroots Women as Local Experts – A Peruvian Case Study”. Science Direct. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629807000996
- UN Research Institute for Social Development. “Social Inclusion and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda”. http://www.unrisd.org/unitar-social-inclusion
- World Health Organization. “Track 1: Community Empowerment”. http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/7gchp/track1/en/
- John Gaventa, Gregory Barrett. “So What Difference Does it Make? Mapping the Outcomes of Citizen Engagement”. http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/so-what-difference-does-it-make-mapping-the-outcomes-of-citizen-engagement/
- “Goal 17: Revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development”. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/globalpartnerships/
- “Partnerships: Why They Matter”. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/uploads/2017/02/ENGLISH_Why_it_Matters_Goal_17_Partnerships.pdf
*Elisabeth Rochford, MSc Human Rights student at London School of Economics and Political Science and Communications Intern at the Wonder Foundation. | https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2017/07/14/5-reasons-why-cooperation-is-key-for-development/ |
The world is now at the halfway point in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and it has never been more important to accelerate the move from pledges to progress. In fact, in the 2022 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Report, Secretary-General António Guterres cautioned that, with “cascading and interlinked global crises, the aspirations set out … are in jeopardy.” The SDG financing gap was estimated at $2.5 trillion before Covid-19, with additional needs of $1 trillion for Covid-19 spending in developing countries.
As heads of state gather in New York for the 77th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA) this week, they face several urgent global challenges. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – set forth when the 17 goals were adopted by UN member states in 2015 – remains a cohesive roadmap for action for the world. It establishes a common view of the urgent need to work together to improve the wellbeing of everyone, everywhere, and sustain our planet for the future. It also puts a spotlight on the role technology must play to create a more equitable world.
The 2030 Agenda recognized technology as a “means of implementation” for the SDGs, along with global partnerships that bring together “governments, civil society, the private sector, the United Nations system and other actors.” The Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation stated: “Of the SDG’s 17 goals and 169 targets, not a single one is detached from the implications and potential of digital technology.” Technology can be a positive force in transforming our world and people’s lives when it is developed and used in trusted, responsible and inclusive ways.
Microsoft has been committed to the SDGs from the beginning and remains steadfast in our efforts to making them a reality. This is consistent with our history of supporting and advancing the UN charter in line with our mission: to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. We have engaged with UN agencies to help address virtually every SDG goal, including our work on connectivity, digital inclusion and humanitarian crises, and our participation in the UN Global Compact since 2006. Microsoft President Brad Smith reiterated the need for “partnering with governments, industries and civil society on the UN’s 17 SDGs” when he was appointed an SDG Advocate in 2021.
Our report Microsoft and the UN Sustainable Development Goals shares examples of how digital technology, innovation and partnerships are essential to advancing the SDGs. For example, we are partnering with UNICEF to further SDG 4 – “quality education” – via The Learning Passport, a digital platform created to address challenges in accessing quality education experienced by millions of children and youth in times of disruptions, such as war, crises and displacement. It is portable education, accessible online, offline and on mobile devices; the platform is now live in 26 countries. To support SDG 8 – “decent work and economic growth” – Microsoft launched a digital skilling initiative in June 2020 to lessen the impact of Covid-19 on workers worldwide; by the end of 2021, 42 million people have gained critical digital skills through the programs. We have also made bold commitments on SDG 13 – “climate action” – including working on the Carbon Call with ClimateWorks Foundation, UNEP and more than 20 other leading organizations to address the reliability and interoperability of carbon accounting for the planet.
But we must do more. Building on Microsoft’s 20-year history of working with the UN, a team was created in 2020 to deepen and expand the company’s commitment to the UN’s mission and its agencies, multilateral and regional institutions, development banks, governments, local communities and stakeholders. I am honored to have the opportunity to lead this team for Microsoft as Vice President of UN Affairs and International Organizations (UNIO). We aim to help address ongoing global challenges and advance the SDGs through responsible development, deployment and governance of digital technology. This UNIO team will focus on enabling realization of the SDGs and inclusive economic growth; encouraging evidence-based development of policy to facilitate digital transformation; and accelerating adoption of digital technologies in supporting the international systems and their missions.
The scale and complexity of the challenges the world faces today – pandemic recovery, food security and climate change – mandate that the world comes together in a multilateral effort to leverage our respective insights and derive innovative solutions. Throughout my career, I have engaged in multilateral work: from seeing Nelson Mandela, accompanied by Graca Machel, tell G7 finance ministers of the urgent need to act to support development in Africa in 2005, to my time as Dean of the Ambassadors at the OECD. I appreciate the value of multilateral processes – particularly when they are informed by multistakeholder insights that are driven by evidence and practical experience – and when they are centered on inclusive and sustainable economic development as clear outcomes.
Two issues are central in our work to help realize the SDGs: the critical importance of supporting progress in the least developed countries (LDCs), and the need to address issues at the intersection of technology and society.
The LDCs face unprecedented challenges from the Covid-19 pandemic: climate change, global recession, rising energy costs and food insecurity. At the same time, they need to drive inclusive, resilient and sustainable recovery and growth. Alongside the important role of official development assistance for LDCs, private sector investment will be essential for these countries. We are stepping up our commitments to work with the UN to help expand its private sector reach and to identify innovative solutions to the most pressing problems with our co-chairing of the 5th UN Conference on LDCs Private Sector Forum in 2023. In the leadup to the meetings in Doha, we have worked with companies across a variety of sectors to outline the main challenges facing LDCs in connectivity, blended finance, skilling, multistakeholder partnerships and good governance, and provide recommendations on what is needed to drive increased private sector investments to further progress in the SDGs. In close partnership with Microsoft Tech for Social Impact colleagues, we’ll continue to deepen our work on the empowerment of UN organizations for a fit-for-purpose use of technology to solve big societal problems and advance the SDGs, while increasing our focus on digital development of LDCs.
Ensuring that digital technology can be a resilient foundation for enabling the SDGs will require that critical issues at the intersection of technology and society are addressed. Industry needs to work with governments, civil society, the technical community and other stakeholders so that together, we can create a trustworthy digital foundation that can lead to inclusive economic opportunity and protect fundamental human rights – and enable a more environmentally sustainable future. This is an important undertaking for our team – offering the UN, international organizations and governments a perspective on the role of digital technology in realizing the SDGs, while helping to enable policy frameworks that will promote responsible development and facilitate adoption of such technologies systemically.
For example, Microsoft participated in the launch of the UN and World Bank’s Joint Call to Action on the need for further data investments in April 2022. We highlighted the work of our data scientists in addressing global challenges, including mitigating the impact of the pandemic, solving environmental challenges and supporting disaster responses and other humanitarian crises. We also shared lessons from our open data collaborations and best practices to help close the “data divide.” We will continue to work with the UN and World Bank on their efforts to strengthen data systems and to improve the capabilities and policies of countries and organizations globally to produce, share and consume high-quality data responsibly, thus helping governments to enable measurement and realization of the SDGs.
We know that there is a real opportunity for organizations and governments to use digital technology responsibly to do more with less, and to make more effective and accountable use of scarce resources while building a more resilient foundation for the future. Microsoft looks forward to contributing to Secretary-General Guterres’ “booster shot for the Sustainable Development Goals” as mentioned in the UN’s Our Common Agenda talks and working with the UN and other international organizations to continue building a resilient foundation for realizing the SDGs and for continuing the realization of pledges into progress. | https://rozeejobs.com/2022/09/13/working-together-on-a-resilient-foundation-for-the-sustainable-development-goals/ |
Q:
Why doesn't the "actual" path matter for line integrals?
We have the following definition given in our textbook:
Let $U \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ be open and $F: U \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be continuously partial differentiable. If $a, b \in U$ and $\gamma$ is a piecewise differentiable path from a to b, that lies completely in $U$ ($[a,b]\in U$), then:
$$\int_\gamma (\operatorname{grad} F) \cdot dx = F(b)-F(a)$$
This is obviously super useful for solving line integrals $$\int_\gamma f\,dx$$ where we can find $F$ such that $\operatorname{grad} F = f$. My question is:
why doesn't the path matter in these cases? If I have two paths $\gamma$ and $\gamma^*$ with the same origin/destination but with completely different paths, this tells me the line integral is the same. Why does this make sense?
A:
First, note that this formula only applies to (in fact only makes sense for) line integrals of certain vector fields $\bf F$, namely conservative ones, that is, those of the form $${\bf X} = \operatorname{grad} F$$ for some function $F : U \to \Bbb R$ and (when $n > 1$) this is a very strong restriction: In a sense that can be made precise, most vector fields are not conservative.
So, procedurally, the formula (called the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for line integrals") works because we restrict our attention to line integrals of vector fields for which the formula will work. And it's not surprising that the formula works for conservative vector fields: After all, $\operatorname{grad} f \cdot d{\bf s}$ is the infinitesimal change of $f$ along the path $\gamma : [a, b] \to U$ with length element $d{\bf s}$, so by definition $\int_\gamma \operatorname{grad} F \cdot d{\bf s}$ is just the total change of $F$ along the path from $a$ to $b$. But we already know $F$ and the values $F(a), F(b)$ at its endpoints, so the total change along the path is $$\int_\gamma \operatorname{grad} F \cdot d{\bf s} = F(b) - F(a) ,$$ which doesn't depend on the path $\gamma$ connecting those endpoints.
| |
Ever wonder how the masters achieved those rich colors and life like images? Well read on.
In this tutorial you can follow along as I create a beautiful portrait of a child done in oils using traditional painting techniques. I originally posted this tutorial on instructibles a few years back.
Step 1:
The early painters used wood panels as supports for their paintings. Canvas came along later. I like painting on Masonite panels treated on both sides with gesso. You can also use primed canvas if that is your preference.
Gesso is a quick drying acrylic paint that is used to prime what ever surface you choose to paint on. As it drys it shrinks, so by priming both sides of a rigid surface like Masonite it prevents warping. I apply a minimum of three coats alternating the direction of brush strokes by 90 degrees between each coat.
After the gesso has fully dried I sand the surface with fine sand paper to get a smooth surface. While some sanding is necessary how smooth you sand it is a matter of personal preference.
Step 2:
Having properly prepared my panel I am now ready to lay out my painting. Working from a reference photograph I sketch in the main features using charcoal. This is a good time to note initial proportions and angles between the primary elements in your painting.
Many painters like to lightly seal the under drawing with a fixative before they start painting. If I were starting immediately with color, I might be tempted to set the drawing to prevent the charcoal from muddying the pigments. Fortunately I will not be laying color in until later in the process and I prefer to have the drawing blend into the initial under painting.
Step 3: Now the fun begins.
Early in the painting process you want to paint “lean”. This means limiting the amount of oil mixed in with your pigments. You may have heard the expression “fat over lean” referring to painting with oils. The reason for this has to do with the flexibility, adhesion and shrinkage of subsequent layers of paint. “Fat” paint applied too early with leaner pigments on top can cause the painting to develop cracks over time and the paint to peel and flake.
At this stage I more interested in establishing the main areas of light and dark as well as toning the entire working surface. I loosely lay in my first layer of paint, slightly thinned with odorless mineral spirits. Do not thin the paint too much as it can compromise the strength of the paint film. This is the only time I use a solvent in my paint. The solvent not only thins the paint, but also acts as a drier, speeding up the cure rate of the oil paint. Since oil paints are not water based, technically they do not dry, rather they cure through an oxidation process.
I limit my pallet to cremnitz white, a more refined form of flake white and therefore lead based. This is a very lean paint with a stiff consistency. It gives good coverage and dries more quickly than titanium white. You can substitute the cooler titanium white if you wish but stay away from zinc based white pigments as they have a tendency to cause peeling.
In addition to the white I also use ivory black, raw sepia and a touch of oxide-red lake from the Old Holland line. The Old Holland line is pricey. It is more traditionally formulated and it has a higher pigment content. Since this style of painting uses extremely thin layers of paint you will get a much better result with a professional grade paint. Student grades tend to contain more fillers making it difficult to achieve the pure saturated colors used later in the process.
Step 4:
After allowing the painting to cure for about a week. I create a grey scale layer using ivory black and white. This is a technique called “grisaille” that was developed by the early Flemish painters.
I create a fully developed tonal study of the face and clothes. I model the features in detail. This is the time to make any proportional adjustments or other changes to your final composition.
There are artists that can do this in one step. I’m not one of them. This step was completed over several days, building dimension and allowing the layers of paint time to cure between applications.
Step 5:
Once I am satisfied with the grisaille under painting and it has cured I set up my color pallet.
For this I used cremnitz white, titanium white, ivory black, oxide red-lake, madder lake, burnt umber, raw sepia, Prussian blue and cadmium yellow.
I use the paint straight laying in thin translucent glazes. I repeat this several times slowly building the depth of color while maintaining the tonal structure established in the grisaille study and dry brush blending to minimizing the brush marks.
The first few glazings should be thin enough to see the grisaille under painting.
Step 6:
I continue to build the intensity of color. I use a grey made from white and ivory black thinned with linseed oil to create shadow and structure for the flesh areas. The grey will interact with the flesh tones creating the blue cast shadows against the skin.
Continue building and reinforcing the details that become overly softened during this process.
Step 7:
When you are satisfied with the depth of color, thin your pigments with a bit of linseed oil and start defining and sharpening the fine details. Eyelashes, strands of hair, various edges and add cast shadows. Touch up the high lights and voila your own masterpiece!
Oil paints are translucent and become more so over time. The advantage of this process is that the under painting maintains the tonal strength of the painting over time.
After about six months you should seal the painting with varnish. | https://candaceviannawrites.com/2015/01/26/traditional-portrait-painting-step-by-step/ |
- This is because upon constructions, wind instruments remain of fixed length, have a fix number of holes and a fixed blowing hole.
- They vary in shape, size and material used to make them. They are grouped in the following sub- classes”
- Horns- made from animal horns or natural hollow or hollowed out wooden tubes. Among some communities horns are joined to a gourd. E.g.
- Oluika- luya
- Lalet-kalenjin
- Oporo/tung’-Luo
- Coro-kikuyu
- Kikundit-kipsigit
- Adet-turkana
- Aluti-Teso
- Flutes-Are made from materials such as bamboo, swamp reeds, twig or wooden tubes. Currently improvised using plastic tubes.
Flutes vary in length and number of finger / pitch holes from one community to another.
Other features that can be used to distinguish or differentiate flutes are:
- closed at both ends
- Open at both ends
- Open at one end and closed at another end
- Notched at the blowing end (part of the end is v-shaped)
- Round at the blowing end
- End blown (also oblique)
Side blown (also traversely blown-this means the blowing hole is at the side of the flute.)
Indigenous flutes from the diverse Kenyan communities include:
End blown flutes (oblique)
- Muturiri-Gikuyu
- Auleru-Teso
- Asili/Odundu-Luo
- Ndererut-Kalenjin
- Ebune/Elamaru-Turkana
Traversely held flutes
- Chivoti-Digo, Rabai, Duruma
- Ekibiswi-Kuria
- Emborogo-Kuria
- Umwere-Kuria
- Mulele-Luhya
- Whistles – these wind instruments are made from hollow tubes or reeds which are bound together. The different length makes it possible to produce different varied pitches when the instrument is blown e.g. biringi of Agikuyu, vilingi of the Akamba.
- Reed instruments – double reed instruments have two reeds at the mouthpiece which is made from reeds. The two reed instruments have a tip shield made out of a coconut shell of metal coin
The lip shield- holds the reed in place and prevents air from escaping. The reeds vibrate when air is blown into the instrument thus producing sound. The Nzumari and the Bung’o played among some of the mijikenda community such as Digo and Rabai.
Functions of parts of flutes
- Bamboo reed - this is the main framework of the instrument and it also serves as the resonator
- Blowing hole – it is a hole through which air is blown causing the production of sound
- Pitch hole – are closed and opened with alternating finger movements to produce varied pitch when playing the melody.
- Closed – end = this part direct the sounds towards the open end.
FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF REED INSTRUMENTS
- Hollow bamboo reed – this is the main body of the instrument which act as a resonator
- Bell - it is used to make the sound louder or amplify the sound
- Neck - use to attach the double reeds and the lip shield
- Double reeds - when blown, they vibrate to produce sound
- Lip shield – this is where the lip rest when blowing
SKILLS OF PLAYING WIND INSTRUMENTS
- Some are held traversely while others are end blown
- Positioning of the lips – the lower lip is placed on the lower part of the blowing hole
- Blowing- air should be blown across the blowing hole. The amount of air being blown depends of the wind instrument.
- Tonguing - the tongue is used to put the accent on
- Fingering – closing and opening of finger holes in an alternating manner assist to produce varied pitch.
- Breath control – it’s also referred to as phrasing and should be done at appropriate places when playing the wind instrument.
Western Musical Instrument
Descant Recorder
Recorder fingering chart
Skills of playing the recorder
- Posture – correct poster will help in breathing deeply in order to get good sound out of the recorder.
- Breath control – enables them to achieve the good phrasing when playing the descant recorder.
- Holding – should be held properly with both left handed and right handed learners. The recorder is end blown.
- Embouchure - refers to the position and the use of the lips and teeth in playing wind instrument. It includes shaping the lips to the mouthpiece of the musical wind instrument
Embouchure is important because it affect the production of quality of sound
- Articulation – (preparing the tongue) air flow is critical to the production of good tone or sound on the descant recorder. Blowing too much air will leard to production of squeaking sound.
- Fingering – the left hand should be placed in the first three holes, while the right hand should be placed in the rest of the holes. Holes should be covered completely, failure to which will cause air to escape and a squeaking sound will be produced.
When holes on the descant recorder are covered completely, small round marks will be imprinted on the fingers
THE NOTES B, A AND G
They are played using the left hand and are organized logically with fingers moving in a sequential order.
Music Staff Notation
THE STAFF- this is a set of five parallel line and four spaces on which music is written.
The lines and spaces are named using the seven letters of the English alphabets A,B,C,D,E,F, and G.
Naming is made possible using clef. The treble or G clef is used to establish the pitches of the staff
Music for the descant recorder is written on the staff using the treble Or G clef.
Fingering notes is illustrated below
NEW NOTES C AND D
- They are fingered using the left hand as shown below
- The left hand thumb hole is left open when playing the note D
Kenyan Folk Dances
Dance - a form of art involving rhythmic movement’s f the body in response to music
It is an expression of norms, values, belief, attitudes and customs of the community.
In traditional African society dances are for specific groups of the performance e.g. boys, girls, boys and girls, young women and
Categories of participants
- Soloist – introduces dances, it is also known as Solo choral response or call response singing.
Roles of a soloist
- Starting the dance
- Ending dance
- Help capture the message and the mood of the dance
- Pitching the dance songs
- Cuing dance on the change of melodies, movements and dance formations.
- Dancers – perform dance movements, create formations
- Dancers – perform dance movement. create formations
- Lead dancers – remind dancers the next dance style and formation. Guide other dancers in creating the varied dance styles/movement and formations to ensure transitions to ensure transitions are smooth.
- Singers - respond to the call of soloist. Make performance lively. Communicate the message and the mood of the dance
- Instrumentalist – make the dance performance lively.
Melodic instrument helps in pitching the performance.
Help in keeping the steady beat of the songs.
Assist to cue singers and dancers on the change of melodies, dance styles and formations to ensure smooth transition.
Provide rhythmic and melodic support to the rhythms and melodies in dance.
- Audience and onlookers – make participants feel appreciated
Their participations bring the dance to life
Costumes
This involves styles of dress or clothes worn by the participants in dance performance. Roles of costumes in dance performance include:
- To depict the cultural community it is drawn from.
- To adorn the participant
- To distinguish the different roles played by various participants of the dance
- Influence the participant level of confidence
- Allow dancers or the wearers freedom of movement and formation
- Give information about certain role or characters due to elaborate details of the costumes
- They give the participant of the dance aesthetic appeal
- Are associated with the costumes and habits of a group of people
- Gives the participant dignity
- Help the identify the community the song originates from
- Create uniformity among the participant
- In modern times dance performance use uniform costumes made of sisal and banana leaves
- In each community there are items of value which the participants use during dancing. These items are also known as artifacts which includes shields, swords, skis and traditional tools.
Body Adornment
- It is an art which involved decorating the body, these vary across communities and can be permanent or temporary
- Permanent body adornment is done by piercing, scarification or tattoos, both are used to enhance beauty and also have social and ritual significance
- Some adorn using temporary designs using pain, ochre and henna to decorate the skin. The decoration can symbolize a variety of meaning e.g. social, economic or marital or even political status of the wearer.
- In some communities it is used to enhance the feminity or masculinity of an individual.
- The most common method used nowadays is by water emulsion pain
The type of body adornment used is influenced by the occasion /event or an individual’s stage in life.
Ornaments
Are accessories, articles or items used to add beauty or decorate the appearance of the participants in dance.
In some communities’ beadwork is an integral part of making ornament, beads used in making ornaments can vary in shape, size and colour. The ornaments include.
- Earring
- Armlets/armbands
- Anklets
- Necklaces
- Feathers
Creating /composing
Is a succession of sound with long, short or equal duration. It is the pattern of the music in a given time. It can exist without a rhythm.
The long and short the French rhythm names are used to create different rhythms and represented by different matching symbol. These musical symbol are the musical notes.
|French rythm name||Length of sound|
|Taa||1 long sound|
|Ta-te||2 long sounds|
|Taa-aa||2 long sounds|
|Taa-aa-aa-aa||4 long sounds|
|French rythm name||Note symbol||Note name||Length of sound||Number of beats|
|Taa||Crochet||1 long sound||1 beat|
|Ta-te||Quavers||2 long sounds||½ a beat for each quaver|
|Taa-aa||Minim||2 long sounds||2 beats|
|Taa-aa-aa-aa||Semibreve||4 long sounds||4 beats|
Words have their natural speeches style which dictates whether to be given either along or a short beat. Syllables in words can be stressed while others are not.
The stressed syllables occurs as strong beats while the unstressed syllables as week beats.
The beats are divided into groups of two beats, three beats or four beats
Melody
Is a sequence of pleasant sounds that makes up musical phrase
It is a tune that sound nice or pleasant to the ears
An understanding of high and low sounds is essential in identifying melodic variations within a song. Variation to simple melodies can be created by
- Repetition
- Changing doh
- Changing rhythms
- Changing note
- Changing words
Hand Signs
It is a good way of understanding and recognizing pitch. These are gestures used to indicate pitch in sol –fa.
When using hand gestures to guide the pitch of the ‘’doh’ is movable (it is not fixed)
Hand signs showing sol-fa syllables
Hand signs showing sol-fa syllables
Download Kenya Indigenous Musical Instrument - CBC Grade 5 Music Revision Notes.
Tap Here to Download for 30/-
Get on WhatsApp for 30/-
Why download?
- ✔ To read offline at any time. | https://www.easyelimu.com/upri/item/170-kenya-indigenous-musical-instrument-grade-5-music-revision-notes |
Today, we look at two reptiles that have perhaps the most striking resemblance among all reptiles: the crocodile and the alligator. These two animals are interesting because they possess physical features like no other and have habits peculiar to only them. There are continued survival even when many of their kinds have been wiped out from the earth is a testament of their abilities, as you shall soon see.
Although this article seeks to present as many interesting facts about these creatures as possible, it is important that a lot of emphasis will be placed on comparing and contrasting the creatures. But before then, let us briefly observe these two reptiles under a couple of headings.
Similarities Between Crocodiles and Alligators
Since it is very difficult to discuss one without mentioning the other, we shall analyse them side by side.
Physical Features
Generally, both of these creatures are lizards. By calling them lizards, we are not thinking about the domestic lizard we sometimes see at residential areas. No. Simply put, they can be classified as giant lizards based on their physical features.
Being the lizards they are, they have four limbs, a tail and an elongated head. The underside of their bellies are direct contrast to their backs. While the back of their skin is very rough and wrinkled, their bellies are very soft. One would wonder how they manage to put up with this softness since they crawl on their bellies daily. But this confusion will be dismissed by the fact that they spend most of their days in water and soft environment.
Whether alligator or crocodile, there is this intimidating row of teeth that can be easily identified when they open their usually long mouths, and on a closer look, one would notice their feet are webbed. This often helps tell one from the other but we will come to that soon.
Habitat
Crocs and alligators maintain the same kind of habitat all over the world. Since they are able to thrive in tropical marshlands and brackish waters, crocodiles are some of the most common animals to see in many countries. As a matter of fact, it is very easy to simulate their natural environment.
For alligators, there are two main types: the American alligator and the Chinese alligator. Owing to their poikilothermic nature (inability to control body temperature), they dive into the waters when they are too hot and bathe in the sun when they are too cold. This remains one of the reasons crocodiles and alligators are predominantly found in habitats that have some water. But far from this, crocodiles can still go several meters away from their natural habitat as they hunt for food. That is if their laziness let them.
Diet of Crocodiles and Alligators
Both creatures have a similar taste when it comes to what they eat. Diet is very important to both creatures and that’s because they usually don’t have much choice as it regards what to eat.
Both animals are lazy. They rank among the laziest creatures in earth. What else can be thought of creatures that spend their days luxuriating under the sun, or gliding slowly on still waters like a dead log of wood? And since they don’t hunt for food frequently, they cover up in a number of ways. First, their body metabolism is very slow, with a single meal lasting for several weeks at a time. Furthermore, they may eat vegetation and fruits. So, they don’t really have to bother about what to eat with these powerful natural mechanisms in place already. But they usually make meals out of molluscs, smaller alligators and crocodiles and so on.
Reproduction and Life Span
Reproduction and lifespan looks almost the same in both crocodiles and alligators. This is virtually the same with both crocodiles and alligators. When it is mating season, usually in the middle of the year, say June-July, they come together to perform courtship rites which precedes mating.
They come together to copulate in the mating season, one female alligator picks just one male alligator for the season. It is the same with crocodiles. After mating, these lizards proceed with the laying of eggs in underground nests. The interesting fact here is that the temperature of the next plays a role in the sex of the offspring. Cold nests produce female offsprings while warm to hot temperatures produce male offsprings. After laying their eggs, the mothers mount guard to ward off predators who would want to eat the eggs. These predators range for other animals to other alligators or crocodiles. But most often than not, this guard is a failure. Reports show that though 50 to 60% of all eggs laid make it out and into the water alive, 99% of all offsprings don’t make it past the first three months after birth.
They end up as meals to superior creatures in the wild waters. It is not really the superiority of their predators that take them down, but the fact that they are too small at birth. The Chinese alligator is usually 5 to 9 inches long at birth and weighs between 25 to 32 grams. What do you think? The smallest carnivorous fish can eat them up in minutes!
Behavior
When it comes to lifestyle and behavior, it is safe to say these creatures are among the world’s trickiest animals. Remember that they are big and lazy and slow. So, they rely more on their mental powers and instincts than their physical abilities to succeed.
Alligators and crocodiles spend most of their days and nights lazing around on the waters. It baffles me when people say crocodiles hunt for food because the events that lead up to their eating another animal looks more like a product of chance than active hunting. It is true that they know how to stalk animals. In fact, they can move so slowly on the top of water bodies such that an unsuspecting prey will assume their rough bodies are nothing more than floating logs of wood. However, they do nothing more than sleep, float and feed from every available opportunity. Remove these three things and you have a dead animal that does breathe.
One other behavior of alligators that we can be at least grateful for is the fact that they do not attack humans. They may do so only if their territory is invaded by suspected trespassers, and even at that, they only attack in self-defense. Lastly, they like to live in social groups since they are egregious animals.
Breathtaking Photos of Crocodiles and Alligators
Unique Differences Between Crocodiles and Alligators
As a kid, I used to wonder why one animal (crocodile) would bear two different names and be considered two different organisms. But then, they are not the same animals at all. Consider the ways in which they vary:
- All the upper teeth of alligators are visible when they close their mouths but no tooth is visible when a crocodile closes its mouth.
- Alligators have a U-shaped mouth while crocodiles have a V-shaped mouth
- Crocodiles dwell in fresh waters while alligators dwell in salt waters.
- Another factor that you can weigh in on to differentiate these two creatures is perhaps the size difference. Crocodiles are typically larger than alligators.
15 Interesting Facts About Crocodiles and Alligators
For your reading pleasure, enjoy these random facts about crocodiles and alligators.
Crocodile hide is used by many to produce clothing items in the fashion world.
Crocodiles have very hard skins which often contain bony deposits known as osteoderms. These osteoderms may help one differentiate a croc from an alligator.
Crocodiles can live very long. What else would be expected of an animal that spends a lot of time in the water. They live for 5 to 6 decades with some living over 80 years.
Crocodiles are endangered since they are being heavily poached.
Crocodiles are at least 240 million years old with dinosaurs and birds being their closest relatives.
Saltwater crocodile is the world’s largest crocodile specie and can reach 18 feet in length.
Crocodiles open their jaws to cool off since they don’t sweat.
Crocodiles shed tear when they eat because the air that enters their mouths get trapped within and force the tears out of their eyes. That’s why their tears are fake.
Crocs have the strongest bites in the animal kingdom.
There are less than 200 Chinese alligators in the wild; they are heavily endangered.
Alligator is a Spanish “el garto” word which means “The Lizard”.
Alligators look like dead logs when they float on water; an excellent hunting adaptation.
American alligators are larger than their Chinese counterparts.
Alligators may look like crocodiles, but they actually aren’t.
They are shyer than crocodiles and often tend to keep to themselves, far away from human advances. | https://www.animalspal.com/crocodiles-vs-alligators/ |
Under socialism, the government owns all businesses. 37 Berlin, I., Four Essays on Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969). While his own theory of socialism differed from theirs, Bernstein nevertheless shared many of the Fabian beliefs, including the notion that socialism could be achieved by non-revolutionary means. Nobody uses somebody else’s resources as carefully as he uses his own.” This is very true and it means that the more capital that is taken out of the economy and distributed, the more of it that will be wasted. ID Przeworski, A., Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 236. |
How is one to set about the task of comparing capitalism and socialism in a systematic fashion? | Full text views reflects the number of PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. Both of these systems have its advantages and disadvantages. CAPITALISM If you arent in that small percentile, you can never make something of yourself. Adam Smith, known as the father of capitalism, bases capitalism on three main points: wealth, competition, freedom of enterprise, and profit motive. Terms for the other two major competing economic systems of the past two centuries— socialism and communism—were also coined around the same time. Capitalism shares free enterprise, competition, the desire of producers and sellers of services, goods, to make profit.
Socialism (French socialisme, Lat. | |made possible by advances in technology that allow for |among the society or workforce to complement individual | Free Essay Examples - WowEssays.com. December 21st, 2014 Revisionist socialism seeks to reform or tame capitalism rather than abolish it. 28 For the bravest effort to compile data, see Van Den Berg, G.P., The Soviet System of Justice: Figures and Policy (Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1985), p. 15 for East European data. 578–627. and In Section I, I expand upon these arguments, seeking to convince Utopian socialists that they should not continue to rely upon invocations of a hypothetical future, but must come up with some empirical examples of what socialism is and how it works.
It is both an intellectual debate about the relative merits of models of hypothetical social systems and a real and substantive historical struggle between two groups of states seen as representing capitalism and socialism. In a series of articles that first appeared in Die Neue Zeit between 1896 and 1899 and later published in the book Evolutionary Socialism (1899), Bernstein laid the foundation for a revisionist challenge to...... ...Capitalism vs. socialism: the great debate revislted 5) Socialism is too slow to adapt: Capitalism is extremely good at allocating capital to where it’s most valued. In Belgium, the socialist system believes that everyone should have equal equality; the government does not permit much freedom when it comes to the economy because it controls all forms of capital. for this article. Whereas capitalism system takes very little concern on equity and instead encourages inequality for the purposes of production, socialism enhances redistribution of resources for the main aim of ensuring equality amongst the citizens. Living in a capitalistic country everyone is concentrating on their own personal wealth and success, Socialism is concentrating on society as a whole.
1 (Spring 1987), p. 54. On a different perspective, the political systems found within socialism include democratic socialism, anarchism, communism, and syndicalism amongst others. 4. Weimer, David L. 18 Andrle, V., Managerial Power in the Soviet Union (New York: Saxon House, 1976). CAPITALISM V.S. 1) Socialism benefits the few at the expense of the many: Socialism is superior to capitalism in one primary way: It offers more security. Additionally, socialism can be divided based on the ownership of the means of production into those that are based on public ownership, worker or consumer cooperatives and common ownership (i.e., non-ownership). Communism is a hypothetical stage of Socialist development articulated by Marx as "second stage Socialism" in Critique of the Gotha Program, whereby economic output is distributed based on need and not simply on the basis of labor contribution.
Summary The "Pros and Cons of Capitalism and Socialism" paper focus on Capitalism and Socialism economic systems that have their respective advantages and both of them carry certain flaws. Capitalism and socialism differ widely in various aspects such as equity, ownership, unemployment, efficiency, and economic systems. the people at the top are the only ones who receive the benefits. Julie, who lives in the United States, might try to persuade Jean-Paul that moving to the U.S. would be more beneficial to his...... ...Revisionist Socialism Actually all free research paper samples and examples available online are 100% plagiarized! -over the past 15 years of the transition to capitalism-> basic industries taken over by European/Us corporations and by mafia billionaires or have been shut down Don't waste time. Note: this Capitalism is the economic system that is also known as the free market system, and is based off on private ownership, economic freedom, and fair competition. Socialism, by contrast, is a much more regulated economy to ensure that wealth is more equally distributed among workers. 3 Thus, for example, even a self-confessed “revisionist” socialist such as A. Przeworski has as his “worst case” that socialism be only as efficient as capitalism! This means that if you earn money from a business, you get to keep it after you are taxed by the government....... ...Types of Economic Systems. Based on the above analysis, it is therefore clear that capitalism is better than socialism. Under capitalism, the surplus value is adjustable only by supply and demand, resulting in some part of the population is in loss (ruined) if there is no increase in the money supply equal to the amount of surplus value. 32, no. SOCIALISM Since the Industrial Revolution, two main economic systems have developed; these are capitalism and socialism. Chris Hunt / YouTube screen shot Joe Biden Humiliated After Texas Police Blame Campaign Staffer For Causing Incident With Trump Convoy, Breaking: CNN Sounds the Alarm Over Florida, Biden Camp Increasingly Pessimistic About Winning the State, CBS News Decides to Break it to Viewers, Runs Report Showing "Republican-Surge" Scenario Where Trump Easily Wins, KTXA-TV / screen shot Some Ballot-Scanning Machines in State of Texas Can't Read Mail-In Votes, Have Rejected More Than 22,000. However, they nevertheless produce a more collectivist culture, even if they are not caused by such a culture.
For recent data, see Trehub, A., “Social and Economic Rights in the Soviet Union,” Radio Liberty Supplement, no. Lastly, other than enhancing free market, capitalism also provides room for freedom of religion (Nell 178). Finally, some countries choose to use communism as their economic system. Breslauer advanced a theory of “welfare state authoritarianism” – see his Five Images of the Soviet Future (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1978). 80, no. Capitalism Vs Socialism Argumentative Essay Examples. -By the mid 1990s, over 50% of population lived in poverty,homelessness in Russia(Capitalist). Bernstien 6 (December 1985), p. 723. For example, one Soviet author keen to disprove the Totalitarian model did so by, among other arguments, accusing bourgeois society itself of developing a “totalitarian character”; Shikin, Yu.M., Sotsial'noe edinstvo i totalitamoe obshchestvo (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1982), p. 33. 35 Of course, phenomena such as geographic mobility or living with parents do not reflect the free choices of individuals within the U.S.S.R.: they are largely a product of state policies, the housing shortage, and other forces beyond the power of the individual citizen. Capitalism and Invisible Hand ...Capitalism & the Invisible Hand Throughout the history of civilization have been two forms of social administrations: Individualism which has taken the form of capitalism and collectivism which has taken many different forms, each form different from one another, such as socialism, communism, nazism, and etc.
Musk Lorikeet Personality, Whizzer Motorbikes Usa, Jason Hawk Knife, Orange County Homicide 2020, Phrase Qui Rend Fou Un Homme, Dog Breeders Oahu Hawaii, Who Owns Tesla Gear, Derek Mcgrath Married, Quotes On Armoured Warfare, Eurasier Rescue California, Repost On Twitter Abbreviation Crossword Clue, Zetmir Ne Fonctionne Plus, Changing Education Paradigms Discussion Questions, Construire Une Cave Naturelle Pdf, Serenay Sarikaya Boyfriend, Vaporwave Mechanical Keyboard, Scarface (1932 Putlocker), Hanes Face Mask Walmart, Color Swirl Game Online, Dex Carvey Wiki, Sphynx Cat Omaha, Bachelorette Party Budget Spreadsheet, Collins World Atlas Pdf, Clem Caserta Death, Lamento Boliviano Significado, Chevy 3100 Truck Parts, Rush Matting Squares, Davenport Bridge Huntington Beach, Is Dj Quik Dead, Where To Watch Manderlay, M276 Engine For Sale, Julie Condra Now, Swallowtail Bird Nest, Fired From Amazon Reddit, Three Rivers Lake Billy Chinook Real Estate, Lisa Maffia Net Worth, Imperial March Score Pdf, Solomon's End Punishment, Adi Dassler Net Worth, Car Battery Group Size 24, Hanes Face Mask Walmart, Bloodstained Zangetsu Mode Guide, 1719 Novel Pastor, Zabit Magomedsharipov Height, Where Is Melania Trump Today, My Liege Meaning, Luxury Real Estate Iceland, At What Age Can A Child Do A 48 Piece Puzzle, Border Collie Foxhound Mix, Hispanic Heritage Month Essay Winners, Will Ferrell Children, Jason Holder Net Worth, | https://extatica.com/blog/viewtopic.php?id=f36af3-research-paper-on-capitalism-vs-socialism |
---
abstract: 'We analyze the effect of flat universal extra dimensions (i.e., extra dimensions accessible to all SM fields) on the process $b \rightarrow s \gamma$. With one Higgs doublet, the dominant contribution at one-loop is from Kaluza-Klein (KK) states of the charged would-be-Goldstone boson (WGB) and of the top quark. The resulting constraint on the size of the extra dimension is comparable to the constraint from $T$ parameter. In two-Higgs-doublet model II, the contribution of zero-mode and KK states of physical charged Higgs can cancel the contribution from WGB KK states. Therefore, in this model, there is no constraint on the size of the extra dimensions from the process $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ and also the constraint on the mass of the charged Higgs from this process is weakened compared to $4D$. In two-Higgs-doublet model I, the contribution of the zero-mode and KK states of physical charged Higgs and that of the KK states of WGB are of the same sign. Thus, in this model and for small $\tan \beta$, the constraint on the size of the extra dimensions is stronger than in one-Higgs-doublet model and also the constraint on the mass of the charged Higgs is stronger than in $4D$.'
---
epsf
OITS-704\
.05in
[**Universal Extra Dimensions and $b \rightarrow s \gamma$** ]{} [^1] .15in K. Agashe [^2], N.G. Deshpande [^3], G.-H. Wu [^4]
.1in [*Institute of Theoretical Science\
University of Oregon\
Eugene OR 97403-5203*]{}
.05in
The motivations for studying theories with [*flat*]{} extra dimensions of size (TeV)$^{-1}$ accessible to (at least some of) the SM fields are varied: SUSY breaking [@anto], gauge coupling unification [@ddg], generation of fermion mass hierarchies [@as] and electroweak symmetry breaking by a composite Higgs doublet [@ewsb]. From the $4D$ point of view, these extra dimensions take the form of Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations of SM fields with masses $\sim n / R$, where $R$ is a typical size of an extra dimension. In a previous paper [@us], we observed that the contribution of these KK states to the process $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ might give a stringent constraint on $R^{-1}$. In this paper, we will analyze in detail the effects of these KK states on the process $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ both in models with one and two Higgs doublets.
In models with [*only*]{} SM gauge fields in the bulk, there are contributions to muon decay, atomic parity violation (APV) etc. from tree-level exchange of KK states of gauge bosons [@graesser; @nath]. Then, precision electroweak measurements result in a strong constraint on the size of extra dimensions and, in turn, imply that the effect on the process $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ is small.
To avoid these constraints, we will focus on models with [*universal*]{} extra dimensions, i.e., extra dimensions accessible to [*all*]{} the SM fields. In this case, due to conservation of extra dimensional momentum, there are [*no*]{} vertices with only one KK state, i.e., coupling of KK state of gauge boson to quarks and leptons always involves (at least one) [*KK*]{} mode of quark or lepton. This, in turn, implies that there is no tree-level contribution to weak decays of quarks and leptons, APV $e ^+ e^- \rightarrow
\mu ^+ \mu ^-$ etc. from exchange of KK states of gauge bosons [@hall; @appel]. However, there is a constraint on $R^{-1}$ from [*one-loop*]{} contribution of KK states of (mainly) the top quark to the $T$ parameter. For $m _t \ll R^{-1}$, this constraint is roughly given by $\sum _n m_t^2 \Big/ \left( m_t^2 + \left( n / R \right)^2 \right)
\stackrel{<}{\sim} 0.5 - 0.6$ (depending on the neutral Higgs mass) [@appel]. For the case of one extra dimension, this gives $R^{-1} \stackrel{>}{\sim} 300$ GeV. The KK excitations of quarks appear as heavy stable quarks at hadron colliders and searches by the CDF collaboration also imply $R^{-1}\stackrel{>}{\sim} 300$ GeV for one extra dimension [@appel].
We begin with an analysis of $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ for the case of minimal SM with one Higgs doublet in extra dimensions.
One Higgs doublet
=================
The effective Hamiltonian for $\Delta S = 1$ $B$ meson decays is $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal H}_{\hbox{eff}} & = &
\frac{4 G_F}{\sqrt{2}} \; V_{tb} V_{ts}^{\ast}
\sum _{j=1}^{8} C_j (\mu) {\cal O}_j,\end{aligned}$$ where the operator relevant for the transition $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ is $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal O}_7 & = & \frac{e}{16 \pi^2} \; m_b \; \bar{s}_{L \alpha}
\sigma ^{\mu \nu} b_{R \alpha} F_{\mu \nu}. \end{aligned}$$ The coefficient of this operator from $W-t$ exchange in the SM is $$\begin{aligned}
C^{W}_7 (m_W) & = & - \frac{1}{2} A \left( \frac{m_t^2}{m_W^2} \right),
\label{c7w}\end{aligned}$$ where the loop function $A$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
A (x) & = & x \left[ \frac{ \frac{2}{3} x^2 +
\frac{5}{12} x - \frac{7}{12} }{ \left( x - 1 \right) ^3 } -
\frac{ \left( \frac{3}{2} x^2 - x \right) \ln x }{ \left( x - 1 \right) ^4 }
\right].\end{aligned}$$ Of course, this includes the contribution from the charged would-be-Goldstone boson (WGB) (i.e., longitudinal $W$).
With extra dimensions, there is a one-loop contribution from KK states of $W$ (accompanied by KK states of top quark, $t^{(n)}$), but as we show below, this is smaller than that from KK states of charged WGB. In the limit $m_W \ll R^{-1}$, the KK states of $W$ get a mass $\sim n / R$ by “eating” the field corresponding to extra polarization of $W$ in higher dimensions [^5] – this field is a scalar from the $4D$ point of view. Thus, the coupling of [*all*]{} components of $W^{(n)}$ to fermions is $g$, unlike the case of the zero-mode, where the coupling of [*longitudinal*]{} $W$ to fermions is given by the Yukawa coupling of Higgs to fermions. Therefore, the contribution of $W^{(n)}$ to the coefficient of the dimension-$5$ operator $\bar{s} \sigma _{\mu \nu} b F^{\mu \nu}$ is $\sim e \; m_b \; g^2 / \left( 16 \pi^2 \right)
m_t^2 \sum _n 1 / \left( n / R \right) ^4$, where the factor $m_t^2$ reflects GIM cancelation. In terms of the operator ${\cal O}_7$, the contribution of each KK state of $W$ to $C_7$ is $\sim m_t^2 m_W^2 / \left( n / R \right) ^4$.
From the above discussion, it is clear that the [*KK*]{} states of charged would-be-Goldstone boson (denoted by WGB$^{(n)}$) are physical (unlike the [*zero*]{}-mode). The loop contribution of WGB$^{(n)}$ with mass $n / R$ (and $t^{(n)}$ with mass $\sqrt{ m_t^2 + \left( n / R \right)^2 }$) is of the same form as that of physical charged Higgs in 2 Higgs doublet models [@bsgamma] with the appropriate modification of masses and couplings of virtual particles in the loop integral $$\begin{aligned}
C^{\hbox{\scriptsize WGB}^{(n)}}_7
\left( R^{-1} \right)
& \approx & \frac{m_t^2}{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \left[
B \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
{ \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \right)
- \frac{1}{6} A \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
{ \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
\right) \right].
\label{c7WGB}\end{aligned}$$ Here, the factor $m_t^2 / \left( m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 \right)$ accounts for (a) the coupling of WGB$^{(n)}$ to $t^{(n)}$ which is $\lambda _t \sim m_t / v$, i.e., the same as that of WGB$^{(0)}$ (longitudinal $W$), and (b) the fact that this contribution decouples in the limit of large KK mass – the functions $A$ and $B$ (see below) in the above expression approach a constant as $n / R$ becomes large.
The loop function $B$ is given by [@bsgamma] $$\begin{aligned}
B (y) & = & \frac{y}{2} \left[ \frac{ \frac{5}{6} y - \frac{1}{2} }
{ \left( y - 1 \right) ^2 } - \frac{ \left( y - \frac{2}{3} \right)
\ln y }{ \left( y - 1 \right) ^3 } \right].\end{aligned}$$ It is clear that the ratio of the contribution of $W^{(n)}$ and that of WGB$^{(n)}$ is $\sim \left( m_W R / n \right)^2 \stackrel{<}{\sim} O(1/10)$ since $R^{-1} \stackrel{>}{\sim} 300$ GeV (due to constraints from the $T$ parameter and searches for heavy quarks). In what follows, we will neglect the $W^{(n)}$ contribution.
At NLO, the coefficient of the operator at the scale $\mu \sim m_b$ is given by [@buras] $$\begin{aligned}
C_7 \left(
m_b \right) & \approx 0.698 \; C_7 \left(
m_W \right) - 0.156 \; C_2 \left(
m_W \right) + 0.086 \; C_8 \left(
m_W \right).
\label{c7mb}\end{aligned}$$ Here, $C_2$ is the coefficient of the operator ${\cal O}_2 = \left( \bar{c}_{L \alpha} \gamma ^{\mu}
b_{L \alpha} \right) \left( \bar{s}_{L \beta} \gamma _{\mu}
c_{L \beta} \right)$ and is approximately same as in the SM (i.e., $1$) since the KK states of $W$ do not contribute to it at tree-level. $C_8$ is the coefficient of the chromomagnetic operator ${\cal O}_8 = g_s / \left( 16 \pi^2 \right) \; m_b \; \bar{s}_{L \alpha}
\sigma ^{\mu \nu} T^a_{\alpha \beta} b_{R \beta} G^a_{\mu \nu}$. In the SM, $C_8 \left( m_W \right) \approx -0.097$ [@buras] due to the contribution of $W-t$ loop (using $m_t \approx 174$ GeV). The coefficient of this operator also gets a loop contribution from KK states which is of the same order as the contribution to $C_7$. Since the coefficient of $C_8$ in Eq. (\[c7mb\]) is small, we neglect the contribution of KK states to $C_8$. The coefficient of ${\cal O}_7$ at the scale $m_W$ is given by the sum of the contributions of $W^{(0)}$ (Eq. (\[c7w\])) and that of WGB$^{(n)}$ (Eq. (\[c7WGB\])) summed over $n$ [^6]. Since $C_7^W \left( m_W \right) < 0$ and $C_7^{ \hbox{\scriptsize WGB}^{(n)} }
\left( R^{-1} \right) > 0$, we see that contribution from WGB$^{(n)}$ interferes destructively with the $W$ contribution.
The SM prediction for $\Gamma \left( b \rightarrow s \gamma \right)
/ \Gamma \left( b \rightarrow c l \nu \right)$ has an uncertainty of about $10 \%$ and the experimental error is about $15 \%$ (both are $1 \sigma$ errors) [@kn]. The central values of theory and experiment agree to within $ 1/2 \; \sigma$. The semileptonic decay is not affected by the KK states (at tree-level). Combining theory and experiment $2 \sigma$ errors in quadrature, this means that the $95 \%$ CL constraint on the contribution of KK states is that it should not modify the SM prediction for $\Gamma \left( b \rightarrow s \gamma
\right)$ by more than $36 \%$. Since $\Gamma \left( b \rightarrow s \gamma \right) \propto
\left[ C_7 \left(
m_b \right) \right] ^2$, the constraint is $\bigg| \left[ C_7 ^{ \hbox{total} }
\left(
m_b \right)
\right] ^2 / \left[ C_7^{\hbox{\small SM}} \left(
m_b \right) \right]^2 - 1 \bigg|
\stackrel{<}{\sim} 36 \%$. Using $m_t \approx 174$ GeV, we get $A \approx 0.39$ in Eq. (\[c7w\]) and $C_7^{\hbox{\small SM}}
\left( m_b \right)
\approx - 0.3$ [^7] from Eq. (\[c7mb\]). Assuming $m_t \ll R^{-1}$, we get $B \approx 0.19$ and $A \approx 0.21$ in Eq. (\[c7WGB\]). Then, using Eq. (\[c7mb\]) and the above criterion, we get the constraint $$\sum _n m_t^2 \Big/ \left( m^2_t + \left( n / R \right)^2 \right)
\stackrel{<}{\sim} 0.5$$ which is comparable to that from the $T$ parameter. For one extra dimension, performing the sum over KK states with the exact expressions for $A$ and $B$ in Eq. (\[c7WGB\]), the constraint is $R^{-1} \stackrel{>}{\sim} 280$ GeV [^8].
Next, we consider models with two Higgs doublets.
Two-Higgs-doublet model II
==========================
In this case, contribution from zero-mode physical charged Higgs interferes constructively with the $W$ contribution [@bsgamma]: $$\begin{aligned}
C^{H^{+ \; (0)}}_{7, II} \left( m_W \right) &
\approx & - B \left( \frac{m_t^2}{m_H^2} \right) - \frac{1}{6}
\cot ^2 \beta \; A
\left( \frac{m_t^2}{m_H^2} \right),
\label{c7II0}\end{aligned}$$ where $\tan \beta$ is the ratio of vev’s of the two Higgs doublets. In $4D$, this contribution gives a strong constraint on charged Higgs mass, $m_H \stackrel{>}{\sim} 500$ GeV.
The combined effect from KK states of physical charged Higgs and WGB is: $$\begin{aligned}
C_{7, II}^{\left( \hbox{\scriptsize WGB}^{(n)} + H^{+ \; (n)}
\right)} \left( R^{-1} \right) & \approx & \frac{m_t^2}{ m^2_t +
\left( n / R \right) ^2 } \left[
\right)
\right. -
\nonumber
\\
& & \left.
B \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
{ m_H^2 + \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \right) -
\frac{1}{6} \cot ^2 \beta \;
A \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
{ m_H^2 + \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \right) \right],
\label{c7IIKK}\end{aligned}$$ where the first line is from KK states of WGB (Eq. (\[c7WGB\])) and the second line is from KK states of physical charged Higgs (KK analog of Eq. (\[c7II0\])).
Assuming $m_H \sim O(R^{-1})$ or larger, the combined effect of KK states is typically destructive with respect to the $W$ contribution. This is because $B \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
{ m_H^2 + \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \right)
< B \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
{ \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \right)$ and the $A$ contribution is small such that $C_{7, II}^{\left( WGB^{(n)} +
H^{+ \; (n)} \right) } > 0$ [^9]. Thus, the contribution of zero-mode physical charged Higgs can cancel that of KK states so that there is no constraint on $R^{-1}$. Also, this implies that the constraint on $m_H$ is weakened in the presence of extra dimensions of size $O \left( m_H^{-1} \right)$ or larger.
=0.55
\[bsgII\]
This can be seen in Fig. \[bsgII\] which shows the deviation in the rate for $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ from the SM prediction for the case of one extra dimension. From Fig. \[bsgII\]a, we see that even for $R^{-1}$ as small as $200$ GeV [^10], the $95 \%$ CL constraint from $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ is satisfied for a particular range of $m_H$. Of course, for $m_H \stackrel{>}{\sim}
1$ TeV, the effect of physical charged Higgs (both zero-mode and KK states) becomes negligible so that we obtain the lower limit on $R^{-1}$ of about $300$ GeV as in the one Higgs doublet case. As seen from Fig. \[bsgII\]b, the $95 \%$ CL lower limit from $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ on $m_H$ is about $500-550$ GeV (depending on $\tan \beta$) in $4D$. We see that in $5D$, the $95 \%$ CL lower limit on $m_H$ is reduced by about $40$ GeV for $R^{-1} \sim 300$ GeV and the $1 \sigma$ limit on $m_H$ is reduced by about $200$ GeV.
Two-Higgs-doublet model I
=========================
In this case, the contribution from zero-mode physical charged Higgs is destructive with respect to the $W$ contribution [@bsgamma]: $$\begin{aligned}
C^{H^{+ \; (0)}}_{7, I} \left( m_W \right) &
\approx & \cot ^2 \beta \left[ B \left( \frac{m_t^2}{m_H^2} \right)
- \frac{1}{6}
A
\left( \frac{m_t^2}{m_H^2} \right) \right].
\label{c7I0}\end{aligned}$$ This contribution is negligible for large $\tan \beta$ and hence there is no constraint on $m_H$ from $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ in $4D$. Of course, for small $\tan \beta$, this process does give a lower limit on $m_H$: for $\tan \beta = 1$, the limit is about $350$ GeV.
The contribution from KK states is also destructive with respect to the $W$ contribution: $$\begin{aligned}
C_{7, I}^{\left( \hbox{\scriptsize WGB}^{(n)} + H^{+ \; (n)} \right)}
\left( R^{-1} \right) & \approx &
\frac{m_t^2}{ m^2_t +
\nonumber
\\
& & \left.
\cot ^2 \beta \left( B \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }
{ m_H^2 + \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \right) -
\frac{1}{6} A \left( \frac{ m^2_t + \left( n / R \right) ^2 }{
m_H^2 + \left( n / R \right) ^2 } \right) \right) \right], \end{aligned}$$ where the first line is from KK states of WGB (Eq. (\[c7WGB\])) and the second line is from KK states of physical charged Higgs (KK analog of Eq. (\[c7I0\])).
Thus, for small $\tan \beta$, the constraint on $R^{-1}$ is stronger than with one Higgs doublet and also the lower limit on $m_H$ is larger with extra dimensions.
=0.55
\[bsgI\]
In Fig. \[bsgI\], we show the deviation from the SM prediction for the rate of $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ for the case of one extra dimension. From Fig. \[bsgI\]a, we see that for $\tan \beta = 2$ and $m_H
=100$ GeV, the lower limit on $R^{-1}$ is about $550$ GeV (as compared to about $300$ GeV in the one Higgs doublet case). Of course, for $m_H \stackrel{>}{\sim} 1$ TeV, the contribution of physical charged Higgs (both zero-mode and KK states) is negligible and then the lower limit on $R^{-1}$ is the same as in the one Higgs doublet case. From Fig. \[bsgI\]b, we see that for $\tan \beta
=1$ and $R^{-1} = 300$ GeV, the limit on $m_H$ increases from about $350$ GeV in $4D$ to a value much larger than $1$ TeV. As another example, for $\tan \beta = 4$, there is no constraint on $m_H$ in $4D$, whereas for one extra dimension of size $(300 \; \hbox{GeV})^{-1}$ there is a lower limit on $m_H$ of about $400$ GeV. However, as in $4D$, the effect of physical charged Higgs (both zero-mode and KK states) “decouples” as $\tan \beta$ becomes larger and then we recover the one Higgs doublet result for $b \rightarrow s \gamma$.
Summary
=======
In this paper, we have studied the effect of universal extra dimensions on the process $b \rightarrow s \gamma$. In the one Higgs doublet case, we showed that the contribution of KK states of charged would-be-Goldstone boson (WGB) gives a constraint on the size of the extra dimensions which is comparable to that from the $T$ parameter. In two-Higgs-doublet model II, the contribution of physical charged Higgs (and its KK states) tends to cancel the contribution of KK states of WGB so that there is no constraint on the size of the extra dimensions and also the lower limit on the charged Higgs mass is relaxed relative to $4D$. In two-Higgs-doublet model I, the contribution of physical charged Higgs (and its KK states) adds to the contribution of KK states of WGB. Therefore, for small $\tan \beta$, the constraint on the size of extra dimensions becomes stronger than in the one-Higgs-doublet model and also the lower limit on charged Higgs mass is larger than in $4D$.
[99]{}
The first studies of possible effects of extra dimensions felt by SM particles were done in I. Antoniadis, Phys. Lett. B 246 (1990) 377; I. Antoniadis, C. Munoz and M. Quiros, hep-ph/9211309, Nucl. Phys. B 397 (1993) 515; I. Antoniadis and K. Benakli, hep-th/9310151, Phys. Lett. B 326 (1994) 69. K.R. Dienes, E. Dudas and T. Gherghetta, hep-ph/9803466, Phys. Lett. B 436 (1998) 55 and hep-ph/9806292, Nucl. Phys. B 537 (1999) 47. N. Arkani-Hamed and M. Schmaltz, hep-ph/9903417, Phys. Rev. D 61 (2000) 033005. N. Arkani-Hamed, H.-C. Cheng, B.A. Dobrescu and L.J. Hall, hep-ph/0006238, Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000) 096006. K. Agashe, N.G. Deshpande and G.-H. Wu, hep-ph/0103235, to be published in Phys. Lett. B. M. Graesser, hep-ph/9902310, Phys. Rev. D 61 (2000) 074019. P. Nath and M. Yamaguchi, hep-ph/9902323, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 116004. R. Barbieri, L.J. Hall and Y. Nomura, hep-ph/0011311, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 105007. T. Appelquist, H.-C. Cheng and B.A. Dobrescu, hep-ph/0012100. B. Grinstein and M.B. Wise, Phys. Lett. B 201 (1988) 274; W.-S. Hou and R.S. Willey, Phys. Lett. B 202 (1988) 591. G. Buchalla, A.J. Buras and M.E. Lautenbacher, hep-ph/9512380, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 (1996) 1125. A.L. Kagan and M. Neubert, hep-ph/9805303, Eur. Phys. J. C 7 (1999) 5; D.E. Groom et al. (Particle Data Group), Eur. Phys. J. C 15 (2000) 1.
[^1]: This work is supported by DOE Grant DE-FG03-96ER40969.
[^2]: email: [email protected]
[^3]: email: [email protected]
[^4]: email: [email protected]
[^5]: This can be seen from KK decomposition of fields in the $5D$ gauge kinetic term (see, for example, appendix C of 2nd reference in [@ddg]).
[^6]: We neglect the RG scaling of ${\cal O}_7$ between $R^{-1}$ and $m_W$.
[^7]: The NNLO corrections for the SM prediction of the rate for $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ are also known and are about a few percent.
[^8]: We assume that the extra dimension denoted by $y$ is compactified on a circle of radius $R$. The various fields are chosen to be either even or odd under the $Z_2$ symmetry, $y \rightarrow -y$ as in [@appel]. Thus, the summation is over positive integers $n$.
[^9]: In the limit $m_H \ll R^{-1}$, the $B$’s cancel in Eq. (\[c7IIKK\]) so that the combined effect of KK states is constructive (and small) due to the $A$’s.
[^10]: Of course, such a small $R^{-1}$ might be ruled out due to constraints from $T$ parameter and heavy quark searches.
| |
Silicone Mold or similar mold that can withstand hot items - an ice cube tray or chocolate mold works equally well.
Glass or metal measuring cup
Ingredients
¼
cup
beeswax pastilles
1/2
cup
coconut oil
up to 100
drops
your favorite essential oils
Instructions
Pour about two inches of water into your pot.
Bring the water only to a simmer heat.
Pour an inch or two of water into your saucepan, and bring it to a simmer on your stovetop.
Place the beeswax and coconut oil into the measuring cup.
Set the now filled measuring cup over the simmering pot.
Allow the coconut oil and beeswax to melt thoroughly. You should not have to stir to avoid scorching but doing so will not harm the project. I rarely resist the urge to stir just to make sure the wax and oil do not scorch.
Remove the measuring cup from the heat.
Drop in your chosen essential oil and stir so they combine completely.
Carefully pour the mixture into your molds.Place the molds somewhere absolutely level and allow them to thoroughly dry at room temperature before storing in an airtight container or using: | https://www.newlifeonahomestead.com/wprm_print/recipe/33919 |
Is your property underinsured? If so it will be subject to average clause.
The term 'subject to average' means that if the sum insured at the time of a loss is less than the insurable value of the insured property, the amount claimed under the policy will be reduced in proportion to the under-insurance. Also called average clause.
If a policy of insurance covering a building has a sum insured of £80,000 and at the time of a loss the real insurance value is £100,000 then the proportion of Average would be £80,000/£100,000 or 80%. You will only receive 80% of any loss you suffer.
If you think you may be underinsured seek advice asap. | https://www.merrifields.co.uk/news/under-insurance/ |
RELATED APPLICATIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND ALTERNATE EMBODIMENTS
There are no pending applications related to this application.
The present invention is in the general field of support structures and systems and, more particularly, flexible support structures which include springs.
Spring systems for mattress and other reflexive support structures as used in furniture and seating typically have an array of interconnected springs or other recoil devices which support a reflexive support surface. Internal springs in mattresses (“innersprings”) commonly have a plurality of interconnected individual spring units in a matrix with parallel rows and columns. In one of the most common types of mattress innersprings, which can be made by an automated wire-forming process, rows of helical wire springs or “coils” are produced and lined up for insertion into an innerspring assembler which connects adjacent rows of coils by a lacing wire which runs between the rows transverse to a length of the innerspring. The spacing between the coils in each row is uniform, and can be set by adjustment of the innerspring assembler and held in position by the lacing wire. Innersprings of different sizes are made by changing the number of coils in each row and the total number of rows. The coil density and resultant spring rate, support characteristics and feel, such as stiffness and extent of recoil, however is uniform throughout the innerspring where the coils are evenly distributed. Some innersprings also have a larger diameter border wire which is connected to the tops of the coils about a perimeter of the innerspring.
Sleeping mattresses are constructed with a wide variety of materials over and about the innerspring. Some of the materials are provided for enhancing the structural and reflexive properties of the innerspring, including support characteristics at the edges of the innerspring and mattress. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,787,532 discloses foam wall structures which fit with the perimeter coils of a mattress innerspring to stiffen the edges of the mattress. Regardless of the amount or different types of materials positioned about the innerspring or even connected to the innerspring, the homogeneous isotropic spring properties and support characteristics of the innerspring as a result of the even spacing and placement of the coils or spring units is not altered.
The present disclosure is of anisotropic innersprings in which the placement and density of the coils or spring units varies between one or more regions or areas of the innerspring. As used herein, the terms “anisotropic” and “anisotropy” are used with reference to innersprings in the physical meaning, i.e., having unequal physical properties in different areas or zones or regions or in different dimensions. In the context of innersprings, the anisotropy refers to the density of springs or coils and the consequent average spring rate and/or firmness of different regions of the innerspring resulting from the density and arrangement of coils in one or more regions of the innerspring, which differs from the density and arrangement of coils and average spring rate in other regions of the same innerspring. A region of an anisotropic innerspring of the disclosure is defined by groups of a plurality of coils which are positioned relatively at a common spacing or density. The spacing of the coils within the regions is different from region to region, so that the coil density is different from region to region. The padding and upholstery materials which are combined with the innerspring to form a mattress may be selected and arranged according to the density of coils of the region of the innerspring over which the materials are positioned.
Another aspect of the disclosure and invention is an anisotropic innerspring with different numbers of coils in different regions of the innerspring, the innerspring having a plurality of interconnected coils arranged with axes of the coils parallel and ends of the coils located in common respective planes, the innerspring having multiple regions defined by groups of coils with axes of the coils spaced apart at a common distance, including a first region with coil axes spaced at a first distance and a second region with coil axes spaced at a second distance which is greater than the first distance; the coils of the multiple regions of the innerspring being interconnected by lacing wires which extend between the coils and from one region of the innerspring to another region of the innerspring.
And a further general concept of the disclosure and invention is an innerspring of the type which can be used in a mattress or other flexible support system which has a plurality of interconnected coils arranged with axes of the coils parallel and respective ends of the coils in common planes which define opposed support planes of the innerspring; a first group of coils arranged with axes of the coils of the first group spaced apart at a common first distance, the first group of coils defining a first region of the innerspring; a second group of coils arranged with axes of the coils of the second group spaced apart at a common second distance which is greater than the second fixed distance, the second group of coils defining a second region of the innerspring, whereby a density of coils in the first region is greater than a density of coils in the second region, and a coil density of the first region is greater than a coil density of the second region.
These and other concepts and aspects of the disclosure and the inventions hereof are described in further detail in the following Detailed Description made with reference to the accompanying Drawings.
10
20
21
22
23
As shown in the Figures, a variable coil density anisotropic innerspring, indicated in its entirety at , is assembled with a plurality of springs or coils , shown as generally helical form coils with first and second (or upper and lower) ends , and a coil body , which as illustrated is in the form of a helix which extends between the coil ends. Other types and shapes of springs or coils may be used in accordance with the principles of the disclosure, which is primarily concerned with the placement and relative placement of springs or coils within an innerspring, and is therefore not limited to any particular type or shape of spring or coil. As used herein, the term “coil” means and includes all forms of springs and coils which can be used in an innerspring constructed according to the principles of the disclosure.
FIG. 1
10
20
As shown in , the innerspring is made up of a plurality of coils arranged in a matrix or array, with coils generally aligned in rows R and columns C, with axes of the coils parallel, and respective ends of the coils in common planes which define planar support or spring surfaces of the innerspring. The number of coils in each row and column is dictated by the overall design size of the innerspring. The innerspring width W is generally determined by the number and spacing of coils in each row R. The innerspring length L is generally determined by the number and spacing of coils in each column C. Although described with reference to width W and length L, such reference is for explanatory purposes only and the relative anisotropic arrangement of the coils is not limited to the exact form shown.
FIG. 1
11
13
1
3
10
11
13
1
3
11
13
1
3
illustrates an exemplary variable coil density anisotropic innerspring in which the columns C-C and columns Cr-Cr, located at respective longitudinal perimeters or perimeter regions of the innerspring , are arranged at a lateral spacing between the columns (or between the axes of the coils) less than a lateral spacing between the coils of the remaining columns C. Although illustrated in groupings of he adjacent columns C-C and Cr-Cr which define the longitudinal perimeters or perimeter regions of the innerspring, the disclosure includes other numbers or groupings of columns or rows with spacings different than, i.e. less than or greater than, other numbers or groups of columns or rows of coils within an innerspring, which form groups or regions of coils which are distinct from other groups or regions of coils by the difference in relative spacing between the axes of the coils within a group or region. For a mattress innerspring, the present disclosure provides coil anisotropy by greater coil density, as a result of closer relative spacing between coil axes and columns, in this example along the longitudinal peripheral regions defined by columns C-C and columns Cr-Cr. This produces greater rigidity and stiffness along the longitudinal edge region of the mattress which is desirable for increased edge support, anti-roll-off, and resistance to permanent set resulting from use of the longitudinal edge as a seating surface.
FIG. 1
11
31
1
3
r
r
In conventional innersprings, the relative lateral spacing between helical form coils in each row of coils, i.e., the lateral distance between the axes of two adjacent coils or between the outermost radii of two adjacent coils, is commonly measured and set with reference to the coil pitch, which is the linear distance from one convolution of the coil to an adjacent convolution, measured at the outer radius of the coil convolutions and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the coil. A typical uniform coil spacing in an innerspring may be, for example, two pitches, meaning that each coil is laterally spaced from adjacent coils in a row at a distance of one to two times the coil pitch. The coil spacing thus set determines the coil density and overall spring rate of the innerspring. The coil spacing between adjacent rows of coils is generally very close, even to the point of being tangent or with some overlap, as is necessary for the small diameter helical lacing wire to wrap around the adjacent convolutions at the ends of the coils. Thus the lateral spacing of the coils in each row can be adjusted and varied in accordance with the present disclosure, as for example by setting the innerspring assembler spacing. One representative example of lateral spacing of coils in the rows, as shown in , is zero or tangential spacing of the coils in columns C-C and C-C, and one to two pitch or more spacing of the remaining coils in each row. The disclosure includes any spacing or variable spacing of any coils or groups of coils in a row, which spacing may or may not be repeated from row to row.
Other non-limiting examples and embodiments include closer coil spacing on one side or end of an innerspring; spacing which gradually or abruptly increases or decreases in the width or length directions of the innerspring or in both the width and length directions; variable spacing which alternates, such as pairs or groups of coils which are closely spaced or tangent with the pairs or groups separated by larger spacings; or different coil spacings from row to row, such as one row wherein the coils are closely spaced or tangent, and another row wherein the coils are at greater spacings. For automated assembly of innersprings of the disclosure, any coil spacing which the innerspring assembler can establish can be used to produce a variable coil density anisotropic innerspring of the disclosure.
The variable coil density anisotropic innersprings of the disclosure can be manufactured with the same total number of coils as in conventional isotropic innersprings of the same overall size, e.g. twin, queen, king, because the conservation of coil spaces in the more dense regions is used in the less dense regions.
11
31
1
3
r
r
Another aspect of the innerspring designs of the disclosure, wherein there are regions of the innerspring with differing coil density as a result of variable lateral spacing in the coil rows R, is that each region by itself may be isotropic so that it provides uniform spring effect and support. The boundary of one region of lesser coil density by a region of greater coil density contributes to torsional rigidity of the innerspring as a whole, laterally or longitudinally. For example, the greater coil density of the regions defined by columns C-C and C-Cprovided mechanical resistance to any tendency of the remaining central region to deflect or compress laterally from lateral or torsional forces on the coils of the central region.
11
31
1
3
11
31
1
3
r
r
r
r
Another aspect of the disclosure, and in particular an aspect of the anisotropic nature of the innersprings of the disclosure, is the gauge of wire which is used to form the coils. The wire gauge may be varied according to the location and density (i.e., spacing) of the coils. For example, coils which are located in areas or regions of greater density, such as the coils in columns C-C and C-C, may be made of wire of a different size gauge (smaller or larger) than the wire of the coils in the remaining areas where the coil density is less. For example, the coils of columns C-C and C-Cif made of heavier gauge wire will produce an innerspring with even greater stiffness in the perimeter regions than if all of the coils of the innerspring are made of the same gauge wire. Related to this design variable is the size and configuration of the coils. For example, the coils located in regions of greater coil density may have a different (greater or smaller) diameter to the coil ends and/or the helical coil body than that of the coils in the regions of lesser coil density. By varying these parameters, the overall spring rates of the various regions of an innerspring can be formed to close specifications. Another non-limiting design example of this aspect of the disclosure is to form the coils located at the perimeter of the innerspring from relatively heavier gauge wire to further contribute to edge support and anti-roll-off characteristics.
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
10
20
11
12
1
2
1
20
illustrates another embodiment of a variable coil density anisotropic innerspring in which coils are arranged in columns C in a repeating pattern of lateral spacing along the width W of the innerspring. The longitudinal edges of the innerspring are formed by the closely adjacent columns C-C and Cr-Cr to provide edge support similar to that described with reference to . A central longitudinal region of the innerspring is defined by closely adjacent or tangential coils columns Cn and Crn. The central longitudinal region of relatively greater coil density and consequent spring rate can be enlarged by additional closely adjacent columns of coils. In the areas between the longitudinal peripheral regions and the central longitudinal region the coil density and consequent spring rate is relatively less as a result of the increased lateral spacing of the columns Ci of coils . The density of the wire of the coils in columns Ci may be the same or greater as that of the coils in the other columns. Also the overlying materials which make up the mattress may be selected and arranged according to the coil density of the underlying region of the innerspring.
FIG. 4
10
10
20
1
20
20
1
illustrates a right/left version of an anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure, wherein one lateral half or region of the innerspring has a greater density of coils than the other. This type of innerspring is suitable for use in a his/hers type mattress constructed to have distinctly different support characteristics and feel on each lateral half or portion thereof of the sleep surface. As illustrated, the spacing of the columns C of coils on the left lateral half or portion thereof of the innerspring may be standard tangential or substantially tangential, and the spacing of the columns Cr of coils on the right lateral half or portion thereof being relatively greater, resulting in lesser coil density and average spring rate. For example, the spacing of coil columns Cr may be one pitch or more greater than the spacing of coil columns C. In this embodiment, the spacing or rows R is uniform along the length of the innerspring, but does not necessarily have to be tangential or substantially tangential as shown, but rather with some degree of spacing between the coils of the rows.
FIG. 5
10
10
20
20
1
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
illustrates a head/foot or upper body/lower body version of an anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure, wherein one upper or lower body region of the innerspring has a greater density of coils than the other. This type of innerspring is suitable for use in a mattress constructed to have distinctly different support characteristics and feel on upper body or lower body regions of the sleep surface. As illustrated, the spacing of the rows Ru of coils in an upper region of the innerspring, for example oriented toward the head of the mattress, may be tangentially or substantially tangentially spaced, and the spacing of the rows R of coils being relatively greater, resulting in lesser coil density and a lower average spring rate over that region as compared to the region defined by coil rows Ru. For example, the spacing of coil columns Cr may be one pitch or more greater than the spacing of coil columns C. The relatively greater spacing of the rows R of the coils results in a lesser number of columns C than columns Cu, as illustrated by a ratio of 12:16, although other ratios are possible as related to the spacing of rows R. In this embodiment also, the longitudinal spacing or rows Ru and R is uniform along the length of the innerspring, but does not necessarily have to be tangential or substantially tangential as shown, but rather with some degree of spacing between the coils of the rows Ru, R.
FIG. 6
10
1
illustrates an additional alternate embodiment of an anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure wherein a central longitudinal region of the innerspring , defined by coil columns Cc which are spaced tangentially, provides an area of relatively greater coil density and higher spring rate than that of the bi-lateral regions defined by coil columns C. As with the other innerspring configurations, the overlying material which is used to construct a mattress, and particularly the padding layers beneath the upholstery, can be selected and arranged according to the support characteristics and spring rates of the underlying regions of the innerspring, such in this case for example padding of greater density in the bi-lateral regions and/or additional layers to compensate for or work with the lower spring rate of the bi-lateral regions.
FIG. 7
1
2
illustrates an alternate embodiment of an anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure in which a pattern of coil spacing in each coil row is repeated, and the repeated pattern is out of phase with the next adjacent coil row. For example, beginning with coil row R, from right to left, a pattern of three closely or tangentially spaced coils and three spaced apart coils is repeated throughout the row. In the next adjacent row R, the same pattern is repeated, but beginning at the right with three spaced apart coils. This alternating shaft of the coil spacing pattern is then repeated. The coil density thus varies within each row Rn, and from row to row throughout the entire innerspring.
FIG. 8
10
1
2
21
illustrates an alternate embodiment of an anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure in which the spacing rows R of coils of the innerspring gradually increases along the length of the innerspring, the spacing increasing either from the head end to the foot end or vice versa. Though merely exemplary as shown, rows R and R may be tangential or substantially tangential and repeated as such, or increasing according to pitch, such as one pitch or one-half pitch increase per row or greater. The gradation of the row spacing increase may be linear or non-linear. The spacing of the rows R beyond tangential results in entire rows being devoid of coils. In order to lace the coils together, the lacing wires are run longitudinally to interconnect the coils which are adjacent or tangent in each row.
FIG. 9
10
21
illustrates an alternate embodiment of an anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure in which the spacing in the rows R and columns C is, with the exception of the end rows Re, non-tangential and preferably with a column intra-coil distance of one or more pitches. The coil spacing in the rows R is at every other column C. The coil spacing in the columns C is out of phase with the adjacent columns so that the coils of adjacent columns are not laterally aligned, with the exception of rows Re. Conversely, the coils of every other column C are laterally aligned. This creates a desirable offset pattern of distributed coil placement which is isotropic throughout a major expanse of the innerspring, and which can include greater density at the ends, rows Re, and/or along the longitudinal sides. Also, although illustrated with the lacing wires in a longitudinal orientation, conventional lateral lacing is also possible where the outer diameters of the laterally adjacent coils are generally aligned.
FIG. 10
10
1
20
10
1
10
illustrates one embodiment of a zoned type anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure in which there are multiple (e.g., three) zones or regions Ru, R, Ru, of varying densities of coils which are generally longitudinally arranged, for example head-to-foot, to form the anisotropic innerspring . One way in which the coil density of the zones or regions Ru, R can be made different from other zones or regions is by varying the spacing of the columns C. As with other embodiments of the innerspring , the coil spacing within the columns C does not have to be the same in one region such as region Ru at the head of the innerspring, as in another region Ru at the foot of the innerspring.
FIG. 11
FIG. 10
FIG. 10
10
1
20
10
1
illustrates an alternate embodiment of a zoned type anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure in which there multiple (e.g., five) zones or regions Ru, R, of varying densities of coils which are generally longitudinally arranged, for example head-to-foot to form the anisotropic innerspring . As with the embodiment of , one way in which the coil density of the zones or regions Ru, R can be made different from other zones or regions is by varying the spacing of the columns C. As with the embodiment of , the coil spacing within the columns C does not have to be the same in one region such as region Ru at the head of the innerspring, as in another region Ru at the foot of the innerspring.
FIG. 12
FIGS. 10 and 11
FIGS. 10 and 11
FIGS. 10-12
10
1
20
10
1
illustrates a further alternate embodiment of a zoned type anisotropic variable coil density innerspring of the disclosure in which there multiple (e.g., seven) zones or regions Ru, R, of varying densities of coils which are generally longitudinally arranged, for example head-to-foot to form the anisotropic innerspring . As with the embodiment of , one way in which the coil density of the zones or regions Ru, R can be made different from other zones or regions is by varying the spacing of the columns C. As with the embodiments of , the coil spacing within the columns C does not have to be the same in one region such as region Ru at the head of the innerspring, as in another region Ru at the foot of the innerspring. The zones or regions of the embodiments of and the other embodiments may be aligned or registered with overlying and/or underlying layers of material which are positioned with the innerspring to form a mattress.
The foregoing descriptions are of representative embodiments of the principles and concepts of the disclosure which encompass and include other types of anisotropic innersprings with variable coil densities.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a plan view of an embodiment of a variable coil density anisotropic innerspring and an enlargement of an edge region thereof, and
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is an elevation view of a the variable coil density anisotropic innerspring of , and
FIGS. 3-12
are plan views of alternate embodiments of variable coil density anisotropic innersprings of the disclosure, each having different patterns, arrangements and zones of coils in the innersprings. | |
Search:
Popular Searches:
Garbage and Recycling
|
Transit
|
Employment
Home
City Hall
Residents
Visitors
Business
Home
Newsroom
January 2017
Create a piece of history with the Canada 150 mural mosaic
January 17, 2017
As part of local Canada 150 activities, the Mayor's Committee on Celebrate Canada 150 is inviting residents to participate in the creation of Sault Ste. Marie's mural mosaic.
The mural will be composed of 400 individually-painted four-inch tiles. Once assembled, it will stand eight feet high by eight feet wide, and will depict a defining image of the community.
Tiles for the mural will be painted at a series of one hour workshops to be held at the
Ermatinger•Clergue National Historic Site
– Discovery Centre on February 14 and 15, 2017. All material will be provided and there is no cost to participate. Those interested in attending a workshop can visit
saultstemarie.ca/muralmosaic
to register. Spaces are limited.
Committee co-chair, City Councillor Judy Hupponen says, "Everyone is invited to contribute to this community project. You don't need to be an artist, just bring your love for Sault Ste. Marie, your enthusiasm and your creativity."
Once completed, the mural will be mounted, clear-coated and photographed. It will be unveiled during Multiculturalism Day on June 27, 2017 and will be permanently displayed in Sault Ste. Marie.
Committee co-chair and City Councillor Susan Myers says, "Creating the mural mosaic is our City's first event to kick off the celebration of the country's 150th birthday and a unique way for us to participate at a community level in a national project."
Sault Ste. Marie is one of 150 communities from across the country that has been approached to participate in the Canada 150 Mosaic Project. The City's mural will be connected virtually to other community murals online at
Canada150Mosaic.com
.
For more information about Canada 150, or to view a community calendar of events, visit
saultstemarie.ca/Canada150
.
Share this page:
Contact Us
Phone
705-759-2500
Email
[email protected]
Fax
705-759-2310
TTY
1-877-688-5528
Location
99 Foster Drive
Sault Ste. Marie, ON
P6A 5X6
QUICK LINKS
Popular Pages
A-Z
eServices
Newsroom
Stay Connected
CONTACT US
99 Foster Drive
Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 5X6
705-759-2500
City Council
Feedback
Accessibility
©2019 Corporation of the City of Sault Ste. Marie. All Rights Reserved. | http://saultstemarie.ca/Newsroom/January-2017/Create-a-piece-of-history-with-the-Canada-150-mura.aspx |
Q:
How to solve this geometry assigment?
The three elements all have the same area (64cm2). How can I calculate the h? The result is 4cm, but I don't understand how to calculate it.
EDIT: Guys, thanks a lot for the quick help! Trust me I've spent quite some time trying to solve it but I didn't realize that I can use the triangle area formula in reverse to calculate the height of the triangle (16cm). That was most helpful.
A:
Assuming the rectangle is a square: you know the side, so you know the common area $A$. Of the triangle, you know the area and one side, so you also know the height perpendicular to it. Which turns out to be the difference between the two basis of the trapezium. Finally, you have a trapezium of which you know the smaller basis, the difference between the larger basis and the smaller basis, and the area: therefore you know its height.
| |
Bishop Parkes has suspended the public celebration of Masses. Everyone present in the diocese is dispensed from the obligation to attend Sunday Mass for the duration of this suspension. Read more...
Monday - Friday 8:00 am
Saturday: 4:oo pm & 6:30 pm (Spanish)
Sunday: 9:00 am, 11:30 am & 5:00 (LifeTeen)
Guidelines for Mass
Sign Up to Attend
on Facebook, YouTube, or website:
Saturday Vigil @ 6:30 pm (Spanish)
Sunday @ 11:30 am (English)
Monday-Saturday 9:00 am - 8:00 pm
Sunday 1:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Please practice social distancing while in the chapel with
no more than 10 people at one time
Saturdays - 3:00 - 4:00 pm
Sundays - 4:00 - 5:00 pm
inside Mater Dei.
Please follow the social distancing guidelines set up for you.
Monday to Friday 8:30a - 5:00p
Closed on major holidays.
Dear Brothers and Sisters in Christ, Sunday is the Lord’s Day, but for over two months, we have been observing this holy day at home to be safe and to protect human life, especially the most vulnerable among us. After prayer and consultation with government and public health officials and our priests, I have decided to grant permission to pastors throughout the Diocese of St. Petersburg, at their discretion, to resume the public celebration of Sunday Masses as early as the weekend of May 30-31, 2020.
We are called to be good stewards of our health and to take practical steps to avoid spreading illness. Therefore, restrictions will be in place since we are still in the midst of a pandemic. For now, we will need to limit the number of people at church for social distancing and to continue the practice of frequent sanitizing.
However, since the risk of coming into contact with coronavirus remains, individuals and families should take personal responsibility to protect themselves. Please know that all Catholics remain dispensed from the obligation to attend Sunday Mass until further notice. Therefore, if you are at greater risk due to age, illness, or other health conditions, please do not come to Mass. Read more... | https://ladyrosary.org/ |
Incubating a New Space for Experimentation
I half-thought about apologizing for the lack of blog posts in the last, oh, 8 months. But then I figured "screw it, just start writing again" so here we are. Easiest way to catch up is to go in reverse until I can't remember where I was and then start all over again.
We're finally getting settled in at our new building at DTLT (more on that in posts to follow) and at some point last week I started to see my schedule getting a bit lighter and felt like I could begin to explore some of the possibilities of spaces we have access to. One in particular that I've been itching to dive into is an Incubator Classroom that is located directly adjacent to DTLT and is owned and scheduled by us for demos, presentations, course experiments, and anything else we can imagine. It's a luxury to have a dedicated space like this that serves as an R&D hub when space is always at a premium for classrooms, and I feel like it's an investment as part of the new ITCC that is going to pay dividends in what we can dream up through the freedom to experiment wildly in a space all our own.
Our new building has been, how shall I say this...a work in progress...since we moved in. Behind schedule but with classes already scheduled for the opening, discussions quickly turned to "prioritizing based on need" and there are many areas of the building that are just now slowly starting to come online, with a few still quite a ways off from completion. We lobbied for our incubator classroom to be prioritized for completion at the start of classes since we had course visits that we had schedule almost immediately filling the space for the first 2-3 weeks. The contractors delivered on the basics and had a decent enough system in place for us to connect and display information to the projectors, but there is still some work to be done to get the space to a point where the design meets the flexible needs of the room.
And let's talk about the room for a minute. When you shoot for the moon in terms of possibilities the goal has to be flexibility and the ability to change anything and everything on the fly. With that in mind this is the short list of capabilities of the space that are defined in the specs (much of it functional today, some of it still requiring configuration or programming):
- 2 HD projectors
- 1 Rear LCD Confidence Monitor
- 2 PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) HD Cameras, one at the front and one at the rear
- 4 46" flatscreen displays on mobile carts with front-facing inputs
- A lecturn with Mac Mini, BluRay player, document camera, and laptop inputs
- A mobile podium with laptop inputs
- 8 floor boxes throughout the room with a variety of inputs from power and network to podium connections and 4 spots for the displays to hook into
- Wired and wireless microphones and a ceiling-mounted mic array
- A server rack with a variety of control equipment (Crestron) including 2 HD capture boxes for recording and streaming lectures, 5 AirMedia boxes (more on this in a bit), and a full section of the rack for auxiliary inputs of a variety of types both in and out (HDMI, XLR, Composite, SDI, etc).
- 16 iPad Minis with mobile charging/syncing cart
- 6 Raspberry Pi kits
- A 5th Generation Makerbot Replicator on a mobile cart
- 6 Livescribe pens
- 6 Verb Handheld Whiteboards
- 18 Intersect Tables and 36 Caper Chairs all on casters
To say that the amount of technology and the capabilities of the space can at times be overwhelming and intimidating is a huge understatement. The touchpanel Crestron controller allows us to essentially send any device or input to any display in the room with a few taps. The AirMedia devices are basically Crestron's answer to Airplay by Apple but cross-platform and with support for enterprise wireless security restrictions. It works really well with the exception of their mobile apps which don't support mirroring due to inherent iOS restrictions (we're getting around that by running AirServer on the Mac Mini at the Lecturn). Here's just one example scenario taken from this week using Jim's Internet Course that he's been using as an opportunity to push the space and experiment:
Tables with one side dropped down are pushed together to face each other and then arranged in an X shape with an open center for 4 students facing each other at each branch. A mobile panel is moved to the end of each corner. Jim connects with Paul Bond via Google Hangout on the Lecturn computer and push's Paul's video fullscreen to Projector 1 and 2 of the flat panels. The other 2 panels have one AirMedia input pushed to them and sit ready with a website address and code for students to use to display their work wirelessly. Paul can see and hear everyone in the room from the PTZ cameras and microphones. Jim has the touchpanel controller connected to a floor box at one corner of the room so he no longer has to stand at the Lecturn and along with a bluetooth keyboard and mouse can sit alongside the students. At any moment Jim can take his laptop display or any of the students that are pushing to the panels and push that to Projector 2. If Paul is speaking to them Jim can have all flat panels receive that input. And the rear display in the room can display the view of the PTZ camera to make sure everyone is in the frame and move to individuals zooming in or out as need be.
It sounds practically like science fiction or the pipe dreams of a technonut but this is working today and we're now starting to see the ability to tailor experiences in the classroom to a particular need. We approached the design of this space without concrete ideas for any one particular approach, rather continuing to fall back on one word: Flexibility. If it can't be changed easily, it's not a good fit. The classroom will serve not just our immediate needs of a space for course demos but also as a safe space for faculty to try new approaches to teaching or experiment with the tools that are available in other spaces to decide whether they could work for a particular course before committing to scheduling an entire semester in a space that has that technology. But perhaps what I'm most excited about with the Incubator Classroom is what it can't do.
The small space for the full server rack that was defined in the floor plans apparently included no ventilation of any kind so until some sort of demolition is done to add ventilation capabilities to that area the rack has been pulled out exposing all of the internals to the classroom. Anyone would look at a situation like this and be justifiably annoyed or even upset and I'm sure my initial reaction included some choice words for inept contractors and/or architects who didn't consider this ahead of time. However my curiosity for the space combined with the guts of that rack being exposed has led me to greater experimentation by almost giving me permission to follow wire trails, unplug a device here or there to try something different, run cabling to other devices, and pour over manuals and websites to start to understand how the devices are all connected to accomplish tasks like the scenario above. It's this experimentation and research that has already led to the discovery that we could request a quick network port change and then plug the touchpanel anywhere in the room rather than have it stay at the lecturn. It's this type of research that has us believing the ability to use the capture devices to schedule automatic recording of both video and content, streaming it to a Wowza server and publishing it automatically with links being emailed to the professor is absolutely possible. It's this curiosity and dissatisfaction with the closed proprietary nature of Crestron products that has led me to find the default passwords for some of the equipment and disable them to reroute equipment. And that same curiosity has me now installing Windows in a VM so I can run some software that could potentially lead to the ability for us to design custom interfaces for the iPad that fully control every single piece of equipment in that room designed and defined by us. There's no way that Crestron or the contractors or anyone else could have envisioned our use cases (hell, even we couldn't until we started down this path). Like the ability for us to take the confidence monitor output that includes both cameras and presentation content from the recorder and run it to an adapter that feeds via Thunderbolt into the Mac Mini to serve as the webcam that user's on the other end of a call see with the ability to do picture in picture or side by side shots.
And so it's in these problems, however "first world" they may be, that we can push the boundaries of what's possible for other spaces on campus. I've clearly been bitten by the "learning spaces" bug and I truly believe that this is an avenue that DTLT has been ready to start innovating in for so long as evidenced by the crude experimentation we've done with various AV equipment in our office space for years with DTLT Today and DS106. Too often this wild experimentation is traded in favor of standards and common equipment types in classrooms that leave the places we teach to be monotone single-purpose rooms with little character and no opportunity for change. Let's start pushing against that and providing opportunities for schools to recognize the ability to take advantage of these tools in new ways, to push against the proprietary systems and offer new possibilities, to document that nature of these systems and how they can be subverted in order to create better learning spaces for our students and faculty and share widely the work that we do. DTLT has long considered itself a research and development group and we now have the maddest of mad labs to build the Frankensteins of future courses and inspire faculty and institutions to join us in a space of wild experimentation where failure is always possible and learning is alive. | https://blog.timowens.io/incubating-a-new-space-for-experimentation/ |
That's a lot of species. And it's roughly 9,000 more than were endangered just over ten years ago, in 2000. That's the finding of the latest report from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN): There are now roughly 19,000 species that are currently threatened with extinction around the world. So why the jump? The usual suspects -- deforestation, poaching, climate change, pollution, and invasive species -- are largely to blame. But scientists have also done a remarkable job of discovering new species over the last decade or so -- and many of those are immediately whisked onto the watch list.
The Economist elaborates on the study of those 19,000 species are in peril, noting that "Of those [species] evaluated, nearly one-third are considered "threatened" (critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable). Between 2000 and 2011 the number of species assessed by the IUCN grew by over 60%."
The newspaper notes that "Amphibians ... for example, were not "completely evaluated" (with more than 90% of species assessed) until 2004." And again, that partly explains why the case looks so bad for amphibians -- which show the most remarkable decline since the last report. But the main reason that we've seen such a severe drop-off is that, well, there's been a really, really severe drop-off in amphibian populations. Amphibians, which are expressly adapted to survive in a specific set of natural parameters, are extremely vulnerable to changing climate. And deforestation and pollution hit them especially hard, too.
The recovering Arabian Oryx. Photo credit: *clarity* via Flickr/CC BY
But it's not all doom and gloom, according to the IUCN. Here's the Economist again: "The news is best for mammals, whose complete dataset has made evaluation easier. The percentage of endangered species has actually fallen since 2000. And one antelope in particular, the Arabian Oryx, which was hunted to near extinction, now has a wild population of over 1,000."
Success stories like those are nice, but they're becoming outliers in a world that may be experiencing what scientists are terming the sixth extinction, due to the rate that species are dying off.
Join me in the good green fight. Follow me on Twitter, and check out The Utopianist
More on Endangered Species
The Sixth Extinction is Underway: Are You Worried Yet?
Can Audubon's "Frozen Zoo" Save Endangered Species? | https://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/19000-species-now-in-danger-of-extinction.html |
Capacitors and inductors can be combined to create resonant circuits, which have pronounced frequency characteristics. The amount of capacitance and inductance of these devices determine both the resonant frequency and the sharpness of the response curve (known as Q) that these circuits exhibit.
If the capacitance and inductance are in parallel, they tend to pass the electrical energy that is oscillating at the resonant frequency and block, i.e. present a higher impedance to, other portions of the frequency spectrum. If they are in a series configuration, they tend to block the electrical energy that is oscillating at the resonant frequency and pass other portions of the frequency spectrum.
There are many applications for resonant circuits, including selective tuning in radio transmitters and receivers and suppressing unwanted harmonics.
In a discussion of the LC oscillator, it is parallel resonance that is of interest. An inductor and capacitor in parallel configuration are known as a tank circuit. A condition of resonance occurs in the circuit when
XC = 1/2πfC
Where f is frequency and C is capacitance. Inductive reactance is given by
XL = 2πfL
Where L is inductance.
Resonance happens when inductive and capacitive reactance are equal, which is to say 2πfL = 1/2πfC. This can happen only at a certain frequency. The equation can be simplified to:
From this information it is possible, knowing the capacitive and inductive parameters of a circuit, to find the resonant frequency. Alternatively, if a given resonant frequency is desired, L and C values can be chosen.
In a resonant circuit, Q denotes quality. Q is the peak (i.e. maximum) energy stored in a resonant circuit relative to the energy dissipated in the course of a cycle. It is the ratio of resonant frequency fr to bandwidth Bw. Because bandwidth is in the denominator, a circuit having higher Q will have less bandwidth: Q = fr/Bw
But it should be stated that in some applications, the Q of a resonant circuit is intentionally reduced. This can be done by introducing a “Q spoiling” resistor. In addition to being important in electronic circuits, Q is relevant in oscillating mechanical, acoustical, optical and other systems.
Generically speaking, an oscillator in an electronic circuit converts the dc supply voltage into an ac output, which can consist of a variety of waveforms, frequencies, amplitudes and duty cycles. Or the output can be a basic sine wave with no other harmonic content.
An LC oscillator, a subtype of the electronic oscillator, is often seen in radio-frequency applications because of its high-quality output and simple design. It consists of an amplifier incorporating positive (regenerative) feedback in conjunction with an LC resonant circuit with a proper Q parameter.
The objective when building an amplifier is to design a circuit that will not go into oscillation. In an amplifier not intended to operate as an oscillator, a limited amount of positive feedback can be used to boost the gain. A variable resistance can be placed in series with the feedback to prevent the circuit from going into oscillation. In an auditorium with a PA system, it is necessary to maintain separation between speaker and microphone to control feedback and prevent oscillation. The distance between the microphone and speaker behaves like a resistance for audio-frequency waves.
LC oscillators (unlike RC oscillators, which are non-resonant and based solely on a time constant) are tuned to ring at a specific frequency depending on the interaction of capacitive and inductive reactances. They are analogous to electromechanical resonators such as quartz crystal oscillators.
The process of measuring the resonance frequency of an oscillator circuit begins by coupling an RF signal generator to the circuit. The coupling between generator and oscillator must be loose. Otherwise, the output resistance of the generator may load the circuit and reduce its Q.
Next we set the generator to the frequency at which we want to measure the Q. We adjust the oscillator circuit (often by turning the tuner capacitor) to see maximum voltage in a scope probe connected to the tank circuit. The circuit is now in resonance, this frequency is the resonance frequency of the circuit.
We then measure the voltage of the oscillator circuit at resonance frequency. We vary the generator frequency a little above and below resonance and determine the two frequencies were the voltage over the circuit is 0.707 times the value at resonance. The voltage at 0.707 times resonance is the -3 dB point.
The oscillator bandwidth is the difference between the frequencies corresponding to these two 0.707 points. Then Q is the resonant frequency divided by this bandwidth.
The test setup typically includes a signal generator, a coupling coil, a scope and a 1:100 probe. The output of the signal generator connects to the coupling coil having about 50 turns. For frequencies in the megahertz range, we place the coupling coil about 20 cm from the oscillator circuit. The 20-cm distance is meant to give a loose coupling between the coil and oscillator.
We then connect the probe to the oscillator circuit. The earth connection of the probe must connect to the housing of the tuner capacitor. The probe connects to the oscilloscope. The probe constitutes a small loading of the circuit, so the Q typically doesn’t drop much. There are also 1:1 and 1:10 probes, but these may load the oscillator circuit. A 1:100 probe typically has an input resistance of 100 MΩ and an input capacity of 4 pF.
Because of the 100x attenuation in the probe, the signal generator output generally must be set fairly high.
A sweep generator can simplify some aspects of this measurement. The “sweep output” connects to the X input of the oscilloscope with the oscilloscope in the X-Y mode. Now the scope trace runs from left to right with the left side being the start frequency and the right side the stop frequency. A good place to start is with the sweep frequency set at about 10 Hertz.
The Y input of the oscilloscope is connected to the oscillator via the 1:100 probe. The RF output of the sweep generator connects to the coupling coil, which is placed about 20 cm from the coil of the oscillator.
We can turn the tuner capacitor and get the curve of the oscillator on the oscilloscope screen. The amplitude knob of the sweep generator adjusts the height of the peak of the curve. The great advantage of this method is that changes in resonance frequency of the oscillator circuit can directly be seen on the screen. Also, changes in Q will be evident because the height of the peak will change.
LC oscillators come in the form of several subtypes:
• The Armstrong oscillator, invented in 1912 by Edwin Armstrong, was the first electronic oscillator, as opposed to mechanical oscillators such as the pendulum which had been around forever. The Armstrong oscillator was originally used in vacuum tube transmitters. They later served in the regenerative receiver where the RF signal from the antenna coupled into the LC inductance by means of an auxiliary coil. The coil could be adjusted to keep the circuit from oscillating. This same circuitry functioned to demodulate the RF signal.
• The Colpitts oscillator, invented by Edwin Colpitts in 1918, derives feedback from what may be considered to be a center-tapped capacitance. This is actually a voltage divider composed of two capacitors in series. The active device, an amplifier, may be a bipolar junction transistor, field effect transistor, operational amplifier or vacuum tube. The output connects back to the input through a tuned LC circuit constituting a bandpass filter that rings at the desired frequency.
A Colpitts oscillator can function as a variable frequency oscillator — as in a superheterodyne receiver or spectrum analyzer — when the inductor is made variable. This is instead of tuning one of the capacitors or by introducing a separate variable capacitor in series with the inductor.
• A Hartley oscillator, invented by Ralph Hartley in 1915, is a mirror image of the Colpitts oscillator. The difference is that rather than a center-tapped capacitance in conjunction with an inductor, it employs a center-tapped inductance in conjunction with a capacitor. The feedback signal comes from the center-tapped inductor or series connection between two inductors.
These inductances need not be mutually coupled, so they can consist of two separate series-connected coils rather than a single center-tapped device. In the variant having a center-tapped coil, the inductance is greater because the two segments are magnetically coupled.
In the Hartley oscillator, the frequency can be easily adjusted using a variable capacitor. The circuit is relatively simple, with a low component count. A highly frequency-stable oscillator can be built by substituting a quartz crystal resonator for the capacitor.
• The Clapp oscillator, another LC device, similarly consists of a transistor or vacuum tube with a feedback network based on the interaction of inductance and capacitance set to the desired operating frequency. It was invented by James Clapp in 1948. It resembles the Colpitts circuit, with a third capacitor placed in series with the inductor. It is an improvement over the Colpitts oscillator, in which oscillation may not arise at certain frequencies making gaps in the spectrum.
• The Peltz oscillator differs from the Colpitts, Clapp and Hartley oscillators in that it uses two transistors rather than a single amplifying device. Like other oscillators, the objective is to provide a combined gain greater than unity at the resonant frequency so as to sustain oscillation.
One transistor may be configured as a common base amplifier and the other as an emitter follower. The LC tank, with minimal impedance at the resonant frequency, presents a heavy load to the collector. The output of the emitter follower connected back to the input of the common base transistor maintains oscillation in the Peltz circuit.
To build an LC oscillator that is electrically tunable, a varactor (voltage variable capacitor) is placed in the LC circuit. The varactor is a reverse-biased diode. The capacitance of any PN junction, as in a diode, drops as the reverse bias rises. Specifically, the amount of reverse bias determines the thickness of the depletion zone within the semiconductor. The thickness of the depletion zone is proportional to the square root of the voltage that reverse biases the diode and the capacitance is inversely proportional to that thickness, and so it is inversely proportional to the square root of the applied voltage.
Accordingly, the output of a simple dc power supply can be switched through a range of resistors or a variable resistance to tune the oscillator. Varactors are designed to efficiently exploit this property.
A solid with any degree of elasticity will vibrate to some extent when mechanical energy is applied. An example is a gong struck by a mallet. If it can be made to ring continuously, it may function as a resonant circuit in an electronic oscillator.
Quartz crystal is imminently suitable for this role because it is highly stable with regard to its resonant frequency. Resonant frequency depends on the crystal size and shape. With accuracy up to one second in 30 years, quartz oscillators replaced pendulums in clocks and were unsurpassed in accuracy for years, until the 1950s, when atomic clocks entered the picture.
Quartz crystal as a resonator has the amazing virtue of inverse electricity. What this means is that when properly cut, ground, mounted and equipped with terminals, it will react to an applied voltage by changing shape slightly. When the voltage is removed, it will return to its original spatial configuration, generating a voltage that can be measured at the terminals. This vibration constitutes its resonant frequency.
Quartz crystal has another virtue, which is that it is inexpensive, so it is widely used in many applications including the world’s best oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and arbitrary frequency generators. | https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/basics-lc-oscillators-and-measuring-them/ |
Table T3_3_1_4-1
2012 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports
This appendix provides detailed data tables for all measures analyzed for the 2012 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports. Tables are included for measures discussed in the main text of the reports as well as for other measures that were examined but not included in the main text.
Table 3_3_1_4.1Accidental puncture or laceration during procedure per 1,000 medical and surgical admissions,a age 18 and over,b United States, 2000, 2004–2009
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2000
Population group
Rate
SE
Total
3.82
0.01
4.03
0.01
4.12
0.01
3.89
0.01
3.80
0.01
3.94
0.01
3.83
0.01
Age
18–44
3.53
0.03
3.94
0.03
3.75
0.03
3.74
0.03
3.65
0.03
3.74
0.03
3.34
0.03
45–64
4.59
0.02
4.87
0.02
4.90
0.02
4.70
0.02
4.61
0.02
4.71
0.02
4.62
0.03
65 and over
3.44
0.02
3.54
0.02
3.79
0.02
3.46
0.02
3.38
0.02
3.59
0.02
3.68
0.02
65–69
4.67
0.04
4.96
0.04
5.24
0.05
4.65
0.05
4.78
0.05
4.93
0.05
4.86
0.05
70–74
4.43
0.04
4.61
0.04
4.81
0.04
4.52
0.04
4.17
0.04
4.51
0.04
4.67
0.04
75–79
3.94
0.04
3.86
0.04
4.21
0.04
3.90
0.04
3.80
0.04
3.95
0.04
4.10
0.04
80–84
2.96
0.04
3.09
0.03
3.28
0.04
2.95
0.03
2.94
0.04
3.04
0.04
3.07
0.04
85 and over
1.56
0.02
1.64
0.02
1.81
0.02
1.61
0.02
1.56
0.03
1.75
0.03
1.75
0.03
Gender
Male
3.22
0.02
3.41
0.02
3.55
0.02
3.20
0.02
3.18
0.02
3.30
0.02
3.34
0.02
Female
4.38
0.02
4.60
0.02
4.65
0.02
4.52
0.02
4.34
0.02
4.52
0.02
4.32
0.02
Median income of patient's ZIP Code
First quartile (lowest income)
3.81
0.02
4.06
0.02
4.07
0.02
3.69
0.02
3.69
0.02
3.77
0.02
3.77
0.03
Second quartile
3.81
0.02
4.09
0.02
4.23
0.02
4.03
0.02
3.78
0.02
3.91
0.02
3.90
0.02
Third quartile
3.89
0.02
4.09
0.02
4.18
0.02
3.91
0.02
4.01
0.02
4.09
0.03
3.98
0.03
Fourth quartile (highest income)
3.77
0.03
3.89
0.03
4.01
0.02
3.95
0.03
3.70
0.03
3.98
0.02
3.65
0.03
Location of patient residence
Large central metropolitan
3.64
0.02
4.01
0.02
3.95
0.02
3.65
0.02
3.73
0.02
3.75
0.02
3.41
0.02
Large fringe metropolitan
3.65
0.02
4.03
0.02
3.83
0.02
3.65
0.03
3.57
0.03
3.78
0.02
3.68
0.02
Medium metropolitan
4.09
0.03
4.10
0.03
4.52
0.03
4.23
0.03
3.85
0.03
4.21
0.03
4.39
0.03
Small metropolitan
3.90
0.04
4.00
0.04
4.48
0.04
4.27
0.04
4.32
0.04
3.97
0.04
4.15
0.04
Micropolitan
4.03
0.04
3.96
0.04
4.27
0.04
3.99
0.04
3.92
0.04
4.20
0.04
3.81
0.04
Nonmetropolitan
3.94
0.05
4.14
0.04
4.01
0.05
3.96
0.04
3.80
0.04
3.96
0.04
4.25
0.04
Expected payment source
Private insurance
3.83
0.02
4.09
0.02
4.06
0.02
3.96
0.02
3.84
0.02
3.88
0.02
3.74
0.02
Medicare
3.86
0.02
3.95
0.02
4.24
0.02
3.87
0.02
3.81
0.02
4.04
0.02
4.08
0.02
Medicaid
3.78
0.04
4.24
0.04
4.01
0.05
4.03
0.05
3.87
0.05
4.03
0.05
3.55
0.05
Other insurance
3.87
0.07
4.67
0.07
4.30
0.07
4.01
0.07
4.00
0.07
3.93
0.07
3.17
0.07
Uninsured/self-pay/no charge
3.41
0.06
3.49
0.06
3.61
0.06
3.13
0.06
2.99
0.06
3.29
0.06
2.95
0.07
Region of inpatient treatment
Northeast
3.61
0.03
3.83
0.03
3.67
0.03
3.31
0.03
3.23
0.03
3.73
0.03
3.46
0.03
Midwest
4.05
0.02
4.10
0.03
4.02
0.03
3.92
0.03
4.10
0.03
3.76
0.03
4.02
0.03
South
3.62
0.02
3.88
0.02
4.05
0.02
3.70
0.02
3.38
West
4.11
0.03
4.45
0.03
4.85
0.03
4.84
0.03
4.78
0.03
4.81
0.03
4.15
0.03
Ownership/control of hospital
Private, not for profit
3.86
0.01
4.00
0.01
4.10
0.01
3.84
0.01
3.79
0.01
3.90
0.01
3.86
0.01
Private, for profit
3.39
0.03
3.50
0.03
3.80
0.03
3.67
0.03
3.53
0.03
3.50
0.04
3.75
0.04
Public
4.01
0.03
4.76
0.03
4.56
0.03
4.48
0.04
4.13
0.03
4.59
0.03
3.69
0.04
Teaching status of hospital
Teaching
4.24
0.02
4.42
0.02
4.32
0.02
4.11
0.02
4.22
0.02
4.37
0.02
3.92
0.02
Nonteaching
3.60
0.02
3.80
0.02
3.99
0.02
3.77
0.02
3.57
0.02
3.71
0.02
3.78
0.02
Location of hospital
Large central metropolitan
3.96
0.02
4.38
0.02
4.13
0.02
3.90
0.02
3.96
0.02
3.98
0.02
3.77
0.02
Large fringe metropolitan
3.38
0.03
3.60
0.03
3.63
0.03
3.59
0.03
3.38
0.03
3.65
0.03
3.48
0.03
Medium metropolitan
4.19
0.03
4.10
0.03
4.46
0.03
4.26
0.02
4.00
0.03
4.21
0.03
4.52
0.03
Small metropolitan
3.61
0.04
3.90
0.04
4.58
0.04
4.04
0.04
4.06
0.04
3.99
0.04
4.13
0.04
Micropolitan
3.73
0.04
3.60
0.04
3.89
0.04
3.61
0.04
3.55
0.04
3.99
0.04
3.05
0.04
Nonmetropolitan
3.05
0.09
2.91
0.09
3.26
0.08
2.72
0.08
2.24
0.08
2.71
0.08
3.67
0.07
Bed size of hospital
Less than 100
3.59
0.04
3.64
0.04
3.69
0.04
3.17
0.04
3.33
0.04
3.21
0.04
3.31
0.04
100–299
3.52
0.02
3.75
0.02
3.88
0.02
3.54
0.02
3.61
0.02
3.74
0.02
3.51
0.02
300–499
4.09
0.02
4.02
0.02
4.27
0.02
4.38
0.02
3.94
0.02
4.15
0.02
4.14
0.02
500 or more
4.01
0.02
4.56
0.02
4.46
0.03
4.09
0.02
4.11
0.03
4.23
0.02
4.19
0.03
a The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Patient Safety Indicators (PSI) software requires that the accidental puncture or laceration be reported as a secondary diagnosis (rather than the principal diagnosis), but unlike the AHRQ PSI software, the secondary diagnosis could be present on admission. Consistent with the AHRQ PSI software, obstetric admissions and admissions involving spinal surgery are excluded.
b Rates are adjusted by age, gender, age-gender interactions, comorbidities, major diagnostic category (MDC), diagnosis-related group (DRG), and transfers into the hospital. When reporting is by age, the adjustment is by gender, comorbidities, MDC, DRG, and transfers into the hospital; when reporting is by gender, the adjustment is by age, comorbidities, MDC, DRG, and transfers into the hospital. The AHRQ PSI software was modified to not use the present on admission (POA) indicators (or estimates of the likelihood of POA for secondary diagnosis).
| |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND ART
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
The present invention relates to a flush toilet, and more particularly to a flush toilet cleaned by pressurized flush water.
Conventionally flush toilets have been known in which, as shown in Patent Document 1 for example, a reservoir tank is provided, and cleaning is accomplished by pressurizing flush water in the reservoir tank using a pressurizing pump and supplying this pressurized water to a toilet main unit.
The flush toilet set forth in this Patent Document 1 is one in which the toilet is cleaned by supplying flush water from a water main source to a rim water path and to a reservoir tank, pressurizing the flush water in the reservoir tank using a pressurizing pump, and supplying a jet-hole.
In addition, a check valve and an atmosphere release valve are provided on the guide path for supplying flush water to the jet-hole in this flush toilet; backflow of flush water from the toilet main unit to the reservoir tank is prevented by this check valve, and air remaining in the water guide path is discharged using an atmosphere released valve, thereby partitioning the toilet main unit and the reservoir tank.
Furthermore, an overflow pipe for conducting flush water overflowing from the reservoir tank is provided on the rim water path in this toilet, and a negative pressure breaker valve is provided on this overflow pipe.
Patent Document: JP-A-2005-264469
In the flush toilet according to Patent Document 1, backflow of flush water from the toilet main unit to the reservoir tank is prevented, and flush water overflowing from the reservoir tank can be discharged externally, but this requires the provision of a check valve, an atmosphere release valve, a negative pressure breaker valve, and the like, leading to a complex structure, an increased number of parts, and other problems. For this reason, further improvements to the flush toilet shown in Patent Document 1 have been desired.
The present invention was thus undertaken to resolve the above-described problems, and has the object of providing a flush toilet capable of preventing backflow from the toilet main unit to the reservoir tank, and of externally discharging flush water overflowing from the reservoir tank with a simplified structure and a reduced number of parts.
1
3
2
3
2
6
7
6
7
In order to resolve the above-described problem, the present invention is a flush toilet cleaned by pressurized flush water, the flush toilet comprising a toilet main unit provided with a bowl portion, a rim water spouting port and a jet water spouting port both for expelling flush water, and a drain trap pipe; a reservoir tank for storing flush water; flush water supply means for supplying flush water to the rim water spouting port and replenishing the reservoir tank; a pressurizing pump for pressurizing flush water in the reservoir tank; a jet-side water supply path, formed in a convex shape pointing upward, for supplying flush water pressurized by the pressurizing pump to the jet water spouting port; an overflow path, the lower end of which is connected downstream of the highest position of the jet-side water supply, and the upper end of which opens in the upper side of the reservoir tank; and backflow prevention means, provided on the overflow path, for preventing backflow of flush water from the jet-side water supply path to the reservoir tank; wherein a highest position L of the jet-side water supply path is set to be equal to or higher than the position of a highest water level L in the reservoir tank during a normal operation; an upper end position L of the overflow path is set to be equal to or higher than the position of the highest water level L in the reservoir tank; the upper end position L of the overflow path is set to be higher than the position of a lower end L of the overflow path and the position of an accumulated water level L in the bowl; and the position of a lower end L of the overflow path is set to be equal to or higher than the position of the accumulated water level L in the bowl.
1
3
3
2
3
2
6
7
6
7
3
2
6
6
7
2
In the present invention thus constituted, the jet-side water supply path highest position L is first set to be at the equal or higher position as the highest water level L in the reservoir tank during the normal operation; therefore when water is supplied to the reservoir tank, flush water stored inside the reservoir tank is not supplied to the bowl portion via the jet-side water supply path, and the highest reservoir tank water level L can thus be obtained when supplying water to the tank. Next, the overflow path upper end position L is set to be equal to or higher than the position of the reservoir tank highest water level L; the overflow path upper end position L is set to be higher than the overflow path lower end position L and the bowl portion accumulated water level L, and the overflow path lower end position L is set to be equal or higher position as the bowl portion accumulated water level L; therefore when the volume of flush water in the reservoir tank increases and the water level in the tank exceeds the highest water level L, flush water is discharged from the overflow path to the jet-side water supply path, but at this point, because the overflow path upper end position L to set to be higher than the lower position L thereof, flush water is able to flow smoothly within the overflow path, and because the overflow path lower end position L is set to be equal to or higher than the position of the bowl portion accumulated water level L, air is supplied from the overflow path upper end position L to the jet-side water supply path to accomplish a partition. Also, air accumulated in the jet-side water supply path when the pressurizing pump turns ON can be discharged through the overflow path into the reservoir tank, reducing the air discharged from the jet water spouting port, and reducing the sound generated by the discharge of air at the jet water spouting port.
1
2
5
In the present invention, the highest position L of the jet-side water supply path and the upper end position L of the overflow path are preferably set to be higher than an overflow edge position L of the toilet main unit.
1
2
5
In the present invention thus constituted, the jet-side water supply path highest position L and the overflow path upper end position L are set to be higher than the toilet main unit overflow edge position L, therefore even if by some chance the drain trap pipe became blocked, backflow into the reservoir tank of dirty water in the bowl portion could be prevented.
3
4
In the present invention, the pressurizing pump is preferably a non-self priming pump, and the highest water level L in the reservoir tank during the normal operation is set to be higher than an upper end position L of a pump chamber of the pressurizing pump.
3
4
In the present invention thus constituted, the highest water level L in the reservoir tank during the normal operation is set to be at a higher position than the pressurizing pump chamber upper end position L when the pressurizing pump is a non-self priming pump, therefore the air cavitation which occurs in non-self priming pumps due to air remaining in the pump chamber can be prevented.
0
5
In the present invention, the reservoir tank is preferably an open-type reservoir tank open to the atmosphere at the upper side thereof, and an overflow edge position L of the open type reservoir tank is set to be higher than the overflow edge position L of the toilet main unit.
0
5
In the present invention thus constituted, for cases in which the reservoir tank is an open-type reservoir tank, the overflow edge position L of this open type reservoir tank is set to be higher than the position L of the overflow edge on the toilet main unit, therefore even if for some reason such as a breakage or a blockage of the drain trap type, flush water exceeding the capacity of the overflow path flowed into the reservoir tank and the water level therein rose, the flush water would leak away from the toilet main unit overflow edge, which would cause the user to notice the anomaly in the toilet and take appropriate action.
The flush toilet of the present invention enables the prevention of backflow from the toilet main unit to the reservoir tank, and provides for a simplification of structures for externally draining flush water overflowing from the reservoir tank and an accompanying reduction in the number of parts required.
Next, referring to be attached drawings, a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
FIGS. 1 through 4
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
First, referring to , the structure of a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. Here, is a side elevation of a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention; is a plan view of the flush toilet shown in ; is an schematic overview showing a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention; and is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a flapper valve and surrounding area thereof used in a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
1
2
4
2
6
4
8
2
10
2
10
11
As shown in and , a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a flush toilet main unit , a toilet seat disposed on the upper surface of the toilet main unit , a cover disposed so as to cover the toilet seat , and an outer flushing device disposed at the rear and above the toilet main unit . In addition, a functional portion is disposed at the rear of the toilet main unit , and the functional portion is covered by side panels .
2
12
14
12
16
18
Formed on the toilet main unit are a bowl portion for receiving waste, a drain trap pipe extending from the lower portion of the bowl portion , a jet water spouting port for jet water spouting, and a rim water spouting port for rim water spouting.
16
12
14
14
14
The jet water spouting port is formed at the bottom of the bowl portion , configured to expel flush water toward the inlet to the drain trap pipe , and disposed approximately horizontally, pointing toward the inlet of the drain trap pipe so as to expel flush water toward the drain trap pipe .
18
12
12
The rim water spouting port is formed at the left side upper rear of the bowl portion , and expels flush water along the edge of the bowl portion .
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
a
b
a
c
b
b
c
d.
The drain trap pipe comprises an inlet portion , a trap ascending pipe rising from the inlet portion , and a trap descending pipe dropping from the trap ascending pipe connecting port ; between the trap ascending pipe and the trap descending pipe is a peak portion
1
18
16
20
10
22
The flush toilet is directly connected to a water main supplying flush water; flush water is expelled from a rim water spouting port under water main supply pressure. As discussed below, jet water spouting is accomplished by expelling from a jet water spouting port a large volume of flush water stored in a reservoir tank built into a functional portion and pressurized by a pressurizing pump .
FIG. 3
10
Next, referring to , the functional portion according to a first embodiment will be described in detail.
FIG. 3
24
10
26
28
30
32
34
36
24
As shown in , a water supply path with which flush water is supplied from a water main is provided on the functional portion ; from the upstream direction, a stopcock , a strainer , a splitter hardware , a constant volume valve , a diaphragm-type electromagnetic on/off valve , and a water supply path switching valve are provided on this water supply path .
32
34
36
37
FIG. 3
This constant volume valve , diaphragm-type electromagnetic on/off valve , and water supply path switching valve are integrally assembled as a single unit , as shown in .
38
18
40
20
36
In addition, a rim-side water supply path for supplying flush water to the rim water spouting port , and a tank-side water supply path for supplying flush water to the reservoir tank , are connected to the downstream side of the water supply path switching valve .
32
28
30
32
34
34
38
18
36
40
20
36
38
40
Here, the purpose of the constant volume valve is to restrict flush water flowing through the strainer and the splitter hardware down to a predetermined flow volume or less. Flush water which has passed through the constant volume valve flows into the electromagnetic on/off valve , and flush water which as passed through the electromagnetic on/off valve is supplied from the rim-side water supply path on the rim side to the rim water spouting port by the water supply path switching valve , or from the tank-side water supply path on the tank side to the reservoir tank . Here the water supply path switching valve can supply flush water to both the rim-side water supply path and the tank-side water supply path at the same timing, allowing for optionally changing the proportion of respectively supplied water volumes to the rim side and the tank side.
45
20
22
22
45
22
16
46
22
20
16
a
A pump-side water supply path is connected to the bottom portion of the reservoir tank , and a pressurizing pump furnished with a pump chamber is connected to the downstream end of this pump-side water supply path . In addition, the pressurizing pump and the jet water spouting port are connected by the jet-side water supply path , and the pressurizing pump pressurizes flush water held in the reservoir tank and supplies it to the jet water spouting port .
46
46
1
FIG. 3
a
The jet-side water supply path is formed in an upward pointing convex shape as shown in , and the peak portion of this convexly shaped part is at the highest position (the highest position L of the jet-side water supply path).
48
38
18
24
48
12
48
20
50
FIG. 3
Next, a rim water spouting vacuum breaker is provided on the above-described rim-side water supply path , preventing backflow from the rim water spouting port when negative pressure occurs on the water supply path . Also, as shown in , the rim water spouting vacuum breaker is disposed above the upper end surface of the bowl portion , thereby reliably preventing backflow. Moreover, flush water overflowing from the atmosphere release portion of the rim water spouting vacuum breaker flows into the reservoir tank via a return pipe .
42
40
20
A vacuum breaker serving as a check valve is also provided on the tank-side water supply path , thereby preventing backflow from the reservoir tank .
20
43
40
20
43
20
70
70
43
40
40
a
a
Here, the reservoir tank is a sealed reservoir tank, and a ball-type check valve is provided on a connecting portion between the tank-side water supply path and the reservoir tank . Because of this ball-type check valve , even if the reservoir tank in a full state exceeds the position of the upper end of the overflow path described below, the ball floats, and the portion connecting to the tank-side water supply path is closed, therefore flush water will not flow back into the tank-side water supply path .
44
50
20
70
70
50
a
Similarly, a ball-type check valve is provided on the connecting portion with the return pipe , so that even if the reservoir tank exceeds the position of the upper end of the overflow path described below, there is no backflow to the return pipe .
56
58
45
56
58
20
22
20
22
58
56
20
22
22
20
20
22
22
22
60
22
Furthermore, a jet water spouting flapper valve serving as a check valve, and a drain plug are provided on the pump-side water supply path . This jet water spouting flapper valve and drain plug are disposed at a height near the bottom end portion of the reservoir tank , below the pressurizing pump . Therefore flush water in the reservoir tank and in the pressurizing pump can be drained for maintenance and the like by opening the drain plug . Also by disposing the jet water spouting flapper valve between the reservoir tank and the pressurizing pump , flush water will flow back from the pressurizing pump to the reservoir tank when the water level in the reservoir tank falls below the height of the pressurizing pump , therefore freewheeling of the pressurizing pump if the pressurizing pump is emptied of flush water can be prevented. A water receiving tray is also disposed beneath the pressurizing pump to receive condensed water droplets or leaks.
62
34
36
22
10
A controller for controlling the operation of the electromagnetic on/off valve , the operation of the water supply path switching valve , and the rpm, operating time, and the like of the pressurizing pump is built into the functional portion .
64
64
20
a
b
An upper end float switch and a lower end float switch are disposed inside the reservoir tank .
64
20
10
3
62
34
a
The upper end float switch switches to ON when the water level inside the reservoir tank reaches a predetermined level L slightly below the highest water level L under normal use; the controller senses this and closes the electromagnetic on/off valve .
64
20
12
11
62
22
b
The lower end float switch switches to ON when the water level inside the reservoir tank reaches a predetermined level L slightly below the lowest water level L under normal use; the controller senses this and stops the pressurizing pump .
70
70
70
20
70
16
11
46
a
b
An overflow path is further provided; the upper end of this overflow path opens into the reservoir tank ; the lower end thereof is connected on the downstream side of (on the jet water spouting port side of) the highest position L of the jet-side water supply path .
72
70
70
72
16
A flapper valve serving as a check valve is attached to the overflow path . The overflow path and the flapper valve prevent backflow of flush water from the jet water spouting port and enable those parts to be partitioned.
72
72
72
72
72
70
70
70
72
a
a
b
a
b
FIG. 4
To explain the flapper valve more specifically, the flapper valve has a valve body , and the valve body is rotatable around a valve body axis provided on the upper end thereof, as shown in . Also, the flow path of the overflow path can be opened and closed between the upper end and the lower end of the flapper valve .
72
72
22
20
46
22
72
46
70
20
20
70
70
20
70
46
a
a
a
The flapper valve valve body is in the open position shown by the solid line when the pressurizing pump is in the normal non-driven state; in this position air in the reservoir tank can be supplied to the jet-side water supply path . Also, immediately after the pressurizing pump has started, the valve body is in the open position shown by the solid line, therefore air remaining in the jet-side water supply path can be exhausted through the overflow path into the reservoir tank shown by the arrow A. In the open position, when the water level in the reservoir tank exceeds the overflow path upper end , flush water which overflowing inside the reservoir tank passes through the overflow path and is discharged into the jet-side water supply path as shown by the arrow B.
22
46
20
72
72
20
22
16
46
70
a
At the same time, after the pressurizing pump starts and air remaining in the jet-side water supply path is discharged to the reservoir tank side, the flapper valve valve body goes to the closed position, as shown by the dotted line, under pressure of the flush water when the flush water in the reservoir tank is pressurized by the pressurizing pump and supplied to the jet water spouting port , such that flush water flowing in the jet-side water supply path does not backflow to the overflow path .
62
34
36
22
18
16
12
62
34
36
20
20
20
64
65
34
a
The controller , in response to operation of a toilet flushing switch (not shown) by a user, sequentially operates the electromagnetic on/off valve , the water supply path switching valve , and the pressurizing pump , first spouting water from the rim water spouting port ; while continuing to spout rim water, it next commences spouting water from the jet water spouting port to flush the bowl portion . Furthermore, the controller opens the electromagnetic on/off valve after flushing is completed, switching the water supply path switching valve over to the reservoir tank side to replenish flush water to the reservoir tank . When the water level inside the reservoir tank rises, and the upper end float switch detects a predetermined water volume, the controller closes the electromagnetic on/off valve and stops the supply of water.
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
Next, referring to , the flushing operation in a flush toilet according to the present embodiment will be described. is a timing chart showing the flush operation in a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5
041
36
38
40
1
0
1
1
11
36
40
2
3
2
34
24
24
36
20
18
36
38
As shown in , in the standby state (time t) the water supply path switching valve is in a neutral position communicating with both the rim-side water supply path and the tank-side water supply path . Next, when a toilet flushing switch (not shown) is operated (time t) during this standby state (time t-t), former front rim water spouting is commenced (time t-t). At this point the water supply path switching valve is placed in a state whereby it is fully open to the tank-side water supply line during the interval between times t-t (the tank side fully open position). Simultaneously (time t), the electromagnetic on/off valve is turned ON and flush water is caused to flow into the water supply path . This enables air remaining within the water supply path on the upstream side of the water supply path switching valve to be discharged into the reservoir tank . As a result, the air discharge sound from the rim water spouting port arising when the water supply path switching valve is suddenly switched to the rim-side water supply path , which is the rim side, can be prevented.
3
4
36
18
18
Next, between times t-t, the water supply path switching valve is switched from the tank-side fully open position to the rim-side fully open position, flush water is supplied to the rim water spouting port , and flush water is spouted from the rim water spouting port .
2
5
11
22
22
20
16
16
Next, after a predetermined time has elapsed from time t (e.g. 5 seconds), jet water is spouted in the interval between times t-t by turning ON the pressurizing pump and using the pressurizing pump to supply flush water in the reservoir tank to the jet water spouting port , thereby spouting flush water from the jet water spouting port .
62
22
Next, the controller controls the rpm of the pressurizing pump while this jet spouting is going on as follows.
6
7
22
46
46
12
16
16
22
a
First, at time t-t, the pressurizing pump is kept at a relatively slow speed (e.g., 1000 rpm), by which means air remaining in the vicinity of the jet-side water supply path peak portion (i.e., the portion positioned above the accumulated water surface of the bowl portion ) is discharged from the jet water spouting port . As a result, the sound of air being discharged from the jet water spouting port , which is generated when the pressurizing pump is suddenly started at its originally intended high rotation speed, can be prevented.
8
9
22
22
16
18
18
14
14
12
14
14
a
a
Next, at time t-t, the pressurizing pump is rotated at a high speed (e.g., 3500 rpm). This causes the pressurizing force of the pressurizing pump to increase, so that a large flow volume of flush water is spouted from the jet water spouting port . At this point, rim water is being continuously spouted from the rim water spouting port , therefore the flow volume of flush water spouted from the rim water spouting port is added thereto, and a large flow volume of flush water flows into the drain trap pipe inlet portion , such that a siphon effect is rapidly induced, and accumulated water and waste in the bowl portion is quickly discharged. At this point the flow volume flowing into the drain trap pipe inlet portion (the first flow volume) is between 75 liters/minute-120 liters/minute as the total flow volume coming from rim water spouting and from jet water spouting, which is a large flow volume compared to conventional examples.
9
11
14
14
22
22
14
14
22
a
a
FIG. 5
Next, at time t-t, the flow volume of flush water flowing into the drain trap pipe inlet portion (the second flow volume) is set to be a smaller flow volume than the flow volume described above (the first flow volume), therefore the pressurizing pump rpm is slightly decreased. In this example, the rpm of the pressurizing pump is reduced in two stages (e.g., 3300 rpm and 3200 rpm) in order to cause the second flow volume to flow into the drain trap pipe inlet portion . At this point the pressurizing pump rpm may have just one stage, without variation, or may be reduced in three or more stages.
14
14
9
a
Thus a second flow volume of flush water, smaller than the first flow volume, is caused to flow into the drain trap pipe inlet portion immediately before the siphon effect generated by the first flow volume ends (time t).
11
22
20
64
22
11
12
16
b
Next, at time t, operation of the pressurizing pump is stopped when the flush water level in the reservoir tank drops and the lower end float switch turns ON. At this point the pressurizing pump rpm is slowly decreased between time t-t so that spouting of water from the jet water spouting port gradually decreases. This enables the prevention of a siphon cutoff sound arising from a sudden interruption in the siphon action.
11
11
13
Next, at time t, jet water spouting has ended, but at this point rim water spouting continues as it was, and during a predetermined period from time t to time t (e.g. 4 seconds), only rim water spouting (latter rim water spouting) is continued.
13
14
36
32
Subsequently, at time t-t, the water supply path switching valve switches from the rim-side fully open to tank-side fully open position. Flush water is thus accumulated in the reservoir tank .
15
32
20
34
20
b
Next, at time t, the upper end float switch turns ON due to the rise in water level in the reservoir tank , which turns OFF the electromagnetic on/off valve (a closing operation) such that the inflow of flush water to the reservoir tank is stopped.
16
36
0
Next, at time t, the water supply path switching valve returns to the neutral position at which it communicates with both the rim side and the tank side, and is restored to the standby state (the same state as at time t).
FIG. 3
Next, returning to , we discuss the relationships in the height direction between major parts of the flush toilet according to the present embodiment.
46
1
70
70
2
20
3
22
22
4
2
5
70
70
6
12
7
a
a
b
Assuming the highest position in the jet-side water supply path is L, the upper end position of the overflow path (the position of the upper end ) is L, the highest water level in normal use within the reservoir tank is L, the upper end position of the pressurizing pump pump chamber is L, the position of the toilet main unit overflow edge is L, the lower end position of the overflow path (the position of the lower end ) is L, and the level of accumulated water in bowl portion is L, the following positional relationships are established for the flush toilet of the present embodiment.
1
46
3
1
3
20
45
46
12
20
3
20
First, the highest position L in the jet-side water supply path is set to be equal to or higher than the position of the highest water level L inside the reservoir tank during the normal operation. By setting L and L in this way, flush water stored in the reservoir tank will not pass through the pump-side water supply path and the jet-side water supply path to be supplied to the bowl portion when water is supplied to the reservoir tank , therefore the highest level L in the reservoir tank can be achieved.
2
70
20
3
70
2
6
7
70
6
7
12
Next, the upper end position L of the overflow path is set to be equal to or higher than the reservoir tank highest water level L, and the overflow path upper end position L is set to be higher than the overflow path lower end position L and the accumulated water level L in the bowl portion. At this point the overflow path lower end position L is set to be equal to or higher than the accumulated water level L in the bowl portion .
2
3
6
7
20
46
20
16
3
20
20
46
20
3
70
46
2
70
6
70
6
70
7
12
46
12
20
22
70
2
6
46
20
16
46
20
70
16
16
Setting L, L, L, and L to have this positional relationship enables correct functioning of the overflow of flush water in the reservoir tank , and permits air to be supplied to the jet-side water supply path for reliable partitioning between the reservoir tank and the jet water spouting port so as to stabilize the highest water level L in the reservoir tank , thereby promoting the discharge toward the reservoir tank side of air accumulated in the jet-side water supply path . That is, when the flush water volume increases in the reservoir tank and the water level in the tank exceeds the highest level L, flush water is discharged from the overflow path to the jet-side water supply path . At this point, the upper end position L of the overflow path is set at a higher position than the lower end position L, therefore flush water is able to flow smoothly in the overflow path . Furthermore, because the lower end L of the overflow path is set to be equal to or higher than the accumulated water level L in the bowl portion , flush water in the jet-side water supply path is smoothly discharged into the bowl portion . When the water level in the reservoir tank drops after the pressurizing pump is driven, air is supplied from the overflow path upper end position L through the lower end L to the jet-side water supply path , and a partition between the reservoir tank and the jet water spouting port can thus be accomplished. Note also that air accumulated in the jet-side water supply path at the time of the next pressurizing pump operation is discharged into the reservoir tank via the overflow path , as a result of which less air is discharged from the jet water spouting port , thus reducing the noise accompanying the air discharge at the jet water spouting port .
46
1
70
2
5
2
20
Moreover, the jet-side water supply path highest position L and the overflow path upper end position L are set to be higher than the position L of the overflow edge on the toilet main unit , therefore even if by some chance the drain trap pipe became blocked, backflow into the reservoir tank of dirty water in the bowl portion could be prevented.
46
1
70
2
7
12
12
20
Note that the jet-side water supply path highest position L and the overflow path upper end position L are higher than the accumulated water level L in the bowl portion , therefore in normal use backflow from the bowl portion to the reservoir tank is prevented.
22
3
20
4
22
22
22
22
22
a
a
a
In addition, when the pressurizing pump is not a self-priming pump, the highest water level L in the reservoir tank under normal use is set to be higher than the upper end position L of the pressurizing pump pump chamber , therefore the pressurizing pump pump chamber is filled with flush water, and air cavitation, which occurs in non-self priming pumps due to air remaining in the pump chamber , can be prevented.
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
Next, referring to , a flush toilet according to another embodiment of the present invention will be described. is an schematic overview showing a flush toilet according to another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6
80
80
80
42
50
a
As shown in , a reservoir tank is an open-type reservoir tank in which the upper end is left open. Flush water to this reservoir tank is supplied by a tank-side water supply path , and return flush water thereto is also supplied by a return pipe .
43
44
In another flush toilet embodiment, the ball-type check valves and in the embodiments described above are not provided.
0
80
5
2
70
80
14
2
80
11
Here, the overflow edge position L of the open-type reservoir tank is set to be higher than the overflow edge position L of the toilet main unit . As a result, in this flush toilet according to another embodiment, if flush water were ever to exceed the capacity of the overflow path in the reservoir tank and flow inward due to a breakage of blockage of the drain trap pipe or the like, such that the water level rose, that flush water would leak away from the toilet main unit overflow edge. As a result, the user would note the anomaly in the toilet and could take some action. This is because the user would not notice a leakage of water, since the reservoir tank is covered by said panels .
FIG. 1
is a side elevation showing a flush toilet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is a plan view of the flush toilet shown in .
FIG. 3
is an overview schematic view showing the flush toilet according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4
is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a flapper valve and surrounding area thereof used in a flush toilet according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5
is a timing chart showing the flush operation in the flush toilet according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6
is an overview schematic view showing a flush toilet according to another embodiment of the present invention.
1
flush toilet
2
flush toilet main unit
10
functional portion
12
bowl portion
14
train trap pipe
16
jet water spouting port
18
rim water spouting port
20
80
, reservoir tank
22
pressurizing pump
24
water supply path
32
constant volume valve
34
electromagnetic on/off valve
36
water supply path switching valve
38
rim-side water supply path
40
tank-side water supply path
43
44
, ball-type check valve
45
pump-side water supply path
46
jet-side water supply path
62
controller
64
a
upper end float switch
64
b
lower end float switch
70
overflow path
72
flapper valve
1
L highest position in jet-side water supply path
2
L upper end position of overflow path
3
L highest water level in normal use within reservoir tank
4
L upper end position in pump chamber of pressurizing pump
5
L position of toilet main unit overflow edge
6
L lower end position of overflow path
7
L level of accumulated water in bowl portion | |
Being a veg-head in certain parts of Mexico is challenging, especially in the north, the land of the carne asada. However, I would argue that Monterrey is leading the nation in vegetarian friendly cuisine, regardless of the fact that there is a taco stand on every street corner. Below is a list of vegetarian/vegan restaurants that will even make meat-eaters smile.
*Note: many of these places are cash only!
Please reload
To get started with Disqus head to the Settings panel. | https://www.expatsinmonterrey.com/single-post/2016/04/11/Monterrey%C2%B4s-Best-Vegetarian-Restaurants |
Why rural people?
Meet the people
The issues
Our approach
Agricultural research for development
Food Systems
Project design and management
Grants design and management
Country strategic opportunities programme
IFAD and the SDGs
Innovation at IFAD
South-south and triangular cooperation (SSTC)
Policy engagement
Scaling-up results
Targeting
Topics
Covid-19
Crops
Climate and environment
Nutrition
Gender
Indigenous peoples
Land
Livestock and rangeland
Market access
Rural finance
Institutions and organizations
Water
Youth
Fisheries and aquaculture
Farmer organizations
Countries
Countries
Regions
Asia and the Pacific
East and Southern Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
Near East, North Africa, Europe and Central Asia
West and Central Africa
Impact
Projects and programmes
Grants
Development effectiveness
Impact assessment
Results Management Framework Dashboard
Initiatives and facilities
Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme
Agri-Business Capital (ABC) Fund
China-IFAD South-South and Triangular Cooperation Facility
Rural Poor Stimulus Facility
Climate and Commodity Hedging to Enable Transformation
Facility for Refugees, Migrants, Forced Displacement and Rural Stability
Financing Facility for Remittances
Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility
Insurance for Rural Resilience and Economic Development
International Aid Transparency Initiative
National Designated Authorities partnership platform
International Land Coalition
Platform for Agricultural Risk Management
Rural Resilience Programme
Smallholder and Agri-SME Finance and Investment Network
Joint Programme on Accelerating Progress towards the Economic Empowerment of Rural Women
Private Sector Financing Programme
Global gender transformative approaches initiative for women’s land rights
Nourishing people and the Earth through inclusive and sustainable agriculture
Evaluation
Independent office of evaluation
Knowledge
Annual reports
Books
Communities
E-learning
Factsheets
In Brief
Research
Tools and guidelines
Evaluation publications
Series
Latest
News
Stories
Blogs
Events
Photo essays
Videos
Speeches
Campaigns
Podcasts
About
Vision
History
Strategic Framework
Governance
Member States
Governing Council
Executive Board
Audit Committee
Evaluation Committee
Replenishment
Working Group on the Transition Framework
Working group on the Performance-based Allocation System
Groups and committees
Leadership
President
Experts
Finance
Corporate finance
Project financial management
Financial products and terms
Lending data
Financial indicators and trends
Debt Sustainability
Corporate documents
Governing body documents
Transparency and accountability
Ethics
Anti-corruption
Corporate procurement
Project procurement
Operational reporting
Operations Dashboard
Partners
Ambassadors and Advocates
Companies
Foundations
Investors
Governments
Multilateral organizations
Non-governmental organizations
Producer organizations
Research and academic institutions
United Nations agencies
Careers
Professional and general service
Consultancies
JPO programme
Internship programme
FAQs
Core values
Forums
Farmers Forum
Indigenous Peoples' Forum
Global Forum on Remittances, Investment and Development
Contact us
Search
X
Speeches
Speeches and Statements
Speeches and Statements
Manual Submenu Topics
LATEST
/
NEWS
STORIES
BLOGS
EVENTS
PHOTO ESSAYS
VIDEOS
SPEECHES
CAMPAIGNS
Podcasts
Search Results Filters
Countries
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Fiji
Gabon
Gambia (The)
Georgia
Ghana
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Jamaica
Jordan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Republic of North Macedonia
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Rwanda
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Topics
Climate and environment
Covid-19
Crops
Farmer organizations
Fisheries
Gender
Indigenous peoples
Institutions and organizations
Land
Livestock and rangeland
Market access
Nutrition
Rural finance
Water
Youth
Subjects
Agricultural technology
Agricultural research for development
Biodiversity
Biogas
Country Level Policy Engagement
Conservation agriculture
Desertification
disability
Ebola
Environment and Natural Resource Management
Family farming
Food loss and waste
Food Systems
Forestry
Fragile states
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Global Level Policy Engagement
HIV
Household methodologies
Integrated Approach Programme
ICT for Development
Information and communication technology
Innovation
Millennium Development Goals
Middle-Income Countries
Migration
Organic farming
Pastoralism
Policy engagement
Post 2015 agenda
Recipes for change
Rainfed agriculture
Remittances
Renewable energy technologies
System Of Rice Intensification
Risk and resilience
Rural enterprise
Rural-urban
Sahel
Sustainable Development Goals
Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures (SECAP)
Small Island Developing States
Targeting
Trade liberalization
Value chain
Year
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
Search
Search Results
05
JUN
Discours du Ministre Tchadien pour lAgriculture et lIrrigation,Son Excellence Monsieur Djimé Adoumau 35ème Conseil des Gouverneurs du FIDA
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Speech by IFAD President at the Leading Group on innovative financing for development - The concept of Innovative Financing for Development
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement by IFAD President on the occasion of World Food Day Italy with the United Nations
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement by IFAD President at the NEPAD-IFAD workshop on mainstreaming agriculture and food security risk management in CAADP implementation and inauguration of the Platform for Agricultural Risk Management (PARM)
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Allocution du Président du FIDA à loccasion de la journée mondiale de l’alimentation au Maroc
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement by IFAD President on the occasion of the signing ceremony of the United Nations system participation contract in Expo Milano 2015
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement by IFAD President at the 12th Annual Worldwide forum on Education and Culture
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement by IFAD President at the high-level luncheon hosted by IFAD on “Creating vibrant rural economies: Cultivating inclusive growth in a world of climate risk”
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
El desafío consistente en acabar con la pobreza rural - Discurso principal pronunciado por el Sr. Lennart Båge Presidente del FIDA
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty - Address by Lennart Båge
Languages
:
English,
Spanish,
French
03
JUN
Poverty and Sustainable Development in Agriculture
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement by Mr Lennart Båge, President of IFAD, to the Fifth Conference of Parties of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
President Båges Statement to Third Session of the Preparatory Committee for the International Conference on Financing for Development, 16-17 October 2001
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement of the President of IFAD Launching of the Nigeria Rural Development Strategy
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement of Lennart Båge, President of IFAD to the Development Committee
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement of Lennart Båge, President of IFAD
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Second European Forum on Sustainable Rural Development: Statement by Lennart Båge
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Smallholder farmers are at the centre of the President’s mission to Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Statement by Lennart Båge to the close of the VII Specialized Meeting on Family Agriculture in MERCOSUR (REAF)
Languages
:
English
03
JUN
Båge convened climate change meeting at IFAD
Languages
:
English
20 Entries
Per Page
1
Entries per Page
2
Entries per Page
3
Entries per Page
4
Entries per Page
5
Entries per Page
6
Entries per Page
7
Entries per Page
8
Entries per Page
9
Entries per Page
10
Entries per Page
20
Entries per Page
30
Entries per Page
50
Entries per Page
75
Entries per Page
100
Entries per Page
125
Entries per Page
Showing 881 to 900 of 1,122 entries.
Previous Page
Page
1
...
Intermediate Pages
Page
2
Page
3
Page
4
Page
5
Page
6
Page
7
Page
8
Page
9
Page
10
Page
11
Page
12
Page
13
Page
14
Page
15
Page
16
Page
17
Page
18
Page
19
Page
44
Page
45
Page
46
... | https://www.ifad.org/en/web/latest/speeches?start=45 |
Histoplanimetrical study on the relationship between cellular kinetics of epithelial cells and proliferation of indigenous bacteria in the rat colon.
The aim of this study was to clarify the regulatory effects of epithelial kinetics on indigenous bacterial proliferation in the large intestine. The lifespan, migration speed and proliferation rate of crypt epithelial cells in the initial 20% of the colon (proximal colon) and the 50% of the colon (middle colon) in bromodeoxyuridine-administrated rats were histoplanimetrically and chronologically compared. The proximal colon possessed well-developed mucosal folds and a large amount of indigenous bacteria which filled the crypt lumen, whereas no folds or bacteria were found to occupy the crypt lumen in the middle colon. The cell lifespans were 32.2, 42.5 and 33.6 hr in the apical and the basal parts of the mucosal folds of the proximal colon, and in the middle colon, respectively. The migration speeds were 4.2, 2.1 and 3.3 microm/hr, respectively, while the appearance frequencies of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive crypt epithelial cells were 35.0, 24.6 and 33.8%. These findings suggest that the lifespan was shortened and the migration speed increased in the most luminal mucosa of colon, contributing to the elimination of the adhered bacteria from the most luminal mucosa. By contrast, the elongation of the lifespan and deceleration of the migration of epithelial cells in the basal parts of the mucosal folds might contribute to reliable settlement of indigenous bacteria, resulting in the maintenance of a large amount of indigenous bacteria in the lumen of the proximal colon.
| |
Master of Science in Mathematical Finance (MSMF)
The 17-month Master of Science in Mathematical Finance (MSMF) program focuses on the crux of mathematical concepts that led to the development of the Black-Scholes option pricing method and have grown recently into a universal tool for creating effective investment strategies and risk-analysis.
A distinguishing characteristic of the MSMF is the careful integration of certain practical domains of mathematics with an in-depth study of the theory and practice of modern finance. Our view of the field of mathematical finance (MF) has always been that “mathematical” modifies “finance” and that understanding the nature of the Brownian motion, however instrumental, does not amount to an understanding of finance. Therefore, this program focuses on the unique field of mathematical finance
rather than treating mathematics and finance as separate entities.
Summer internship
In addition to a comprehensive curriculum, you will have an opportunity to complete a two-month summer internship, allowing you to put your newly developed skills to the test. The internship adds real-world experience to your resume and helps you expand your network, making you more attractive to potential employers.
Alumni network
As a student at Boston University, you will have numerous opportunities to connect with alumni of the Math Finance program. In addition, you will have access to our extensive network of more than 45,000 Questrom School of Business alumni, as well as the 300,000 alumni of the entire University.Source: www.bu.edu
Category: Payday loans
Similar articles: | http://credit-help.pro/payday-loans/2221 |
By end of day tomorrow, Collingwood’s drive-thru COVID-19 vaccination clinic will have given about 700 doses of vaccine to area residents.
The first 222 of those were given during a snowstorm.
The local clinic, which already operates as a COVID-19 assessment site, started administering vaccines on Monday, March 1 in blizzard conditions.
Run by the Georgian Bay Family Health Team with support from the health unit, the site is set up for people to remain in their vehicles for their test, and the same system is applied to vaccination.
Marie LaRose, executive director of the family health team, said they are scheduling staffing and appointments based on vaccine allotments. This week the Collingwood Legion site was used for vaccinations on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Next week, the Wasaga Beach RecPlex site will be administering vaccines three days of the week.
The vaccine shortage is preventing the clinics from operating at their full potential.
“That’s obviously super frustrating,” said LaRose. "Mostly because of patient perspective … they’re so keen to get it.”
She said the clinics could operate seven days a week with extended hours into the night. Both sites could be vaccinating at the same time, and they could accommodate five lanes of drive-thru.
“We could really do whatever they can throw at us,” said LaRose. “We’ve got the people to do the work, the places to do the work, we can extend the hours … it’s just a case of getting the actual product – the vaccine.”
She is excited to see vaccinations starting locally and looks forward to the day they can offer more to more people.
Because of the drive-thru set up, she said the vaccination process is over in minutes and then each patient must wait in their car in the parking lot for fifteen minutes.
The clinics are also prepared with plans should there be leftover vaccines at the end of the day whether because of cancelled appointments or miscalculations.
The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in use in Simcoe Muskoka has strict storage requirements, and cannot be put back once thawed.
LaRose said the clinics keep waiting lists of people who have said they can come to the clinic with 30 minutes notice to receive a dose. As the family health team, they also have electronic medical records and can reach out to eligible populations to see if they can (and want to) come for a last-minute appointment.
“We will not waste any vaccine,” said LaRose.
Since vaccinations will be administered at the Wasaga clinic next week, the Collingwood clinic will be back to operating as a COVID test site by appointment. You can book a testing appointment via the family health team website. You cannot book vaccine appointments there, those must be done through the health unit right now.
Currently, the Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit states vaccination appointments and the waiting list are full.
If you are on the waiting list, you will be called about an available appointment. The caller will not ask for your social insurance number or banking information, they will ask you to confirm your date of birth.
The province will also be launching its online booking system on March 15. Further information on how to access the system is not available yet.
You can visit the health unit website here for ongoing updates on the availability of appointments and eligibility criteria. | https://www.collingwoodtoday.ca/coronavirus-covid-19-local-news/about-700-doses-of-covid-vaccine-given-in-collingwood-this-week-3518947 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.