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walking speed is essential to keeping the application rate relatively uniform throughout the operation. ... A higher travel speed will result in a lower application rate. Maintaining a uniform spraying ... pressure is also essential both for keeping the application rate and the droplet size uniform during the ...
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Equipment Needed for Planting and Maintaining Food Plots
https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/anr-82
rates of plant survival after germination (image five). If seeds are planted too deeply, after ... to increase soil pH. Applications rates of 2-3 tons per acre are not uncommon in Ohio, so ...
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Pierce A. Paul
https://plantpath.osu.edu/our-people/pierce-paul
Effects of Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rate on Wheat Grain Yield and Profitability as Influenced by Diseases. ...
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Nutrients Removed with Harvested Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Grain in Ohio
https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/anr-74
rates in corn, soybean, and wheat in Ohio. Summary of Findings Grain nutrient concentrations were ... nutrient concentrations of P and K have decreased, indicating lower P and K removal rates per bushel of ... grain. Decreased nutrient removal rates per bushel of grain indicate crops are becoming more efficient. ...
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Global Climate Change: Update 2020
https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-203
14,000 years ago, the rate of temperature rise increased a great deal. This created a rather unique ... would accelerate the rate of sea level rise in the second half of the 21st century by 1–3 feet. A warmer ...
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Spraying Paint
https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/aex-59147
air movement in a small booth must be at least 100 feet per minute; in larger booths the rate is at ... least 150 linear feet per minute. This is the standard ventilation rate. Monitor the movement with ...
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Sesquicentennial Scholars making waves
https://advancement.cfaes.ohio-state.edu/newsletter/cfaes-connect/january-2020/sesquicentennial-scholars-making-waves
(100 percent success rate!). Recently, I have embraced my role as a doctoral student in one of the most ...
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Managing Marestail in No-till Soybeans
https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/anr-72
+ Sharpen (Xtend soybeans) Glufosinate + Sharpen + metribuzin Metribuzin rates—0.3 to 0.5 pounds per ai Step ... products and premixes Equivalent of 0.3 to 0.5 lb ai metribuzin Add more metribuzin as necessary if rate in ...
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Researcher, Bioinformatics [email protected] Saranga Wijeratne, MS System Developer, Bioinformatics ... bioinformatics to support research at the OARDC, by providing an engaging work environment, space, infrastructure ... become the place to be for learning and performing bioinformatics research at the OARDC, the place where ...
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CFAES Homecoming Weekend 2019
https://advancement.cfaes.ohio-state.edu/events/cfaes-homecoming-weekend-2019
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Firms are required to carry out an internal client money reconciliation each business day (CASS 7.15.12 R and CASS 7.15.15R(1)) or as required by CASS 7.15.15R(4) after a primary pooling event3. This section sets out methods of reconciliation that are appropriate for these purposes (the standard methods of internal client money reconciliation).
Where a firm establishes one or more sub-pools, the provisions of CASS 7.16 (The standard methods of internal client money reconciliation) shall be read as applying to the firm's general pool and each sub-pool individually, in line with CASS 7.19.3 R and CASS 7.19.4 R.
A non-standard method of internal client money reconciliation is a method of internal client money reconciliation which does not meet the requirements of this section.
Where a firm uses a non-standard method of internal client money reconciliation it is reminded that it must comply with the requirements in CASS 7.15.18 R.
A firm that adopts the normal approach to segregating client money (CASS 7.13.6 R) will be using the methods in this section to check whether it has correctly segregated client money in its client bank accounts.
A firm that adopts the alternative approach to segregating client money (CASS 7.13.54 G) will be using the methods in this section to calculate how much money it needs to withdraw from, or place in, client bank accounts as a result of any discrepancy arising between its client money requirement and its client money resource at the close of business on the previous business day.
A firm that receives client money in the form of cash, a cheque or other payable order is reminded that it must pay that money (eg, into a client bank account) no later than on the business day after it receives the money (see CASS 7.13.32 R). Once deposited into a client bank account, that receipt of client money should form part of the firm's client money resource (see CASS 7.16.8 R). In calculating its client money requirement, a firm will need to take into account any client money received as cash, cheques or payment orders but not yet deposited into a client bank account (see CASS 7.16.25 R (3) and CASS 7.16.26 G).
The client money resource is the aggregate balance on the firm's client bank accounts.
its client money resource should not include the cash, cheques or payment orders received but not yet deposited in a client bank account.
The guidance in (1) is consistent with a firm's obligations to maintain its internal records in an accurate way, particularly their correspondence to the client money held for clients.
the net negative add-back method (CASS 7.16.17 R).
The client money requirement should represent the total amount of client money a firm is required to have segregated in client bank accounts under the client money rules.
CASS 7.16.11 R does not prevent a firm from adopting a net negative add-back method as part of a non-standard method of internal client money reconciliation.
CASS 7.16.12 R does not prevent a CASS loan-based crowdfunding firm from adopting the individual client balance method as part of a non-standard method of internal client money reconciliation.
If a firm uses the individual client balance method in respect of some of its business lines and the net negative add-back method in respect of others it will be conducting a non-standard method of internal client money reconciliation.
certain other matters (CASS 7.16.16 R (3) and CASS 7.16.25 R).
CASS 7.16.22 E is an evidential provision which sets out a method firms should use for calculating how much they should be holding in total for each individual client for non-margined transactions.
The calculation in CASS 7.16.22 E permits a firm to calculate either one individual client balance across all its products and business lines1 for each client or a number of individual client balances for each1 client equal to the number of products or business lines1 operated by the firm in connection with that client1 (see CASS 7.16.22 E (1)).
The calculation referred to in (2)(b) may also be applied by different types of firms and, as a result, each firm will need to apply the calculation in way which recognises the business model under which that firm operates.
certain other matters (see CASS 7.16.17 R (2) and CASS 7.16.25 R).
any amounts that have been segregated as client money according to the firm's records under any of the following: CASS 7.13.51 R (1) (prudent segregation record), CASS 7.13.66 R (alternative approach mandatory prudent segregation record) and/or1 CASS 7.13.74 R (clearing arrangement mandatory prudent segregation record).
an amount that offsets each negative net amount which the firm's internal records show attributed to that account for an individual client.
A firm which utilises the net negative add-back method is reminded that it must do so in a way which allows it to maintain its records so that, at any time, the firm is able to promptly determine the total amount of client money it should be holding for each client (see CASS 7.15.5 R (1)).
For the purposes of CASS 7.16.17 R, a firm should be able to readily use the figures previously recorded in its internal records and ledgers (for example, its cashbook or other internal accounting records) as at the close of business on the previous business day without undertaking any additional steps to determine the balances in the firm's client bank accounts.
For1 the purposes of CASS 7.16.17 R, a firm should take into account any amounts that have been segregated as client money according to the firm's records under either or both CASS 7.13.50 R (prudent segregation record) and CASS 7.13.66 R (alternative approach mandatory prudent segregation record).
The sum of positive individual client balances for each client should represent the total amount of all money the firm holds, has received or is obligated to have received or be holding as client money in a client bank account for that client for non-margined transactions.
proceeds remitted to the client for sales transactions by, or for, the client if the client has not delivered the designated investments.
deduct any amounts due and payable by the client to the firm (see CASS 7.11.25 R).
Compliance with (1), (2) and (3)1 may be relied on as tending to establish compliance with CASS 7.16.21 R.
ensure it has taken into account all client money the firm should be holding in connection with clients' non-margined transactions.
exclude these balances when calculating its client money requirement (eg, where the firm only records client receipts to its cashbook once deposited with a bank).
In line with (1)(a), the firm will need to ensure that, before finalising the calculation of its client money requirement within this section, it deducts these balances, to ensure that they do not give rise to a discrepancy between the firm's client money requirement and client money resource (see CASS 7.15.29 R).
In line with (1)(b), although the balances concerned do not form part of the firm's client money requirement, the firm must continue to account for all receipts of client money as cash, cheques or payment orders but not yet deposited in a client bank account in its records and accounts (see CASS 7.13.32 R and CASS 7.15.9 R).
In accordance with CASS 7.16.25 R (5), where a firm has allowed another person to hold client money in connection with a client's non-margined transaction (eg, in a client transaction account under CASS 7.14 (Client money held by a third party))1, the firm should include these balances when calculating its client money requirement.
If a firm is utilising the individual client balance method (CASS 7.16.16 R) to calculate its client money requirement, CASS 7.16.21 R requires the firm to include the sums its holds for each client that are placed with another person in connection with a client's non-margined transaction when calculating a client's individual client balance (eg, see CASS 7.16.22 E and items C1 and E2).
Under (1) and (2), the firm will need to ensure that, before finalising the calculation of its client money requirement within this section, it deducts positive2 balances held for clients adding back negative balances attributable to2 clients' non-margined transactions in client transaction accounts, to ensure that they do not give rise to a discrepancy between the firm's client money requirement and client money resource (see CASS 7.15.29 R).
Under (1), (2) and (3), in determining the balances of client money a firm has allowed another person to hold in connection with a client's non-margined transaction or the balances held for clients' non-margined transactions in client transaction accounts, a firm should use the values contained in its internal records and ledgers (see CASS 7.15.13 R).
Subject to CASS 7.16.30 R, a client's equity balance is the amount which the firm would be liable to pay to the client (or the client to the firm) under the client money rules for margined transactions if each of the open positions were liquidated at the closing or settlement prices published by the relevant exchange or other appropriate pricing source and the account with the firm were closed. This notional balance should include any unrealised losses or profits associated with that client's open positions, and any margin the firm has received from the client in connection with those positions.
Subject to CASS 7.16.30 R, a firm's equity balance is the amount which the firm would be liable to pay to the exchange, clearing house, intermediate broker or OTC counterparty (or vice-versa) for the firm's margined transactions if each of the open positions of those of the firm's clients that are entitled to protection under the client money rules were liquidated at the closing or settlement prices published by the relevant exchange or other appropriate pricing source and the firm's client transaction accounts with that exchange, clearing house, intermediate broker or OTC counterparty were closed. This notional balance should include any unrealised losses or profits associated with the open positions the firm holds for clients and any margin the firm holds for clients in the relevant client transaction accounts.
The terms 'client's equity balance' and 'firm's equity balance' refer to cash values and do not include non-cash collateral or other designated investments (including approved collateral) the firm holds for a margined transaction.
The margined transaction requirement should represent the total amount of client money a firm is required under the client money rules to segregate in client bank accounts for margined transactions. The calculation in CASS 7.16.33 R is designed to ensure that an amount of client money is held in client bank accounts which equals at least the difference between the equity the firm holds at exchanges, clearing houses, intermediate brokers and OTC counterparties for margined transactions for clients entitled to protection under the client money rules, and the amount due to clients under the client money rules for those same margined transactions. With this calculation, a firm's margined transaction requirement should represent, if positions were unwound, the firm's gross liabilities to clients entitled to protection under the client money rules for margined transactions.
the net aggregate of the firm's equity balance (negative balances being deducted from positive balances) on client transaction accounts for customers with exchanges, clearing houses, intermediate brokers and OTC counterparties.
To meet the total margin transaction requirement3, a firm may appropriate and use its own approved collateral, provided it meets the requirements in (2).
update the record made under (b) whenever the firm ceases to appropriate and use approved collateral under this rule.
when, in respect of a client, there is a negative individual client balance and a positive client equity balance, offset the credit against the debit and, therefore, have a reduced client equity balance (CASS 7.16.28 R) for that client. | https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/CASS/7/16.html?date=2019-01-31 |
Reducing my wardrobe feels like it’s going SO SLOWLY with only 26 items per month, so this month I was going to “re-home” 78 pieces of clothing to cover the next three months.
OMG, WHO WAS I KIDDING?
I could barely find 26. I guess slow and steady is the best approach after all.
I’ve also learned that I have some emotional attachments to my clothing – which is so strange to me because I don’t have emotional attachments to ANY of my other belongings. And since I’m not particularly fond of shopping for clothing or buying new clothing, I can’t believe that I’m having a hard time letting go of some of these things.
When I did my original clothing inventory in May, my biggest category was [of all things] tank tops. I had a whopping 57 tank tops! That’s about the same number of warm weather days in Chicagoland each summer! Each month, I look through my entire drawer dedicated to tank tops and try to pick the ones I don’t need…and I can never seem to let any of them go! It’s like my love of summer has me hanging on to these items I will never even get the chance to wear.
Anyway, this month I’m [FINALLY] letting go of 10 tank tops. [Yay! I did it!]
The other clothing items in the donation bin this month are five t-shirts, two workout pants, three scarves, two pajama sets, a blazer, one pair of sweatpants, and two pairs of shorts.
Good thing I have thirty days to find the next 26 clothing pieces to purge! | https://nomakeupmama.com/2018/07/31/july-clothing-donation/ |
There is quite the debate surrounding the effectiveness of pie charts. They are criticized by data visualization experts like Stephen Few and Edward Tufte for their lack of value and usefulness in monitoring and analyzing data. Despite this, pie charts remain one of the most common forms of visual display used to represent statistical data in the corporate world.
We are often left wondering: since pie charts are so pervasive in the business world, should we just continue using them? Research by data visualization experts says no. Just because something is common doesn’t mean it’s a good approach. So should we follow the advice and stop? If they are that bad, why do so many people still use them? Let’s take a look at some of the issues with pie charts and what can be used instead, so that you know when to skip the pie.
We’ll start off by looking at the ONE advantage that pie charts bring to data which is the reason why they are such a popular visual display media.
Pie charts can present data in a simple and easy to understand manner – if there are very few data points and you are comparing each to the total. The example below displays the top three most common injury types that have been reported in incidents for the past year.
It’s easy to tell what the most common and least common injury type is between the injury types being represented. So far so good, but does this clarity work in all cases? Realistically, much of the data you are analyzing won’t be as clearly segmented, and there will often be more than three pieces of data to compare.
Now we’ve added more slices to the pie to compare the injury types that have been reported in incidents. It’s still clear that the more common injury types remain Abrasion and Bruise; however it’s harder to compare the difference between Laceration, Fracture, Strain and Chemical Burn as the pie slices look very similar.
Another issue with this pie chart is that the additional pie slices force me to remember the color association for each injury type. If more injury types were to be added to this chart, this task becomes increasingly difficult.
In order to get around these issues, we could add labels to the pie chart. By adding labels we’ll get rid of the issue of clarity between the different slices of the pie. We also eliminate the issue of having to memorize the color to injury type association.
This problem now, though, is that we still need to remember each value, and compare them in our head. We do not have the ability to perform a comparison visually.
Problem 3: Too Many Ingredients – A Recipe For Clutter
As the pie grows we can add labels to know exactly what each piece of the pie represents and can compare each slice individually. But this doesn’t seem right – the advantage of using a pie chart is supposed to be its simplicity and clear visual representation! All of a sudden we have cluttered our pie chart with too many labels just to contain the context needed in order for this pie chart to be truly useful.
While pie charts have one advantage for small data sets, they have several disadvantages. It really comes down to this – what is it that you are trying to get out of your data? With a clear answer to this question, you can better determine the most appropriate form of display. Here are a few alternative display methods which may be more suitable to represent your data.
Pie Chart Alternatives
Solution 1: Big Numbers
If you are interested in finding out the top three injury types that were reported in incidents, the pie chart from our first example may still be appropriate. However, if the numbers are close, it may be difficult to make an accurate comparison between the three values. Instead you could consider a different means of displaying that information; such as “big numbers”. Using a big number eliminates the need of having memorized color codes for each injury type while doing your analysis and you also do not run the risk of not being able to compare your values since they will be immediately available to you.
Big numbers worked well in the above example for a quick comparison but wouldn’t be practical for displaying any more than three categories of data, as you still need to keep the data in your head – there is no visual comparison.
Solution 2: Bar Charts
Next we’ll try a horizontal bar chart which will easily allow us to compare the information needed at a glance. Again we are not being troubled to memorize color codes to match what each bar represents. We can also add labels at the end of the bars to represent what the value of the bars are if we are interested in exact values. This does not cause clutter and we are not overlapping labels within our graph, unlike in the pie chart example.
In the scenarios described above, the alternative display media work better at meeting our data objectives then a pie chart. It is important to keep in mind that the display media you choose is dependent on what you are trying to get out of your data.
Conclusion
You now have a better understanding of the VelocityEHS approach to data visualization and insight into the way our software is designed. Our goal is to provide intuitive and simple software that helps improve organizational performance. When your company has a complex global structure, it is important to be able to easily summarize large amounts of data in a way that can help you improve overall EHS performance. | https://www.ehs.com/2014/07/why-pie-charts-dont-work-improving-data-visualization/ |
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of improving the degree of freedom in the extension directions of three or more branch electric wires. A wiring member (10) is provided with a plurality of electric wires (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25), a first resin molded part (40), and a second resin molded part (50). Among the plurality of electric wires (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25),the first bundle electric wire section (30) branches into a first branch electric wire section (32) and a second bundle electric wire section (34) at a first branching position (P1), and the second bundle electric wire section (34) branches into a second branch electric wire section (36) and a third branch electric wire section (38) at a second branching position (P2). The first resin molded part(40) covers the electric wires (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25) at a first branching position (P1), and maintains the extension direction of the first branch electric wire part (32). The second resin moldedpart (50) is molded separately from the first resin molded part (40), covers the electric wires (22, 23, 24, 25) at the second branching position (P2), and maintains the extension directions of the second branch electric wire part (36) and the third branch electric wire part (38). | |
Wisdom of socrates - socrates was a man that was in search of the truth about wisdom however, it became more than just a simple search, rather it tuned into a complex assignment where the answer of true wisdom leads socrates to be brought up on charges of corrupting society. Socratic wisdom essay socratic wisdom in the apology, the oracle at delphi stated that socrates was the wisest man of his time (plato 21a) socrates, however, “[was] very conscious that [he was] not wise at all”, which would not make him the wisest man of his time (21b. Socrates views on virtue and happiness this essay socrates views on virtue and happiness and other 64,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom autor: review • december 28, 2010 • essay • 1,022 words (5 pages) • 1,247 views. The socratic method is also a means of conversing, developing a dialogue that aims to bring awareness to person’s ignorance of a subject it aims to free other from ignorance, encourage them on their path to self-knowledge, assist then in leading good, virtuous life and ultimately improve the welfare of their souls.
Socrates then proceeds to interrogate meletus, the man primarily responsible for bringing socrates before the jury this is the only instance in the apology of the elenchus, or cross-examination, which is so central to most platonic dialogues. A person of human wisdom “recognizes that he fails to know what he fails to know”19 according to this account, h2, socrates’ human wisdom is to be understood in terms of the truth of the following conditional: r: for all relevant p, if socrates does not know that p, then he would not believe he knows that p20 socrates is humanly wise. Wisdom of socrates, condemned to philosophy of socrates length: he wrote four texts on socrates a twentieth century philosophy v sophists and logic socratic philosophy posted to task for all those who engage in the philosophical idea that prompted it depends recalls the most talented writers.
The body to him was an obstacle in the search for knowledge and there is a division between the body and soul the soul being immortal and that wisdom and virtue come from the soul. Socrates view of death in the phaedo, crito, and apology is complex his argument tries to prove that philosophers, of all people, are in the best state to die or will be in the best state after life because of the life they lead. Introduction this essay is a product of over thirty years of my research and experimentation in the socratic method and thirteen years of work in the field of curriculum development.
What is wisdom essays defining wisdom is a difficult and often contentious undertaking throughout history, important thinkers like plato, thoreau, pieper, frankl and huxley have provided a different understanding of the purpose of life and of the meaning of wisdom itself their views have. In my initial “what is wisdom” essay, i make the case that wisdom arises out of experience, and that adversity is an experience uniquely suited to the development of wisdom wisdom development is, i believe, a step beyond resilience, but creating resilience is preparing the ground for wisdom and a fundamental message that socrates. Defining knowledge and wisdom it can be hard to define knowledge and wisdom unless you take a closer look at the two knowledge is something that you have learned and wisdom is information that you gather from experiences and can also be considered as wise. In fact, socratic wisdom is wisdom that is manifest and known the socratic process of probing and inquiry is designed specifically to eliminate that which cannot be known or that which is irrelevant to the pursuit of wisdom and understanding.
Socrates was a plebeian, of common stock, which set him at a disadvantage in the aristocratic world of ancient greece he was a muscular, thick-set man he was not pretty and he was not well bred. Aristotle, with whom virtue ethics is largely identified, categorized the virtues as moral virtues (including prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance) and intellectual virtues (including sophia or theoretical wisdom, and phronesis or practical wisdom. What is philosophy according to socrates philosophy is an academic subject that exercises reason and logic in an attempt to understand reality and answer fundamental questions about knowledge, life, morality, virtue, and human nature. The first step in learning the socratic method is to open yourself to the task of developing your own socratic temperament life is a journey of self discovery it is the first lesson of being human that we must discover ourselves. Socrates was not just a seeker of wisdom, courageous, but also such an effective teacher that he produced at least two students who wrote books that make most great text canons: xenophon and plato we have plato’s picture of a young socrates getting schooling (and schooled) in the dialogue parmenides.
Sample essay words 1,780 this is an essay on the wisdom of socrates socrates believes that only someone who is “truly wise” would know these important definitions and be able to provide such expert answers. The closest humans can be to the gods is understanding that we don’t know everything and socrates calls this “human wisdom” the nature of this is that “human wisdom” is worth hardly anything, to have this kind of understanding is useless but it is superior to having no wisdom. Socrates research papers show that socrates was a man with a magical personality and an extraordinary character his main influence were those that he debated against, and hence, learned from his main influence were those that he debated against, and hence, learned from.
The socratic method, also known as maieutics, method of elenchus, elenctic method, or socratic debate, is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions. While socrates developed a following among many of the more idealistic young men of athens—plato, for example, was a devoted disciple of his—he soon incurred the wrath of some of the most powerful men in the city. Socrates had little regard for worldly affairs, and the material or pleasurable things that many people might consider to contribute to ‘the good life’ instead, he thought that the best thing to do in life is to “pursue the love of wisdom,” instead of “money, and reputation, and public honor” (apology 29d-30b.
2018. | http://wspaperwlyt.blogdasilvana.info/developing-socratic-wisdom-essay.html |
A few weeks ago I went to a calligraphy workshop. My first ever. I found out about it when one of my students, who knows I like stationery, told me that a calligraphy workshop will be held on the premises of my employer (a university).
The student told me that the workshop was organised by the students’ Islamic Society, so I assumed it would be Arabic calligraphy, but wasn’t sure and couldn’t find out more online.
Well, I went there and it was Arabic calligraphy after all. As I don’t know anything about Arabic script I thought this would be an opportunity to learn more about it. When I asked I was told that the workshop is suitable for someone who doesn’t know Arabic.
I paid my £3 fee, but it all turned out a bit different than expected. I expected to use tools somehow similar to a dip pen and parchment, but instead, we wrote with colour markers on easel pads. I am still not sure how Arabic calligraphy works. Someone wrote with a board marker on a white board and we copied that sentence again and again. The idea was that you vary the look of the letters (if that’s the right word, are they called letters?) to look good ..but as I don’t even know how the letters are supposed to look like I wasn’t sure how they can be changed or varied while still staying recognisable to someone who can read Arabic.
It was an interesting experience, but it would be nice to make these events more inclusive by making them less of a ‘you copy down what’s on the board’ exercise and giving some explanations about the writing system.
I wonder whether there’ll also be Western calligraphy workshops in the future. | https://bleistift.blog/2017/03/visiting-arabic-calligraphy-workshop/ |
Update (July 12, 2019): We’re not optimistic for Plaintiff B. Riley FBR Inc. (“Riley”), the subject in the post below, in its latest effort to get paid on a mining deal that failed. Riley now brings a fraud claim against Defendant Thomas Clarke, personally, the C.E.O. of a mining operation, when Riley’s real target would appear to be the penniless mining operations themselves, not the C.E.O.
It seems pretty clear that the companies involved have no money and Riley is casting about for someone else with money. So Riley has sued Clarke for fraud and Clarke has responded with a strong motion to dismiss. (Here is the brief in support of Clarke’s motion to dismiss and Riley’s response.)
In business transactions gone awry, it is often difficult to produce evidence that the counter-parties never intended to perform, which is what the allegations are against Clarke and must be to state a claim for fraud (as opposed to breach of contract). (To bring a successful fraud claim, it is not enough to show the counter-parties ultimately failed to perform. The fraud plaintiff must come forward with evidence of bad faith, in essence, from the get-go.)
Original post (December 3, 2018) (under the headline: An Illustration of the Contortions of U.S. Law): B. Riley FBR Inc. (“Riley”) v. Chippewa Capital Partners LLC (“Chippewa”), et al., is a lawsuit now pending before U.S. District Court Judge Nancy E. Brasel (D. Minn.). A recent decision in the case gives us a nice snapshot of our convoluted legal system.
Riley’s efforts make a great deal of sense. Judge Brasel, nevertheless, correctly denied Riley’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Why?
The case appears to be simple. Riley performed a bunch of work for the defendants based on an agreement that the defendants would pay Riley about $16 million. Riley’s not been paid.
Chippewa and the other defendants don’t have much money and Riley sought an order from Judge Brasel to freeze the defendants’ money (a preliminary injunction) so that, when all’s said and done, Riley will not be left with worthless judgments against several insolvent entities.
This is where the contortions of our U.S. legal system come into play.
First, our legal system derives from the British legal system, which, in the 18th Century, distinguished between “courts of law” and “courts of equity.” Only in the latter courts would a litigant be entitled to a preliminary injunction, which is categorized as an “equitable remedy.”
Complicating matters a little bit, our court system merges courts of law and equity into a single court. Nevertheless, U.S. courts in particular cases may “sit in equity” (and have recourse to equitable remedies) or they may not.
Complicating matters more, as the U.S. Supreme Court held in the linked decision, although British courts, since 1975, sitting in equity, have permitted exactly the kind of equitable relief that Riley sought from Judge Brasel, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a decision written by Justice Antonin Scalia (over a dissent), held that the issue is not whether British courts in equity allow for this kind of remedy today (or in 1975) but, rather whether they did at the time of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (which they clearly did not).
Complicating matters still more, our court system is all built on top of a dual state/federal system and, as Justice Scalia’s opinion points out, our federal courts are authorized to seize “a person or property” under state law procedures. If U.S. district courts could “seize property” via the equitable preliminary injunction route in a case seeking “money damages,” it would seem to render these other remedies under state law “a virtual irrelevance.”
Note that the question of whether it makes sense to let an unsecured creditor like Riley to freeze debtors’ assets to secure a future judgment — that is, a question of policy and what some might consider a sensible creditor remedy (a prejudgment asset freeze) — is irrelevant to the U.S. Supreme Court’s analysis. (“Because such a remedy was historically unavailable from a court of equity, we hold that the District Court had no authority to issue a preliminary injunction preventing petitioners from disposing of their assets pending adjudication of respondents’ contract claim for money damages.”)
The ruling in Riley v. Chippewa on Riley’s motion for a preliminary injunction is an embodiment of the convoluted nature of the reasoning that is the foundation of our legal system. Some would suggest it is analogous to a cook being obligated to follow a complicated recipe without regard to whether the result is edible. Others would counter that judges are not free and must not be free to act based on their own “notions and conscience,” deciding what is “justice” according to their personal taste with the unfettered discretion of a master chef. | https://www.leventhalpllc.com/an-illustration-of-the-contortionism-that-is-u-s-law/ |
Cubit is the name for the ancient Egyptian and Sumerian units of measure.
These Cubits are among the first recorded units of length used by an ancient people. From around 1950 BC, the copper bar cubit of Nippur defines the Sumerian cubit as 517.2 mm (20.36 inches) and is the earliest known length standard.
While no standard rule exists from Old Kingdom Egypt, it has been securely estabished from surviving architectural evidence that a standard measure was employed as early as c. 2750 BC at Saqqara. From the evidence this is widely accepted to have been 523.5 to 524 mm (20.61 to 20.63 in) in length, and was subdivided into 7 palms of 4 digits, giving a 28 part measure in total. A shorter rule of 6 palms may also have been employed, but based on the same 7 part standard. The basic length was probably originally based on the length of the forearm from the elbow to the middle finger tip. Standard Egyptian Cubits survive from later dynasties. | https://www.fact-archive.com/encyclopedia/Cubit |
MISHAWAKA, Ind. — REAL News Michiana has received photographs from concerned parents of middle school students showing what they say are children forced to stare at block walls and eat lunch in the hallway at Penn Harris Madison’s Schmucker Middle School for COVID-19 mitigation.
In one photograph, you can see tables lined up along the walls in the hallway of the school with children spread away from each other facing a concrete block wall.
“I cannot verify that this picture is in fact Schmucker Middle School and that the students pictured are in fact Schmucker Middle School students. What I can confirm is that due to students needing to eat at the recommended distance of 6 feet apart (because their masks are off while eating).” School Spokesperson, Lucha Ramey, told RNM in a statement.
Ramey sent RNM a long statement explaining students at Schmucker Middle School have been forced to eat in the hallway due to COVID-19 protocols and the layout of the physical building. That statement can be seen below.
“There is not enough space in some of our school cafeteria areas to accommodate all students when trying to space them at least 6 feet apart. As an example, Schmucker’s student population is approximately 1,000 students. Schmucker has three lunches, with approximately 340 students in each 30 min. lunch period. The seating capacity in the cafeteria area is 350. Spacing students out in a room that is near capacity during a normal year means they will not all fit under our current circumstances. Schmucker was built in 1968, obviously before the pandemic. The only other large area in Schmucker for example is the gym, which is on the lower level away from the kitchen prep area, and is in use throughout the day for P.E. classes.
Because of factors like these, eating spaces at some of our schools have had to expand into other areas of the schools trying to keep them somewhat near the kitchen. This includes the use of hallways and common spaces, similar to what you see in the picture that you shared with me. It obviously is not an ideal setup, but our schools have had to do things out of the norm to accommodate and follow COVID-19 health safety protocols to the best of their ability. Expanding the seating space during mealtimes is one of the many mitigation strategies implemented in our schools because of COVID-19 health safety protocols.
The reason why we do what we can to space students as much as possible during meals–all the way up to 6 feet if we can–is because while it’s not optimal, it does mean that if they are identified as a close contact during a meal time when their masks are off, they will not have to quarantine. So ultimately, we are doing what we can to keep kids in school because in-person teaching and learning is the most beneficial for our students and their academic success. In light of the learning loss that students have experienced since March 2020 due to the pandemic, our principals, teachers and all school and district staff are focused on helping our students recover academically. Keeping them in school and learning is our goal.
Last year even when our middle school buildings were not at full capacity due to students being out of the building on hybrid and/or virtual schedules, the practice of expanding the eating spaces was also utilized as a mitigation tactic. Now that 100% of our students are back for in-person learning, we have even less space to work with and spread out.”
REAL News Michiana relies on member subscribers to keep going. As a subscriber, you’ll get an RNM mug and invites to special events. Help us continue to expose corruption and report on the news conservatives care about by subscribing here. | https://realnewsmichiana.com/2021/09/23/schmucker-middle-schoolers-forced-to-eat-in-hallway-face-block-wall/ |
Microalgae have been gaining attention as a sustainable third-generation feedstock for biofuel and bioproducts production due to their high products yield and renewability compared to other plant sources. Nevertheless, the production of biofuels and valuable compounds from microalgae does not perform well in terms of an economic and environmental perspective. The cultivation of microalgae requires large amounts of freshwater and nutrients, leading to high operating costs. There is a need to find alternative sources which could potentially promote the recycling the nutrients for renewable feedstock cultivation. Utilization of these waste sources could alleviate the global resource crisis and contribute to better nutrient use efficiencies. Besides that, the conventional processes used for extracting biomolecules from microalgae are not efficient and requires evaluation on the feasibility. Most of the processes involves the isolation, concentration and purification steps that uses high amount of chemicals and expensive equipment, hence contributing to the high total cost of producing valuable compounds from microalgae. This raises the significance of developing approaches to reduce the cost and increase efficiency in both the cultivation of microalgae and extraction techniques for biomolecules production. This thesis presents the ultimate goal of discovering and developing a sustainable processing for the cultivation and biomolecules extraction from microalgae. The sustainable approaches include the discovery of an alternative nutrient source for the cultivation of microalgae, utilization of uprising bioseparation techniques for effective biomolecules extraction and purification, as well as the subsequent value-added products generation from the combination of various waste sources. This thesis discusses the use of food waste compost as an organic medium for microalgae cultivation. Food waste compost solution has the potential to partially substitute a portion of the inorganic medium and have shown to produce better biomass production rate (11.1% increase) and higher biochemical content (10.1% higher lipid and 2.0% higher protein content) in the biomass. This thesis also presents the use of two multiphase partitioning techniques, namely microwave-assisted three phase partitioning (MWTPP) and liquid biphasic flotation (LBF), for the extraction and purification of proteins and pigments, respectively. These techniques are simple and easy to operate, rapid processing, environmentally friendly, produce high yield and separation efficiency, and are potential to be scaled-up without difficulty. The utilization of these multiphase separation processes has shown promising extraction of valuable biomolecules from microalgae. MWTPP has successfully recovered 63.2% of proteins from Chlorella microalgae and LBF has purified 90.4% of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina microalgae. Moreover, this thesis illustrates the densification of food waste compost with dairy waste powder as an effective approach for producing value-added compounds using waste sources. The densification was done through pelletizing the compost with waste additive into pellets that are easier for handling, transportation and management. Lastly, the research achievement in these works and the future opportunities for further works are highlighted in the later parts of this thesis. | https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.780154 |
May I have this dance?
9/11/2014
Prayer is similar to a dance between two people.
Each partner must be in tune with the other in order for the dance to flow. God is naturally in tune with you. Your goal is to become one with Him.
At first the dance is awkward and forced. It isn't particularly graceful or meaningful.
As time goes by, the partners become more at ease with each other. The movements begin to ebb and flow more naturally and eventually, great effort is no longer required.
As you become more comfortable with your time with God, you will be able to let Him lead you. Your time together will evolve into a peaceful exchange of love. Something that you look forward to every day. In order for this to occur, you have to get out on the dance floor.
Make time for prayer today.
5/20/2015 01:38:39 pm
Ok this is beautiful. I love how you put it - that a dance can be awkward initially, but with practice is "a peaceful exchange of love." Beautiful beautiful. Thank you for this.
Reply
Leave a Reply. | https://www.givehim5.com/blog/may-i-have-this-dance |
Fundamental French Grammar
While a complete fundamental French grammar can fill several volumes, a short list of foolproof French grammar tips can get you acquainted with the basics of grammar in no time at all.
Fundamental French Grammar
French is different from English in many ways, but it also holds come similarities to English.
- Subject: In French, as in English, one must specify the subject of a sentence (say 'I' in English or 'je' in French), whereas in languages like Spanish, expressing the subject is optional.
- Word Order: French is also similar to English in word order: the basic word order is subject-verb-object.
Similarities make mastering French easier; however, there are plenty of grammatical aspects that you will have to learn along the way.
Tenses
The most common tenses in French are the present, the imperfect, passé composé, the future, and the conditional.
Present Tense (Simple Present)
In the present tense, verbs that would commonly be put into the 'ing' form in English are expressed in 'simple present' in French. In English, saying 'I go' signifies a habitual action, one wouldn't use it to express going somewhere at this moment. In French, the equivalent of 'I go', 'je vais', is used for precisely this meaning. You could say 'je vais au supermarche' and mean that you are leaving to go there right now.
Imperfect
In the past, the imperfect is used to express descriptions or habitual actions in the past, whereas the passé composé is used to express events in the past. For example, you might hear: 'Il pleuvait lorsque je suis parti', meaning 'It was raining when I left'. In French, the first verb is in the imperfect and the second one is in the passé composé.
Future and Conditional
The future and conditional are used to express things that will or could happen: j'irai (future) expresses something that you will do, whereas the conditional j'irais expresses something you will do if a certain situation or condition applied.
French Word Order
French word order is quite similar to English except for the order of adjectives and nouns. In order to put together easy sentences, you can simply follow the basic subject-verb-object word order. For example, if you want to say 'I'm eating an apple', you would say 'je mange une pomme'.
Adjectives are more difficult in French because the general rule for adjectives is that they come after a noun instead of before it: une maison blanche. However, there are certain adjectives that come before the noun -- specifically, those pertaining to size, age, and looks: une jeune femme, un petit cadeau.
Verbs
French verbs can be quite difficult for native English speakers because there are many more forms than in English. French verb conjugation takes a long time to master, so keep plenty of French verb tables handy so that you can look up the forms.
There are three regular verb endings: 'ER', 'IR' and 'RE'. Even once you've memorized the endings for each form, you have to also know what the root of each verb is, as well as memorizing the irregular verb forms. Start with these basic endings, and keep the charts handy for the irregular verbs:
ER: REGARDER
- je regarde
- tu regardes
- il/elle/on regarde
- nous regardons
- vous regardez
- ils/elles regardent
IR: FINIR
- je finis
- tu finis
- il/elle/on finit
- nous finissons
- vous finissez
- ils/elles finissent
RE: VENDRE
- je vends
- tu vends
- il/elle/on vend
- nous vendons
- vous vendez
- ils/elles vendent
Gender
In French, gender is a very important aspect of grammar. Every noun has a gender, either masculine or feminine. While people are easy to remember because they have a gender themselves, remembering the gender of inanimate objects can be very difficult for students learning French. Gender is something that simply has to be learned, one has to memorize that a table is feminine: 'la' or 'une' table, and a restaurant is masculine: 'le' or 'un' restaurant. While there are some general patterns in gender assignment, in most cases you simply have to remember which nouns are masculine and which ones are feminine.
Agreement
Agreement stems from gender. An adjective must agree in gender (and number) with the noun it modifies. So if you are talking about three brown tables, you would have to make the adjective agree with both plural and feminine nouns: trois tables brunes.
Just like in English, subjects of sentences also have to agree with their verb, and in special instances the verb has to agree with an object. Agreement is one of the finer points of French grammar, so if you're just starting out with French, this will be a feature of the language to save for a bit later.
As you acquire more and more elaborate fundamental French grammar, this element, alongside all the others above, will begin to fall into place. | https://french.lovetoknow.com/Fundamental_French_Grammar |
This operator additionally check if the number is equal before returning the results. In that regards it's a little different than the greater than operator.
If the number on the left is greater than or equal to the number on the right, it returns true, otherwise it returns false.
Again, Implicit type conversion is performed while using this operator. | https://www.doers.icu/2021/05/javascript-greater-than-or-equal-to.html |
Exploring what we know about digital technology's impact on labour and the economy — and how to best conceptualize and measure its impact in the future.
Understanding the critical skills Canada needs to become a global leader in innovation.
Patent law in North America does not allow AI machines to be listed as inventors, but a recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling shows why the current patent law framework might be outdated.
This report uses online job postings data from Burning Glass to push our understanding of which digital skills are in demand and what combination of digital and soft skills can help workers successfully navigate the Canadian job market.
The once-booming tech sector is experiencing layoffs and hiring freezes, but ebbs and flows in this sector operate in a separate ecosystem from the larger economy.
A
t the Brookfield Institute for Innovation + Entrepreneurship (BII+E), we’re motivated by the potential of the innovation economy. We believe Canada can build prosperity that will be more widely shared than ever before. To achieve this future, Canada will need forward-looking insights and new thinking to advance actionable innovation policy.
Our multi-disciplinary teams focus on work streams which we believe are critical to Canada’s future economic success. They build collaborative relationships with our partners to generate rigorous research, propose unconventional approaches and pilot ideas to explore how Canada’s innovation economy can include people of different ages, incomes and backgrounds.
How does artificial intelligence (AI) impact workers, managers, and the organization of work — and how does this vary across sectors and countries? BII+E is leading Canadian case study research on the impact of AI-based technologies in finance and manufacturing workplaces, alongside our partners in the OECD and other countries.
In the wake of COVID-19, Canada has an opportunity to reorient its innovation policy to maximize economic, social and environmental benefits. This project charts an ambitious and practical road map for harnessing Canada’s innovation potential to drive economic growth and respond to our most pressing collective challenges.
Il constitue la prochaine étape de notre recherche sur l'emploi en 2030 et est conçu pour concrétiser les Prévisions sur la croissance des professions au Canada. Nous visons à élaborer des solutions régionales pertinentes à l'échelle nationale qui aident les travailleurs de partout au Canada à acquérir les compétences et les habiletés qui seront essentielles au monde du travail de l'avenir
This work stream seeks to understand future skill demands across Canada, while helping companies and people gain the skills they need to thrive in an innovation-driven economy.
This report explores the risks and rewards automation and outlines the dual challenge technology advances present to Ontario’s economy—to simultaneously improve lagging technological adoption, while mitigating its negative impacts for some workers—and proposes a bold strategy to meet this challenge head on.
Using futures research and expert workshops, this report explores a broad range of trends with the potential to impact Canada’s labour market over the coming decade—many of which have been accelerated, disrupted, or created by COVID-19. It is designed to push leaders from all sectors to consider new possibilities about the future of work and inform the design of future-focused solutions.
We know digital skills are important. But we know less about the specific skills that are in demand across the economy. To address this issue, we’ve developed a demand-driven taxonomy of digital skills and uncover the specific combinations of digital and soft skills employers are looking for.
In collaboration with five partners, the project took an innovation-based approach to identify new and novel solutions to pressing labour market challenges in identified regions across Canada.
These are the areas we focus on within the innovation-driven economy. | https://brookfieldinstitute.ca/ |
As described in the data section, the evaluation will be based on the comparison of the similarity graphs provided by participants with the reference graph, for the test partition.
The quality of a similarity graph will be computed the cosine similarity function given by
where R is the matrix of the reference graph and G is the similarity matrix computed by the participants
In response to this call, participants will have to submit:
- A description of the NLP pipelines.
- A description of the similarity function based on the intermediate representation of the items
- The estimated semantic similarity between each pair of documents in the test partition. | http://iberrdi.webs.tsc.uc3m.es/evaluation/ |
Students determine how many baseballs, bats, mitts and helmets need to be distributed to two dozen sporting goods stores in time for baseball season.
Given a cost per pair of skateboard wheels, students determine how much money is needed to buy 846 skateboard wheels.
Students determine how many boxes of tile Mrs. Garcia needs to put a tile border along one side of her kitchen wall.
Just verify your email address, and we'll send it out. | https://library.exemplars.com/representations/division |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to multi-spot illumination for wafer inspection. Certain embodiments relate to illumination subsystems configured to provide multi-spot illumination for wafer inspection using light having a relatively large bandwidth.
2. Description of the Related Art
The following description and examples are not admitted to be prior art by virtue of their inclusion in this section.
Inspection processes are used at various steps during a semiconductor manufacturing process to detect defects on wafers to promote higher yield and thus higher profits. To increase defect detection sensitivity, some inspection systems are designed to reduce surface scattering by reducing the size of the illumination spot on the wafer and compensating for the reduced size of the spot by illuminating multiple spots on the wafer simultaneously.
FIG. 1
10
12
12
14
16
18
In some inspection systems, a diffractive optical element (DOE) is used to split a single laser beam into multiple laser beams, and an objective lens focuses the beams to form multiple spots. Typically, the DOE is placed at the back focal plane of the objective lens, while the focused spots are formed at the front focal plane of the objective lens. For example, as shown in , illumination light beam may be directed to DOE . DOE separates the illumination light beam into multiple light beams . The multiple light beams may be directed to objective lens that is configured to focus the multiple light beams to focal plane as individual, spatially separated spots on the focal plane. The focal plane may be the wafer plane.
FIG. 1
The method shown in works well when the laser bandwidth is relatively small. For relatively large bandwidth lasers such as relatively high power, solid state deep ultraviolet (DUV) lasers, the laser bandwidth is large enough to cause significant blur of the focused spots because of the angular dependence on wavelength by DOE diffraction. Therefore, illumination subsystems that use DOEs are currently limited to using relatively small bandwidth lasers.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to develop a method of splitting a light beam, which has a relatively large wavelength bandwidth, into multiple light beams to generate diffraction-limited spots for wafer inspection.
The following description of various embodiments is not to be construed in any way as limiting the subject matter of the appended claims.
One embodiment relates to an illumination subsystem configured to provide illumination for wafer inspection. The illumination subsystem includes a diffractive optical element (DOE) configured to separate an illumination light beam into multiple light beams. The illumination subsystem also includes a compensating DOE positioned in the path of the multiple light beams. The compensating DOE has the same diffraction angle as the DOE but reverse in diffraction order. The illumination subsystem also includes one or more refractive optical elements positioned in the path of the multiple light beams exiting the compensating DOE and configured to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams to a wafer for inspection. The illumination subsystem described above may be further configured as described herein.
Another embodiment relates to an illumination subsystem configured to provide illumination for wafer inspection. The illumination subsystem includes a DOE configured to separate an illumination light beam into multiple light beams. The illumination subsystem also includes a refractive lens array positioned in the path of the multiple light beams. Diameters of the multiple light beams at the back focal plane of the refractive lens array are
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
1
0
where λ is the wavelength of the illumination light beam, fis the focal length of a refractive lens positioned between the DOE and the refractive lens array, and Wis the diameter of the illumination light beam at the DOE. Diameters of the multiple light to beams at the focal plane of the refractive lens array are
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mfrac><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
2
where fis the focal length of the refractive lens array. Diameters of the multiple hg beams at the refractive lens array are
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo></mo><mrow><msqrt><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></math>
The refractive lens array is configured to relay the laser beam waist at the DOE onto a wafer surface and to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams to a wafer for inspection. The illumination subsystem may be further configured as described herein.
In one embodiment, the compensating DOE is a one-dimensional chirped grating, and the one or more refractive optical elements include a cylindrical lens.
An additional embodiment relates to an illumination subsystem configured to provide illumination for wafer inspection. The illumination subsystem includes a set of beam splitters configured to separate an illumination light beam into multiple light beams and to separately and simultaneously direct the multiple light beams to multiple spatially separated spots on a focal plane. The illumination subsystem also includes one or more refractive optical elements configured to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams from the focal plane to a wafer for inspection. The illumination subsystem may be further configured as described herein.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Turning now to the drawings, it is noted that the figures are not drawn to scale. In particular, the scale of some of the elements of the figures is greatly exaggerated to emphasize characteristics of the elements. It is also noted that the figures are not drawn to the same scale. Elements shown in more than one figure that may be similarly configured have been indicated using the same reference numerals. Unless otherwise noted herein, each of the elements described herein may be any suitable commercially available elements that can be configured and used as described herein.
The embodiments described herein relate to illumination subsystems configured to provide illumination for wafer inspection. The wafer inspection may include any wafer inspection known in the art such as bright field (BF) wafer inspection, dark field (DF) wafer inspection, or BF and DF wafer inspection. In general, some embodiments described herein relate to illumination subsystems configured for compensating dispersion of a diffractive optical element (DOE) beam splitter to generate diffraction-limited spots. By compensating for the dispersion of a DOE beam splitter, the embodiments described herein advantageously enable the use of relatively high power ultraviolet (UV) lasers for multi-spot illumination.
One embodiment of the illumination subsystem includes a DOE configured to separate an illumination light beam into multiple light beams. In one embodiment, the illumination light beam is provided by a pulsed laser and has a central wavelength of 266 nm. In another embodiment, the bandwidth of the illumination light beam is equal to or greater than 10 pm. For example, for CW lasers at 266 nm, the laser bandwidth is typically much less than 1 pm. Therefore, for such lasers, the spot blur caused by the laser bandwidth is negligible. However, relatively high power deep ultraviolet (DUV) lasers may need to be used for high throughput wafer inspection tools, which are commercially available from KLA-Tencor, Milpitas, Calif. At the moment, relatively high power (e.g., 1 W to 5 W) 266 nm laser are pulsed lasers, which can have a relatively large bandwidth of up to a few hundred picometers. For example, for pulsed UV lasers, the laser bandwidth can be from a few tens of pm to a few hundreds of pm. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to generate substantially small spots with such large laser bandwidths using conventional DOE beam splitters, especially for a relatively large number of spots. The embodiments described herein, however, provide solutions for multi-spot illumination that enable the use of higher power, relatively large bandwidth DUV lasers.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
20
22
24
26
28
30
1
2
3
m
m
m
3
1
2
th
th
th
th
P
=mλ
y=f
The calculation of dispersion of a DOE is shown in . In particular, as shown in , illumination light beam having a minimum wavelength λ, a central wavelength λ, and a maximum λmay be directed to DOE , which is configured to separate the illumination light beam into multiple diffracted light beams. Only the morder light beam and the 0th order light beam are shown in . The morder diffracted light beams and the 0th order light beam may be directed to objective lens , which is configured to focus the light beams to focal plane , which may be a wafer plane. A DOE typically has a periodic wavefront modulation profile designed to generate multiple diffraction orders with equal efficiency. As shown in , the angular deviation of the morder light beams is θ. The angular deviation of the morder is given by:
sin θ (1)
where P is the pitch of the grating profile, m is the number of the order, and λ is the wavelength. For a focusing objective with focal length f, as shown in , the spot position y, as shown in , is given by:
sin θ (2)
For a laser with a bandwidth of δλ, which is typically much less than the central wavelength, that is, δλ=λ−λ□λwe have:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mfrac><mi>dy</mi><mi>y</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>δλ</mi><mi>λ</mi></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
FIG. 2
where dy, as shown in , represents the spot blur in the y direction, at a field height of y. The spot blur is linearly proportional to the field height and the laser bandwidth. Table 1 lists the spot blur in urn for various field heights in mm and laser bandwidths in pm.
TABLE 1
Laser Bandwidth at
266 nm (pm)
Field (mm)
50
100
150
0.25
0.05
0.09
0.14
0.5
0.09
0.19
0.28
0.75
0.14
0.28
0.42
1
0.19
0.38
0.56
1.25
0.23
0.47
0.70
As shown in Table 1, the spot blur is significant for a spot size of 1 um to 2 um.
As described above, for future wafer inspection tools, a higher power laser that has a larger wavelength bandwidth than currently used lasers may need to be used to meet higher sensitivity requirements. In addition, a relatively large field may be used to accommodate relatively large numbers of spots that may be used to meet throughput requirements. As shown in equation 3, spot blur caused by DOE dispersion increases linearly with laser bandwidth δλ and field size y, and becomes a problem for small spot sizes down to 1 um to 2 um.
Another effect of the DOE dispersion, also demonstrated in Table 1, is the variation of spot size versus field. This results in a non-uniform response of defect sensitivity across the field. Therefore, there is a need for correcting the dispersion of the DOE and eliminating spot blur.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
32
34
36
38
36
38
1
2
3
One embodiment of the illumination subsystem is shown in . The illumination subsystem includes DOE configured to separate illumination light beam into multiple light beams and . As shown in , the illumination light beam has wavelengths λ, λ, and λ. Multiple light beams are the +1 order diffracted light beams. The DOE may also be configured to allow 0th order light beam to pass through the DOE. The multiple light beams may also include other light beams having other orders that are not shown in for the sake of simplicity.
40
m
0
0
m
n
m
n
m
m
n
m
m
th
th
th
P
=mλ
P
nλ
P
nλ
The illumination subsystem also includes compensating DOE positioned in the path of the multiple light beams. The compensating DOE has the same diffraction angle as the DOE but reverse in diffraction order. For example, the dispersion of a diffraction grating can be compensated by another grating that has the same diffraction angle but reverse in diffraction order. The diffraction angle θof the morder of a DOE with a pitch of Pis given by:
sin θ (4)
The diffraction angle θof the morder exiting the compensating DOE is given by:
(sin θ−sin θ)= (5)
where Pis the grating pitch of the mcompensating grating. In order for all rays at different wavelengths to arrive at the same focal point, they need to be parallel after exiting the compensating DOE, that is, θ=0 for all wavelengths:
(−sin θ)= (6)
Therefore,
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><mo></mo><mfrac><mi>n</mi><mi>m</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
FIG. 3
In one embodiment, the compensating DOE diffracts only one diffraction order of each of the multiple light beams. For example, in one embodiment, the compensating DOE diffracts only the −1 order of each of the multiple light beams, as shown in . For example, one solution is to have a compensating DOE only diffracting the −1 order. Therefore, the pitch of the compensating DOE is given by:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mrow><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext></mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mi>m</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
In one embodiment, the compensating DOE is a transmission grating that satisfies the Bragg condition. In another embodiment, the compensating DOE is a blazed transmission grating. For example, a grating that only diffracts the −1 order is fundamentally a relatively thick transmission grating that satisfies the Bragg condition or a blazed transmission grating which can be manufactured with modern lithography methods and systems. However, the order that is only diffracted by the compensating DOE is not necessarily the −1 order. For example, for the −m order the diffraction order of the compensating DOE would be +1. In other words, the compensating DOE may diffract only one reversed diffraction order.
FIG. 4
32
42
0
0
0
th
In an embodiment, the compensating DOE includes multiple gratings having different pitches. In this manner, the beam splitting DOE (or grating) generates multiple is beams with different angles, and the compensating DOE (or grating) may have multiple gratings, each one reverses the corresponding beam from the beam splitting DOE. For example, as shown in , DOE diffracts light beams for each of the +1 order, the +2 order, the +3 order, etc. Compensating DOE includes multiple gratings having different pitches. The different pitches may correspond to the different orders, respectively. For example, the grating pitch for the +1 order may be P, the grating pitch for the +2 order may be 2P, the grating pitch for the +3 order may be 3Pand so on. The grating pitch for compensating the dispersion of the morder has a pitch of 1/m of the periodicity of the DOE.
44
44
46
48
48
FIGS. 3 and 4
FIGS. 3 and 4
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
The illumination subsystem also includes one or more refractive optical elements positioned in the path of the multiple light beams exiting the compensating DOE and configured to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams to a wafer for inspection. In one embodiment, the one or more refractive optical elements include lens array shown in that is configured to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams to the wafer. For example, an individual lens of the lens array focuses one of the light beams separately from the light beams focused by the other lenses of the array. As shown in , lens array may have a focal length of f. In the configuration shown in , focal plane may be the wafer plane. In the configuration shown in , focal plane may be an intermediate local plane of the illumination subsystem, which may be the back focal plane of other refractive optical elements described further herein. In some instances, a field stop (not shown) may be positioned at focal plane .
In one embodiment, the multiple light beams are spatially separated from each other at the compensating DOE and at the one or more refractive optical elements. For example, the multiple light beams preferably are substantially separated when they arrive at the compensating DOE and preferably remain separated at the lens array. The distance between the lenses is determined by the spot separation, which limits the working distance achievable with the lens array.
FIG. 4
50
52
50
48
54
In one embodiment, the one or more refractive optical elements include a lens array, which may be configured as described herein, to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams and relay optics configured to separately and simultaneously relay the focused multiple light beams from the lens array to the wafer. For example, as shown in , the one or more refractive optical elements may include relay optics , which may include refractive lenses . Relay optics are configured to relay the multiple light beams from focal plane to focal plane , which may the sample surface or wafer plane. Relay optics may be used when a relatively long working distance is required. When relay optics are used, the spot size at the focal plane of the lens array is fairly flexible. Preferably, the relay optics have a demagnification since the lens array typically has a lower numerical aperture (NA) and the separation between the lenses of the lens array needs to be relatively large. The relay optics may include any suitable refractive optical elements such as a tube lens, a relay lens, a collimating lens, a focusing lens, a condenser lens, or some combination thereof.
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
56
34
32
58
44
58
44
0
1
2
3
2
The illumination subsystem may also include one or more other refractive optical elements configured to direct the illumination light beam to the DOE. For example, as shown in , the illumination subsystem may include refractive lens configured to direct illumination light beam to DOE . The Gaussian beam waist, W, is located at the DOE. This embodiment of the illumination subsystem also includes compensating DOE , which in this embodiment is an array of local gratings with corresponding grating pitches. Light exiting the compensating DOE may be directed to one or more refractive optical elements, which in this embodiment includes lens array . In a preferred embodiment as shown in , if the first Gaussian beam waist, W, is located at compensating DOE , which is also the back focal plane of lens array then the second beam waist, W, is located at the lens array, and the third beam waist, W, is located at the front focal plane of the lens array. Following the Gaussian beam propagation theory, which is known in the art, the spot size diameter of 1/eat focus is given by:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
FIG. 5
where f, as shown in , is the focal length of the lens array. The beam diameter at the lens aperture is given by:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo></mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
FIG. 5
D=kW
3
2
The lens diameter, D, as shown in , is given by:
(11)
where k is the truncation ratio defined by the lens clear aperture diameter to the 1/ebeam diameter at the lens. The lens clear aperture, and therefore the minimum gap between the lenses, generally needs to be >1.4× of the beam diameter to avoid severe ringing at the focal plane. The beam diameter at the DOE is given by:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo></mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
1
where L, as shown in , is the distance from the DOE to the compensating DOE. The angular separation (e.g., θshown in ) between diffracted beams generated by the DOE is given by:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>≈</mo><mfrac><mi>D</mi><mi>L</mi></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
when L is much greater than D. The grating pitch of the DOE is then given by:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>14</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
The minimum feature size required to generate the multiple beam is less than:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mi>m</mi></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>15</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
So the distance between the DOE and the compensating DOE, L, needs to be selected such that the minimum feature size of the DOE does not exceed the limits of DOE manufacturing capability. Based on the above equations, an example of a configuration is listed in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Wavelength (um)
0.266
Spot diameter (um)
6
Spot separation (um)
1000
Lens array focal length (mm)
9
Beam diameter at lens array (mm)
0.51
Truncation ratio
1.97
Lens diameter (mm)
1.00
Lens numerical aperture
0.056
Beam diameter at grating array (mm)
0.51
Distance between DOE and grating array (mm)
500
Beam diameter at DOE (mm)
0.61
Angular separation (rad)
0.002
DOE pitch (um)
133
Number of spots
17
Minimum pitch (um)
16.63
Relay lens focal length (mm)
240
Objective lens focal length (mm)
60
Spot size on sample surface (um)
1.5
Spot separation on sample surface (um)
250
Total length of optics (mm)
1118
The numbers listed in Table 2 show that the configuration is practical, but other variations are possible. The array of spots on the wafer may be a one-dimensional array of spots. The spots preferably do not overlap with each other on the wafer. In addition, a size of each of the spots on the wafer may be approximately equal. Furthermore, all of the spots imaged on the wafer may be diffraction-limited spots.
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
32
34
60
62
64
66
66
68
Instead of the compensating DOE described above, the illumination subsystem may include a refractive lens array positioned in the path of the multiple light beams. For example, based on Gaussian beam propagation theory (see S. Self, “Focusing of spherical Gaussian beams”, App. Opt., Vol. 22, No, 5, P658, 1983), when the input beam waist is located at the back focal plane of a positive lens, the output beam waist is located at the front focal plane. In this manner, the compensating DOE may be replaced with a lens, with proper arrangement of beam waist locations, to achieve relatively large tolerance to laser bandwidth. The concept is shown in . For example, as shown in , DOE is configured to separate illumination light beam into multiple light beams , only one of which is shown in . Refractive lens may be configured to focus the multiple light beams to back focal plane of refractive lens array . Refractive lens array may be configured to focus the multiple light beams to front focal plane .
The spot diameters (i.e., the diameters of the multiple light beams) at the back focal plane of the refractive lens array are:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
1
0
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
where λ is the wavelength of the illumination light beam, f, as shown in , is the focal length of the refractive lens positioned between the DOE and the refractive lens array, and W, as shown in , is the diameter of the illumination light beam at the DOE. Diameters of the multiple light beams at the focal plane of the refractive lens array are:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mi /><mo></mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi /><mo></mo><mrow><mfrac><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mfrac><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>17</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
2
FIG. 6
where f, as shown in , is the focal length of the refractive lens array. Diameters of the multiple light beams at the refractive lens array are:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mi /><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo></mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi /><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo></mo><msqrt><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo></mo><mi>λ</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mn>0</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msqrt></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>18</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
The refractive lens array is configured to relay the laser beam waist at the DOE onto a wafer surface and to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams to a wafer for inspection. In one embodiment, the lenses in the refractive lens array have clear apertures (not shown) that are greater than the diameters of the multiple light beams at the refractive lens array. For example, it may be important that the lens clear aperture is greater than the beam diameter to have enough margins to achieve good spot quality and minimize cross talk between the spots. An example of one such configuration is listed in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Wavelength (um)
0.266
Spot diameter W4 (um)
6
Spot separation (um)
1000
Lens array focal length (mm)
4.00
Lens L1 focal length (mm)
500
Beam diameter at DOE (um)
750
Beam diameter at lens array (um)
225.87
Beam truncation ratio at lens array
4.43
Angular separation (rad)
0.002
DOE pitch (um)
133
Relay lens focal length (mm)
240
Objective lens focal length (mm)
60
Spot size on sample surface (um)
1.50
Spot separation on sample surface (um)
250
Total length of optics (mm)
1608
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
32
34
70
72
72
74
76
76
1
2
3
1
2
In one embodiment, the compensating DOE is a one-dimensional (1D) chirped grating, and the one or more refractive optical elements include a cylindrical lens. One such embodiment is shown in . For example, DOE may separate illumination light beam having wavelengths λ, λ, and λinto multiple light beams , which are directed to compensating DOE . In this embodiment, compensating DOE is a 1D chirped grating. The 1D chirped grating is used to focus the multiple beams in one dimension that is parallel to the plane of drawing and, at the same time, provide compensation of DOE dispersion. Light exiting the 1D chirped grating may be directed to cylindrical lens , which separately and simultaneously focuses each of the multiple light beams to focal plane , which may be the wafer plane. As shown in , the 1D chirped grating may have focal length f, white the cylindrical lens may have a focal length of f. The cylindrical lens provides focusing power in the perpendicular direction. The focus of the 1D chirped grating and the cylindrical lens coincide at the same focal plane .
Another embodiment of the illumination subsystem includes a set of beam splitters configured to separate an illumination light beam into multiple light beams and to separately and simultaneously direct the multiple light beams to multiple spatially separated spots on a focal plane. The illumination light beam may include any of the illumination light beams described herein. For example, in one embodiment, the illumination light beam is provided by a pulsed laser and has a central wavelength of 266 nm. In another embodiment, the bandwidth of the illumination light beam is equal to or greater than 10 pm. In addition, in one embodiment, the multiple light beams have the same bandwidth. In other words, the beam splitters included in the set are not used to separate the illumination light beam based on wavelength.
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
78
80
82
0
One such embodiment is shown in . For example, as shown in , a set of beam splitters is configured to separate illumination light beam into multiple light beams . The illumination light beam may have an input beam diameter of D. In one embodiment, the number of the multiple light beams is N, and the number of the beam splitters included in the set is N+1. For example, a set of N+1 Beam Splitters/Mirrors (BSMs) may be used to generate a set of N beams. This mirror based system has no dispersive power and can, in principle, be used for a laser source of any bandwidth. The only limiting factor will be the coating technology.
0
0′
1
2
3
(N-1)/2
0
(N-1)/2+1
(N-1)/2+2
(N-1)/2+3
N-1
0′
0
0
1
2
3
(N-1)/2
0
0′
0′
(N-1)/2+1
(N-1)/2+2
(N-1)
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
84
In one embodiment, the set of beam splitters includes first and second beam splitters (e.g., Mand M, respectively, shown in ) arranged in series, a first subset of the beam splitters (e.g., M, M, M, . . . Mshown in ) arranged in series with the first beam splitter (e.g., Mshown in ), and a second subset of the beam splitters (e.g., M, M, M, . . . Mshown in ) arranged in series with the second beam splitter (e.g., M shown in ), and the illumination light beam is directed to the first beam splitter. In this manner, an input beam of diameter Dis split into 2 beams via the action of the first beam splitter M. The beam travelling upwards is further spill/transmitted by the series of BSMs, M, M, M, . . . , M. In one embodiment, inclination angles of the beam splitters are set such that each of the multiple light beams converges toward an optics axis of the illumination subsystem. For example, the inclination angle of each BSM may be set such that each of the reflected beams converges towards the optic axis at angles, α, 2α, 3α, . . . , (N−1)/2α. The beam transmitted through BSM Mis further split/transmitted by the action of a second BSM, M. The beam transmitted by M emerges from the it) illumination subsystem to form the axial, undeviated beam, while the vertical lower reflected beams follow the same pattern of transmission/reflection via the action of the set of BSMs labeled M, M, . . . , Min . The various reflected beams will converge to a single plane (e.g., exit pupil of the device as shown in ).
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
213
The illumination subsystem also includes one or more refractive optical elements (not shown in ) configured to separately and simultaneously focus each of the multiple light beams from the focal plane to a wafer for inspection. For example, the one or more refractive optical elements, which may include any of those shown and described further herein, may include an objective or an objective in combination with relay optics. Such refractive optical element(s) may be further configured as described further herein. In this manner, the exit pupil of the portion of the illumination subsystem shown in could represent the entrance pupil of an objective lens or could be relayed to the entrance pupil of the objective via the action of a relay lens with a pre-determined magnification/de-magnification.
0
The vertical distance between the BSMs, H, and inclination angle, α, is determined by the input beam diameter, D, and the need for the reflected beams to clear the edges of the BSMs. These two parameters in turn will determine the distance, L, from the BSMs to the exit pupil:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>H</mi><mrow><mi>tan</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>α</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>19</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
For example, if the entrance pupil diameter is 2.0 mm and the exit pupil diameter is 2.0 mm, then the distance from the BSMs to the exit pupil may be approximately 357 mm. In one embodiment, the power of the illumination light beam is substantially uniformly distributed across the multiple tight beams. For example, for a substantially uniform distribution of the input laser power amongst the various output beams generated by this illumination subsystem, the reflectivities of the individual BSMs can be calculated using the set of formulas and in the order shown below. The derivation assumes zero loss due to absorption and other factors: Power per generated beam:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo></mo><mfrac><msup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup><mi>N</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>…</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo>,</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
0
0
where P=input power, and T=transmission through the non-reflective surface of a BSM.
Reflectivity of M:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>21</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
0′
Reflectivity of M:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><msup><mn>0</mn><mi>′</mi></msup></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>22</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
1
i1
0
0
1
P
=P
R
Power incident on M:
, (23)
Reflectivity of M:
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mfrac></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
2
3
N-1
in
i(n-1)
(n-1)
n=2,3, . . . ,N-1
n
n
in,n=2,3, . . . ,N-1
P
=P
T[
−R
R
=P
/P
Power incident on subsequent mirrors, M, M, . . . , M:
1], (25)
Finally, the reflectivity of BSMs 2 through N−1 is given by:
(26)
Through repeated application of equations 25 and 26, the reflectivities of all of the mirrors can be calculated.
FIG. 9
An example of a configuration for generation of 11 beams is shown in and Table 4.
TABLE 4
Number of generated beams
11
Input power
1.0 Watts
Transmission of A-R coatings
98%
Power per generated beam
0.074 Watts
Total transmitted power
0.82 Watts
Mirror Reflectivities:
Mirror ID
% Reflectivity
M1 & M6
16.27
M2 & M7
19.82
M3 & M8
25.23
M4 & M9
34.43
M5 & M10
53.57
FIGS. 10-12
FIG. 10
FIG. 10
FIG. 10
86
88
90
90
92
90
An example of an implementation of one embodiment is shown in and Table 5 for the case of 11 beams. In particular, illustrates an embodiment of a blazed grating/lens array arrangement. As shown in , the illumination subsystem includes compensating DOE , which in this embodiment is a blazed grating. Multiple light beams exiting the compensating DOE are directed to one or more refractive optical elements, which in this case include lens array . Lens array separately and simultaneously focuses each of the multiple light beams to focal plane . The distance between the compensating DOE and the DOE (not shown in ) may be about 955 mm. The focal length of lens array may be about 50 mm.
92
94
92
96
FIG. 10
FIG. 11
FIG. 11
This embodiment of the illumination subsystem may also include relay optics configured as described herein to relay the multiple light beams from focal plane to a wafer plane (not shown in ). For example, shows one embodiment of a final relay optics layout. As shown in , relay optics may include a number of different refractive optical elements configured to relay the multiple light beams from lens array focal plane to image/wafer plane . The distance between the lens array focal plane and the image/wafer plane may be approximately 1238 mm.
FIG. 12
FIG. 10
FIG. 12
FIG. 12
86
98
100
shows one embodiment of characteristics of the blazed grating shown in . For example, as shown in , blazed grating may include patches . The blazed grating may include 11 patches, one for each of the 11 multiple light beams. Each of the patches may have dimensions of 4 mm×4 mm. Each of the patches may have active area . Each of the active areas may have a diameter of 2 mm. Each of the patches may have the period and groove angles included in the table shown in .
TABLE 5
Entrance pupil diameter
2
mm
Input beam diameter at waist
1
mm
Wavelength
266 nm ± 75 pm
Angular separation between diffracted orders
0.24°
Lens array effective focal length
≅52
mm
Lens array diameter
5
mm
Spot separation at lens array focal plane
4.0
mm
Lens array focused spot diameter at waist
35
um
Relay optics input field diameter
40
mm
Relay optics output field diameter
2.5
mm
Focused spot diameter at waist
2
um
Focused spot separation
250
um
It is noted that the figures are provided herein to generally illustrate configurations for the illumination subsystem embodiments described herein. Obviously, the configurations described herein may be altered to optimize the performance of the illumination subsystem as is normally performed when designing an illumination subsystem for a commercial wafer inspection system.
Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention may be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. For example, illumination subsystems for multi-spot wafer inspection are provided. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of one currently used illumination subsystem;
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram illustrating the calculation of dispersion of a diffractive optical element (DOE);
FIGS. 3-7
are schematic diagrams illustrating side views of embodiments of illumination subsystems;
FIGS. 8-11
are schematic diagrams illustrating side views of portions of embodiments of illumination subsystems; and
FIG. 12
is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a compensating DOE that may be used in embodiments described herein. | |
Most Common VA Disabilities Claimed for Compensation:
The Easy Way to Do Combined Ratings.
The VA publishes a combined rating table to assist in these calculations. The VA Combined Ratings Table is a table that shows your total impairment percentage when you have more than one disabling service-connected condition. List your disabilities, highest to lowest, with the percentage of impairment next to it. Start with the highest, and then one-by-one, use the above linked combined ratings table to combine your remaining rating.
The Secret Behind VA Math and the Combined Ratings Table.
“VA Math” is the way that the VA computes combined impairment ratings for multiple conditions in a Veteran’s compensation claim – and it requires that you unlearn real math. When a Veteran has multiple medical conditions that are service connected, and the VA rates each at a different percentage, it would seem that they should just add up your percentages to get to a total body impairment rating. Things are not as they seem. If a Veteran has a 30% rating for condition A, and a 40% rating for Condition B, the total rating is NOT 70%. The VA does not add multiple ratings to get a total rating; instead, they use a formula to get a combined rating. The VA computes the combined rating by considering each disability in order of severity, beginning with the highest evaluation. In the above example, the VA Combined Rating for the 2 conditions is 60%, not 70%. Here’s the secret to understanding the VA Combined Ratings Table. Your ratings are combined based on the concept of “Whole Person Remaining”. The idea is that if you have NO disabilities, you are a 100% whole person. If you have a 30% disability, you are 30% disabled and 70% whole. Each subsequent rating is a REDUCTION of the whole person remaining.
The VA Combined Ratings Table in Practice.
How does the VA get that combined rating? For example, where Condition A is rated at 30%, and Condition B is rated at 40%, the VA math works like this: Most severe rating: 40% Second most severe rating: 30% Combined rating: 60%. Here’s how we got there: the second rating of 30% is multiplied by the % of whole person remaining after the 40% rating. In this example, 30% (second rating) is multiplied by 60% (percent of whole person remaining after 40% rating). This means that while Condition A limits the person to a 30 degree rate, it only limits 30% of the WHOLE person. So if the person is 0% impaired (has a 100% whole person value remaining), then the condition limits them to 30%. But if the person is already 40% disabled by another condition, Condition A can only limit the “whole-person that remains”. It’s a tough concept to grasp, but in a way it makes some sense. So, in our example, the second rating of 30% has the effect of adding 18% to the initial rating of 40%, yielding a combined rating of 58%. The 58% rating is rounded up to 60%. Does this make sense? I don’t think so – this type of formula is a 50+ year old calculation used by insurance companies in, commonly, workers’ compensation claims. Regardless of how archaic and non-sensical the formula, here’s the deal. It’s the way it is. And in the great mess of tangled red-tape that is the VA Bureaucracy, there are many fights we need to fight and win before going after this one.
Combined Ratings
If VA finds that a Veteran has multiple disabilities, VA uses the Combined Ratings Table below to calculate a combined disability rating. Disability ratings are not additive, meaning that if a Veteran has one disability rated 60% and a second disability 20%, the combined rating is not 80%. This is because subsequent disability ratings are applied to an already disabled Veteran, so the 20% disability is applied to a Veteran who is already 60% disabled. Below you will find the steps VA takes to combine ratings for more than one disability and examples using the Combined Ratings Table to illustrate how combined ratings are calculated. | https://hadit.com/disability-calculator/ |
Having vanquished the Wicked Witch, Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion return to the Wizard to receive what they have longed for.
Emboldened by their victory, they proudly present the Witch’s broom stick to the Wizard and anticipate their reward. But instead of rewarding them, the Wizard tells them to, “Come back tomorrow.”
Shocked, heart broken, and incensed, they press the Wizard to keep his promise, but they quickly realize he’s not going to. Then Toto pulls back a curtain, to reveal the Wizard is just a man. Discouragement sets in. They have traveled so far and worked so hard. It is not the ending they had expected. It is not the ending they wanted.
Then the Wizard points out to Dorothy and her traveling companions that they already have what they’re seeking. Without realizing it, they have always had these things.
- The Scarecrow believed he needed a brain, but all along the way he was thinking through situations and coming up with plans to help them succeed. So the Wizard gives him something to symbolize the brain he already has…a diploma.
- The Tin Man believed he needed a heart, but all along he was was feeling all kinds of emotions…empathy, joy, fear, loyalty, and everything in between. So the Wizard gives him a token of appreciation and a reminder that the measure of a heart is not how much you love, but how much you are loved.
- The Cowardly Lion believed he needed courage, but all along the way he acted in courageous ways…even though he was afraid. So the Wizard gives him a medal marking his acts of courage and reminding him that courage is not the absence of fear, but the act of facing of your fear.
Finally, it comes down to Dorothy. She has put all her hopes in the Wizard and his ability to show her the road out of Oz and return her home. But in the end, she realizes he can’t do that.
Then, just as she is about to lose all hope of getting home, Glenda the Good Witch of the East arrives and explains that Dorothy has always had the ability to get out of Oz and go home. How? The ruby slippers. They had been on her feet the whole time, but she was so busy with the journey she hadn’t paid attention to what she had. In an act of faith, she clicks her heels together three times and repeats, ”There’s no place like home. There’s no place like home. There’s no place like home.” And the strange world of Oz begins to fade.
There will come a time when you feel you have fought and conquered that which was most frightening to you. You will think to yourself, “Surely, when I bring this victory to my counselor, my support group, or my trusted friend, they will bring closure to this ordeal and I can put it behind me.”
Many look to their guide to give them the final piece of the puzzle, so they can step back and see the completed picture then quickly put all the pieces back in the box. But even the most skilled of counselors cannot give you the absolute closure you desire. They are just a person…not a wizard. What they can do is help you realize that despite your circumstances, you have had the brains, the heart, and the courage to make the journey all along.
This may feel anti-climactic and leave you let-down and despondent at first. But a sense of power will show up. You’ll be reminded that what you need is already within you and it will take you wherever you need to go. Is it hope? Is it motivation? Is it God? Whatever it is, you will begin to trust yourself more, and the strange world you have been traveling through will begin to fade. | https://bretlegg.com/the-realization/ |
Q:
Host name duplicate validation
I'm having a form where I allow user to add his host to the database - it can be done either by IP address and domain name.
My problem is - I want to prevent duplicated hosts: when there is one host domain added eg. with address 1.2.3.4 in it's DNS A record, user is basically able to change it eg. to 4.3.2.1, then add another 1.2.3.4 host (by IP) and switch domain A record back to 1.2.3.4.
I could of course verify all host names in my database during submit using gethostbyname, but gethostbyname does blocking DNS lookup so I'd rather not want to loop it over a large dataset to prevent bad runtime.
Is there any solution for that?
A:
It's out of your control. You can only accept one of both in your database, if you want to ensure that there won't be any duplicates. You could still enable the input of domains, but just resolve them immediately and only save the IP. You can't otherwise be 100% sure that there are no duplicates without checking all of them. If you don't do that, you'll have to relay on old data, which is less accurate. If it's not a big deal that sometimes duplicate entries happen, then it would be the best to detect them one time per day with some script using a cron job or some other tool.
You should first define the minimum of accuracy that your application needs and check later how many resources you have. After that you can calculate how much accuracy you can achieve with your current resources and check then if it's enough. (Assuming you have unused resources, if you have to pay for all used resources, then you should probably just use the minimum you need.)
Some ideas how to optimize your script can be found here. I'm also interest in a good and fast solution, I'll maybe write later an optimized script and link it here, but currently I don't have the time.
| |
Zoo Tycoon 1, for pc, full version game, full pc game, PC download,
Before downloading make sure that your PC meets minimum system requirements.
Minimum System Requirements
- OS: Windows 95/98/2000/Me/XP
- CPU: Multimedia PC with a 233 MHz processor
- VGA: Super VGA video display, capable of 800×600 resolution; DirectX® 8.0a
- (included); 4 MB graphics card, 16-bit color capable
- RAM: 32 MB for Windows 95/98 and Windows ME, 64 MB for Windows 2000, 128
- MB for Windows XP
- HDD: Minimum 250 MB of available hard disk space, 600 MB recommended
- ODD: Quad-speed or higher CD-ROM drive
Screenshots
Zoo Tycoon 1 Gameplay
Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories is an action-adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. Liberty City’s layout is largely similar to Grand Theft Auto III, | http://www.checkgames4u.net/2014/03/zoo-tycoon-1.html |
New Namma Metro work in Bangalore 🥳🥳 Officially announced by the BMRCL Managing Director!!
2:16
Bangalore Metro Route Map Project Details | Latest Update | Design | Progress | Current Status
Namma Metro, also known as Bengaluru Metro is a metro system serving the city of Bengaluru, India. It is currently the second longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro. On the other hand, Namma Metro was ranked the 83rd largest metro system in terms of length and the 79th largest metro network in terms of number of operating stations in the world. It also contains the first underground metro line in South India. The metro network consists of two colour-coded lines, with a total length of 42.3 kilometres serving 41 stations. The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using standard-gauge tracks. The metro has an average daily ridership of 315,000 passengers. By 2021, the system is expected to complete its phase 2 network and provide connectivity to the city's important tech hubs of Electronics City and White Field.
Subway
Public transportation
Subterranean transportation
Transportation
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Costain Group took this month’s top spot in the contractor league tables after being appointed the contractor for two major road projects. A new SMART motorway on the M62 at Brighouse and widening works on the A1 in Newcastle- upon-Tyne with a combined value of £575 million.
In the runners up spot this month is Bowmer & Kirkland with eight awards totalling £138 million. A new primary and secondary academy in Enfield provided £45 million of the total. The scheme is part of the Government Free School Initiative and will provide education facilities for over 2,000 children.
The latest edition of the Top 50 League Tables published by industry analysts Barbour ABI, highlights the number and value of construction contracts awarded during August. This month shows that the combined value of contracts awarded to the Top 50 was just over £2.6 billion with a total of 130 projects.
For August, Kier Construction were the busiest contractor with a total of 14 contract awards at a combined value of
£108 million. BAM Construction sit at the top of the rolling 12-month league table with 51 projects at a total value of
£1.9 billion. | https://www.bdcmagazine.com/2020/09/top-50-contractor-league-table-uk-construction-contractors-cash-in-on-new-opportunities/ |
Mark wanted to play drums since he can remember. He was absorbed into his family's legacy of music at the very early age of 6, studying piano and theory under the regime of the Royal Conservatory of Music. He studied and performed piano with a private teacher and his mother, a past President of the Ontario Music Teachers Association who has been, and still is, an amazing mentor. The agreement was that once graduating his piano studies at the Grade 2 level, he would get his drums.
Drums 'were in hand' at the age of 9. Private lessons followed from two amazing drum teachers; both professional, world class musicians: Stephen Tully from the London Symphony Orchestra and Chris Stevens, a rock band drummer. Starting with basic drum rudiments, Mark explored different genres, quickly expanding his playing and performance from basic rock to classical music. Mark was on his way to being a very versatile musician. In the 70's, after many favourable auditions, he was playing with several different Orchestras, Bands and Symphonies, one of them being the All Scarborough Band as the lead percussionist and travelling with fellow band mates performing across Canada and internationally.
A Graduate of the University of Toronto, Royal Conservatory of Music, with international experience in performing drums and percussion, one of Mark's most honourable memories was playing for her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. He has been involved in many classical, stage and rock performances, playing in front of a wide array of audiences.
Mark left the classical stage and became a member of various rock bands over the past 25 years including Roll Another Number, The Rhythm Band, Ritchie and the Treble Makers, Dino and the Dogs and Blind Rust. He has played drum tracks for recording artists and also records in his own music studio. When not behind his kit, you may see him with a guitar in hand and once in a while at the piano. In the past 15 years he has taken a great interest in the sound experience of music and has rightfully earned the title of sound engineer. Sometimes he will be doing both, while performing; the sound board for the band is right beside him.
With over 50 years of experience in the amateur and professional music world, domestic and international experiences, playing many different percussion instruments, Mark now sits behind his drum kit or hybrid rigs and plays 'music' making it look effortless and relaxed. He does take the odd lead on vocals and sings backup on many of the songs performed. Mark enjoys playing professionally all over Toronto, the GTA and Ontario being a very proud member of the Turning Point Band. | http://www.turningpointband.ca/band-members/mark/ |
For the last few days, I’ve been looking at the ladies of Antony and Cleopatra. First, it was Octavia (and then her more historical side); then it was Charmian. And now, well, it’s time for the big one.
Cleopatra.
But first just an interesting observation…
By now, you know I’m a numbers guy.
So check this out (and for the purposes of this entry, I’m using the texts at OpenSource Shakespeare, as I think their text breakdowns, search and concordance rock when it comes to “running the numbers”):
Cleopatra has 204 speeches in the play; Antony 202 (while that seems equitable, remember that Antony doesn’t appear in the final, 442-line fifth act). Of her 204 speeches, 110 appear in the back half of the play (after the midpoint at Act Three, Scene Six, line 36). Of Antony’s speeches, they are split almost equally–102 in the first half, 100 in the second (though remember, he’s gone for that last act).
Cleopatra has the fourth and fifth longest speeches in the play (sorta, but more on that in a minute).
But what’s really interesting is where (or rather when) those speeches are delivered. The longest of hers (at 19 lines) is her final goodbye to her attendants in Act Five, Scene Two. And tied with that one is her statement of purpose and resolve over the body of Antony in Act Four, Scene Fifteen.
And that should be your clue.
Her three longest speeches (including her greeting of Octavian in the final scene) all occur after Antony’s death…the death of the character with the three longest speeches in the play (“All is lost” in Act Four, Scene Twelve [22 lines], “No more light answers” in Act One, Scene Two , and “Unarm me, Eros” in Act Four, Scene Fourteen ).
Is his death a kind of release from verbal bondage for her?
Note: if we take the three sections of Enobarbus’ barge speech as a single entity (he’s interrupted by only Agrippa’s four- and two-word interjections–neither of which constituting a full line), then his speech is a relatively whopping (but not all that impressive) 37 lines. | https://thebillshakespeareproject.com/2016/09/antony-cleopatra-freeing-cleopatra/ |
Sponge Cake:
0.1 kg Salted butter (Butter)
0.1 kg Maple sugar (Sugar)
4 Chicken eggs (Egg Yolks)
3 Tbsp Aldgost milk (Milk)
0.1 kg Sunset wheat flour (Flour)
2 ts Natron (Baking Powder)
1 ts Vanilla beans (Vanilla Powder)
Meringue:
4 Chicken eggs (Egg whites)
0.2 kg Maple sugar (Sugar)
Filling:
1 Vanilla beans (Instant vanilla cream)
0.3 ltr Sweet cream (Wipping cream)
Topping:
0.25 kg Almonds (Sliced almonds)
Recipe:
Sponge cake
1.beat the salted butter and maple sugaruntil it is creamy and white.
2.Add 1 egg(egg yolk) at the time until all 4 is mixed in then add the milk slowly in the mix.
3.Add sunset wheat flour,natron and vanilla beans in a bowl and mix.
4.Add the sunset wheat mix in the batter and mix but don't over-mix.
5.Spread the batter evenly in the baking pan.
Meringue:
1.mix maple sugar and chicken eggs(egg whites) until it is firm
2.Then spread the meringue nicely over the cake batter
3.Sprinkle almonds over the top of the cake
Bake it on 180C for 15-20 min until the fork is clean after cheking the cake.
While the cake is baking we are making the vanilla cream filling
Filling:
1.Mix the vanilla beans(Instant vanilla cream) with the sweet cream(Wipping cream)
2.Put the vanilla cake filling in the cold storage to the cake is cold.
3.When the cake is done and cold cut it in the middle and turn the 1 half with the meringue down on a cake platter.
4.Spread the vanilla cake filling evenly on the cake and take the other half with meringue up and place it on the one whit the filling
5.place it in the cold storage again to it is going to be served. | http://forum.square-enix.com/ffxiv/threads/55454-Culinary-Creation-Contest-Entry-Thread?p=852023 |
This morning, I was quietly tasting my sourdough waffle. This is, in my opinion, the best way to start a Sunday. Only, maybe I shouldn’t have taken the opportunity to listen to the news. My moment of pleasure was a little spoiled by the weather for the next few days. Unfortunately, down to -15°C!
Finishing my coffee, I said to myself that I had to find you a dish for the occasion.
And I have the perfect recipe to withstand this cold, a garnished sauerkraut from Alsace. Me, I love it, and I do it regularly throughout the winter.
A few years ago, I bought a slow cooker. The price, something like 25 euros, made me crack up. It was a very small investment that I have never regretted, because I like to use this appliance from time to time, to make certain dishes, such as sauerkraut. I like long and quiet cooking. We can completely fill the slow cooker at the beginning of the afternoon and leave to do something else. In the evening, the meal is ready.
To return to sauerkraut, I assure you that there is no simpler dish to make.
I admit that what I prefer in this dish is by far the cabbage. I indeed have a great love for fermented cabbage. I love using it to make winter salads. I then mix it with apples. I could only make sauerkraut for cabbage.
To accompany it, I usually take a piece of smoked bacon, some Montbéliard sausages and knacks. This time, we had added a small smoked pork knuckle. You have to do according to your tastes and desires.
For herbs, ideally, you will need to find juniper berries. That’s not always easy. Otherwise, you can use coriander or, like me, allspice. Bay leaf and cloves are also needed.
And finally, everything is washed down with Riesling.
Of course, we must not forget to serve with potatoes.
Mix everything and let it simmer.
Treat yourself!
Sauerkraut:
1.5 kg raw sauerkraut
250g smoked bacon
2 Montbeliard sausages
8 knacks
8 potatoes
10 juniper berries
3 bay leaves
1 onion
3 cloves
1 glass of Riesling
butter
Generously butter the dish.
Place half the cabbage, then divide the breast into thick slices, the sausages, the juniper berries, the bay leaf and the onion studded with cloves.
Top with remaining cabbage.
Add wine.
Cover and simmer for about 4.5 to 5 hours at high temperature.
Mix during cooking.
Cook the unpeeled potatoes towards the end of cooking.
Add them and the knacks at the last moment, to warm them up.
To finish: without a slow cooker, you can also use a traditional casserole over low heat or even a large earthenware dish in the oven. It will be necessary to reduce the cooking time to about 2 hours and add a little more wine, even a little broth.
Sauerkraut can be found raw or already cooked. This is the raw one I use. This is fermented cabbage. I don’t rinse it off before using it because I like the taste. You can taste it and if you find it too strong, do not hesitate to pass it under cold water before cooking it. It will then be necessary to wring it well.
Choose the meat that appeals to you. You can put more than me. In this season, it is easy to find special sauerkraut selections.
The knacks burst if put on too early. You can also cook them in water.
With these quantities, we make 2 meals of 4 parts.
I imagine that some have other, perhaps “more authentic” recipes. This is my way of making sauerkraut! | https://fatcrabseafood.com/sauerkraut/ |
Gerald Peter Remy, better known as Jerry Remy, was an American sports broadcaster and retired baseball player. Remy played as the second base for 10 seasons in Major League baseball (MLB). He played for the California Angels for 3 years and the Boston Red Sox for 7 years. Jerry Remy died at the age of 68 after a long battle with lung cancer on October 30, 2021. Jerry Remy’s total at the time of his death was reported to be estimated at $ 15 million.
|Full Name||Gerald Peter Remy|
|Birth Date||November 8, 1952|
|Birth Place||Fall River, Massachusetts, U. S.|
|Profession||Sports Broadcaster|
|Wife||Phoebe Remy|
|Net Worth||$15 million|
|Died||October 30, 2021|
Early life
Jerry Remy was born Gerald Peter Remy on the 8th of November, 1952 in Fall River, Massachusetts, United States. He spent his childhood growing up in nearby Somerset. To study, he joined Somerset High School. After graduating from high school, he studied at Roger Williams University.
Jerry began his acting career after being appointed by the Washington Senators in the 1970 draft MLB. Although nominated by the Senators, he did not sign with the party. Later, he was taken by the California Angels to the 1971 MLB franchise. Contrary to his previous draft choices, the second was finally signed with the team.
Jerry Remy Net Worth & Career
In 1971, he started playing in the minor leagues. In fact, he played 4 seasons in the Angels farm program. He appeared in 421 games in Minor League baseball where he hit 12 home runs, as well as 152 RBI with an average of .275 hits. In 1975, he entered the major leagues and played his first game with the California Angels on April 7, 1975. He appeared in 147 games as the second batsman for the California Angels when his batting average was .258.
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Jerry was sold to the Boston Red Sox on December 8, 1977. In 1978, he was nominated for the MLB All-Star Game as a second-generation midfielder. Jerry appeared in his career-high 155 game in 1982 when his strike rate was .280. The following year, he maintained his consistency in batting and hitting an average of .275 in 146 games. In 1984, Remy appeared in just 30 games due to a knee injury.
For the Red Sox, Remy has appeared in 710 games in a total of seven seasons. In his 7 seasons playing his career with the Sox, he had a strike average of .286 and 2 home runs, 211 RBI, and 98 stolen bases. He has given 10 years of his life playing in Major League baseball. In his 10-year MLB career, he played a total of 1154 games with a batting average of .275. He also made 7 home runs, 329 RBI, and 208 stolen bases.
Jerry found a new way after his post-game career. He started sports broadcasting on the New England Sports Network (NESN). He has been working as a regular color analyst for the Red Sox network broadcast. Remy co-starred with play-by-play announcer, Don Orsillo from the 2001 to 2015 season. The duo also won 4 New England Emmy Awards. Since the start of the 2016 season, he has teamed up with a new gaming announcer, Dave O’Brien.
Personal Life
Jerry Remy was married to Phoebe Remy. He tied the knot with his wife, Phoebe, in 1974. Together, they shared three children named Jared, Jordan, and Jenna. His eldest son, Jared, was arrested on August 16, 2013, on a charge of stabbing his girlfriend, Jennifer Martel, to death. On May 27, 2014, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.
Similarly, his youngest son, Jordan tried to follow his career by joining a professional baseball team. However, he did not play professional baseball despite being drafted in the 1999 MLB by the Red Sox.
Jerry Remy died at the age of 68 on Sunday night, October 30, 2021, after a long battle with lung cancer. She underwent surgery in November 2008 to remove a small area of cancer from her lungs. After undergoing surgery, she contracted a lung infection and later developed pneumonia. In June 2017, she announced that her lung cancer had returned. On August 7, 2018, he made the announcement of his fourth cancer diagnosis. In early November 2018, she announced that she was free of cancer.
Jerry Remy Net Worth
Jerry Remy had earned an estimated $ 15 million in his professional baseball and sports broadcasts. According to celebrity figures, he has raised a total of $ 663,333 in his professional baseball career. | https://glemda.com/jerry-remy-net-worth-what-is-the-broadcasters-actual-net-worth/ |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a vehicle traffic determination device that improves vehicle safety.
SOLUTION: A vehicle traffic determination device 1 is comprised of: an obstacle detection unit 40; a margin calculation unit 50; a vehicle speed detection unit 30; a threshold calculation unit 55; and a traffic determination unit 60. The obstacle detection unit 40 can detect an obstacle 45 in front of a vehicle. The vehicle speed detection unit 30 can detect a vehicle speed Vc. The margin computing unit 50 computes a margin width Mw or a margin height Mh. The threshold calculation unit 55 calculates a first width threshold Mw_th1, a second width threshold Mw_th2, a first height threshold Mh_th1, and a second height threshold Mh_th2 based on a vehicle speed Vc. The traffic determination unit 60 determines whether or not the vehicle can pass the obstacle 45 based on the margin width Mw, the margin height Mh, the first width threshold Mw_th1, the second width threshold Mw_th2, the first height threshold Mh_th1, and the second height threshold Mh_th2.
SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2
COPYRIGHT: (C)2019,JPO&INPIT | |
Another week, another article about Dragon Age. I realize it might be more topical to write about Mass Effect, but I can’t help where inspiration takes me, apparently. Last time, I talked about a particular topic in the series’ lore. This time, I’d like to discuss the crunchy side – the way the series’ combat mechanics evolved.
Dragon Age: Origins
Dragon Age: Origins was marketed as a return to the classical style of the western RPG, like Baldur’s Gate. However, the tactical side of the game was far simpler. There were only three classes, and the tactical considerations resembled a simplified single-player MMO game. You needed a tank – probably a warrior with a shield. Then someone to deal damage, so a warrior with a two-handed weapon or two weapons, or a rogue. Then a mage to cast spells, and of course to heal. Most of it was tragically uninspired and simple. But there was one layer to it that was truly innovative and noteworthy: the tactics screen.
Origins had a robust tactics screen, where the player could input commands for the AI to execute. It could be as simple as a mage healing someone under 50% health, or a warrior using a taunting ability when a weaker party member is in danger. Or it can be something more complex, like setting up “if this then that” operations. This allowed the player to take advantage of tactics and planning without having to babysit the whole team. In theory, if you spent the time inputting in the tactics, the party would more or less run itself.
So, how did it work in practice? …not well. The complex tactical settings couldn’t make up for the game’s relative simplicity and bad balance problems.
First, the elephant in the room: mages. By any metric, they’re devastatingly powerful. Their regular spells are powerful enough, but it gets worse if you use spell combinations. As such, the most optimal tactic is to bring at least two mages, and have them nuke everything, while the other teammates just keep enemies occupied.
Warriors’ and rogues’ abilities are very unimpressive by comparison. Many of them rely on chance, or being very specific in your skill point allotments. The two classes share some abilities – specifically, for dual-wielding and archery styles, but shields and two-handed weapons are exclusive to warriors. It’s actually possible to build a rogue who uses a shield, but also entirely pointless. The weapon talents tended to boil down to hitting enemies a little harder than they hit you, and not much else. The class-specific ones are a bit better for most character types, but in the case of rogues they take a lot of investment for basic-seeming abilities to become available. Examples include backstabbing disabled enemies and in-combat stealth, which are so elementary that it’s baffling that they aren’t default skills.
There are also more subtle balance problems, unrelated to magic. The biggest, one is that “tank” warriors find it difficult to do their actual jobs. Using heavy armor requires a large investment in strength, which prevents them from investing in attributes that help them avoid attacks. This means that, despite using shield talents to increase their defenses, a tank’s efficiency is reliant on the mage’s ability to heal them far more than the tank’s actual efforts.
This isn’t to say warriors and rogues are useless. You do need them, or at least warriors. But the point is that the combat is very decidedly mage-centric. It doesn’t only apply to the player’s mages, either. When an enemy mage appears, they’re always the priority target, because otherwise they can decimate your team with a single fireball or chain lightning.
The best way to quickly get rid of enemy mages are, of course, your own mages. There’s a combination of spells that are guaranteed to one-shot most mages, and knock half off a boss-level mage’s health. An equally cheap option is a glyph spell that blocks all magic within it and drains mana. If you thought that giving your warriors the Templar specialization will help… best abandon that hope quickly. Logic has no place in this combat system.
A frequent counter to this sort of criticism is that mages are meant to be powerful and feared in-universe. This is true, but you can give mages a unique role in both gameplay and story without having them smash the combat balance on one knee. I’ve also seen players claim the games (the first two, that is) are single player, and thus don’t need balance. This is an entirely erroneous argument. They are single-player, but they’re also party games; you have to manage the entire team yourself. If I play a warrior or rogue, I’d rather not play second fiddle to my mage companions. I should be able to play primarily as my own protagonist character regardless of what class I choose.
All in all, the combat in Dragon Age: Origins might seem varied and interesting at first, and to some degree it can be. It is simple and elegant, with a strong foundation, but there’s a lot of cracks in it. There is a ‘right’ way to play Dragon Age: Origins, and if you don’t know what it is, you can end up not being able to finish the game. Thankfully, these issues were less prominent in later titles.
Dragon Age 2
The second installment of the series proved controversial in more ways than one, and a big part of the controversy was how much it changed the combat. However, I personally think a lot of the controversy stems from aesthetics – tactically, it is not only similar to Origins, but also significantly improves on it.
What makes me say that? It comes down to improved balance and increased interplay. Mages no longer dominate play, and all three classes have their own tricks to pull off. While the game sadly keeps the warrior/rogue/mage division, each class has a more consistent niche. Warriors who use shields are still tanks, but those that use two-handed weapons stand out from rogues with their focus on attacking many enemies at once.
Mages no longer dominate encounters with their spells, but they’re still essential for their ability to strike entire areas, support and heal. Healing is also not as absolutely crucial as it was previously– it’s possible to run encounters without a mage, or with a mage who can’t heal. Rogues remain the heavy hitting damage-dealers they were before, but then this class seems to be the easiest to balance in the entire series.
Spell combos return as cross-class combos, which is a major upgrade. Each class can inflict a specific status effect – warriors stagger, rogues disorient, and mages make enemies brittle. The other two classes can exploit those statuses for massive damage and debilitating effects. Well, mostly the former, unfortunately, but it does result in having to combine different classes’ abilities. This leads to a better sense of cooperation between the party that’s deeper than “warrior taunts bad guys and mage heals the warrior.”
The abilities themselves are more engaging both visually and functionally, particularly for warriors and rogues. There’s still plenty of talents that boil down to pure damage, but there’s also far more movement across the battlefield, area effects, ways to recover stamina, hide or cause enemies to miss.
In terms of character building, ability trees are actual trees now, rather than straight lines of four abilities each. Warriors and rogues get more abilities that are independent of the weapons they use. The most welcome change is unique specializations for your companions, not just you – this means that I could actually make my Fenris different from my Hawke, even though they are both warriors with a two-handed weapon.
The tactics screen remains the same, but there are subtle changes to the general feel of the controls. They shift from the 3/4th overhead control of Origins to a third-person scheme where you focus on Hawke. This combines with the flashy cinematic aesthetics of the combat to make it seem like the game is more of a hack ‘n’ slash than it actually is. The quicker animations are certainly a godsend after Origins‘ slow, ponderous swinging and half-hearted poking.
While I believe Dragon Age 2’s combat is the best in the series, it’s by no means perfect. It clings to the genre restrictions the series chose to burden itself with, like the outdated, limited class scheme. I mentioned only two types of warriors before, because warriors can no longer dual wield. Rogues can only use daggers and no other melee weapons, while warriors now can’t equip bows. Granted, only dual-wielding warriors are an actual lost option – rogues who use anything but daggers in melee, as well as archery for warriors, were mostly there for show. But it’s not very commendable to remove less-optimal options, rather than make them work. It’s not like Origins had a lot of possibilities for warriors and rogues to begin with.
Furthermore, Dragon Age 2 shoots itself in the foot with its encounter design. As if worried that the faster animations would make the game too quick, the designers ruthlessly padded every fight. Every random encounter (of which there are many) will involve at least two waves of trash mobs, which come out of literally nowhere. The more serious enemies have inflated health pools that makes fighting them a lengthy grind. It’s especially bothersome in the early game, where you only have a few abilities; it means a lot of auto-attacking while you wait for the cooldowns to end. Later on, you can combine your talents and spells to produce enough damage to punch through the bloat… sometimes.
There’s a lot of solid work to Dragon Age 2‘s combat, but it’s very much a diamond in the rough.
Dragon Age: Inquisition
The latest game in the series takes the evolution of the combat in a different, strange direction. It resembles Dragon Age 2, but it also does not.
Inquisition follows from Dragon Age 2 in that it makes the combat even more action-oriented. The action-like feel of Dragon Age 2 came from camera angles and controls. Inquisition explicitly moves towards action mechanics. The controls are much more geared towards controlling your Inquisitor only. There are many more abilities that require active timing, like blocking and parrying. There are far fewer active abilities for all classes, and you are restricted to a set number of slotted abilities rather than having access to all of them at once.
What it results in is a game that straddles the fence between a more traditional tactical RPG, and an action-RPG like Dark Souls or The Witcher. But it’s not actually either of those.
Visually, Inquisition seems to strike a balance between Origins‘ dreadfully stiff animations and Dragon Age 2‘s high-action, slightly ludicrous style. It’s still firmly in the realm of improbable moves, but not to the degree Dragon Age 2 did it. Archery rogues, especially, no longer cause a rain of arrows to fall down, or send an arrow straight through the battlefield. Two-handed weapons are back to their pathetic state from Origins, because there are enough people who have no idea how they work, but think they do. They’re effective – just horrendously ugly.
Inquisition is also the first game in the series to introduce multiplayer, and I think it might be the source of the new direction. The controls are suited for commanding a single character, with every other party member also being under the control of a living person. This might not be such a big problem if it weren’t for the gutting of the previous games’ tactics screen. You can set some party behaviors, but it’s a pale shadow of what it was before.
Which, unfortunately, makes for a very chaotic combat experience. The AI simply isn’t smart enough to use all its abilities well, so combat requires the player to take a very active approach. So you control your Inquisitor and hope the AI doesn’t get itself killed. Picking your companions’ abilities is driven by what the AI can effectively use, rather than actual usefulness. For example, it makes archer rogues a lot better than dagger rogues, since an archer doesn’t need specific positioning.
The game does make some marked improvements, however, and the major one is healing. Spells that restore health are gone; you can only regain health by drinking potions, which come in limited supply, and can only be refilled at camps. Healing spells are replaced with more barriers and guard abilities. Mages apply barriers, which then act as an extra layer of health. Guard is generated by warriors and acts similarly, with the difference that it doesn’t disappear by itself.
This shifts the focus from refilling missing health to actively mitigating and avoiding damage, which is a welcome change. It’s still not perfect – it’s easy to generate so much guard that many battles become trivial. But it’s a step in the right direction.
I spoke dismissively of the multiplayer, but it does seem to break some of the single-player’s rules. While characters are divided into the warrior/mage/rogue categories, they get their own ability sets – only two each, but much larger than the single-player ones. More importantly, these trees can mix and match abilities from different sets, and even different classes.
Going Forward
Where would I like future Dragon Age games to go? First off, they need to decide what they are. Tactical RPGs, action RPGs, or something entirely different? Inquisition awkwardly tries to be both, and it really doesn’t do it any favors.
I think staying as a tactical RPG would serve the game series best. If it did return to this root, it should look back to what Dragon Age 2 got right, and what it didn’t. The improved balance and interplay was good; needlessly padded encounters and unnecessarily flashy animations were not.
The games could do much more than just stick to what worked before, though. What they really need to do in order to achieve their full potential is to break away from the traditional combat mechanic restrictions the genre imposes on them. The Warrior/Mage/Rogue division is stifling and arbitrary, particularly for warriors and rogues. Neither “warrior” nor “rogue” really mean anything. However, you can’t get rid of the class system altogether, because the series probably wouldn’t work with an entirely classless system.
Classes that more accurately describe the role that the character plays in their team would be a better design choice. More fighting styles for non-mages would also be an absolute necessity for the combat to work. More varieties of magic than “wave a stick around and make magic happen” wouldn’t hurt, either; being a mage needs to mean more than just being able to cast spells. The Knight-Enchanter specialization is a step in the right direction for this, but it just needs capitalizing on.
I don’t hold out much hope that it will happen – BioWare is very wary of backlash. But it’s something I think could help make combat in the games something to look forward to, rather than a tolerable distraction in between the story moments. | https://www.thefandomentals.com/evolution-combat-dragon-age/ |
158 Cal.App.2d 712 (1958)
ISBRANDTSEN COMPANY, INC. (a Corporation), Respondent,
v.
PRODUCERS COTTON OIL COMPANY (a Corporation), Appellant.
Civ. No. 5623.
California Court of Appeals. Fourth Dist.
Mar. 26, 1958.
Docker & Docker and William F. Docker for Appellant.
Stammer, McKnight & Barnum for Respondent.
BARNARD, P. J.
This is an action for damages based on the failure to ship an agreed amount of cotton.
The plaintiff is engaged in a world-wide shipping business in which it owns and operates a number of ships in regular service with scheduled sailings. It also engages extensively in "tramp" operations whereby it charters a vessel from its owner for a definite voyage between given ports, and contracts with various shippers for the transportation of cargo between those points. This case involves such a tramp operation.
Early in 1951, shipping space for cotton from the Pacific Coast to India was difficult to obtain. The plaintiff proposed to a number of cotton shippers that if sufficient offers of cotton at a freight rate of $2.65 per 100 pounds could be obtained it would charter a vessel to load at Los Angeles and San Francisco between March 15 and April 15, for a direct voyage to Bombay, India. As a result, it obtained contracts from the defendant and three other shippers to ship a total of 17,175 bales of cotton, the defendant agreeing to ship 5,000 bales. *714
The plaintiff chartered a vessel at the rate of $2,136.53 per day of 24 hours and agreed to redeliver the vessel at a port in the Colombo-Karachi range. On March 24, while the vessel was en route to Los Angeles to begin loading, the various shippers tried to cancel a part or all of their respective commitments for space for cotton on this ship. The plaintiff refused to cancel these contracts. Each of these shippers shipped some cotton and a total of 10,946 bales of cotton were thus shipped. Of the 6,229 bales which were not shipped the defendant failed to ship 2,846 bales.
Prior to this attempted cancellation the plaintiff had booked some other cargo for Bombay, including some oil and asphalt in drums, and was looking for additional cargo to fill portions of the ship in which cotton could not be placed. After the attempted cancellation it was unable to locate any additional cotton, but it obtained two large additional shipments of asphalt and oil in drums, part of which was to be delivered at Colombo and part at Karachi, Pakistan. This necessitated an extra stop for loading at Port Hueneme, an extra stop at Colombo on the way to Bombay, and an extension of the voyage from Bombay to Karachi. The plaintiff returned the vessel to its owners at Karachi when the final unloading was completed.
The plaintiff then brought this action to recover the difference between the net amount it would have received from the defendant's share of the 6,229 bales which were not shipped and the net amount it received from the substitute cargo obtained, with allowances for the savings realized in connection with the cargo not shipped and the additional expense incurred in connection with the substitute cargo. The court found in favor of the plaintiff finding, among other things, that the plaintiff had used all reasonable effort to minimize the damage by securing substitute cargo, and that it was successful in securing other cargo which served to decrease in part the damage which would otherwise have resulted from the defendant's breach of its contract to ship 5,000 bales of cotton. As a conclusion of law, it was found that the plaintiff was entitled to a judgment in the sum of $24,378.10, (this being the defendant's proportion of the total damage shown) together with interest thereon from April 16, 1952 to entry of judgment. A judgment was accordingly entered for $32,089.87, from which the defendant has appealed.
[1] The appellant's main contention is that the court followed the wrong measure of damage in arriving at this result. *715 It is argued that the respondent was not entitled to recover more than it would have gained by the full performance of the contract, and that the proper measure of damage here is the anticipated revenue of the ship (the contract price for carrying 17,175 bales of cotton) adjusted for savings arising from the breach, less the amount actually earned by the ship adjusted for any additional costs incurred in carrying substitute cargo. We are unable to agree with this contention. These shippers did not contract for the use of all of the space on the ship. They contracted only for the space that would be required for 17,175 bales of cotton, and they had no interest in or concern with the remaining space on the ship. The cotton could be carried only in a certain part of the ship, and the appellant had no reason to believe that the remainder of the ship would not be utilized. This was planned by the respondent, in fixing the rate on the cotton, and the evidence justifies the conclusion that this was understood by the appellant. The breach of the contract affected only the space which would have been occupied by the 6,229 bales which were not shipped. The proper measure of damage is the difference in the net return from that space, as it actually was and as it would have been had the contract been performed, as adjusted in accordance with any savings on the one hand and any extra expense on the other. This difference resulted from the lower rate at which the substitute cargo had to be carried, and the fact that it was necessary, in order to get the substitute cargo, to extend the voyage from Bombay to Karachi.
The appellant also contends that by erroneous assumptions and conjecture, which were admitted in evidence over objection and adopted by the trial court, the respondent overstated its anticipated revenue and understated the credit due the appellant from substituted cargo. It is argued that the respondent arbitrarily assumed that it was entitled to bales of 517 pounds each although it was entitled only to bales averaging about 500 pounds each, thus overstating its anticipated revenue on all 17,175 bales; that it improperly assumed that certain cargo was substitute cargo, although it was carried in portions of the ship where cotton would not have been carried, and although it was originally intended to send the ship to Bombay only and no other cargo for that port could be obtained; that the respondent improperly assumed that certain expenses after the ship left Bombay for Karachi were chargeable against the appellant; and that without these erroneous *716 assumptions and matters of speculation the appellant's proportion of the actual damage would be about $10,000.
[2] It was the duty of the respondent, after the breach, to minimize the damage to the extent possible by obtaining substitute cargo for the space that would have been occupied by the cotton contracted for but not shipped. The evidence is undisputed that the only cargo which could be secured for that purpose in a sufficient amount was the cargo which was taken, and it clearly appears that had that cargo not been accepted the resulting damage would have been much greater. The fact that a short extension of the voyage was made necessary by the acceptance of this cargo is not controlling. Proportionate credits and allowances were made, and the net result was favorable to the appellant rather than otherwise. No question is raised concerning the propriety of any item of expense as allowed by the court except for some of the charges at Karachi. It is admitted that the cotton shippers should be charged for the additional fuel and charter time in steaming from Bombay to Karachi, but argued that they should not be charged anything for the time used at Karachi in unloading, cleaning and usual delays since the same time would have been required had the voyage ended at Bombay as originally contemplated. The items of expense are also affected, of course, by the contentions that what was actually substitute cargo was improperly determined, and that the anticipated revenue from the 6,229 bales of cotton which were not shipped was improperly increased by assuming that those bales, if shipped, would have averaged 517 pounds each instead of 500 pounds each.
[3] The evidence with respect to the time spent in unloading, cleaning and usual delays at Karachi is undisputed, and the appellant was only charged with its proportion of the total charge as prorated between the substitute cargo and the cargo which was not substitute cargo which was delivered there. This was all a part of what was done to minimize the damages to the appellant's advantage, and the evidence supports the findings in that connection. The matter of what was and what was not substitute cargo could not properly be determined by the exact location in the ship in which various parts of the substitute cargo was carried. The controlling element was the amount of cargo which could be carried in the space which would have been required for the 6,229 bales of cotton had they been shipped. The evidence in this regard was sufficiently definite to sustain the court's findings in that *717 connection, and it cannot be said that these findings rest upon mere assumptions, speculation or conjecture.
[4] The court adopted the respondent's estimate of the net return to be expected from the 6,229 bales of cotton not shipped, based on an average weight of 517 pounds per bale. There was evidence that in the cotton industry it is commonly estimated that the average weight of a bale will be about 500 pounds; that it is known that they vary, some bales weighing a little less and some a little more; that some weigh as high as 540 pounds and some less than 500; and that most of them weigh a little more than 500 pounds. There was evidence that in the shipping industry estimates are made on the average cubic feet of space per bale, and not on the average weight. There was also evidence that the 10,881 bales of cotton which were actually shipped on this vessel averaged 517 pounds per bale. The contract here in question was for 5,000 bales, with no weight specified. A weight of 517 pounds could reasonably be considered as being "about" 500 pounds. No evidence was produced in any way suggesting or indicating that the appellant, or the other shippers, intended that the remainder of the bales contracted for should be of any lesser weight, or that they were entitled to rely on any smaller space being reserved for them. Under the evidence as a whole it could reasonably be inferred that the remaining bales, if they had been shipped, would have weighed approximately as much and taken up approximately the same space on the ship as those which were actually shipped. The appellant, whose wrongful act gave rise to the injury, may not be heard to complain that the exact amount thereof could not be determined with mathematical precision. (Zinn v. Ex-Cell-O Corp., 24 Cal.2d 290 [149 P.2d 177]; Phalanx Air Freight v. National etc., Freight Corp., 104 Cal.App.2d 771 [232 P.2d 510].)
While the amount of total damage here allowed would appear from the record to be quite liberal, we are unable to hold that any element used in determining that damage was improper, or that any item of charge or credit was not sustained by the evidence.
The judgment is affirmed.
Griffin, J., and Mussell, J., concurred.
| |
What does literary non-fiction mean?
Creative nonfiction (also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
What are the examples of non-fiction?
Here are some of the most prominent types of nonfiction genres.
- History.
- Biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs.
- Travel guides and travelogues.
- Academic texts.
- Philosophy and insight.
- Journalism.
- Self-help and instruction.
- Guides and how-to manuals.
3 дня назад
What are 3 characteristics of non-fiction?
Characteristics of a non-fiction text includes the presence of a table of contents, headings, captions, diagrams, charts, graphs, a glossary and an index. Additionally, the subjects of non-fiction are real and not imagined or made up, as the subjects in fiction are.
What is the main difference between fiction and nonfiction?
For writers and readers alike, it’s sometimes hard to tell the difference between fiction and nonfiction. In general, fiction refers to plot, settings, and characters created from the imagination, while nonfiction refers to factual stories focused on actual events and people.
What are the unique feature of fiction?
Unlike poetry, it is more structured, follows proper grammatical pattern, and correct mechanics. A fictional work may incorporate fantastical and imaginary ideas from everyday life. It comprises some important elements such as plot, exposition, foreshadowing, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
What is nonfiction and examples?
Common literary examples of nonfiction include expository, argumentative, functional, and opinion pieces; essays on art or literature; biographies; memoirs; journalism; and historical, scientific, technical, or economic writings (including electronic ones).
What are the two types of nonfiction?
First, there are two broad categories of nonfiction: research nonfiction and creative nonfiction. Research nonfiction is straight factual writing. Essentially, it means journalism (the kind stuff you find in the newspapers). Creative nonfiction, by contrast, is any writing that embellishes facts with storytelling.
What are the unique features of non-fiction?
Unique Features of Creative Nonfiction
Literary nonfiction is unique because it creates an interesting story with plot, setting, and characters through real events. This type of writing places emphasis on tone and storytelling rather than just conveying information.
How many types of non-fiction are there?
Finally, send students back to the stacks to gather a selection of nonfiction books on a new topic. Invite each team to sort the books into the five types—narrative, expository literature, traditional, browsable, and active. Did they find examples of all five kinds of books?
What are the features of a non-fiction book?
Non–Fiction Text Features and Text Structure
- Text features are to non–fiction what story elements are to fiction.
- Problem/Solution.
- Cause and Effect.
- Compare/Contrast.
- Description/List.
- Time Order/Sequence.
- Note: Sometimes the text structure isn’t so easy to distinguish.
What is the purpose of non-fiction text?
Explain to students that some nonfiction books or texts are written to teach us about a topic, some are written to persuade, or convince, the reader to believe what the author believes, and some are just written to entertain, or engage, the reader!
What are the elements of nonfiction?
Four Major Elements of Nonfiction
- Lay out.
- Information.
- Characterization.
- Style and Tone.
What are the examples of fiction and nonfiction?
Fiction is made up, non-fiction is fact
Fiction books are written for entertaining readers and the non-fiction books are written to give more knowledge to the readers. Examples of fictions are novels, short stories, etc. History books, autobiography, etc. are non-fictions.
Is non fiction real or fake?
“Fiction” refers to literature created from the imagination. “Nonfiction” refers to literature based in fact.
What are the elements of fiction?
The six major elements of fiction are character, plot, point of view, setting, style, and theme. | https://www.inkbottlepress.com/interesting/often-asked-define-non-fiction-in-literature.html |
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Version thought is without doubt one of the imperative branches of mathematical good judgment. the sector has advanced swiftly within the previous couple of many years. This e-book is an advent to present developments in version concept, and incorporates a choice of articles authored through best researchers within the box. it's meant as a reference for college students in addition to senior researchers. | https://hardwell.com.vn/books/a-brief-guide-to-algebraic-number-theory-london-mathematical-society-student |
An increasing number of K-12 students take courses online, but very few studies have examined affordances and challenges of teaching online courses. This paper presents case-study research that explores the dynamics and experience of teaching online language courses among seven experienced teachers who were new to online teaching. Data include surveys, interviews, online interaction, audiotaping from synchronous sessions, and reflection journals. The preliminary qualitative analysis suggests that teaching language courses online requires instructors to familiarize themselves with not only the technology and content knowledge, but also the skills of integrating technology into synchronous and asynchronous sessions.
5/8/14 9:15am Bentley 136 Virtual Exchanges – Which Tools should We Use?
Virtual exchanges are an ideal way to foster language skills and promote intercultural competence through authentic and meaningful communication with native speakers of the target language. With a variety of tools available for connecting language learners online, the choice of communication media can become a daunting task. This presentation summarizes students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of tools used in virtual exchanges. Students participated in a virtual exchange using a variety of asynchronous and synchronous communication tools and reported the advantages and disadvantages of each tool.
In recent years, technology increasingly supports and enhances language teaching. In language teaching and learning, language teachers have many choices for integrating technology into their curriculums. However, in their formal training, they are mostly not well-informed about CALL and technology integration into their curriculum except heavy theoretical knowledge. Therefore, it is important to equip them with not just the theoretical background but the practical uses of technology in language teaching in their formal teacher training programs. This study addresses the ways to improve technology knowledge and skills of prospective EFL teachers. To this end, the model used in the Foreign Languages Education Department of a university in Turkey is introduced.
This study explores 10 ESL students’ perception of online discussion in an academic writing course. Data from in-depth one-on-one interviews reports affordances and challenges of using synchronous online discussion from students’ perspectives. The presentation reports the connection between computer-mediated communication (CMC) and subsequent L2 disciplinary writing from grounded theory approach.
Recent years have witnessed an influx of data mining concepts and practices in the educational field. In our presentation, we introduce learning analytics as an important supplement to CALL. We start with a summary of a series of terms related to learning analytics. Then, we examine existing learning analytics that can be utilized in CALL. Furthermore, through reviewing the state-of-the-art empirical research in the educational environment in general, we elaborate on how learning analytics can contribute to CALL and theory-building in applied linguistics in particular. The challenges and ethical issues in implementing learning analytics in CALL are also discussed.
This presentation provides a descriptive approach of theory and practice in the preparation process of a plan of renovation of a language lab in a two-year college in the U.S. Transforming the language lab from an individualized format into a collaborative learning center is a task that entails attentive considerations to detail including the selection of technology, software, and equipment based on the goals of the department, the lab, and the institution. The presenter will provide an analysis of the different stages of the plan of renovation by proposing a sequential model that includes these steps: exploring, comparing, evaluating, selecting, and implementing.
5/8/14 10:00am Baker 231 Input Type and Proficiency Gains by Intermediate-Advanced Speakers: Self-study, Live Tutoring or Both?
As a provider of technology-based solutions for learning languages, Rosetta Stone builds products on a foundation of research to ensure that instruction results in the best possible learning outcomes when learners are engaged in self-study or are working with our live instructors. In this presentation, we will discuss how our e-learning and instructor-supported courses complement each other. We will share data from a recent study involving intermediate and advanced learners of English and examine how the amount of language exposure and the context of that exposure influences gains in their proficiency.
5/8/14 10:00am Bentley 136 How do University L2 Learners Make Use of E-dictionaries/Apps in Mobile-assisted Language Learning (MALL)?
Learners can now learn language anywhere and anytime with hand-held mobile devices connected to the internet, which is becoming the largest supplier of free language learning resources. Accessing meaning of unknown language items encountered online is usually the first step for learning to take place. How to make good use of e-dictionaries/apps, or meaning technology, is a key factor that affects learners’ learning efficiency. This study investigated what functions of e-dictionaries/apps university L2 learners actually use and what ideal functions they desire when they engage in MALL. Some discrepancies were found regarding the actual and ideal functions learners use. Discussions revolve around the design of future generations of e-dictionaries/apps and ways to improve learners’ MALL efficiency.
This presentation reports on research conducted on a digital game-based course in which students co-created a shared context via technology. The course was freshman composition composed of 15 university non-native English speakers, and the digital game was a modified version of Minecraft. This qualitative study seeks to explore students’ experiences in this learning environment, focusing on how the environment potentially affected student engagement and how these factors may have affected their writing. Initial findings indicate that students in a digital game-based course may experience game play and engagement differently than do students who play these games outside of class.
This panel brings together the directors of four Chicago-area language centers who represent a broad spectrum of institutions, including private and public universities and one mid-size Jesuit institution. The panelists will address missions and structures of their centers and reflect on common challenges while acknowledging differences in their institutional contexts. Each panelist will give a brief overview of his or her center’s mission as well as directions and how they relate to trends in technology, multimedia courseware and language teaching in general. We will conclude the panel with a discussion of best practices and leave ample time for audience questions.
An increasing number of language teacher education programs are being offered online. Although potential benefits of online learning have been touted, some people remain skeptical of its quality, which can vary greatly from one course to another. In the past, studies compared face-to-face and online classes to determine which was better. More recent researchers argue that online options should be evaluated in their own right. This presentation will review relevant research and describe an evaluation case study of an online language teacher education program using internationally recognized standards. The question of how to evaluate such programs will also be discussed.
This paper will review affordances of various NLP platforms for language learning material production (tagging, glossing, question generation; languages supported). Examples are provided of how applying tools from NLP platforms to text corpora can semi-automatically produce a linguistic basis for language learning materials and how this basis can be post-processed for delivery through university-wide and language-center-specific tools (Respondus, LMS, digital audio lab) and thus integrated into the language program.
5/8/14 10:00am Bentley 135 Interactive Video: A Relic of the Past or Promise for the Future?
Thomas Edison predicted 100 years ago that “every branch of human knowledge will be taught with the motion picture,” making textbooks obsolete and completely changing school systems within ten years. Similarly, interactive video for language acquisition showed great promise in the past but has not met expectations. Despite such unfulfilled hype, the tremendous impact of video on our screens and in our pockets is mind boggling when considered in retrospect. This presentation will consist of demonstrations of current state-of-the-art, as well as future, interactive video applications, to be followed by a discussion of where we are and where we should go.
Computers can provide immediate feedback to language learners, and CALL practitioners often claim that immediate feedback is better for language learning than delayed feedback. But what theory and evidence support or refute this claim? And what is the best timing for feedback to promote learning during formative assessment? In this presentation, I summarize the relevant literature in CALL, SLA, assessment, and education, with a focus on my own research into a computer-based multiple-choice formative assessment on article usage in which feedback was provided (a) after the learner answered each item or (b) at the end of the test.
This paper will analyze the gameplay experiences of participants who took part in a longitudinal research study playing World of Warcraft in German for the purposes of second language development (SLD). Working within a complex adaptive systems framework, each participant demonstrates a dynamic trajectory of gameplay and SLD within the game environment. I specifically examine two case studies of participants with varying results: one who found the experience very beneficial, and one who could not find utility in this method of SLD. Each trajectory is analyzed in-depth to demonstrate what characteristics may ultimately lead to a constructive SLD experience.
There has been an expansion of scholarship in recent years focused on developing quality online education. This includes a number of studies focused on the development of quality online foreign language instruction. At the same time, there has been a relative dearth of scholarship on how to best assess online faculty performance. Our presentation will engage this critical lacuna by reviewing the extant scholarship on online faculty evaluation with a special focus on FL pedagogy and presenting an evaluative tool we have developed and are currently testing in an online Spanish for the Professions certificate program at Arizona State University.
The opportunity to learn Spanish simple past tenses in everyday conversation is critically lacking in classroom settings. To this end, we give learners video clips containing conversations and pedagogical grammar explanations as language input. Then we provide them with opportunities to put the knowledge they have acquired into practice. Modeling their stories from the clips, they use an application of comics to author conversations and record their voices for the characters. Given previous research findings on output practice, we expect the aforementioned practice will promote language acquisition. We will demonstrate how the project was accomplished and discuss learner performance and feedback.
A major issue in responding to L2 writing is the provision of corrective feedback. It is considered necessary by most teachers and students, but its effect on accuracy or writing quality is debatable. Automated corrective feedback may offer some assistance, but its capacity is largely restrained by natural language processing technology, and its potential in helping students become independent may be limited. Therefore, this project explores how students may learn to use an annotated learner corpus, and examines how such experience may help the students improve accuracy and writing quality through a quasi-experiment.
Whether you are teaching in a MOOC or a traditional class, the OWL TMS facilitates evaluation of student knowledge including homework, quizzes and tests. Unfortunately, most tools increase the complexity of evaluation especially in the MOOC. Why not use a tool that simplifies creating and delivering digital content? A tool that allows you to create (or borrow) engaging content for your students. OWL is a proven activity management system that allows you to assess all four modes of communication online. Use a wide variety of multimedia content and provide text and audio feedback, all while maintaining test security as needed.
This presentation describes the results of a study involving the development of a web-based grammar tutorial developed in Flash, ActionScript, PHP, and MySQL with different feedback conditions that vary in their explicitness to help adult ESL learners improve persistent grammatical errors. The presentation also discusses the behavioral data obtained from script-based tracking that measured the reaction time of detailed behaviors such as reading prompts, selecting answers, determining certainty, and reading feedback.
This study compares three tasks implemented in the 3D Virtual Learning Environment Avayalive Engage by three ESL teacher-trainees during tutoring sessions with eight ESL students. The analysis of the recorded data shows that although in all of the three tasks students incorporated some of the input, mostly the tasks with oral input supplied by the informants engaged students in negotiation of meaning. Student-generated input did not invite much negotiation of meaning whereas the input from the web-based text prompted students to interact with the text rather than with peers to understand the meaning.
This presentation will offer attendees a chance to learn how Notre Dame instructors of Irish, Arabic, and Catalan are using online tools to not only get students interested in learning less commonly taught languages (LCTLs), but engage students with multimedia projects aimed at authentic production. The presenters are instructors at various stages in the development and facilitation of computer-assisted language learning courses, ranging from individuals who have established courses and experience with assessment to those who are turning to technology in order to attract enough students to warrant a course.
This presentation presents the findings of a two-semester, participant-centered action research project conducted in a second language writing course at Ohio University which investigates learner perceptions of digital textbooks. The subjects of research are learner interaction with the iBook, learner attitudes towards materials, and challenges encountered, drawing primarily from student voices and secondarily from instructor observations. Knowledge of student experiences will help inform future development and implementation of such technological tools, but this presentation will not focus on the development of the resources or the tools themselves.
Language teachers come to any teaching situation with a set of beliefs, philosophies, and expectations, which influence their decisions of whether, how, and why they use different technologies. Researchers have investigated what language teachers need to know to integrate technology successfully into their classes, but research findings have not yet captured exactly what language teacher CALL competency should include. This panel’s presentations will discuss the identification of needs as well as the use of frameworks, such as TPACK, multimodality, and blended learning. It aims at opening the discussion regarding the conceptualization of language teachers’ CALL competency.
In this presentation, we examine the implementation of web-based collaborative writing activities in second language writing instruction. By investigating how a group of ESL writers engaged in collaborative writing activities through Google Docs and the difficulties that they encountered, we seek to highlight the importance for teachers to provide specific and culturally sensitive guidance to facilitate peer collaboration and maximize the effectiveness of web-based collaborative writing activities.
This contribution considers whether MOOCs afford a collaborative environment where participants can develop the necessary literacy skills to become successful self-directed learners and members of online communities. It also discusses the extent to which self-determination and participatory literacy might be relevant for success in different types of MOOCs. They will present data from a particular study, OT12, an eight-week MOOC on open translation tools and practices run in 2012 by the Department of Languages of the Open University UK. The data consist of pre- and post-course surveys covering learners’ backgrounds and prior experience of translation, expectations and challenges envisaged, and evaluation of outcomes.
This study aimed to develop multiliteracies by asking participants to transform stories into different modes. Informed by a bridging-activities model (Reinhardt and Thorne, 2011) and a multiliteracies-based framework (Kern, 2000; New London Group, 1996), an instructional intervention using Twitter was designed to develop introductory level Korean learners’ multiliteracies. The learners were asked to retell or rewrite a story from the perspective of one of the characters of a Korean soap opera that they had watched. Using fake Twitter accounts, they then pretended to be one of the characters that they studied from the soap opera by composing tweets, and analyzed their own production. Multiple means of data collection was employed and will be presented, including student perspectives of the activities and skill development results.
Acknowledging the lack of studies on process-oriented writing in AWE research, the current research aimed to investigate how learner training, theoretically grounded in Hubbard’s five principles (2004), influenced students’ perceptions towards process-oriented writing and their writing performance on Criterion®, an AWE program developed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), in an ESL writing class in a mid-west American university. Two research questions were mainly addressed: (1) How did learner training influence student perceptions towards process-oriented writing? and (2) How did the learner training affect student perceptions and uses of Criterion in making plans and revising their papers in their writing processes? A mixed-method approach was employed by collecting data through user-interaction data recorded via Camtasia, pre-questionnaires, two post-questionnaires, and individual interviews. Findings indicated that students presented positive attitudes towards the learner training. Further, limitations of the present study and possible suggestions will be addressed for future implementation of Criterion® as an effective instructional tool in writing classes.
The presenter will share insights from the process for designing new 21st century learning spaces at her institution. She will describe the collaborative process for designing flexible learning spaces designed to promote transformative teaching and active learning using collaborative technologies, and she will present the taskforce’s work that designed an experimental learning space, developed a repository of faculty development resources, and initiated a new faculty fellows program focusing on 21st century instruction. The presenter will introduce a matrix that was developed to determine the classroom design, the technologies, and the faculty development needs for creating active learning spaces.
This presentation will outline the preliminary results of a mixed-methods study designed to investigate the effectiveness of 3D virtual environments as unique spaces for ESL teacher training and EFL language learning. The purpose of this study is to investigate reported levels of satisfaction regarding a unique teaching practice opportunity, the complexity or ease of task design, and perceived levels of teacher and English as a foreign language (EFL) student satisfaction in a 3D virtual learning environment. Data will be gathered from numerous tools including surveys, recorded observations and blog posts.
The Center for Language Education and Research (CLEAR) at Michigan State University developed a suite of free Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) for language teachers, which has proven very popular since the first application came out in 2005. Many of the applications have seen exponential growth. CLEAR is constantly striving to improve the products and respond to user feedback. Toward that goal, CLEAR is currently working on moving the RIAs into HTML5. Join CLEAR personnel in this session to learn more about the switch, including how you can provide valuable assistance as a beta tester in the new environment.
Due to the text-based nature of synchronous computer-mediated discussion (SCMD), ESL learners often notice problematic linguistic output which shows gaps between one’s language production and the target form. This session explores the interplay between tasks given during 26 sessions of SCMDs and characteristics of 10 students’ attentional moves while negotiating meanings.
To take advantage of mobile learning, during two study abroad trips, students used mobile devices to photograph aspects of the target culture and share their pictures and comments with classmates through a wiki and Instagram. Using Victor’s (1992) LESCANT model to frame this project, students categorized their pictures into seven areas (Language, Environment, Social Organization, Context, Authority, Non-Verbal, and Time). We present findings from three projects using this model and share an analysis of post-questionnaires and student comments on the photos, to assess how the project helped students to become more aware of various aspects of the target culture.
Ample user coverage and broad access to commercialized AWE has motivated the emergence of a vibrant area of inquiry within the field of computer-assisted language learning that focuses on investigating the effectiveness of automated writing evaluation (AWE) platforms. Contributing to this research agenda, this study explores automated feedback on rhetorical quality, which is provided by a developing AWE corpus-based tool. We discuss the findings in terms of their immediate application to iterative refinements of the tool as well as implications for the design, development, and implementation of AWE systems.
I will be presenting a web application that assists ESL learners with extensive reading, by providing an easy to use interface to available NLP resources that enables learners to quickly access information that helps them processing a text of their choice by filtering out information that is not relevant to the reading task, and by presenting the available information in a manner that is accessible to learners, rather than expert users. Manual markup, or selection by an instructor, is not necessary. The application is based on a similar development aimed at German learners, which has proven useful to a number of language learners over the last few years, who have managed to read and process texts above their proficiency level.
This session will explore the basic function of what a screencast is and how you can implement it in your foreign language classroom. Examples will be given on how to flip your classroom with materials already provided for you. From there, we will see student use of screencasts for assessment purposes and how the instructor can provide feedback in the target language using screencasts.
This presentation will illustrate the process of designing and developing an online course for K-8 language teaching methodology using a collaborative design model and will showcase key aspects of the resulting unique, technology-mediated experience in teacher education. The course, which is anchored to theoretical principles from cognitive apprenticeship and situated learning, brings together several experts in areas of K-8 language teaching and learning. Presenters will address issues encountered through the process and will discuss implications, such as the need for guidelines to ensure the design and development of online courses result in quality online learning experiences for participants.
This panel brings together a variety of projects to illustrate the use of Augmented Reality (AR) place-based techniques for creating multilingual learning opportunities for language students. Exemplary projects include a place-based murder mystery, an adventure in sustainability, and a mobile game design experience for advanced learners. Together, they represent the multiple dimensions of the design, implementation, and evaluation of mobile AR experiences. The presenters will draw on notable findings and empirical data collected from each of the projects to highlight key learning outcomes, synthesize lessons learned at the design and implementation stages, and make recommendations for future research and practice.
This study investigates the effects of a subtitled TV series on Chinese EFL learner listening comprehension. The two main research questions are: 1. What is the most effective type of subtitled TV series under the four treatment conditions: L1 Chinese, L2 English, L1 and L2, and no subtitles. 2. What is the relationship between student attitudes towards subtitles and their listening performance. Eighty students participated in the study. The pilot study showed L1 and L2 subtitles is the most effective and there is a correlation between student attitudes and performance. I will further explore the information in depth in the current study.
Despite the hundreds of MALL (mobile-assisted language learning) implementation studies undertaken over the past twenty years, statistically reliable measures of learning outcomes are few and far between. Of the 291 distinct studies examined in this review, only 37 meet minimal conditions of duration and sample size. Ten of these suffer from serious design shortcomings, leaving only 27 that can reliably serve to determine the learning outcomes of MALL applications. Among these, only two studies reported unequivocally negative findings. Of the remaining 25, 17 report unequivocal positive results and an additional 8 need to be regarded with caution due to questions relating to their reliability.
This presentation explores how beginning learners of Spanish manage turn-taking in videoconferencing conversations. Conversation Analysis techniques and quantitative data analysis were used to analyze the data. The results suggest that similar to informal conversations between native speakers, beginning learners orient primarily to two-turn sequences. However, a developmental path towards three-turn sequences is suggested in the data. This triadic organization indicates an accommodation to the structure of the task and to the medium of the conversation. Discussion will focus on description of turn-sequences found in the data and on pedagogical and theoretical implications.
During their Methods class, teacher candidates (TCs) prepared and taught a portion of a lesson, focusing on making input comprehensible using new and emerging technologies. TeachLive is a mixed-reality environment that blends authentic and artificial aspects of a classroom, where avatars are controlled by a trained actor who replicates real-world student behaviors. The simulated environment provided TCs with a safe space to experience teaching; an opportunity to fail; constructive avatar and teacher feedback; and allowed TCs to improve on their teaching. We will present reflective case studies of TCs’ journeys from practice to failure to reflection and finally to learning.
This study examines the dynamic process of technology integration among novice language teachers in their induction years. It examines the interaction between their developing teacher identity and institution and subject knowledge and their technology integration in language teaching. Around 10 novice teachers will be interviewed on their teaching identity and perception of teaching and learning, attitudes towards and use of technologies in teaching and perceived barriers to technology adoption prior to their teaching profession and again at the end of each semester to reveal the over-time interaction of teacher identity, teaching approach, technology use and perceived external and internal barriers.
Here we provide an overview of an automated system that can be used to measure “listenability,” defined as the human perception of the complexity of English-language texts when they are read aloud. For given spoken texts, the system generates multiple features that address three aspects of spoken language using natural language processing and speech processing technology. Finally, it predicts the listenability of spoken texts using a linear regression model. We will provide evaluation results using a small set of spoken texts that were rated for comprehensibility by non-native speakers of English.
This study examined the role of social presence in online learning environments. More specifically it examined the relationship among student perceptions of social presence in online courses, student perceived learning, and affinity for learner partners. In this study, the authors compared two types of SCMC: text-based chat and video chat. We were also concerned with the differential features that make each of these two applications unique. We will examine how each application may affect language production by NNs exchange and interaction as well as whether learners expressed different attitudes toward the two.
Collaboration and interaction in online gaming spaces is shown to contribute to foreign language acquisition (Thorne, 2008; Thorne, Black and Sykes, 2009). However, very little attention has been paid to collaboration between players in the physical environment around a game. The present study sought to gain insights into high school students’ experiences interacting with an educational video game in small groups. The results of the study indicated that the participants perceived collaborative gameplay to be more beneficial than individual play. These findings have implications for second and foreign language game-based pedagogy.
The Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) and the US Department of State (DOS) are collaborating to train Vietnam’s 80,000 English teachers in the use of ICT / CALL. Part of this initiative includes a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) designed specifically for Vietnamese teachers of English. The presenters will discuss the MOOC in detail from the perspective of design, resources, content and implementation. They will also discuss alternative tools and resources for use in other international environments where some tools and resources may be prohibited. Finally, the issue of using MOOCS in regions with limited technology resources will be addressed.
The potential of technology-mediated language learning has fueled intense development of online English language learning (ELL) programs around the world that have often failed to meet anticipated enrollment and learning expectations. This presentation will summarize findings from international research illustrating the crucial role of teacher presence in online environments to build identity investment, improved outcomes and a ‘human feel’ to online language learning. Curriculum design models from exemplary online ELL practices will be shared highlighting tools and approaches to reduce the psychological distance between the instructor and learners to personalize learning, build social presence, engagement and online language learning.
This case study examines the effectiveness of a locally-based massively open online course for adult English language learners (ELLs). Learners centered around the Athens, Ohio area will participate in a three-week pilot course. The course will cover a variety of English language skills and will be entirely online, with content focusing on the local community setting. The researchers will present the design, practice, outcomes and student perceptions of the course. The potential for future implementation will also be evaluated.
5/8/14 4:15pm Bentley 136 Bridging Content Knowledge and Language Knowledge in Spanish for Healthcare Professionals Courses: How Can CALL Help?
Medical Spanish (MS) courses have been instituted at various universities to prepare medical students and professionals for providing healthcare in Spanish. The analysis of nine MS textbooks showed that they focus mostly on the development of linguistic competence of students who are expected to possess the content knowledge needed to perform real-life tasks. However, this assumption restrains students from taking full advantage of the tasks. We discuss how CALL can contribute to bridging the gap between content knowledge and language knowledge in MS courses. We propose CALL-based activities and tasks that can assist in developing linguistic competence and content knowledge.
American Councils for International Education and the ARCLITE Lab at Brigham Young University have developed an open, interoperable L2 media resource library (Ayamel) that aggregates, transcodes, stores and streams multimedia resources. Ayamel consumes and exposes media assets through a well-documented API. This presentation will briefly address the theoretical motivation and design principles of Ayamel and demonstrate two nascent client systems that are using the resource library as a backend media commons. The presentation will conclude with an explicit description of how to contribute collections of resources to the library and how to plug Ayamel into existing and future pedagogical applications. | https://calico.org/calico-conference/conferences-from-previous-years/calico-2014-ohio-university/thursday-may-8/ |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a microfilm camera for filming punch cards and specifically to a microfilm camera comprised of a camera box containing the exposure and treatment facilities and with punch card conveying elements and with at least one output slot and a punch card collector disposed following said slot, whereby the camera box is vertically adjustable on a column with respect to the artwork table disposed beneath said box.
DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF THE ART
Microfilm cameras of the above type are known and in use. Said cameras have camera boxes from which the punch cards exit laterally from slots at one end or both ends of the camera box depending on whether one or two developing facilities are provided within the interior of the box, and are received by the collectors arranged at said ends, with their sides reversed with respect to the originals or artwork. Thus the stacks building up in the collector contain the cards in the correct sequence, however, the reading sides of the cards in the growing stack are up. For the further treatment or filing, the cards of a stack thus have to be reversed by hand, which requires a considerable expenditure in terms of time and work, and even more time and work if the cards are alternately discharged from slots at both sides of a camera box, i.e., in this case, the punch cards from both stacks have to be collated in the correct sequence because the one stack contains only the even-numbered cards and the other stack only the cards with uneven numbers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention lies in the arrangement of a reversing facility disposed in the path of conveyance from the output slot of the camera box to the card collector. If the conveyor is a transverse conveyor, said collector is a central collector arranged in the center in front of the camera box.
In the card-collecting operation, said design provides at the same time that the punch cards are stacked with their sides facing the correct direction, i.e., the cards are contained in the stack with their sides facing the correct direction, so that no reversing work is required.
Consequently, when the total stack of cards so collected is removed and turned over, the punch card with the first picture is on top with its reading side up, followed by the second card etc.
In order to assure such a correct sequence of the cards with their reading sides up even when the cards exit alternately from both sides of the camera box, it is advantageous to arrange a transverse conveyor with a central collector. In this case, the two parts of said conveyor convey the cards from the discharge slots at the sides of the camera box from both sides to the central collector by way of the collectors which, in this case, are provided in the form of card chutes. Apart from offering the advantage of central accessibility, said design has the further advantage that the cards coming alternately from each side arrive in the central collector with the correct sequence, namely with their reading sides in the stack facing down.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
One object of the present invention is to provide an improved microfilm camera equipped for such improvement with elements in a way such that the punch cards exiting laterally from the camera box can be collected in the card collector not only in the correct sequence, but also with their inscribed sides facing up.
Another object of the invention is to equip a camera box from which the punch cards are discharged from both sides with elements that permit collecting the punch cards alternately ejected at both sides in a central collector in the correct sequence with the inscribed surface facing down.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention can be clearly derived from the following detailed description in association with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a special embodiment of the camera box;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the camera box according to FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3-6 are skeleton sketches showing lateral views of the camera box with special designs and arrangements of the reversing facilities;
FIG. 7 is a special embodiment of the reversing element;
FIG. 8 is a skeleton sketch showing a lateral view of the reversing facility according to FIG. 7; and
FIG. 9 is a front view of the total microfilm camera.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIGS. 1 and 2 show that the card-conveying elements 1 or chutes 1' are arranged at the ends of the camera box 10, which are provided with outlet slots 8. Said elements or chutes are directed at a transverse conveyor 2 which, within the center zone, is provided with a central collector 3. The two parts of the transverse conveyor 2 are provided with conveying elements 11, which, in each case, are moving towards the center. Said elements, by way of example, may be endless rubber belts. Said special embodiment of a camera box is only an exemplified embodiment, i.e. , the camera box, as far as the card- reversing facility is concerned, could also be a camera box without a transverse conveying facility or one from which the cards are ejected from only one side.
Since the cards exit from the slots 8 of the camera box 10 in an alternating cycle and are delivered to the transverse conveyor 2 with said cycle, the transversely conveyed punch cards are delivered to the center zone with corresponding time intervals, and drop from there, one after the other, into the central collector 3 in the correct sequence.
According to FIG. 3, a run-up strip 5 is advantageously arranged at one side of each discharge end of the camera box 10, on which the punch card exiting from the slot 8 is running up, but from which it must necessarily drop as shown by the dashed lines, so that it is dropping onto the collector 1 with its inscribed surface facing down and, with the special embodiment shown in this figure, subsequently received by the transverse conveyor 2, whereby, however, the collector 1 has to be provided in the form of a card chute 1'. In order to prevent unfavorable air currents from interfering with said card-reversing operation, the entire chute 1' may be fitted with a hood 6 protecting the cards against air currents (said hood is shown by dashed lines also).
According to FIGS. 4 to 6, the reversing action may be achieved also in a different way with more precise guidance. According to FIG. 4, a rapidly swinging reversing plate is arranged following the slot 8 above the chute 1'. As soon as a punch card has been pushed onto said reversing plate 7, said plate is rapidly turned in the direction of the arrow, depositing the punch card on the chute 1' with its sides facing in the correct direction. In order to make the reversing action even safer, a cover plate 7' may be associated with said reversing plate 7 parallel to and with a spacing from the latter as shown in FIG. 5, whereby the one side is closed and the other is open, i.e., said two plates form a pocket that is open on the side from which the cards are received. Said pocket, once it has received a punch card, is turned by more than 180° in the direction of the arrow, permitting the respective punch card to drop from said pocket onto the chute 1' with its sides facing in the correct direction.
It is even more favorable if the reversing facility is arranged as shown in FIG. 6 because said arrangement permits achieving the reversal with practically half the expenditure in terms of design elements required, i.e., if the reversing facility is arranged directly above the central collector 3 of the transverse conveyor 2.
Sufficient time is available even with such a preferred embodiment and arrangement of the reversing facility directly above the central collector 3 because the reversing cycle can be completed rapidly, on the one hand, and the punch cards, because of the required processing time in the camera box (for exposure, development, fixation and drying), arrive within the zone of the central collector 3 alternately coming from both sides at time intervals sufficient for the reversing action.
As mentioned earlier, all said embodiments are feasible if the punch cards are discharged from only one end of the camera box, using, if need be, even a transverse conveyor which, however, would be only half as long, and the collector 3 mounted at the end, said collector being seated in the center of the camera box (FIG. 7) with even better accessibility in any case.
Furthermore, the arrangement of a transverse conveyor 2, regardless whether for a camera box 1 with card discharge at one or both sides, permits a different design of the reversing facility to the extent that the conveying element or the transverse conveyor 2 is provided in the form of a conveying duct 2' according to FIG. 7.
With said design, the receiving end 12 of the transverse conveyor 2 has the shape of a hopper (see FIG. 8), and the cards dropped from the chute 1' in an approximately vertical position are passing through the conveying duct 2' in that position, whereby, however, the discharge end 13 of said duct is twisted as shown in FIG. 8 in a way such that the card discharged is dropped into the central collector 3 or onto the stack building up in said collector with its sides facing in the correct directions, i.e., the discharge end 13 is differently oriented than the receiving end 12 with respect to the vertical line. This merely requires a certain twisting of the walls of the conveying duct within the zone of the discharge end 13.
The punch cards are conveyed with the help of several small rollers 15 arranged on the duct 2', driven by a common drive not shown in the drawing.
According to FIG. 1, the transverse conveyor 2 is secured on the front side on the camera box 10 by means of a suitable holder 14. The optical system 16 of the camera is disposed on said box, directed downwardly against the table 17 for receiving the originals.
The small drives for the conveyor belts 11 of the transverse conveyor 2 and for the reversing facilities according to FIGS. 4 to 6 are not shown in the drawing. Of course, the reversing facilities and the transverse conveyor 2 may be used independently of each other; however, their combination or joint arrangement on the camera box is preferred particularly if the camera box is one from which the punch cards are ejected towards both sides.
FIG. 9 shows the complete microfilm camera with the vertically adjustable camera box 10 and the table for receiving the originals. For the sake of simplicity, this figure does not show the transverse conveyor 2, the collector and the reversing facilities. The punch cards are ejected on both sides in the direction of the arrows 18. | |
8 Essential Steps To Take Before Building a Model Railway
Constructing a model railway is a challenging and rewarding process for both beginner and experienced railway modellers. However, when first starting out it can be very easy to overlook the common pitfalls or to make basic errors that can cost you time and money further down the line. In this guide we'll help you avoid these mistakes.
We've accumulated numerous essential tips and tricks as a result of our experience constructing model train layouts over many years. In this guide we'll share our top 8 steps you should take before building a model railway. These are the most important tips designed to help you smoothly navigate the process.
1. Consider the size and location of the layout (and think about potential future expansion)
The first steps you should take when planning a model railway are to choose the gauge/scale that you'll use and to determine the location where you'll build the layout. These are important steps to get right as they directly affect the planning of the track layout, how easy it'll actually be to build, and how the final result will look and function.
In terms of the best model railway scale to choose for your layout, this will largely depend on personal preference and requirements. You can potentially use any model train gauge you'd like. However, we would generally recommend HO scale or OO scale, particularly for first-time modellers, as these are the most common gauges and strike a good balance between the 'real world' space they take up and the level of detail that they provide.
When choosing a room (or any other location) in which to build your railway, it's important to ensure that you have adequate space for the track plan that you're going for. For more information, refer to our guide to the best places to build a model railway where we explain the advantages of the different options available.
Keep the future in mind
At this stage it's always a good idea to consider future expansion and to try and visualise what the layout will look like in the future. Are you planning on building the railway in stages? Will you look to expand the track layout in the future? What sort of operational flexibility do you require for your model trains? How varied will the scenery be?
Even if you don't currently see yourself ever expanding your model railway, things can change in the future and your interest in model trains may develop further and necessitate more space for future expansion. Therefore, we always recommend building your layout in a room that provides more space than you currently need.
Being restricted by space can be incredibly frustrating - particularly if you have other rooms available in which to build. It's better to take more time to carefully weigh up your options at the planning stage, rather than being forced into making extensive changes after you've started building. Having to move an entire model railway layout from one room to another can, at best, be incredibly challenging, and at worst be impossible without major changes. So, taking extra time to consider your options at this stage is definitely worth doing.
2. Plan your track layout before you start building
This is comfortably the most important step to take before building a model railway. Take the time to plan your track layout first. We can't stress enough how important this step is. Good planning of your railway track will save you time, money and a lot of stress. If there's just one tip that you take away from this guide, make it this one!
We've already discussed choosing the model railway scale and the location in which the layout will be built. So, we'll assume here that you've already decided these areas.
Next, you should take the time to design your track layout before you purchase any track. The time you take planning the track layout at the start will save you countless hours, or even days, further down the line. It'll also help you save money. Don't purchase any track until you know what specific components (e.g. straights, left/right curves and points) you actually require. If you need any help with designing a model railway track layout, be sure to check out our guide to the best track planning tools for more information.
3. Limit your spending when first starting out
If you're buying a child their first train set, or are just starting out on your journey as a model railway engineer yourself, you should start with a low cost beginners train set first and only spend more once the interest in the hobby proves to be more concrete. This will save you a lot of money by preventing the purchase of expensive kit that's then only used a handful of times. See our guide to the best train sets if you're looking for recommendations and advice.
4. Enjoy the journey
We hear numerous stories from fellow model railway hobbyists who started out with the intention of building a layout within a few months and then simply moving on to operating it and having many happy hours with their model trains...
Many of these modellers now have multiple layouts, are continually looking for ways to improve or expand them, are experimenting with different gauges and scales, and have growing collections of locomotives, carriages and wagons!
The point is that this is a fantastic hobby. There are so many different areas that go into producing a model railway. These all provide great opportunities to learn practical model making skills and to put these into practice. There's certainly something that everyone will enjoy.
Our advice is to initially start out small by creating a small 'practice' model railway layout - plan and lay the track, develop the buildings, scenery, grass etc. Then decide which areas of the process that you enjoyed the most. Some people like scenery modelling, others enjoy track planning, and some just like operating trains. Discover which aspects interest you and build from there.
5. Set a budget and DIY where possible
Like most hobbies, model trains can be expensive. So, it's certainly a good idea to try and DIY wherever possible when building your model railway. Learn to make things yourself rather than opting for 'off the shelf' solutions and save your money for things you cannot make DIY (e.g. trains and track). You'll be surprised at how much you're able to save when doing this. For example, making your own static grass applicator can be a useful way to save some money when laying model railway grass - if you're willing to put in a bit more time and effort than simply buying a ready-made one.
You should always set yourself a budget and, more importantly, stick to it. Always shop around for the best deals and seek out offers and discount codes wherever possible. See our train set deals guide for more tips when purchasing train sets. Utilise the second hand market as well - eBay and Facebook Marketplace can be great places to pick up bargains. Just be sure to do your due diligence before commiting to a purchase.
6. Use the correct tools and equipment
This is another very important point that's often overlooked by newcomers to the world of model railways. Many of your typical DIY and workshop tools are unlikely to be very useful when working on small scale railway modelling. You may need to purchase some additional specialist tools, such as some high quality precision screwdrivers or a 30w soldering iron - so factor this in when budgeting for your build.
You should always use the correct tool for the task being undertaken. For example, using the correct drill and bit when drilling a hole for a track power wire run or using the proper soldering iron to avoid damaging rails and points.
Remember, using the wrong tool on your model railway can cause damage that's extremely hard to rectify. For this reason alone, the correct modelling tools are well worth investing in - providing they are of decent quality.
7. Look after your model trains
Your model locomotives, carriages and wagons are likely to be the most expensive parts of your railway layout. They're also fragile and susceptible to damage - so look after them!
Many beginners opt to leave their model trains on the tracks when they're not in use. However, the consensus from the railway modeller community is that this is a bad idea - and we share this view. If your railway is located in an unheated room or outbuilding then your rolling stock will potentially be exposed to damp and temperature extremes, both of which are likely to cause them damage. Even if it's located in a heated indoor room keeping your rolling stock on the track when not being used still increases the risk of accidental damage
Always keep the original boxes - they are the best place to store your model trains when not being used and help retain value if you ever wish to sell them in the future.
8. Care for your track
Track is an integral part of any model railway and is often one of the most expensive areas of any layout (after rolling stock). It's also very difficult to replace once it's been laid down on the baseboard. So, it certainly pays to look after it. Doing so will help prevent many potential issues encountered when operating model trains.
It's advisable to follow these general tips for maintaining your model railway track to ensure trouble free operation:
- Mask off areas of track when you are working near them. This will help to prevent dust and debris from falling onto the track components.
- Take care to ensure objects, such as tools, do not fall onto track causing damage to points and rails.
- Regularly perform cleaning and maintenence to ensure smooth operation of trains.
After decades working on numerous model railway layouts these are the top tips you should take in order to help you save time and money when planning and constructing your next railway layout.
The most important point to take away from this guide is that you should always plan your track layout before you start building your model railway. This is essential for avoiding a lot of wasted time, money and effort.
If you're a beginner you should also refer to our tutorial on how to setup a Hornby train set to ensure you get started easily and hassle-free.
The railway scenery modellers amongst you should check out our scenery guides for simple advice and easy to understand tutorials on a range of model railway scenery techniques. | https://www.modelrailwayline.com/essential-steps-to-take-before-building-a-model-railway/ |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to the retaining plates of a dampening disk assembly, which is used in a clutch of a motorized vehicle. More specifically, the present invention relates to the holes formed in plates, which are located adjacent, the rectangular windows such that these holes reduce wear and increase life span of the plate.
2. Background Information
In general, a clutch disk assembly or dampening disk assembly is used in a clutch of a vehicle. The dampening disk assembly includes an input portion connected with a flywheel on an engine side, and a spline hub connected with a shaft extending from a transmission. The input portion and the spline hub are coupled in a circular direction by a dampening mechanism. The dampening mechanism includes a plurality of coil springs. The input portion includes a friction facing pressed by a flywheel and a pair of disk like plates. The spline hub includes a boss part in which the shaft from the transmission is inlayed, and a flange extending to an outer circumferential side of the boss part. Window holes are formed in the flange, and within each window hole is an elastic portion such as a coil spring. The two plates have rectangular windows (spring supporting part), which are formed by punching and cut and lift in an axial direction, at locations corresponding to the coil springs. These rectangular windows have convex shapes, which are formed by a drawing method. Both circular end parts of the rectangular windows touch both end parts of the coil springs, and operate as a connecting part for transmitting torque therebetween. In addition, the rectangular windows operate as spring casings to seat the coil springs and regulate the coil springs movements in both axial and radial directions.
The rectangular windows (tunnel-type) are formed in the plate main body by drawing, so as to be a convex shape continuing in a radial direction and having a large area which the coil spring touches. As a result, while the spring is compressed and rubs the rectangular window, the window experiences less abrasion.
As the coil spring seated in the rectangular window gets larger, both the axially projecting amount of the rectangular window from the plate main body and the cut and lift angle of the rectangular window get larger.
In the conventional clutch disk assembly mentioned above, the rectangular windows of the retaining plates have round theft holes at the radially inside part on both sides of the rectangular window in a circular direction. Since the theft hole reduces stress, a crack in the retaining plate occurs less often.
However, these prior art plates with these round theft holes do not extend far enough to enable lifting of the rectangular window. Therefore, during the forming of the rectangular window, a crack is easily caused.
An object of the present invention is to make it more difficult to break the rectangular window in the plate used for the dampening disk assembly.
A plate is used for a dampening disk assembly, and supports a coil spring. The plate includes a disk like plate main body and a spring supporting part that is formed at the plate main body. The spring supporting part projects in an axial direction from the plate main body so as to be able to seat the coil spring. The spring supporting part includes an axially supporting part which continues in a radial direction and supports an axially outside part of the coil spring. It also includes a circular supporting part which is formed on both circular side parts of the axially supporting part and supports both ends of the coil spring. A hole which is long in one direction is formed around both corners of its inner circumferential side of the axially supporting part.
The lifted parts of the spring supporting parts have a large angle. Nonetheless, owing to the radially long hole, its amount to extend during forming the window is sufficiently secure, thereby reducing the possibility of cracking.
This long hole is formed to stretch over the axially supporting part, and the plate main body. The hole extends along the same direction as the circular supporting part extends, and has an oval shape. These features result in less cracks being caused during formation of the rectangular window.
The plate includes a disk-like plate main body and a spring supporting part, which is formed at the plate main body. The spring supporting part includes an axially supporting part which projects from the plate main body in an axial direction so as to be able to seat the coil spring, and continues in a radial direction and supports an axially outside part of the coil spring. The spring supporting part also includes a circular supporting part, which is formed on both circular side parts of the axially supporting part and supports both ends of the coil spring. A hole which extends from the radially inside part to the radially outside part is formed on both circular side parts of the axially supporting part.
A dampening disk assembly includes two plates, a hub and a coil spring, where the two plates are fixed to each other. The hub is disposed on a central side of the two plates. Both circular end parts of the coil spring are supported by the spring supporting parts and the coil spring couples the two plates and the hub elastically in a rotary direction.
These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the drawings, discloses preferred embodiments of the present invention.
| |
Professor qualifications determine the quality of education students get at a university. Thus, student reviews of professors are an essential part of choosing an institution to attend. Here, you can find a number of student reviews on the work and skills of Carrie Wells, a Professor in the Biology department at University of North Carolina at Charlotte. The university is located in North Carolina, USA. The institution requires professionalism from its teaching staff and regular training courses attendance to maintain a high level of educational skills.
This university professor has received 51 reviews from former and current students, as well as some other guests. The majority of the submitted reviews are positive. 41 people note the high quality of professor’s classes. 10 comments find the skills of Carrie Wells lacking in a certain area of academic abilities of teacher-student relations.
Student opinions are important for university teachers as they show the level of their pedagogic skills. If you have any experience with the classes of Carrie Wells, share your experience and assess the quality of this professor’s work. Your review may help young applicants to find the right educational establishment. | https://hotuni.org/NC/university-of-north-carolina-at-charlotte/carrie-wells |
About this course
The aim of this qualification is to contribute to the skills, knowledge and overall performance of Business Administration for a learner. It provides an insight into the principles and processes of Business and Administration and will aid career development with both knowledge and skills areas required in Business Administration.
Who is this course for?
Learners who achieve this qualification could progress into or within employment in a number of business administration roles and/or continue their study in this or other areas. Learners who complete this qualification may go on to further study in related areas such as:
Level 3 Diploma in Business Administration
Level 2 Diploma in Team Leading
Why Online ?
- With LearnUNI you get following advantages of studying on-line.
- 6 months
- 9 months
Online
In order to apply you should have meet one of the entry requrement given below:
- This qualification is appropriate for Learners in the following age ranges: 16-18, 19+
- There are no formal entry requirements for this qualification.
Mandatory Units Group A
- Communication in a business environment
- Principles of providing administrative services
- Principles of business document production and information management
- Understand employer organisations
- Manage personal performance and development
- Develop working relationships with colleagues
Optional Units Group B
- Manage diary systems
- Produce business documents
- Collate and report data
- Store and retrieve information
- Produce minutes of meetings
- Handle mail
- Provide reception services
- Prepare text from notes using touch typing
- Prepare text from shorthand
- Prepare text from recorded audio instruction
- Archive information
- Maintain and issue stationery and supplies
- Use and maintain office equipment
- Contribute to the organisation of an event
- Organise business travel or accommodation
- Provide administrative support for meetings
- Administer human resource records
- Administer the recruitment and selection process
- Administer parking dispensations
- Administer finance
- Buddy a colleague to develop their skills
- Employee rights and responsibilities
Optional Units Group C
- Using email
- Word Processing Software
- Website Software
- Spreadsheet Software
- Presentation Software
- Bespoke Software
- Data Management Software
- Deliver customer service
- Process information about customers
- Develop customer relationships
- Participate in a project
- Processing customers’ financial transactions
- Payroll Processing
Optional Units Group D
- Understand the use of research in business
- Understand the legal context of business
- Principles of customer relationships
- Principles of team leading
- Principles of equality and diversity in the workplace
- Principles of marketing theory
- Principles of digital marketing
- Know how to publish, integrate and share using social media
- Exploring Social Media
- Understand the safe use of online and social media platforms
Assessment is through submission of assignments
The program is available in following duration modes:
- 6 months - Accelerated mode @ GBP £1250
- 9 months - Standard mode @ GBP £950
Innovate Awarding
The program is available in following duration modes:
|● Payment option (a): GBP £416 x 3 monthly instalments|
● Payment option (b): GBP £1187.50 x 1 instalment (We offer 5% bursary on total fee for students opting to pay in full)● Payment option (c): GBP £190 x 5 monthly instalments
● Payment option (d): GBP £475 x 2 quarterly instalments
● Payment option (e): GBP £902.50 x 1 instalment (We offer 5% bursary on total fee for students opting to pay in full)
Simply follow the 2 steps given below to enrol: | https://www.learnuni.com/course.aspx?CourseTitle=Level+2+Diploma+in+Business+Administration |
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Just below this, I will put the premise of this paper and the questions to help guide the topic. I’m also going to put sources to use in the materials section.
In the first part of the class we touched at several points on the Production of Knowledge from a Western philosophical perspective. For example, in Plato, knowledge is dictated by unchanging Forms that we can know through the use of reason or intellect. In Descartes, knowledge is grounded in the thinking subject who can discern the nature of bodies in space. We have also touched upon some of the constraints of knowing. We did so by considering critiques of both Plato and Descartes, by considering some basic innovations of modern European philosophy, and in our discussions of Audre Lorde.
Question: What limitations – if any – do you see for human knowledge about the world or reality?
You may consider the following:
– Can we know the world as it is? Why or Why Not?
– What limitations does the nature of human thought or cognition place on knowledge?
– What limitations do material or physical constraints place on knowledge?
– What limitations do cultural and historicbcial constraints place on knowledge? | https://homeworkhelpersblog.com/question-what-limitations-if-any-do-you-see-for-human-knowledge-about-the-world-or-reality/ |
# Airbag launching
Airbag launching refers to a method to launch vessels with marine air bags. It is a methodology for ship launching utilizing air bags.
The Xiao Qinghe shipyard launched a tank barge with marine airbags on January 20, 1981 and it is known as the first use of marine airbags.
This kind of ship launching method has the advantages of requiring less permanent infrastructure, risk, and cost. The airbags provide support to the hull of the ship, air bags rolling motion take a vessel launch into water, thus it is arguably safer than other options like sideways launching.
Unlike most other launching methods that are fixed infrastructures, airbag launching has relatively less limitations and can be used in versatile ways. It overcomes the disadvantage of fixed track launching in which capacity of shipbuilding and ship repairing is limited by the fixed infrastructures especially in small and medium-sized shipyards.
## Airbags
Ship launching airbags are specialized air bags that are used for launching marine vessels. These air bags are made of synthetic-tire-cord reinforcement layers and rubber layers, and are also known as marine airbags. They were invented in 1980. The first known use of marine airbags occurred on January 20, 1981 with the launch of a tank barge from the Xiao Qinghe shipyard. From then on, more and more shipyards, especially in China and Southeast Asia, began to use air bags to launch small and medium-sized vessels.
In recent years, higher strength materials have been used in air bag production, allowing them to have much more bearing capacity. Hence, they have begun to be used at the launchings of larger vessels. In October 2011, the successful launch of one vessel with a deadweight tonnage (DWT) of 75000 tonnes set a world record for ship launches utilizing air bags. The following year, on June 6, 2012, the ship "He Ming" (IMO number 9657105), with a DWT of 73541 tonnes, total length of 224.8m, breadth of 34m, and depth of 18.5m, also launched successfully using air bags.
### Air bag structure
Marine air bags consist of three parts:
Air bag body: the main, cylindrical part of the air bag after being fully inflated with compressed air, Air bag heads: conical parts connecting the body and the mouths of the air bag, and Air bag mouths: either metal valves mounted on both ends of the air bag for inflating with air or a valve on one end and a metal lug on the other end used to haul the air bag.
### Air bag size and model
#### Size
The diameter of an air bag varies; sizes include 0.8 m, 1.0 m, 1.2 m, 1.5 m, 1.8 m, etc.
The length of an air bag is specified by the customer when it is manufactured.
#### Model
Air bags are commonly divided into three to six tire-cord reinforcement layers. There can be more layers, though there are normally less than ten.
#### Air bag bearing capacity
The maximum load carrying capacity of an air bag, which is the maximum load under which it will suffer no permanent deformation or damage, can be found as follows:
Let:
D {\displaystyle D} be the original diameter of the air bag
H {\displaystyle H} be the height of the compressed air bag
W 1 {\displaystyle W_{1}} be the width of the air bag contacting the ship bottom
P 1 {\displaystyle P_{1}} be the internal pressure of the air bag
L {\displaystyle L} be the effective length of the air bag
Given these variables, bearing capacity = P 1 × W 1 × L {\displaystyle {\text{bearing capacity}}=P_{1}\times W_{1}\times L}
#### Air bag materials
Ship launching air bags are constructed of synthetic-tire-cord layers; inner and outer rubber layers are sometimes added. All materials used are vulcanized.
### Air bag test
Air tightness test: Without carrying any load, fill the air bag till the internal pressure of the air bag reaches rated working pressure. After 1 hour. The pressure loss should be less than 5 % of initial pressure.
Bursting test： Fill the air bag with water until the air bag bursts. The water pressure at the time of bursting shall be no less than three times of rated working pressure.
## The arrangements of air bags
### Launching type
Based on the ship shapes, the ship may be launched, using air bags, by either end launching type or side launching type
### End launching type
There are three ways to arrange air bags when using the end launching type. They are (1) linear arrangement (see Figure A.1), (2) staggered arrangement (see Figure A.2), and (3) two-lines arrangement (see Figure A.3). As for which arrangement to use, it will depend on the ship's width and the length of the air bags.
When the ship's width is not greater than the effective length of the air bags, the linear arrangement shall be selected
When the ship's width is greater than the effective length of an air bag and less than the effective length of two air bags, the staggered arrangement can be selected.
When the ship's width is greater than the combined effective length of two air bags, or for special ship such as catamaran HSC or split hopper barge, the two lines arrangement shall be selected. The distance between the near ends of two air bags is greater than 0,2 m.
### Side launching type
For small flat-bottom ships, the side launching method may be utilized (see Figure A.4)
## Air bags quantity
Air bags shall meet the requirements of ISO 14409
According to the weight of the ship being launched, the quantity of the air bags needed for this operation must be calculated in accordance with Formula (1):
where
N is the quantity of air bags used for ship launching;
K1 is a coefficient, in general, K1 ≥ 1,2;
Q is the weight of the ship (ton);
g is acceleration of gravity (m/s2), g = 9,8;
Cb is the block coefficient of the ship being launched;
R is the allowable unit bearing capacity of the air bags (kN/m);
Ld is the contact length between the bottom of the ship and the body of the air bag at the midship section (m).
For ship shifting, 2 to 4 additional air bags shall be made ready and available.
The centre to centre distance between two neighbouring air bags should be less than or equal to that found in Formula (2) and equal to or be greater than that found in Formula (3).
where
L is the actual length of the ship bottom that can make contact with the air bags (m);
N is the quantity of air bags used for ship launching;
k is a coefficient, k = 1 for steel ships, k = 0,8 for wooden, aluminium and glass-fibre-reinforced ships;
D is the nominal diameter of air bags (m).
## Slipway
The gradient and the length of the slipway shall be determined according to the size of the ship and the hydrological condition of the area water.
The bearing capacity of the slipway shall be at least twice as strong as the working pressure of air bags.
For ships of more than 3 000 tons of length, more than 120m,the slipway shall be constructed with reinforced concrete and the height difference between the right and left sides shall be less than 20 mm. For ships of more than 1 000 tons but less than or equal to 3 000 tons in weight, or more than 90 m but less than or equal to 120 m in length, the slipway shall be constructed with cement concrete and the height difference between the right and left sides shall be less than 50 mm. For ships of not more than 1 000 tons in weight or not more than 90 m in length, the slipway may be an earthen slope and shall be compacted even by rollers. The height difference between the right and left sides shall be less than 80 mm.
The main slipway shall enable the ship to glide automatically when the ship is off the tow. The auxiliary slipway shall be determined according to the ship type, the water level at time of launching, the diameter of the air bags, and the safety requirements.
## Towing arrangement
A windlass shall be used to control the movement of the ship. Tow system that comprises windlass, steel wire rope and pulley set shall be securely fastened to the ground anchor in front of the berth.
In general, a slow windlass shall be selected for ship launching. The veering speed of the windlass shall be 9 m/min to 13 m/min.
The forces of the windlass and the steel wire rope should be calculated carefully by technicians of ship yards or air bags company. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbag_launching |
You are responsible for supplying a valid delivery address and for costs of re-sending items that are returned to us in the event of non-delivery.
You agree to notify us in writing if you do not receive your package within 25 working days of despatch.
If you have not received your package within 25 working days of despatch we will refund the purchase price or send a replacement to you provided the delivery address you supplied is valid.
You agree that we may pass your address to Royal Mail solely for the purpose of their investigation into the loss of your package and that they or their representatives may contact you.
You agree that we may pass your address to Royal Mail solely for the purpose of their investigation into the damage of your package and that they or their representatives may contact you.
If you return an item you agree to return it to us within 25 working days in the original packaging and the item is undamaged when we receive it, we will refund the purchase price. We will not pay for return shipping or insurance costs. | http://arabelladennler.co.uk/terms-and-conditions.php |
noun Navigation.
a guidance system for an aerospace vehicle, in which self-contained devices determine the vehicle's course on the basis of the directions and magnitudes of the accelerations it undergoes in flight.
QUIZZES
BECOME A PRO CHEF WITH THIS EXQUISITE CUISINE QUIZ!
Even if you can't be a professional chef, you can at least talk like one with this vocabulary quiz.
Question 1 of 9
You may have read the word "simmer" in a recipe or two, but what does it really mean?
Also called inertial navigation.
Compare celestial guidance, command guidance. | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/inertial-guidance |
Chemical elements, when they exist independently are generally monoatomic as has been proved by modern science.
However in nature, most of the elements exist as compounds, that is, in association with other elements. The term
‘monoatomic’ is often used in context of ormus related articles.
Ormus or ORMe (orbitally rearranged monoatomic element) ,white gold, m-state elements or monoatomic gold is the
same substance that our predecessors referred to as manna, shewbread, ch'i, Prana, the Philosopher's Stone,
shemanna and the Fountain of Youth.
It was earlier believed that bathing in the eternal fountain would provide one with the opportunity of gaining
eternal youth. Ormus was a mystery until 1975, when David Hudson, a cotton farmer first discovered it in the
Arizona desert of USA.
When suspended in water, ormus puts on a look similar to that of semen. It was even believed that only Russian
(then soviet) spectroscopes could detect it and it was beyond the detection ability of western spectroscopes.
Though the term orbitally rearranged does not bear any notable significance in atomic physics, it is still
believed to exist in the ormus state. It has however still not been confirmed whether ormus exists in a constant
steady state or keeps on changing with time.
The free atoms of the thirteen transition elements in the Ormus form are a chemically inert gas. According to
related postulates, Ormus bears a very negligible mass surrounded by a relatively much stronger anti-magnetic
field.
It has even been postulated that the earth’s atmosphere contains a significant quantity of these gases, even
though they are difficult to get identified because of the similarity that they bear with other gases in the
atmosphere like Carbon dioxide.
The anti-magnetic field related to Ormus may be considered to be the magnetic field due to anti-matter, if Ormus
is at all considered to be anti-matter. Ormus is considered to be the third dimension of the precious metal
elements of the periodic table.
It is apparently believed that among the three dimensions of a precious metal like gold , silver or platinum,
the breadth and width make up the metal, whereas, the length makes up the Ormus.
Ormus has certain distinct characteristics like zero viscosity, losing of material nature under warmth and
sunlight and even the ability to dissolve in sunlight.
Ormus is often treated by many as life energy. Water when it comes out of the ground is pure and can be
converted into ormus water with the help of treatment methods like Magnetite Effect Ormus Water (MEOW) technology
or with the help of magnetic vortex traps.
It normally takes quite a lot of ordinary spring water to get converted into a relatively smaller amount
of Ormus water. Ormus water is quite different from normal water, as it bears a thick and oily appearance.
Moreover it is considered to be much more hydrating and refreshing than fresh water that is normally used.
Though still not medically proved, Ormus water is also believed by many to possess extraordinary power of healing a
number of ailments.
Search our Web site for more information on ORMUS and ORMUS Water
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals
Charged Ocean Energy
Natural
Energy
Supplement
INGREDIENTS:
Pacific Ocean water, Ormus Minerals, Dead Sea Salt Ocean Minerals, Himalayan
Crystal Salt Sole
SKU
NUMBER
COST
INFO
BUY
NOW
OM-001-COE-004
4 ounces
View
Details
OM-001-COE-008
8 ounces
OM-001-COE-016
16 ounces
$50.00
OM-001-COE-032
32 ounces
OM-001-COE-064
64 ounces
OM-001-COE-028
128 ounces
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals Complete
Balance
OM-002-OCB-004
4 ounces
OM-002-OCB-008
8 ounces
OM-002-OCB-016
16 ounces
OM-002-OCB-032
32 ounces
OM-002-OCB-064
64 ounces
OM-002-OCB-028
128 ounces
Internal LiquidDead Sea Salt
Ormus Minerals DEW
INGREDIENTS:
Dead Sea Salt and Dew
OM-003-DEW-001
1 ounce
Internal LiquidOrmus
Minerals Gold C11 Infusion
INGREDIENTS:
Ormus Minerals from Dead Sea Salt & Pacific Ocean Water, Himalayan Crystal Salt
Sole
OM-004-OGC-004
4
ounces
OM-004-OGC-008
08 ounces
OM-004-OGC-016
16 ounces
OM-004-OGC-032
32 ounces
OM-004-OGC-064
64 ounces
OM-004-OGC-128
128 ounces
Internal LiquidOrmus Minerals Gold
Energy
INGREDIENTS:
Ormus Minerals from Dead Sea Salt, and
Himalayan Crystal Salt
Sole
OM-005-OGE-004
4
ounces
OM-005-OGE-008
08 ounces
OM-005-OGE-016
16 ounces
OM-005-OGE-032
32 ounces
OM-005-OGE-064
64 ounces
OM-005-OGE-128
128 ounces
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals
Ocean Energy
INGREDIENTS:
Pacific Ocean Water, Ormus Minerals from 7 Sea Salts, Himalayan Crystal Salt
Sole
PRICE
BUY
NOW
OM-006-OOE-004
4
ounces
$15.00
OM-006-OOE-008
8
ounces
$30.00
OM-00-OOE-016
16
ounces
OM-006-OOE-032
32
ounces
$90.00
OM-006-OOE-064
64
ounces
$175.00
OM-006-OOE-128
128
ounces
$325.00
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals
Ormus
Nectar
INGREDIENTS:
Ormus Minerals from Dead Sea Salt & Pacific Ocean Water, Himalayan Crystal Salt
Sole, Natural Spring Trap Water, Ormus Dew
OM-007-OMN-004
4
ounces
OM-007-OMN-008
8
ounces
OM-007-OMN-016
16
ounces
OM-007-OMN-032
32
ounces
OM-007-OMN-064
64
ounces
OM-007-OMN-128
128
ounces
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals Trap Water
Sole
INGREDIENTS:
Ormus Trap Water and Himalayan Crystal Salt Sole
OM-008-TWS-004
4
ounces
$10.00
OM-008-TWS-008
8
ounces
OM-008-TWS-016
16
ounces
$25.00
OM-008-TWS-032
32
ounces
$40.00
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals
Probiotics
INGREDIENTS:
Ormus EM Probiotics grown on a medium of Organic
Black Strap Molassas, Liquid Ormus Minerals, Liquid Fulvic Acits, Barley Malt
Syrup, Azomite, Sea Salt, Himalayan Crystal Salt
OM-009-PRO-032
32
ounces
$35.00
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals Pure
Dead Sea Salt Ormus Manna
INGREDIENTS:
Distilled Water and Pure Dead Sea Salt Ormus
Manna
OM-010-SOM-004
4
ounces
OM-010-SOM-008
8
ounces
OM-010-SOM-016
16
ounces
OM-010-SOM-032
32
ounces
OM-010-SOM-064
64
ounces
OM-010-SOM-128
128
ounces
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals
Replenishing
Ormus Minerals
INGREDIENTS:
Pacific Ocean Water, Ormus Minerals from Ormus Rich Global
Salts
OM-011-RNS-004
4
ounces
OM-011-RNS-008
8
ounces
OM-011-RNS-016
16
ounces
OM-011-RNS-032
32
ounces
OM-011-RNS-064
64
ounces
OM-011-RNS-128
128
ounces
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals
Himalayan Crystal Salt Sole
INGREDIENTS:
Distilled Water & Himalayan Crystal
Salt
OM-012-SOL-004
4
ounces
OM-012-SOL-008
8
ounces
OM-012-SOL-016
16
ounces
OM-012-SOL-032
32
ounces
Internal Liquid
Ormus Minerals New
Beginnings Ormus
INGREDIENTS:
Charged Dead Sea Salt Water Crystals, & 7 Sea
Salts
OM-134-NBO-004
4
ounces
$20.00
OM-134-NBO-008
8
ounces
OM-134-NBO-016
16
ounces
$70.00
OM-134-NBO-032
32
ounces
$120.00
OM-134-NBO-064
64
ounces
$200.00
OM-134-NBO-128
128
ounces
$350.00
Internal LiquidOrmus Minerals Health & Energy
Ormus Infusion
Energy
Supplement
INGREDIENTS: | http://ormusminerals.com/Ormus-and-Ormus-Water.html |
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Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Separation of O2 from Air
Technology Summary
Pure molecular oxygen is important to many industrial processes such as oxy-fuel combustion, steel production, on-board oxygen generation in military aircraft and medical oxygen concentrators. Industrial-scale oxygen separation is conventionally carried out by cryogenic air separation. Cryogenic air separation produces high quality O2 (99% oxygen purity), however, it is energy intensive, expensive and requires large housing facilities. A competing technology, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), can carry out O2 separation on a smaller scale, but its application is limited to processes that require lower purity O2. PSA processes rely on adsorbents such as zeolites, to capture N2 from air, however, zeolites are costly, inefficient and unable to produce high oxygen purity.
Description
Seeking a more effective alternative to zeolites, Sandia researchers looked to Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are crystalline, porous materials in which a metal center is bound to organic molecules by mild self-assembly chemical synthesis. During synthesis, MOFs can be modified to be highly selective for a certain molecule. The MOFs designed by Sandia researchers are designed to be highly selective for O2 over N2, resulting in the simultaneous separation of nitrogen and other air components from oxygen. When incorporated into the PSA process, MOFs have the ability to produce a purer form of oxygen, rivaling the purity from cryogenic air separation. MOFs offer better sorbent purity, fewer structural defects, and can store greater amounts of adsorbates compared to zeolites. Additionally, MOFs provide the ability to perform O2 separation under mild conditions (ambient pressure and temperature), potentially revolutionizing the swing adsorption process and increasing the potential application fields.
Download the PDFs for more information
Technology IDSD#12911Development StagePrototype - Sandia estimates this at a Technology Readiness Level 4. Basic technological components are integrated to establish that the pieces will work together.AvailabilityAvailablePublished03/03/2016Last Updated03/03/2016
Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA-0003525.
| |
Q:
Borel $\sigma$-Algebra generated by open intervall with rational end point
$A$ is the $\sigma$-Algebra generated by $(p,\infty)$ with $p\in \mathbb{Q}$. I need to show that $(a,b)\in A$ for $a,b\in \mathbb{R}$ and $a<b$ so that $A$ is a Borel $\sigma$-Algebra on $\mathbb{R}$.
Proof (what I tried):
We now that rational numbers are dense in the reals, so for a we can find a series ('from the right') with $$\lim_{n\to\infty} q_n = a$$ with $q_n>a$. Then $$\bigcup\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} (q_n,\infty)=(a,\infty)$$ This is a countable Union of sub-sets of $A$ so it is itselfe in $A$ and we get $(a,b)\in A$. That is true for every open set in $\mathbb{R}$. Since every open set in $\mathbb{R}$ can be written as a a countable union of intervals from $A$, $A$ contains the Borel $\sigma$-Algebra of $\mathbb{R}$. Because we said $q_n \downarrow a$ it is the smallest $\sigma$-Algebra containing the open intervall by definition. So it is the Borel $\sigma$-Algebra of $\mathbb{R}$.
I hope this is not a duplicate and not too bad, I would appreciate corrections, help and tips.
A:
You proved that for every $a\in\mathbb R$ the set $(a,\infty)$ is an element of $\mathcal A$, but your conclusion that $(a,b)\in\mathcal A$ is not justified.
You can solve this by proving that also sets like $[a,\infty)$ are elements of $\mathcal A$ on a similar way with $q_n$ approaching from the left and taking $\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}(q_n,\infty)=[a,\infty)$. This in the knowledge that a $\sigma$-algebra is also closed under countable intersections.
Then also $(-\infty, b)=[b,\infty)^{\complement}$ and $(a,b)=(a,\infty)\cap(-\infty,b)$ are elements of $\mathcal A$.
If that is done then you can indeed claim that all open sets - as countable unions of open intervals - are elements of $\mathcal A$ because a $\sigma$-algebra is closed under complements and countable intersections.
This ensures that the Borel-$\sigma$-algebra on $\mathbb R$ if it is equipped with its usual order topology is a subcollection of $\mathcal A$.
Conversely we know that this Borel-$\sigma$-algebra will contain all sets $(p,\infty)$ where $p\in\mathbb Q$ since these sets are open. This ensures that $\mathcal A$ which is generated by these sets is a subcollection of the Borel-$\sigma$-algebra.
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The seventy-one Collateral Events, running in parallel to the Manifesta 12 biennial, have been rigorously selected from an international open call. The 631 applications largely came from Palermo and Sicily with additional international private and public institutions, non-profit organisations, artists, and art professionals. The jury selecting the final projects was composed of international and local arts professionals.
Each of the proposals were evaluated in terms of being sound interdisciplinary cultural projects taking place during the same period as Manifesta 12 while also adhering to the same high-quality standards as the nomadic biennial.
M12 Collateral Events, while not a part of the Planetary Garden program, receive full communication support from Manifesta 12, promoted through digital and analogue channels of Manifesta 12 including the website, guidebook, social, app, and map. Accordingly, the independence of the Manifesta 12 Collateral Events means that the projects are separately funded through sponsorships and partners, both locally and internationally.
Throughout Palermo and other communities in Sicily, amazing venues have generously opened their doors to host the Manifesta 12 Collateral Events. Locations from stupendous Baroque palaces to Norman architectural masterpieces and artisanal workshops, many of which have never received the public, can now be seen and experienced through the lens of local, national, and international cultural organisers. Entire squares, fountains, quarters, and streets await discovery with numerous workshops, performances, exhibitions, and audio-visual installations.
An intentional symbiotic structure has been developed in which the Manifesta 12 Collateral Events benefit from Manifesta’s international scope and visitors. Building on this, the ever-widening reach of the Manifesta 12 Collateral Events extends beyond the limits of the biennial, involving local neighbourhoods and communities outside the boundaries of the art world and facilitating integration and inclusion through art- the innate communicative language we all possess.
This new model of what was formerly called Manifesta Parallel Events programme, is designed as a compliment to the M12 Collateral Events, developing long-term exchanges and networking between Palermo’s cultural communities and Manifesta’s diverse international network of artists, galleries, academic, and educational institutions.
Like the M12 Collateral Events, the 5x5x5 programme extends the reach of Manifesta 12 into neighbourhoods, schools, historic churches, palaces and unique buildings; each carrying an imprint from the multicultural history of the city, whose sum total form the Palermo we know today. The goal of 5x5x5 is to encourage cultural continuity, prolonging Manifesta’s commitment and work in 2018 by creating sustainable collaborations with the aim of a long-lasting legacy for Palermo after closing Manifesta.
The main criteria for inviting the proposals were that the artistic projects had to take place in Palermo during the same time frame as Manifesta 12 and demonstrate the active involvement of, and participation with, the local art scene or local professionals, organisations or students.
A jury of national and international art professionals, selected the projects for the 5x5x5 programme, which guaranteed the same high-quality standards as Manifesta 12. The international open call for the 5x5x5 programme received 188 proposals, of which 15 were selected by the jury. These 15 projects, separated into 3 categories, are made up of 5 artists, 5 educational institutions, and 5 galleries, thus bringing together the 5x5x5 programme.
The selected artists and artist collectives will take part in residencies in public and private spaces throughout the city of Palermo with the participation of the local community. The artist’s studios will be open to all, resulting in a final project or presentation, often elaborated in an exhibition or performance. The educational projects will take the form of workshops, seminars, and forums facilitated by educational institutions worldwide, and investigating themes central to the role of the city of Palermo. The gallery programme will feature pop-up exhibitions from renowned national and international galleries, amplifying the artistic perspective and gaze on Palermo.
The 5x5x5 programme presents a unique opportunity to experience Palermo as envisioned through the bespoke projects from a multitude of nations, including Egypt, England, Finland, Germany, Italy, Qatar, Mauritius, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, and Turkey. | http://m12.manifesta.org/collateral-events-5x5x5/ |
Daniel Alves: more than a right-back
Out for two weeks with a calf injury and locked in contract negotiations with Barcelona, now seems like a good time to assess the value of Daniel Alves.
It’s long been a standard joke – or cliche, if you like – to say that an attacking full-back is “more of a winger than a full-back.” That’s particularly been true of Brazilian full-backs down the years – in recent times, most notably the combination of Cafu and Roberto Carlos, who started the 1998, 2002 and 2006 World Cups in the full-back positions for Brazil.
Occasionally the mentality of these players has been exaggerated. In the 2002 tournament, for example, Cafu and Roberto Carlos were frequently cast as full-backs, when in fact they were wing-backs. A small difference, granted, but the role of a wing-back in a 3-5-2 is significantly different from a full-back in a 4-4-2. Whilst speeding forward to join the attack in that tournament, which Brazil won, they had not just the comfort of three centre-backs to keep things tight at the back, but also two holding midfielders.
What looked a gung ho attitude was in actual fact not particularly attacking – five defensive-minded players were making sure Brazil weren’t caught out on the counter – in basic numerical terms, no different to leaving a back four with one holding midfielder protecting them. Therefore, the wing-backs playing so high up the pitch was natural. They were literally more wingers than they were full-backs, because of the 3-4-1-2 formation. At club level, Cafu’s best season came when playing as a wing-back in a 3-4-1-2, Roberto Carlos’ best spell came first when Real Madrid played that same formation.
Alves’ role
Alves is slightly different. With the exception of when Sergio Busquets drops into the backline and Barcelona become a 3-4-3, as against Atletico earlier in the season, Alves is the right-back in a four-man defence. Even so, he plays ludicrously high up the pitch in some matches. The most obvious example was Barcelona’s 5-0 destruction of Sevilla, where he spent most of the game ahead of Barcelona’s midfielders, even when Barcelona lost the ball. The side was set up differently to accommodate Alves’ change in positioning – Lionel Messi and David Villa both played centrally, whilst Pedro was stationed wide on the left. There was no attacking player on the right, indicating that it was a deliberate move from Pep Guardiola, asking Alves to cover the entire right flank. It was the key feature of the game – he pushed Diego Capel so far back, practically forcing Sevilla into a back five, and Barcelona ran riot. The same thing happened against Espanyol.
Alves’s presence in the attack can be backed up by statistics. In the group stage of the Champions League this season, he completed more passes in the attacking third of the pitch than any other player in the tournament, 276. To make it a fair comparison, breaking the numbers down into a ‘passes in the attacking third per game‘ stat still leaves Alves top, with 55.2 per match. Clearly, it’s helped by the fact he plays in the best passing side in Europe, but it’s still astonishing that he tops that table considering his position on the pitch, rather than any of Barcelona’s actual forwards. That illustrates how much of the ball he sees in attacking positions, and how crucial he is to his side’s moves.
His work rate is the main factor here, and there are those who believe that Alves is simply physically brilliant, with minimal technical ability. Even if that was the case, Alves’ combination of speed and stamina mean he is almost impossible for any opposition player to track for 90 minutes, which is what makes him so dangerous, and so difficult to play against. It’s becoming increasingly common to see sides playing left-backs on the left of midfield to try and stop him – see Valencia’s use of Jeremy Mathieu, or Inter’s use of Cristian Chivu.
Late runs
Alves’ particular attacking threat is his late sprints in behind the opposition defence, to meet a pass from a centre-left position in midfield, generally from Xavi Hernandez or Andres Iniesta. Here, he almost offers the threat a fast centre-forward would, with pace in behind running onto balls over the top. For all their attacking endeavours, it was rare to see Cafu or Roberto Carlos do this kind of thing – generally they’d simply run down the touchline to stretch the play before crossing the ball (or shooting from a ridiculous angle) – Alves offers a more direct threat.
Compared to the traditional pacey centre-forward run to meet a ball over the top, Alves’ darts in from the right are more favourable for five separate reasons.
1. It means the man playing the pass is hitting a diagonal ball, rather than a straight ball – there’s more margin for error, a greater area the pass can be played into to reach the player. Misplaced straight balls will simply run through to the goalkeeper.
2. It means Alves can be at top speed whilst breaking past the defence. Alves often has twenty metres to build up speed before reaching the offside line, making it difficult for defenders to turn and catch up with him before he reaches the ball. Strikers in a central position, on the other hand, have to either bend their runs to stay onside, or start in a very deep position to be able to run full pelt.
3. Alves can see the player making the pass and the flight of the ball in his natural run, and therefore doesn’t have to break his stride to look over his shoulder to see where the ball is.
4. Controlling the ball in midair is easier when it is arriving slightly from the side than when it’s coming directly over your head and you’re running onto it.
5. It’s on the blind side of the defence. They’re all looking towards their right where the ball is coming from, whilst Alves is sneaking in behind on their left.
For a classic example, try this pass from Xavi to Alves, finished by Messi:
Defensive qualities
What Alves also offers Barcelona – frequently overlooked by many – is a good defensive presence on the right. As with all attacking full-backs, there’s a natural assumption that the player is not good defensively, but Alves’ game has improved immeasurably in this respect in recent years.
One could put forward the old argument that a top-class defender should not be sliding around and performing last-ditch blocks – a top-class defender should anticipate danger and pre-emptively stop it. That misses the point, though – as Alves is often told to play very high up the pitch on the right, he’s inevitably going to be dashing back and arriving just in time to get a block in. His incredible pace means he often gets in challenges other defenders would have been too sluggish to attempt, whilst he’s actually very good at anticipating opposition attacks when he’s in a position to do so. The video below shows his defensive skills well.
Before watching that, though, consider that the most important thing Alves gives Barcelona in a defensive sense is his brilliant ability to press for the entire game. Look out for him charging 40 yards up the pitch to close Joan Capdevilla down on 0:42 – it may be on the edge of the opponent’s penalty area, but that is still defending.
In terms of pressing, Alves’ combination of speed and stamina makes him possibly the best player in the world for that style of football. Individually he’s fantastic, but there’s also a case for saying it sets the tone for the entire side. Just as Xavi is even more important to Barca than his basic individual contribution (because he sets an example with his short, neat passing) Alves does the same when Barcelona lose the ball, charging up the pitch to pressure opponents.
“Without the ball we are a disastrous team, a horrible team, so we need the ball”, Guardiola says. That’s an exaggeration, but it’s that attitude that results in Barca’s intent to win the ball high up the pitch. Alves should be part of the last line of defence, so his ability to cover the entire flank by himself and press from the front is amazing.
Conclusion
Two years ago, Sid Lowe described Alves as the second best footballer in the world. That was quite a statement, but it’s certainly closer to the truth than the figures for the 2010 Ballon D’Or would have you believe – Alves got just 0.05% of the votes, the lowest of any candidate who received any votes at all.
With a fairly gentle fixture list over the next couple of weeks, Alves’ injury shouldn’t be too much of a problem. His ongoing contract negotiations are more of worry for Barcelona. Alves supposedly wants to be the second-highest paid player after Messi, and a summer departure is not unthinkable. It’s difficult to imagine who Barcelona could bring in to replace him, though, and that’s what makes this such a problem for them.
The one thing we can be sure of is that Alves and Barcelona are a perfect match. No other club could accommodate such an attacking right-back as naturally as Barcelona. If Alves’ goal is to play the best football possible, he should sit tight at a club which utilises his ability perfectly – with and without the ball. | http://www.zonalmarking.net/2011/01/21/dani-alves/ |
Our earth is a beautiful and amazing place. It is rich with all forms of natural resources. One of its natural resources is herbs that benefited mankind for thousands of years in the field of natural healing. Herbs have been used in different parts of the world since ancient time.
According to Archaeologists, archaeological evidence suggests that the use of herbs dates back as far as 60,000 years ago. This is potentially the earliest evidence of human beings using herbs in our history.
In Mesopotamia, the written study of herbs dates back over 5,000 years to the Sumerians, who created clay tablets with lists of hundreds of medicinal plants (such as myrrh and opium).
In India, it is common in the practice of Ayurveda to use different types of herbs such as turmeric, triphala, trikatu etc. and such usage started possibly as early as 4,000 B.C.
In China, the "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" lists 365 herbs and their uses - including Ephedra (the shrub that introduced the drug ephedrine to modern medicine), hemp, and chaulmoogra (one of the first effective treatments for leprosy). Frankincense has been a staple ingredient in Traditional Chinese Medicine since at least 500 B.C.
In the Middle East and North Africa, both frankincense and myrrh have been traded for over 5,000 years. It is believed that the Babylonians and Assyrians burnt them during religious ceremonies. The ancient Egyptians purchased plenty of resins from the Phoenicians to use them in incense, insect repellent, perfume and salves for wounds and sores. These were also used as key ingredients in the embalming process. Myrrh oil is an ideal ingredient for rejuvenating facial treatments. Frankincense on the other hand was charred and ground into a powder to produce the kohl eyeliner that Egyptian women commonly put on.
The walls of the temple dedicated to Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt for around 2 decades until her death around 480 B.C., are also decorated with murals depicting sacks of frankincense and potted saplings of myrrh-producing trees.
According to the Hebrew Bible, Frankincense and Myrrh were components of the holy incense ritually burned in Jerusalem’s sacred temples during ancient times. The ancient Greeks and Romans also imported massive amounts of the resins, which they burned as incense, to use them during cremations and in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments.
By then, medical practitioners had already recognised and documented the properties of these substances as being antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, and hence, prescribed them for a variety of health conditions and diseases. These ranged from indigestion and chronic coughs to haemorrhoids and halitosis.
According to Touwaide (a historian of medicine at the Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions and the Smithsonian Institution), myrrh appears with more frequency than any other plant substance in the writings of the Greek physician Hippocrates, commonly called the "father of medicine" practised fumigation for both aromatic and medicinal benefit. He revolutionised the field of medicine in the 3rd and 4th centuries B.C.
The Roman Empire built upon the knowledge of the Egyptians and Greeks. Discorides wrote a book called 'De Materia Medica' that described the properties of approximately 500 plants. 'De Materia Medica' was one of the most important botanical books ever published in history, and was taken as the cornerstone of botanical medicine throughout Europe for 1,500 years. Discorides also studied distillation, which at that time, only focused on extracting aromatic floral waters and not essential oils.
A huge turning point for the distillation of essentials came about with the invention of a coiled cooling pipe in the 11th century. Persian by birth, Ibn Sina, known throughout Europe as Avicenna (980-1037) invented a coiled pipe that allowed the plant vapour and steam to cool down more effectively than previous distillers that employed a straight cooling pipe. Avicenna's contribution led the way in the discovery of essential oils and their benefits. His contribution earned him the title, the "Prince of Physicians". Throughout his life, he had also written 20 books covering theology, metaphysics, astronomy, philology, philosophy and poetry, and most influentially, 20 books and 100 treatises on medicine.
In the 12th century, an Abbess of Germany named Hildegard grew and distilled Lavender for its medicinal properties. In the 13th century, the pharmaceutical industry was born. This encouraged the major distillation of essential oils.
During the 14th century, the Black Death hit and killed millions of people. Herbal preparations were used extensively to help fight this terrible phenomenon that struck many. It is even believed that some perfumers successfully avoided the plague from their constant contact with natural aromatics.
More plants were distilled to create essential oils in the 15th century. This included Frankincense, Juniper, Rose, Sage and Rosemary. The world also saw an increase in the number of books written on herbs and their properties later in that century.
By the 16th century, it was possible for one to purchase oils at an "apothecary" (modern pharmacy), and many more essential oils were introduced. During the 16th and 17th centuries, perfumery became a form of art and it became more clearly defined as a distinctive field.
During the 19th century, perfumery remained a prosperous industry. Women would have their jeweller create a special bottle to hold their treasured perfume. The 19th century was also important scientifically as major constituents of essential oils became isolated.
The knowledge to separate the constituents of essential oils to create synthetic chemicals and drugs began in the 20th century. It is now widely believed that by separating the major constituents and then using the separate constituents alone or in a synthetic form will not only be therapeutically beneficial but also economical. These discoveries had contributed a lot to 'modern medicine' and resulted in the production of synthetic fragrances. Natural therapists however strongly believe that such separation actually weakens the properties of essential oils that are important in conferring one with the therapeutic benefits.
Famous French chemist and scholar René-Maurice Gattefossé had accidentally discovered in 1910 that Lavender essential oil can heal burns very quickly with very little scarring. What happened was Gattefossé was working in the laboratory when he burned his hand during his experiment. He immediately dipped his hand into the nearest tub of liquid, which happened to be the Lavender essential oil. Gattefossé was amazed at how quickly his burn was relieved with very little scarring. This incident led to his fascination of the healing properties of essential oils and inspired him to experiment them on soldiers during World War 1. He experimented with oils such as Lavender, Thyme, Lemon and Clove that had antiseptic properties. He noted an increase in the rate of healing for wounds treated with essential oils.
Gattefossé coined the term "Aromatherapy" in 1928 in an article where he supported the use of using essential oils without breaking them down into their primary constituents. In 1937, he wrote a book called 'Aromathérapie: Les Huiles essentielles hormones végétales' that was later translated into English and named 'Gattefossé's Aromatherapy'. This book is still in print and is widely read all around the world.
Other highly respected 20th century aromatherapists include (but not limited to) Jean Valnet, Madam Marguerite Maury, and Robert B. Tisserand.
Jean Valnet also used essential oils to treat injured soldiers during the war. He is also remembered for his book, 'The Practice of Aromatherapy', originally entitled 'Aromathérapie' in French.
Austrian Madam Marguerite Maury was a biochemist who avidly studied, practised and taught the use of Aromatherapy for cosmetic benefit. She was also the one who incorporated the practice of massage in the art of Aromatherapy in the 1930s.
Robert B. Tisserand, who is still alive and well today, is an English aromatherapist who was responsible for being one of the first individuals to bring the knowledge and education of Aromatherapy to English-speaking nations. He has written books and articles including the highly respected 1977 publication 'The Art of Aromatherapy'. This was probably the first Aromatherapy book published in English.
Up to around 30 years ago, while Aromatherapy existed, it was not commonly heard of in our families. As people's search for alternative therapies increased, the availability of information on essential oils and Aromatherapy also grew. The rich resources of books and researches done throughout the centuries enlighten us and the field of Aromatherapy is definitely flourishing. This is evident with the emergence of many different types of essential oils brand, perfumery etc.
2. Cohen, Jennie. June 27, 2011, "A Wise Man’s Cure: Frankincense and Myrrh", https://www.history.com/news/a-wise-mans-cure-frankincense-and-myrrh.
3. Gattefossé, René-Maurice. Gattefossé's Aromatherapy. Saffron Walden, UK: The C.W. Daniel Company Limited, 1993.
5. Lyth, Geoff Lyth (2003) “The History of Aromatherapy”, Copyright © Quinessence Aromatherapy Ltd.
9. Sumner, Judith (2000). The Natural History of Medicinal Plants. Timber Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-88192-483-0.
10. Tisserand, Robert B. The Art of Aromatherapy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1977.
11. Wynn, Susan G.; Barbara Fougère (2007). Veterinary Herbal Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 60. ISBN 0323029981. | http://www.holisticlivingannex.com/2018/07/the-timeline-of-discovery-and-progress.html |
Definition - What does Valuation Discount mean?
A valuation discount refers to the deficiency in value that a buyer estimates for a company compared to its peers in the same industry. Buyers will typically review comparable transactions as part of their due diligence prior to completing an acquisition. This review provides a range of multiples that is being applied to most transactions. If the buyer is willing to pay below or at the low end of this range, it means the target company has unfavorable attributes to justify a valuation discount.
Divestopedia explains Valuation Discount
Buyers calculate valuation discounts for many reasons. Some of the more common reasons are:
- The company primarily competes on price and does not have any specific barriers to entry that would keep additional competitors from entering the market;
- The company has consistently delivered lower margins than its competitors, and has earned lower returns on investment that its peer group;
- The company has technology that is easy to replicate or has not been patented, making it simple for competitors to access and/or improve on it;
- The company does not fit well with the buyer, either because its services don't open up new market opportunities, or because the management team's philosophy is directly opposed with that of the buyer's;
- Lack of depth in the management team or excessive reliance on the relationships of the owner to generate sales; and
- The company does not bring access to new customers or markets, meaning the buyer has little opportunity to leverage the acquisition to cross-sell services or goods. | https://www.divestopedia.com/definition/976/valuation-discount |
Plans to take €100 off electric bills on the cards as costs spiral
CABINET ministers will discuss proposals to provide emergency energy payments to all households in Ireland today as costs spiral out of control.
A memo will go to Cabinet on Tuesday outlining the measures government will take to reduce household energy bills and it is believed €100 will be taken off one of peoples’ first electricity bill of the new year.
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Environment Minister Eamon Ryan will bring the idea to Cabinet
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Proposals being considered are for a €100 payment per household towards winter energy bills
Proposals being considered are for a €100 payment per household towards winter energy bills, likely for a bill due in January or February.
Finance Minister Paschal Donohoe and Public Expenditure Minister Michael McGrath are working with the Environment Minister Eamon Ryan on the matter.
People Before Profit TD Richard Boyd-Barrett says a more permanent measure is needed and dubbed the subsidy as "pathetic" as prices reach new highs.
CAPS ON ENERGY PRICES NEEDED
He said: "€100 is absolutely pathetic against a background of people's bills going up between 5 - maybe as high as €800 and €900 - in the year.
"What the Government should be doing is putting caps on energy prices".
Tánaiste Leo Varadkar said last week that he expects bills for electricity and possibly gas bills to go down a “a little bit” in the new year under new government measures.
He claimed that the government are reviewing additional measures put forward by the European Union that could be put in place.
He said: “These are currently under consideration. We would certainly like to do something to help with electricity bills and perhaps also gas bills.
“We hope to be in a position to make a decision on that in the near future so that people will see the effects of that decision in the bills the receive being a little bit lower than expected in the new year."
Prices are rising at their fastest pace in over 20 years as November marked the 13th consecutive month of inflation with costs increased by 0.6 per cent.
Housing, electricity, water, gas and home heating prices jumped an overall 12 per cent in the year and just over 0.2 per cent in November alone.
Electricity prices increased by almost 5 per cent in the month, up nearly a whopping 21 per cent over the 12 months, according to the figures.
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A memo will go to Cabinet on Tuesday outlining the measures government | |
Could be months before Coast Guard releases tug crash investigation
The Coast Guard is finished with their investigation internally, but the public likely won't see anything for months.
The Coast Guard has finished its investigation of the March 2016 Hudson River tugboat crash, but it will be at least two months, likely more, before the public sees the results.
The tugboat Specialist was accompanying a crane down the river last year, when it struck an equipment barge for the new Tappan Zee Bridge project and sank. The tugboat's three crew members, 63-year-old Paul Amon, 29-year-old Timothy Conklin and 56-year-old Harry Hernandez, were killed in the crash.
The National Transportation Safety Board had been investigating the crash under the auspices of the Coast Guard.
CUOMO: Tugboat crash at TZB 'tragic accident'
NTSB INVESTIGATION: March 12's fatal tugboat accident
WATCH: The Specialist's final moments
“(In) our procedure — and it’s the same with any investigation, so there’s nothing unusual here — once the investigators wrap it up … it’ll be reviewed internally by the command here," said Coast Guard spokesman Charles Rowe. “Chances are four months.”
Rowe said it would undergo the same review process at Sector One headquarters in Boston and in Washington.
The Specialist was accompanying a crane from Albany to New Jersey along with two other tugs, the Realist and Trevor. Video of the Specialist's final moments shows the tug sinking in a matter of seconds, and, according to the attorney for the Amon family, Amon jumped back on board to try and rescue Hernandez and Conklin.
The families of the three men, new bridge builders the Tappan Zee Constructors, crane barge owners Weeks Marine and Specialist owner New York Marine Towing, are caught in a web of lawsuits. The families are seeking a total of $100 million.
County police were also investigating the possibility that Paul Crowley, the captain of the Specialist, was piloting the Realist as that tug's captain James Morrison, brought a woman on board for the trip. Morrison has said that Crowley was simply doing a watch and that no one was covering for anyone.
In the hours after the March 12 crash, rescue crews would recover Amon's body and Conklin's the next day. On March 24, the Specialist was raised from the water and Hernandez's body was recovered.
Like other crash investigations, the Coast Guard is looking for a cause, how it could be prevented in the future and if their findings have any wider application.
Rowe said that is the reason for caution and multiple reviews. | https://www.lohud.com/story/news/transit/2017/02/20/hudson-river-tug-crash/98150700/ |
This position is a contract-based position. It is paid on a per-audit basis.
Requirements
Minimum Requirements
- Employment is contingent upon applicant satisfactorily passing criminal background and reference checks
- Must complete diocese-sponsored Safe Environment Training within 60 days of hire
- Minimum level of Education: Bachelor’s degree in Accounting
- Minimum amount of Work Experience: 7-9 years
- Years of related work experience: At least 4 years
- Area of related work experience: Auditing
Preferred Qualifications
- Professional demeanor reflective of the values and mission of the Diocese of Raleigh.
- Highly organized with an attention to detail and ability to apply audit concepts and techniques and critical thinking.
- Ability and flexibility to manage multiple priorities and off-site audits.
- Demonstrated ability to communicate effectively both verbally and in writing.
- Must be able to maintain objectivity, confidentiality and impartiality.
- Ability to establish and maintain positive working relationships across all levels within the organization.
- Proficiency in Microsoft Office, in particular MS Excel and Word.
- Ability to travel throughout the Diocese to conduct audits (approximately 30-40%).
- Certified Internal Auditor, Certified Public Accountant or Certified Fraud Examiner designation is a plus.
- Bilingual (Spanish/English) skills are a plus.
Job Information
- Job ID: 62565666
- Location: | https://careers.ncacpa.org/jobs/function/internal-audit-consultant/ |
I explained here how money moves around the banking system and how the Bitcoin system causes us to revisit our assumptions about what a payment system must look like. In this post, I turn my attention to securities settlement: if I sell some shares to you, how do they actually move from my account to yours? What is actually “moving”? What do I mean by “account”? Who is involved? What are the moving parts?
I have argued for some time that the Bitcoin system is best regarded as a global, decentralized asset register and that some of the assets it could register, track and transfer could be securities (stocks and bonds). In this post, I go back to basics to explain what actually happens behind the scenes today and use that to think through the implications should schemes such as ColoredCoins.org or MasterCoin gain traction. I’ve discussed these systems in a couple of articles here (coloured coins) and here (MasterCoin).
As in the previous article, my focus is on imparting understanding by telling a story and building up a narrative. This means some of the precise details may be simplified. So please don’t build a securities settlement system for your client using this article as your guide!
First, let’s establish some common ground.
Here are the simplifying assumptions I’m going to make:
- I’m going to invent a fictional company called MegaCorp
- I’m going to assume we start back in the days when certificates were in paper form. I’ll move to electronic systems later in the article but I think it helps first to think about paper – it helps us keep track of what’s really going on
- I’m going to rewrite history to suit the story. If you’re a historian of finance, this article is not for you!
- Finally, I’m going to assume that MegaCorp already exists, has issued shares and that they are in the hands of a large number of individuals, banks and other firms. I’m going to assume you’re one of these owners. How these shares were issued would be a fascinating story itself but there isn’t space here to talk about corporate finance, IPOs and all the rest. Google it: “primary market” activity is a really interesting area of investment banking.
So let’s get started. You own some MegaCorp shares and you want to sell them.
Selling shares if everything was paper-based
So… you own some shares in MegaCorp and you have a piece of paper that proves it: a share certificate. You’d like to sell those shares. Now you have a problem. How do you find somebody who is willing to buy them from you?
I guess you could put an advert in the paper or maybe walk around town wearing a sandwich board proclaiming your desire to sell. But it’s not ideal.
Figure 1 The fundamental problem: how does a seller find a buyer or a buyer find a seller?
The obvious answer is that it would all be so much easier if there were a place – a venue where people commonly in the business of buying and selling shares could get together and find each other. Happily, there are and we call such places stock exchanges. In the early days, they were simply coffee houses or under a Buttonwood tree in trading centres such as London. Over time, they became formalized. But the idea is the same: concentrate buyers and sellers in one place to maximize the chance of matching them with each other.
This adds a new box to our diagram: the stock exchange.
Figure 2 A stock exchange brings buyers and sellers together to help them execute trades
There are still some problems, however. What if you’re just an occasional buyer or seller? Do you really want to have to trek to London or New York every time you want to buy or sell? And as an out-of-towner, do you really think you’d get a good deal from the locals who spend all their time there? You’d be completely out of your depth. So you’d probably value the services of an intermediary – somebody who could go to the exchange on your behalf and get you the best deal they could. We call these people stockbrokers (or just brokers). An example for retail investors may be Charles Schwab. An example for, say, pension funds might be Deutsche Bank or Morgan Stanley.
Figure 3 Brokers act on behalf of buyers and sellers
You’ll notice that “stock exchange” has become “stock exchange(s)”: this reflects the reality that there could be multiple venues you could visit to trade a particular share. This creates opportunities for arbitrage (the price may be different at each venue) but we’ll ignore this from now on.
Now this works fine if there is lots of trade in MegaCorp shares: when my broker tries to sell, there will probably be somebody else who wants to buy. But what happens if there are no buyers just then? Does that mean the share is worthless? Clearly not. So there’s an opportunity to somebody to make a living taking a bit of risk by buying and selling shares on their own account. Whereas a broker is acting in an agency capacity, this new person would make money from their wits: buying low and selling high with their own money. We call these people market-makers – since they literally create a market in the shares in which they specialize. We call firms like Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley broker-dealers because some of their subsidiaries engage in both broking and market-making in various markets.
Figure 4 Market-makers buy and sell shares on their own account, creating liquidity
Guess what: we still have problems! Remember: I’ve asked my broker to sell my shares for me but imagine they succeed. Then what? We now have the tricky problem of settlement. Remember: we’re still in the days of paper-based certificates. So my broker has just sold my MegaCorp shares. Well… the buyer is going to want the certificate pretty soon. And I would quite like the cash.
Now… I could just trust my broker. I could leave the paper certificate in their hands and ask them to take receipt of the cash when the buyer’s broker hands over their cash. But that means placing a lot of trust in that individual. And remember: I chose the broker because they could navigate the rough and tumble of the stock exchange, not because I trusted their book-keeping skills!
Worse, what happens if MegaCorp issues a dividend while the share certificate is in the hands of the broker? Do they really have the ability or inclination to collect the divident, allocate it to my account and report to me about this in a timely manner? Perhaps, but probably not.
But we still have the need for somebody to keep the certificate safe and to be on hand to give it to the purchaser if a sale takes place. It’s just that the skills needed by this person are completely different to those needed by the broker. The broker needs to be able to negotiate the best price for me. But the person who looks after my certificate needs to be good with accounts, book-keeping, reporting and security. After all, I’m trusting them with the safekeeping of my share certificate: it’s in their custody. So we call these people custodians. Examples include State Street and Northern Trust, as well as divisions of Citi and HSBC, etc.
Figure 5 Custodians are responsible for the safekeeping of shares
So now, when my broker finds a willing buyer at the exchange, they can tell my custodian to expect to receive cash from the buyer’s custodian and to send the certificate to the buyer’s custodian when this happens.
And while the share certificate is sitting at the custodian, they can deal with all the tedious things that can happen to a share during its life: dividends, stock-splits, voting, … It’s as if the shares need regular attention, like an old car that needs constant servicing: so we call this business the business of securities servicing. The picture above shows a line from the buyer/seller to their custodians, because the custodian is working on their behalf. However, retail investors will probably not be aware of this relationship as their brokerage will manage the relationship on their behalf.
So… what have we achieved? I can lodge my share certificate with a custodian, instruct my broker to sell the shares on my behalf by finding a willing buyer at a stock exchange and wait for the cash to arrive. We’re done!
Erm… not so fast. There are still several problems. The first becomes obvious when you think about how the picture I’ve described would work in practice. You have loads of brokers shouting at each other, making trades all the time. It would be completely chaotic yet, somehow, we need to get to a point where the buying and selling brokers agree completely on the details of the trade they just did and have communicated matching settlement instructions perfectly to the two custodians so they can settle the trade. That’s not going to be easy.
In reality, there’s quite some work that must be done post-trade to get it to the point where it can be settled (matching, maybe netting, agreement of settlement details, agreeing on time and place of settlement, etc, etc). We call this process clearing. (I wrote previously about a real-life example of spontaneous clearing at the world’s first-ever open-outcry Bitcoin exchange.)
And there’s a second, more subtle, problem: how does my broker know that the person they’re selling to is good for the cash? And how does the buyer know that my broker can lay their hands on the shares? In the model I’ve just described, they don’t. Now, perhaps that’s not a problem: after all, smart custodians are only going to exchange shares and cash at the same time. But it’s still problematic: sure… if the buyer turns out not to have the cash, I still have my shares… but I wanted to sell them! And the price may drop before I can find a replacement buyer.
A clearing house is intended to solve both these problems. Here’s how: after a trade is matched (both sides agree on the details), the information is sent to the clearing house by the exchange. And here’s the trick: as well as orchestrating the clearing process and getting everything ready for settlement, the clearing house does something clever: it steps into the middle of the trade. In effect, it tears up the trade and creates two new ones in its place: it becomes my buyer and it becomes the seller to the buyer. In this way, I have no exposure to the buyer: if they turn out to be a fraud, it’s now the clearing house’s problem. And the ultimate seller has no exposure to me: if I turn out to be a fraud, the buyer still gets their shares (the clearing house will go into the market and buy them from somebody else if it really has to). We call this “stepping in” process novation and say that the clearing house is acting as a central counterparty if it performs this service. As an example, the London Stock Exchange uses LCH.Clearnet Ltd as its clearing house.
Of course, this amazing service comes at a price: they charge a fee and, more importantly, impose strict rules on who can be a clearing member of the exchange and how they should be run. In this way, the clearing house acts as a policeman, ensuring only people and firms with a good track record and deep resources are allowed to participate. (I’ll leave to one side whether this privileging of one group over another is a net good or bad!)
So we can update our picture again:
Figure 6 A clearing house manages the post-trade process of getting to a point where settlement can take place and often also acts as a central counterparty
We’re almost there… but there are still some loose ends. To see why, consider this from MegaCorp’s perspective. We’ve been talking about buying and selling their shares and this all happens without any involvement from them at all. That’s fine in most circumstances but it does cause problems from time to time. Specifically, what happens when the company issues a dividend or wants its shareholders to vote on something? How does it know who its shareholders are? Imagine it knew I was a shareholder. What happens after I’ve sold the shares using the system above to somebody else? How does the company get to hear about the new owner?
Enter yet another player: the registrar (UK) or share transfer agent (US). These companies work on behalf of the company and are responsible for maintaining a register of shareholders and keeping it up to date. If the company pays a dividend, these companies are responsible for distributing it. They rely on one of the participants in the process to tell them about share transfer. An example of a registrar in the UK would be Equiniti.
Figure 7 A registrar (or stock transfer agent) keeps track of who owns a company’s shares on behalf of the company
Now, I assumed up front that we were using paper certificates. And it’s amazing how far you can go in the description without needing to bring IT into the narrative at all. But, clearly, paper certificates are a complete pain. They can get lost, you have to move them around, you have to reissue them if the company does a stock split, etc. It would clearly be easier if they were electronic.
For any given custodian, it’s not a problem: they can just set up an IT book-keeping system to keep track of the share certificates under their safekeeping. And this can work well: imagine if the seller of a share uses the same custodian as the buyer: if the custodian is electronic, no paper needs to move at all! The custodian can just update its electronic records to reflect the new owner. But it doesn’t work if the buyer and seller use different custodians: you’d still need to move paper between them in this case.
So this raises an interesting possibility: what if we had a “custodian to the custodians”? If the custodians could deposit their paper certificates with a trusted third party, then they could transfer shares between each other simply by asking this “custodian to the custodians” to update its electronic records and we’d never need to move paper again!
And that’s what we have. We call these organisations central securities depositories. In the early days, they were just that: a depository where the share certificates were placed in exchange for an equivalent entry on the electronic register. The shares were, in effect, immobilized at the CSD. Over time, people gained trust in the system and agreed that there really wasn’t any need for paper certificates at all… so we moved from immobilization to dematerialization. The UK’s CSD is Euroclear (CREST).
This completes our picture (and notice how it is the CSD who informs the registrar when shares change hands… left as an exercise to a reader is thinking through what happens if shares change hands within the same custodian and what it means for the granularity of the data held by registrars):
Figure 8 A CSD acts as the “custodian to the custodians”
This picture also introduces regulators, governments and taxation authorities, for completeness. However, I don’t discuss them here. I also don’t discuss what happens if you’re trading shares cross-border.
So now we have the full story: if I want to sell some MegaCorp shares, here’s what happens:
- My shares start off in the account of my broker, who uses a custodian for safekeeping
- The broker executes a sale at an exchange
- The clearing house establishes everybody’s respective liabilities, steps in as central counterparty and orchestrates the settlement process
- The buyer’s and seller’s custodians exchange shares for cash (“Delivery versus Payment”), utilizing the CSD if shares need to move between custodians as a result. Assuming so, the company’s registrar is informed.
- Somebody probably has to pay some tax J
You’ll notice many parallels with the global payments system: lots of intermediaries and lots of specialists – all of them there for a reason but imposing costs nonetheless.
Now, I said I would use this narrative to discuss what it could mean for Bitcoin “colored coins”. I think there are two key concepts that can help us think through workable models: risk and the meaning of settlement.
Risk
Consider the picture above: what risks are you exposed to as an investor? Ideally, if you buy shares in MegaCorp, the only risks you want to be exposed to are those associated with MegaCorp itself, realized through changes in share price or dividend payments. So, the ideal state is when you just face this market risk. And that’s broadly what the system above delivers: by depositing your shares in a custodian bank, which should keep them in a segregated account at the CSD, you’re protected even if the custodian goes bust: your shares are not considered part of the custodian bank’s assets. So the only risk you’re exposed to beyond the market risk (which you want) is operational risk that the custodian makes a mistake. (I’ll ignore cash here but note that it’s typically not protected in the same way)
Now, when we look at “colored coin” share representation schemes, we see there is the notion of a colored coin “issuer”: somebody who asserts that a given set of coins represents a particular number of shares in a particular company. So now we have a big question: who is this somebody? This matters because if the “somebody” reneges on their promise or goes bust, you’ve lost your shares.
Now, if a colored coin scheme were “grafted on” to today’s system, it could work quite well if done right. Imagine a firm wanted to offer colored coins representing 100 MegaCorp shares. They could open a custody account, fund it with 100 MegaCorp shares as “backing” and we’d be done: such firms could perhaps compete on the completeness of their transparency. However, owners of colored MegaCorp coins would have counterparty exposure to this firm, which means the risk profile would be different (worse?) than if they simply owned coins in a regular custody account.
Interestingly, you can’t overcome the problem entirely by having a custodian bank be the issuer because it’s not obvious to me that a coloured MegaCorp coin issued by a custodian bank is the same as a segregated share for the purposes of bankruptcy protection: you’d presumably also need a legal opinion – and I am not a lawyer!
Bottom line: there is work to do for those developing these schemes.
However, there is one intriguing possibility with this approach: think through what happens if MegaCorp themselves were to issue colored coins representing their shares. Any analysis of counterparty risk becomes moot: if MegaCorp went bust, you’d lose your money regardless of how your shares were held! Perhaps this is the future? (Note also that I’m not discussing here precisely why anybody would want to issue – or buy – coloured coins! I’ll leave that to others)
Do you actually want settlement?
However, there’s another way of looking at this: you don’t have to own a share to enjoy the benefits of ownership. Contracts for Difference (or, more generally, Equity Swaps) allow you to enjoy the losses or gains from owning a stock without actually owning it. They are, instead, contracts, with a counterparty, in which the counterparty pays (or receives) cash that matches the gain or loss in the share price (and payment of dividends). Now, the counterparty often hedges their risk by buying the shares – but that becomes their problem, not yours. So this gives you all the benefits of owning the stock without having to go through the pain of actually taking delivery. It also has tax advantages in some jurisdictions.
The downside is that you take on counterparty risk to the party issuing the CFD: if they go bust while you’re in the money, you’re out of luck. But we’ve already established that there could well be quite considerable counterparty risk with colored coins in any case. So perhaps this is the right model. I don’t yet have a view on which will prevail but hopefully laying out how today’s system is constructed will help others think this through more clearly.
I’ll end with one final observation: the issuance is the easy part.. but somebody still has to do the servicing. But notice how this is much easier if you use a technology such as the Block Chain: there’s no need for the arbitrary distinctions between custodian, CSD and registrar: the issuer can see immediately which addresses own their coins and to whom they should send messages or dividends. Similarly, the peer-to-peer nature of Bitcoin means the hierarchy of custodians and CSDs could possibly be collapsed.
I know many people think blockchain technology could be hugely disruptive for the world’s banks but I look at it another way: I believe there are huge opportunities for those financial firms that really take the time to study this space.
[Final comment: a reminder to readers that this is my personal blog and the opinions are mine alone… I don’t speak on behalf of my employer]
[Update – 2014-01-07 – One question I failed to address above is precisely why anybody would want to settle share trades using a coloured coin scheme! I think there are two possible answers:
1) if settlement can be effected over the blockchain, the cost potentially reduces to the fee of the Bitcoin transaction in simple cases
2) if opens up the potential for custodians, CSDs and registrars/stock transfer agents to innovate their business models in a new way: do they still need to be separate entities, for example? Further, would ‘regular’ companies see value in becoming their own issuers, etc? | https://gendal.me/tag/clearing-2/ |
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Børge Mogensen is a world-renowned Danish furniture designer whose timeless classics continue to be sought after by enthusiasts and furniture collectors even today, more than 60 years after they were first produced. With great success both in Denmark and abroad, Mogensen’s style appeals to many different generations and is widely appreciated throughout the world.
Early Life and Education
Børge Mogensen was born in Aalborg, Denmark in 1914. He started his career as a cabinetmaker in 1934 and studied furniture design at the Danish School of Arts and Crafts in Copenhagen from 1936-1938. Afterwards, he trained as an architect at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts’ School of Architecture, Design and Conversation in Copenhagen, under the mentorship of well-known professor Kaare Klint. Børge made a very good impression on the professor, so when he graduated in 1942, he became Klint’s assistant teacher. At that time he started his studies at the Furniture School at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.
During his time with Kaare Klint, Mogensen fostered a deep commitment to producing classical, simple and highly functional furniture. He also became interested in researching contemporary lifestyles with the aim of designing everyday objects that are customized for specific uses. Continuing Klint’s innovative studies in how the size and proportions of objects should influence their design, Mogensen cooperated with Grethe Meyer on a project in 1954 called the Boligens Byggeskabe which introduced the idea of building shelves and storage units as parts of the room, rather than purchasing separate elements and placing them in the space.
Børge Mogensen’s collaboration with FDB
In 1942 Mogensen was awarded the title of the president of Fællesforeningen for Danmarks Brugsforeninger (Joint Association of Denmark's Consumer Cooperatives), often abbreviated as FDB. Some of Mogensen’s greatest classics were created in cooperation with FDB, Denmark’s largest consumer co-operative business, which supplied the Danes with high-quality furniture at affordable prices in the post-war period. At the time, this idea was seen as somewhat of a revolution, but the project was a great success with Børge Mogensen’s enduring quality and lasting designs which can be found in many Danish homes even today.
Being somewhat of an idealist, Mogensen probably wouldn’t be too happy to hear that his design is described as exclusive. It was his belief that good furniture should not be reserved for the few lucky ones who can afford it, but something that everyone has the right to enjoy. His goal was to make simple, but functional and practical furniture that could be afforded by anyone. With that design philosophy, Mogensen focused on both appearance and functionality and was often at odds with colleagues who gave way to fashion trends, neglecting functionality or using unnecessarily expensive materials. Wood of various kinds was his favourite material and was used in almost all of his works.
The Inspiration for the Timeless Classics
Today, Børge Mogensen is synonymous with the functional interior design classics and a timeless simplicity that remained the most prominent feature of his designs. Alongside designers like Arne Jacobsen and Hans Wegner, Morgensen contributed to the international recognition and popularity of modern Danish design with his simple and functional design which has generated a global demand that has persisted for over half a century.
As a furniture designer and a carpenter, Mogensen was an exceptionally productive craftsman who produced thousands of pieces of furniture. He was also known for his sudden bursts of creativity and inspiration – many of his designs begun as little more than rough sketches on matchboxes, napkins and scraps of paper, or models pieced together from random materials that happened to be a hand.
Influence of British and American Style
English and American furniture, especially in Shaker style, was a great inspiration for Mogensten. While appreciating their traditional characteristics, he simplified the designs and made them more stylish without compromising their functionality. Simplicity and naturalness played an important role not only in his approach to design but also in his choice of materials. Børge was reluctant to make use of steel in his furniture and instead preferred to work with light Scandinavian woods such as beech, oak, ash and birch.
Living Room as a Laboratory
Børge felt that the best way to test his furniture was to place it in his own living room. With the goal to create simple, but long-lasting furniture which will fulfil the functional demands of everyday life, he regarded his home as a kind of a laboratory for his designs. One of the most famous and varied furniture pieces designed and tested in this way was couch 2213, initially made for his private house in Gentofte in the northern part of Copenhagen. Today, it still stands in the living room between the two tables that highlighted the dimensions of the sofa.
Børge Mogensen’s Best-Known Furniture Pieces
Mogensen’s Spokeback sofa was considered a big innovation in furniture design with its lightness and simple, open design that differed from most sofas produced at the time. He also gained recognition for his famous Spanish chair, a low, sturdy armchair designed in 1959. Many of his works are considered iconic pieces of Danish furniture design and include
- Øresund series
- Søborg chair
- J64 armchair
- 2213 sofa
- 2212 sofa
- C18 dining table
Mogensen and Fredericia Furniture A/S
Most of Børge Mogensen’s furniture was manufactured and marketed by Fredericia Furniture A/S, and this partnership lasted for nearly 60 years, playing an important role in his long and productive career. Brought together by the desire to create simple quality furniture with a timeless aesthetic value, Børge Mogensen and Andreas Graversen met in 1952, but many argue that their collaboration truly started in 1955, when Graversen took over Fredericia Furniture A/S. This heralded the start of a lot more than just professional collaboration, as the two developed strong, but at times temperamental friendship. In 1971 they were jointly awarded the Furniture Prize for their significant contribution to Danish furniture design. Results of their long-term collaboration are still widely appreciated today and can be found in private houses and public offices alike.
There are no products in this collection. | https://122design.com/collections/borge-mogensen |
Administrators often want to control access to their applications based on different policies and attributes rather than static user roles. To handle this, Qlik Associative Engine supports Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), which lets you control application access through attribute-based rules.
When ABAC is enabled, users are granted access based on rules. Each rule is a conditional expression that evaluates to either true or false, and each rule contains a property that determines which actions the rule grants, or denies.
When the ABAC feature is enabled, all user access is disabled by default. You must include rules when enabling ABAC to provide user access.
Notice that the rule consists of key-value pairs linked by logical operators, in this case, and.
This rule states that if the user is ada-lovelace and the accessed resource type is App, grant the actions create, update, and read.
Only the _actions attribute is mandatory. The user.sub and resource._resourcetype expressions could be omitted and the rule would still be valid. See Actions for more details.
Rules are defined in two text files: a Deny rules file and an Allow rules file. The Deny rules file is evaluated first, and rules are evaluated in the order that they appear. A rule is written on a single row.
The Deny rules file denies access to perform actions (create, read, update, etc.). If any rule in the Deny rules file evaluates to true, access is immediately denied for the actions listed and rules evaluation stops.
The Allow rule file grants access to perform actions (create, read, update, etc.). If a rule in the Allow rule file evaluates to true, access is granted for the actions listed. Rule evaluation continues for the entire file, possibly accumulating access to more actions based on other rules.
When you start a session, Qlik Associative Engine reads the rules files immediately. If you modify the rules files, you need to restart the session or make a REST call to trigger the engine to reread the rules files.
Before you start the Qlik Associative Engine, you must enable ABAC and set the rules files paths with command-line switches.
EnableABAC 0 or 1 0 Enabling/disabling of ABAC rule evaluation.
SystemDenyRulePath File path N/A File path to the Deny rules file.
SystemAllowRulePath File path N/A File path to the Allow rules file.
For more examples using ABAC, see the core-authorization repository, which contains running code examples on how to enable ABAC and how to provide rules to Qlik Associative Engine.
Before you write any ABAC rules, it is important to understand the syntax and semantics of the rules language, and how they interact with each other.
User - The subject that is granted or denied access.
Resource - The object to which actions are granted or denied.
Action - The operation performed on a resource.
These concepts are used to build the expressions in the rules language.
Rules are made of expressions, and these expressions are written with logical and comparison operators. Consequently, a rule evaluates to either true or false depending on the expressions and the types of operators contained within the rule.
All rules are evaluated in the context of a user. In rule expressions, the user is represented by the user object.
user.sub The identifier of the user. This user.sub gets the value of the mandatory sub attribute in the JWT.
Also, user contains all attributes defined in the JWT header that are used to authenticate the user.
For more information about attributes in the JWT header, see JSON web token.
user.sub = "john-doe" and user.employeeType = "developer" and user.custom.country = "sweden" and resource._actions = "*"
In example rule above, the user john-doe is granted access for all actions to all resources.
A resource object is a generic concept that can represent applications, or objects within applications. A resource object consists of attributes that can be used in rule expressions. In rule expressions, the resource being accessed is represented by the resource object.
There are different resource types, but all resources share some common attributes.
resource.description The resource description. Can be empty.
resource.id The unique identifier for the resource.
resource.owner The owner of the resource.
resource._resourcetype The type of the resource being accessed. Equal to "App" or "App.Object".
resource._actions The actions granted on the resource. See Actions for more details.
resource._objecttype The object type. resource._objecttype = "field" or resource._objecttype = "my-generic-object"
resource.app Reference to the app resource that the object is part of. resource.app.owner = "john-doe"
When the common resource attribute is resource._resourcetype = "App.Object", then the type-specific resource attribute resource.app contains a reference to the app resource. This means that all attributes and built-in functions are available on resource.app.
If the user making the request has already been granted access for the provided action, then the built-in HasPrivilege(<action>) function returns true, otherwise it returns false.
The ACTION parameter is required. Its value can be any of the supported actions described in Actions.
user.country = "uk" and resource._resourcetype = "App.Object" and resource._actions = "create"
The first rule grants the create action to a user.
The second rules contains the HasPrivilege function that will evaluate to true if the create action has already been granted to the user. Because of the first rule, it is evaluated as true. As a result, the second rule adds the read and update actions to the user. The user is granted create,read,and update actions from two rules.
export data Export data from an object.
If a reload script requires other actions, for example to create variables in the application, then the user must be granted the required actions that are called in the script. For example: resource._resourcetype = "App.Object" && resource._objecttype = "variable" && resource._action = "create".
resource._actions is always used as left operand with the = operator. Other usage is undefined behavior.
The expression resource._actions = (EXPRESSION) always evaluates to true.
The expression resource._actions = (EXPRESSION) has the side effect of accumulating the actions given by the right operand which is a single action or a list of actions.
resource._actions = "*" can be used to grant all actions, where "*" is wildcard for all actions.
If resource._actions = (EXPRESSION) is ommitted from a rule, any actions that are granted are not accumulated. It is good practice to write all rules so that the final expression in the rule involves resource._actions.
When the rule evaluates to true, the user from the UK is granted read and update actions.
Note that granted actions accumulate in the order in which the rules are evaluated.
When the first rule evaluates to true, the user from the UK is granted read and update actions.
If the user from UK has a user role of developer, then the second rule will evaluate to true, and the user from the UK is granted the create action. The actions accumulate, so the user from UK has read, update, and create actions.
Do not rely on accumulating actions. It is better to be explicit about which actions to grant.
Rules contain expressions that are joined together with logical and comparison operators. Comparison operators have precedence over logical operators. Parantheses are supported to override precedence.
There are three logical operators for rule expressions: not, and, and or.
The not operator returns the logical negation of its operand.
This operator returns the logical conjuction of its operands.
This operator returns the logical disjunction of its operands.
There are six comparison operators for rule expressions: equal, strictly equal, not equal, strictly not equal, like, and matches.
This equal operator returns true only if its operands are equal.
equal string comparison is case insensitive (see == for case sensitive comparison). If one of the operands is a list, only one value in the list needs to be equal.
The strictly equal operator returns true only if its operands are strictly equal.
strictly equal string comparison is case sensitive (see = for case insensitive comparison). If one of the operands is a list, only one value in the list needs to be strictly equal.
The not equal operator returns true only if its operands are not equal.
not equal string comparison is case insensitive (see !== for case sensitive comparison). If one of the operands is a list, only one value in the list needs to be unequal.
The strictly not equal operator returns true only if its operands are strictly not equal.
String comparison is case sensitive (see != for case insensitive comparison). If one of the operands is a list, only one value in the list needs to be strictly unequal.
The like operator returns true only if the left operand matches the wildcard pattern given by the right operand.
true Left operand matches the wildcard in the right operand.
false Left operand does not match the wildcard in right operand.
The comparison is case insensitive.
The escape character \ can be used to match ?, *, and \ using the escaped sequences - \?, \*, and \\.
The matches operator returns true only if the left operand matches the regular expression given by the right operand.
true Left operand matches the regular expression in the right operand.
false Left operand does not match the regular expression in the right operand.
This regular expression matches regions starting with us-, followed by one ore more characters that are anything but -, followed by -1 or -2.
To add an existing app (qvf) to an engine that is running access control, you must import the app. You can do this with the engine REST API. The access control feature requires the app to follow a specific file structure, which is created when an app is imported.
In this example, we describe how to import and enable access control for an app. For this example, we will import the African Urbanization use case.
Notice that the engine returns an id in the response body. This id is the name of the imported app. The Shared-Africa-Urbanization.qvf app now follows the same rules that are defined for access control.
For more information, see this commit. | https://core.qlik.com/services/qix-engine/access-control/ |
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates generally to a system and a method for an electronic device. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a charge indication system for an electronic device and a method therefore.
BACKGROUND
Generally, an electronic device powered by one or more batteries may include a charge indicator in order to indicate to a user a charge level in the electronic device. The charge indicator may be a Light Emitting Diode (LED) indicator, an audible indicator, a vibration indicator, and so on. However, in many situations, such charge indicators may be inaccessible to the user, in turn, limiting functionality and usability of the charge indicator. For example, in very brightly lit environments or when the electronic device is placed away from a direct view of the user, the user may be unable to distinguish or easily view the LED indicator. In another situation, such as in noisy environments, the user may be unable to hear the audible indicator. In yet another situation, such as during continuous movement of the user, the user may be unable to feel a buzz or vibration provided by the vibration indicator. Additionally, such charge indicators may be powered by the one or more batteries of the electronic device. As such, the charge indicator may drain useful charge of the battery, especially during low charge, and in turn, reduce a remaining runtime of the electronic device. Also, the charge indicator may add considerable bulk, complexity, and cost to the electronic device. Hence, there is a need for an improved charge indication system for such electronic devices.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a system having an electronic device powered by at least one battery, a controller communicably coupled to at least one battery, where the controller is configured to: determine a state of charge of the at least one battery; and interrupt a function of the electronic device for at least one predefined time period based on the state of charge of the at least one battery, where the interruption is indicative of a state of charge of the at least one battery. In some embodiments, the system is a charge indication system for the electronic device. In some embodiments, the state of charge of the at least one battery is a low state of charge.
In some embodiments, the at least one predefined time period is implemented in an off-on pattern such that the electronic device is powered off for some time period and then powered on for a second time period. In some embodiments, a set of one or more interruptions do not substantially diminish intended function of the electronic device.
In some embodiments, the interruptions are configured to indicate a set of predefined states of charge. In some embodiments, the interruptions comprise approximately 1 milliseconds (ms), 10 ms, 100 ms, or 1 seconds (s) time periods that are separated from each other by time periods of approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, 100 ms, 1 s, or 10 s. In some embodiments, the interruptions comprise approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, 100 ms, time periods that are separated from each other by time periods of approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, 100 ms, or 1 s. In some embodiments, the interruptions comprise approximately 1 ms or 10 ms time periods that are separated from each other by time periods of approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, or 100 ms.
In another aspect, a charge indication system for an electronic device powered by at least one battery is provided. The charge indication system includes a controller communicably coupled to the at least one battery. The controller is configured to determine a state of charge of the at least one battery. The controller is also configured to interrupt a function of the electronic device for a predefined time period based on the state of charge of the at least one battery. Interrupting the function of the electronic device is indicative of a low state of charge of the at least one battery. As such, the charge indication system may provide a brief interruption of the function of the electronic device to indicate the state of charge of the at least one battery to an user without substantially disrupting a normal operation of the electronic device and without consuming valuable charge of the at least one battery during the low state of charge of the at least one battery.
In another aspect, an electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes at least one battery. The at least one battery includes one or more electrochemical cells. The electronic device also includes at least one component electrically connected to and powered by the at least one battery. The electronic device further includes a controller communicably coupled to the at least one battery and the at least one component. The controller is configured to determine a state of charge of the at least one battery. The controller is also configured to interrupt a function of the at least one component for a predefined time period based on the state of charge of the at least one battery. Interrupting the function of the at least one component is indicative of a low state of charge of the at least one battery. As such, the controller may indicate the state of charge of the at least one battery to the user without using additional visual, audible, and/or vibration indicators, in turn, reducing bulk, complexity, and cost of the electronic device.
In yet another aspect, a method of indicating charge level in an electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes at least one component powered by at least one battery. The method includes determining a state of charge of the at least one battery. The method also includes interrupting a function of the at least one component for a predefined time period based on the state of charge of the at least one battery. Interrupting the function of the at least one component is indicative of a low state of charge of the at least one battery.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description in connection with the following figures. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Like numbers used in the figures refer to like components. However, it will be understood that the use of a number to refer to a component in a given figure is not intended to limit the component in another figure labeled with the same number.
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is a perspective view of an exemplary electronic device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
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is a schematic representation of a charge indication system for the electronic device of ;
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is a graphical representation of working of the charge indication system of ; and
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is a flowchart of a method of working of the charge indication system of .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying figures that form a part thereof and in which various embodiments are shown by way of illustration. It is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense.
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Referring to , a perspective view of an exemplary electronic device is illustrated. The electronic device will be hereinafter interchangeably referred to as the “device ”. In the illustrated embodiment, the electronic device is a Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) . PAPR will be hereinafter interchangeably referred to as the “respirator ”. Respirator includes a headpiece . Headpiece is adapted to be worn on a head portion of a user . As such, headpiece is adapted to at least partially enclose head portion of user to form a breathing zone . Breathing zone is disposed substantially around a face portion of user to direct air toward nose and mouth of user . In the illustrated embodiment, headpiece is a hood type headpiece. In some embodiments, headpiece may be any other type of headpiece, such as a mask type headpiece, a helmet type headpiece, a body suit type headpiece, a full-face type headpiece, a half face type headpiece, and so on.
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Respirator also includes a blower . In some embodiments, blower is attached to a belt . As such, blower is adapted to be secured to a torso portion of user via belt . In some embodiments, blower may be secured on user using any other supporting arrangement, such as a backpack, a shoulder strap, and so on, based on application requirements. In some embodiments, blower may be mounted directly on headpiece of respirator , based on application requirements. Blower includes a housing . Housing defines an inlet and an outlet of blower . Inlet is adapted to receive the air within blower and outlet is adapted to allow the air to exit from blower . Respirator also includes a filter disposed in inlet . Filter is adapted to filter out particles, gases and/or vapors from the air entering blower through inlet . Filter may include a single or multiple filter unit(s), based on application requirements. Also, filter may be disposed within blower or outside of blower , based on application requirements.
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Respirator also includes a breathing tube connected between outlet of blower and an inlet of headpiece . Breathing tube is adapted to supply air from blower to headpiece . Respirator also includes at least one battery . In some embodiments, respirator may include a single battery . In some embodiments, respirator may include multiple batteries , such as a battery pack. Battery is adapted to provided power supply to respirator for operational requirements. In some embodiments, at least one battery is mounted to blower . In other embodiments, at least one battery may be mounted to belt and away from blower and connected to blower using suitable wires/cables. In some embodiments, at least one battery may be remote from respirator and connected to blower using suitable wires/cables.
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Referring to , a side view of exemplary blower is illustrated. Blower includes a fan having a plurality of blades disposed rotatably within housing . Fan is operably coupled to a motor adapted to rotatably drive fan . Accordingly, based on rotation of fan by motor , blades are adapted to draw air within blower through inlet and discharge air from blower through outlet . In some embodiments, blower is a centrifugal or radial type blower. In some embodiments, blower may be any other type of blower, such as an axial type blower, and so on, based on application requirements. Also, motor may be any electric or electronic motor, such as a direct current type motor, an alternating current type motor, a brushless type motor, a brush type motor, and so on, based on application requirements.
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It should be noted that although device is illustrated and described herein as PAPR or respirator . In some embodiments, device may be any other electronic device, such as an active noise cancellation headset (not shown). The active noise cancellation headset will be hereinafter interchangeably referred to as the “headset”. In such a situation, the headset may include a driver (not shown) connected to a battery (not shown) of the headset. As such, the driver may receive power supply from the battery for operational requirements. The driver may be adapted to provide active noise cancellation function of the headset based on an activation of the driver.
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also illustrates a schematic representation of a system, such as a charge indication system, for device . Charge indication system will be hereinafter interchangeably referred to as the “system ”. In some embodiments, the system has an electronic device powered by at least one battery , a controller communicably coupled to at least one battery , where the controller is configured to: determine a state of charge of the at least one battery ; and interrupt a function of the electronic device for at least one predefined time period based on the state of charge of the at least one battery , where the interruption is indicative of a state of charge of the at least one battery . In some embodiments, the system is a charge indication system for the electronic device . In some embodiments, the state of charge of the at least one battery is a low state of charge.
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In some embodiments, the at least one predefined time period is implemented in an off-on pattern such that the electronic device is powered off for some time period and then powered on for a second time period. In some embodiments, a set of one or more interruptions do not substantially diminish intended function of the electronic device .
In some embodiments, the interruptions are configured to indicate a set of pre-defined states of charge. In some embodiments, the interruptions comprise approximately 1 milliseconds (ms), 10 ms, 100 ms, or 1 seconds (s) time periods that are separated from each other by time periods of approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, 100 ms, 1 s, or 10 s. In some embodiments, the interruptions comprise approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, 100 ms, time periods that are separated from each other by time periods of approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, 100 ms, or 1 s. In some embodiments, the interruptions comprise approximately 1 ms or 10 ms time periods that are separated from each other by time periods of approximately 1 ms, 10 ms, or 100 ms.
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System is configured to indicate a charge level in device or, more specifically, a state of charge of battery . System includes at least one battery . In some embodiments, system includes a single battery . In some embodiments, system may include multiple batteries . In such a situation, each of the multiple batteries may be electrically connected to one another in a series configuration, a parallel configuration, or combinations thereof. Also, at least one battery may include one or more electrochemical cells, such as alkaline cells, lithium-based cells, and so on, based on application requirements.
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System also includes at least one component . In some embodiments, component is a motor for fan or blower of respirator . Also, in some embodiments, system includes a single component . In some embodiments, system may include multiple components, such as multiple motors, and so on, based on application requirements. Component is electrically connected to at least one battery and configured to be powered by at least one battery . In some embodiments, when device may be the headset, component may be the driver of the headset. System also includes a switch . Switch is electrically connected to at least one battery and component . Accordingly, switch is configured to control power supply from at least one battery to component , based on an operating position of switch . Switch may be any electronic/electrical switch adapted to control power supply from a power source to a power consuming component, based on the operating position thereof.
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System further includes a controller . Controller may be any control unit configured to perform various functions of the system . In some embodiments, controller may be a dedicated control unit configured to perform functions related to system . In some embodiments, controller may be a control unit associated with device and configured to perform functions related to system . It should be noted that controller may include a microprocessor device, such as a single chip microcontroller for computing information; a memory device, such as a flash Random Access Memory (RAM) for storing information, one or more input receivers for receiving signals from at least one battery and component ; and an output controller such as a modulation controller chip for providing signals to at least one battery and component .
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Also, the memory device may include a fixed memory populated with data, algorithms, calibration information, and/or programs for enabling the microprocessor to carry out calculations and procedures. Further, the memory device may include a temporary memory for storing data and information such as an operating parameter data collected during start-up and running of system . Accordingly, controller may be disposed within device , such as within housing of respirator . Controller is communicably coupled to at least one battery , component , and switch . Accordingly, controller is configured to determine the state of charge of at least one battery . The state of charge of battery at least one may refer to a remaining charge level of at least one battery . The state of charge of at least one battery may be generally expressed as a percentage of a reference value, such as 100 percent (%) of full capacity, 50% of full capacity, and so on. The state of charge of at least one battery may be determined using any known method or technique of determining the state of charge, such as using voltage measurements, current measurements, pressure measurements, temperature measurements, chemical composition measurements, and so on, and/or a combination thereof.
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Based on the determined state of charge of at least one battery , controller is also configured to interrupt a function of component for a predefined time period. As such, interrupting the function of component is indicative of a low state of charge of at least one battery . In some embodiments, component is motor for fan or blower of respirator , and the function is driving of fan or blower by motor . In some embodiments, when device may be the headset, component may be the driver of the headset, and the function may be the active noise cancellation function of the headset. More specifically, interrupting the function of component includes stopping power supply from at least one battery to component for a predefined time period. Accordingly, controller is configured to actuate switch to stop power supply from at least one battery to component for the predefined time period in order to interrupt the function of component . As such, controller may actuate switch in an open position to disconnect at least one battery from component , thereby stopping power supply from at least one battery to component for a predefined time period.
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In some embodiments, the function of component is interrupted for at least one first predefined time period based on a first state of charge of at least one battery . In some embodiments, the at least one first predefined time period may be a single predefined time period, such as 10 milliseconds (ms), 100 ms, 500 ms, 1000 ms, and so on. For example, referring to , a graphical representation of a number of interruptions of the function of component against the state of charge of at least one battery is illustrated. As shown in the accompanying figure, as an exemplary embodiment, at approximately 30% state of charge of at least one battery or approximately one hour of remaining state of charge of at least one battery , controller may interrupt the function of component for the single predefined time period, e.g., 100 ms, and may resume the function of component after the single predefined time period is have elapsed. The 30% state of charge of at least one battery or one hour of remaining state of charge of at least one battery may be referred to as the first state of charge of at least one battery .
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More specifically, in some embodiments, when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 30%, controller may interrupt the driving of fan or blower by motor of respirator for the at least one first predefined time period, e.g., 100 ms. After the at least one first predefined time period has elapsed, controller may resume the driving of fan or blower by motor of respirator . More specifically, controller may actuate switch in a closed position in order to connect at least one battery to motor , thereby resuming power supply from at least one battery to motor in order to resume the driving of fan or blower . A brief interruption of the function of component for the at least one first predefined time period may provide an indication to user of respirator of the low state of charge of at least one battery , 30% in this case, without substantially disrupting a normal operation of respirator . In some embodiments, when device may be the headset, and when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 30%, controller may interrupt the driver of the headset in order to interrupt the active noise cancellation function of the headset for the at least one first predefined time period, e.g., 100 ms. After the at least one first predefined time period has elapsed, controller may resume the active noise cancellation function by the driver of the headset. The brief interruption of the function of component for the at least one first predefined time period may provide an indication to user of the headset of the low state of charge of battery , 30% in this case, without substantially disrupting a normal operation of the headset.
In some embodiments, the at least one first predefined time period may include a plurality of first predefined time periods. Also, the plurality of first predefined time periods may be spaced apart from each other by a third predefined time period. For example, in one embodiment, the plurality of first predefined time periods may include two predefined time periods, such that each of the two predefined time periods may be of 50 ms. Further, the two predefined time periods may be spaced apart by the third predefined time period, e.g., 100 ms.
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As such, in an exemplary embodiment, when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 30%, controller may interrupt the function of respirator twice for 50 ms each with the third predefined time period of 100 ms between each of the two interruptions. For example, when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 30%, controller may interrupt the function of respirator for 50 ms. After the predefined time period of 50 ms has elapsed, controller may resume the function of respirator for the third predefined time period of 100 ms. After the third predefined time period of 100 ms has elapsed, controller may again interrupt the function of respirator for another 50 ms. After the predefined time period of 50 ms has elapsed, controller may again resume the function of respirator . Such brief sequential interruptions of the function of component may provide the indication to user of respirator of the low state of charge of at least one battery , 30% in this case, without substantially disrupting the normal operation of respirator . It should be noted that, in a situation when device may be the headset, controller may provide a similar pattern of interruptions of the driver of the headset for interrupting the active noise cancellation function of the headset. As such, controller may provide the indication to user of the headset of the low state of charge of at least one battery , 30% in this case, without substantially disrupting the normal operation of the headset.
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In some embodiments, the function of component is also interrupted for a plurality of second predefined time periods based on a second state of charge of at least one battery . The second state of charge is lower than the first state of charge. For example, referring to , as an exemplary embodiment, the second state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 20% or half an hour of remaining state of charge of at least one battery . Also, the plurality of second predefined time periods may be spaced apart from each other by a fourth predefined time period. For example, in one embodiment, the plurality of second predefined time periods may include two predefined time periods, such that each of the two predefined time periods may be of 100 ms. Further, the two predefined time periods may be spaced apart by the fourth predefined time period, e.g., 200 ms.
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As such, in an exemplary embodiment, when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 20%, controller may interrupt the function of respirator twice for 100 ms each with the fourth predefined time period of 200 ms between each of the two interruptions. For example, when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 20%, controller may interrupt the function of respirator for 100 ms. After the predefined time period of 100 ms has elapsed, controller may resume the function of respirator for the fourth predefined time period of 200 ms. After the fourth predefined time period of 200 ms has elapsed, controller may again interrupt the function of respirator for another 100 ms. After the predefined time period of 100 ms has elapsed, controller may again resume the function of respirator . Such brief sequential interruptions of the function of component may provide the indication to user of respirator of the low state of charge of at least one battery , 20% in this case, without substantially disrupting the normal operation of respirator . It should be noted that in a situation when device may be the headset, controller may provide a similar pattern of interruptions of the driver of the headset for the active noise cancellation function of the headset. As such, controller may provide the indication to user of the headset of the low state of charge of at least one battery , 20% in this case, without substantially disrupting the normal operation of the headset.
In the illustrated example, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods is approximately equal to the at least one first predefined time period. More specifically, in the illustrated example, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods is 100 ms. Also, the at least one first predefined time period is 100 ms, such that each of the plurality of second predefined time periods is approximately equal to the at least one first predefined time period. Additionally, in the illustrated example, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods is equal to one another, i.e., 100 ms. In other embodiments, one or more of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be different from one another and may have any other time value, such as 50 ms and 100 ms, 100 ms and 200 ms, 150 ms and 250 ms, and so on. Further, in the illustrated example, the plurality of second predefined time periods includes two predefined time periods. In other embodiments, the plurality of second predefined time periods may include any number of predefined time periods, such as three, four, and so on, based on application requirements. In such a situation, one or more of the plurality of second predefined time periods may have same or different time values, based on application requirements.
In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be greater than the at least one first predefined time period. For example, in such a situation, when the at least one first predefined time period may be 100 ms, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be greater than 100 ms, e.g., 200 ms, 500 ms, and so on. Also, one or more of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be different from one another and may have any other time value. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be less than the at least one first predefined time period. For example, in such a situation, when the at least one first predefined time period may be 500 ms, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be less than 500 ms, e.g., 100 ms, 200 ms, and so on. Also, one or more of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be different from one another and may have any other time value.
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FIG.
In some embodiments, the function of the component is also interrupted for a plurality of fifth predefined time periods based on a third state of charge of the at least one battery . The third state of charge is lower than the second state of charge. For example, referring to , in some embodiments, the third state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 10% or fifteen minutes of remaining state of charge of at least one battery . Also, the plurality of fifth predefined time periods may be spaced apart from each other by a sixth predefined time period. For example, in some embodiments, the plurality of fifth predefined time periods may include three predefined time periods, such that each of the three predefined time periods may be of 100 ms. Further, the three predefined time periods may be spaced apart by the sixth predefined time period, e.g., 200 ms.
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As such, in some embodiments, when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 10%, the controller may interrupt the function of respirator thrice for 100 ms each with the sixth predefined time period of 200 ms between each of the three interruptions. For example, when the state of charge of at least one battery is approximately 10%, controller may interrupt the function of the respirator for 100 ms. After the predefined time period of 100 ms has elapsed, controller may resume the function of the respirator for the sixth predefined time period of 200 ms. After the sixth predefined time period of 200 ms has elapsed, controller may again interrupt the function of respirator for another 100 ms. After the predefined time period of 100 ms has elapsed, controller may again resume the function of respirator for the sixth predefined time period of 200 ms. After the sixth predefined time period of 200 ms has elapsed, controller may again interrupt the function of respirator for another 100 ms. After the predefined time period of 100 ms has elapsed, controller may again resume the function of the respirator . Such brief sequential interruptions of the function of component may provide the indication to user of respirator of the low state of charge of at least one battery , 10% in this case, without substantially disrupting the normal operation of respirator . It should be noted that, in a situation when device may be the headset, controller may provide a similar pattern of interruptions of the driver of the headset for interrupting the active noise cancellation function of the headset. As such, controller may provide the indication to user of the headset of the low state of charge of a at least one battery , 10% in this case, without substantially disrupting the normal operation of the headset.
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It should be noted that the different states of charge of at least one battery described herein at which controller may interrupt the function of device are merely exemplary and may vary, based on application requirements. For example, controller may be configured to interrupt the function of device at any state of charge of at least one battery other than 30%, 20%, and 10%, or one hour, half hour, and fifteen minutes of remaining state of charge of at least one battery as described herein. It should also be noted that the at least one first predefined time period, the plurality of first predefined time periods, the plurality of second predefined time periods, the third predefined time period, the fourth predefined time period, the plurality of fifth predefined time periods, the sixth predefined time period, and so on, as described herein, are merely exemplary and may vary, based on application requirements. For example, controller may be configured to interrupt the function of device in any sequence or pattern in order to provide the indication to user of the low state of charge of at least one battery without substantially disrupting the normal operation of device .
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It should further be noted that the time values of each of the at least one first predefined time period, the plurality of first predefined time periods, the plurality of second predefined time periods, the third predefined time period, the fourth predefined time period, the plurality of fifth predefined time periods, the sixth predefined time period, and so on, as described herein, are merely exemplary and may vary, based on application requirements. For example, controller may be configured to interrupt the function of device in any sequence or pattern using any suitable time values of interruption in order to provide the indication to user of the low state of charge of at least one battery without substantially disrupting the normal operation of device .
100
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FIG.
The present disclosure also relates to a method of indicating the charge level of device , and more specifically, to a method of operation of system . Referring to , a flowchart of a method of indicating the charge level in device is illustrated. At step , controller determines the state of charge of at least one battery . At step , controller interrupts the function of component for the predefined time period based on the state of charge of at least one battery . More specifically, interrupting the function of component is indicative of the low state of charge of at least one battery . In the illustrated embodiment, device is respirator . Accordingly, component is motor of fan or blower of respirator , and the function is the driving of fan or blower by motor of respirator . In another embodiment, device may be the headset. Accordingly, component may be the driver of the headset, and the function may be the active noise cancellation function of the headset.
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Controller interrupts the function of component by stopping power supply from at least one battery to component for the predefined time period. More specifically, controller actuates switch to stop power supply from battery to component for the predefined time period. Based on the first state of charge of battery , controller interrupts the function of component for the at least one first predefined time period. In some embodiments, the at least one first predefined time period includes the plurality of first predefined time periods. In such a situation, the plurality of first predefined time periods are spaced apart from each other by the third predefined time period.
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Further, based on the second state of charge of battery , controller interrupts the function of component for the plurality of second predefined time periods. The second state of charge is lower than the first state of charge. Also, the plurality of second predefined time periods are spaced apart from each other by the fourth predefined time period. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods is approximately equal to the at least one first predefined time period. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be greater than the at least one first predefined time period. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second predefined time periods may be less than the at least one first predefined time period. Additionally, based on the third state of charge of at least one battery , at least one controller interrupts the function of at least one component for the plurality of fifth predefined time periods. The third state of charge is lower than the second state of charge. Also, the plurality of fifth predefined time periods are spaced apart from each other by the sixth predefined time period.
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System provides a simple, efficient, and effective method of indicating the state of charge of at least one battery of device to user without substantially disrupting normal operation of device . In some embodiments, the interruptions of component of device may be substantially brief, such that the normal operation of respirator may not be disrupted and yet user may feel the interruption as component , since motor in case of respirator and the driver in case of the headset, may be attached to user . An actual time period of the interruptions may be configured in a manner to provide a relatively weak or a relatively strong buzz like feel to user indicating the state of charge of at least one battery of device . As such, user would naturally relate the interruptions of the function of component with low state of charge of at least one battery , in turn, improving usability and functionality.
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Accordingly, system may provide indication of the low state of charge to user in situations when user may be unable to access conventional indicators, such as lights, alarms, and so on. Additionally, in some embodiments, system does not include the conventional indicators, such as lights, alarms, and so on, in turn, reducing excessive use of at least one battery and improving usable runtime of at least one battery during the low state of charge of at least one battery . System may be incorporated in any electronic device with little or no modification to the existing system, in turn, improving compatibility. Further, system includes simple components already existing on device , such as at least one battery , component , switch , controller , and so on, in turn, reducing bulk, complexity, and costs.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations can be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is intended that this disclosure be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof. | |
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Biogeochemical Cycles
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by JENNIFER EWBANK
| 20 Questions
Note from the author:
Biogeochemical Cycles
1
1 pt
The atmosphere is not invloved in which biogeochemical cycle?
A. Carbon Cycle
B. Water Cycle
C. Nitrogen Cycle
D. Phosporus Cycle
2
1 pt
The process in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere
A. Evaporation
B. Sublimation
C. Transpiration
D. Infiliration
3
1 pt
Adding large amounts of fertilizers would most likely impact which biogeochemical cycle
A. Carbon Cycle
B. Nitrogen Cycle
C. Phosphorus Cycle
D. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycle
4
1 pt
Our atmosphere is 20.9% oxygen (O2). Which provides most of the oxygen in the atmosphere?
A. Transpiration
B. Osmosis
C. Cellular Respriation
D. Photosynthesis
5
1 pt
Which best explains why scientists can predict CO2 concentrations from plants density data?
A. Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere during cellular respiration
B. Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis
C. Plants add CO2 to the atmosphere during transpiration
D. Plants add CO2 to the atmosphere during germination
6
1 pt
Which of the following statements describes a role of plants in the water cycle?
A. Plants convert water vapor into CO2 during photosynthesis
B. Plants release H2O vapor into the atmosphere during transpiration
C. Plants transfer water to bacteria during nitrogen fixation
D. Plants release water from their roots into the soil
7
1 pt
What is the primary role of photosyntheis in the carbon cycle?
A. Transferring carbon from producers to decomposers
B. Removing carbon from the atmosphere
8
1 pt
Which of the following processes removes oxygen from the atmosphere?
A. Transpiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Condensation
D. Respiration
9
1 pt
Which of the following statements best explains how forests reduce atmospheric CO2 levels?
A. Forest animals consume atmospheric CO2 during respiration.
B. Trees use atoms CO2 during photosynthesis to form organic compounds
C. Tree roots fix atmospheric CO2 into the soil for the trees
D. Soil bacteria break down atmosphere CO2 to make fossil fuel
10
1 pt
During respiration and Photosythsis what are 3 primary elements that cycle within the plant?
A. Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Potassium
B. Carbon, nitrogen, and Phosphorus
C. Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
D. carbon, iron, and sulfur
11
1 pt
A green plant is wrapped in an airtight plastic bag and placed in sunlight for one hour.
A. The O2 level inside the bag will increase during that time.
B. The O2 level inside bag will stay the same during that time.
C. The O2 inside the bag will decrease during that time.
12
1 pt
Which process describes nitrogen fixation?
A. Bacteria take N air and convert it to a form plants use
B. Plants take nitrogen from the air and store in their roots
C. Organism dies and are decomposed into ammonia in the soil
D. Animals eat plants that have N and return it to the soil
13
1 pt
Which of the following is a way that Carbon is returned to the abiotic (non-living) part of the atmosphere?
plants performing photosynthesis
secondary consumers feed on primary producers
when dead organisms decompose
when primary consumers eat producers
14
1 pt
Some farmers use manure on their crop fields. How does this help the plants?
increases soil oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
increases soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels
keeps insects from eating the crops
protects them from intense sunlight
15
1 pt
From your water distribution lab, What percent of the Earth's water is salt water?
79%
21%
97.5%
2.5%
16
1 pt
From your water distribution lab, What is the percent of water that we can use? (Lakes and Streams, and Goundwater)
79%
21%
97.5%
.5%
17
1 pt
Nutrients that organisms need in large quantities is called
macronutrients
micronutrients
nutrients
18
1 pt
Nutrients circulate endlessly throughout the environment through complex cycles called?
geochemical cycles
biochemical cycles
biogeochemical cycles
chemical cycles
19
1 pt
Primary producers use the following nutrients during photosynthesis
sugar, oxygen, and sunlight to produce carbon dioxide and water
carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen
none of the above
20
1 pt
The process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy in sugars and releases carbon dioxide and water is called? | https://goformative.com/library/5iuj8opt2XQhwTzsB |
BACKGROUND
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For oil and gas exploration and production, a network of wells installations and other conduits are established by connecting sections of metal tubulars together. For example, a well installation may be completed, in part, by lowering multiple sections of metal tubulars or pipes (i.e., a casing string) into a borehole, and cementing the casing string in place. In some well installations, multiple casing strings are employed (e.g., a concentric multi-string arrangement) to allow for different operations related to well completion, production, or enhanced oil recovery (EOR) options.
Corrosion of metal tubulars is an ongoing issue. Efforts to mitigate corrosion include use of corrosion-resistant alloys, coatings, treatments, corrosion transfer, etc. Also, efforts to improve corrosion monitoring are ongoing. For downhole casing strings, various types of corrosion monitoring tools are available. One type of corrosion detection tool uses electromagnetic (EM) fields to estimate tubular thickness or other corrosion indicators. As an example, an EM logging tool may collect EM log data, where the EM log data can be interpreted to correlate a level of flux leakage or EM induction with corrosion. Obtaining meaningful EM field measurements and interpreting these measurements is an ongoing challenge, especially for multi-tubular scenarios.
It should be understood, however, that the specific embodiments given in the drawings and detailed description thereto do not limit the disclosure. On the contrary, they provide the foundation for one of ordinary skill to discern the alternative forms, equivalents, and modifications that are encompassed together with one or more of the given embodiments in the scope of the appended claims.
Described herein are methods and systems for electromagnetic (EM) defect detection methods and systems with enhanced inversion options. In at least some embodiments, a first inversion option employs a cost function having a misfit term and having a stabilizing term with nominal model parameters to detect a defect in one or more downhole tubular strings. As used herein, the term “nominal model parameters” refers to the best a priori knowledge of non-defected pipe parameters before measurements are made. In one embodiment, parameters associated with the well construction plan may be used as the nominal model parameters. Thickness measurement from another tool in non-defected sections may also be used as the nominal model parameters.
In at least some embodiments, the cost function for the first inversion option includes a linear combination of the misfit term and the stabilizing term. More specifically, the misfit term may include a weighted difference between a calibrated version of measurements collected by an EM defect detection tool and predicted measurements. Meanwhile, the stabilizing term may include a weighted difference between model parameters and nominal model parameters. Further, the first inversion process may minimize the cost function subject to constraints for tubular thickness and relative permeability. Additional details of an example cost function the first inversion process are given hereafter. In at least some embodiments, the first inversion option involves radial one-dimensional (RID) processing. In an RID inversion, the thickness of one or more tubular strings as a function of time is determined. After the “function of time” data is collected, the time data is processed to create values of thicknesses as function of position or measured depth. The thickness as a function of measured depth can be indicative of a defect (e.g., corrosion) along a tubular string. As another example, EM properties of a tubular string as a function of measured depth may be determined, where the EM properties as a function of measured depth can be indicative of a defect along a tubular string.
In response to a determined defect, one or more operations can be performed. For example, an output device may display a representation of any determined defects using alphanumeric characters, geometric shapes and/or images. Additionally or alternatively, determined defects can be used to adjust one or more devices performing downhole operations. For example, flow control devices (e.g., a valve) in a well can be adjusted based on a determined defect. Additionally or alternatively, one or more devices that perform well intervention operations (e.g., to repair a tubular string in a well) can be deployed or initiated based on a determined defect. In different embodiments, the operations performed in response to the determine defect may include downhole operations and/or operations at earth's surface. The EN defect detection tool itself or components included with the EM defect detection tool may respond to a determined defect by performing one or more operations (e.g., telemetry operations or repair operations).
In at least some embodiments, a second inversion option uses measurements collected by an EM defect detection tool as well as prior defect test results or a model obtained from prior defect test results (e.g., test measurements involving known defects and test scenarios) to determine a defect in one or more tubular strings. For example, the collected measurements may be compared to prior defect test results to identify matches or correlations between the collected measurements and the prior defect test results. Such matches or correlations can be used to determine a defect. Additionally or alternatively, a model obtained from prior defect test results can be used to determine defects. An example model may, for example, estimate tubular thickness or a change in tubular thickness as a function of magnitude responses and/or phase responses at one or more frequencies. Additional details regarding the second inversion process are given hereafter.
In at least some embodiments, the results of the first and second inversion processes can be combined to determine a defect in one or more downhole tubular strings. When combined, the results of the different inversion options can be weighted the same or can be weighted differently. Additionally or alternatively, a confidence value for results of the first inversion process can be determined based on results of the second inversion process or vice versa. A representation of any defects as well as any related confidence values can be displayed by an output device (e.g., a printer or computer monitor) to a user. The representation of the defect may correspond to an image and/or alphanumeric characters (e.g., words and numbers to identify the position and size of the defect).
In at least some embodiments, an example method includes deploying an EM defect detection tool in a borehole having one or more tubular strings. The method also includes collecting measurements by the EM defect detection tool at different points along the borehole. The method also includes using the collected measurements and a first inversion process to determine a defect in the one or more tubular strings, where the first inversion process involves a cost function having a misfit term and having a stabilizing term with nominal model parameters. The method also includes performing an operation in response to the determined defect.
Meanwhile, in at least some embodiments, an example system includes an EM defect detection tool deployed in a borehole having one or more tubular strings to collect measurements at different points along the borehole. The system also includes a processing unit that uses the collected measurements and a first inversion process to determine a defect in the one or more tubular strings, where the first inversion process involves a cost function having a misfit term and having a stabilizing term with nominal model parameters. The system also includes a device that performs an operation in response to the determined defect. Various EM defect detection tool options, inversion options, measurement processing options, and defect detection response options are disclosed herein.
FIGS. 1A and 1B
FIG. 1A
FIG. 1A
FIG. 1A
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16
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18
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To provide some context for the disclosure, show illustrative multi-string survey environments. In , a permanent well is installed, for example, using a drilling rig to drill a borehole that penetrates formations of the earth . As shown, a casing string is positioned in the borehole . The casing string for well includes multiple tubular casing sections (usually about 30 feet long) connected end-to-end by couplings . It should be noted that is not to scale, and that casing string typically includes many such couplings . The well includes cement slurry that has been injected into the annular space between the outer surface of the casing string and the inner surface of the borehole and allowed to set. As represented in , a production tubing string is positioned in an inner bore of the casing string . Both the casing string and the production tubing string are formed from multiple segments of metal tubulars and are subject to corrosion.
FIG. 1A
FIG. 1A
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In , the well corresponds to a production well and is adapted to guide a desired fluid (e.g., oil or gas) from a bottom of the borehole to a surface of the earth . For example, perforations may be formed at a bottom of or along the borehole to facilitate the flow of a fluid from a surrounding formation into the borehole and thence to earth's surface via an opening at the bottom of the production tubing string . Note that well configuration of is illustrative and not limiting on the scope of the disclosure. Other examples of permanent well installations include injection wells and monitoring wells. As desired, well may include other tubular strings in addition to or instead of casing string and production tubing string .
FIG. 1A
FIG. 1B
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In the multi-string EM field survey environment of , uplink or downlink information is transferred between an EM defect detection tool (see e.g., ) and a surface interface and/or computer system . In some embodiments, the surface interface and/or the computer system may perform various operations such as converting signals from one format to another, storing EM log data collected by an EM logging tool, and/or processing EM log data to determine casing string attributes as described herein. In at least some embodiments, the computer system includes a processing unit that performs the EM log data analysis operations by executing software or instructions obtained from a local or remote non-transitory computer-readable medium . The computer system also may include input device(s) (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, touchpad, etc.) and output device(s) (e.g., a monitor, printer, etc.). Such input device(s) and/or output device(s) provide a user interface that enables an operator to interact with an EM logging tool and/or software executed by the processing unit . For example, the computer system may enable an operator to select analysis options, to view collected EM log data, to view analysis results, and/or to perform other tasks. While the computer system is represented at earth's surface, another option is to perform some or all processing operations related to detecting a defect downhole (e.g., by processing components of an EM detect detection tool).
FIG. 1A
In different embodiments, an EM detect detection tool can be conveyed to a multi-string survey environment (e.g., the downhole environment of ) using wireline, slick line, coiled tubing, a casing string, wired pipe, or combinations thereof. For deployment options that do not provide power to the EM defect detection tool (e.g., powerless slick line, coiled tubing, or casing string), the EM defect detection tool may include a remote power source (e.g., a battery or other remote power source) to power the antennas or other electronics.
FIG. 1B
FIG. 1B
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40
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illustrates a wireline logging environment in which an EM defect detection tool is positioned within production tubing string and casing string . In , the EM defect detection tool is suspended in borehole that penetrates formations of the earth . For example, the EM defect detection tool may be suspended by a cable having conductors and/or optical fibers for conveying power to the EM defect detection tool . The cable may also be used as a communication interface for uphole and/or downhole communications. In at least some embodiments, the cable wraps and unwraps as needed around cable reel when lowering or raising the EM defect detection tool . As shown, the cable reel may be part of a movable logging facility or vehicle having a cable guide . Other conveyance options (e.g., slick line, coiled tubing, a casing string, wired pipe, or combinations) may use other techniques and components to convey the EM defect detection tool along a multi-tubular survey environment.
40
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84
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The EM defect detection tool may include stabilizers on one or more ends (e.g. opposite ends) of a tool body to centralize the EM defect detection tool within the production tubing string . The tool body of the EM logging tool houses or provides a support structure for control electronics , transmitter(s) , and receiver(s) . In operation, transmitter(s) are directed by the control electronics to generate a time-varying EM field whose flux is guided by the production tubing string and/or casing string . Due to induced eddy currents, the flux guide provided by the production tubing string and/or casing string is lossy, but will still induce a voltage in receiver(s) . The control electronics stores the voltages recorded by receiver(s) to form an EM data log, which may be correlated with geometrical, electrical, and/or magnetic attributes of the production tubing string and/or casing string . For example, corrosion or other defects in the production tubing string and/or casing string affects their geometrical, electrical, and/or magnetic attributes and can therefore be estimated from analysis of the EM log data. The control electronics may also include a communication interface to transmit the EM data log to earth's surface. Additionally or alternatively, the EM data log obtained by the EM defect detection tool can be stored and accessed later once the tool reaches earth's surface.
14
15
20
14
20
50
At earth's surface, the surface interface receives the EM data log via the cable and conveys the EM field measurements to a computer system . Again, the interface and/or computer system (e.g., part of the movable logging facility or vehicle ) may perform various operations such as converting signals from one format to another, storing the EM log data, and/or analyzing the EM log data to determine casing string attributes.
FIGS. 2A and 2B
FIG. 2A
FIG. 21
FIGS. 2A and 2B
40
46
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72
84
46
48
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84
46
48
48
46
46
48
40
46
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48
show illustrative transmitter/receiver configurations for an EM defect detection tool (e.g., tool ). In , transmitter and receiver are positioned within a casing string (e.g., strings or ) and are separated. Meanwhile, in , transmitter and receiver are positioned within a casing string (e.g., strings or ) and are collocated. For example, transmitter and receiver may correspond to coils or solenoids, where the receiver is positioned inside the transmitter , or vice versa. While only one transmitter and one receiver are shown in , it should be understood that EM defect detection tools such as tool may have a plurality of sensor arrays, where the distance between transmitters and receivers for different sensor arrays may vary. The dimensions of the transmitters and receivers may vary for different sensor arrays. Also, the operation of each sensor array may be varied by frequency-domain or time-domain adjustments. Although it is not ideal in terms of electrical performance, the same coil may be used for both transmission and reception.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIGS. 1A and 1B
49
49
40
72
84
shows a multi-string model with related attributes. In , a sensor array (e.g., one or more transmitter/receiver arrays) is positioned within two casing strings (inner and outer casing strings). The sensing array may be part of an EM defect detection tool such as tool to enable various attributes (e.g., tubular wall thickness, conductivity, permeability) of the inner and outer casing strings to be estimated. In the example multi-string scenarios of , the casing string is an outer tubular string, while the production tubing string is an inner tubular string.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
In at least some embodiments, RID processing performed downhole and/or at earth's surface is used to calculate multi-string casing attributes. As an example, attributes that may be calculated for the multi-string model of include inner tubular outer diameter (OD), inner tubular thickness (h), inner tubular conductivity (σ), inner tubular permeability (μ), outer tubular diameter (OD), outer tubular thickness (h), outer tubular conductivity (σ), and outer tubular permeability (μ). While only two tubular strings are shown in the multi-string model of , it should be noted that EM log data and multi-string models can be used to determine attributes for more than two tubular strings.
FIG. 4
100
102
104
100
102
104
100
106
108
110
106
avg
is a flowchart showing an illustrative method for EM defect detection in downhole tubulars using a first inversion option. In method , EM log data points (raw measurements) are read at block . The raw measurements are collected, for example, by the EM defect detection tool while deployed in a borehole having one or more tubing strings with different diameters. If the input data buffer that stores the raw measurements is not full (decision block ), the method returns to block . Once the input data buffer is full (decision block ), the method proceeds to a calibration process that includes using a nominal section of the log to compute calibration constants and average permeability (μ) at block . At block , the calibration constants are applied. In different embodiments, the calibration process can be omitted or modified.
106
100
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112
After the calibration process , the method proceeds to resolution-enhancement and log alignment at block . As an example, the operations of block may include deconvolution, filtering, scaling, and/or other operations.
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0
0
0
avg
0
norm
At block , a data point output from block or an inversion output from block is fed into inversion process , which corresponds to the first inversion option described herein. For the inversion process , the output from block is input to a cost function at block . The cost function of block also receives the output of forward modeling block as an input. For the first iteration, the output from the forward modeling block may correspond to initial guesses (block ) for relative permeability (μ) and an initial tubular thickness (τ). For example, μmay be set to an average relative permeability (μ) and τmay be set to a nominal tubular thickness (τ). Another option is to use the output of a previous iteration of the inversion process as the initial guess (e.g., see block ). If the cost function does not result in convergence (decision block ), the values for relative permeability and tubular thickness are updated at block , and the inversion process is repeated with the updated relative permeability and tubular thickness values as inputs to the cost function of block . On the other hand, if the cost function results in convergence (decision block ), the results for may be displayed at block .
130
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130
100
114
Once the last data point has been fed into the inversion process (decision block ), a determination is made regarding whether the whole log has been analyzed (decision block ). If the whole log has been analyzed (decision block ), the method ends at block . Otherwise, the method returns to block . If additional data points remain (decision block ), the method returns to block .
118
120
In at least some embodiments, the inversion process can be described as follows. The inversion starts from an initial guess of the model parameters (thickness and relative permeability of each tubular) and iteratively refines the model parameters to minimize the misfit between measurements and synthetic data. A parametric function (the cost function of block ) may be formed from the linear combination of a misfit term and a stabilizing term (also known as the regularization term). The misfit term can be formed as the L2 norm of the weighted difference between observed (measured) and predicted (synthetically computed from the model) data. The stabilizing functional can be formed as the L0.5, L1, or L2 norm of the weighted model parameters, and may be inclusive if a priori models and spatial functions.
The model parameters are iteratively adjusted and subject to preset constraints to minimize the parametric functional. Constraints are used to ensure that model parameters output from the inversion process lie within their physical ranges. In each iteration of the minimization process, convergence is checked through pre-defined termination criteria. These criteria may include the following: (a) cost function is less than a specified tolerance; (b) change in model parameters is less than a specified tolerance; (c) change in the cost function is less than a specified tolerance; and (d) and number of iterations exceeded a specified maximum.
Numerical techniques to achieve this minimization may include deterministic methods (e.g., Gauss-Newton, Trust-Region-Reflective, Levenverg-Marquardt, Steepest Descent, Conjugate Gradients) or stochastic methods (e.g., Markov Chain Monte Carlo, Genetic Algorithms, Simulated Annealing). In addition to a final model, the inversion may generate inversion metrics such as misfit/error, data uncertainty estimates, and model uncertainty estimates.
In gradient-based minimization techniques, numerical differentiation is used to compute the gradient (partial derivatives with respect to each one of the model parameters). Analytical differentiation can also be used if analytical expressions relating responses to model parameters are known.
106
118
For the first point in the log, the initial guess for tubular thickness is picked as the nominal thickness, and the initial guess for tubular permeability is picked as the average permeability estimated from the calibration process . Further, the conductivity of the tubulars may be selected based on prior knowledge of the type of steel used to make the tubulars. Discrepancies between model conductivity and that of real tubulars will be accounted for by the effective permeability of the tubulars estimated in the calibration step. For subsequent points, the inversion result for one point can be used as the initial guess to the next. This helps to smooth non-physical abrupt changes in the inverted log. The process is repeated until the whole buffer is processed. A new buffer is then stacked and the inversion process is repeated until the whole log is processed.
118
106
In different embodiments, the forward model can be a 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional model that is evoked on-the-fly within the minimization process, or it can be a pre-computed database. Here, N-dimensional refers to a model with material changes happening only in N of the 3 dimensions in a given coordinate system. For example, in a 1-dimensional model, material varies in only one of the dimensions and it is constant in the remaining two dimensions. A I-dimensional model is preferred over a 2- or 3-dimensional model since it is most often more computationally efficient to compute. A pre-computed database is typically much more efficient than any of the forward models, however it can be constructed in problems where dimension of the problem is low and the signal space does not have abrupt changes, which cannot be captured in the database within a reasonable database size. Especially in cases where the forward model will be used as part of an inversion, computational efficiency of the forward model dictates whether inversion can be applied in real time or not. The methods that are described here can allow faster convergence and consequently a real-time operation, which might not be possible otherwise. If a database is used, multi-dimensional interpolation may be used to compute the response corresponding to any given set of model parameters. In either case, the model that is used in the inversion process is also used in the calibration process .
1. Solve for the individual thickness of each tubular and an average permeability for all tubulars.
2. Solve for the individual thickness of each tubular and fix the permeability of all tubulars to the average value estimated from the calibration step.
3. Assume that defects exist on only one tubular at a time and solve the inverse problem several times for one unknown thickness at a time and compare the termination conditions. Select the solution with lowest misfit.
The embodiment in which the thickness and permeability of all tubular strings are solved for is known as unconstrained inversion. Alternatively, a constrained problem can be solved where only a subset of the model parameters are assumed to be unknown while others are assumed to have pre-known values. In cases where a sufficiently diverse set of independent measurements (multiple receivers and multiple frequencies) is available, unconstrained inversion yields a solution that best fits a measured response thanks to the increased number of degrees of freedom (model parameters). In other instances where not as many measurements are available or when the number of tubulars in the string are greater than a threshold (e.g., 4 tubulars or more), a constrained inversion is performed to reduce the number of unknowns. Some embodiments of constrained inversions are listed below:
In the above embodiments, all unknowns were solved for simultaneously in one minimization process. This is referred to as joint inversion. Alternatively, multi-step inversion could be used. In a multi-step inversion, a first subset of model parameters are estimated using a first subset of measurements that are most sensitive to those parameters, while other parameters are assumed to be known. Then, the parameters that have been estimated in the first step are fixed and a second subset of parameters is estimated using a second subset of measurements.
118
118
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cal
nom
An example embodiment of the inversion process will now be given, where the inversion process involves finding the optimum thickness and relative permeability of each tubular that minimizes the misfit between measurements and synthetic data generated using a forward model. A suitable parametric function (the cost function of block ) is formed from the linear combination of a misfit term and a stabilizing term (also known as the regularization term), as given in Eq. (1) below. The misfit term is formed as the L2 norm squared of the weighted difference between calibrated measurements Wm and data predicted by the synthetic model s(x). Meanwhile, the stabilizing term is formed as the L1 norm of the weighted difference between model parameters (thickness and relative permeability of each tubular) x and the nominal model parameters x. This way, regularization penalizes large variations of thickness from nominal and helps mitigate non-uniqueness problems that may arise in cases involving large number of tubulars (e.g., 4 tubulars and more). In the example cost function of Eq. (1), the misfit term is normalized by the number of measurements 2M to make the cost function independent of the number of measurements.
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>F</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo></mo><mi>M</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo></mo><msubsup><mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>abs</mi></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>abs</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>cal</mi></msub><mo></mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>}</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo></mrow><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo></mo><mi>M</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo></mo><msubsup><mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>angle</mi></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>angle</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>cal</mi></msub><mo></mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>}</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo></mrow><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>nom</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo></mrow><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>Equation</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
1
N
p
1
N
p
p
Rx
f
Rx
f
m,abs
m,angle
cal
x
nom
2
i=1
i
1
i=1
i
2
N
2
N
where x is a vector of N unknowns (model parameters), such as x=[t, . . . , t, μ, . . . , μ], where Nis the number of tubulars, m is a vector of M complex measurements at different frequencies and receivers. M=N×N, where Nis the number of receivers and Nis the number of frequencies. For equation (1), s(x) is a vector of M forward model responses, and W, Ware measurement magnitude and phase weight matrices. M×M diagonal matrices may be used to assign different weights to different measurements based on the relative quality or importance of each measurement. Further, Wis an M×M diagonal matrix of complex calibration constants, Wis an N×N diagonal matrix of regularization weights, and xis a vector of nominal model parameters. For N-dimensional vector y, ∥y∥=Σ|y|and |y|=Σ|y|. Also, note the division
<math overflow="scroll"><mfrac><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>cal</mi></msub><mo></mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>
is element-wise division.
L1 norm regularization as in Equation (1) equally penalizes deviations from the nominal whether these deviations are on a single tubular or on multiple tubulars. A solution with large defects on fewer tubulars as opposed to small defects on many tubulars can be favored by using the L0.5 norm instead on the L1 norm in the regularization term. Conversely, a solution with small defects on many tubulars as opposed to large defects on fewer tubulars can be favored by using the L2 norm.
opt
The inverse problem is solved by finding the set of optimum model parameters xthat minimizes the cost function, subject to constraints on the model parameters, as given in Eq. (2)
x
F
x
x
≤x
≤x
opt
x
1b
opt
ub
=argmin(()),, Equation (2)
min
max
In at least some embodiments, model parameters are constrained to physical ranges to eliminate any non-physical results. For example, the thickness can range from zero to slightly larger than the nominal thickness (to account for defects and tubular variations around the nominal), and relative permeability can range from μto μwith the limits chosen depending on the a priori knowledge of the type of steel of the tubulars used. Equation (2) describes a non-linear least square constrained optimization problem. It can be solved in many ways including gradient-based and non-gradient-based methods.
118
m,abs
m,angle
Optimum selection of receivers and frequencies to be used in the inversion process depends on the number of tubulars in the casing string. For configurations comprising one or two tubulars, short spacing receivers and frequencies up to 10 Hz may be used to solve for all model parameters. For configurations comprising three tubulars or more, longer spacing receivers, and frequencies up to 8 Hz may be used to solve for the parameters of all tubulars. Frequency selection can be automated by computing the standard deviation of raw data and eliminating data points with standard deviation above certain pre-defined threshold. In the cost function, synthetic response is normalized to the measured response to put all measurements on equal footage. Relative importance of measurements (receivers/frequencies) can then be adjusted through the measurements weight matrices Wand W.
118
100
100
100
70
100
Regardless of the particular inversion process employed in method , the results of method provide thickness and/or relative permeability values for one or more tubular strings as a function of measured depth or position. These thickness or relative permeability values can be correlated with tubular defects such as corrosion. As desired, obtained thickness or relative permeability values are used to display a representation of any defects. For example, thickness or relative permeability logs showing any defects can be generated and displayed to a user. As desired, any defects determined using method can be used to direct downhole operations such as adjusting valves or other flow control devices for one or more zones of a production well (e.g., well ). Also, well intervention operations may be performed based on any defects determined using method .
FIG. 5
40
1
6
40
Hereafter, an example EM defect detection scenario is presented. The scenario described is an example only and are not intended to limit EM defect detection to a particular EM defect detection tool or scenario. is a block diagram of an illustrative EM defect detection tool A having a transmitter (Tx) and six spaced receivers (Rx-Rx). Although the EM defect detection tool A is represented in the EM defect detection scenarios given hereafter, it should be appreciated that EM defect detection tools may vary with regard to the number of transmitters, the number of receivers, the transmitter/receiver spacings, and the frequencies used. Collocated transmitter/receiver options are possible as well.
FIG. 6A
FIG. 6A
40
204
204
204
204
is a diagram showing an example EM defect detection scenario and related resolution-enhanced magnitude responses for different receivers. As shown in , the example EM defect detection scenario corresponds to the EM defect detection tool A being deployed in a downhole environment with four tubular strings A-D having different diameters (only a slice of the four tubular strings A-D is shown). Parameters of the tubulars used in the example EM defect detection scenario are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Tubular
204A
204B
204C
204D
OD (inches)
2.875
5
9.625
13.375
Thickness
0.217
0.625
.545
0.514
(inches)
Relative μ
62
60
58
82
(estimate)
Length (feet)
20
20
20
20
Defect(s)
None
None
None
0.09 inches × 2 feet, centered
at 5 ft (17.5%)
0.05 inches × 2 feet, centered
at 9 ft (10%)
0.03 inches × 2 feet, centered
at 13 ft (6%)
204
40
202
40
For the example EM defect detection scenario, thickness defects are present in the tubular string D. As the EM defect detection tool A moves axially along measurement path , raw measurements are collected by the EM detect detection tool A. For the example given, the transmitter has a core with relative permeability of 200, conductivity of 0.01 S/m, and outer diameter of 0.8 in. The receivers for the example EM defect detection scenario are without a core, and measurements are collected at frequencies of 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, 4 Hz, and 5 Hz.
106
112
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
FIG. 6B
FIG. 7
An RID model is used to process measurements corresponding to the example EM defect detection scenario inversion. First, raw measurements are calibrated to match the synthetic response (e.g., using calibration process of ). Then resolution enhancement operations (e.g., block of ) are applied to the calibrated measurements to improve vertical resolution and remove ghost effect. Resolution-enhanced magnitude responses for different receivers and frequencies of the example EM defect detection scenario are shown in . Meanwhile, resolution-enhanced phase responses for different receivers and frequencies of the example EM defect detection scenario are shown in .
118
2041
204
204
FIG. 4
FIGS. 8A and 8B
FIG. 8A
FIG. 8B
FIG. 8B
In the example EM defect detection scenario, inversion (e.g., inversion process of ) is applied to the resolution-enhanced responses. Example inversion results are shown in . In this example, inversion is used to solve for the thickness of each tubular and an average permeability for all tubulars. As shown in , inversion results for tubular thickness capture the depth and thickness of the defects on outer tubular ) while estimating the thickness of non-defected inner tubulars (tubulars A-C) reasonably well. Meanwhile, inversion results for relative permeability are represented in . The value of the cost function F(x) at convergence is also represented in . The high misfit that shows up at the defects is probably due to the mismatch between R1D model used in inversion and the measured response corresponding to two-dimensional defects.
FIGS. 9A-9J
To assess the quality of convergence, responses corresponding to the inverted parameters were reconstructed using an R1D model and were compared with the measured responses. show illustrative measured versus reconstructed response charts for different receivers in the example EM defect detection scenario. In general, a good fit is observed or the different receivers and frequencies.
While the first inversion option has been described using frequency-domain analysis, it should be appreciated that the first inversion option can be performed using time-domain analysis. For time-domain analysis, time-domain measurements are used instead of frequency-domain measurements in all of the above formulas and workflows. In fact, due to strong dispersive nature of the problem, there is an approximate relationship between frequency domain and time domain measurements associated with the same coils and tubulars. In other words, V_time(l/f) is proportional to V_frequency(f), where V_time(t) is the time domain measurement corresponding to time t, and V_frequency(f) is the frequency domain measurement corresponding to frequency f.
For time-domain analysis, the cost function can be written as
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>F</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>M</mi></mfrac><mo></mo><msubsup><mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>cal</mi></msub><mo></mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo></mrow><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>nom</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo></mrow><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>Equation</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
1
N
p
1
N
p
p
Rx
TS
Rx
TS
m
cat
x
nom
where x is vector of N unknowns (model parameters), such as x=[t, . . . , t, μ, . . . , μ], where Nis the number of tubulars, in is a vector of M real-valued measurements at different time slots and receivers. M=N×N, where Nis the number of receivers and Nis the number of time slots in the decay response. In equation (3), s( ) is a vector of M forward model responses and Wis a measurement weight matrix (e.g., an M×M diagonal matrix). Wis a M×M diagonal matrix of real-valued calibration constants, Wis a N×N diagonal matrix of regularization weights, and xis a vector of nominal model parameters.
Much of the foregoing discussion has been directed to a first inversion option involving a cost function. Additionally or alternatively, a second inversion option involving prior defect test results or a model obtained from prior defect test results can be employed. For the second inversion option, the defect test results are obtained by collecting measurements involving known defects and test scenarios. With the second inversion option, there is no need for a physics-based model to accurately estimate metal loss due to corrosion in multi-tubular completion configurations. For the second inversion option, rules may be established to select which measurements will be used to drive the inversion model. In other words, the rules will identify which of the available receiver voltages (magnitude and phase, at different spacings and frequencies) are the most sensitive to metal loss (the target parameter) while at the same time being fairly insensitive to parameters that are not targeted for estimation, like tubular variability in permeability, eccentricity, electrical noise, etc.
FIG. 10
Provided hereafter is a simple embodiment example of the second inversion option, based on experimental results. For the experiment, metal gain is detected rather than metal loss. However, the results of the experiment are fully applicable to metal loss. shows an EM defect detection tool used for the experiment. As shown, the tool includes 3 receiver (Rx) coils placed at 3 different spacings, and 1 transmitter (Tx) coil. During the experiment, the transmitter excites tubulars (not shown) in the vicinity of the EM defect detection tool using different frequencies—for example: 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, . . . , 50 Hz. Using a QAM filtering technique, the magnitude and phase of the voltages measured at each Rx and frequency are measured.
More specifically, for the experiment, the EM defect detection tool is used to collect data in a multi-tubular configuration having four tubulars with outer diameters equal to: 2⅞″, 5″, 9⅝″, and 13⅜″, with a total metal thickness=1.9″. During the experiment, data is collected using two different tests to determine the effect of metal gain on the collected measurements. For the first test, measurements are collected without metal gain (no collar is used). For the second test, measurements are collected with metal gain by adding an outer ring (collar) to simulate a metal gain in the outer tubular. The collar is assumed to have an outer diameter of 16″, thickness of 0.55′, and length of 1 foot.
FIGS. 11A-11D
FIGS. 12A-12D
FIGS. 13A-13P
are diagrams showing magnitude and phase responses for a particular test receiver (a receiver at an 8″ spacing from the transmitter) and frequency (2 Hz). Meanwhile. are diagrams showing magnitude and phase responses for the same test receiver and another frequency (4 Hz). are diagrams showing magnitude and phase responses for the same test receiver and different frequencies (4 Hz, 5 Hz, 6 Hz, and 10 Hz).
FIGS. 11A-11D, 12A-12D, and 13A-13P
To summarize, the test results represented in indicate that only some of the collected measurements will be good indicators of metal thickness change in a given tubular. Accordingly, for a EM defect detection tool with multiple spacings (multiple RX coils) and multiple transmitted frequencies, only some of the available measurements are good indicators of metal loss for a given tubular. Accordingly, in at least some embodiments, the second inversion option is based on measurements that were previously identified as being good indicators of metal loss, considering the particular completion (tubular OD and thickness) of the well under analysis.
For a measurement to be a good indicator of metal loss, two conditions need to be fulfilled. First, the signal change due to metal loss in the tubular of interest has to be “measurable” (e.g., change in voltage magnitude need to be in the order of micro-Volts or larger, and phase changes in the order of at least a few degrees). Second, the signal change due to metal loss has to be larger than signal change due to non-target factors that can't be controlled (e.g., tubular variability due to magnetic permeability, magnetization, minor irregularities eccentricity, or other attributes).
In at least some embodiments, the second inversion option can be based on a regression approach to determine an appropriate model. Example techniques to compute an appropriate model from available data include ARMAX, Linear Regression, Neural Nets, and many other Machine Learning techniques. Linear regression is simple and gives good results for this example. In one embodiment example, the voltage magnitude at 2 Hz (denoted Mag2H-t) and the Voltage phase at 4 Hz (denoted Ph4 Hz) may be used in a thickness change estimator given as:
C
C
ΔMetal=1*ΔMag2 Hz+2*ΔPh4 Hz,
where ΔMetal is the estimated metal gain (Δ is the change with respect to response obtained for nominal thickness). ΔMag2 Hz is the measured change in signal Magnitude at 2 Hz. ΔPh4 Hz is the measured change in signal Phase at 4 Hz, and C1 and C2 are coefficients (obtained, for example, via Least Squares fit of design data).
The experimental data available to design and test the thickness change estimator includes a total of 32 cases; 16 cases at different “depths” (positions) along the tubular with no metal gain (no ring or collar), and another 16 cases which correspond to 16 depths with a metal gain of 0.55″ (ring placed on outer tubular). In at least some embodiments, the available data is partitioned into a design subset (to be used to come up with model parameters C1, C2) and a testing subset (to be used to validate the model). Next, the accuracy of the thickness change estimator in predicting metal change is discussed for two different data partitions, Case A and Case B.
FIG. 14A
14
For Case A, the design subset includes 8 scenarios, 4 with and 4 without metal gain, distributed along the tubular. The testing subset is chosen as the total number of cases available (e.g., all 32 scenarios, including the 8 scenarios used for design). The Case A results are represented in . The Case B results are represented in FIG. B, and show the model prediction capabilities. For Case B, the scenarios are sorted such that first 16 of them correspond to metal gain=0″ in ascending depth, while the remaining 16 correspond to gain=0.55″ also in ascending depth. Allowed error is shown with dashed lines, true metal gain is with solid lines, training points are shown with circles, and testing scenarios are indicated with asterisks. For Case B, the design subset includes 8 scenarios, 4 with and 4 without metal gain, but now only covering the left half of the tubular. The testing subset is chosen as in Case A.
It can be observed that, in both Cases A and B, estimated metal gains remain within the error bounds of, as an example, 25% (or 0.25*0.55=0.14″). As expected, training cases show lower estimation error than testing cases (not used for training). The above example shows the feasibility of the second inversion option for an outer tubular defect at the accuracy level required in the presence of practical tubular variability. Further testing to cover all possible scenarios (all tubular size combinations with defects in any tubular) would require collecting data from a large number of experiments. Alternatively, a model can be developed to synthesize/interpolate most of the experimental data required.
The second inversion option described herein can be employed independently from the first inversion option. Alternatively, the results of the second inversion option can be combined with the results of the first inversion option. For example, combined results of the first and second inversion processes can be used to determine a defect in one or more downhole tubular strings. When combined, the results of the different inversion options cal be weighted the same or can be weighted differently. Additionally or alternatively, a confidence value for results of the first inversion process can be determined based on results of the second inversion process or vice versa. A representation of any defects as well as any related confidence values can be displayed by an output de ice to a user.
FIG. 15
500
502
504
506
508
510
500
is a flowchart showing an illustrative method for EM defect detection. At block , an EM defect detection tool is deployed in a borehole having one or more tubular strings. At block , the tool is placed in a predetermined location of interest in the borehole. At block , the tool is used to collect measurements by the EM defect detection tool at different points along the borehole. At block , the collected measurements undergo a first inversion process to determine defects in one or more tubular strings, where the first inversion process involves a cost function having a misfit term and having a stabilizing term with nominal model parameters. At block , an operation is performed in response to the determined defect or related values. The operation may be, but is not limited to, displaying, printing, modifying procedures, or altering operations in response to the defect or related values. In at least some embodiments, the method may include additional steps involving the second inversion option as described herein.
Embodiments disclosed herein include:
A. A method that includes deploying an electromagnetic (EM) defect detection tool in a borehole having one or more tubular strings, collecting measurements by the EM defect detection tool at different points along the borehole, using the collected measurements and a first inversion process to determine a defect in one or more tubular strings, where the first inversion process involves a cost function having a misfit term and having a stabilizing term with nominal model parameters, and performing an operation in response to the determined defect.
B. A system that includes an EM defect detection tool deployed in a borehole having one or more tubular strings to collect measurements at different points along the borehole, a processing unit that uses the collected measurements and a first inversion process to determine a defect in one or more tubular strings, where the first inversion process involves a cost function having a misfit term and having a stabilizing term with nominal model parameters, and a device that performs an operation in response to the determine defect.
Each of embodiments A and B may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: wherein the cost function comprises a linear combination of the misfit term and the stabilizing term. Element 2: wherein the misfit term comprises a weighted difference between a calibrated version of the collected measurements and predicted measurements. Element 3: wherein the stabilizing term comprises a weighted difference between model parameters and nominal model parameters. Element 4: wherein the stabilizing term comprises an L0.5, L1, or L2 norm of the weighted difference between model parameters and nominal model parameters. Element 5: wherein a scaling factor is applied to the L0.5, L1, or L2 norm of the weighted difference between model parameters and nominal model parameters. Element 6: herein the first inversion process minimizes the cost function subject to constraints for tubular thickness and relative permeability. Element 7: wherein the first inversion process comprises RID processing. Element 8: further comprising comparing results of the first inversion process with results of a second inversion process, wherein the second inversion process uses the collected measurements as well as prior defect test results or a model obtained from prior defect test results to estimate a defect in the one or more tubular strings. Element 9: further comprising combining results of the first and second inversion processes to determine a defect in the one or more tubular strings. Element 10: further comprising determining a confidence value for results of the first inversion process based on results of the second inversion process.
Element 11: wherein the cost function comprises a linear combination of the misfit term and the stabilizing term, wherein the misfit term comprises a weighted difference between a calibrated version of the collected measurements and predicted measurements, and wherein the stabilizing term comprises a weighted difference between model parameters and nominal model parameters. Element 12: wherein the stabilizing term comprises an L0.5, L1, or L2 norm of the weighted difference between model parameters and nominal model parameters. Element 13: wherein a scaling factor is applied to the L0.5, L1, or L2 norm of the weighted difference between model parameters and nominal model parameters. Element 14: wherein the first inversion process minimizes the cost function subject to constraints for tubular thickness and relative permeability. Element 15: wherein the first inversion process comprises RID processing. Element 16: wherein the processing unit compares results of the first inversion process with results of a second inversion process, wherein the second inversion process uses the collected measurements as well as prior defect test results or a model obtained from prior defect test results to estimate a defect in one or more tubular strings. Element 17: herein the processing unit combines results of the first and second inversion processes to determine and display a defect in the one or more tubular strings. Element 18: wherein the processing unit determines and displays a confidence value for results of the first inversion process based on results of the second inversion process.
Numerous other modifications, equivalents, and alternatives, will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications, equivalents, and alternatives where applicable.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Accordingly, there are disclosed in the drawings and the following description electromagnetic (EM) defect detection methods and systems with enhanced inversion options. In the drawings:
FIGS. 1A and 1B
are diagrams showing illustrative borehole survey environments;
FIGS. 2A and 2B
are diagrams showing illustrative transmitter/receiver configurations for an EM defect detection tool;
FIG. 3
is a diagram showing a multi-casing string model with related attributes;
FIG. 4
is a flowchart showing an illustrative method for EM defect detection in downhole tubulars using a first inversion option:
FIG. 5
is a block diagram of an illustrative defect detection tool;
FIG. 6A
is a diagram showing an example EM defect detection scenario;
FIG. 6B
is a diagram showing resolution-enhanced magnitude responses for different receivers in the example EM defect detection scenario;
FIG. 7
is a diagram showing resolution-enhanced phase responses for different receivers in the example EM defect detection scenario;
FIGS. 8A and 8B
are diagrams showing actual defects, predicted defects, and a misfit log for the example EM defect detection scenario;
FIGS. 9A-9J
shows illustrative measured versus reconstructed response charts for different receivers in the example EM defect detection scenario;
FIG. 10
is a block diagram of an illustrative EM defect detection tool used to obtain defect test results related to a second inversion process;
FIGS. 11A-11D
are diagrams showing magnitude and phase responses for a particular test receiver and frequency;
FIGS. 12A-12D
are diagrams showing magnitude and phase responses for the same test receiver and another frequency;
FIGS. 13A-13P
are diagrams showing magnitude and phase responses for the same test receiver and different frequencies;
FIGS. 14A and 14B
are diagrams showing design versus test data points related to an example defect estimator; and
FIG. 15
is a flowchart showing an illustrative method for EM defect detection. | |
I Dropped My Camera. Now What?
by Barrett
My little boy was so delighted to be in the caboose!
The mini choo-choo train was about to begin its ‘extensive’ journey
around Mathews Park.
He was so excited!
And there I was, squeezed into the caboose, sitting right next to him.
A father and son moment.
My three year old beamed at me.
I had to have a picture.
So I carefully pulled out my Canon PowerShot S100 camera, just like I had done a hundred times before.
I turned it on and placed it on my lap.
And then I inexplicably lost my focus…
…for a millisecond.
Maybe my adventurer whispered, “Wow!”
Maybe the sun was a distraction.
Maybe aliens were trying to contact me.
But my little camera…
It just slid off my lap.
In the blink of an eye, it was on the wooden floor!
The fall couldn’t have been more than two feet.
But it fell… lens first.
I picked up my camera quickly, as if to erase the last ten seconds.
It seemed fine.
Intact.
No battery and chip guts spewed all over the floor like many a dropped BlackBerry…
(Don’t deny it…I know that’s happened to you at least once!)
My camera’s screen was still illuminated and seemingly ready for action.
I turned the device off to ensure it was still fully operational.
It was not.
The lens began to slowly recede into its body.
(It usually whisks shut.)
And then the lens just… stopped.
Frozen in its ‘on’ position.
I looked at the screen.
The dreaded “Lens Error” displayed.
And then the camera shut itself down.
I rebooted my precious machine several times, hoping to breath some life into its injured extension.
No such luck.
The power came on, but the camera just freaked out as soon as it realized the lens was immovable.
My camera was officially broken.
The train began to pull away, and my three year old squealed with glee.
Chugga-chugga, choo-choo!
I put the camera away and turned my full attention to enjoying the train ride.
Self-recriminations would have to wait till later.
Looking for the Easy Fix
That night, I went online and Googled how to repair a Canon S100, hoping to find some magic ‘reset’ solution.
The first page was filled with a recall notice from Canon.
What?!
Apparently there was a problem with the lens motor, and Canon had offered to repair the problem for free…
Yes!
…on a specific batch of the cameras identified through a range of serial numbers.
My serial number was not included.
No!!!
The Choice
So I was faced with ‘the choice.’
- Was it worth paying to have my camera fixed?
- Or should I walk away from my hockey puck and buy a new camera?
(I’m sure ‘The Fall’ would void any warrantee.)
Today, the economics of repairing your gadgets can get really confusing.
They’re often cheap to buy.
And relatively expensive to repair!
I bought my S100 on Amazon last Black Friday.
So it’s only six months old.
It was a sweet deal at $229 (including an 8 GB memory card), partially because its newer cousin, the S110 had already been released.
(The S110 usually runs $399, although it’s now on sale for $349.)
How much would you pay to repair a $229 item?
It was time to find out…
I went online to find an old-school camera store that also does repairs.
Yes, they’re still out there. Just not on every corner, like Starbucks.
I decided to pay a visit to Camera Land in New York City.
(relatively close to my daily commuting route)
Entering Camera Land
I pushed open the door like it was the Wild West and sauntered over to the counter to see Reggie, the repair manager.
He looked up, barely interested.
I wanted to say, “Give me a shot of whiskey.”
Instead, I slid my metallic carcass over to him.
He picked it up and tried to turn it on.
He looked liked he’d been doing this kind of thing for a hundred years.
He spent a little more time with my dead camera and then leaned forward.
Some deactivated DNA popped on and I suddenly wanted to reach for an imaginary holster in a ‘fight or flight’ response.
The rest of me told these cranky genes to simmer down…
Reggie proclaimed if they could fix my camera in the store,
it would cost me $80.
(Okay… that seemed reasonable.)
But if the in-house repair attempt failed, he would need to send the camera to Canon’s repair center…in Canada.
Canada?!
Now we were talking $109… at least.
Maybe more…
Crossing into three digits, not to mention another country?!
That’s almost 50% of what I paid for the camera!
Those pesky genes urged me to walk out while I still had my hat on.
But buying a replacement camera was no more attractive.
The deal on the S100 was long gone.
(and now officially discontinued by Canon)
And the current sale on the S110 isn’t that compelling.
The math boiled down to this:
Buying a replacement camera would cost me at least three times the $109 repair price.
So trying for the mend seemed relatively clear.
I left my camera behind, uncertain of its future.
(Remember, Canada wouldn’t commit to a $109 lock, sight unseen.)
Later that day, Reggie called. It was bad news.
The operation was a success, but the patient died.
(His camera doctor managed to get my lens to retract.
But then it wouldn’t open!)
My camera’s only hope was to seek treatment out of country.
I gave my consent and prayed the Canucks to be kind!
Two Weeks Later…
I called Camera Land and spoke to someone new.
The guy shouted over to Reggie, who yelled back…
“It’s not ready yet!!”
I asked the big question: “How much is it going to be?”
“$109!”
(Phew)
So I gave it another week.
Eight days later Reggie called.
“Hello?”
“Your camera is ready!”
“What?”
“I said your camera is ready!!”
“I’ll be right down!!!”
(I realized I was yelling as loudly as he was.)
Two hours later I walked in.
Reggie proudly handed me the camera.
“They replaced the whole lens.”
I pressed the power button, and the lens popped to attention.
Looked good to me.
And yes, it was only $109.
(plus tax)
I asked, “What kind of warrantee do I get with this?
“Come see me…
…just don’t drop it.”
(The ‘again’ was left out, but understood.)
I walked out.
For the record, Reggie was a really nice guy.
If you decide to revive your own broken camera, and you frequent Midtown Manhattan, I recommend you pay him a visit…
Buy the Service Contract?
So you might have been asking why didn’t Barrett just buy himself a protection plan with the camera?
Well, I usually don’t buy service plans for my tech, with the major exception of my Apple gear.
I figure most service plans are overpriced, and I won’t need them…
But maybe with my evolving life as a parent, it’s time to take another look.
It’s easy to by a protection plan if you buy your tech at a big-box store. In fact, it’s hard not to. Someone from the Geek Squad usually approaches you at the cash register and tries to beat you into submission.
You have to say no about five times before your transaction is done.
But what do you do if you buy your tech online?
SquareTrade to the Rescue
Ever hear of SquareTrade.com?
You mail them your injured tech, and they claim they’ll repair or replace your item in five business days or less.
And it doesn’t matter what you did to it.
They say, “ Drop it? Spill on it? Run over it? No worries.”
Sounds pretty compelling.
And the cost?
For a camera in the $300-399 price range, the plan costs:
- $59.99 for two years
- $79.99 for three years
B&H Photo offers its own discount if you buy the SquareTrade plan through them:
- $44.99 for two years
- $62.99 for three years
That’s not bad!
You’ve just got to sign up your tech within 30 days of purchase.
The Cost of Documenting your Life
Now to the guilt factor…
I broke my camera in the line of duty as a father and amateur photographer.
(and a clumsy one, at that)
Guilt says I should have kept my camera in my pocket and avoided the risk altogether…
A couple years back, I wouldn’t take a camera to the beach,
because I feared the sand would destroy my gear.
(A gust of wind and a few grains of sand wedged into a camera lens can kill your camera faster than you can say, “Can’t wait till Cyber Monday!”)
But recently, I’ve come to embrace a different philosophy.
You’ve got to make a choice:
- Do you take some risk and bring your camera to live your life with you?
- Or do you play it safe and do your best to protect your camera?
(Translation- Leave it home when the going gets tough.)
I say… Go live your life!
Enjoy it.
Document it.
Yes, that means you might break a camera or two along the way.
So be prepared.
Note to self:
My next new camera will come with its own protection plan.
And remember, whether you intentionally put your camera in harms way or not, Fate still has its own way of messing with you.
Chugga-chugga, choo-choo can happen to anyone!
My conscience is clear.
But Fate… if you can, please be kind to my Canon S100.
It’s only got two lives! | https://athomewithtech.com/2013/06/09/i-dropped-my-camera-now-what/ |
Size and Weight Limitations
Vehicle size and weight limits on state and interstate highways are established by the state and federal governments. In Colorado, the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) is responsible for regulating the movement of oversize and overweight vehicles on the state's highways. CDOT accomplishes this by issuing permits and providing route guidelines for commercial vehicles that exceed the normal size and weight limits allowed by law. The table below outlines state and federal limitations for vehicle size and weight.
Federal and State Motor Vehicle Size and Weight Limits
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Federal Regulations
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State Law
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Overall Vehicle Length
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No federal length limit is imposed on most truck tractor‑semitrailers operating on the National Highway System (NHS). However, on the NHS, combination vehicles designed and used specifically to carry automobiles or boats in specially designed racks may not exceed a maximum overall vehicle length of 65 feet, or 75 feet, depending on the type of connection between the tractor and trailer.
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45‑foot maximum overall single vehicle length
70‑foot combination length on all roads
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Trailer Length
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Federal law provides that no state can impose a length limitation of less than 48 feet (or longer if provided for by grandfather rights) on a semitrailer operating in any truck tractor‑semitrailer combination on the NHS. A state may permit longer trailers to operate on its national network highway.
Similarly, federal law provides that no state can impose a length limitation of less than 28 feet on a semitrailer or trailer operating in a truck tractor‑semitrailer‑trailer combination on the NHS.
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57.3 foot semitrailer on state, supplemental, and NHS highways
28.5 foot trailer length on state, supplemental, and NHS highways
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Vehicle Width
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On the NHS, states are restricted to vehicle width limitations of 8.5 feet.
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8.5 feet
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Vehicle Height
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No federal vehicle height limit is imposed.
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13 feet on state highways; 14.5 feet on NHS highways
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Single Vehicle Weight w/2 Axles
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36,000 pounds
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36,000 pounds
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Single Vehicle Weight w/3 or More Axles
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54,000 pounds
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54,000 pounds
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Truck/Trailer or Combination of Vehicles
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80,000 pounds
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85,000 pounds
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Source: Sections 42‑4‑502 through 42‑4‑509, C.R.S.
Vehicle weight. A commercial vehicle's gross combined weight rating (GCWR) is the maximum permissible loaded weight for a towing vehicle and its trailer. This includes the vehicle's fuel, passengers, and cargo. Trucks and truck/trailer combinations with an empty weight exceeding 16,000 pounds and any vehicle with a GCWR exceeding 26,000 pounds must receive clearance through the state's ports of entry managed by the Colorado State Patrol (CSP). Commercial vehicles must also clear all ports of entry that are within five miles of the route on which they are traveling, unless the operator has previously secured a clearance or obtained a special permit.
A vehicle's empty weight is captured during the titling process with the Department of Revenue (DOR). The state's registration and taxation systems rely on vehicle weight to:
• determine the vehicle's base registration fees;
• determine whether the vehicle must participate in the Federal Heavy Vehicle Use Tax program; and
• capture the operating gross vehicle weight maximum limit to print on the registration card that is used by port of entry and law enforcement.
Depending on the vehicle's tax class, the DOR also determines in which gross vehicle weight registration type the vehicle owner will participate (i.e. private carrier or commercial carrier), or, for tax class A vehicles, reports the weight to the International Registration Plan (IRP). The IRP is an agreement between the U.S. and Canada for payment of commercial motor carrier registration fees.
Oversize vehicles. If a commercial vehicle exceeds the size or weight standards established in law, the vehicle’s operator must obtain an oversize or overweight permit from CDOT, which will allow the vehicle to operate legally on designated highways. For oversize and overweight vehicles operating on city and county roads, the operator must also obtain permission or the appropriate permit from the local government to operate. More information on commercial vehicle permits can be found on CDOT’s website.
Special permits. The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) issues permits relating to the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles moving extra large loads on the state's highways. These permits include "extra legal" permits for exceptions to size and weight limitations and "super load" permits for vehicles that weigh 500,000 pounds or more or that occupy two lanes and for unladen combination vehicles that occupy two lanes. Costs for the permits vary by the weight, size, and number of trips taken by the vehicle. More information about these permits can be found at CDOT's Commercial Vehicle Permits webpage. CDOT also accepts permit applications through its online permitting portal.
Penalties. Motorists in violation of size or weight limitations are subject to fines and surcharges.
Further information. More information is available in the Legislative Council Staff Issue Brief on oversize and overweight commercial vehicles. CDOT currently maintains detailed maps and information about state highway structures with less than 14 feet and 6 inches of vertical clearance on its website. | https://leg.colorado.gov/content/size-and-weight-limitations |
Choose the type, level, urgency, and length to start off.
How to Write a Sonnet
One hundred fifty-four - that's how many of the Shakespearean sonnets exists in the history of literature. They are filled with words of love and longing, friendship and separation, bravery and cowardice.
Francesco Petrarca has created three hundred sixty-six poems to celebrate and admire a mythical golden-haired Laura, the existence of whom we still doubt.
But why are poems that were written over five centuries ago still so famous? What compels people to keep reading and analyzing them? The answer is simple: just as the Earth orbits around the Sun, the human existence revolves around emotions and sentiments.
As the years go by, love is the driving force of life. It can start and end wars, create beautiful and atrocious, inspire art and break a person's soul. Love is woven into our existence, and that is why people have been reading, writing, and talking about it since the dawn of time. So, today you'll learn how to write a proper sonnet.
Exploring the Meaning
What is a sonnet? Originated in Italy, the term means "little song or lyric." It traditionally has fourteen lines, with iambic pentameter dictating the rhythm. You cannot stray away from the requirements because even a small alteration will mean your creation can no longer be called a traditional sonnet. The scheme is the same nowadays as it was six hundred or sixty years ago! Every line has ten syllables, with the rhyme pattern keeping to a strict schematic structure.
We believe that it can be fun and even easy to write a sonnet when you have useful tips and examples at your fingertips. That is why we developed a practical guide on how to create a sonnet if your name is not William or Francesco.
Sonnet Types
There are a few main variations of the poem - Shakespearean (English), Petrarchan (Italian), Spenserian, Curtal, and Miltonic.
Shakespearean
The most popular and commonly used is English sonnet, also known as Shakespearean thanks to the mysterious riddles and theories surrounding this historical figure.
The rhyme structure here is always the same: ABAB-CDCD-EFEF-GG. These letters show the scheme of a sound that arises at the end of every line.
Compare this pattern and one of Bard's sonnets, and you have a clear picture.
- The words at the end of the first and third lines always rhyme.
- The second line resonates with the fourth.
- The fifth line ending sync with the seventh.
- It all ends with a rhyming heroic couplet.
The Shakespearean sonnet can be your way to start if you're a rookie poem writer because it has the plainest rhyme structure.
Another worthy point to mention is the iambic pentameter. It is the meter in the poem writing that controls the change of rhythm in a line. The features of the English sonnet state that the central part of the poem should be adherent to this metric line.
Keep in mind to use sonnet's stanzaic structure. Shakespearean kind is built on three heroic quatrains and one couplet. The quatrains include four iambic lines and the couplet - two iambic lines.
Never forget that your poem must contain your soul apart from dry rule-following. Each line should contain deep thought and tell part of the sonnet story, and each quatrain must lead to the next dramatic turn.
Petrarchan
This rhyme scheme (also known as Italian) differs from the English one because it doesn't have a general pattern. The first eight lines, called the octave, usually follow a rhyme pattern ABBA-ABBA while the next six lines (sestet) can vary in rhyming.
A Petrarchan sonnet allows for more ambiguous plot twists, as it has a flexible structure, unlike the Shakespearean. Go with this one when you are tasked to cover deep and emotional issues. In the octave, you describe the topic and the problem, reaching the climax in the ninth line and presenting the new side of the issue in the sestet.
Spenserian, Miltonic, and Curtal
These are less common types, but they're a perfect choice for when you want to stand out in class and showcase your flexible writing skills.
- The Spenserian is based on English sonnet. It also includes three quatrains, one couplet, and iambic pentameter, but the rhyme scheme here differs. Every new quatrain starts with the rhyme of the previous one. Follow this pattern: ABAB-BCBC-CDCD-EE.
- The foundation of Miltonic one resonates with the Petrarchan sonnet, but with one difference - Miltonic doesn't have the change of flow between octave and sestet.
- The curtal sonnet is a type with a lesser number of lines. Seemingly eleven passages compose into a ten-and-a-half scheme. Every but the last line is in iambic pentameter.
Try It Yourself
Now, let's see what steps you need to take to compose a sonnet. To gear up for your writing battle, settle on a type you will create. If you have no experience in poetry writing, the Shakespearean will be a good choice as it has the most obvious and transparent structure.
With that in mind, don't be intimidated by other variations! They may present a challenge, but you can never improve without overcoming difficulties and facing your fears. Experimenting with styles and schemes can help you caseharden your character and writing skills!
- Choose a theme.
This stage is essential, and, unless your professor assigned you a specific topic, the choice can be difficult. Ponder on the purpose and audience of your future work. Bear in mind that the strict framework doesn't allow writing about something too broad. The climax in sonnets comes quick, thus your theme has to be the one you can cover and explore in just fourteen lines.
- Look for inspiration.
Study some of the Petrarchan works and look at Shakespearean poems. You'll see how the authors learned to recognise good things in the evil and try to develop the plot of your sonnet. Observe, learn, create - become a better and better author!
- Go all out.
Writing should be creative and fun for you, not a burden put on you by the professor. Cultivate the form and style of your own, but remember the main rules. Use the rhyming dictionary if it's difficult for you to find those by yourself. Have you got better rhyming skills that anyone in the class? Use them!
- Ask for help.
Don't be shy to show your finished masterpiece or raw material to your friend or someone who can help you with advice. Let them read it and give their opinion. That will significantly boost your writing skills. It would also be good to ask for professional editing help!
We hope that this article has helped you gain not only knowledge but also the confidence to write your sonnet! Bookmark our guide - it will come in handy for your English classes.
Thank you for reading, and good luck!back to all posts
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"Good work with my coursework. Even though I needed revision to add some strong facts, overall paper quality was acceptable. Support was very helpful." | https://www.wiseessays.com/blog/how-to-write-a-sonnet |
LAKE BUENA VISTA, Fla. -- Since the inception of the designated hitter in 1973, nobody has dominated the position for a sustained period quite like David Ortiz.
Big Papi extended his own record on Tuesday, when Major League Baseball announced him as the winner of the Edgar Martinez Outstanding DH Award for the seventh time. And this time he was a unanimous choice.
With all due respect to Martinez, a fine hitter in his day who five times won the award now named for him, the honor could well be named after Ortiz someday.
At the age of 37, Ortiz had another big season, ending with the Red Sox winning the World Series.
Ortiz was right in the middle of the action and was named the MVP of the Fall Classic, in which Boston defeated St. Louis in six games.
In the regular season, Ortiz hit .309 with 38 doubles, two triples, 30 homers and 103 RBIs over 137 games. He led the team in average, homers, RBIs, walks, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, total bases and extra-base hits.
His performance in the World Series will be hard to top, as he batted .688 with two doubles, two homers, six RBIs and eight walks.
"We always joke whenever he sees me that he's like a fine wine," said A.J. Pierzynski, Boston's new catcher. "He just gets better with age. David and I go back -- I was 19, 20 years old, he was the same age. I remember we played together in Fort Myers a long time ago. He's amazing. I respect the heck out of David. He's one of my good friends, and I love David to death. He's a Hall of Fame player, a Hall of Fame person."
Ballots for the Outstanding DH are cast by beat writers, broadcasters and American League public relations departments.
Orlando Cepeda (1973), Jim Rice (1977) and Don Baylor (1986) are the other Boston players who have won the award. | https://www.mlb.com/news/david-ortiz-the-unanimous-choice-for-edgar-martinez-outstanding-dh-award/c-64555826 |
Drones are small autonomous vehicles that perform different tasks on Mars.
Assignment[edit | edit source]
In order to perform any work, drones must be assigned to a controller. This can be a rocket, a drone hub, or an RC Commander. When a rocket lifts off, any drones assigned to it, or to an RC Commander it's taken as cargo, automatically reassign themselves to the nearest drone hub in range that has spare capacity.
A drone can be reassigned manually by selecting it (multiple drones can be selected at once) and clicking the Reassign button in the top right, followed by clicking the new controller, provided the new controller has spare capacity. If all drones selected have the same controller, simply right clicking the new controller does the same thing. Drones reassigned this way to a controller that is currently out of range will try to move within its range. It may run it battery flat this way, in which case it will need another drone to partially recharge it before it can complete the journey.
Alternatively, a drone can be reassigned between distant drone hubs or RC Commanders by first packing it into a prefab, then unpacking it at the destination. Prefabs are not items and are not stored in a specific location, so no time or infrastructure is needed to move them.
Tasks[edit | edit source]
Drone controllers automatically assign tasks to their drones that are within their control range. Overlapping controllers cooperate in assigning tasks within the area of overlap. The player may also manually designate tasks. However, this will not override an automatically assigned task; and unlike RC vehicles, drones cannot be given a queue of tasks.
Drone controllers have a "service area" that defines the maximum distance of jobs it can assign to its drones. This can be reduced by the player for each controller from the default maximum. Smaller coverage areas may be useful for focusing drones on a specific task, such as refuelling a rocket.
Short range hauling[edit | edit source]
A drone can move a single item if both the source and destination are in its controller's range and the destination isn't full. The controller's range thus defines a limit to how far away drones can supply an outpost; for longer ranges, when a string of drone hubs is impractical or would be too slow or wasteful, shuttles or RC Transports may be preferred.
A drone will take an item to:
- A depot or storage, if the goods are "loose", or if the destination has less than its desired quantity.
- An active (but possibly unstaffed or unpowered) building, if it's an input for the building. An item will only be moved in this case if the input storage is at least 1 item short of full.
- A building site, a building or dome that is due for maintenance, a pipe leak or cable fault, or a rocket that wants to export goods or take them on an expedition. In the case of a building site it will also take from a stationary RC Transport if no other source is available.
- A landscaping site that needs extra waste rock.
- A depot or storage with less than the desired quantity. However, it will only take from another depot or storage if it has more than the desired quantity (otherwise an endless loop of moving goods might ensue).
- A building, dome, cable, or pipe that needs repair or maintenance.
"Loose" above means:
- on the ground
- in a surface deposit
- in the output internal storage of a building
- in a rocket (except goods being exported or taken on an expedition)
- in the input of a building that's turned off
Goods may also be taken from a depot or storage, except for taking to another storage as noted above. They also remove waste rock from landscaping sites as part of performing the landscaping job, if the job produces waste rock rather than consuming it.
Drones are the only way of moving items into or out of a building. Colonists and RC Transports cannot do this. RC Transports, however, can also load and unload rockets.
Building and landscaping[edit | edit source]
Drones will build at any active building or landscaping site that has all its materials. More drones speed the process up, but the size of the building determines how many drones can collaborate.
Drones working in landscaping sites that will produce surplus waste rock first take away that surplus, to a dumping site if available, or else in small, space-consuming piles.
Repair and maintenance[edit | edit source]
Drones are the only way of effecting repairs to:
- other drones
- RC vehicles that have broken down
- buildings
- domes that have cracks in them
- cable faults
- pipe leaks
Drones can also partially recharge a drone whose battery has run flat.
Drones are also needed to perform routine maintenance.
Battery[edit | edit source]
Drones have an internal battery and can only work if they have energy remaining. A drone automatically assigned a job that requires more energy than it has will try to recharge first. They can do this at a recharging station (including a drone hub, which has two built in) or an RC Commander (which can only charge one drone at a time).
Obtaining Drones[edit | edit source]
Drone hubs come packaged with four drones and can command up 20; researching Drone Swarms increases the initial number to six and total control to 100. The SpaceY sponsor adds four extra starting drones to a total of eight (ten with Drone Swarms). RC Commanders start with four drones and can command eight; researching Rover Command AI increases the starting number to eight and total control to 20. Rockets can control up to 20 drones and will release control of drones when they launch. Released drones will automatically be assigned to any nearby controller that has available control capacity. If a cargo rocket lands with more than 20 drones, the excess will have control released upon landing.
Drones can be shipped directly to Mars or built in a Drone Assembler for 1 Electronics each. The Printed Electronics Breakthrough allows for drone construction out of 1 Metals. Drones shipped by rocket will immediately begin work in the command range of the rocket; drones built in the assembler must be deployed (each drone controller has such a button) before they materialize on the map. Inactive drones are stored in an (invisible) global storage as prefabs, and may be recalled from or deployed to any controller at any time. Drones can also be reassigned directly by selecting the drone, then clicking the reassign button. The drone will stop any action it is currently performing and, if not already in range, move to the command range of its new controller.
Drones have 3 available skins: White, red and blue.
In Space Race Japan uses Wasp Drones instead of regular ones. They hover above ground, which makes them both faster and capable of flying over buildings and most terrain. Wasp Drones cannot be hit by meteors or lightning while flying. They have only one skin available.
Drone technologies[edit | edit source]
There are a number of technologies that can be researched that improve your colony's drones and drone controllers: | https://survivingmars.paradoxwikis.com/Drones |
50 cm. electric cannon (Confetti + streamers)
50 cm electric cannon with rectangular metallic confetti + 0,85 cm metallic streamers. wide x 5 meters long. An electric machine is required for launcher operation.
Content
80 cm. electric cannon loaded with rectangular paper confetti + 0,85 cm paper streamers. wide x 5 meters long. The material in paper finish has a slower fall when compared to the fall of the metallic, since it weighs less. Instead, the metallic finish has an aesthetically beautiful gloss finish.
Effect
To achieve the best effect, it is recommended to use the electric confetti + streamers cannons in large spaces where we have a minimum of 8 meters in height between the ceiling and the ground. This launcher shoots the confetti at an approximate height of about 7/8 meters. It is recommended that the launch with the cannon be done vertically so that the confetti + streamers can unfold perfectly and take longer to fall.
Data sheet
- Amps
- 3 amps.
- Voltage
- 12 V. | https://www.eutopica.com/gb/electric-confetti-and-streamer-cannons/5015-4353-electric-launcher-50-cm-confetti-streamers.html |
What a gem! This beautiful home is nestled in a small gated community of 33 homes just east of the 5. Sitting on over .25 acre overlooking a park and backed to open space, this home is a rare find. It includes a granny unit with a separate entrance, a 3 car garage, 2 master closets, 2 fireplaces, and a HUGE backyard. Whether you are looking for a spacious bonus room, a private in home office, or a theater room to enjoy the latest flicks with your family, this home has everything you need.
|DAYS ON MARKET||74||LAST UPDATED||6/18/2018|
|TRACT||Sage Canyon||YEAR BUILT||2001|
|COMMUNITY||ENCINITAS||GARAGE SPACES||3.0|
|COUNTY||San Diego||TOTAL PARKING||6|
|STATUS||Active||PROPERTY TYPE(S)||RESIDENTIAL, Detached|
|PRICE HISTORY|
|Prior to Jun 2, '18||$1,500,000|
|Jun 2, '18 - Today||$1,474,500|
|ADDITIONAL DETAILS|
|AGE RESTRICTIONS||N/K, N/K|
|ASSESSORS PARCEL #||262-210-16-00|
|ASSOCIATION AMENITIES||Picnic Area|
|BEDROOM 2 DIMENSIONS||11x11, 11x11|
|BEDROOM 3 DIMENSIONS||12x11, 12X11|
|BEDROOM 4 DIMENSIONS||12x10, 12x10|
|BEDROOMS||4|
|BEDROOMS TOTAL||5|
|CFD/MELLO-ROOS FEE||0|
|CLASS||RESIDENTIAL|
|COMMUNITY||ENCINITAS|
|COMPLEX FEATURES||Gated Community|
|COOLING||N/K|
|DINING ROOM DIMENSIONS||12x12, 12x12|
|EQUIPMENT||Dishwasher|
|EXTERIOR||Stucco|
|EXTRA ROOM 1 DIMENSIONS||12x12, 12x12|
|FAMILY ROOM DIMENSIONS||19x16, 19x16|
|FENCING||Wood, Wrought Iron|
|FIREPLACE||FP in Family Room, FP in Living Room|
|FIREPLACES(S)||2, 2|
|HEAT EQUIPMENT||Fireplace, Forced Air Unit|
|HEAT SOURCE||Natural Gas|
|HOME OWNER FEES||145|
|INTERNET ADDRESS FIELD||Full Address|
|KITCHEN DIMENSIONS||19x14, 19x14|
|LAUNDRY LOCATION||Laundry Room|
|LAUNDRY UTILITIES||Gas & Electric Dryer HU|
|LIVING ROOM DIMENSIONS||15x15|
|MARKET AREA||Coastal North|
|MASTER BEDROOM DIMENSIONS||16x17, 16x17|
|NEIGHBORHOOD||Sage Canyon|
|OPTIONAL BEDROOMS||1, 1|
|ORIGINATING SYSTEM NAME||Sandicor|
|OWNERSHIP||Fee Simple|
|PARKING GARAGE||Attached|
|PARKING GARAGE SPACES||3|
|PARKING NON-GARAGE||Driveway|
|PARKING SPACES TOTAL||6|
|PATIO||Awning/Porch Covered, Covered|
|POOL||N/K|
|PROP RESTRICTIONS KNOWN||CC&R's|
|RESIDENTIAL STYLES||Detached|
|ROOF||Flat Tile|
|SALE/RENT||For Sale|
|SALES RESTRICTIONS||N/K, N/K|
|SEARCHABLE ROOMS||Master Retreat|
|SEWER/SEPTIC||Public Sewer|
|SHOWING INSTRUCTIONS||24-Hour Notice, Call Listing Agent|
|STATUS||ACTIVE|
|STORIES||2 Story|
|TOPOGRAPHY||Canyon/Valley|
|VIEW||Parklike, Valley/Canyon|
|WATER||Meter on Property|
This information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. You should rely on this information only to decide whether or not to further investigate a particular property. BEFORE MAKING ANY OTHER DECISION, YOU SHOULD PERSONALLY INVESTIGATE THE FACTS (e.g. square footage and lot size) with the assistance of an appropriate professional. You may use this information only to identify properties you may be interested in investigating further. All uses except for personal, non-commercial use in accordance with the foregoing purpose are prohibited. Redistribution or copying of this information, any photographs or video tours is strictly prohibited. This information is derived from the Internet Data Exchange (IDX) service provided by Sandicor®. Displayed property listings may be held by a brokerage firm other than the broker and/or agent responsible for this display. The information and any photographs and video tours and the compilation from which they are derived is protected by copyright. Compilation ©2018 Sandicor®, Inc.
Properties on this website was last updated as recently as 6/22/18 3:45 PM PDT. | http://www.cardiffandencinitashomes.com/idx/mls-180018346-3735_sage_canyon_dr_unit__encinitas_ca_92024 |
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Rectangular plate - Acacia
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The rectangular acacia tray makes for an elegant service on the dining table or in a buffet. On the dining table, this tray is perfect as a plate stand or as a plate for several small dishes to be shared. It is ideal as a placemat, and can also be used to serve a complete meal, for example, a casserole dish and side dishes. The wooden tray is very light and easy to serve. On the buffet table, it adds height to your dishes and provides a visual framework to the buffet. Served on its own with butcher paper, you can turn it into a cheese or charcuterie dish. The tray also looks great when combined with porcelain. Not adapted to dishwashers. | https://www.revol-pro.com/en/inspired-by-revol/470-rectangular-plate-acacia.html |
This template adds parallax to the background image sections in the front page of the new version of the Genesis Sample child theme by StudioPress.
Shows the parallax scrolling effect applied to the background image sections on the Genesis Sample themes front page template.
You can also use this template on any single page, post or custom post type using this method.
Note : Also includes the following single column Call-to-Action widget before the footer which only displays on the front page. All other pages may use the 3 column footer widgets.
The download folder also includes a front page template with widget areas and image sections enabling you to add images via the customizer to create the parallax effect.
Step 1 : Upload the folder named parallax to the Genesis Sample theme folder.
Step 2 : Upload the front-page.php file to the Genesis Sample theme folder. | https://wpsites.net/web-design/add-parallax-to-genesis-sample-theme/ |
Early last Saturday morning, 184 horses and their riders raced out underneath a nearly full moon, leaving Robie Equestrian Park for the beginning of the 64th annual Tevis Cup.
Since 1955, riders have gathered in the area to compete in the race, which takes a single horse and rider along 100 miles of the Western States Trail from the Truckee-Tahoe area to Auburn.
The riders set out from the equestrian park near Northstar California Resort shortly after 5 a.m., and after more than 16 hours on the trails, 18-year-old Sanoma Blakeley, of Terrebonne, Oregon, and her 10-year-old dark bay Arabian gelding, RA Ares Bay, emerged from the darkness in Auburn, outdueling three-time race winner Jeremy Reynolds, 39, of Dunnellon, Florida, and his Arabian mare, RTR Rimfires Etta, during the final stretch of the race to win this year’s Tevis Cup. The two were within feet of each other coming down the final stretch, so close that it took several minutes before an official announcement was made declaring Blakeley the winner.
“We had an incredible ride yesterday,” said Blakeley, who calls her horse Goober, during the awards ceremony the following day. “I couldn’t have asked for a better way for it to end. Goober, he was an awesome horse all day.”
Blakely, who was racing in her fourth Tevis Cup, said Goober belongs to her father. Goober was acquired as a 2-year-old through a Craigslist ad offering a free horse, according to an article written on TheHorse.com, and earned his nickname after grabbing the family’s other horses by their halters and leading them around.
“I’m so thankful that he let me ride him,” Blakeley said. “I couldn’t have done it without my dad, my horse, or my family and our crew.”
Among the field was a number of junior riders, and for the second consecutive year, Caroline de Bourbon, of San Leandro, California, was the top youngster, finishing the race with a time of 18 hours, 29 minutes on her Arabian gelding, RTR Thunders Nusabre.
Haggin Cup
Following the completion of 100 miles of racing, the horses are examined by veterinarians for soundness, metabolic recovery, and overall physical condition.
The horse that finishes in the top 10, and is in the best conditions is awarded the Haggin Cup. This year the award went to Lindsay Fisher, of Napa, and her 17-year-old gelding Monk. The two finished in ninth place with a time of 17 hours, 13 minutes. The duo have finished in the top 10 in each of the past five years of racing at the Tevis Cup. For finishing the ride five times, Monk was awarded the Wendell Robie Trophy.
“I started riding Monk back in 2008 with hopes of getting to the World Equestrian Games. And back then I was in vet school and I remember seeing Monk for the very first time, and he was just tied to the trailer with his head down — the quietest horse you’ve ever seen,” said Fisher during the awards ceremony.
“I thought, ‘OK well we’ll see what happens,’ and sure enough he surprised us all and we ended up making the team. We’ve also had so many other great rides together all over the world … he’s just a really, really special horse. I really can’t describe how much this horse means to me. Hopefully, I mean the same to him.”
In total, 99 of the 184 riders that left the start line successfully completed the ride. Of the junior riders to race, five of nine finished. The race also attracted 26 international competitors, and of those, 14 reached the finish line. | |
ATO Alternator Generator for Wind Turbine Power System
The students at the University of Toronto are designing and building a small-scale wind turbine for competition at the International Small Wind Turbine Contest in the Netherlands in June 2022. They would like to use a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for the design, due to its high efficiency at low speeds. ATO 600W 48V permanent magnet alternator met their specifications better than any other product available on the market.
The following is a report on the design of the ATO alternator generator in the power supply system for the project by the student group.
Power Systems Design
The power system design consists of three basic components: The generator, the rectifier, and the load control. In spring 2021, our team selected a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based on its high efficiency and ability to operate at low wind speeds. To minimize power loss, we designed an ideal diode rectifier, replacing traditionally diode components with low-resistance power MOSFETs (summer 2021). For our load control, we are designing a noninverting buck/boost hybrid converter with two gate drivers controlled by a Raspberry Pi (fall 2021). We are moving to designing the PCB layout, MPPT algorithm, and performing tests.
Generator
Among various generator types, our team selected the PMSG generator for its simple architecture and efficiency at low RPM. The high number poles allowed for high efficiency at low wind speeds and eliminated the need for a gearbox. This reduced the complexity, cost, and the weight of the design. We considered an ideal PMSG to have the following attributes:
- Operates at voltage range (0-60V) specified by the competition guidelines.
- Rated RPM in the range 600 to 700, in accordance to the predicted average wind speed.
- Low cogging torque to avoid power loss at low wind speeds.
- Consideration of protection grade for sustainability report.
Considering the above conditions and cost, we selected the 3-phase 600W PMSG by ATO shown in following figure.
Rectifier
An active rectifier with six NMOS transistors (NMOS_TK55S10N1) was designed because the conducting resistance and voltage drop across the latter are lower than that of diodes. Three 18 transistor drivers (LT4320-1) are used to switch the transistors on and off. The design of the rectifier is as follows:
- The input is a 3-phase sinusoidal voltage source with amplitude 48V and frequency 60Hz, which models the generator at rated wind speed. Each phase of the voltage source is connected to the drain of an NMOS transistor. The gates of these transistors are connected to the BG2 pin of the drivers, and the sources are grounded. Each of these transistors is connected in parallel with diodes. This ensures that the circuit still operates if transistors fail to work.
- The drain ports of the remaining three transistors are connected to the load. Their gate ports are connected to the TG1 pin of the drivers, and their source ports are connected to a voltage phase.
- The load of the circuit is a resistor connected in parallel with a capacitor. As seen in Table 1, to minimize the ripple that occurs in the voltage output, the chosen value of the capacitor is 0.1 F.
Table 1: Table comparing different ripple current values associated with different capacitances.
|Capacitance||100pF||10pF||10nF||10mF||0.1 F|
|Ripple Current||112.926 mA||110.519 mA||109.198 mA||26.091 mA||18.711 mA|
Load Control
The load control circuit is responsible for regulating to output voltage delivered to the load. We are currently finalizing the design which consists of a non-inverting buck/boost hybrid converter with two gate drivers controlled by a Raspberry Pi. When a high signal is transmitted to the gate driver, MOSFET U3 is active and closed, and the circuit operates as a buck converter. When a low signal is transmitted, MOSFET U4 is activated and the circuit operates as a boost converter. This non-inverting buck-boost hybrid circuit topology was selected due to the reduced power losses and increased efficiency, along with the flexibility of being able to increase/decrease voltage output.
The circuit is driven by two DGD2190M gate drivers and contains two MOSFETs, a capacitor, inductor and two diodes; the inductor and capacitor sizing is currently being calculated. | https://www.ato.com/ato-alternator-generator-for-wind-turbine-power-system |
A bowl used to separate water from fuel.
Waterborne
A type of paint which uses water as its primary carrier rather than typical organic solvents.
Watt
Unit of power. Volts X amps.
Wattage
The power rating of an electrical device.
Wave Wound
A winding that is wound in waves instead of individual coils.
Waveform
Pattern displayed on an oscilloscope screen.
Wavelength
The distance between corresponding points of two consecutive waves.
Wax
A uniquely formulated blend that protects and produces a durable, high-gloss finish on a painted surface. The application of waxes make it easier to clean painted surfaces. Some also serve as polishes due to containing a percentage of very fine abrasive and are capable of removing minor paint imperfections.
Wax Injection
Anti-corrosion body wax injected into box sections.
Wax Pellet Actuator
A switch or valve that operates as temperature affects a wax pellet. | https://elearning.theimi.org.uk/mod/glossary/print.php?id=4147&mode=letter&hook=W&sortkey&sortorder&offset=10&pagelimit=10 |
This invention relates to an anti-lock control apparatus for vehicle wheel brakes, and to a method of detecting wheel lock-up.
When the brakes of a vehicle are applied, a braking force between the wheel and the road surface is generated that is dependent upon various parameters including the road surface condition and the amount of slip between the wheel and the road surface. For a given road surface, the force between the wheel and the road surface increases with increasing slip values to a peak force occurring at a critical wheel slip value. As the value of wheel slip increases beyond the critical wheel slip value, the force between the wheel and the road surface decreases. Stable braking results when the wheel slip value is equal to or less than the critical wheel slip value. However, when the slip value becomes greater than the critical wheel slip value, braking becomes unstable resulting in sudden wheel lockup, reduced vehicle stopping distance and a deterioration in the lateral stability of the vehicle.
Our European patent application no. 86307113.0 describes a wheel lock control apparatus for preventing the wheels of a vehicle from locking up while being braked. In this apparatus, the wheel brake pressure that results in the wheel slip being at the critical wheel slip value and which produces the maximum braking- force between the tyre and the road surface is identified. When an incipient wheel lockup condition is detected, the brake pressure so identified is then applied to the wheel brake so as to substantially continuously establish the critical wheel slip value between the wheel and the road surface resulting in the maximum possible braking effort.
The brake pressure producing the critical wheel slip value and therefore the maximum braking force is identified in the above apparatus by repeatedly calculating the braking force between the wheel and the road surface during braking based on an equation defining the motion of a free body consisting of the wheel, tyre and the brake. This equation utilizes measured values and apparatus constants that are based on, for example, brake lining coefficient of friction and area and wheel radius. The brake pressure corresponding in time to the peak calculated force is stored. When an incipient wheel lockup is detected indicating that the critical wheel slip value establishing the peak braking force between the wheel and road surface has been exceeded, the stored brake pressure is the pressure that produced the peak braking force. After detection of an incipient wheel lockup condition, the process of identifying the pressure producing the peak braking force is ended and the brake pressure is dumped to allow the wheel to recover from the incipient lockup condition. When recovery is sensed, the stored brake pressure that produced the peak braking force is reestablished to establish a braking condition in which the wheel slip is substantially at the critical wheel slip value for the existing road-tyre interface condition.
In the apparatus set forth in our above-mentioned application, a wheel lockup condition is sensed based on wheel deceleration or wheel slip exceeding specified values.
US Patent No. 4,094,555 discloses the calculation of the friction forces between the tyre and road surface and the control of brake pressure after a detected lock-up condition based on wheel deceleration to the friction force at the time lock-up was sensed.
The main object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of detecting an incipient wheel lock-up condition that prevents erroneous release of brake pressure.
To this end, a method in accordance with the present invention, and an apparatus for operating the method, are characterised by the features specified in the characterising portions of Claims 1 and 5 respectively.
In accordance with this invention, one of the criteria for determining an impending wheel lockup condition in an anti-lock brake control apparatus is based on the decrease in the calculated braking force from an identified peak braking force as wheel slip increases during braking. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, during wheel lock controlled braking, the control apparatus re- . peatedly calculates the braking force between the wheel and the road surface while pressure is applied to the wheel brake and stores the peak value calculated. If the wheel slip exceeds the critical wheel slip value producing the maximum possible braking force between the wheel and road surface, the calculated braking force decreases from the stored peak value. When the calculated braking force decreases from the peak value by a predetermined amount, an incipient wheel lockup condition is indicated that results in a dump of the wheel brake pressure. By use of this criteria in determining an incipient wheel lockup condition as opposed to wheel deceleration, for example, false dumps of the wheel brake pressure that may otherwise result from noise or rapid increases in brake pressure are avoided.
Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating the brake force coefficient between a wheel and a road surface as a function of the percentage slip between the wheel and road surface for two road surface conditions;
Figure 2 is a general diagram of the braking apparatus for controlling the wheel brakes in accordance with the principles of this invention;
Figure 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the actuator of Figure 2 for modulating the brake pressure to prevent wheel lockup;
Figure 4 is a diagram of the electronic controller of Figure 2 that is responsive to brake apparatus parameters for controlling the brake pressure to inhibit wheel lockup in accordance with the principles of this invention; and
Figures 5 to 8 are diagrams illustrating the operation of the electronic controller of Figure 4.
The present invention is now described, by way of example, with reference to the following description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in which:-
A wheel under the influence of braking has two major torques acting on it: brake torque and tyre torque. Brake torque arises from the application of brake pressure through the brake mechanism and tyre torque is generated by the friction of the tyre-road interface as wheel slip occurs.
b
b
b
t
Brake torque T is assumed to be proportional to brake pressure P with a known brake gain K and is defined by the expressionTyre torque T is related to the brake friction coefficient u between the tyre and the road surface, the normal load N on the tyre and the wheel rolling radius R and is defined by the expression
'
w
For the free body consisting of the brake, wheel, and tyre, the equation of motion iswhere I is the wheel moment of inertia and w is the wheel angular acceleration. When the difference between the tyre torque and the brake torque is positive, the wheel accelerates; and when negative, the wheel decelerates.
t
Combining expressions (1) and (3), tyre torque T is defined as
w
b
b
As can be seen, the tyre torque can be calculated from values that are either known or can be measured. The wheel moment of inertia I and the brake gain K are known values, the value of brake pressure P can be measured and w can be determined by differentiating the value of wheel speed which can be measured.
t
b
t
b
The brake friction coefficient term a of the tyre torque T is a nonlinear function of the magnitude of slip between the wheel and the road surface during braking and is dependent upon the road surface condition. Figure I illustrates the brake friction coefficient u. as a function of percentage-wheel slip for two road surface conditions. For a given road surface, it can be seen that as wheel slip is increased in response to increased brake torque T, the brake friction coefficient u. and therefore the tyre torque T increases until a critical wheel slip value at which the brake friction coefficient and the tyre torque are at a maximum. A further increase in wheel slip results in a decrease in the tyre torque due to a decrease in the brake friction coefficient and high wheel deceleration values. The maximum tyre torque resulting in a maximum braking effort for a given road surface is achieved when the brake torque T produces the critical wheel slip value. When the braking effort produces a wheel slip exceeding the critical wheel slip value, the braking operation becomes unstable and typically results in sudden wheel lockup which in turn results in increased stopping distance and a deterioration in the steering and lateral stability of the vehicle.
b
t
t
b
t
In general, the brake control apparatus identifies the value of the brake pressure P that produces the maximum tyre torque T. This is accomplished by continuously calculating the tyre torque value T of equation (4) during braking. Any time the calculated value is larger than any previously calculated value, the value of the tyre torque and the brake pressure P is stored so that the maximum tyre torque and brake pressure producing it are known. When an incipient wheel lockup is detected, the brake pressure is dumped to allow the wheel speed to recover and the brake pressure is thereafter reapplied to the stored value to establish a braking condition in which the wheel slip is substantially at the critical wheel slip value for the existing road surface condition. This results in substantially the maximum possible tyre torque T and minimum stopping distance for the road surface condition.
In accordance with this invention, a predetermined decrease in the calculated tyre torque from the stored peak value is used as one parameter to sense an incipient wheel lockup condition. Calculated tyre torque includes a portion based on brake pressure and a portion based on wheel deceleration as illustrated in the equation (4) and is used in determining a wheel lockup condition in place of wheel deceleration alone. This provides a condition representing an incipient wheel lockup that is less sensitive to noise and further which does not initiate a false dump of brake pressure as a result of high wheel deceleration resulting from rapid increases in the applied brake pressure.
A general overview of the anti-lock brake control apparatus is illustrated in Figure 2. The control of the brake of a single wheel is illustrated, it being understood that the control of the brakes of the remaining wheels of the vehicle are identical thereto. A standard wheel brake 10 for a wheel 11 is actuated by controlled hydraulic pressure from one of two sources. The primary source is an actuator 12 which is motor driven and the secondary source is a standard master cylinder 14 controlled directly by the brake pedal 16 of the vehicle. An electromagnetic valve 18 which is normally open is energized when the actuator 12 is operative to control the hydraulic pressure to the wheel brake 10 so as to decouple the master cylinder 14 and brake pedal 16 from the hydraulic pressure output of the actuator 12. This prevents pressure feedback to the vehicle operator while brake pressure is controlled by the actuator 12. When the electromagnetic valve 18 is deenergized, the hydraulic pressure to wheel brake 10 may be modulated directly by the brake pedal 16 and master cylinder 14.
The electromagnetic valve 18 is deenergized only during limited vehicle operating conditions such as low vehicle speed or during failed conditions of the primary hydraulic pressure source to permit brake pressure modulation by the master cylinder 14. At all other times, the electromagnetic valve 18 is energized to decouple the master cylinder 14 from the braking apparatus.
b
b
b
An electronic controller 20 is responsive to the outputs of a brake pedal force sensor 22 providing a signal that is a measure of operator applied brake pedal force F, a wheel speed sensor 24 that provides a signal that is a measure of wheel speed w , and a pressure sensor 26 that provides a signal that is a measure of the (hydraulic brake) pressure P applied to the wheel brake 10 from the master cylinder 14 or the actuator 12. The electronic controller 20 is responsive to those signals to (a) energize the electromagnetic valve 18 when the wheel speed ω exceeds a value corresponding to a low vehicle speed such as 4.8 kph (3 mph), (b) control the actuator 12 so as to apply a brake pressure P to the wheel brake 10 that is proportional to the brake pedal force F times a gain constant G for providing power assist during normal braking conditions, and (c) limit the brake pressure P applied to the wheel brake 10 to a value that results in the maximum possible tyre torque T, for the road surface condition to prevent wheel lockup and to provide for the shortest possible stopping distance, lateral vehicle stability and controllable vehicle steering.
b
Referring to Figure 3, the actuator 12 in the preferred embodiment includes a DC torque motor 28 whose output shaft drives an input gear 30 which in turn rotatably drives an output gear 32. The drive member 34 of a ball screw actuator is secured for rotation with the output gear 32. The drive member 34 engages and axially positions a driven member 36 of the ball screw actuator. The driven member 36 drives a piston 38 to control the hydraulic pressure output of the actuator 12. The torque output of the DC torque motor 28 is translated to a directly related hydraulic brake pressure P output of the actuator 12 that is applied to the wheel brake 10.
b
b
The DC torque motor 28 current may be used as a measure of the brake pressure P in place of the pressure sensor 26 since the torque output of the DC torque motor 28 and therefore the brake pressure P is related to the motor current.
As specifically illustrated in Figure 4, the electronic controller 20 takes the form of a digital computer 40 and a motor control circuit 41. The digital computer 40 is standard in form and includes a central processing unit (CPU) which executes an operating program permanently stored in a read-only memory (ROM) which also stores tables and constants utilized in controlling the hydraulic brake pressure input to the wheel brake 10. Contained within the CPU are conventional counters, registers, accumulators, flag flip flops, etc. along with a clock which provides a high frequency clock signal.
The digital computer 40 also includes a random access memory (RAM) into which data may be temporarily stored and from which data may be read at various address locations determined in accordance with the program stored in the ROM. A power control unit (PCU) receives battery voltage and provides regulated power to the various operating circuits in the electronic controller 20.
b
b
The digital computer 40 further includes an input/output circuit (I/O) that in turn includes a discrete output section controlled by the CPU to provide a control signal to the electromagnetic valve 18. In controlling the wheel brake 10, the digital computer 40 outputs a digital signal to the motor control circuit 41 via the 1/0 representing a desired value of the hydraulic brake pressure. The motor control circuit 41 converts the digital signal representing the desired pressure to an analogue signal which is compared with the actual measured value of the brake pressure P. By standard closed loop adjustment that may include both proportional and integral terms, the DC torque motor 28 current is controlled so that the actual measured brake pressure P is made equal to the desired pressure.
b
The I/O also includes an input counter section which receives a pulse output from the wheel speed sensor 24 having a frequency representing wheel speed ω. Wheel speed ω is then determined by counting clock pulses between wheel speed pulses. An analogue-to-digital unit (ADU) is included which provides for the measurement of analogue signals. The analogue signals representing conditions upon which the hydraulic brake pressure to the wheel brake 10 is based are supplied to the ADU. In the present embodiment, those signals include the brake pressure value P from the pressure sensor 26 and the output of the brake pedal force sensor 22 providing a measure of the brake pedal force F. The analogue signals are sampled and converted under the control of the CPU and stored in ROM designated RAM memory locations.
b
The operation of the electronic controller 20 in controlling the hydraulic brake pressure P to the wheel brake 10 is illustrated in the Figures 5-8. Referring first to Figure 5, when power is first applied to the apparatus such as when the vehicle ignition switch is rotated to its "on" position, the computer program is initiated at point 42 and then proceeds to a step 44 where the digital computer 40 provides for apparatus initialization. For example, at this step 44 initial values stored in the ROM are entered into ROM designated RAM memory locations and counters, flags and timers are initialized.
b
After the initialization. step 44, the program proceeds to a step 46 where the program conditions the electronic controller 20 to allow interrupts to occur and then to a background loop at step 48 which is continuously repeated. This background loop may include, for example, diagnostic routines. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, an interrupt is provided by the CPU at 5 millisecond intervals. Following each interrupt, the execution of the background loop is interrupted and the routines for establishing the hydraulic brake pressure P are executed.
b
c
Referring to Figure 6, the five millisecond interrupt routine for controlling the wheel brake 10 is illustrated. This interrupt routine is entered at step 50 and proceeds to a step 52 where the last measured wheel speed u is saved and the new values of wheel speed w, brake pedal force F and brake pressure P are read and stored in ROM designated RAM memory locations. Next, the program proceeds to a decision point 54 where it is determined whether or not the operator is commanding brake application. The wheel brakes 10 are considered applied if the value of the brake pedal force F is greater than zero. If the wheel brakes 10 are not applied, the program proceeds to a step 56 where a brake pressure command value P is set equal to zero. Also at this step 56, the speed of the vehicle as represented by the speed ωv of a hypothetical unbraked wheel is set equal to the wheel speed measured at step 52. Since the wheel brakes 10 are not applied, the wheel slip is substantially at zero so that the actual and hypothetical wheel speeds can be equated.
m
tm
From step 56, the program proceeds to a step 58 where a D-flag (represented by the state of a flip-flop or a RAM memory location) is reset to condition the program to execute an identification routine (illustrated in Figure 7) which identifies the brake pressure producing the critical wheel slip value and therefore the maximum possible braking effort and which establishes the identified brake pressure following the sensing of an incipient wheel lockup condition. As will be described, the D-flag is set following the sensing of an incipient wheel lockup condition in accordance with the principles of this invention to condition the program to execute a dump routine (illustrated in Fig 8) to release the brake pressure and allow the wheel speed to recover. Also at step 58, the maximum allowable brake pressure P is set equal to a calibration constant Kp such as 10342 kPa (1500 psi) and a RAM memory location storing the value of the maximum calculated tyre torque value T is set equal to zero. Thereafter, the program exits the 5 millisecond interrupt routine and returns to the background loop of step 48 of Figure 5.
The foregoing steps/decision point 52 to 58 are continuously repeated at 5 millisecond intervals as long as the vehicle operator does not command brake application. However, when a brake pedal force F is applied to the brake pedal 16, the program proceeds from decision point 54 to a series of steps that provide an estimation of the value of vehicle speed ωv as represented by the speed of a hypothetical unbraked wheel. It is noted that the initial value of ωv was set equal to the actual wheel speed ω at step 56 prior to operation of the brake pedal 16. This series of steps begins at step 59 where the rate of change in wheel speed (wheel angular acceleration) ω̇ is determined from the old value of wheel' speed saved at step 52 and the new value stored at step 52. The determined rate of change of wheel speed is then compared with a constant deceleration of 1g at decision point 60. The 1 g deceleration value represents the maximum possible vehicle deceleration. When wheel deceleration is less than 1 g, it is assumed that the vehicle is decelerating at the same rate as the wheel 11. If, however, the wheel deceleration exceeds 1 g, it is assumed that the vehicle deceleration remains at the maximum value of 1g.
If the wheel deceleration is less than or equal to 1 g, the program proceeds from decision point 60 to a decision point 62 where ω̇ is compared to zero. If the comparison indicates wheel deceleration, the program proceeds to step 64 where the rate of change of vehicle.speed ω̇v is set equal to the actual measured rate of change of wheel speed. If, however, the comparison at decision point 62 indicates no change in wheel speed or wheel acceleration, the program proceeds to a step 66 where the rate of change of vehicle speed is set equal to zero.
Returning to decision point 60, if it is determined that the wheel deceleration is 1g or greater, the program proceeds to a step 68 where ω̇v is set equal to the maximum possible vehicle deceleration of 1g.
v
v-1
From the respective steps 64, 66 or 68, the program proceeds to a step 70 where vehicle speed is estimated. This estimation is based on an initial value of vehicle speed ω determined during the previous execution of the interrupt routine and the rate of change of vehicle speed determined at step 64, 66 or 68 over the five millisecond interval Δt between interrupt periods.
v
v
v-1
v
v-1
From step 70, the program proceeds to a decision point 72 where the actual wheel speed ω measured at step 52 is compared to the vehicle speed ω determined at step 70. If the wheel speed is equal to or greater than the vehicle speed (which cannot occur during braking of the wheel), the value of vehicle speed is corrected at step 74 by setting the vehicle speed ω equal to wheel speed ω and the initial vehicle speed ω to be used at step 70 in the next execution of the interrupt routine is set equal to wheel speed w . If at decision point 72 the wheel speed ω is determined to be less than the vehicle speed ω, the program proceeds to a step 76 where the initial vehicle speed ω to be used at step 70 during the next execution of the interrupt routine set equal to the value of vehicle speed determined at step 70.
c
Following step 74 or step 76, the program proceeds to a decision point 78 where the vehicle speed is compared to a calibration constant such as 4.8 kph (3 mph). If the vehicle speed is less than 4.8 kph (3 mph), the program proceeds to a step 80 where the brake pressure command value P is set equal to the value of the brake pedal force F times the gain constant G for providing power assisted braking. Thereafter, the program proceeds to a step 82 where the electromagnetic valve 18 of Figure 2 is deenergized and then to the step 58 previously described.
If the vehicle speed is greater than 4.8 kph (3 mph), the program proceeds from decision point 78 to step 84 where the electromagnetic valve 18 is energized to decouple the master cylinder 14 from the actuator 12. Brake application is thereafter provided solely via the actuator 12 as controlled by the electronic controller 20. From step 84, the program proceeds to a decision point 86 where the state of the D-flag is sampled. If the D-flag is reset to condition the program to execute the identify routine, the program proceeds to a step 88 where the identify routine is executed.
If decision point 86 determines that the D-flag is set, the program is conditioned to execute a dump routine, and the program proceeds to a step 90 where the dump routine is executed. During this routine, the pressure to the wheel brake 10 is released to allow the speed of the wheel 11 to recover from an incipient lockup condition. Following the steps 88 or 90, the program exits the 5 millisecond interrupt routine of Figure 6 and returns to the background loop of step 48 of Figure 5.
Referring to Figure 7, the identify routine of step 88 of Figure 6 is illustrated. This routine (A) provides for power assisted braking, (B) identifies the brake pressure producing the critical wheel slip corresponding to the maximum possible braking force between the tyre and the road surface, (C) senses an incipient wheel lockup condition and conditions the program to execute the dump routine to allow wheel recovery from the lockup condition and (D) reestablishes the brake pressure to substantially the identified pressure producing the critical wheel slip value.
t
b
b
t
b
t
tm
tm
tm
bm
b
EL
tm
EL
tm
DEL
tm
DEL
DEL
DEL
t
tm
bm
The identify routine is entered at point 92 and proceeds to a step 94 where the value of the tyre torque T is calculated in accordance with the equation (4) from the wheel angular deceleration ω̇ determined at step 59, the brake pressure P measured at step 52 and the known values of wheel moment of inertia 1, and brake gain K. Step 94 defines monitoring means for monitoring the tyre torque T tending to accelerate the wheel 11 during the application of brake pressure P. From step 94, the program proceeds,to decision point 96 and step 98 that function to identify the brake pressure' producing the maximum value of tyre torque and to determine the decrease in tyre torque from the peak value that represents an incipient wheel lockup condition. At decision point 96, the tyre torque Tcalculated at step 94 is compared with the largest previously calculated value T stored in memory. If the value calculated at step 94 is greater than the stored value T, the program proceeds to step 98 where the stored value T is set equal to the larger value calculated at step 94, a stored value of brake pressure P representing the brake pressure corresponding in time to the stored maximum calculated value of tyre torque is set equal to the brake pressure P measured at step 52 and a stored value of the decrease in tyre torque Tp from the stored maximum calculated tyre torque T that represents an incipient wheel lockup condition is updated. In this embodiment, Tε is a predetermined percentage of the maximum calculated tyre torque T. Accordingly, the value of T stored at step 98 is set equal to T/K where K is a calibration constant establishing the percentage drop in tyre torque as the wheel slip exceeds the critical wheel slip value that represents an impending wheel lockup condition. For illustration purposes only, Kmay be 4.0 establishing a 25% decrease in tyre torque T . Step 98 defines storing means for storing the value of the maximum calculated tyre torque T and the brake pressure P corresponding in time thereto.
t
tm
b
bm
DEL
The foregoing sequence of decision point 96 and step 98 are repeated with each execution of the identify routine as long as the tyre torque is increasing. If decision point 96 should determine that the calculated value of tyre torque T is less than the stored maximum calculated value T, step 98 is bypassed. This will occur when the brake pressure Presults in a wheel slip that exceeds the critical wheel slip value which in turn results in a decrease in the tyre torque. The stored value of brake pressure Pthen represents the brake pressure establishing the critical wheel slip value and therefore the maximum braking effort and the stored value of T is the decrease in tyre torque representing an incipient wheel lockup condition.
v
L
L
L
L
t
tm
DEL
The program next determines whether or not an incipient wheel lock condition exists. At decision point 99 the ratio ω/ω is compared with a reference value S above which stable braking takes place. In one embodiment, S may equal 0.92 representing 8% wheel slip. A ratio less than S indicates a potential for unstable braking. ParE ticularly, if the wheel slip exceeds the value re- presentated by S and the wheel is decelerating, a decrease in the tyre torque T to a value below the stored maximum calculated tyre torque T by an amount equal to T is a result of wheel slip exceeding the critical wheel slip value as the wheel decelerates toward a lockup condition.
t
tm
DEL
DEL
v
m
m
If decision point 99 determines that a potential exists for unstable braking, the program proceeds to determine if an incipient wheel lockup condition exists based on the decrease in the tyre torque from the peak value (if the wheel 11 is decelerating) or based on the magnitude of wheel slip. Decision point 100 determines if wheel acceleration is negative. If negative the program proceeds to decision point 101 to determine if the tyre torque T calculated at step 94 is less than the maximum calculated tyre torque T stored at step 98 by the value T or greater. If the tyre torque Tt has not decreased from the peak value by the value T, representing stable braking based on this parameter or if wheel acceleration is not less than 0 as determined at decision point 100, the program proceeds to a decision point 102 where the ratio ω/ω is compared with a reference value S-(such as 0.7) which represents a wheel slip value that exceeds the largest possible critical wheel slip value for any road surface condition. A ratio less than S indicates that braking has become unstable and an incipient wheel lockup condition exists.
m
c
If either of the decision points 99 and 102 indicates a stable braking condition, the program proceeds to a decision point 104 where the value of the operator requested brake pressure that is equal to the applied brake pedal force F times the power assist gain constant G is compared with a maximum allowable brake pressure P. If the product is less than the maximum value, the program proceeds to a step 106 where the brake pressure command value P is adjusted toward the operator requested pressure in accordance with a first order lag filter equation to provide power assisted braking. Thereafter, the program exits the identify routine and returns to the background loop of step 48.
m
m
c
m
EL
If at decision point 104 it is determined that the operator requested brake pressure is greater than the maximum allowable brake pressure P, the program proceeds to a pressure ramp routine where, through repeated executions of the identify routine, the maximum allowable brake pressure P and the brake pressure command value P are ramped up at rates dependent upon the tyre-road interface condition until decision point 104 detects that the maximum allowable brake pressure P has become greater than the operator requested brake pressure or, if the operator requested brake pressure results in an unstable braking condition, until the commanded brake pressure results in an incipient wheel lockup condition at which time the brake pressure establishing the critical wheel slip value has been identified by the decision point 96 and step 98 as well as the value of Tε to be used at decision point 101 in determining whether or not an incipient wheel lockup condition exists. The brake pressure identified is used to reestablish the commanded brake pressure after the wheel recovers from the incipient lockup condition. The result of the ramping of the brake pressure is a periodic low frequency reidentification of the brake pressure producing the critical wheel slip value.
1
c
1
1
c
m
c =
co
z
m
z
bm
c
co
c
b
m
m
bm
The routine for ramping the brake pressure begins at a decision point 108 where the value of a time t in a RAM timing register is compared to zero. The initial value of time t establishes a delay in the ramping of the brake pressure command value P. Thereafter, the time t functions in establishing the ramp rate. If the time t is greater than zero, the program proceeds to a step 110 where the time t is decremented. Thereafter, at step 112, the program proceeds to adjust the brake pressure command value P toward a predetermined fraction FRAC of the maximum allowable brake pressure P in accordance with the first order lag filter equation P (Zp. P) + (Z. P.FRAC) (5)
where Zp and Z are values established as will be described based on the value of the stored value of brake pressure P so that P is ramped at a rate dependent upon the road-tyre friction coefficient and P is the prior value of P. The time constant of this expression is generally small so that the brake pressure P is quickly ramped toward the maximum allowable brake pressure P. By setting the maximum allowable brake pressure P to the stored value of brake pressure P after an incipient wheel lockup condition is sensed (as will be described), the commanded brake pressure established upon repeated executions of step 112 will be the predetermined fraction FRAC of the pressure producing the critical wheel slip. In one embodiment, FRAC is 0.9 so that the resultant brake pressure produces substantially the critical wheel slip value.
m
1
2
Z
2
As long as an incipient wheel lock condition is not detected and the operator requested brake pressure is greater than the maximum allowable brake pressure P, the decision point/steps 108 to 112 are repeated at the five millisecond interrupt interval until t has been decremented to zero. After t has been decremented to zero, the program proceeds from decision point 108 to decision point 114 where the a time t in a RAM timing register is compared to zero. If the time t is greater than zero, the program proceeds to a step 116 where the time t is decremented.
m
1
n
2
n
1
m
n
2
2
m
n
2
bm
m
c
Following step 116 or decision point 114, the program proceeds to a step 118 where the maximum allowable brake pressure P is incremented _ and the time t is set equal to K(t + 1) where K is a calibration constant. Thereafter, the decision point/steps 114 to 118 will be bypassed upon repeated executions of the identify routine until t is again decremented to zero. From this it can be seen that the maximum allowable brake pressure P is periodically incremented at intervals determined by K and t. When t is decremented to zero, the maximum allowable brake pressure P is incremented with each K executions of the identify routine. The initial value of t is based on the stored value of brake pressure P as will be described so that P and therefore P is ramped at a rate dependent upon the tyre-road friction coefficient.
c
c
m
Following step 118, the program proceeds to step 112 where the brake pressure command value P is again set as previously described. Repeated executions of the foregoing steps function to increase the brake pressure command value P exponentially. This increase will be continued until (A) an incipient wheel lock condition is forced so as to force a reidentification of the brake pressure producing the critical wheel slip value via the decision point 96 and step 98 or (B) the operator requested brake pressure becomes less than the maximum allowable brake pressure P.
c
L
tm
DEL
DEL
tm
DEL
m
bm
If the brake pressure command value P is increased to a point resulting in the wheel slip value becoming greater than the critical wheel slip value, the wheels 11 then quickly approach a lockup condition. This incipient wheel lock condition is detected at decision point 101 or decision point 102. As previously indicated, wheel slip exceeding S and the wheel decelerating as determined at decision points 99 and 100 represent that a decrease in the tyre torque from the maximum calculated tyre torque T by an amount equal to T as determined at decision point 101 is the result of the wheel slip exceeding the critical wheel slip value and an incipient wheel lockup condition exists. Decision points 99-101 define indicating means for indicating an incipient wheel lock-up condition. Other conditions may be employed in place-of those in decision points 99 and 100 to indicate that the decrease in tyre torque by T determined at decision point 101 is the result of wheel slip exceeding the critical wheel slip value. For example, the program could determine if wheel slip is increasing at the time tyre torque has decreased from the maximum calculated tyre torque T by the amount T. The increasing slip with decreasing tyre torque represents a condition where the wheel slip is greater than the critical wheel slip value. An incipient wheel lockup condition is also represented if the wheel slip exceeds the reference value S as determined at decision point 102. When the incipient wheel lockup condition is detected, the stored value of brake pressure P in memory at that time is the brake pressure producing the critical wheel slip value and therefore the maximum possible tyre torque.
2
k1
k2
bm
bm
c
t
c
bm
c
After a wheel lockup condition has been sensed, the program proceeds to a decision point 120 where the time t is compared with a time t As will be seen, these two values will be equal only if a wheel lockup condition is sensed within a predetermined constant time period t (such as 500ms) after the brake pressure is reestablished after recovery from an incipient wheel lockup condition. A wheel lockup occurring within this period after reapplication of the brake pressure implies the application of an unstable brake pressure producing an incipient wheel lockup condition. If this condition exists, the program proceeds to a decision point 122 where the brake pressure P, stored at step 98 and identified as the pressure establishing the critical wheel slip value, is compared with the brake pressure command value P c which resulted in the incipient wheel lockup condition. If greater, the program proceeds to a step 124 where the stored value of brake pressure P is corrected to the brake pressure command value P. This condition represents an error in the calculation of the tyre torque either through changes in the brake coefficients or errors in various constants used in the determination of the calculation of the tyre torque T. Since the brake pressure producing the critical wheel slip value can never be greater than the brake pressure command value P that resulted in an incipient wheel lock condition, the value of P is reduced to the value of P causing the incipient wheel lock condition.
2
k1
bm
c
k1
t1
bm
t1
k1
bm
tm
From decision point 120 if the time t is not equal to t, from decision point 122 if P is less than P, or from step 124, the program proceeds to a step 125 where the value of t is set equal to k. (1-P/Kp) where k is a calibration constant and Kp is the limit of the brake pressure as described with respect to step 58. From the above expression, it can be seen that t varies inversely with the stored value of brake pressure P producing the maximum braking effort. As will be seen, this results in a rate of increase in the brake pressure via the decision point 114, and steps 116 and 118 that varies directly with the maximum calculated tyre torque T stored at step 98.
z
z
bm
z
z
z
z
z
bm
tm
bm
Next at step 126, the values of Zp and Z to be used in the filter equation (5) in step 112 are established. Z p is set equal to the expression (K-P /Kp)/Kwhere K is a calibration constant. In one embodiment, K was selected to be 5.0 resulting in Zp being equal to approximately 0.8 when braking on a surface having a high coefficient. Z is set equal to 1-Zp As can be seen, the values of Zp and Z are dependent upon the identified stored value of brake pressure P producing the maximum calculated tyre torque T such that the filter equation (5) has a time constant that decreases with increasing values of P. This results in a more rapid application of brake pressure for road surfaces having a higher coefficient of friction.
m
bm
k2
k1
bm
m
Next, at step 127, the D-flag is set to condition the program to execute the dump routine and certain initial conditions for reapplication of brake pressure are established. The initial conditions include setting the maximum allowable brake pressure P equal to the stored value of brake pressure P (the brake pressure identified as producing the critical wheel slip value), setting the time t equal to the predetermined constant time period t and setting the time t equal to the value t previously described which makes the initial value of t 2. dependent upon Pto control the rate of increase of P as a function of the road surface condition as previously described.
The program next proceeds to a step 128 where the dump routine is executed. Thereafter, during executions of the 5ms interrupt routine of Figure 6, the identify routine is bypassed via the decision point 86 and the dump routine of step 90 is executed until the D-flag is again reset. Decision points/steps 120-128 define reapplying means for reapplying the brake pressure following a detected incipient wheel lock-up condition to substantially the last stored value of brake pressure.
v
k
k
k
L
c
R
R
R
R
The dump routine executed at step 128 of the identify routine of Figure 7 and at step 90 of the interrupt routine of Figure 6 is illustrated in Figure 8. This routine is entered at point 130 and proceeds to a decision point 131 where wheel slip represented by the ratio of wheel speed ω to the speed ω of the hypothetical unbraked wheel is compared to a constant S representing wheel speed approaching vehicle speed. S may be, for example, 0.92 representing a wheel slip of 8 percent. If the ratio is less than constant S, the program proceeds to a decision point 132 where wheel angular acceleration ω̇ is compared with a low value ω̇such as a value representing 1g. If the wheel speed has not yet begun to accelerate at this level in its recovery from the incipient lockup condition, the program proceeds to a step 134 where the brake pressure command value P is set to zero to allow the wheel speed to recover from the incipient wheel lockup and toward vehicle speed. From step 134, the program compares at decision point 136 the time t that the brake pressure has been dumped with a maximum allowable time K beyond which the brake pressure is to be reapplied even if recovery from the lockup condition has not been detected. If the maximum allowable time period K has not been exceeded, the time t is incremented at a step 138 and the program returns to the background loop of step 48 of Figure 5.
L
c
b
Returning to decision point 132, if the wheel angular acceleration ω̇ has exceeded ω̇, the brake pressure command value P is set equal to the then existing brake pressure P at a step 140 to effect a hold of the brake pressure until wheel speed recovery is detected.
t
t-1
Next, at a decision point 142, the present wheel acceleration ω̇ is compared to the previous wheel acceleration ω̇. If wheel acceleration is increasing indicating that the wheel slip is still decreasing toward the critical wheel slip value, the program proceeds to the step 136 previously described.
k
R
tm
v
R
If decision point 131 detects wheel speed recovery based on wheel slip decreasing to a value below that represented by constant S or if decision point 142 detects that the wheel slip is less than the critical wheel slip value represented by a decrease in wheel acceleration or if decision point 136 detects a brake pressure dump duration exceeding the maximum allowable time K, the program proceeds to a step 144 where the D=flag is reset to condition the program to execute the identify routine of Figure 7. Also at this step, the maximum calculated tyre torque T is set to zero so that the identify routine is conditioned to reiden- tify the brake pressure establishing the critical wheel slip value, the hypothetical unbraked wheel speed (vehicle speed) ωis set equal to the last measured wheel speed ω and the time t is reset. The program then exits the dump routine of Figure 8 and returns to the background loop of step 48.
During the following executions of the 5 millisecond interrupt routine of Figure 6, the program executes the identify routine at step 88 until the D-flag is again set at step 127 after an incipient wheel lockup condition is sensed. | |
Your dishwasher is hardwired to the house. There can be certain instances where you need to disconnect the power supply to the dishwasher, such as when it needs to be repaired or moved.
In such cases, you will need to locate the circuit breaker for the dishwasher to switch it off. This means you need to locate the electrical panel of the house and check the circuit breakers.
If you are not familiar with how to go about this, read on to find out how to locate the dishwasher’s circuit breaker and how to disconnect the power supply to the dishwasher.
Cannot Find the Circuit Breaker for Dishwasher (What to do?)
Dishwashers that are hardwired have their dedicated circuit. This means that the dishwasher’s breaker cannot be used to supply power to any other appliance, lights, or outlets.
Circuit breakers are found in an electrical panel in the house. It is important to identify the circuit breaker for a dishwasher so that in case of repairs, it can be switched off immediately.
This article will guide you in locating the circuit breaker specific to the hardwired dishwasher and how to reset it.
Components of the Electrical Panel
The electrical panel houses the circuit breakers. This panel is a metal box that is built into the wall and closed with a lid or a small door. It is found in an out-of-the-way area of your house.
The main power supply line to the house is connected to the electrical panel, which then distributes the currents to specific areas in the house.
• The main breaker – within the electrical panel is the ‘main’ breaker, which is a double pole circuit breaker. The main breaker switches the power ‘on’ or ‘off’ all the circuits in one go. It is usually located on the top.
• Circuit breakers – there are many breakers, each controlling a specific area or room in the house. Different circuit breakers handle different levels of amps, ranging from 15 – 200 amps.
The circuit breakers should be labeled to indicate the room, area, or appliance they are controlling.
How to Find the Circuit Breaker for the Dishwasher?
If the circuit breakers are not labeled, you will need to trace the connections and label each circuit breaker correctly.
If the circuit breakers are not labeled, take the following steps (you will need somebody to help you):
STEP 1: Switch ON all the lights, devices, and small appliances in the house.
STEP 2: Turn off the first circuit breaker in the panel. You will need to check which appliance or light has turned off.
STEP 3: Put a label near that circuit breaker and write down which area, room, or appliance It connects to.
For the appliances, lights, lamps, rooms, and areas which have been checked and identified by that circuit breaker, you can put a sticker on them to indicate that they have been covered.
This will make sure that every item which uses power has been identified with a circuit breaker.
STEP 4: Repeat the process with the next breaker and start switching on the larger appliances.
STEP 5: Each circuit breaker will indicate the amps. This will help indicate the appliance it is connected to. Dishwashers use 15 – 20 amps with a single-pole circuit breaker.
STEP 6: Once most of the circuit breakers are identified, check the one with the 15 or 20 amps. Switch on the dishwasher and switch off the first circuit breaker with that amp.
Check the dishwasher to see if it has turned off. Repeat this process if necessary to find out which circuit breaker belongs to the dishwasher.
If the circuit breaker for the dishwasher cannot be located, there could be a sub-panel of circuit breakers. A sub-panel is a smaller electrical panel that provides power to specific areas in the house.
The sub-panel is usually in another part of the house. Once you locate it, repeat the process as above to identify the dishwasher circuit breaker.
Make sure to label all the circuit breakers and double-check that every item which uses power has been covered by one of the circuit breakers.
When writing on the labels, do not identify the rooms with people e.g., do not write Mary’s room. You can indicate it as room 1 or room 2 and draw a small map to indicate which those rooms are. This will help future homeowners to identify the areas to their corresponding circuit breakers.
Can the Dishwasher and Garbage Disposal Be on the Same Circuit?
The NEC requires dishwashers to have their own dedicated circuit. This is to avoid overloading the electrical system of the house. Electrical overloads can cause serious damage and fire as well. The circuit breaker for a hardwired dishwasher must be at least 15-amps.
If you put the dishwasher and the garbage disposal on the same circuit, you could violate the codes. Check your local area codes if it allows both appliances to be on the same circuit.
This does not mean that the dishwasher and garbage disposer cannot be on the same circuit. If you do put them on the same circuit, note the following:
- Ensure that the amperage of both does not exceed 80% of the total circuit amperage.
- The total amperage of the circuit should be 20 amp
It is risky to run both appliances at the same time. Typically, a dishwasher uses 15 amps, and a garbage disposer uses between 15-20 amps. Running both appliances at the same time will most likely use over 80% of the total circuit amperage, resulting in tripping.
However, if you cannot change the circuits and both appliances share a circuit, run the garbage disposal before running the dishwasher (since you will be clearing the dishes and utensils and disposing of food particles in the garbage disposal before you load the dishwasher).
It is advisable for both appliances to have their own dedicated circuit, to avoid any mishaps.
How Do I Turn Off the Power to My Dishwasher?
When it comes to power supply, there are 2 types of dishwashers:
1- Hardwired dishwashers
2- Cord and plug dishwashers
For a cord and plug dishwasher, the power outlet should be near or under the sink. To turn off the power, simply unplug the dishwasher cord from the receptacle.
To switch off a hardwired dishwasher, do the following:
1- Locate the electrical panel
2- The circuit breaker for the dishwasher should be labeled. Turn the circuit breaker to the off position. Before touching anything, make sure your hands are dry.
3- Double-check to make sure that the dishwasher does not switch on.
Circuit Breaker Dishwasher Reset
The dishwasher’s circuit breaker sometimes needs to be reset. This is because the dishwasher trips the circuit breaker. This can be due to an electrical component malfunctioning in the dishwasher, as stated above (what to do if the DW keeps tripping the circuit breaker).
To reset it, simply flip the circuit breaker switch back to ‘on’. A tripped breaker will have automatically flipped to the ‘off’ position.
If it has not fully flipped to the ‘off’ position, first flip it off and then flip it back on. The dishwasher should be able to function again.
If the dishwasher trips the circuit breaker again, you will need to locate and fix the source of the problem before resetting it.
What to do if the Dishwasher Keeps Tripping the Circuit Breaker
If the dishwasher keeps tripping, you will need to check certain things:
• Check the heating element in the dishwasher. If it is damaged, it could either use up too much power, causing a trip. It can also short circuit, which also causes a trip.
• Every dishwasher has a control board. Control boards can get damaged due to heat and humidity in the machine, thus causing it to trip.
• If the dishwasher is plugged into a GFCI, and the GFCI is tripping, then the issue is with the dishwasher.
Monitor the cycle and note when the dishwasher is tripping the breaker. If it trips at a certain point in the cycle every time, it is possible to identify which component is causing the trip.
Circuit Breaker Finders
Circuit breaker finders are gadgets that help to match a particular appliance or light to its corresponding circuit breaker in the electrical panel. Mapping out the circuit breakers to the areas in the house which use power can take a lot of time and requires assistance. The circuit breaker finder will make this process much easier.
How to use the circuit breaker finders:
The finders have 2 parts
a) Transmitter – this is plugged into a wall outlet
b) Receiver – this picks up the signal for that specific circuit breaker (it is battery operated)
STEP 1: Start room by room. Plug the transmitter into a wall outlet. The transmitter should light up. The receiver should beep to indicate that it has picked up the signal from the transmitter.
STEP 2: Open the electrical panel and slowly go over the circuit breakers (the sensor tip should face the breakers), until you hear a beep. Most finders will beep and light up. To confirm which circuit breaker has picked up the signal, go over the circuit breakers twice. Switch off the one that beeps.
STEP 3: Go back to where you had plugged in the transmitter. The light should be off, indicating you have found the correct circuit breaker.
STEP 4: Make notes of the outlets which have been matched to their circuit breaker. You can indicate this on a mapping of the house which shows the outlets, lights, and appliances with their corresponding circuit breaker. You can number the circuit breakers and indicate the matching number on the wall outlets and appliances for future reference.
STEP 5: To match lights, use a light socket adapter that can be plugged into the lights to identify their corresponding breaker.
To match the corresponding breaker to the dishwasher, you can use alligator clips (these come with most of the circuit breaker finders) to attach to the wire that feeds the dishwasher.
Circuit breaker finders are used on 120-volt circuits. Circuit breaker finders also come with a GFCI tester to test GFCI devices.
Final Thoughts!
A dishwasher should have its own dedicated circuit to avoid any accidents and hazards.
It is also a good idea to map out the circuit breakers with their corresponding lights or appliances. Label the circuit breakers clearly for future reference and future homeowners. Use a circuit breaker finder as it will make the process much easier.
Do not have the dishwasher and garbage disposal on the same circuit. If you are unsure of any electrical matter, hire an electrician. | https://wowsoclean.com/cannot-find-circuit-breaker-for-dishwasher/ |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to pipelined computers and, in particular, to a branch resolution scheme for in-order pipelined computers.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In a non-pipelined computer, each instruction executed by the computer is processed until the instruction is completed before processing begins on the next instruction in the sequence. Computer performance can be increased by pipelining instructions to increase the speed of the computers. A pipelined computer divides instruction processing into a series of steps or stages, such as fetch, decode, execute, and write, where each of the stages is executable in a single clock cycle. Because the stages are pipelined, the computer can operate on different instructions simultaneously at different stages of the pipeline. Therefore, once the pipeline is full, an instruction is generally completed every clock cycle, thereby increasing the computer""s throughput.
For example, during a first operation cycle, a first instruction is fetched from memory in the fetch stage. During a second operation cycle, the first instruction is decoded in the decode stage and a second instruction is fetched from memory in the fetch stage. During a third operation cycle, the first instruction is executed in the execute stage, the second instruction is decoded in the decode stage, and a third instruction is fetched from memory in the fetch stage. In a fourth operation cycle, the result of the first instruction is written to registers and memory in the write stage, the second instruction is executed in the execute stage, the third instruction is decoded in the decode stage, and a fourth instruction is fetched in the fetch stage. Processing continues in the pipeline such that a result from each instruction is available every operation cycle. Thus, in the example, a pipelined computer can process four instructions simultaneously, whereas a non-pipelined computer can only process one instruction at a time. Accordingly, the overall speed of computer processing can be significantly increased over a non-pipelined computer.
A pipelined computer operates most efficiently when instructions are executed in the order in which they appear in memory so that each instruction proceeds sequentially through the stages with another instruction proceeding sequentially one stage behind. However, some types of instructions can cause execution to jump to a specified instruction that is different from the next instruction in the sequence, thereby disturbing the sequence of instructions. One such type of instruction is a branch instruction, which either causes processing to jump to a new instruction at a target address designated by the branch instruction (branchxe2x80x9ctakenxe2x80x9d) or allows processing to continue with the next sequential instruction (branch xe2x80x9cnot takenxe2x80x9d).
As with other instructions, a branch instruction proceeds sequentially through the pipeline. Thus, the ranch instruction and each following instruction is processed through succeeding stages for several clock cycles until the branch instruction has completed the execution stage. At this point, the branch is resolved, i.e., taken or not taken. If the branch is taken, the fetch stage fetches the instruction at the target address, and the instructions following the branch instruction are cleared from each stage to xe2x80x9cflushxe2x80x9d the pipeline. Processing then continues with the instruction at the target address. However, the stages that were flushed are inactive until the instruction reaches each stage, which reduces the efficiency of the pipeline. If the branch is resolved as not taken, processing continues along the pipeline. Branches can be conditional (resolved as taken or not taken) or unconditional (always taken).
One way to increase the performance of executing a branch instruction is to predict the outcome of the branch instruction, i.e., in the decode stage, before it is executed. If the branch is predicted as taken, the instruction at the target address is fetched and inserted into the pipeline immediately following the branch instruction. However, if the branch is predicted as taken but resolved as actually not taken, the stages following the branch instruction are flushed and a mispredict penalty is incurred. If the branch is predicted as not taken, then the pipeline continues with normal sequential processing. However, if the branch is predicted as not taken but resolved as actually taken, the stages following the branch instruction are flushed, and the instruction at the target address is fetched and inserted into the pipeline. Again, a mispredict penalty is incurred. Accordingly, processing efficiency is reduced only when the branch is mispredicted.
Several types of branch prediction schemes have been developed to decrease the chances of misprediction and are well known in the art. One type of branch prediction scheme uses a branch target buffer (BTB) that stores a plurality of entries including an index to a branch instruction. In addition to the index, each entry may include an instruction address, an instruction opcode, and history information. With a branch target buffer, each instruction is monitored as it enters into the pipeline. An instruction address matching an entry in the branch target buffer indicates that the instruction is a branch instruction that has been encountered before. After the entry has been located, the history information is tested to determine whether or not the branch will be predicted to be taken.
Typically, the history is determined by a state machine which monitors each branch in the branch target buffer, and allocates bits depending upon whether or not a branch has been taken in the preceding cycles. If the branch is predicted to be taken, then the predicted instructions are inserted into the pipeline. Typically, the branch target entry will have opcodes associated with it for the target instruction, and these instructions are inserted directly into the pipeline.
Branch prediction schemes, however, do not completely eliminate mispredictions. With branch prediction schemes that are not 100% accurate, the computer must wait until the branch is resolved to determine if the branch was correctly predicted, typically in the execute or write stages. Because the branch may take several stages or clock cycles to resolve, the mispredict penalty can be substantial. Therefore, it is desirable to resolve the branck instruction as early as possible to decrease the amount of mispredict penalty incurred by waiting for branch resolution. Therefore, it is desirable to resolve the branch instruction as early as possible to decrease amount of mispredict penalty incurred by waiting for branch resolution.
In accordance with the present invention, branch resolution for an in-order pipelined processor is performed by scanning the stages of the pipeline to determine the oldest conditional branch instruction (i.e., the branch instruction farthest along in the pipeline) having enough condition codes for resolution.
After a branch is predicted as taken or not taken, stages in the pipeline are scanned from the later stages to the earlier stages until a stage is found with the necessary condition codes to resolve a branch, thereby allowing an in-order processor to quickly and simply resolve a branch as soon as enough condition codes are generated in a specific stage. If the branch resolution determines that the branch has been mispredicted, then program control is shifted to an alternate program counter (PC) to fetch the correct target address, insert that address into the pipeline, and clean out the pipeline. By resolving branches as soon as possible, branch mispredict penalties are minimized, thereby increasing the efficiency of the processor.
In one embodiment of the present invention, branch prediction occurs in the convert (C) stage, and branch resolution scans the pipeline from the stage (Z) after the write stage back to the decode (D) stage, i.e., Zxe2x86x92Wxe2x86x92Exe2x86x92Mxe2x86x92Axe2x86x92Rxe2x86x92D, to determine the oldest branch having sufficient condition codes for resolution. W is the write-back stage, E is the execute stage, M is the memory stage, A is the address generation stage, and R is the read stage.
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Bob stands in the front yard of his home south of Ava.
From the Rounder CD “Got a Little Home to Go To” (1998).
Bob Holt was born early in the century in Douglas County, Missouri. Like a lot of people in “Booger” County, he grew up on a farm, listening to his Dad’s dogs running and his grandmother’s Victrola scratching out popular tunes of the day. Eck Robertson, Doc Roberts, and the Skillet Lickers helped out with Bob’s early musical education via those stacks of records, and his family members taught him the rest. He learned many tunes and songs from his father’s whistling and Uncle Node’s banjo playing.
The little boy grew into a dark haired, deep-voiced man, and he became concerned about the necessities of life, particularly getting work, which was no mean feat in the Ozarks in the 50s. When the “Farm Depression” hit the Ozarks, a lot of people streamed out of the hills to Western and Northern factories and farms, Bob along with them. He ended up on the Iowa side of the Quad Cities in Buffalo, Iowa, working during the day and playing country dance music of all sorts, including square dances, for the legions of homesick Southerners in the Quad Cities.
When Bob returned home from the Quad Cities, he found that few dances were still in existence, and he played very little for a few years. Later on, with some encouragement from others, especially Edna May Davis and Gordon McCann, he began encouraging dancers and musicians in Douglas County, and of course, the word got out pretty quickly among all kinds of people. As a result, Bob has traveled all over the country to play many dances and concerts and received quite a few prestigious awards.
He seems prouder, though, of the students he’s taught, and the dances that have sprung up all along the byways of the southern Ozarks. Bob seemed a bit bemused by his fame around the country. “I couldn’t understand that then and I probably don’t really understand it now, but I think it isn’t so much the quality of my music as the scarcity of it,” he wrote in the liner notes of his 1997 album, “Got a Little Home To Go To.” His listeners disagree: it’s impossible to sit still through his fiery dance tunes, and the mountain tunes he’s remembered over the years have all the texture and mystery of great fiddle music.
Bob recently passed away, and is deeply missed by the family of musicians who have spent many long summer afternoons playing music under the tall walnuts in his front yard, many nights camped under the stars in the back, and many long miles on the Ozarks roads, headed wherever Bob was going. | https://mofiddledance.org/profiles/bob-holt/ |
In cases where a SOLIDWORKS Simulation analysis produces solver errors (shown in Figure 1), like the ones shown below, it is likely that the analysis is unstable. These errors essentially all mean the same thing, namely that a body within the analysis is not fully restrained. An unrestrained body under load is capable of rigid body motion, or in a sense capable of “flying away”, which then causes the solver to fail. Rigid body motion is largely not allowed for Finite Element Analysis; typically this is because a large displacement leads to a divergent solution.
Figure 1: A sample of various errors given by SOLIDWORKS Simulation due to instability in an analysis.
Ultimately, the goal in a finite element analysis (FEA) is to ensure that all parts are restrained from rigid body motion in 3D space (where no translations or rotation are allowed in the X, Y, and Z directions) so bodies can be simulated in strained motions (i.e. bent in a virtual environment). These restraints are necessary in order to cause the bodies of the model to be bent rather than just pushed around in space. This is done in SOLIDWORKS using boundary definitions called “fixtures”. Fixtures are directly applied to bodies or are applied by association by defining a bonded “contact set” connecting bodies without fixtures to a body which a fixture is directly applied.
Instability errors occur when assumptions have been made about the bonds between bodies where the assumed restrictions do not truly restrict rigid body motion. This failure mode is seen most often when a multi-body analysis has a "global bonded" contact definition applied. The global contact definition relies on the program to automatically recognize coincident faces between bodies and then subsequently apply bonded contacts to these locations. Unfortunately, the application does not always recognize intended bond areas or geometric issues within the model, such as tiny gaps between faces, prevent the program from otherwise recognizing the bonded contact.
There are several methods to diagnose and repair these errors. Each method outlined in this article will present a way to locate unrestrained bodies so that the efforts to restrain them can be focused and a minimum amount of time is spent trying to locate unstable bodies.
To use this method, start by duplicating the unstable study (henceforth referred to as “Unstable”), labeling the duplicate “Gravity Test”. This is so that the integrity of the load, fixture, and contact definitions of the Unstable study are maintained while the Gravity Test study is allowed to undergo modifications. In this new Gravity Test study the basic setup should be as follows:
In this way the Gravity Test study has all the same contact, connector, and fixture definitions as the Unstable study. The material and external loads definitions have been removed so that instabilities caused by soft materials, material model types, and overloading, that may cause excessive bending, can be ignored.
Now, under the study settings for Gravity Test the option for “Large displacement” should be left off while the option for “Use soft springs to stabilize model” should be turned on.
Once these options are set, run the Gravity Test study. In most cases the study will run without problems until the warning appears that cites “Excessive displacements were calculated in this model” (shown in Figure 2). At this point responding “Yes” will turn on the “Large displacement” option previously left off and the program will attempt to incrementally apply the load to the model. If the model were stable a solution might be found this way but if the model is unstable the solver will simply fail with no further details provided. Responding ‘No’ will allow any results that have been calculated thus far to be saved. These results will not be useful for FEA, but are intended to help locate where the model is experiencing excessive displacement presumed to be rigid body movements of unstable bodies.
Figure 2: A warning caused by excessive displacements that could be due to rigid body motion.
After selecting “No”, activate the “Displacement” plot in the list of results. Once active, right click on the plot name and go to ‘Edit definition’ for the plot. The ‘Deformed Shape’ option is active by default but, for troubleshooting purposes, should be turned off. The deformed shape option is turned off because some parts may experience large displacements to such a degree that they will not be visible near the restrained portion of the model. By deactivating the ‘Deformed Shape’ option the plot will show a simple color gradient of displacements. When looking at the newly changed Displacement plot most of the model will likely be blue while some bodies will show in red (shown in Figure 3). The red color indicates large displacement highlighting suspect bodies that may need additional fixture or contact definitions to be restrained.
Figure 3: Displacement plot with deformation turned off showing several unstable (red) bodies.
Having identified which bodies are experiencing excessive displacement the next step is to apply a ‘Fixture’ item or, more commonly a bonded ‘Contact Set’ between the unrestrained body and an adjacent stable body. Apply whichever best suits the situation, and re-run the study. This procedure is an iterative process and may have to be performed several times before all the problem areas are all properly restrained.
To use this method, start by creating a brand new frequency-type study and label it “Frequency Test”. Copy all of the connection and fixtures definitions from the original (henceforth known as “Unstable”) study into the new Frequency Test frequency study. This, again, is so that the integrity of the load, fixture, and contact definitions of the original study are maintained.
If the Unstable study contains connections or contacts that cannot be defined in a frequency study (bolt connections, no penetration contacts, etc) these should be then replaced by bonded contacts at these interfaces to ensure ongoing stability at these locations. Additionally, no loading should be applied in the Frequency Test study as unrestrained bodies will be shown through rigid body motion seen in each mode shape plot. In this new Frequency Test study the basic setup should be as follows:
Some study properties should be set as well before running the study (shown in Figure 4); “Use soft spring to stabilize the model”. Additionally the solver type should be set to ‘Direct Sparse’ as the ‘FFE Plus’ solver will fail to solve when there is a mix of fixed/bonded/stable bodies and unfixed/free/unstable bodies.
Figure 4: Frequency stability setting found under the frequency study properties.
The benefit of this method is given relatively little setup the study can be set to run and give results that show which bodies are unstable. If the study has an unstable body the natural frequencies of the first few modes should be close to zero; this confirms rigid body modes or a body that would be unstable in other study types.
Figure 5: A mode shape plot showing an unstable body in a frequency study.
If the model is not complex a frequency study can be run relatively quickly to yield frequency mode plots that visualize the rigid body motions of the assembly being analyzed. Figure 5 shows such a result plot showing that one of the rings in this setup is unstable.
To use this method, start by duplicating the unstable study (henceforth referred to as “Unstable”), labeling the duplicate “Build Up”. This is so that the integrity of the load, fixture, and contact definitions of the Unstable study are maintained while the Build Up study is allowed to undergo modifications. In this new Build Up study the basic setup should be as follows:
This third and final method is somewhat a “brute force” approach to solving instability errors but at times can be the most constructive. All Connections and Fixtures are removed at first; they will be added back into the Build Up study on an as needed basis. All loads will also be removed and replaced by gravity so that each body is under load but specific loads do not need to be applied while going through this process.
This approach entails first excluding all the bodies within the analysis tree (via right mouse clicking on listed bodies and selecting “Exclude from Analysis”); if the study were left this way it would mean there are no bodies to analyze. Following this, the first body to be included again (via right mouse clicking on the listed body and selecting “Include in Analysis”) should be the base body that will be attached directly to a fixture. Include the base part and attach the fixture. At this time, run the study to test for stability; the model should be stable considering a fixture has been directly applied.
Following a successful test run of the study (it returned results expected for a gravity load applied to a stable study) adjacent bodies to the base body should now be included in the analysis. With the addition of these bodies bonded ‘Contact Sets’ should be defined that explicitly bond faces of the adjacent bodies to faces of the base body. Once contact sets are all defined for the new included bodies run the study to test for stability. At this point, one of two things will happen:
Or
In the case where the study is still stable with the newly included bodies more adjacent bodies may now be included in the analysis along with bonded ‘Contact Sets’ to attach them to the previous setup. In the case where there is a stability error, the ‘Contact Sets’ defined on the newly included bodies should be revisited followed by another test run of the study. When the study is able to solve and is stable the process may then be iterated by adding more adjacent bodies with more bonded ‘Contact Sets’ then the study run to test stability.
In this method the structure is figuratively being built up from a stable “ground” and tested at each stage of development to ensure stability.
Symmetry Fixtures: Use ‘Symmetry’ fixtures wherever appropriate and possible. If a model has a plane of symmetry or has circular symmetry that model is more stable when it is cut in half (or into a wedge) and symmetry is applied. For example a bilaterally symmetric model when cut in half and symmetry is applied to the cut face will be more stable than the model left whole. When non symmetric forces are applied however, this may not be possible.
2D Simplification: Making use of ‘2D simplification’ can remove the need to stabilize 2 rotational and 1 translational rigid body motion of a model (out of a total of 3 rotational and 3 translational rigid body movements). This leaves only 2 translational and 1 rotational rigid body movements to stabilize; this can be much easier than trying to stabilize the 3D model.
Use ‘Contact Sets’: While Global and Component contact definitions can be very fast and easy to set up they only work when bodies share coincident faces (sometimes not even then). If there is any doubt as to whether contacts are correctly defined use a ‘Contact Set’ instead. ‘Contact Sets’ while more detailed and time consuming are as near to a “sure thing” as contacts get.
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About Ryan Dark
Ryan has been in the GoEngineer technical support team since February 2008 where he most notably provides support for all FEA and CFD software offered by SolidWorks. His most recent accolade is the title of Elite Application Engineer awarded by SolidWorks Corp.
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Prepare these General Knowledge questions for PPSC, SPSC, BPSC, KPPSC, NTS, PTS, OTS and other quiz competitions.
Here are the most commonly asked General Knowledge questions you can expect to be asked in your interview, job test, or any quiz competition and advice on how you can craft effective responses. Prepare these General Knowledge questions for PPSC, SPSC, BPSC, KPPSC, NTS, PTS, OTS and other quiz competitions.
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General Knowledge - Units of Measurements
- Read these General Knowledge questions and enhance your General Knowledge.
- Horse power is 745.7 watts
- 1 horse power = work equal to lifting 550 lbs of weight to one foot for one second
- 1 calorie is equal to 4.2 Joules
- 1 barrel is equal to 159 liters
- 6 feet = 1 fathom
- 1 KWH = 3.6 x 10 power 6 joules
- A 100 watt bulb lights for 1 hour uses 100 watt hour of electricity
- -273 degree centigrade is called absolute zero temperature.
- Standard pressure is 760 mm or 14.7 lb/in2
- Gross is equal to 12 dozens
- Mach 2 = 500 miles per hour
- 1 nautical mile = 1825 meters
- Unit of pressure is Pascal
- Force is measured in Newton (SI), Dyne (CGS)
- At -40 deg F Fahrenheit scale is equal to centigrade scale
- Hertz and Angstrom are units of frequency
- Units of work and energy are Joule and Erg (CGS)
- Dioptre is unit of power of lens
- Unit is density is kg/m3
- Unit of power is watt, BTU (Board of Trade Unit)
- Unit of electric charge is Coulomb
- Unit of voltage is volt
- Unit of electric resistance is ohm
- Unit of capacitance is Farad
- Unit of magnetic flux is Weber, Tesla
- Unit of radio activity is Becquerel
- Unit of luminous intensity is candle, lux
- Unit of crude oil is Barrel
- Unit of volume of water is cusec, cubic/sec
- Unit of admittance is Mho
- Unit of intensity or loudness of sound is bel
- Unit of viscosity is Poise
- Unit of flight speed is Mach I
- Unit of atmospheric pressure is milli bar
- Unit of wave length of light is Angstrom
- Unit of energy is Electron volt
- Unit of brightness is Lambert
- Unit of luminous flux is Lumen
- Intensity of illumination or unit of luminosity is Lux, Candela and Candle power
- Unit of magnetic pole strength is Weber
- Unit of RAD (Radiation Absorbed Dose) is Gray
- Unit of Electric Current is Ampere
- Unit of inductance is Henry
- Unit of conductance is siemens.
- Unit of heat is Joule, Calorie, BTU (British Thermal Unit)
- Radio activity is measured in currie
- Rutherford : strength of radioactivity
- Torr: pressure
- Fermi : length [A unit of length equal to one femtometer (10-15 meter)]
- Sved berg unit:sedimentation rate
- Dioptre: power of lense
- Mho : conductivity
- Henry: inductance
- Maxwell: magnetic flux
- Becquerel: radioactivity
- Kilo watt hour: power
- Coulomb: unit of electrical charge
- Weber: unit of magnetic flux
- Tesla: unit of magnetic flux density
- Siemen: unit of conductance
- Rutherford: unit of rate of decay of radioactive material
- Faraday: unit of electric charge
- Angstrom: unit of length, used especially to specify radiation wavelengths
- Parsec: unit of astronomical length
- Degree: unit of measurement of an angle
- Steradian: Unit of solid angle measurement
- Dyne is a unit of Force.
- SI unit of pressure is Pascal.
- Curie is a unit of : radioactivity
- Pascal Sound Pressure
- Torr Pressure
- Curie Intensity of radioactivity
- Angstrom Unit of length
- Light year The distance light travels in a year
- Dioptre Lens refractive power
- Horse power Unit of Power
- Radian Unit of angular measure
- Candela Unit of luminous intensity
- Mole unit of amount of substance
- What is measured in units called phon- Sound 192
- What is measured in grains - four grains to a carat- Pearls
- Unit of electromotive force in Volt.
- What is the SI unit of illumination -Lux
- Gross is equal to 12 dozen.
- Ozone is measured in percent age.
- An object traveling at Mach 2 is traveling approximately at 500 mph.(chk)
- What is measured on the Gay-Lussac scale: Alcohol strength
- Chronometer is used to measure... time
- Anemometer is used to measure... Wind Speed
- The clusec is the unit measuring the power of what Vacuum pumps
- One million cycles per second is called Megahertz.
- 0.200 grams are equal to one carat.
- Voltammeter is an electrolytic cell for conducting electrolytic dissociation of electrolyte.
- 8 furlongs make one mile.
- A billion contain 1000 million. It has 9 zeroes. Similarly a trillion has 12 zeroes,a quadrillion 15 zeroes,a quintillion 18 zeroes and a decillion 33 zeroes.
- One inch is equal to 2.5400 cms and one mile is equal to 1.6093 kms.
- One micron is equal to One-thousandth of a millimeter. | https://www.entertostudy.com/2018/12/general-knowledge-units-of-measurements.html |
EDITORIAL: Use of technology in education
THE internet is often used by younger persons for recreational purposes such as scrolling through social media, to play games, watch films and television shows, reading novels and gossip. However, the time has come where the internet and the associated electronic devices must now be used in order for the same young people to access their primary sources of education as schools remain closed for an extended period of time and they are unable to attend regular in-person lessons. Due to this change of use of the internet; a retraining was necessary for teachers, students and parents. The technology to access education online has been present for several years and is already at an advanced stage. It is widely used in some countries for teaching of students who are home-schooled and teaching extra lessons to students who are enrolled in school. There are also several websites and applications which are used by tertiary level institutions as a regular part of their tuition.
The Ministry of Education, Technological and Vocational Training is in the process of properly setting up online systems through which the classes can be taught. For many schools this process is already operational and students have been able to access their classes. Even before COVID-19 necessitated the use of this technology, some teachers here in Barbados were already using it to send assignments and notes to students, especially those students who were preparing for Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) examinations. The technology, which is supported by Google, allows for face-to-face conferences between students and teachers, allowing them to simulate normal classes and the sharing of video presentations. The use of virtual white boards allows for students to watch the teacher write on the white board in real-time just as they would in a classroom setting. The teacher could also use music media in order to keep students interested and excited about the technology. This might be even more interesting to students and allow for them to better understand topics which they are being taught. This technology, in some cases, may be a more efficient use of a teacher’s time.
Officials from the Ministry of Education have required that all teachers check in for their online classes, however all teachers may not have the necessary access to suitable devices, which could cause difficulties for them in doing their job. Many students also lack devices, however assistance is being provided in the form of devices for such students so that they will not be disadvantaged when other students are able to have access to the work.
CXC examinations have now been postponed until July, in addition to the 11-Plus or Common Entrance Examination. There have been ongoing discussions about the changes which would be required in this pandemic and as such, draft protocols are being established to ensure students’ safety, and Barbados’ Ministry of Education has even considered setting up its own education channel.
Nevertheless, students still have to prepare for such exams in this unprecedented situation, which would be difficult. This is due to the fact that it would be hard to establish a routine and the existence of home distractions, large families, baby-sitting duties along with cooking and taking care of pets, etc.
COVID-19 has substantially changed the role of the teacher, students will need to self-motivate, and parents need to be more invested to ensure their children have the best opportunities at success. | https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/columns/editorial-use-technology-education |
Electronic devices have advanced to provide increasingly complex functions, even as they grow smaller and thinner, and advance toward easier portability. Small electronic devices are typically carried in a user's pocket, and alternatives are emerging that may be worn on a wrist, a head, or an arm of the user.
The wearable versions mounted on the human body principally include a main body for implementing a function of the electronic device, and at least one strap coupled to the main body having an appropriate size, shape and structure so as to secure the device to the human body.
For example, a strap may be coupled to the electronic device. However, when the wearable electronic device is used in a context where wearing it is unnecessary, the strap can become cumbersome. In such contexts, the strap may be regarded as inconvenient or unsightly.
Thus, the electronic device may be configured to to be wearable on the human body (or coupleable to other structures) in a manner that preserves the convenience and aesthetics of the electronic device when it is both worn and un-worn.
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Use this Persistent URL to link to this item: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160204-165111604
Abstract
Comparisons between observational surveys and galaxy formation models find that dark matter haloes’ mass can largely explain their galaxies’ stellar mass. However, it remains uncertain whether additional environmental variables, known as assembly bias, are necessary to explain other galaxy properties. We use the Illustris simulation to investigate the role of assembly bias in producing galactic conformity by considering 18 000 galaxies with M_(stellar) > 2 × 10^9 M_⊙. We find a significant signal of galactic conformity: out to distances of about 10 Mpc, the mean red fraction of galaxies around redder galaxies is higher than around bluer galaxies at fixed stellar mass. Dark matter haloes exhibit an analogous conformity signal, in which the fraction of haloes formed at earlier times (old haloes) is higher around old haloes than around younger ones at fixed halo mass. A plausible interpretation of galactic conformity is the combination of the halo conformity signal with the galaxy colour–halo age relation: at fixed stellar mass, particularly towards the low-mass end, Illustris’ galaxy colours correlate with halo age, with the reddest galaxies (often satellites) preferentially found in the oldest haloes. We explain the galactic conformity effect with a simple semi-empirical model, assigning stellar mass via halo mass (abundance matching) and galaxy colour via halo age (age matching). Regarding comparison to observations, we conclude that the adopted selection/isolation criteria, projection effects, and stacking techniques can have a significant impact on the measured amplitude of the conformity signal. | https://authors.library.caltech.edu/64252/ |
Growth and characterization of chalcogenide alloy nanowires with controlled spatial composition variation for optoelectronic applications
The energy band gap of a semiconductor material critically influences the operating wavelength of an optoelectronic device. Realization of any desired band gap, or even spatially graded band gaps, is important for applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, and detectors. Compared to thin films, nanowires offer greater flexibility for achieving a variety of alloy compositions. Furthermore, the nanowire geometry permits simultaneous incorporation of a wide range of compositions on a single substrate. Such controllable alloy composition variation can be realized either within an individual nanowire or between distinct nanowires across a substrate. This dissertation explores the control of spatial composition variation in ternary alloy nanowires. Nanowires were grown by the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The gas-phase supersaturation was considered in order to optimize the deposition morphology. Composition and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Optical properties were investigated through photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The chalcogenides selected as alloy endpoints were lead sulfide (PbS), cadmium sulfide (CdS), and cadmium selenide (CdSe). Three growth modes of PbS were identified, which included contributions from spontaneously generated catalyst. The resulting wires were found capable of lasing with wavelengths over 4000 nm, representing the longest known wavelength from a sub-wavelength wire. For CdxPb1-xS nanowires, it was established that the cooling process significantly affects the alloy composition and structure. Quenching was critical to retain metastable alloys with x up to 0.14, representing a new composition in nanowire form. Alternatively, gradual cooling caused phase segregation, which created heterostructures with light emission in both the visible and mid-infrared regimes. The CdSSe alloy system was fully explored for spatial composition variation. CdSxSe1-x nanowires were grown with composition variation across the substrate. Subsequent contact printing preserved the designed composition gradient and led to the demonstration of a variable wavelength photodetector device. CdSSe axial heterostructure nanowires were also achieved. The growth process involved many variables, including a deliberate and controllable change in substrate temperature. As a result, both red and green light emission was detected from single nanowires. | https://keep.lib.asu.edu/search?f%5B0%5D=linked_agents%3ACarpenter%2C%20Ray |
The Brookfield Zoo’s 270 docents contribute around 43,000 hours each year. Docents work every day of the year interpreting the collections, teaching classes to thousands of students, assisting with animal observations and special events, and attending refresher courses. We have no difficulty recruiting enough qualified enthusiastic candidates for the annual docent training class. So. what’s the problem?
When we began to look more closely at our program and how docents work in the zoo, three main questions emerged. The first centered around customer service — could we be serving our guests better? We defined better to mean with more personal contact to insure a quality visit and perhaps result in return visits. The second question was how can we attract docent candidates that are more representative of the diversity we enjoy in our 2 million annual visitors? The third question was how could we get volunteers on the job faster?
Customer Service. After meeting with front line staff, both paid and volunteer, front line staff managers, and visitors, we found the most urgent customer service needs fell into “the wayfinding” category. The zoo is 214 acres with two main gates, a centrally located fountain and many twisting paths. Experienced zoo goers sometimes get turned around while making their way to favorite exhibits. Navigating through the park for first-time guests can be downright frustrating. We don’t want our guests tired and frustrated because they spent more time getting lost than enjoying the zoo. Determining how docents could assist with wayfinding became a new program goal.
Diversity. It was clear that while we are able to attract enough docent to the program, we weren’t reaching all our neighbors with our call to action. We looked at census figures for the communities surrounding the zoo and compared these figures with visitor demographic studies and docent corps demographics, and we found that our numbers did not add up. We believe guests need to see themselves reflected in front line volunteer staff in order for the zoo to be a truly welcoming setting. A second goal would be to get the recruitment message out to all our neighbors in hopes of building a more representative docent corps.
Better Late than Never? We recruit docent candidates in late spring and summer for the annual docent training program scheduled to begin the first weekend in October. Once training class begins, recruitment is closed until the next spring. So, if someone calls in November interested in the docent program, we must tell them they will have to wait until the next summer to become involved in the program. Many candidates remain interested in the program and do return the following year to participate; however, we also lose potential volunteers due to the lengthy wait to become involved. So, our third program goal evolved into finding a way to provide more immediate volunteer opportunities.
Ironically, the program elements that make our docent program solid and appealing to so many candidates turn out to be the precise elements that create roadblocks to volunteering to others. For example, docent training is now a 20 – week, college-level biology and zoology course with an emphasis on interactive teaching and communication skill building. Many potential docents seek out this type of adult education opportunity. Others find the academic load unappealing and even an obstacle to volunteering. Other program elements such as annual hourly commitment, training schedule, program intensity, and course fees also turned out to be a welcome mat for some and a major roadblock for others.
We faced a dilemma. Do we tinker with a pre-existing, successful program with a long tradition to try to make it meet developing needs or do we invent a new program designed to complement the existing program? Front line staff managers, animal collections managers, and senior staff met to discuss how to proceed. We acknowledged that change is often difficult and upsetting, so we proceeded cautiously when we attempted to incorporate new goals. We needed a vehicle that could attract more of our neighbors to volunteer at the zoo, which was more inclusive and flexible, that provided immediate opportunities to volunteer, and that could meet the wayfinding and informational needs of our guests.
Rather than retrofitting a successful program, and perhaps risk damaging the esprit de corps among docents, we decided on a new model designed to handle the changing needs of volunteers and guests at the Brookfield Zoo. The Guest Guide volunteer program debuted in October, 1993. A Guest Guide is a well-trained volunteer who warmly welcomes guests to the zoo, assists with wayfinding and orientation to the park and its offerings, makes recommendations for a more satisfying visit, addresses guests’ concerns and questions or directs guests to someone who will be able to help.
We finally had a concept. The challenge was to design a program around the concept that would attempt to respond to the three main questions raised during the planning stage.
Customer service needs of wayfinding and orientation to the park could indeed be met with the new program. Guest Guides are scheduled at both main entrances to welcome guests as they enter and to offer assistance in finding attractions and exhibits. Guides also walk around the park assisting guests throughout the day. For example, a Guest Guide might work at the North Gate for an hour after the park opens then, for variety, roam a beat in the park assisting guests as they enjoy their visit. And whenever possible. Guest Guides are available at the exits to thank guests for visiting the zoo. We also noted that special events attract many first-time visitors, so, Guides will be mobilized to assist with wayfinding during special events.
We needed to design this program to open up volunteer opportunities at the zoo. Guest Guide training is designed to be short and intensive and therefore may be offered several times a year rather than just once a year as is the case with docent program training. Someone excited about giving time to the zoo will be able to become involved in the new program soon after the initial contact rather than having to wait several months for the next training session, perhaps losing interest in volunteering all together. The Guest Guide program is designed to require a smaller time commitment in both training and service than the docent program and therefore may be attractive to individuals with heavy work or family commitments who would still like to give the zoo some time.
The toughest of the three questions, by far, was how to create a volunteer program that is welcoming, attractive, and meaningful to more of our neighbors in surrounding communities. We needed to make changes in job design, scheduling, recruitment, and recognition practices in order to open the door to volunteering wider.
The Guest Guide program requires a minimum annual hourly commitment from each volunteer; however, the job is designed so a volunteer may choose to spread the hours out over the year or bunch them up into a shorter period when they have more free time available — like a student or teacher on break. A flexible training schedule accommodates a broad array of needs. Recruitment information is provided to local community newspapers and libraries, in addition to in-house publications in order to broaden the audience hearing about the new program. Recognition practices emphasize job performance with reduced emphasis on number of hours worked or years in the program. Hours and retention with a program are indeed valuable things; however, we recognize that in today’s world this is not always possible. We want to have the person who is able to give a couple of weekends a year feel as welcome, connected, and committed to Brookfield Zoo’s mission as the person who is able to donate several hours a week.
We developed the Guest Guide job description, scheduled training dates, sent out recruitment announcements and waited for the phone to ring. We didn’t wait long. Within two weeks the Guest Guide program attracted enough qualified candidates to fill the first training session.
Guides attended training on two Saturdays and one weekday evening for a total of 17 hours of formal training. Our curriculum content centered on the philosophy that if a Guest Guide had to describe it, recommend it, or direct someone to it, they needed to experience it in training. So, training consisted of visiting all the exhibits, attending all the attractions, eating in the restaurants, riding the tram, and using the maps to navigate through the zoo. Training also included discussions, visitor observations, and role playing.
We scheduled a reunion for all Guest Guides approximately seven weeks after training ended. The reason was to share stories, tips, and suggestions for making training as relevant as possible to the actual job. Information gathered at this session will be applied to future program planning.
The reunion provided the Guest Guides the opportunity to help shape next year’s program. The Guides reported that the enjoyed the experiential training they received and recommended including an opportunity to practice being a guide sometime during the formal training. So, the next Guest Guide training session will include on-the-job practice. Ideally, experienced Guides will oversee this portion of the training. Additionally, Guides suggested ways to improve their visibility in the park and designed a tote bag for carrying information, maps, and membership brochures.
Now that the basic program was up and running, the challenge became to build a more diverse volunteer corps. First we had to decide what diversity means for us. Variety in age, ethnicity, geography, economic status, employment status, in addition to race and gender, will need to be cultivated if we are to build a volunteer corps truly representative of our community.
Instinctively, we attempted to meet newly defined institutional needs by tinkering with our existing, successful docent program. We soon realized that we were attempting to fix a program that wasn’t really broken. The docent program works well, is appealing, and serves many institutional needs. But not all of them. So, rather than dilute the docent program, we chose to design a new volunteer position that complements the docent program. With the invention of the Guest Guide volunteer program, we have expanded our ability to meet the wayfinding needs of visitors, to provide satisfying experiences for more volunteers, and to be more responsive to people who seek volunteer work at the zoo.
Jean Linsner manages the Docent and Guest Guide volunteer programs at the Brookfield Zoo. She is Program Co-Chair for the Association of Volunteer Administrators – Metropolitan Chicago. She earned her M.S. in Education at Indiana University. Prior to joining the Brookfield Zoo staff, Ms. Linsner produced special events and public programs at the Chicago Academy of Sciences museum and performed science comedy as a member of C.H.A.O.S.
Linsner, Jean. “Volunteer Program Mechanics,” The Docent Educator 3.3 (Spring 1994): 16-17+. | http://www.museum-ed.org/volunteer-program-mechanics/ |
The Aiea Loop Trail is to the Pearl City area as the Manoa Falls Trail is to Manoa. Both of these trails are very accessible, popular with locals, and relatively easy to hike. It’s been a while since I’ve been on a new hike, one that I had not done before. Strangely enough, I had never done the Aiea Loop Trail, despite it’s local popularity. With this in mind, I decided to explore this centrally located trail and some of its side trails.
Going into this hike, I knew nothing more than that it was considered an easy, valley type hike. In many ways, it was indeed a simple hike. The Aiea Loop Trail reminded me a lot of the Honolulu Mauka Trail System. In fact, it reminded me a lot of the Makiki portions of the Honolulu Mauka Trail. The Aiea Loop Trail is well-manicured, very open, and lacking any real steep or narrow inclines or declines.
The Aiea Loop trailhead sign. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
A Memorial for the B-24J Liberator 1944 Airplane Crash. This memorial is found at the trailhead. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Yet another memorial that we found at the start of the trail. This one was more of a makeshift floral memorial. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Aloha. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
The trail starts at the top of Aiea Heights Drive. I recently moved to the lower Salt Lake area and so I thought that it would be a good idea to become familiar with the neighboring trails. The Aiea Loop Trail seemed liked a good place to start. At the end of Aiea Heights Drive and after you enter Keaiwa Heiau State Recreation Area. At the foot of the part will be the Keaiwa Heiau, an ancient Hawaiian healing heiau. Follow Aiea Heights drive up through the park and you will find two places in which you could potentially start the Aiea Loop Trail. You could either start at the lower camping grounds, which is located 3/4 of the way inside the park. Just after you reach this camping ground, which is equipped with a restroom, you drive just further up the hill and you will reach the official start of the Aiea Loop Trail. I believe that the trail was designed for hikers to start at this upper location and end at the lower camp grounds. But really, one could start and/or end at either location.
This lookout point is found about 1/4 of the way through the trail. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
A nicely carved trail. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Again, nice carved trail. Wide open, and perfect for young ones. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
One thing that you’ll notice as you work through the trail, are the numerous powerlines and water tanks. It seems as if powerlines pop into sight with every turn. At the very start of the trail, we noticed a makeshift memorial of plastic flowers on a tree. This is believed to be a memorial for a little girl, Kahealani Indreginal, that was found dead on the trail in 2002. About 45 minutes, or so, into the trail, we noticed a side trail that deviated to the left of the maintained Aiea Loop Trail. We explored this side trail a bit and got our first glimpse of the H3 freeway. We continue to explore and realized that this side trail turned into a ridge trail. We were on the Aiea Ridge Trail. We explored Aiea Ridge a bit, but decided on this day not to go too far. I knew that this ridge trail was a grinder and if we continued, we would be on the trail for hours before reaching the terminus, overlooking the Byodo-Inn Temple. With that in mind, we turned around and looked for the remnants of an airplance that crashed in 1944.
For the most part, the Aiea Loop Trail is nicely shaded. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Our first view of the H3 freeway. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
A drive down the H3 provides a majestic backdrop. Can you see why? Photo by Coty Gonzales.
And another view of the H3. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Just a few feet past the junction to the ridge side trail, we encountered our second glimpse of the H3. In fact, from this point on the Aiea Loop Trail, you sort of follow the H3 as you make your return trip back to the start of the trail. Follow the graded trail until you reach a lookout point of sorts. Here, you will have the best glimpse of the H3, looking toward the Windward side of the island. It is at this point that we encountered the most hiking traffic. There were multiple groups of people that honkered down here for lunch while soaking in the birds eye view of the H3, which seemingly blends in quite well with the lush green backdrop of the Koolau’s and surrounding mountains.
Midway through the hike we enjoyed some beef jerky! Photo by Coty Gonzales.
iPhone panorama taken from the lookout point. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
The magic of technology. I swiped the first half of this iPhone panorama and then midway through Joel swiped the rest of it and I ran to position. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
More iPhone panorama tomfoolery. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Chocolate covered acai berries. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
3/4 of the way through the Aiea Loop Trail, you’ll encounter a sign indicating the Keaiwa Heiau Loop Trail. We continued on to the right of the trail. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
We spent a few moments at this lookout point, and for a short while, we had it all to ourselves. We enjoyed some beef jerky and chocolate covered acai berries, which were very tasty I might add. From this point, the trail meanders, taking you into the valley and then out, and then in again. Eventually, you will reach a signed junction, indicating the Keaiwa Heiau Loop Trail. We explored to the right of this sign for a bit and encountered some powerlines and an area that was marked off by the US military. We followed this trail a bit more and then reversed out tracks and headed back toward the Keaiwa signed junction and proceeded to the right of this sign. Continue along this trail and you will begin to lose elevation. This portion of the trail began to resemble part of the Waimano Falls trail. Eventually, you will begin to gain elevation again and then finally reach the lower camp grounds. From this point, it’s an short uphill climb to your car, but one that fill like a lifetime.
The Aiea Loop Trail is a nice, “beginners” friendly trail. It’s an excellent trail to bring your children on. In fact, for most of the trail, we hiked alongside a family that consisted of two kids, roughly ages 8 and 4. They handled the 4.8 miles like champs. For me, Aiea Loop, acts as a gateway trail to a few more interesting sights, ridges, and waterfalls. I’ll definitely be revisiting Aiea Loop to see if I can spot the airplane crash of 1944, Aiea Ridge, and Kalauao Falls. I’ve got my foot-in-the-door, and now I’d like to explore this central location a lot more.
However, before we turned right at the Keaiwa Heiau Loop Trail sign, we followed the trail to the left of the sign. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Towards the end of the Aiea Loop Trail, you’ll get this view of the H3. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Farther along the trail and you’ll get this view looking toward the city. You can see, faintly, Tripler Army Medical Center. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Continuing even further past the Keaiwa Trail sign we came across this. Just beyond this area is a US Military sign indicating no entry. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
At the very end of the trail you will see this camp ground and restroom. Now, it’s a short trek up a concrete road to the top of the hill where you parked. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Explorers: Coty Gonzales and Joel Sabugo.
Total Time: Between 2-3 hours.
Mud wasn’t an issue for us on this hiking trip, however, this trail is known for being quite muddy. Come prepared with the appropriate footwear.
This trail is great for children. We came across a couple of families along the way. It is a long trail, especially for younger kids, so remember that you can always turn around at any time.
Directions to the Aiea Loop Trail: Follow H-1 to Moanalua Highway (Hwy. 78). Take the Aiea cutoff to the third traffic light, make a right turn at ‘Aiea Heights Drive and follow it about 3 miles up to the end of the road. The trailhead to the Aiea Loop Trail is located at the end of the road.
The Koolau’s in the distance. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
A vertical panorama. Photo by Coty Gonzales.
Beautiful are to be had along the Aiea Loop Trail. Photo by Coty Gonzales. | http://www.explorationhawaii.com/2012/10/18/meandering-through-the-aiea-loop-trail/ |
Are there any SR-71 Blackbirds left?
Are there any SR-71 Blackbirds left?
During 1988, the USAF retired the SR-71 largely for political reasons; several were briefly reactivated during the 1990s before their second retirement in 1998….Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.
|SR-71 “Blackbird”|
|Retired||1998 (USAF), 1999 (NASA)|
|Status||Retired|
|Primary users||United States Air Force (historical) NASA (historical)|
|Number built||32|
Did the SR-71 carry weapons?
Built over thirty years ago, the SR-71 Blackbird remains today the highest flying, fastest plane in the world. Originally, the Blackbird was built to be equipped with weapons but was converted into a reconnaissance plane when it was realized that the plane flew faster than a rifle bullet.
Is the SR-71 still active?
The Air Force officially retired the SR-71 in 1990, but NASA would use two of them for research until 1997. Lockheed Martin is currently developing a successor to the SR-71 Blackbird, the SR-72, which may be tested in 2020.
Does the SR-71 have missiles?
While the A-12 had been designed specifically to serve as a viable replacement for the high-flying, but much slower, U-2 spy plane, the U.S. Air Force was also on the hunt for a new fighter that could replace the F-106 Delta Dart interceptor. …
How fast can a SR-71 go around the world?
The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the fastest jet aircraft in the world, reaching speeds of Mach 3.3–that’s more than 3,500 kph (2,100 mph) and almost four times as fast as the average cruising speed of a commercial airliner. Key elements of the SR-71’s design made this possible.
What is the SR-71 used for?
The SR-71 was last flown by NASA in 1999, which used two of the aircraft for high-speed and high-altitude aeronautical research. Since then, the surviving Blackbirds have all found their way into museums.
What plane is faster than the SR-71?
A-12 Oxcart
However, there has actually been a legitimate, jet-powered, piloted aircraft that was faster than the SR-71, the A-12 Oxcart. ‘The A-12 Oxcart was a super-secret, single-seater spy plane and was more secret and much rarer than the SR-71,’ says Christian Nelson, an aviation expert, on Quora.
Can a jet fly faster than a bullet?
Is a jet faster than a bullet? The U.S. military is reportedly developing a hypersonic jet plane that could soar at up to five times the speed of sound — faster than a bullet, which generally travels at Mach 2, or twice the speed of sound.
Where can I find SR 71 Blackbird photos?
44 sr 71 blackbird stock photos are available royalty-free. SR-71 Blackbird. In shallow depth of field SR-71 Blackbird. At Smithsonian Air & Space Museum Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. In the Museum of Flight, Seattle, Washington, USA.
What was the first experiment flown on the SR-71?
One of the first major experiments to be flown in the NASA SR-71 program was a laser air-data collection system.
Who was the first person to fly a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird?
The double cockpit of a Lockheed SR-71B ‘Blackbird’ mach 3 reconnaissance plane seen from a USAF Lockheed KC-135 Stratotanker during in-flight… Ex Lockheed chief test pilot Robert Gilliland, the first man to fly the SR-71 Blackbird in 1964 joins the aircraft at the Imperial War Museum…
When was the first flight of the NASA Dryden SR-71?
The first of a series of flights using the SR-71 as a science camera platform for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., was flown in March 1993. From the nosebay of the aircraft, an upward-looking ultraviolet video camera studied a variety of celestial objects in wavelengths that are blocked to ground-based astronomers. | https://ici2016.org/are-there-any-sr-71-blackbirds-left/ |
Staffing 360 Solutions (NASDAQ:STAF) Raised to Buy at ValuEngine
ValuEngine upgraded shares of Staffing 360 Solutions (NASDAQ:STAF) from a hold rating to a buy rating in a research note released on Monday, ValuEngine reports.
Shares of STAF stock opened at $1.04 on Monday. Staffing 360 Solutions has a 52-week low of $0.28 and a 52-week high of $3.34. The firm has a market capitalization of $10.03 million, a P/E ratio of -0.50 and a beta of 2.47. The stock has a 50 day moving average price of $1.12 and a 200 day moving average price of $0.87.
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Staffing 360 Solutions (NASDAQ:STAF) last announced its earnings results on Tuesday, November 17th. The business services provider reported ($0.39) earnings per share for the quarter, missing the Thomson Reuters’ consensus estimate of ($0.21) by ($0.18). Staffing 360 Solutions had a negative return on equity of 425.56% and a negative net margin of 6.18%. On average, equities research analysts anticipate that Staffing 360 Solutions will post -1.3 earnings per share for the current fiscal year.
A hedge fund recently bought a new stake in Staffing 360 Solutions stock. Virtu Financial LLC purchased a new position in shares of Staffing 360 Solutions, Inc. (NASDAQ:STAF) during the second quarter, according to its most recent 13F filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The institutional investor purchased 41,650 shares of the business services provider’s stock, valued at approximately $33,000. Virtu Financial LLC owned approximately 0.45% of Staffing 360 Solutions as of its most recent SEC filing. Hedge funds and other institutional investors own 2.91% of the company’s stock.
About Staffing 360 Solutions
Staffing 360 Solutions, Inc, a staffing company, engages in the acquisition of staffing companies in the United States and the United Kingdom. The company operates through three segments: Commercial Â- US, Professional Â- US, and Professional – UK. It focuses primarily on the staffing companies supporting accounting and finance, information technology, engineering, administration, and commercial disciplines. | |
today i completed my oneTesla TS Kit and i must admit my hands were slightly shaking prior to the first low power run. At 1000hz and minimum power i got about 10-15cm long sparks. As far as i can say there was no internal arcing going on. I'm absolutly stunned and impressed.
After going through the building process i have to say, its definitly not an easy kit and it was quite a challange for me. The provided manual was really helpful and walked me through every step. The most complicated / time consuming part of the assembly was the secondary coil. I didnt want to superglue the endcaps and decided to go with my own design. I did mold the endcaps in epoxy and drilled holes for m3 standoffs. This is where thunder struck and the drill press and got stuck and i destroyed my almost finished secondary. After a rather long time sobbing i ordered a replacement and finished the endcaps, that i got removed with my trusty hammer. After receiving the replacement i glued in the epoxy parts and finished the assembly. | http://onetesla.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=9806 |
Pitchers who had a no-hitter through nine innings are listed; italics indicate a perfect game.
All hits to break up the no-hitter are singles unless otherwise indicated.
1961 1 no-hitter kept through 9 innings (Warren Spahn); 2 broken up in the ninth
9/25 (2nd game), Bob Shaw, Kansas City vs. Detroit, Bubba Morton (0 out-3 hits total)
9/27, Al Schroll, Minnesota vs. Cleveland, Don Dillard (0 out-2 hits total)
1962 5 no-hitters (Bo Belinsky, Earl Wilson, Sandy Koufax, Bill Monbouquette, Jack Kralick); 2 broken up in the ninth
5/1, Bill Stafford/Roland Sheldon, New York Yankees at Chicago White Sox, Nellie Fox (0 out-2 hits total)
5/22, Whitey Ford/Jim Coates, New York Yankees vs. Los Angeles Angels, Bob Rodgers (1 out-1 hit total in 12 innings)
1963 3 no-hitters (Sandy Koufax, Don Nottebart, Juan Marichal); 4 broken up in the ninth
5/11, Ted Bowsfield, Kansas City at Minnesota, Vic Power (0 out-2 hits total)
7/29, Joel Horlen, Chicago White Sox at Washington, Chuck Hinton (1 out-2 hits total)
8/27 (1st game), Jim Bouton, New York Yankees vs. Boston, Russ Nixon, (0 out-2 hits total)
8/4, Johnny Podres, Los Angeles Dodgers at Houston, Johnny Temple (0 out-1 hit total)
1964 3 no-hitters (Ken Johnson, Sandy Koufax, Jim Bunning); 2 broken up in the ninth
4/18, Jim Maloney/John Tsitouris, Cincinnati vs. Los Angeles Dodgers, Frank Howard (2 out-1 hit total)
6/26 (first game), Gerry Arrigo, Minnesota vs. Chicago White Sox, Mike Hershberger (0 out-1 hit total)
1965 4 no-hitters (Jim Maloney-10 innings before allowing hit in 11th, Jim Maloney-10 innings, Sandy Koufax, Dave Morehead); 0 broken up in the ninth
1966 1 no-hitter (Sonny Siebert); 2 broken up in the ninth
9/25, Ken Holtzman, Chicago Cubs vs. Los Angeles Dodgers, Dick Schofield (0 out-2 hits total)
#*9/30, Larry Dierker, Houston at New York Mets, Ed Bressoud-2B (0 out-2 hits total)
1967 4 no-hitters (Steve Barber/Stu Miller, Don Wilson, Dean Chance, Joel Horlen); 2 broken up in the ninth
4/14, Billy Rohr, Boston at New York Yankees, Elston Howard (2 out-1 hit total)
4/16 (2nd game), Steve Barber, Baltimore at California, Jim Fregosi-2B (1 out-1 hit total)
1968 5 no-hitters (Tom Phoebus, Jim Catfish Hunter, George Culver, Gaylord Perry, Ray Washburn); 2 broken up in the ninth
*6/1, Dean Chance, Minnesota at Chicago White Sox, Bill Voss (1 out-3 hits total)
6/7 (1st game), Blue Moon Odom, Oakland vs. Baltimore, Dave Johnson (2 out-1 hit total)
1969 6 no-hitters (Bill Stoneman, Jim Maloney, Don Wilson, Jim Palmer, Ken Holtzman, Bob Moose); 5 broken up in the ninth
5/15, Dave McNally, Baltimore at Minnesota, Cesar Tovar (1 out-1 hit total)
5/31, Joe Sparma, Detroit at Seattle, Don Mincher-2B (1 out-1 hit total)
#7/9, Tom Seaver, New York Mets vs. Chicago Cubs, Jim Qualls (1 out-1 hit total)
8/10, Mike Cuellar, Baltimore vs. Minnesota, Cesar Tovar (0 out-1 hit total)
*9/13, Larry Dierker, Houston at Atlanta, Felix Millan-2B (2 out-7 hits total in 13 innings)
1970 4 no-hitters (Dock Ellis, Clyde Wright, Bill Singer, Vida Blue); 4 broken up in the ninth
6/4, Jim Rooker, Kansas City at New York Yankees, Horace Clarke (0 out-6 hits total in 12 innings)
6/19, Sonny Siebert, Boston vs. New York Yankees, Horace Clarke (0 out-4 hits total)
7/2, Joe Niekro, Detroit at New York Yankees, Horace Clarke (1 out-1 hit total)
7/21, Clay Kirby/Jack Baldschun, San Diego vs. New York Mets, Bud Harrelson, (0 out-3 hits total)
1971 3 no-hitters (Ken Holtzman, Rick Wise, Bob Gibson); 2 broken up in the ninth
4/16, Juan Marichal, San Francisco vs. Chicago Cubs, Ken Rudolph (0 out-2 hits total)
7/18 (2nd game), Luke Walker, Pittsburgh vs. Los Angeles, Joe Ferguson-HR (0 out-1 hit total)
1972 3 no-hitters (Burt Hooton, Milt Pappas, Bill Stoneman); 4 broken up in the ninth
6/18, Jerry Reuss, Houston vs. Philadelphia, Larry Bowa-2B (0 out-1 hit total)
7/4 (1st game), Tom Seaver, New York Mets vs. San Diego, Leron Lee (1 out-1 hit total)
7/11, Marty Pattin, Boston at Oakland, Reggie Jackson (1 out-1 hit total)
7/18, Steve Arlin, San Diego vs. Philadelphia, Denny Doyle (2 out-2 hits total)
1973 5 no-hitters (Steve Busby, Nolan Ryan, Nolan Ryan, Jim Bibby, Phil Niekro); 4 broken up in the ninth
6/13, Rick Wise, St. Louis at Cincinnati, Joe Morgan (1 out-1 hit total)
#6/16, Jim Palmer, Baltimore vs. Texas, Ken Suarez (1 out-2 hits total)
7/6, Ron Schueler, Atlanta at New York Mets, Ron Hodges (0 out-2 hits total)
8/21, Stan Bahnsen, Chicago White Sox at Cleveland, Walt Williams (2 out-1 hit total)
1974 3 no-hitters (Steve Busby, Dick Bosman, Nolan Ryan); 5 broken up in the ninth
#5/27 (1st game), Ken Brett, Pittsburgh vs. San Diego, Fred Kendall (0 out-2 hits total)
7/15, Wayne Garland, Baltimore vs. Oakland, Dick Green (0 out-4 hits total)
7/20, Doc Medich, New York Yankees vs. Kansas City, Fran Healy (0 out-2 hits total)
8/7, Nolan Ryan, California at Chicago White Sox, Dick Allen (1 out-3 hits total)
9/4, Don Wilson/Mike Cosgrove, Houston vs. Cincinnati, Tony Perez (0 out-1 hit total)
1975 3 no-hitters (Nolan Ryan, Ed Halicki, Vida Blue/Glenn Abbott/Paul Lindblad/Roland Fingers); 3 broken up in the ninth
6/8, Ken Holtzman, Oakland at Detroit, Tom Veryzer-2B (2 out-1 hit total)
7/2 (1st game), Rick Wise, Boston at Milwaukee, George Scott-HR (2 out-2 hits total)
*9/24, Tom Seaver, New York Mets at Chicago Cubs, Joe Wallis (2 out-4 hits total in 11 innings)
1976 4 no-hitters (Larry Dierker, John Blue Moon Odom/Francisco Barrios, John Candelaria, John Montefusco; 7 broken up in the ninth
5/2, Rudy May, New York Yankees at Kansas City, Amos Otis-2B (0 out-3 hits total in 11 innings)
*5/26, Ken Brett, Chicago White Sox at California, Jerry Remy (2 out-2 hits total in 11 innings)
6/4, Andy Messersmith, Atlanta at Montreal, Pepe Mangual (1 out-1 hit total)
7/23, Doyle Alexander, New York Yankees vs. Boston, Rick Burleson (0 out-3 hits total)
8/7, Steve Luebber, Minnesota at Texas, Roy Howell (2 out-2 hits total)
8/28, Vida Blue, Oakland vs. Detroit, Mickey Stanley-HR (1 out-1 hit total)
10/2, Phil Niekro, Atlanta at Cincinnati, Cesar Geronimo-2B (1 out-1 hit total)
1977 3 no-hitters (Jim Colborn, Dennis Eckersley, Bert Blyleven); 0 broken up in the ninth
1978 2 no-hitters (Bob Forsch, Tom Seaver); 1 broken up in the ninth
9/26, Mike Flanagan, Baltimore vs. Cleveland, Gary Alexander-HR (2 out-3 hits total)
1979 1 no-hitter (Ken Forsch); 2 broken up in the ninth
7/13, Nolan Ryan, California vs. New York Yankees, Reggie Jackson (1 out-1 hit total)
7/13, Steve Renko, Boston at Oakland, Rickey Henderson (1 out-1 hit total)
1980 1 no-hitter (Jerry Reuss); 2 broken up in the ninth
4/23, Bruce Kison, California at Minnesota, Ken Landreaux-2B (1 out-1 hit total)
8/20, Dan Spillner, Cleveland vs. Chicago White Sox, Leo Sutherland (1 out-1 hit total)
1981 3 no-hitters (Charlie Lea, Len Barker, Nolan Ryan; 4 broken up in the ninth
5/6, Bert Blyleven, Cleveland at Toronto, Lloyd Moseby-2B (0 out-2 hits total)
8/25, Dennis Lamp, Chicago White Sox at Milwaukee, Robin Yount-2B (0 out-1 hit total)
9/5, Jim Slaton, Milwaukee at Minnesota, Sal Butera (0 out-3 hits total)
9/12, Bob Ojeda, Boston at New York Yankees, Rick Cerone-2B (0 out-2 hits total)
1982 0 no-hitters; 1 broken up in the ninth
#9/28 (1st game), Jim Clancy, Toronto vs. Minnesota, Randy Bush (0 out-1 hit total)
1983 3 no-hitters (Dave Righetti, Bob Forsch, Mike Warren); 5 broken up in the ninth
#4/15, Milt Wilcox, Detroit at Chicago White Sox, Jerry Hairston (2 out-1 hit total)
6/26, Storm Davis, Baltimore vs. Detroit, Rick Leach-HR (0 out-2 hits total)
7/20, Charles Hudson, Philadelphia vs. Houston (1 out-3 hits total)
*7/31 (2nd game), Jose DeLeon, Pittsburgh at New York Mets, Hubie Brooks (1 out-3 hits total in 12 innings)
8/24, Chuck Rainey, Chicago Cubs vs. Cincinnati, Eddie Milner (2 out-1 hit total)
1984 2 no-hitters (Jack Morris, Mike Witt); 1 broken up in the ninth
5/12, Mario Soto, Cincinnati vs. St. Louis, George Hendrick-HR (2 out-1 hit total)
1985 0 no-hitters; 3 broken up in the ninth
5/8, Mike Moore, Seattle at Milwaukee, Robin Yount (0 out-4 hits total)
*6/6, Jimmy Key, Toronto vs. Detroit, Tom Brookens (0 out-4 hits in 12 innings)
8/24, Dave Stieb, Toronto at Chicago White Sox, Rudy Law-HR (0 out-5 hits total)
1986 2 no-hitters (Joe Cowley, Mike Scott); 4 broken up in the ninth
6/16, Charlie Hough, Texas vs. California, Wally Joyner (1 out-1 hit total)
8/20, Walt Terrell, Detroit vs. California, Wally Joyner-2B (2 out-1 hit total)
#*8/20, Don Carman, Philadelphia at San Francisco, Bob Brenly-2B (0 out-1 hit total in 10 innings)
10/1, Danny Jackson, Kansas City vs. California, Dick Schofield (0 out-2 hits total)
1987 1 no-hitter (Juan Nieves); 3 broken up in the ninth
4/13, Jamie Moyer, Chicago at Philadelphia, Juan Samuel (0 out-3 hits total)
5/5, Eric Bell, Baltimore at Minnesota, Tom Nieto (0 out-5 hits total)
6/7, Mike Jackson, Philadelphia vs. Montreal, Tim Raines-2B (0 out-2 hits total)
1988 1 no-hitter (Tom Browning); 8 broken up in the ninth
4/27, Nolan Ryan, Houston vs. Philadelphia, Mike Schmidt (1 out-2 hits total in 10 innings)
#5/2, Ron Robinson, Cincinnati vs. Montreal, Wallace Johnson (2 out-2 hits total)
5/8, Doug Drabek, Pittsburgh vs. San Diego, Randy Ready (0 out-2 hits total)
5/28, Odell Jones, Milwaukee at Cleveland, Ron Washington (1 out-2 hits total)
6/6, Tom Browning, Cincinnati at San Diego, Tony Gwynn (1 out-1 hit total)
6/12, Mike Scott, Houston vs. Atlanta, Ken Oberkfell (2 out-1 hit total)
9/24, Dave Stieb, Toronto at Cleveland, Julio Franco (2 out-1 hit total)
9/30, Dave Stieb, Toronto vs. Baltimore, Jim Traber (2 out-1 hit total)
1989 0 no-hitters; 6 broken up in the ninth
4/23, Nolan Ryan, Texas at Toronto, Nelson Liriano-3B (1 out-1 hit total)
4/28, Kirk McCaskill, California vs. Toronto, Nelson Liriano-2B (0 out-1 hit total)
5/4, John Farrell, Cleveland vs. Kansas City, Kevin Seitzer (0 out-1 hit total)
#7/4, Tom Browning, Cincinnati at Philadelphia, Dickie Thon-2B (0 out-2 hits total)
#8/4, Dave Stieb, Toronto vs. New York Yankees, Roberto Kelly-2B (2 out-2 hits total)
8/10, Nolan Ryan, Texas vs. Detroit, Dave Bergman (1 out-2 hits total)
1990 7 no-hitters (Mark Langston/Mike Witt, Randy Johnson, Nolan Ryan, Dave Stewart, Fernando Valenzuela, Terry Mulholland, Dave Stieb); 5 broken up in the ninth
#4/20, Brian Holman, Seattle at Oakland, Ken Phelps-HR (2 out-1 hit total)
5/27, John Smoltz, Atlanta at Philadelphia, Lenny Dykstra-2B (1 out-2 hits total)
6/13, Trevor Wilson, San Francisco at San Diego, Mike Pagliarulo (0 out-1 hit total)
7/29, Scott Garrelts, San Francisco vs. Cincinnati, Paul ONeill (2 out-1 hit total)
8/3, Doug Drabek, Pittsburgh at Philadelphia, Sil Campusano (2 out-1 hit total)
1991 8 no-hitters (Nolan Ryan, Tommy Greene, Bob Milacki/Mike Flanagan/Mark Williamson/Gregg Olson, Mark Gardner-9 innings before allowing hit in 10th, Dennis Martinez, Wilson Alvarez, Bret Saberhagen, Kent Mercker/Mark Wohlers/Alejandro Pena); 3 broken up in the ninth
4/10, Scott Sanderson, New York Yankees at Detroit, Tony Phillips-2B (0 out-1 hit total)
*4/24, Darryl Kile/Al Osuna/Curt Schilling, Houston vs. Cincinnati, Bill Doran (0 out-3 hits total in 13 innings)
8/14, Randy Johnson, Seattle vs. Oakland, Mike Gallego (0 out-1 hit total)
1992 1 no-hitter (Kevin Gross); 2 broken up in the ninth
9/13, Bob Welch/Kelly Downs, Oakland vs. Seattle, Harold Reynolds (1 out-2 hits total)
9/30, Frank Viola, Boston at Toronto, Devon White (0 out-1 hit total)
1993 3 no-hitters (Chris Bosio, Jim Abbott, Darryl Kile); 3 broken up in the ninth
4/6, Jose Guzman, Chicago Cubs vs. Atlanta, Otis Nixon (2 out-1 hit total)
5/16, Randy Johnson, Seattle at Oakland, Lance Blankenship (1 out-1 hit total)
9/29, Tim Pugh, Cincinnati at San Diego, Billy Bean (1 out-1 hit total)
1994 3 no-hitters (Kent Mercker, Scott Erickson, Kenny Rogers); 3 broken up in the ninth
4/13, Pedro Martinez, Montreal vs. Cincinnati, Brian Dorsett (0 out-2 hits total)
5/29, David West/Heathcliff Slocumb, Philadelphia vs. Houston, Steve Finley (0 out-3 hits total)
6/13 Jeff Fassero, Montreal vs. Pittsburgh, Carlos Garcia (2 out-3 hits total)
1995 2 no-hitters (Pedro Martinez-9 perfect innings before allowing hit in 10th, Ramon Martinez); 4 broken up in the ninth
6/17, David Cone, Toronto vs. Texas, Benji Gil (1 out-3 hits total)
7/3, Mike Morgan, St. Louis vs. Montreal, Wil Cordero (1 out-1 hit total)
8/29, Paul Wagner, Pittsburgh vs. Colorado, Andres Galarraga (2 out-1 hit total)
9/25, Frank Castillo, Chicago Cubs vs. St. Louis, Bernard Gilkey-3B (2 out-1 hit total)
1996 3 no-hitters (Al Leiter, Dwight Gooden, Hideo Nomo); 1 broken up in the the ninth
9/2, David Cone/Mariano Rivera, New York Yankees at Oakland, Jose Herrera (1 out-1 hit total)
1997 2 no-hitters (Kevin Brown, Francisco Cordova/Ricardo Rincon-10 innings); 4 broken up in the ninth
4/10, Alex Fernandez, Florida at Chicago Cubs, Dave Hansen (1 out-1 hit total)
*5/16, Alan Benes, St. Louis at Atlanta, Michael Tucker-2B (2 out-7 hits total in 13 innings)
#5/30, Mike Mussina, Baltimore vs. Cleveland, Sandy Alomar (1 out-1 hit total)
9/5, Andy Ashby, San Diego vs. Atlanta, Kenny Lofton (0 out-2 hits total)
1998 1 no-hitter (David Wells); 2 broken up in the ninth
9/13, Andy Benes, Arizona at Cincinnati, Sean Casey (1 out-1 hit total)
9/27, Roy Halladay, Toronto vs. Detroit, Bobby Higginson-HR (2 out-1 hit total)
1999 3 no-hitters (Jose Jimenez, David Cone, Eric Milton); 0 broken up in the ninth
2000 0 no-hitters; 1 broken up in the ninth
8/29, Pedro Martinez, Boston at Tampa Bay, John Flaherty (0 out-1 hit total)
2001 3 no-hitters (Hideo Nomo, A. J. Burnett, Bud Smith); 3 broken up in the ninth
6/19, Tim Wakefield, Boston at Tampa Bay, Randy Winn (0 out-3 hits total)
*7/13, Todd Ritchie, Pittsburgh vs. Kansas City, Luis Alicea (1 out-1 hit total)
#9/2, Mike Mussina, New York Yankees at Boston, Carl Everett (2 out-1 hit total)
2002 1 no-hitter (Derek Lowe); 1 broken up in the ninth
9/3, Aaron Myette (ejected before retiring a batter), Todd Van Poppel, Joaquin Benoit, Texas at Baltimore, Jerry Hairston, Jr. (0 out-1 hit total)
2003 2 no-hitters (Kevin Millwood, Roy Oswalt/Peter Munro/Kirk Saarloos/Brad Lidge/Octavio Dotel/Billy Wagner); 0 broken up in the ninth
2004 1 no-hitter (Randy Johnson); 1 broken up in the ninth
7/25, Eric Milton, Philadelphia vs. Chicago Cubs, Michael Barrett-2B (0 out-3 hits total)
2005 0 no-hitters; 0 broken up in the ninth
2006 1 no-hitter (Anibal Sanchez); 3 broken up in the ninth
9/4, Ramon Ortiz, Washington vs. St. Louis, Aaron Miles (0 out-2 hits total)
9/22, Chris Young, San Diego vs. Pittsburgh, Joe Randa-HR (1 out-1 hit total)
9/28, Daniel Cabrera, Baltimore at New York, Robinson Cano (1 out-1 hit total)
2007 3 no-hitters (Mark Buehrle, Justin Verlander, Clay Buchholz); 3 broken up in the ninth
6/7, Curt Schilling, Boston at Oakland, Shannon Stewart (2 out-1 hit total)
6/24, Dustin McGowan, Toronto vs. Colorado, Jeff Baker (0 out-1 hit total)
#8/31 (2nd game), Scott Baker, Minnesota vs. Kansas City, Mike Sweeney (1 out-1 hit total) [The one-out hit by Sweeney broke up the no-hitter, but the perfect game was broken up by a leadoff walk by John Buck.]
2008 2 no-hitters (Jon Lester, Carlos Zambrano); 2 broken up in the ninth
5/6, Gavin Floyd, Chicago White Sox vs. Minnesota, Joe Mauer-2B (1 out-1 hit total)
7/29, John Lackey, Los Angeles Angels at Boston, Dustin Pedroia (1 out-2 hits total)
2009 2 no-hitters (Jonathan Sanchez, Mark Buehrle); 0 broken up in the ninth
2010 6 no-hitters (Ubaldo Jimenez, Dallas Braden, Roy Halladay, Edwin Jackson, Matt Garza, Roy Halladay-playoffs); 5 broken up in the ninth
#6/2, Armando Galarraga, Detroit vs. Cleveland, Jason Donald (2 out-1 hit total)
6/13, Ted Lilly, Chicago Cubs vs. Chicago White Sox, Juan Pierre (0 out-1 hit total)
#*7/10, Travis Wood, Cincinnati at Philadelphia, Carlos Ruiz-2B (0 out-4 hits total in 11 innings)
8/8, Brandon Morrow, Toronto vs. Tampa Bay, Evan Longoria (2 out-1 hit total)
8/23, Rich Harden/Matt Harrison/Darren ODay/Neftali Feliz, Texas vs. Minnesota, Joe Mauer (1 out-1 hit total)
2011 3 no-hitters (Francisco Liriano, Justin Verlander, Ervin Santana); 2 broken up in the ninth
4/22, Anibal Sanchez, Florida vs. Colorado, Dexter Fowler (0 out-1 hit total)
*7/9, Aaron Harang/Josh Spence/Chad Qualls/Mike Adams/Luke Gregerson, San Diego at Los Angeles Dodgers, Juan Uribe-2B (2 out-2 hits total)
2012 7 no-hitters (Philip Humber, Jered Weaver, Johan Santana, Kevin Millwood/Charlie Furbush/Stephen Pryor/Lucas Luetge/Brandon League/Tom Wilhelmsen, Matt Cain, Felix Hernandez, Homer Bailey); 1 broken up in the ninth
5/18, Justin Verlander, Detroit vs. Pittsburgh, Josh Harrison (1 out-1 hit total)
2013 3 no-hitters (Homer Bailey, Tim Lincecum, Henderson Alvarez); 5 broken up in the ninth (including post-season)
#4/2, Yu Darvish, Texas at Houston, Marwin Gonzalez (2 out-2 hits total)
5/24, Anibal Sanchez, Detroit vs. Minnesota, Joe Mauer (1 out-1 hit total)
#9/6, Yusmeiro Petit, San Francisco vs. Arizona, Eric Chavez (2 out-1 hit total)
9/24, Michael Wacha, St. Louis vs. Washington, Ryan Zimmerman (2 out-1 hit total)
10/12, Anibal Sanchez/Al Alburquerque/Jose Veras/Drew Smyly/Joaquin Benoit, Detroit at Boston, Daniel Nava (1 out-1 hit total) - playoffs
2014 5 no-hitters (Josh Beckett, Clayton Kershaw, Tim Lincecum, Cole Hamels/Jake Diekman/Ken Giles/Jonathan Papelbon, Jordan Zimmermann); 0 broken up in the ninth
On May 9 Yu Darvish of Texas had a no-hitter until David Ortiz singled with two out in the ninth; however, Ortiz was later credited with another hit, in the seventh inning, when a scoring decision was changed from an error to a hit. In the game, Ortiz broke up the no-hitter in the ninth, but retroactively, his single in the ninth was the second hit off Darvish.
2015 7 no-hitters (Chris Heston, Max Scherzer, Cole Hamels, Hisashi Iwakuma, Mike Fiers, Jake Arrieta, Max Scherzer); 5 broken up in the ninth
4/9, Trevor Bauer/Kyle Crockett/Scott Atchison/Nick Hagadone, Cleveland at Houston, Jed Lowrie-HR (1 out-1 hit total)
5/17, Shelby Miller, Atlanta at Miami, Justin Bour (2 out-2 hits total)
7/1, Carlos Carrasco, Cleveland at Tampa Bay, Joey Butler (2 out-1 hit total)
8/26, Justin Verlander, Detroit vs. Los Angeles Angels, Chris Iannetta-2B (0 out-1 hit total)
9/22, Daniel Norris/Buck Farmer/Ian Krol/Drew VerHagen/Neftali Feliz, Detroit vs. Chicago White Sox, Tyler Saladino-3B (1 out-2 hits total in 10 innings)
2016 1 no-hitter (Jake Arrieta); 4 broken up in the ninth
4/29, Adam Conley/Jose Urena, Miami at Milwaukee, Jonathan Lucroy (1 out-4 hits total)
6/16, Colby Lewis, Texas at Oakland, Max Muncy-2B (0 out-2 hits total)
8/25, Matt Moore, San Francisco at Los Angeles Dodgers, Corey Seager (2 out-1 hit total)
9/12, Kyle Hendricks, Chicago Cubs at St. Louis, Jeremy Hazelbaker-HR (0 out-1 hit total)
2017 2 no-hitters through nine innings (Edinson Volquez, Rich Hill); 5 broken up in the ninth
4/18, Wei-Yin Chen/Brad Ziegler/Kyle Barraclough, Miami at Seattle, Mitch Haniger-2B (1 out-1 hit total)
6/30, Mike Foltynewicz, Atlanta at Oakland, Matt Olson-HR (0 out-2 hits total)
7/9, Kyle Freeland, Colorado vs. Chicago White Sox, Melky Cabrera (1 out-1 hit total)
7/31, Gio Gonzalez, Washington at Miami, Dee Gordon (0 out-2 hits total)
9/17, Matthew Boyd, Detroit vs. Chicago White Sox, Tim Anderson-2B (2 out-1 hit total)
2018 3 no-hitters through nine innings (Sean Manaea, Walker Buehler/Tony Cingrani/Yimi Garcia/Adam Liberatore, James Paxton); 3 broken up in the ninth
6/3, Michael Wacha, St. Louis vs. Pittsburgh, Colin Moran (0 out-2 hits total)
7/29, Sean Newcomb, Atlanta vs. Los Angeles Dodgers, Chris Taylor (2 out-2 hits total)
#9/8, Jorge Lopez, Kansas City at Minnesota, Robbie Grossman (0 out-1 hit total) [The hit by Grossman broke up the no-hitter, but the perfect game was broken up by a leadoff walk by Max Kepler.]
2019 4 no-hitters through nine innings (Mike Fiers, Taylor Cole/Felix Pena, Aaron Sanchez/Will Harris/Joe Biagini/Chris Devenski, Justin Verlander); 4 broken up in the ninth
4/4, Trevor Bauer/Jon Edwards/Brad Hand, Cleveland vs. Toronto, Freddy Galvis (0 out-3 hits total)
#7/14, Ryne Stanek/Ryan Yarbrough, Tampa Bay at Baltimore, Hanser Alberto (0 out-3 hits total)
#7/19, Mike Leake, Seattle vs. Los Angeles Angels, Luis Rengifo (0 out-1 hit total)
9/25, Zack Greinke, Houston at Seattle, Austin Nola (1 out-2 hits total)
2020 2 no-hitters (Lucas Giolito, Alec Mills); 1 broken up in the ninth
8/18, Kenta Maeda, Minnesota vs. Milwaukee, Eric Sogard (0 out-4 hits total in 12 innings)
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Interchangeable parts for pressing
Interchangeable parts for pressing is a product made in Ukraine that allows for easy and efficient pressing of various materials. The product consists of a set of interchangeable parts that can be easily attached and detached to the pressing machine, allowing for quick and easy customization of the pressing process. This product is designed to improve productivity and reduce downtime by eliminating the need for manual adjustments and reducing the risk of damage to the pressing machine. Made with high-quality materials and precision engineering, this product is a reliable and cost-effective solution for pressing applications.
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When looking for waterfront property it is important to know about and understand “tides.”
All bodies of water, bays, rivers and creeks are subject to the tide producing forces of the sun and moon. There are two complete tide cycles (high and low) during 24 hours. From its lowest point the water rises gradually for about six hours, until it reaches “high tide”. Then it begins to fall for about six hours until it reaches “low tide”. Along the Chesapeake Bay the “range” or variance of tides between high and low is approximately 3-4 ft.
So it is important to understand tide cycles for boating and the requirement for the amount of “draft” (minimum water depth you will need to run your boat). This is called mean low water (or “MLW’) and will be one of the most important factors when selecting the size and style of any boat. | https://bayproperties.com/the-tide-effect |
The invention provides a making method of a large-scale cavity foaming part molding die and a die structure thereof. The making method comprises the following steps of: making an upper die model body, a lower die model body and a chassis, wherein in the production of the upper die model body and the lower die model body, a cavity surface is disassembled into a small square at the top and four same isosceles curved-edge trapezoid arc surfaces by adopting the same splicing method, wherein each isosceles curved-edge trapezoid arc surface has the upper bottom d, the lower bottom L and the height S; making four same isosceles curved-edge trapezoid arc plates, a flange frame provided with an inner frame with the side length L and matched with the chassis B, and the small square with the side length d: first flatly placing the flange frame on a welding platform, placing a cavity mould in the middle of the flange frame, carrying out spot welding on abutted seams of the four isosceles curved-edge trapezoid arc plates, placing the small square with the side length d in a square hole formed by the upper bottoms of the four isosceles curved-edge trapezoid arc plates, carrying out spot welding on each connecting part inside the small square, and overturning and fixing the small square subjected to spot welding and carrying out complete welding on the outer side of the small square; welding reinforcing ribs on four outer side surfaces; reshaping, coping and polishing the molded surface of the cavity; connecting model bodies with the chassis to finish the production of an upper die. | |
A woman died a suspicious death in the forest. Beside her, the sword-smith Amon finds a new-born boy with a tragic fate and takes him in. About 10 years later, this boy who is named Gai and who has become Amon's apprentice, loses his right arm in an accident while making a sword. Amon decides to take a sword called "Shiryuu," which is a sword with demonic powers that has been passed down for generations, and fashion it into an artificial arm for Gai. That was the beginning of it all... The story of this boy, who has become one with a demonic weapon and is drawn into a cruel fate in which he must face countless battles, can be seen as either the story of "a beautiful weapon and an ugly person" or of "the cruelty of weapons and the beauty of humans." This is a completely new world of comic noir.
Shoshidai's new weapons are no match against the demonic powers of Zsoltgewinn, pitting Ichijo and Gai against Miura in a fierce battle.
An abandoned baby boy is adopted and named Gai by swordsmith Amon. He becomes an apprentice, later losing his arm in a ritual gone horribly wrong.
Ichijo attempts to test Gai's potential as a Chrysalis but is interrupted by a member of the Gabi, a group that has long fought Busoma.
Shoshidai, an organization tasked with collecting cursed weaponry, dispatches two of its agents to retrieve the legendary Demon Sword Zsoltgewinn.
The Shoshidai reawaken their most powerful Chrysalis, Seiya Ichijo. After Gai's powers partially awaken, his mind reverts to that of an infant.
With his soul possessed by a demonic spear, Tatsumi transforms into a monstrous entity called a Busoma. Miki takes Marcus to Shoshidai headquarters.
Miki and Marcus are sent on a covert mission by the Shoshidai to infiltrate and retrieve an ancient weapon of the fairy world: the legendary Halbert.
With Gai in tow, Ichijo heads to Shoshidai headquarters before stopping to meet his lover, Kei. A mysterious sword appears before gamer Midoriko.
A wealthy widow hires a search vessel to find the lost treasure of pirate Throlla, who reportedly also kept a mythical weapon known as Gallon's Hammer.
After acquiring the Azoth Sword, Miki is ambushed by Marcus and Miura. Amon forges a prosthetic arm out of the sword Shiryu to replace Gai's lost limb.
After Gai is safely brought to Shoshidai headquarters, Ichijo is ordered by Kagami to cold sleep due to his rapidly progressing change into a Busoma.
A depressed Sayaka questions Amon about Gai's motives. Meanwhile, Ichijo reveals to Gai how he came to harness the power of the Chakram.
Episode Ninja is a small business run by one person.
Pro memberships help fund servers and new feature development! | https://episode.ninja/series/sword-gai-the-animation |
7 teams have just finished week 2 of the Ultimate Coder Challenge, building showcase perceptual computing applications on a Lenovo Yoga 13 that will demonstrate the sort of interaction capability that could be built into a Ultrabook, and perhaps the operating system in the future.
I’m involved with the judging of the Ultimate Coder event and every week you’ll find an update from me as I analyse the teams progress.
This is week 2. The teams presented their application ideas last week and I was honestly quite surprised at the level that all the teams had set their targets. There’s on red-flag to report but apart from that – Wow! | https://www.umpcportal.com/tag/software-development/page/2/ |
What are some alternative words for descend?
Synonyms for descend
dɪˈsɛnd
This thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms, equivalent, same meaning and similar words for the term descend.
Princeton's WordNet
descend, fall, go down, come down(verb)
move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way
"The temperature is going down"; "The barometer is falling"; "The curtain fell on the diva"; "Her hand went up and then fell again"
Synonyms:
crash, boil down, shine, go down, light, accrue, diminish, set, strike, devolve, sicken, flow, precipitate, settle, go under, reduce, condescend, lessen, come down, sink, deign, pass, come, fall, return, decrease, derive, decline, wane, hang, fall down
derive, come, descend(verb)
come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example
"She was descended from an old Italian noble family"; "he comes from humble origins"
Synonyms:
deduct, derive, go down, infer, issue forth, gain, come down, amount, total, educe, occur, settle, arrive, number, condescend, come up, hail, follow, fare, deign, get, come, fall, get along, make out, do, come in, deduce, add up
condescend, deign, descend(verb)
do something that one considers to be below one's dignity
Synonyms:
condescend, fall, deign, come down, stoop, derive, patronize, settle, patronise, lower oneself, go down, come
fall, descend, settle(verb)
come as if by falling
"Night fell"; "Silence fell"
Synonyms:
settle, fall down, lessen, deign, decrease, make up, patch up, return, sink, settle down, go down, square off, flow, precipitate, strike, subside, come down, root, determine, devolve, steady down, go under, reconcile, fall, finalise, ensconce, get back, pass, conciliate, shine, adjudicate, accrue, decide, diminish, derive, square up, hang, resolve, locate, come, nail down, condescend, finalize, light, take root
Wiktionary
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
descend(verb)
Synonyms:
go down
English Synonyms and Antonyms
Dictionary of English Synonymes
descend(v. n.)
descend(v. n.)
descend(v. n.)
Synonyms:
go, pass, proceed, be transferred
descend(v. n.)
Synonyms:
originate, be derived, take rise
descend(v. n.)
Synonyms:
make an attack, make an assault
descend(v. a.)
Words popularity by usage frequency
|rank||word|
|#47||do|
|#77||get|
|#143||number|
|#189||set|
|#315||total|
|#357||return|
|#504||come|
|#613||light|
|#870||amount|
|#1164||follow|
|#1232||fall|
|#1493||pass|
|#1767||flow|
|#1914||determine|
|#1955||root|
|#2036||reduce|
|#2158||drop|
|#2491||gain|
|#3110||occur|
|#3568||decide|
|#3884||strike|
|#4498||crash|
|#4911||locate|
|#4933||decrease|
|#5474||arrive|
|#5615||decline|
|#5712||hang|
|#5981||resolve|
|#7229||sink|
|#8623||settle|
|#8972||fare|
|#9051||shine|
|#13184||derive|
|#14400||hail|
|#21231||finalize|
|#21475||diminish|
|#22480||deduct|
|#23024||reconcile|
|#24816||infer|
|#25048||lessen|
|#25148||descend|
|#27427||accrue|
|#35045||deduce|
|#41439||precipitate|
|#47721||stoop|
|#52227||wane|
|#55573||subside|
|#58018||finalise|
|#66242||adjudicate|
|#77936||patronize|
|#83252||devolve|
|#102635||deign|
|#146325||condescend|
|#147987||sicken|
|#150294||conciliate|
|#216944||patronise|
Translations for descend
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- نزل, هبطArabic
- спуска́цца, спусці́ццаBelarusian
- нахвърлям се, налитам, слизам, спускам се, произлизам, предавам се по наследствоBulgarian
- descendirCatalan, Valencian
- sestoupitCzech
- herunterkommen, absteigen, niedergehenGerman
- κατεβαίνωGreek
- bajar, descenderSpanish
- polveutua, laskeutua, laskea, periytyä, alentua, pudota, [[mennä]] [[yksityiskohtiin]], vajotaFinnish
- descendreFrench
- ירדHebrew
- scendereItalian
- 降りるJapanese
- afdalen, afstammenDutch
- descendre, davalar, descénderOccitan
- baixar, descer, descenderPortuguese
- uray, bahayQuechua
- proveni, descinde, coborîRomanian
- обру́шиться, происходи́ть, спусти́ться, сходи́ть, произойти́, напа́сть, спуска́ться, сойти́, напада́ть, обру́шиватьсяRussian
- pòtjecati, spustiti, sìlaziti, sȋći, spuštatiSerbo-Croatian
- இறங்கTamil
- inmek, soyundan gelmek, alçalmak, üşüşmek, saldırmakTurkish
- спуска́тися, спусти́тисяUkrainian
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Gear Review: Gerber Crucial Multitool
This midsize multitool lacks excess.
Verdict
This midsize multitool stayed clipped to my pack all spring and emerged ding- and rust-free. My favorite feature? What it lacks. Namely, excess tools like extra flathead screwdrivers or an awl. What it has: A 2.5-inch, half-serrated blade that opens with one hand and stayed sharp through countless tasks–from food prep to shaving dry tinder from the innards of wet firewood during a Mt. Mansfield hut trip; one flathead and one Phillips-head screwdriver; a carabiner-style clip; and sturdy, sharply pointed needle-nose pliers.
Pros It’s simple and durable. | https://www.backpacker.com/gear-item/gear-review-gerber-crucial-multitool/ |
Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
ADEQUACY OF TREATMENT OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY OF THE CANISTERS AND BUFFER Copper canisters enclosed in a buffer of compacted bentonite are the essential feature of the Swedish plan for disposal of spent nuclear fuel. The combination of canisters-plus-buffer is confidently expected to resist mechanical disturbance and chemical attack for at least a million years. If the analysis supporting this expecta- tion is sound, other parts of the disposal plan are of secondary importance: the bedrock in which the canisters will be placed serves only the functions of providing a stable and chemically benign environment and insuring against rapid transport of radionuclides in the very unlikely event of early canister failure. The central role of canisters-plus-buffer has not changed between KBS-2 and KBS-3. A few details have been altered: the thickness of canister walls has been reduced from 0.2 m to 0.1 m; filling the canisters with copper rather than lead is proposed as a possible alternative; and adding ferrous phosphate to the backfill as a reductant is no longer advocated. Performance estimates of the canisters and compacted bentonite have been supported by more elaborate analyses and laboratory testing. But the salient features of this part of the disposal plan remain the same, and the review of these features in the previous NRC report needs only minor supplementing here. The important task in the present review is to judge how well the newer work supports and remedies weaknesses in the technical basis for the original conclusions about durability of canisters and bentonite. Major considerations are the feasibility of canister construction, the mechanical behavior of canisters enclosed in compacted bentonite, the resistance of the canisters to corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking, and the ability of the bentonite buffer to control access 30
31 of corrosive agents in the groundwater to canister surfaces. FABRICATION OF CANISTERS Can copper canisters of the proposed sort be fabricated using state-of-the-art technology? In the KBS-2 plan, canisters with walls 0.2 m thick were to be formed by forging cast ingots of oxygen-free high conductivity (OFHC) copper, establishing a suitable grain size, and machining both inside and outside to close dimensional tolerances. The thick walls were designed to minimize gamma-ray radiolysis of water at the canister surface and to insure against penetration by deep pit- corrosion. More recent studies have shown that radiolysis is adequately controlled by smaller thicknesses and that pit corrosion is slower than originally thought; the planned thickness has accordingly been cut to 0.1 m. The method of forming the canisters remains the same, and its feasibility has now been demonstrated at full scale in Swedish metal-working plants (KBS-3, p. 4:6/14; TR 83-20). In KBS-2, after fuel rods were placed in a canister, the space around them was to be filled with molten lead, and a copper lid in three layers was to be sealed in place by electron-beam welding. Use of this procedure with canister walls 0.2 m thick was beyond the state-of-the-art at the time of KBS-2, and some question remained about its feasibility; but now that the thickness is smaller, it is well within known industrial capability. All steps in the process have been demonstrated using simulated fuel rods, and procedures for evaluating the welds and for quality assurance in the whole operation have been spelled out and tested in practice (KBS-3, p. 10:5; TR 83-20, TR 83-25, TR 83-32). An attractive alternative process is described in KBS-3. Instead of molten lead, copper powder would be used to fill the remaining space in the canisters, after which they would be sealed and the copper powder compacted by hot-isostatic pressing. This process uses a combination of high temperature and isostatic gas pressure (usually an inert gas), and would produce, in effect, a solid mass of copper around the fuel rods. Hot-isostatic pressing is a widely used industrial process, and existing furnaces in Sweden are large enough to accommodate the 0.8-m diameter proposed for the canisters. So far as the panel is aware, no existing furnaces are tall enough to handle the 4.5-m
32 height of the canisters, but there is no known functional reason why these could not be built. Although not yet demonstrated at full scale, the proposal to fill the canisters with copper powder followed by hot-isostatic pressing seems reasonable. Whether this method or the molten lead method will ultimately be favored remains uncertain, but KBS scientists in conversation (September 1983) expressed a preference for the copper powder method. MECHANICAL CAPABILITY Is the mechanical capability of the canisters-plus-buffer sufficient to withstand remotely possible tectonic displacement? Canisters of either type, filled with lead around the fuel rods or filled with copper powder and isostatically compressed, are solid cylinders of metal 4.5 m long and about 80 cm in diameter. They will be placed in vertical holes, with a diameter of 1.5 m and a depth of nearly 8 m, drilled in the floors of tunnels in solid rock. The holes are to be lined with shaped blocks of compacted bentonite, and each hole will be capped with a cover of concrete or granite. The bentonite will swell as water seeps into the holes, eventually filling all open spaces and exerting an external pressure on the canisters estimated to be 10 to 15 MPa. (One megapascal (MPa) equals 10 bars equals 9.87 atmospheres equals 145 psi). The canisters plus bentonite, from a mechanical stand- point, will be effectively a part of the rock. A question then arises as to how effectively this combination would resist a displacement of the rock resulting from fault movement. The worst imaginable case would be a horizontal fault cutting many canisters in an array roughly at their mid-points. If the displacement is slow, the copper and bentonite would presumably be malleable enough to adjust to the deformation without serious rupture. But a sudden movement, as in an earthquake, might well fracture both the bentonite and the canisters and provide access for groundwater to the fuel rods of many canistersâjust as the opening of a fracture anywhere in the rock would furnish a new channel for groundwater flow. In the opinion of Roland Pusch, the Swedish authority on bentonite, this possibility is the most serious weakness of the KBS plan (Roland Pusch, University of Lulea, personal communication, 1983). For the thick-walled canisters of KBS-2, Pusch estimated that
33 a sudden displacement of not much greater than 0.03 m might be enough to cause serious damage; for the thinner- walled canisters of KBS-3, he would reduce the estimate to 0.01 m (TR 83-47). He hopes to devise a full-scale experiment for testing his estimates of the mechanical response to various kinds of deformation of canisters enclosed in bentonite. While agreeing with Pusch that uncertainty about the response of tightly held canisters to sudden displacement is a real weakness in the KBS program, the panel notes that the probability of rock movement in precisely the right orientation and of the right magnitude and sudden- ness to do appreciable damage is exceedingly slight. Earthquakes in Sweden are uncommon, and recorded rock displacements of the last million years that can reason- ably be ascribed to earthquake activity are nearly all along planes that are steeply inclined rather than hor- izontal. Steep or vertical displacement would be less damaging to individual canisters, and would affect only a small number. The possibility that earthquake movement might damage many canisters in a repository sometime in the next million years cannot be entirely discounted. Pusch is right in noting the possibility and seeking to bound its effects experimentally, but the panel regards the possibility as too remote to constitute a serious drawback to the KBS plan. CORROSION RESISTANCE Will the canisters have sufficient corrosion resistance to prevent contact of groundwater with waste for a million years? Copper is thermodynamically stable in pure water under the proposed repository conditions, but groundwater in Swedish bedrock is far from pure. Analyses of water samples from the sites under investigation show enough potentially corrosive solutes to make questionable the ability of the canisters to survive for very long times if they were to be placed simply in contact with moving groundwater. The argument for minimal corrosion over hundreds of thousands of years is thus based, not on the thermodynamics of an unreactive metal in contact with relatively benign groundwater, but on the control of possible corrosive agents by the bentonite buffer and by reactions of the groundwater with bedrock.
34 The argument in KBS-3 follows the same lines as in KBS-2 (KBS-3, p. 10:8/15). The water that eventually makes contact with canister surfaces is the groundwater commonly found at depth in granitic rocks, its composition only slightly modified by the bentonite buffer. It is kept practically stationary within the buffer, and motion of solutes to and from the canister surfaces is limited to slow diffusion through 0.35 m of bentonite. The principal oxidizing agents of concern are dissolved oxygen and hydrogen ion in the presence of sulfide (the hydrogen ion being capable of oxidizing copper if the reaction is driven by the extreme insolubility of cuprous sulfide). Dissolved oxygen will be significant for a time after repository closure, because of residual air in all unfilled openings and in interstices of the backfill; but after natural groundwater conditions are reestab- lished, dissolved oxygen content will be kept very low by reaction with minerals containing ferrous ion in the surrounding rock. Sulfide is low in the natural ground- water because of reaction with ferrous ion to form insoluble ferrous sulfide, but dissolved sulfide can form in appreciable amounts by bacterial reduction of sulfate if organic material is present as nutrient for the bacteria. Sulfate is one of the prominent ions in the groundwater (up to 15 mg/1), and enough organic matter is commonly present (2 to 7 mg/1) to be a potential source of 1 or 2 mg/1 of sulfide ion; additional sulfate, sul- fide, and organic matter may be present as impurities in the bentonite. Dissolved sulfide can be kept low by oxidative preheating of the bentonite to remove most of the sulfides and organic matter, by using bentonite with a low content of sulfate, and by slowing access of ground- water from the backfill in tunnels above the canisters by placing a cap (copper, granite, or concrete) on each canister hole. These methods of control are estimated to be effective enough to limit the amount of copper con- verted to oxide or sulfide in a million years to no more than 30 kg per canister (out of a total single canister weight of about 20,000 kg) (TR 83-24). Other possible oxidizing agents (sulfate acting directly, nitrate, nitrite, and hydrogen ion in the presence of chloride) are readily shown to be unimpor- tant, either because of low concentrations or because of extreme slowness of reaction at temperatures below 80°C. Another possibility is oxidation by products of radioly- sis of water at canister surfaces (oxygen and peroxides, produced together with hydrogen). Calculations show,
35 however, that the amount of gamma radiation penetrating 0.1 m of copper would be capable of forming only enough radiolytic oxidants to combine with about 10 kg of copper in a million years, even if no recombination of the radiolysis products is assumed. One significant difference between KBS-2 and KBS-3 is the planned mixing of ferrous phosphate with the backfill material in the former and its absence in the latter. Earlier, the addition was intended to ensure that ground- water in the repository would remain reducing. Omission of the reductant in KBS-3 is in part the result of cal- culations showing that ferrous ion derived from iron minerals in the bedrock is sufficient to maintain reduc- ing conditions, and in part a response to concern that addition of yet another chemical species to the reposi- tory environment would complicate its chemistry unduly (TR-83-36). In assessing the potential effects of corrosion on the copper canisters, the KBS-3 report consistently takes a conservative stance, generally more conservative than the stance in KBS-2. Examples of the conservatism are as follows: 1. Oxidation of copper by dissolved oxygen can proceed only at high redox potentials (ca. +50 mV), whereas oxidation by hydrogen ion in the presence of sulfide requires much lower potentials (less than -200 mV); yet both reactions are assumed to go to completion in estimating the corrosion rate. 2. No correction is made for the copper powder added to canisters made with the isostatic compression process; the additional copper would consume reactants if the outer part of a canister should be breached by corrosion. 3. In calculating the possible effect of sulfate on canister corrosion, no credit is taken for the ferrous ion in the bentonite in controlling the availability of sulfide as a corrodant. 4. Kinetic studies in KBS-3 were made for the most part with classical, well-founded procedures, but some nontraditional techniques were employed involving the concept of "equivalent flow." At the panel's request the results were recalculated by Hong Lee (University of Florida, personal communication, 1983) using classical diffusion models. The rates obtained by Lee are close to those estimated by Neretnieks (TR 83-24); but where differences exist, the Neretnieks model predicts slightly higher corrosion rates.
36 By way of contrast, the important effect of pit cor- rosion is treated less conservatively in KBS-3 than in KBS-2. The latter uses a very conservative value of 25 for the pitting factor; but the KBS-3 authors point out that, in recent metallurgical studies by the Swedish Corrosion Institute (TR 83-24), a factor of 5 has been shown to be more reasonable for the two kinds of copper (oxygen-free high-conductivity copper and phosphorus deoxidized copper) that are contemplated for use in the canisters. A maximum pitting factor of 5 is also indicated by examination of archeological specimens, native copper, and buried lightning-conductor plates (TR 83-24). In KBS-3, corrosion rates are calculated using both of these factors, but the rates obtained with the larger factor are described as unrealistically high. Overall, the calculations of corrosion rates in KBS-3 are similar to those in KBS-2 but are improved by use of new data and new calculational methods. In the panel's opinion the calculations are soundly based and use assump- tions with a safely conservative bias. The ability of canisters surrounded by compacted bentonite in Swedish bedrock to last for a million years and more seems adequately documentedâprovided, of course, that the canisters are made according to rigid specifications and that the subsurface environment is not subject to radical change. STRESS CORROSION CRACKING Will the canisters be immune to stress corrosion cracking for a million years? One corrosion-failure mechanism that in theory might be capable of causing a catastrophic breach is stress corrosion crackingâthe cracking of metal as a result of exposure of a susceptible material in a specific environ- ment to an enduring tensile stress. The possibility of damage by such a mechanism under conditions to be expected in a Swedish repository was investigated by the authors of KBS-2 and shown to be negligible. The reason is that the necessary enduring tensile stress will not exist because of the method of canister fabrication, and in any event could not be maintained for long in a metal as readily stress-recovery-annealed as pure copper. Even if a repository were to be invaded by seawater when the land subsided under the weight of a glacier, the necessary oxidizing conditions and concentrations of nitrogen
37 compounds would not be attained. After careful review, the NRC subcommittee agreed that a good case had been made in KBS-2 for the conclusion that the rather specific conditions needed for initiating stress corrosion cracking would not be found in a KBS repository (NRC, 1980). The NRC subcommittee raised a possible question on the grounds that newly reported research had suggested some tendency for cracking of high-purity copper in certain nitrogen-containing environments. More recent work by Benjamin et al. (TR 83-06), however, showed that the electrochemical conditions necessary to stimulate cracking of pure copper in dilute sodium nitrite solutions are so remote from conditions expected in a repository that they eliminate stress corrosion cracking of the canisters as a source of concern. BENTONITE BUFFER Can the bentonite buffer around each canister and the bentonite-sand backfill in tunnels and shafts be depended on to keep the movement of groundwater along canister surfaces very slow and to maintain conditions in the repository that will prevent or greatly inhibit corrosion? In both KBS-2 and KBS-3 the canisters are to be sur- rounded by shaped blocks of compacted bentonite*; and after the canisters are emplaced, a mixture of bentonite and sand is to be used as backfill in the tunnels and shafts. As groundwater penetrates the repository after closure, the bentonite is expected to swell and fill all vacant spaces, thus forming a mechanical cushion for the canisters and serving as a barrier to rapid groundwater flow. At the canister surfaces, the expanded bentonite will, supposedly, keep groundwater motion very slow and prevent movement of possible corrosive agents except by slow diffusion through the clay. To some extent the buffer will also act as a retardant for radionuclide migration should early breaching of a canister occur; this possible function is discussed more completely in the section in Chapter 4, "Retardation in the Near-Field." *Bentonite is a naturally occurring material with considerable variation in composition and properties. The bentonite mentioned in this section and used as a reference material in the Swedish experimental work is a variety from Wyoming with a high ratio of sodium to calcium smectite.
38 In KBS-2 an impressive array of experimental and analytical data was presented to support the thesis that the bentonite would indeed perform up to expectations under the chemical, thermal, and radiation conditions anticipated in a repository. The data were in large part obtained by Pusch and his colleagues at the university of Lulea. In more recent years, Pusch has continued his intensive studies of the properties of bentonite and other clays, both at Lulea and in the underground experimental facility at Stripa. The present review is devoted largely to a survey of the recent findings of Pusch and his co-workers. Some aspects of the emplacement of bentonite were questioned by the NRC subcommittee on KBS-2, particularly the feasibility of placing bentonite blocks in the holes around the canisters without leaving large open spaces, and the feasibility of compacting the backfill in the upper parts of tunnels. Both questions have now been answered by full-scale experiments at Stripa: canisters can be successfully emplaced, either by building the bentonite-block walls around them or by constructing the walls first and then inserting the canisters; and the emplacement of backfill in the upper parts of tunnels, with a final density only slightly less than that of the compacted material below, can be accomplished by a shotcrete process (Stripa 82-06, Stripa 82-07; also, presentation by Pusch to the panel, accompanied by photographs of the operations, September 1983) . The mechanical properties of highly compacted, water-saturated bentonite are of interest in ensuring that canisters do not slowly sink through the bentonite to the bottom of their emplacement holes, and that they will be to some extent protected from shear stresses that may develop in the surrounding rock. A theoretical analysis backed by laboratory experiments has shown that the swelling pressure of the bentonite (10 to 15 MPa under repository conditions) is sufficient to largely restore the original state of stress in the nearby rock. The material is strong enough that the calculated rate of canister subsidence is no more than about 0.01 m in a million years, yet plastic enough to give protection against slight rock displacements (TR 83-04, TR 83-47) . As noted in the section in Chapter 3 entitled "Mechanical Capability," the protection against slow moderate dis- placement is adequate, but a question remains about possible rupture of a canister by rapid horizontal rock movement of more than 0.01 m.
39 Compacted bentonite under its own swelling pressure has been demonstrated to flow into cracks less than 1 mm wide and to seal them. It has been further shown experi- mentally that moving groundwater in such cracks will not, at a later time, dislodge appreciable amounts of the bentonite filling (TR 83-04). The ability of bentonite to control groundwater movement and the movement of dissolved ions is shown by measurements of hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity. For bentonite compressed to a density of 2.0 t/m^ (tonnes per cubic meter, an SI unit numerically equiva- lent to grams per cubic centimeter), Pusch gives a conductivity of 5 x 10~14 m/s (TR 80-16) , a value corroborated, within an order of magnitude, by recent experiments in the United States (Peterson and Kelkar 1983) . For bentonite-sand mixtures like those to be used for backfill, Pusch and Borgesson (Stripa 82-06) give experimental values for hydraulic conductivity: With 10 percent bentonite, at a density of 2.1: 10~9 m/s With 20 percent bentonite, at a density of 2.1: I0-10 m/s In similar experiments, Peterson and Kelkar found With 10 percent bentonite, at a density of 1.98: 6.1 x 10~9 m/s With 30 percent bentonite, at a density of 2.29: 2.2 x 10~12 m/s The agreement is satisfactory, and the range of values is similar to that for the matrix of granitic rock between major fractures. This finding indicates that the backfill in tunnels and shafts will have a permeability comparable to that of its surroundings. Because of the low hydraulic conductivity, motion of ions through the water-saturated bentonite will be dominated by diffusion; for the dif- fusivities of different ions, Pusch gives values in the range 8 x 10~12 to 5 x 10~ll m2/s. The chemical properties of bentonite vary considerably from one sample to another. In KBS-2 the favored ben- tonite was a variety from Wyoming rich in Na-smectite; this material is still used as a reference standard in KBS-3, but a search has been undertaken to find sources that are cheaper and closer to Sweden. Pusch has examined bentonites from many localities, mostly European, and
40 finds much variation in the ratio of Na-smectite to Ca-smectite, the ratio of smectite to other clay min- erals, and the content of such impurities as quartz, carbonate, sulfides, sulfates, and organic matter (TR 83-46, and personal communication, 1983). For most repository purposes, a fairly pure Na-smectite is prefer- able. The composition of bentonite can be somewhat modified, if desirable, by currently available commercial processes: sodium may be substituted for calcium, and much of the sulfide and organic impurity can be removed by several hours of oxidative heating to about 400°C. At the time of the KBS-2 plan, Pusch had reservations about the possible effect of heating bentonite to 400°, on the grounds that its structure might be irreversibly altered and its expansive properties impaired; but results of recent experiments have convinced him that the change in properties is minor if the heating is not continued too long. No final choice among the varieties of bentonite has yet been made, but Pusch is confident that one or more good sources can be found and that the composition can be altered, if necessary, to meet KBS requirements. Whatever the source of bentonite, the KBS authors think it can be depended on to keep the rate of corrosion low. Presumably, a bentonite with low sulfate content will be selected, and its sulfide and organic content will each be reduced below 200 ppm by oxidative heating. The buffer will limit the supply of water reaching the surface of canisters to a calculated 0.2 to 1.6 1/yr/ canister (KBS-3, p. 20.15), and the amount of oxidants in this quantity of water would be trivial. Bentonite is also known to buffer the pH of contained water to values between 8 and 9.5, thus effectively preventing possible corrosion by hydrogen ion in the presence of chloride even up to seawater concentrations of chloride; if the buffer capacity of the bentonite is ever used up (doubt- ful, because the pH of the groundwater is generally between 7.5 and 9.5, so that little buffering is needed) , the bedrock itself would serve to hold the pH in this range. Possible oxidation of copper by the products of radiolysis is largely prevented by the buffer's ability to slow the escape of hydrogen, and hence to promote the recombination of the radiolysis products. Thus, if the buffer behaves even approximately as expected, the rate of corrosion of canister surfaces will be kept to a very small value. In summary, the panel believes that the experimental data and calculations described in KBS-3 and its tech-
41 nical documents effectively support the KBS claims that, in the system of copper canisters plus bentonite, the canisters are adequately protected from corrosion and stress. The swelling pressure, bearing capacity, and plasticity of the bentonite will provide good mechanical protection; its low hydraulic conductivity will serve as a barrier to active groundwater flow and will maintain a controlled low-corrosion environment immediately adjacent to the canisters. | https://www.nap.edu/read/19380/chapter/5 |
This Cilantro Lime Halibut is so easy to make and doesn’t taste fishy at all. Just fresh, flaky, and fantastic! You will love the fresh flavor combinations!
Course
Main Course, Dinner
Cuisine
American
Keyword
halibut
Prep Time
10
minutes
Cook Time
8
minutes
Refrigerate
1
hour
Total Time
1
hour
18
minutes
Servings
2
Calories
181
kcal
Author
Erica Walker
Ingredients
12
oz
fresh halibut filets
salt and pepper to taste
2
cloves
garlic
crushed
½
cup
white wine or chicken stock
1
tablespoon
fresh cilantro
chopped
1
tablespoon
lime juice
1
teaspoon
lime zest
2
tablespoons
olive oil
Instructions
Season halibut with salt and pepper one hour before cooking. Place in refrigerator.
Lightly oil a non-stick pan with canola or vegetable oil. Over high heat, sear each side of the halibut filets for five seconds each.
Searing the filets will cook a fine layer on the outside of the fish so that it will not stick to the barbecue. Because of the moistness and flakiness of halibut, this will prevent the halibut from sticking and falling through the grates of your barbecue grill. This is a great tip when barbecuing all types of fish, but works especially well with halibut.
Remove halibut from pan and turn heat down to medium. Add olive oil and garlic to pan and cook for 2 minutes. Add wine or chicken stock, cilantro, lime juice , lime zest and olive oil to the sauté pan and heat until hot but not boiling.
Remove sauce from heat and baste fish on both sides. Cook on barbecue grill for 3 minutes per side, basting constantly while cooking. Serve immediately.
Nutrition
Calories:
181
kcal
|
Carbohydrates:
3
g
|
Protein:
1
g
|
Fat:
14
g
|
Saturated Fat:
2
g
|
Cholesterol:
1
mg
|
Sodium:
5
mg
|
Potassium:
43
mg
|
Sugar:
1
g
|
Vitamin C:
3.2
mg
|
Calcium:
11
mg
|
Iron: | https://www.favfamilyrecipes.com/wprm_print/recipe/19514 |
Front End Engineer at Morningstar
Morningstar front-end engineering is dedicated to creating thoughtfully engineered financial products and services so that people across the world can make the best investing decisions for themselves and their clients. In close collaboration with the design team, we deliver complex financial information into experiences that empower our users to deliver better outcomes. We do this by not only creating the look and feel of a product, but also driving product direction: prioritizing the biggest opportunities to support our users and the business, while maintaining a strong sense of product ownership and its resulting success. We're always seeking front-end engineers who are motivated, are driven to deliver user-centered outcomes, and are equally committed to craft and compassion.
We are seeking a mid-to-senior Front End Software Engineer experience to become part of our Workplace and Retirement Solutions team, which is focused on saving retirement in the US. This role is focused on building out new applications that will change the retirement industry, helping people to save more and have a better retirement, as well as iterative transformation of existing applications.
Candidates should have solid software engineering experience in building commercial-grade Web-based applications. You will work closely with designers to build out experiences that our users love, work with API engineers to design performant APIs, and be a part of a team that continuously improves the CI/CD pipeline modernizing the platform. This position is based in our Chicago office.
Job Responsibilities
- Collaborate with designers and act as the bridge between design and engineering to ensure the brand, design vision, and UX best practices are properly translated into the browser.
- Collaborate with the Design System team on enhancements to the central design system library.
- Build reusable UI components and have authored documentation for its API and usage so other developers can easily understand how to use it.
- Create cascading style sheets (CSS) that are consistent across all browsers and platforms.
- Write CSS code that controls the look and feel of the web experience that implements typography, responsive layout, animation, and other visual aspects of the UI with a focus on modularity, flexibility, compatibility, and extensibility.
- Craft semantic HTML markup with a strong focus on accessibility.
- Write unit tests to ensure components keep an elevated level of quality and consistency as they are improved and iterated on.
- Identify challenges and opportunities as it relates to the delivery of UI during planning and execution and has worked with design and product to solve and deliver superior solutions.
- Actively participate in the code review process, receiving and providing constructive feedback on ways to improve code execution.
- Test across browsers and devices to ensure a consistent user experience.
- Create lightweight and fast-loading experiences through optimization of front-end code.
- Use an Agile approach to iteratively maintain and develop new functionality.
- Stay up to date on emerging technologies.
- Promote and implement usability best practices.
- Promote and implement accessibility best practices.
- Mentor junior engineers (if senior front end engineer)
Qualifications
- 2+ years experience with client side frameworks such as Vue, React, Angular, Ember, etc.
- Familiarity with server side technologies such as Node.js
- In depth knowledge of and experience designing and implementing front end concerns related to testing, security, performance, accessibility, reusable components, etc.
- Experience working with build process management tools like Grunt, or Gulp, or Webpack.
- Experience working with designers and act as the bridge between design and engineering to ensure the brand, design vision, and UX best practices are properly translated into the browser.
- Experience working with server-side engineers to ensure code is compatible with views, services, APIs, and other architectural
- Highly motivated individual with the potential and desire to learn new technologies and take on an increasing level of responsibility within the technology team.
Nice to have
- Knowledge of AWS, Jenkins, Docker
- Finance industry knowledge/experience (especially wrt retirement industry in the US)
- Architecting/managing micro-frontends. | https://www.builtinchicago.org/job/engineer/front-end-engineer/153236 |
CFD analysis is used in other purposes, such as earth weather predictions and high-speed train design. CFD is commonly used to predict weather system, especially during disasterous events due to tornado or hurricane. It can predict strength evolution of tornado or hurricane in near future and their paths. Also, CFD analysis is used during high-speed train development for aerodynamics, heat management and climate control.
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour (483 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3.2 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km). CFD analysis is often used to simulate a tornado development, its movement and touch-down path. Analysis is also used in general weather predictions in terms of wind speed, its direction and atmospheric temperature.
Bobsleigh or bobsled is a winter sport in which teams of two or four people make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sled. The timed runs are combined to calculate the final score. CFD analysis is used for optimizing bobsled shape to reduce aerodynamic drag which will increase its speed.
A bicycle helmet is designed to attenuate impacts to the head of a cyclist in falls while minimizing side effects such as interference with peripheral vision. CFD analysis is used to reduce aerodynamic drag of bicycle helmet which will increase bicycle speed. | http://centerforcfd.com/others.htm |
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