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We know you have worked hard and put great effort into your education. The Federation of State Medical Boards would like to help you do the same for your career. Interning at the FSMB in the Information Technology department will give you the opportunity to work on exciting and up-to-date technologies. You'll be able to leverage your abilities with immediate responsibility and stimulating work, and have the opportunity to grow and be recognized for your contributions. The Position As an Information Technology Intern, you will be assigned to a team within our IT department. IT Technologist career paths include software development, quality assurance, systems analysis, data analytics, information security or technical project management. We will help you develop your career through on-the-job training that is aligned with your skills and interests. Emerging technologies you will use include: SQL, NoSQL, HTML5, CSS, .NET, MVC, Informatica, and Perceptive Workflow. You will also be immersed in the Agile Scrum methodology as you help create new business solutions. Work Environment In FSMB's IT Department our work environment is focused on collaboration and team work. Our teams work closely together to deliver quality products and drive results. The industry changes quickly, so if you can respond to change, pick up new technologies quickly and adapt to changing requirements and agile methodology, you are a great fit. Most importantly, you'll be engaged in stimulating and meaningful work and enjoy an environment that demonstrates a commitment to treating everyone with dignity and respect. FSMB is an EEO/Affirmative Action Employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or national origin or status as a protected veteran. Qualifications: Working towards Bachelor's degree or Master's degree in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Computer Information Systems, Informatics, Management Information Systems, Information Technology, Mathematics or related technical program Junior or Senior Good academic standing Strong technical, analytical, communication & organizational skills Company Overview: At FSMB, we offer a diverse range of student opportunities that complement your academics, and provide experience through immediate responsibility and stimulating work. FSMB is a national healthcare organization focused on building tools and services for physicians and state medical boards. FSMB's cloud based solutions are used by physicians throughout the country to register for licensing examinations, building credential portfolios and applying for licensure. FSMB's tools for data exchange and generating physician profiles are also used nationally by medical boards and health care organizations.	https://www.militaryhire.com/jobs-for-veterans/job/4396572/Entry-Level-IT-Intern/state/Texas/city/Euless/
Evidence for evolutionary relationship? The idea that human beings and chimps have close to 100% similarity in their DNA seems to be common knowledge. The figures quoted vary: 97%, 98%, or even 99%, depending on just who is telling the story. What is the basis for these claims and do the data mean there really is not much difference between chimps and people? Are we just highly evolved apes? The following concepts will assist with a proper understanding of this issue: Similarity (‘homology’) is not evidence for common ancestry (evolution) as against a common designer (creation). Think about a Porsche and Volkswagen ‘Beetle’ car. They both have air–cooled, flat, horizontally–opposed, 4–cylinder engines in the rear, independent suspension, two doors, boot (trunk) in the front, and many other similarities (‘homologies’). Why do these two very different cars have so many similarities? Because they had the same designer! Whether similarity is morphological (appearance), or biochemical, is of no consequence to the lack of logic in this argument for evolution. If humans were entirely different from all other living things, or indeed if every living thing was entirely different, would this reveal the Creator to us? No! We would logically think that there must be many creators rather than one. The unity of the creation is testimony to the One True God who made it all (Romans 1:18–23). If humans were entirely different from all other living things, how would we then live? If we are to eat food to provide nutrients and energy to live, what would we eat if every other organism on earth were fundamentally different biochemically? How could we digest them and how could we use the amino acids, sugars, etc., if they were different from the ones we have in our bodies? Biochemical similarity is necessary for us to have food! We know that DNA in cells contains much of the information necessary for the development of an organism. In other words, if two organisms look similar, we would expect there to be some similarity also in their DNA. The DNA of a cow and a whale, two mammals, should be more alike than the DNA of a cow and a bacterium. If it were not so, then the whole idea of DNA being the information carrier in living things would have to be questioned. Likewise, humans and apes have a lot of morphological similarities, so we would expect there would be similarities in their DNA. Of all the animals, chimps are most like humans,1 so we would expect that their DNA would be most like human DNA. Certain biochemical capacities are common to all living things, so there is even a degree of similarity between the DNA of yeast, for example, and that of humans. Because human cells can do many of the things that yeast can do, we share similarities in the DNA sequences that code for the enzymes that do the same jobs in both types of cells. Some of the sequences, for example, those that code for the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) proteins, are almost identical. What of the 97% (or 98% or 99%!) similarity claimed between humans and chimps? The figures published do not mean quite what is claimed in the popular publications (and even some respectable science journals). DNA contains its information in the sequence of four chemical compounds known as nucleotides, abbreviated C,G,A,T. Groups of three of these at a time are ‘read’ by complex translation machinery in the cell to determine the sequence of 20 different types of amino acids to be incorporated into proteins. The human DNA has at least 3,000,000,000 nucleotides in sequence. Chimp DNA has not been anywhere near fully sequenced so that a proper comparison can be made (using a lot of computer time to do it—imagine comparing two sets of 1000 large books, sentence by sentence, for similarities and differences!). Where did the ‘97% similarity’ come from then? It was inferred from a fairly crude technique called DNA hybridization where small parts of human DNA are split into single strands and allowed to re–form double strands (duplex) with chimp DNA.2 However, there are various reasons why DNA does or does not hybridize, only one of which is degree of similarity (homology).3 Consequently, this somewhat arbitrary figure is not used by those working in molecular homology (other parameters, derived from the shape of the ‘melting’ curve, are used). Why has the 97% figure been popularised then? One can only guess that it served the purpose of evolutionary indoctrination of the scientifically illiterate. Interestingly, the original papers did not contain the basic data and the reader had to accept the interpretation of the data ‘on faith’. Sarich et al.4 obtained the original data and used them in their discussion of which parameters should be used in homology studies.5 Sarich discovered considerable sloppiness in Sibley and Ahlquist’s generation of their data as well as their statistical analysis. Upon inspecting the data, I discovered that, even if everything else was above criticism, the 97% figure came from making a very basic statistical error—averaging two figures without taking into account differences in the number of observations contributing to each figure. When a proper mean is calculated it is 96.2%, not 97%. However, there is no true replication in the data, so no confidence can be attached to the figures published by Sibley and Ahlquist. What if human and chimp DNA was even 96% homologous? What would that mean? Would it mean that humans could have ‘evolved’ from a common ancestor with chimps? Not at all! The amount of information in the 3 billion base pairs in the DNA in every human cell has been estimated to be equivalent to that in 1,000 books of encyclopaedia size.6 If humans were ‘only’ 4% different this still amounts to 120 million base pairs, equivalent to approximately 12 million words, or 40 large books of information. This is surely an impossible barrier for mutations (random changes) to cross.7 Ed. note: the point of this article was to refute one widely parroted ‘proof’ that humans evolved from apes, as should be clear from the title. It was simply beyond the scope of a single Creation magazine article to deal with all other ‘proofs’ of human evolution, although, amazingly, some atheistic sceptics have attacked this article for this alleged failing! But see Q&A: Anthropology (human ancestry, alleged ape-men) for addressing issues like alleged fossil ‘ape–men’. Related Articles References and notes - However, Jeffrey Swartz, an evolutionary anthropologist at the University of Pittsburg, maintains that man is closer to orangutans in gross morphology. Acts and Facts, 16(5):5, 1987. Return to text. - Sibley and Ahlquist, 1987, J. Molec. Evol. 26:99–121). The resulting hybrid duplex material is then separated from single–strand DNA remaining and heated in 2 to 3 degree increments from 55o to 95o C, and the amount of DNA separating at each temperature is measured and totalled, comparing it to human–human DNA re–formed as duplex. If 90% of the human DNA is recovered with heating from the human–chimp hybrid, compared to the human-human DNA, then there is said to be 90% normalised percentage hybridisation. Return to text. - Sarich et al. 1989. Cladistics 5:3–32. Return to text. - Ibid. Return to text. - Molecular homology studies could be quite useful to creationists in determining what were the original created ‘kinds’ and what has happened since to generate new species within each kind. For example, the varieties / species of finch on the Galápagos Islands obviously derived from an original small number that made it to the islands. Recombination of the genes in the original migrants and natural selection could account for the varieties of finch on the islands today—just as all the breeds of dogs in the world today were artificially bred from an original wild dog/wolf kind not long ago. It is interesting that molecular homology studies have been most consistent when applied within what are probably biblical kinds and contradict the major predictions of evolution regarding the relationships between the major groups such as phyla and classes (see ref. 6 regarding the latter). Return to text. - Denton, M., Evolution: Theory in Crisis. (Burnett Books, London), 1985. Return to text. - Haldane’s Dilemma recognises the problem for evolutionists of getting genetic changes in higher organisms, especially those which have long generation times. Due to the cost of substitution (death of the unfit) of one gene for another in a population, it would take over 7x1011 years of human–like generations to substitute the 120 million base pairs. Or in 10 million years (twice the time since the chimp/human common ancestor is alleged to have lived), only 1667 substitutions could occur, or 0.001% of the difference. There has simply been insufficient time for ape–like creatures to turn into humans. And this understates the problem by assuming perfect efficiency of natural selection and ignoring deleterious processes like inbreeding and genetic drift, as well as problems posed by pleiotropy (one gene controlling more than one characteristic) and polygeny (more than one gene controlling one characteristic)—most real genes. See W.J. ReMine, The Biotic Message (St. Paul Science, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1993), pp. 215–217. Return to text.	https://creation.com/human-chimp-dna-similarity
Describe the layers of the solid Earth, including the lithosphere, the hot convecting mantle, and the dense metallic liquid and solid cores. TUTORIAL: Journey to the center of the Earth Standard: FL.7.E.6.2 Identify the patterns within the rock cycle and relate them to surface events (weathering and erosion) and sub-surface events (plate tectonics and mountain building). Standard 7.E.6.5 Explore the scientific theory of plate tectonics by describing how the movement of Earth's crustal plates causes both slow and rapid changes in Earth's surface, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and mountain building. Standard 7.E.6.6 Identify the impact that humans have had on Earth, such as deforestation, urbanization, desertification, erosion, air and water quality, changing the flow of water. Standard 7.E.6.7 Recognize that heat flow and movement of material within Earth causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean basins.	https://www.sciencewithdrf.com/remeidiation
Cybersecurity is generally defined as the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs, and electronic data from attack, damage, or unauthorized access. In a computing context, information security includes both cybersecurity and physical security. We are committed to helping educate the nation's students in cybersecurity to develop a more resilient and capable cybernation. Join us in the fight today! Program Outcomes - Identify, review, and evaluate network security threats and the corresponding prevention principles and practices as it relates to all IT disciplines. - Employ critical thinking and enhanced computer and software skills as it relates to problem solving. - Demonstrate abilities in the use of software and programming that meet requirements for certain industry jobs or transfer to four-year institutions majoring in computer and IT-related careers. - Demonstrate interpersonal skills, such as leadership, delegation of authority, accountability, consensus building, conflict resolution, and teambuilding. - Identify and apply current project management principles to technology projects. Career - Security Administrator - responsible for the installation, administration, and support of security solutions; ensures network security to protect against unauthorized access, modification, or destructions of data. - Security Analyst/Cyber Operations Specialist - conduct offensive and defensive cyber operations to exploit or protect data, networks, net-centric capabilities, and other designated systems. - Incident Responder and/or Investigator - investigates, analyzes, and responds to cyber incidents within the network environment or enclave. - Risk Manager - identifies industry standards and regulatory guidelines for information security in order to minimize the risk of compromise of sensitive business systems. - Cybersecurity Lawyer - advise on implementing strategies to meet state, federal and international legal requirements, represent clients before regulatory bodies, and serve as the quarterback and crisis manager during incident response to mitigate loss and ensure compliance with the law.	http://dev.sdcity.edu/academics/schools-programs/business-it-cosmo/it/cybersecurity.aspx
Creativity in the Science of Psychoanalysis: an APM, NYPSI and PANY Joint Event For years psychoanalysts have been so invested in proving that psychoanalysis is a science that they have all but forgotten that it is an art of a kind. There have been many attempts to tease apart creative and scientific aspects of psychoanalysis. Bowlby famously made a distinction between “the art of psychoanalytic therapy and the science of psychoanalytic psychology.” Is such separation possible? Is it useful? This panel will discuss different aspects of creativity in everyday psychoanalytic work. Dr. Shapiro will consider various definitions of creativity and explore their applicability to art and psychoanalysis. He will investigate the use of the psychoanalytic setting as a creative integrative opportunity to facilitate the treatment. Dr. Marcus will take up the issue of creativity in science and apply these thoughts to creativity and science in psychoanalytic work and research. The claim will be made that psychoanalytic work is inherently creative and can be scientific. Examples from dream interpretation with patients and use of dreams in social science research will be used to illustrate his ideas. Dr. Mirkin will discuss the transformative role of creativity in therapeutic action of psychoanalysis. She will outline the analyst’s contribution – the analyst’s own creativity – to the treatment and suggest that the development of the patient’s creative capacity is a measure of the progress of the treatment. The panelists will engage in discussion amongst themselves and with the audience to further our understanding of these complex issues. Eric Marcus MD, Training and Supervision Analyst at the Columbia Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research and author of Psychosis and Near-Psychosis (3rd ed. 2017). Theodore Shapiro, MD a psychoanalyst and researcher in the areas of language disorders, developmental disorders such as Autism and PDD, anxiety disorders, panic psychopharmacology in children, psychoanalysis, and linguistics at Weill Cornell Medical College. PLEASE NOTE DIFFERENT LOCATION • 247 East 82nd Street New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute Reception with wine and cheese will open the event This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint providership of American Psychoanalytic Association and Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine. The American Psychoanalytic Association is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians.	https://www.theapmnewyork.org/lectures_post/creativity-in-the-science-of-psychoanalysis-an-apm-nypsi-and-pany-joint-event/
The cooperation between the European Union and developing countries in Africa, in the Caribbean and in the Pacific region has come to a turning point. The levelling of EU’s international priorities after the end of the east-west conflict, as well as conflicts and underdevelopment is African countries, have shown that the model of cooperation suggested in the Lomé convention is no longer applicable. What will the new agreement on cooperation after Lomé be like? Will the EU have the political determination to tackle underdevelopment and conflicts in Africa or will it follow the policies of structural adjustment promoted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund? Will ACP governments be able to take up their responsibilities and promote activities, as the “partnership among equals” provides? Will the relations between the EU and ACP countries be a model for cooperation or will the “special relation” between them be broken once for all? All these crucial questions will be addressed in this collection of papers written by some of the most relevant international experts on the EU and ACP countries. Main topics and authors: Political aspects of the cooperation between the EU and ACP countries Conflict prevention and european development policy, by Marjorie Lister Lomé IV and conditionality, by William Brown The future of trade regimes EU-ACP trade and trade cooperation, by Christopher Stevens The uncertain future of ACP – EU trade arrangements, by Herni-Bernard Solignac Lecomte The CFA and European Monetary Union, by Stephen J.D. Dearden Regional Dynamics Regional economic partnership agreements and regional integration in ACP countries, by Matthew McQueen The European Union and regionalism in developing countries, by Walter Kennes The EU-ACP Convention and the evolution of the European approach in the management of the north-south gap. The EU-South Africa agreement: a case study, by Daniel Bach Parties and negotiations The issues of the post-Lomé negotiation, by Bernard Petit Life after Lomé, by Carl Greenidge The actors of the civil society Civil Society, development and Lomé: policy options for EU-ACP relations, by George Huggings Creating new circles of influence. Civil society and policy making at the global level, by Muthoni Muriu Experience of dialogue between the civil society and governments in the EU-ACP partnership, by Anne Graumans The book has been published within the COCIS project: “Lomé 2000: from the government agreement to the partnership of societies”, with the contribution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Department for Cooperation and Development, and in cooperation with the center Centro Amilcar Cabral, Bologna.	https://www.aiepeditore.com/prodotto/i-libri-di-ao-n-1-leuropa-e-il-sud-del-mondo-quali-prospettive-per-il-post-lome/
A mentor in the workplace is someone who is capable of providing guidance to a less-experienced employee, the mentee. The essence of mentoring recognises the value of learning from each other. We all use other people to help and support us in our day to day lives - usually people whose opinions we value because of their experience. We can also apply this in the workplace by using experienced people to 'mentor' others and help them achieve their full potential. There are 3 overriding principles of mentoring: - The mentor must be outside the mentee's direct line management chain, with greater experience in one or more areas, and be able to exchange knowledge with another through a relationship of mutual influence and learning. - Participation is on a voluntary basis. - The relationship is confidential. We set up our mentoring network in April 2019, following feedback from colleagues that they did not know how to gain a mentor. We were aware this was happening informally, through existing working relationships. The network was set up as an opportunity for our people to learn from a more experienced colleague to: - share their knowledge and experience - encourage networking opportunities - break down silos across the organisation To date, we have 18 mentors providing guidance and support and sharing their experiences. And all have varying skills and knowledge from across the organisation. For National Mentoring Day, we ran a ‘Meet the mentor’ event where colleagues could talk to members of the network about what they’ve gained from being a mentor or a mentee. This proved to be really popular. The interest in mentoring has seen an increase of 15% this past month. Mentor requests have also doubled, and a further 8 people have shown an interest in becoming a mentor for the organisation. Here are stories from 2 of our colleagues who share their experiences of our mentoring network. Laura: mentor Before joining the Companies House mentoring network, I hadn’t done any formal mentoring. But in my role as a senior HR business partner I’ve done a lot of informal mentoring with managers in a number of different organisations. I joined our mentoring network as I was keen for others to learn from my experiences and not only to be doing this as part of my role in HR but also from a personal perspective. What I’ve learned Sometimes people just need a different, independent perspective, especially where emotions are running high. There’s a feel-good factor when you can help and support someone through a situation. You not only realise that all the knowledge and skills you’ve learned can help others and is highly valued, but you get to learn even more about yourself. It's a great personal development opportunity to learn where you need to develop, but it also confirms that you have something positive to offer, and I feel valued for that. Connie: mentee I was fortunate to have a very good mentor who built a good relationship from the first meeting. I had encouragement to develop myself and look at my strengths, while identifying my weaknesses. We discussed how to overcome my weaknesses and how to make improvements where needed. My mentor was the first person I turned to whenever I needed advice or simply just wanted someone to bounce fresh ideas off. What I’ve learned The first thing I learned was to embrace all opportunities that came my way, and to not be afraid of taking on new duties and learning new skills. I applied for a team leader role and was fully supported throughout the process. And I’m pleased to say I’ve now secured this promotion. Mentoring has highlighted to me the importance of sharing knowledge, skills and experience to not only get the best out of everybody, but to also break down barriers where every individual feels worthwhile and valued. I’m now able to adapt to different situations comfortably and with ease, and that’s totally down to having had meaningful and valuable meetings with my mentor. For me, having a mentor has been invaluable. I’ve been able to gain from their experience and their perspectives on situations to help me make the right decisions. I gained more confidence when communicating with others and putting forward my ideas. I was supported and encouraged to develop myself through learning new skills and by pushing myself to succeed. It was a great experience where I not only gained a good mentor, but also gained a friend who I trusted and respected. Without doubt, I would recommend securing a good mentor who believes in you and your capabilities and encourages you to look at situations differently. Improving our network As a result of the hard work and dedication of our mentors, we now have an active mentoring programme across Companies House. This is a great opportunity for staff to take accountability for their own personal development. By networking with likeminded people, they can build on professional working relationships, and raise their self-awareness and skillset for their day-to-day roles. Going forward, we’ll be continually reviewing and improving the mentoring programme. We hope to widen the offering across government departments and also introduce reverse mentoring. To keep in touch, sign up to email updates from this blog or follow us on Twitter.	https://companieshouse.blog.gov.uk/2019/11/04/helping-our-colleagues-develop-through-our-mentoring-network/
This resettlement action plan for the Greater Mekong Subregion Power Trade Project for Cambodia 1) identifies design, construction, and maintenance measures to avoid or mitigate potential adverse impacts, to be incorporated into the final design; 2) identifies the people affected by the transmission lines and substation sites, and losses incurred to physical and non-physical assets affected, including homes, homesteads, productive lands, commercial properties, tenancy, income-earning opportunities, social and cultural activities and relationships, and other losses; and 3) aims to assist affected people in developing their social and economic potential in order to improve or at least restore their incomes and living standards to pre-project levels. The project encompasses 43 villages in 10 communes, two districts, and six villages in 1 commune. There is not much agricultural land within the proposed alignments. When necessary to construct transmission lines across agricultural land, the land on which the tower is to be built will be permanently acquired. Compensation will be provided to affected persons whose land is acquired to build towers. Trees will be either removed or periodically prunes to provide needed line clearance, while minor pruning will be required for insulated distribution lines. The SWER alignment will avoid palm trees (primarily sugar palms) in preference to trees grown for wood and smaller fruit trees as many of these trees can be pruned to provide the necessary line clearance without killing trees. Although all land belongs to the State under the Land Law, private property rights regarding possession, use of land and rights of inheritance are recognized by this Law. Under the National Constitution of 1993, the right of private land ownership is recognized and land expropriation is prohibited, except in the national interest and with payment of just and fair compensation. Details - Author Cambodia - Document Date 2006/08/01 - Document Type Resettlement Plan - Report Number RP450 - Volume No 1 - Total Volume(s) 2 - Country - Region - Disclosure Date 2010/07/01 - Disclosure Status Disclosed - Doc Name Cambodia - Greater Mekong Subregion - Power Trade Phase 1 Project : environmental assessment - Keywords Energy;initial environmental examination;transmission line;post implementation evaluation;Land Acquisition and Resettlement;market value of land;external monitoring and evaluation;monitoring and evaluation mechanism;local member of parliament;kv transmission line;resettlement and rehabilitation;acquisition of land;loss of income;damage to crops;residential land;replacement cost;parcel of land;cost of land;payment of compensation;public legal entity;social and environmental;rights of way;compensation for land;land use change;cost of repair;public information campaign;standard of living;access road;ownership of land;possession of land;private property right;access to asset;national resettlement policy;law and regulation;adverse social impact;cost for maintenance;amount of land;evidence of ownership;costs of implementation;capacity building training;dry season crop;income earning capacity;resettlement of people;salaries and wages;means of communication;Drainage and Irrigation;electric power supply;transfer of information;local farming system;primarily due;source income;source of income;amounts of compensation;expropriation of land;unit of entitlement;fair market value;disbursement of fund;land use capability;resolution of grievances;loss of livelihood;cost of living;pay in cash;kingdom of cambodia;valuation of asset;source of energy;funds for implementation;rate of illiteracy;cost of construction;construction and operation;local public road;loss of asset;amount of electricity;land use restriction;transition period;living standard;tree crop;grievance procedure;public property;environmental requirement;wet season;legal title;paddy land;land title;paddy field;rural area;income loss;compensation rate;power line;agricultural land;resettlement assistance;resettlement activities;land holding;cash compensation;evaluation study;rehabilitation assistance;replacement land;income restoration;market rate;fair compensation;voluntary agreement;public domain;small area;affected population;logistical support;lattice tower;field crop;internal monitoring;village head;national interest;private land;support structure;vulnerable group;acquisition process;market price;household income;resettlement planning;land capability;state land;private ownership;transfer cost;court decision;Land Fill;rural village;business loss;sugar palm;cultural activities;household head;palm tree;law relate;infrastructure damage;heavy machinery;foundation construction;cereal crop;construction activities;large trees;civil works;crop land;social aspect;equivalent replacement;height restrictions;contractor responsibility;communal property;lump sum;financial penalty;main road;employment generation;compensation payment;coconut palm;restricted use;displaced person;contract requirement;local resident;project impact;affected farmer;productive land;commercial properties;competent authority;involuntary resettlement;flood hazard;national budget;public consultation;business impact;contract - requirements;rice crop;land expropriation;crop loss;public meeting;fuel wood;farming activity;community consultation;environmental issue; - See More - Language English - Rel. Proj ID 4M-Greater Mekong Subregion - Power Trade Phase 1 -- P092884 - Major Sector (Historic)Mining - Sector Power - TF No/Name TF054626-PHRD-LAO PDR: GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION POWER TRADE PROGRAM,TF055041-PHRD-CAMBODIA: GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION POWER TRADE PROGRAM - Topics Agriculture and Food Security, Energy and Extractives, Crop Production, Power and Electricity Sector, Environment, Natural Resources and Blue Economy, - Historic Topics - Historic SubTopics Climate Change and Agriculture, Crops and Crop Management Systems, Energy Policies & Economics, Food Security, Energy Demand, Energy and Environment, Energy and Mining, Global Environment, - Unit Owning Energy & Mining Sector Unit (EASEG) - Lending Instrument Adaptable Program Loan - Version Type Final Downloads COMPLETE REPORT Official version of document (may contain signatures, etc) - Official PDF - TXT* - Total Downloads** : - Download Stats - *The text version is uncorrected OCR text and is included solely to benefit users with slow connectivity.	https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/914091468054850845/cambodia-greater-mekong-subregion-power-trade-phase-1-project-environmental-assessment
This class is no longer available, but we found something similar! 5.0 (121) · Ages 6-11 Time for German 101 - World Languages Beginners Course 5.0 (12) · Ages 7-11 Mandarin Chinese Immersion Weekly Club for Beginners! \| Age 7-11 5.0 (3) · Ages 3-6 Ongoing Age 3-6 Small Group Chinese Mandarin Class Beginner Level 5.0 (33) · Ages 8-11 French Conversation Club - Theme-Based Beginner Lessons (Immersion Style) 5.0 (1) · Ages 6-11 Private Chinese Mandarin Course (All Levels) - 1:1 Or 1:2 -Twice a Week 5.0 (38) · Ages 5-9 Dive in: A Japanese Club for Beginners World Languages Beginner American Sign Language: Colors, Feelings/Emotions (Ages 14-18) In this one-time ASL class, we will learn vocabulary words such as colors and feelings/emotions. Meagan B., MMT, MT-BC 29 total reviews for this teacher 1 review for this class Completed by 1 learner There are no upcoming classes. 55 minutes per class Meets once 14-18 year olds 3-6 learners per class per learner How does a "One-Time" class work? Meets once at a scheduled time Live video chat, recorded and monitored for safety and quality Great for exploring new interests and different styles of teachers How Outschool Works There are no open spots for this class. You can request another time or scroll down to find more classes like this. Description Class Experience In this one-time beginner American Sign Language (ASL) class, we will learn vocabulary words such as colors and feelings/emotions. No prior knowledge is required for this class, but knowing the ASL alphabet would be beneficial. I will show signs up close to the camera and do my best to help every student as much as I can. I strive to teach and encourage all of my students and hope that they gain a passion for learning and signing in the process. I cannot wait to begin class and explore... I love learning American Sign Language and began learning the alphabet and a few words when I was a child. I took ASL courses from deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals when I lived in New Orleans and have taken a few classes since I moved back to Arkansas. I have also worked with deaf and hard-of-hearing consumers in Music Therapy sessions and taught sign language along with music in other Music Therapy sessions. Now, I want to take my passion for ASL and teach even more people so that they may have the opportunity to communicate with those in the deaf community. No specific homework will be assigned. Please just practice signing the vocabulary words learned in class. Learners will not need to use any apps or websites beyond the standard Outschool tools. 55 minutes per week in class, and maybe some time outside of class. Teacher Meagan B., MMT, MT-BCMusic Therapist, artist/crafter, baker, and stay-at-home-mom 29 total reviews 58 completed classes About Me Hello! My name is Meagan and I am a Board Certified Music Therapist (MT-BC). I received a Bachelor's degree in music in Arkansas, then moved to Georgia to complete another Bachelor's and a Master's degree in music therapy. I have worked with...	https://outschool.com/classes/beginner-american-sign-language-colors-feelingsemotions-ages-14-18-1hCIqAMv
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex, debilitating disorder characterized by profound and incapacitating fatigue that does not improve with rest. Between one and four million Americans suffer from this condition, which affects women almost twice as often as men. The impact of this multi-faceted disease is felt throughout the body, including the neurological, immune and muscular systems. Most striking of all, perhaps: there is no known cause, no medical test to identify, and no known medical treatment for CFS. While we all experience days when we feel weary and overextended – lacking the motivation or energy to carry out our responsibilities – most of us bounce back quickly after a few days of rest and relaxation. CFS, on the other hand, is characterized by a relentless, often overwhelming, fatigue that cuts energy levels in half and can last for several months. . . or several years. Importantly, there is no underlying, medical condition that helps “explain” CFS. And while “chronic fatigue” is fairly descriptive of what to expect from this crippling illness, it doesn’t capture the full extent of the disease. In addition to profound fatigue, other serious symptoms of CFS include: joint pain that moves from one location to another in the body poor concentration memory loss sleep disturbance muscle pain and weakness headaches sore throat night sweats fever and chills Importantly, the emotional impact of CFS can be as devastating as the physical ramifications, which can include mood swings, anxiety and panic attacks. According to a study published in Family Practice (2012), 36 percent of individuals suffering with CFS were diagnosed as clinically depressed and 22 percent had seriously considered suicide in the past year. In addition, The Lancet (2016) reports that the risk of suicide is increased seven-fold among CFS sufferers versus the suicide rate among the general population. Consequently, it is crucial that any treatment strategy for CFS must include the mind, body and spirit. Despite the fact that references to chronic, fatigue-like cases can be found in the medical literature dating back to the early 1800’s, very little is known about CFS, including its root cause. While many sufferers report that their chronic fatigue began suddenly with the onset of flu-like symptoms, most researchers believe the disease involves the combination of several factors that often vary from person to person. While no research has been able to identify a single cause of CFS, research indicates that (latent) viral infection, immune system dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, nutritional deficiency or emotional trauma may play a role. More specifically: Infections: A variety of viruses, including Epstein Barr, herpes and most recently, the retrovirus XMRV, have been linked to CFS. Genetics: It is believed that inherited risk makes some people more vulnerable to CFS than others. Neuroendocrinology: The complex interaction between neurotransmitters and hormones may be at the root of CFS. Trauma: The severe emotional stress related to surviving either a psychically or emotionally traumatic event (which can, in turn, depress the immune system) has been identified as a possible contributing factor. Chronic Digestive System Imbalance: Poor diet and erratic eating habits leading to food allergies and leaky gut syndrome are consistently seen in many CFS patients. Environmental Toxins: Exposure to pollutants, heavy metals, industrial chemicals, pesticides and lead poisoning are believed to play a critical role in some cases of CFS. Because there are no characteristic laboratory abnormalities associated with CFS – and no blood test, brain scan, or lab results will point to CFS – it is a diagnosis that can only be made by exclusion, after all other possible illnesses have been ruled out. Consequently, CFS is often misdiagnosed or overlooked since its symptoms are so similar to many other illnesses. Fatigue, for instance, can be a symptom for hundreds of illnesses. And because CFS symptoms are typically invisible, the disease is often misunderstood – and worse, dismissed. Indeed, a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome is still controversial – many doctors continue to perceive it as psychosomatic or imagined. And because CFS is a syndrome (rather than a single, specific disease), patients are often dealing with multiple, overlapping conditions and co-morbid illnesses simultaneously, including fibromyalgia, depression, TMJ and irritable bowel syndrome. Conventional treatment protocols for CFS typically include treating the symptoms of the disease rather than the underlying root cause(s). Often, individuals with CFS are prescribed anti-depressants and sleeping pills which help mask their suffering and relieve superficial symptoms, but do little to correct the fundamental condition. This is in contrast to many holistic healers who recommend multi-pronged treatment strategy that always includes substantial lifestyle and dietary change. According to a study in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (2014) acupuncture, meditation and vitamin / mineral supplementation all show great promise treating both CFS and fibromyalgia. Similar to western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) also views CFS as a complex, multi-pattern disease. While no two patients are likely to be diagnosed the same way, they would all be viewed as suffering with Xu Lao – vacuity taxation – an umbrella term that includes any pattern of severe vacuity or deficiency that results from the over taxation of one’s vital energy. This highlights that there is reduced energy - referred to as Qi in Chinese medicine - available to maintain normal functioning of the internal organs and ensure the production of vital tissues and substances. Traditional Chinese medicine relies on a holistic combination of acupuncture points (stimulated with fine, hair-thin needles), herbal medicine, moxibustion and nutritional / lifestyle modification to help increase, as well as smooth out, the flow of vital energy. In addition to treating the root pattern and working to reverse fatigue, TCM can also help relieve many of the confounding symptoms that CFS patients face, including depression, insomnia and anxiety. Such treatments may be the patient’s primary source of health care or used as a compliment to more conventional treatments a patient may be undergoing with their primary care physician. Observational clinical research reveals consistently positive results for acupuncture and moxibustion to effectively relieve some of CFS more common symptoms, including fatigue, chronic pain, insomnia and depression. Clinical research published in the Chinese Medical Journal (2014) also found acupuncture had an 80 percent-plus effective rate in relieving many of CFS most difficult symptoms, including fatigue, pain, depression, and insomnia. Stimulation of certain acupuncture points has been shown to affect areas of the brain that are known to reduce sensitivity to pain and stress, as well as promote relaxation and relieve insomnia. If traditional medicine has failed to fully address your CFS, consider Traditional Chinese medicine – an alternative treatment that is safe, natural and effective to help restore the energy, vitality and harmony that CFS has robbed you of.	https://www.the-alchemy-project.com/post/2016/09/13/moving-beyond-exhaustion-chinese-medicine-and-chronic-fatigue-syndrome
Culinary & Table Arts Culinary art, is the art of the preparation, cooking and presentation of food, usually in the form of meals. Our comprehensive curriculum is designed to teach you the actual practice and art of cooking through theory, technique and palate training. These will be your essentials for success in the culinary landscape. Table Art is to present your food with innovative ideas in table styling. You are able to visually convey your personal style with a range of specialty linen and stylish designs to create an event that reflects your flair, dreams and vision... In this course you will taught about the laying of table, presenting your dishes, napkin folding, salad decoration, etc.	http://perfectcookery.in/course-019.html
Research by Professor Yuval Shaked of the Technion presents new ways to curb the development of anti-cancer therapy resistance, a phenomenon that is detrimental to the efficacy of existing cancer treatments. His research was recently summarized in a published article in Nature Reviews Cancer. Article published at ats.org on February 4, 2020. Anti-cancer therapy resistance: A devastating challenge Although the initial cancer treatment phase is often successful, many patients become resistant to anti-cancer therapies, characterized by tumor relapse and/or spread. The majority of studies have so far focused on investigating the basis of resistance as a result of tumor-related changes. But over the last decade, Prof. Shaked and his team have shown that the patient’s body plays a role, too. They have discovered that cancer therapy can induce local and systemic responses in the body, and these actually support the resurgence of cancer and its progression. Predicting resistance Prof. Shaked’s research focuses on predicting a patient’s response to anti-cancer therapy. This prevents disease recurrence or spread, improving patient care and outcomes. Most of Prof. Shaked’s research has been around patient responses to chemotherapy, which harms not only cancer cells but also healthy cells in the body. But his recent research suggests that this reaction occurs in almost every existing anti-cancer therapy, including advanced therapies such as biological therapy. The host’s response to treatment involves the production of resources such as proteins and increased release of growth factors — processes that protect the tumor and allow it to flare up and metastasise. Better, personalized treatments Prof. Shaked emphasizes that his findings do not suggest that existing treatments are not effective. Rather, because each treatment triggers a response in a patient, it is important to match patients with the right treatments for their bodies. For instance, only 20–30% of patients today respond to immunotherapy, one of the most important effective approaches currently in the field of cancer. Through blood testing, Prof. Shaked can predict the outcome of patients treated with immunotherapy and continue such treatment only in patients in whom treatment is expected to be effective. Based on his findings, in the future physicians may offer combined therapies to increase the effectiveness of treatment or allow patients who are currently unresponsive to immunotherapy drugs to respond to them. Bringing this research from the lab to the bedside Prof. Shaked is working with ONCOHOST, a company he co-founded, to commercialize his research. ONCOHOST is currently conducting clinical trials in Israel that measure the host’s response to patient care and predict the effectiveness of the treatment. They are in negotiations to implement clinical trials in additional countries in Europe and the United States. The company is also looking for ways to integrate different therapies to increase treatment effectiveness.	https://technionuk.org/news-post/a-breakthrough-in-preventing-anti-cancer-therapy-resistance/
A while ago, I wrote up a description of what needs to be done to get Tor to be IPv6-compliant and sent it to the tor-dev mailinglist. I thought it might be neat to share this on the blog too, so that people know what's left to do before we an call Tor fully IPv6-compliant. Currently, I'm hoping that for 0.2.3.x we can at least get to the point where bridges can handle IPv6-only clients and exits can handle IPv6 addresses. If we get further, that will be even better. This document outlines what we'll have to do to make Tor fully support IPv6. It refers to other proposals, current and as-yet unwritten. It suggests a few incremental steps, each of which on its own should make Tor more useful in the brave new IPv6 future of tomorrow. Turns out, 4 billion addresses wasn't enough. Tor uses the Internet in many ways. There are three main ways that will need to change for IPv6 support, from most urgent to least urgent. Tor must allow connections from IPv6-only clients. (Currently, routers and bridges do not listen on IPv6 addresses, and can't advertise that they support IPv6 addresses, so clients can't learn that they do.) Tor must transport IPv6 traffic and IPv6-related DNS traffic. (Currently, Tor only allows BEGIN cells to ask for connections to IPv4 targets or to hostnames, and only allows RESOLVE cells to request A and PTR records.) Tor must allow nodes to connect to one another over IPv6. Allowing IPv6-only clients is the most important, since unless we do, these clients will be unable to connect to Tor at all. Next most important is to support IPv6 DNS related dependencies and exiting to IPv6 services. Finally, allowing Tor nodes to support a dual stack of both IPv4 and IPv6 for interconnection seems like a reasonable step towards a fully hybrid v4/v6 Tor network. One implementation hurdle that will need to get resolved alongside these changes is to convert uint32_t to tor_addr_t in many more places in the Tor code, so we can handle addresses being either IPv4 or IPv6. There are a few cases, e.g. the local router list, where we'll want to think harder about the resource requirements of keeping tens of thousands of larger addresses in memory. More issues may of course also be discovered as we develop solutions for these issues, some of which may need to take priority. Designs that we will need to do For IPv6-only clients, we'll need to specify that routers can have multiple addresses and ORPorts. There is an old proposal (118) to try to allow multiple ORPorts per router. It's been accepted; it needs to be checked for correctness, updated to track other changes in more recent Tor versions, and updated to work with the new microdescriptor designs. Additionally, we'll need to audit the designs for all our codebase for places that might assume that IPs are a scarce resource. For example, clients assume that any two routers occupying an IPv4 /16 network are "too close" topologically to be used in the same circuit, and the bridgedb HTTPS distributor assumes that hopping from one /24 to another takes a little effort for most clients. The directory authorities assume that blacklisting an IP is an okay response to a bad router at that address. These and other places will instead need more appropriate notions of "closeness" and "similarity". We'll want to consider geographic and political boundaries rather than purely mathematical notions such as the size of network blocks. We'll need a way to advertise IPv6 bridges, and to use them. For transporting IPv6-only traffic, we have another accepted design proposal (117). It has some open questions concerning proper behavior with respect to DNS lookups, and also needs to be checked and updated to track current Tor designs. We do not have a current accepted design proposal for allowing nodes to connect to each other via IPv6. Allowing opportunistic IPv6 traffic between nodes that can communicate with both IPv4 and IPv6 will be relatively simple, as will be bridges that have only an IPv6 address: both of these fall out relatively simply from designing a process for advertising and connecting to IPv6 addresses. The harder problem is in supporting IPv6-only Tor routers. For these, we'll need to consider network topology issues: having nodes that can't connect to all the other nodes will weaken one of our basic assumptions for path generation, so we'll need to make sure to do the analysis enough to tell whether this is safe. Ready, fire, aim: An alternative methodology At least one volunteer is currently working on IPv6 issues in Tor. If his efforts go well, it might be that our first design drafts for some of these open topics arrive concurrently with (or even in the form of!) alpha code to implement them. If so, we need to follow a variant of the design process, extracting design from code to evaluate it (rather than designing then coding). Probably, based on design review, some changes to code would be necessary.
Your CPD Rules & Requirements Every year you need to earn continuing professional development (CPD) points to maintain your practising certificate, keep up-to-date with legislative changes and improve your ‘business of law’ knowledge. How to earn CPD points with Legalwise Seminars Whether you are a lawyer, solicitor or any other professional, Legalwise Seminars offer you a host of opportunities to gain the CPD points you need each year to comply with your professional development obligations. These include: - attending face to face legal seminars and conferences - watching and listening to legal seminars and conferences live online - accessing on demand past recordings of legal seminars and conferences - preparing and presenting at legal seminars and conferences. Each state and territory has its own rules and regulations Understand continuing professional development rules and requirements for legal practitioners in your state or territory:	https://legalwiseseminars.com.au/legal-cpd-2/cpd-rules/
A lock-up period is intended to prevent early investors and insiders from selling their shares for a predetermined amount of time after a company's Initial Public Offering (IPO). It reduces selling pressure in the early stages of publicly listed firms. Founders, workers, venture capitalists and private investors generally own private enterprises. They take the firm public for two reasons. The first is to obtain capital to expand the firm. The second reason is that they want to recoup part of their initial investment. Although newly listed companies determine how many shares to issue, it is fairly unusual for founders or early investors to maintain significant holdings in the company following the IPO. If one or more of them opt to sell a major portion of their shares, the share price may fall significantly which is not in the best interest of the firm or any of its investors. As a result, existing investors are often barred from selling their shares for a specified length of time following the IPO, generally 90 to 180 days. Finally, lock-up periods are all about supporting the share price, minimising volatility and stabilising the market for shares in the months after listing. When the IPO lock-up period expires, the company's main shareholders are free to sell their shares. If the owners of those shares decide to sell, a flood of new shares may enter the market. If the share price has risen since the IPO, early investors may seek to cash in by selling part of their holdings; if the price has fallen, they may want to decrease their exposure. However, it does not guarantee they will sell either way since they might choose to maintain shares in the expectation of prices rising further higher, or because they feel shares could recoup any value lost in the early days as a public business. Much emphasis is placed on how the share price has done in comparison to the IPO price, but it is important to note that early investors are likely to have paid substantially less. As a result, even if the share price has fared badly since the IPO, many early investors will still be able to benefit. The expiration of a lock-up period provides a significant signal about the major shareholders' confidence in the company's future. If institutional investors opt to sell the shares after the lock-up period expires, it indicates that they have little trust in the firm. If these investors sell a modest number of shares, it indicates that they wish to keep the shares and are optimistic about the stock's future. Typically, if there is a significant rise in the number of available shares in a corporation, the stock price falls. It is fairly uncommon for the share price of a company to decline on the first day when the lock-up shares may be exchanged. In reality, if other investors (who are not subject to the lock-up period) start selling in the days before the lock-up ends, it indicates that they anticipate the share price to decrease. However, there is an argument that the end of a lock-up period might be helpful if there is any early sell-off, since it also signifies that the stock has improved liquidity which financial institutions and major investors like. Because it is not unusual for the majority of a stock's shares to be subject to it, liquidity may be restricted during the lock-up period which may mean they do not initially match the conditions necessary by institutions or pension funds. There is no conclusive answer to how the expiration of a lock-up period may affect share prices. Every stock is unique; some will struggle while others will prosper. We may confidently assume that the expiration of a lock-up period will result in heightened volatility in the stock in the near term. When an unlisted firm offers shares to the public for the first time and is listed on the stock market, this is known as an Initial Public Offering, or an IPO. Follow-on public offering, or FPO, on the other hand, is a procedure that occurs after an IPO in which the corporation offers additional shares to the public. Upcoming IPOs are those that have filed a DRHP and are set to go public in the coming months of 2022. IPOs have seldom seen strong investor interest as they have in recent years. According to data, the total collection for IPOs has already surpassed the Rs 100 lakh crore barrier this year.	https://www.motilaloswal.com/article-details/what-is-an-ipo-lock-up/5426
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Published byValerie Booker Modified over 5 years ago 1 6 Sigma Presented by : Galing Priyatna Franky Mangihut Tua Bernadine Niken Bambang Wijarnako 2 Historical Development of Process Improvement Source : 3 Quality Management Development Quality Planning Quality Assurance Quality Control Sources : 4 TQM vs 6 Sigma TQM 6 Sigma Based on worker empowerment and teams Owned by business leader champion Department and Workplace focus Cross functional project Simple improvement tools Rigorous and Advance statistical tools Little financial accountability Requires verifiable return on investment 5 What is 6 Sigma ? 6 Sigma is Quality management methodology that uses different theories and tools to improve upon the process of a certain business Seeks to find and eliminate cause of defects and errors in manufacturing and service processes 6 What is 6 Sigma ? ‘Sigma’ (σ) is a Greek letter used to represent the statistical term ‘standard deviation’ which measures the deviations from average in a particular business process. Focuses on output that are critical to customers and clear financial return to the organization. 7 Pioneered by Motorola in the Mid- 1980s What is 6 Sigma ? Pioneered by Motorola in the Mid- 1980s Popularized by the success of General Electric Aims at producing no more than 3.4 ppm defects. 8 The Sigma Scale Source : (Craig Gygi et al, : 3) 9 6 Sigma Philosophy The application of the scientific method to the design and operation of management systems and business processes which enable employees to deliver the greatest value to customers and owners 10 D M A I C 6 Sigma Methodology Set the context and objectives for the project efine M Get the baseline performance and capability of the process or system being improved easure A Use data and tools to understand the cause-and-effect relationship in process or system nalyze I mprove Develop the modifications that lead to a validated C Establish plans and procedures to ensure the improvements are sustained. ontrol 11 6 Sigma Breakthrough Strategy Write the problem statement, the objective statement, priorities and launch the project Define Measure Understand the process, validate the data accuracy, and determine process capability. Analyze Determine the relationship of Y = ƒ(X) + σ, and screen for the potential causes Improve Determine, validate, and implement solutions to achieve the objective Statement. Control Implement process control methods and monitor performance to sustain result. 12 6 Sigma Role and Responsibility 13 6 Sigma Role and Responsibility Six Sigma Champion senior or middle level executive choosing and sponsoring specific projects. ensures the availability of resources. knows the business at hand inside and out as well as the Six Sigma Methodology Six Sigma Master Black Belt has been able to gain experience in managing several project has a deep expertise and knowledge base in the tools and methods of Six Sigma 14 6 Sigma Role and Responsibility Six Sigma Black Belt thorough knowledge of Six Sigma philosophies and principles (including supporting systems and tools). exhibits team leadership understands team dynamics assigns their team members with roles and responsibilities. Six Sigma Green Belt helps an employee serve as a trained team member within his or her function-specific area of the organization. work on small, carefully defined Six Sigma projects requiring less than a Black Belt's full-time commitment 15 6 Sigma Role and Responsibility Six Sigma Yellow Belt integrate Six Sigma methodologies for the improvement of production and transactional systems to better meet customer expectations and bottom-line objectives of their organization. has a basic knowledge of Six Sigma not lead projects on their own. 16 6 Sigma Tools – Technical The Critical to Quality (CTQ) Tree The Process Map (SIPOC Diagram) The Histogram The Pareto Chart The Process Summary Worksheet The Cause-Effect Diagram The Scatter Diagram The Affinity Diagram The Run Chart The Control Chart 17 6 Sigma Tools – Technical The Stakeholder Analysis Chart Planning for Influence Chart The Threat/Opportunity Matrix The Pay-Off Matrix The Solution Vision Statement The Team Meeting Agenda Ground Rules The Parking Lot The Plus Delta Review of Each Team Meeting Activity Reports 18 6 Sigma Success Story General Electric profited between $7 to $10 billion from 6 sigma in about 5 years Dupont added $1 billion to its bottom line within two years of initiating its 6 sigma program , and that number increased to about $2.4 billion within four years. Bank of America saved hundreds of million of dollar within three years launching of 6 sigma, cut cycle times by more than half, and reduced the number of processing errors by an order of magnitude. Honeywell achieved record operating margins and savings of more than $2 billion in direct cost Motorola, the place where six sigma began, saved $ 2.2 billion in four year time frame. (Craig Gygi et al, : 12) 19 6 Sigma Case Study The Planning of Six Sigma Implementation in PT ”X” (Mining Contracting Company) 20 About the Company 21 6 Sigma Deployment Timeline Source : Thomas Pyzdex & Paul Keller, 2010 : 14 22 Project Candidates Variation in Mining Operation 23 Project Candidates Variation in Mining Operation Individual Production 24 Project Candidates Variation in Plant Department 25 Project Candidates Variation in Plant Department 26 Project Candidates Variation in Plant Department 27 Project Selection Process Cost and Benefit Analysis Pareto Priority Index (PPI) (Juran and Gryna) 𝐏𝐏𝐈 = 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠) Sample of PPI 28 6 Sigma Framework 29 DEFINE Define the goals of the improvement activity, and incorporate into a Project Charter. Obtain sponsorship and assemble team. Define project Scope, Objective & Schedule Define Process (top level) and Stakeholder Select Team Members Obtain Authorization from Sponsor Assemble and Train Team Project charter VOC tools (surveys, focus groups, letters, comment cards) Process map QFD SIPOC Benchmarking Project planning and management tools Pareto analysis 30 MEASURE Measure the existing system. Establish valid and reliable metrics to help monitor progress toward the goal(s) defined at the previous step. Establish current process baseline performance using metric. Define Process Define Metric Establish Process Baseline Evaluate Measurement System Measurement systems analysis Process behavior charts (SPC) Exploratory data analysis Descriptive statistics Data mining Run charts Pareto analysis 31 ANALYZE Analyze the system to identify ways to eliminate the gap between the current performance of the system or process and the desired goal. Use exploratory and descriptive data analysis to help you understand the data. Use statistical tools to guide the analysis. Benchmark against best in class Determine Process Drivers Analyze Sources of Variation Analyze Value Stream Cause-and-effect diagrams Tree diagrams Brainstorming Process behavior charts (SPC) Process maps Design of experiments Enumerative statistics (hypothesis tests) Inferential statistics (Xs and Ys) Simulation 32 IMPROVE Improve the system. Be creative in finding new ways to do things better, cheaper, or faster. Use project management and other planning and management tools to implement the new approach. Use statistical methods to validate the improvement. Evaluate for Risks and Failure Modes Optimize Process Define New Process Priorities Improvement Opportunities Force field diagrams FMEA 7M tools Project planning and management tools Prototype and pilot studies Simulations 33 CONTROL Control the new system. Institutionalize the improved system by modifying compensation and incentive systems, policies, procedures, MRP, budgets, operating instructions and other management systems. You may wish to utilize standardization such as ISO 9000 to ensure that documentation is correct. Use statistical tools to monitor stability of the new systems. Evaluate for Risks and Failure Modes Optimize Process Define New Process Priorities Improvement Opportunities SPC FMEA ISO 900 × Change budgets, bid models, cost estimating models Reporting system 34 Thank You Similar presentations © 2020 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved.	http://slideplayer.com/slide/5673818/
Theory advocating society without coercive government. Coercion and authority, of which government is the principal expression, are rejected as incompatible with freedom and autonomy. Society should be held together by voluntary co-operation. Human nature is naturally collaborative and social, and with the removal of all forms of power and authority a natural harmony can emerge or be cultivated. Anarchists have normally been suspicious of large scale organization, and large scale industrial organization in particular, and have envisaged social life being conducted in small communities in which a variety of skills are cultivated both by individuals and within the community as a whole. Also see: anarcho-capitalism, anarcho-feminism,anarcho-syndicalism, Bakuninism Source: David Miller, Anarchism (London, 1984) Etymology, terminology and definition The etymological origin of anarchism is from the Ancient Greek anarkhia, meaning “without a ruler”, composed of the prefix an- (i.e. “without”) and the word arkhos (i.e. “leader” or “ruler”). The suffix -ism denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy. Anarchism appears in English from 1642 as anarchisme and anarchy from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder. Various factions within the French Revolution labelled their opponents as anarchists, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists. Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as William Godwin (1756–1836) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808–1871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation, but they did not use anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves or their beliefs. The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist (French: anarchiste) was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century. Since the 1890s and beginning in France, libertarianism has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States. On the other hand, some use libertarianism to refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, referring to free-market anarchism as libertarian anarchism. While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism, its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups, including both the New Left and libertarian Marxists (who do not associate themselves with authoritarian socialists or a vanguard party) as well as extreme liberals (primarily concerned with civil liberties). Additionally, some anarchists use libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism’s negative connotations and emphasise its connections with socialism. Matthew S. Adams and Carl Levy write that anarchism is used to “describe the anti-authoritarian wing of the socialist movement.” Noam Chomsky describes anarchism, alongside libertarian Marxism, as “the libertarian wing of socialism.” Daniel Guérin wrote:	https://sciencetheory.net/anarchism-19th-century/
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Earth Systems Science Division is seeking an Advisor responsible for understanding national and international trends, barriers, and solutions across the environmental and regulatory assessment landscape, and their impact on the development and implementation of regulations, guidance, and best practices. The Advisor will demonstrate extensive experience in the field of regulatory analysis /risk-informed decision-making applied to a variety of drivers (e.g., NEPA, CERCLA/RCRA, nuclear fuels/waste, decommissioning, etc), and federal clients (e.g., DOE, NRC, BLM, IAEA). The candidate will demonstrate well-recognized national influence, and skilled engagement and consensus building across a broad spectrum of stakeholders and interest groups. This position requires a comprehensive understanding of existing theories, principles, and concepts as well as an ability to work with a larger team to provide collaborative solutions to unusually complex challenges where little to no precedence or practices currently exist. The Advisor should be comfortable working with key Project Managers and Principle Investigators to build and coach project teams, and regularly collaborate and negotiate with senior national/international sponsors and stakeholders as a PNNL and DOE representative. It is anticipated that recommendations put forth in this position will set precedence for future decisions and strongly inform and/or influence national/international policies and decisions at highest levels. Foster collaborations while communicating the Division’s capabilities and accomplishments with internal and external partners to advance the organization’s reputation. Establish and maintain a culture of integrity, commitment to scientific and technical excellence, and delivery on commitments and operational effectiveness. Assist with the creation and implementation of actionable regulatory guidance, policy, and assessment centric plans that coordinate with existing or future sector and division plans to enable PNNL to deliver cutting-edge solutions for Federal and International sponsors. Inform and support business activities and interact with senior executives at sponsor locations and PNNL senior leadership to identify and shape future R&D opportunities, both within PNNL and across collaborators and industry. Mentor and guide mid to senior level staff to develop their technical and leadership competencies. The hiring level will be determined based on the education, experience and skill set of the successful candidate based on the following: Advisor-Nuclear Engineering level 4: Contributes to the coordination of initiatives and/or projects of diverse scope where analysis of situation or data requires evaluation of a variety of factors, including an understanding of current national trends. Follows processes and operational policies in selecting methods and techniques for obtaining solutions. Acts as advisor to subordinate(s) to meet schedules and/or resolve technical problems. Expert in at least one domain and the ability to connect multiple domains. Sought after within PNNL to provide direction on initiatives and determines proper use of technology and program resources to meet schedules and goals. Performs work in a collaborative community that includes senior PNNL staff, private and government clients at all levels, and possibly foreign officials or dignitaries. Provides guidance within the latitude of established organization policies and/or client relationships. May propose alternatives to complex issues and obtain stakeholder concurrence on recommended solutions. Advisor-Nuclear Engineering level 5: Coordinates complex initiatives or projects that require an in-depth knowledge of the strategic and technical plans, procedures, protocols, system integration, deployed technologies, and potential vulnerabilities within the initiative or related programs. Leads collaborative efforts of all stakeholders in the development of methods, techniques and evaluation criteria for initiatives, projects, programs, and people. Translates strategy into implementable actions at a national level. Recognized nationally as an expert in at least one domain. Sought after to assess initiatives to define priorities and performance objectives. Establishes PNNL or DOE strategic plans and objectives to address emerging national and international trends impacting national security and future technical directions of PNNL, DOE, and other U.S. Government sponsors. Leads multi-laboratory and interagency teams comprised of senior private and government clients and stakeholders. Minimum Qualifications - BS 10+ years of experience; MS 6+ years of experience; or PhD 3+ years of experience. Preferred Qualifications BS 12+ years of experience; MS 8+ years of experience; or PhD 5+ years of experience Experience in nuclear science or engineering preferred or JD 3+ years of experience and 10 or more years of progressively responsible leadership, program leadership, or line management experience. Experience in economics, policy, and stakeholder engagement Extensive experience in the policy and legal framework for the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle and radioactive waste management A record of effective leadership and teamwork (interpersonal, oral, and written communication skills) in a complex scientific, technical, or policy organization and a demonstrated scientific vision and ability to collaborate across business units to build, maintain, and market capabilities. Demonstrated leadership experience in area(s) of environmental assessment and complex stakeholder engagement. Demonstrated leadership with regulatory analysis and policy and/or guidance development with particular emphasis on irradiated materials, facilities, and contaminants. Demonstrated experience building collaborations within and across leading research organizations, national laboratories, universities, NGOs, and industrial partners. Strong understanding of national and international nuclear policies, regulations, and planning frameworks. Proven ability to create and execute national level strategy, identify and interact with key stakeholders, prepare program proposals, and generate future R&D or mission application directions. Excellent interpersonal, written and oral skills; the ability to effectively lead interdisciplinary teams, and a strong orientation toward building and advancing technical capabilities and staff Equal Employment Opportunity Battelle Memorial Institute (BMI) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer and supports diversity in the workplace. All employment decisions are made without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, marital or family status, sexual orientation, gender identity, or genetic information. All BMI staff must be able to demonstrate the legal right to work in the United States. BMI is an E-Verify employer. Learn more at jobs.pnnl.gov. If you need assistance and/or a reasonable accommodation due to a disability during the application or the recruiting process, please send a request via https://jobs.pnnl.gov/help.stm Please be aware that the Department of Energy (DOE) prohibits DOE employees and contractors from having any affiliation with the foreign government of a country DOE has identified as a “country of risk” without explicit approval by DOE and Battelle. If you are offered a position at PNNL and currently have any affiliation with the government of one of these countries you will be required to disclose this information and recuse yourself of that affiliation or receive approval from DOE and Battelle prior to your first day of employment. Other Information Due to business needs and client space, US Citizenship is required: The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is subject to the Department of Energy Unclassified Foreign Visits & Assignment Program site, information, technologies, and equipment access requirements.	https://pnnl.jobs/richland-wa/advisor-nuclear-engineering/42D4FF701B5649A1BA3798F692EE6A64/job/
COVID-19: 10-day quarantine is not enough for everyone, the study suggests COVID-19: 10-day quarantine is not enough for everyone, the study suggests A new study suggests that 10 days quarantine may not be enough, finding one in 10 people may still remain contagious even after this point. According to a small study from the UK, which was published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases in December and looked at 176 patients who had previously tested positive for COVID-19 by PCR, a new type of test found that some patients were infectious for more than the standard 10-day quarantine period. While this is a relatively small study, our results suggest that the potentially active virus can sometimes persist beyond a 10-day period and may pose a potential risk of further transmission, says Lorna Harries, a professor at the University School of Medicine. Exeter who oversaw the study, said in a press release. Moreover, there was nothing clinically extraordinary about these people, which means that we would not be able to predict who they are. PCR tests are the gold standard to identify if a person has COVID-19 and work looking for viral fragments. But they do not tell us whether a person is currently infectious or not, according to the study, as those fragments may still be present in the system after viral cleansing. Another way to test is by looking for subgenomic RNAs, the researchers said, which are produced when a virus actively replicates. The researchers looked at RNA from samples collected from 176 individuals who had previously tested positive for PCR for COVID-19 between March 17, 2020 and November 29, 2020. Of these patients, 74 were asymptomatic, 36 had mild disease, and 22 had moderate disease and 33 were classified as having severe disease. They found that 13 percent of sgRNA-positive cases still exhibited clinically significant virus levels after 10 days. For the 17 people in the study, follow-up samples were available. Five of these individuals showed sgRNA-positive for up to 68 days. Researchers believe this type of test can be applied to high-risk scenarios, such as testing health care workers or those working in long-term care. In some settings, such as people returning to nursing homes after illness, people who continue to be contagious after ten days can pose a serious risk to public health, said in the announcement Merlin Davies, lead author of the study. We may need to make sure people in those settings have a negative active virus test to make sure people are no longer contagious. We now want to conduct greater evidence to investigate this further. Several previous studies have suggested that the presence of sgRNA does not mean that the virus is obviously active and the researchers acknowledged that the issue needs further research. But this suggests that the 10-day rule may not be absolute in every case. Given the apparent potential for further transmission that these cases may have, the study concludes that more targeted studies should now be undertaken to detect and examine secondary cases with transmission beyond 10 days. LOS ANGELES, CA / ACCESSWIRE / June 24, 2020, / Compare-autoinsurance.Org has launched a new blog post that presents the main benefits of comparing multiple car insurance quotes. For more info and free online quotes, please visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/the-advantages-of-comparing-prices-with-car-insurance-quotes-online/ The modern society has numerous technological advantages. One important advantage is the speed at which information is sent and received. With the help of the internet, the shopping habits of many persons have drastically changed. The car insurance industry hasn't remained untouched by these changes. On the internet, drivers can compare insurance prices and find out which sellers have the best offers. 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Naik, H S. (2017). Simplifying Solution Space: Enabling Non-Expert Users to Innovate and Design with Toolkits. (Picot, A., Reichwald R., Franck E., & Möslein K. M., Ed.).Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations. Neyer, A-K. (2005). Multinational teams in the European Commission and the European Parliament. Forschungsergebnisse der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien. Naik, H S., Velamuri V. K., & Möslein K. M. (2016). Simplifying Solution Space: A multiple case study on 3D printing toolkits. Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Rau, C., Neyer A-K., & Möslein K. M. (2015). Playing possum, hide-and-seek and other behavioural patterns: knowledge boundaries at newly emerging interfaces (accepted for publication). R&D Management Journal. Velamuri, V. K., Bansemir B., Neyer A-K., & Möslein K. M. (2013). Product Service Systems as a Driver for Business Model Innovation: Lessons Learned from the Manufacturing Industry. International Journal of Innovation Management. 17(1), 1340004-1–25. Rau, C., Neyer A-K., & Möslein K. M. (2012). Innovation practices and their boundary-crossing mechanisms: a review and proposals for the future. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 24, 181–217. Puck, J. F., Neyer A-K., & Dennerlein T. (2010). Diversity and conflict in teams: a contingency perspective. European Journal of International Management. 4, 417-439. Neyer, A-K., Doll B., & Möslein K. M. (2008). Prototyping als Instrument der Innovationskommunikation. Zeitschrift Führung und Organisation. 77, 210–216. Neyer, A-K., & Harzing A. W. (2008). The impact of culture on interactions: Five lessons learned from the European Commission. European Management Journal. 26, 325-334. Picot, A., Reichwald R., & Nippa M. (1988). Zur Bedeutung der Entwicklungsaufgabe für die Entwicklungszeit - Ansätze für die Entwicklungsgestaltung. Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung. 23, S. 112––137. Reichwald, R., & Nippa M. (1988). Die Büroaufgabe als Ausgangspunkt erfolgreicher Anwendungen neuer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik. Information Management,. 3, S. 16––23. Naik, H S., & Möslein K. M. (2016). User Innovation in Open Design. XXVII ISPIM Innovation Conference. Naik, H S., & Fritzsche A. (2016). Simplifying with Modularity: How Users Innovate when Making. R&D Management Conference. Naik, H S. (2014). Dynamic Interfaces for User Innovation. 12th International Open and User Innovation Conference. Naik, H S. (2014). Organizing Resources for Toolkits. The International Symposium on Open Collaboration. Neyer, A-K., McKiernan P., & Möslein K. M. (2013). The Contextual Perspective of Leader Sensegiving: Understanding the Role of Organizational Leadership Systems. EURAM 2013. Rau, C., Neyer A-K., & Möslein K. M. (2011). Playing possum, hide-and-seek, and other behavioural patterns: crossing knowledge boundaries in innovation projects. British Academy of Management Conference (BAM), 13.-15.09.2011. Rau, C., Neyer A-K., & Möslein K. M. (2011). Innovation Practices and Their ’Boundary-Crossing Mechanisms’: a Review and Proposals for the Future. European Academy of Management Conference (EURAM), 01.-04.06.2010. Möslein, K. M., Neyer A-K., & Piller F. T. (2009). Professional Development Workshop "Exploring openness of innovation: A methodological discourse". Academy of Management (AOM) Meeting 2009 - TIM Division. Neyer, A-K., & Doll B. (2008). Knowledge processes in entrepreneurial teams: Prototyping as a tool to turn “weak” situations into “strong” situations. Proceedings of the 15th International Product Development Management Conference. Neyer, A-K., Kiefer D., & Fink G. (2008). Mastering flexibility and diversity: an organizational and individual perspective. European Group of Organizational Studies (EGOS) Conference 2008. Neyer, A-K., Doll B., & Möslein K. M. (2008). Prototyping Service Innovation. Symposium "Service Innovation" in the innovation track at European Academy of Management (EURAM) Conference 2008. Möslein, K. M., & Neyer A-K. (2008). Open Innovation within the firm. Open Innovation and User Innovation Workshop. Harvard Business School/MIT School of Management.. Neyer, A-K., Hill S., Gelbuda M., & Gratton L. (2007). Geographic dispersion and knowledge processes in teams: The crucial role of team goals. Academy of Management (AOM) Meeting 2007. Neyer, A-K. (2006). 25 cultures - one mission: Multinational teams in the European Commission. Academy of Management (AOM) Meeting 2006. Neyer, A-K. (2004). A multi-level approach to study multinational team performance in the European Commission: An explorative analysis from an Austrian point of view. 8th International Workshop on Teamworking (IWOT, organized by European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management) 2004. Neyer, A-K. (2003). The emergence of critical incidents in multi-cultural teams in the European Commission and the European Parliament: Development of criteria for successful performance of multi cultural teams. InterKnow-Euro Workshop II 2003 ("The impact of values and norms on intercultural training and education").	http://wi1.uni-erlangen.de/research/publications?s=type&f%5Bag%5D=N&o=asc
Grantham Scholar Carolyn Auma reports from this year’s A Sustainable Food Future conference Chatham House, which she attend with members of the Grantham Centre team. Our Director, Professor Tony Ryan, and P3 co-Director, Professor Duncan Cameron, were among the speakers. However, as the conference was held under Chatham House Rules, their comments cannot be directly reported here. The deliberations at this year’s Chatham House conference on ‘A Sustainable Food Future’ encompassed demand and supply perspectives on the food chain. Discussions on the supply side centred on improving processes at the pre-consumption stage by, for example, increasing food production, particularly in areas where sustaining production is a challenge. Although there appeared to be a consensus at the conference that a sustainable food system would be one in which more is produced with less, one of the strongest themes arising from these supply-side discussions was that a ‘one-size fits all’ approach may not be the best way to achieve this. The fact that there is an array of possible solutions, ranging from no agricultural intensification to more innovative options such as bio-fortification and soil regeneration, suggests that more feasible solutions will have to take contextual specifics into consideration. Increased production may mean increased food availability. But in order to meet nutritional or health requirements in an environmentally sustainable way, food quality, in the form of dietary diversity, is also paramount. This is where discussions on the demand side become important. To achieve this balance, it is important that we consider moving beyond the four main strategic commodities (maize, soybeans, wheat and rice) on which we currently depend. However, we must also be mindful of changes in global dietary patterns, which are moving away from more traditional diets that are specific to contexts and cultures, and towards a more universal ‘western’ dietary pattern, based largely on the strategic food commodities. From both a nutritional and environmental sustainability perspective, it makes sense to explore the ways in which the strategic commodities that make up the ‘global food basket’ can be diversified. Moreover, if consumption patterns are changed globally then food production will not have to increase by 70% by 2050 to feed a population that is nearing 10 billion (FA0, 2009). However, it is important to note the arguments that global food production as it stands can cater for 10 billion people. According to this school of thought, the issue isn’t food availability, but the efficiency of the current global food chain. This inefficiency results in about one third of the total food produced, and therefore resources incurred in the production of this food, being wasted (Bond et al. 2013). Of all the food that’s wasted, about a third of all food loss occurs at the point of consumption (consumer stage), and two-thirds occur at the production-distribution stage of the food chain. Losses at the consumption stage are particularly significant in developed countries, while those at the production-distribution stage are a salient issue in low-and middle-income countries, mostly in the form of post-harvest food loss (FAO, 2011). We therefore have to think creatively about how to fix the value chain right from the rural areas, since in many developing country contexts, most food production occurs in these areas. Unless we address the barriers to achieving a more efficient food-chain, then producing larger quantities of more nutritious and diverse foods (Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (Zero Hunger), and reducing food waste (sub-goal 12.3) will equate to a tiny band aid on a huge wound. With more food being pumped into a broken pipe we can expect even bigger leaks. Food waste cannot possibly be reduced to 0%, because there will always be inefficiencies in any system, but we should be pragmatic about embracing great opportunities to reduce it as much as we can. Perhaps one of the ways to address food waste would be to encourage widespread adoption of the characteristics common with healthier and low greenhouse gas impact diets proposed by Garnett et al. (2015), particularly the head-to-tail consumption of animals. Of course, it is well known fact that changing dietary habits, even for health reasons, is challenging because the drivers of food choice are manifold and interrelated. It therefore remains to be seen just how willing the public are to, for example, consume ‘unconventional’ cuts of meat in the name of climate change. Efforts to bring about behaviour changes and reduce food waste might be more effective if they were attached to health or nutrition arguments, since these issues is are, arguably, easier for individuals to relate to than environmental sustainability or food loss issues. This highlights the need to prioritise public funds to promote nutrition education, so that it can be woven into the fabric of everyday service delivery. What is clear to me from attending the Chatham House conference is that inter-disciplinary approaches are paramount to creating a more sustainable food system. There is no silver bullet that can solve everything. However, as we work towards a sustainable system, we should be conscious of how we can communicate scientific research to the public and work with others in the scientific community in a more effective way. In doing this, we can find new solutions to existing problems and fill in knowledge gaps, such as those around individual food consumption patterns. If we cannot understand how and what people eat, how can we produce dietary guidelines that are context-specific, healthy and environmentally sustainable? Garnett, T. et al. (2015). Policies and Actions to Shift Eating Patterns: What Works? A Review of the Evidence of the effectiveness of interventions aimed at shifting diets in more sustainable and healthy directions. FCRN, Oxford and Chatham House.	http://grantham.sheffield.ac.uk/a-sustainable-food-future-supply-and-demand-perspectives/
We report the proteomic characterization and biological activities of the venom of the black-speckled palm pitviper, Bothriechis nigroviridis, a neotropical arboreal pitviper from Costa Rica. In marked contrast to other ... Snake Venomics of Central American Pitvipers: Clues for Rationalizing the Distinct Envenomation Profiles of Atropoides nummifer and Atropoides picadoi (2008) We report the proteomic characterization of the Central American pitvipers Atropoides nummifer and Atropoides picadoi. The crude venoms were fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ... Characterization of a novel snake venom component: Kazal-type inhibitor-like protein from the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (2016-06) Snake venoms are composed mainly of a mixture of proteins and peptides. Notably, all snake venom toxins have been assigned to a small number of protein families. Proteomic studies on snake venoms have recently identified ... Snake venomics and antivenomics: Proteomic tools in the design and control of antivenoms for the treatment of snakebite envenoming (2009-03-06) Snakebite envenoming represents a neglected tropical disease that has a heavy public health impact, particularly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. A global initiative, aimed at increasing antivenom production and ... Antivenomics of Atropoides mexicanus and Atropoides picadoi snake venoms: Relationship to the neutralization of toxic and enzymatic activities (2010-09-30) Viperid snakes of the genus Atropoides are distributed in Mexico and Central America and, owing to their size and venom yield, are capable of provoking severe envenomings in humans. This study evaluated, using an ‘antivenomics’ ... Venomics of new world pit vipers: genus-wide comparisons of venom proteomes across Agkistrodon (Journal of Proteomics vol 96, p.103-116, 2014-01-16) Wereport a genus-wide comparison of venomproteomevariation acrossNewWorld pit vipers in the genus Agkistrodon. Despite the wide variety of habitats occupied by this genus and that all its taxa feed on diverse species of ... Isolation of an acidic phospholipase A2 from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper of Costa Rica: Biochemical and toxicological characterization (2010-03) Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are major components of snake venoms, exerting a variety of relevant toxic actions such as neurotoxicity and myotoxicity, among others. Since the majority of toxic PLA2s are basic proteins, acidic ... Profiling the venom gland transcriptomes of Costa Rican snakes by 454 pyrosequencing (BMC Genomics, 12:259, 2011, 2011) Background: A long term research goal of venomics, of applied importance for improving current antivenom therapy, but also for drug discovery, is to understand the pharmacological potential of venoms. Individually ... Venomous snakes of Costa Rica: biological and medical implications of their venom proteomic profiles analyzed through the strategy of snake venomics (Journal of Proteomics XX (2014) XXX – XXX, Available online 24 February 2014, 2014-02-24) In spite of its small territory of ~50,000 km2, Costa Rica harbors a remarkably rich biodiversity. Its herpetofauna includes 138 species of snakes, of which sixteen pit vipers (family Viperidae, subfamily Crotalinae), five ... Immunological profile of antivenoms: preclinical analysis of the efficacy of a polyspecific antivenom through antivenomics and neutralization assays (En prensa, 2014-02-28) Parenteral administration of animal-derived antivenoms constitutes the mainstay in the treatment of snakebite envenomings. Despite the fact that this therapy has been available for over a century, the detailed understanding ...	http://repositorio.ucr.ac.cr/handle/10669/1419/discover?filtertype_0=author&filtertype_1=author&filtertype_2=type&filter_relational_operator_1=equals&filter_relational_operator_0=authority&filter_2=Art%C3%ADculo+cient%C3%ADfico&filter_1=Calvete+Chornet%2C+Juan+Jos%C3%A9&filter_relational_operator_2=equals&filter_0=6a9bac5f-130f-4977-8ddf-ab97fcafacc4&filtertype=author&filter_relational_operator=authority&filter=581484ad-aaa8-46b1-bc0e-f380d895640c
Climate Change Effects on the Environment PDF Effects of Climate Change on the Environment PDF. Climate Change Effects on the Environment. Also, Impacts of Climate Change on the Environment. Effects of Climate Change on the Environment Climate change certainly impacts the environment negatively. It destroys the ecological cycles in the ecosystem, including the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle. Additionally, many people are getting displaced due to global warming. Moreover, a thousand species have been extinct because of climate change. Furthermore, climate change stimulates to occur natural disasters, including floods, cyclones, wildfires, desertification, and many more. There are both natural causes of climate change and human causes of climate change on the earth. The Negative Effects of Climate Change on the Environment are: - Rising Sea Levels - Heatwaves - Droughts - Floods - Cyclones - Wildfires - Desertification - Glacial Retreat - Coral Bleaching - Ecosystem Collapse - Human Migration - Extinction of Species 1. Rising Sea Levels Rising sea levels are the direct consequences of climate change on the environment. The glaciers and ice sheets are melting due to the climate change caused by global warming. According to the IPCC study, sea levels are predicted to rise around 5-10 inches by 2050. As a result, it brings devastating impacts on coastal areas, including erosion, flood, and salinization. Many scientists have predicted some vulnerable cities that will sink by 2100, such as Jakarta, Miami, Venice, Bruges, etc. Additionally, they have mentioned some countries that will completely sink future, for example, Kiribati, The Maldives, Samoa, Vanuatu, Tuvalu, and Solomon Islands. Coastal floods and salinizations are the most crucial effect of the rising sea level caused by global warming. The researchers have identified the three fundamental reasons for rising sea levels: ocean currents, melting glaciers, and ice sheets. 2. Heatwaves Heatwaves refer to scorching weather lasting for a couple of days. It is also known as heat events. Heatwave is a critical effect of climate change caused by global warming. As a result, it makes the days and nights hotter than regular days. Since 1901, the earth’s surface temperature has ascended around 0.16 degrees Fahrenheit per decade. The situation gets more miserable when combined with extreme humidity. The heat index evaluates the combination of severe humidity in the environment. Heatwave is the consequence of climate change, and it has several adverse impacts on the environment. It affects plant growth by reducing the dry-out landscape. It also causes water shortages in the environment and increases heat-related illnesses. 3. Droughts Drought means a prolonged drier atmosphere caused by a shortage of water supply. Depending on the geographic location, it occurs when the area experiences below-normal rainfall that can last around six months to one year. Drought can be considered after 15 days. It is a periodic characteristic of the atmosphere that recurs yearly in most areas of the earth. The prolonged drier season has become a common problem in most countries in Southeast Asia and Africa, and people from these regions suffer from a shortage of water supply. Droughts reduce surface water and get down the layer of underground water. The four types of droughts are meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic drought. Drought is the indirect effect of climate change caused by global warming. For example, the negative impacts of droughts on the environment are reducing plant and vegetable growth, spoiling soil quality, creating water scarcity, and damaging biodiversity. 4. Floods Floods refer to the water overflow on the planet’s solid surface, and it is a natural calamity caused by climate change. Heavy rainfalls, storms, melting ice sheets, and cyclones cause the flood. The air can hold more than 7 per cent water vapour when the temperature rises around one-degree celsius. When the temperature cools rapidly, the steam turns into water and causes heavy rainfall. Similarly, global warming melts glaciers that cause floods. Flood has negative impacts on agriculture, wildlife, property, and the environment. 5. Cyclones Climate change causes frequent cyclones, directly impacting climate change on the environment. Cyclone is ocean storms that rotate about a center of low atmospheric pressure and move at 30 to 50 kilometers per hour speed. The most common cyclones are tropical cyclones, mesocyclones, and extratropical cyclones. Among them, the tropical cyclone is the most devastating for the environment. It is a catastrophic natural disaster that brings heavy rain. A tropical cyclone is generated from the ocean when the sea temperature increases more than 26 degrees celsius. So, the high temperature on the sea surface and humidity conditions in the lower levels of the troposphere forms tropical cyclones. Ocean soaks more than 90 per cent of heat emitted from solar radiation and generated by greenhouse gasses. The cyclone draws energy from ocean currents and warm water and finally becomes intense storms. Thus, the strong winds of tropical cyclones destroy forests, buildings, vehicles, trees, and other properties. 6. Wildfires Wildfires refer to burning a forest caused by climate. Many factors, including natural and human activities, occur in wildfires. Wildfire is the intensely burning of woodland due to factors associated with climate change, such as heatwaves and droughts. Fires always produce smoke, flame, dust, heat, and greenhouse gases. The fundamental component of the wildfires is the increasing temperature of the surrounding areas. The most common two types of forest fires are human-induced and natural forest fires. Wildfires affect the ecosystem and biodiversity intensely by burning billions of plants, birds, animals, and insects. The studies have shown that the number of wildfires has increased due the global warming in the current decade. However, many additional factors, including natural and man-made elements, trigger the rise of wildfires. The extreme temperature set fire in the forest. Although lightning is accountable for setting fire in the forest, the hot weather soon spread the fires. It destroys the environment woods in the forest within a short time. 7. Desertification Desertification is another crucial effect of climate change on the environment that destroys fertile lands. It is one of the most devastating consequences of climate change on the environment in the recent century. Desertification means turning the fertile land into dryland losing productivity. Climate change also causes increasing the arid land on the planet gradually. In conclusion, the negative effects of climate change on the environment are Rising sea levels, Heatwaves, Droughts, Floods, Cyclones, Wildfires, Desertification, Glacial Retreat, Coral Bleaching, Ecosystem Collapse, Human Migration, and Extinction of Species.	https://globalassistant.info/climate-change-effects-on-the-environment-pdf/
The Consumer Health Information Center offers both lay people and medical professionals a wide range of health and medical information on a variety of topics. The Center is conveniently located at the college's Central Park Campus Library, 2200 West University Drive in McKinney. The Center provides up-to-date and reliable medical and healthcare-related data through a number of different resources including books, videos, audio recordings, brochures, medical journals, archived and current magazines, and electronic resources. Reference librarians are on hand to provide assistance to visitors seeking information on a bevy of subjects. Let us know how we can help! \| \| Disclaimer: Materials (i.e, books, brochures, pamphlets, and hyperlinks) included in the library and the website do not imply approval or recommendation. Collin College does not endorse any particular point of view, method of treatment, specific physicians, health practitioners, organizations or health care facilities. The collection is developed to encompass a variety of viewpoints and to provide the public access to a wide range of health and medical subjects. Materials in the library are intended to educate on subjects pertinent to health and well being and are not a substitute for consultation with a personal physician or health professional.	http://www.collin.edu/library/consumerhealth/index.html
DNA mismatch repair is essential to the maintenance of genome integrity and not surprising, loss of normal mismatch repair is a feature of many cancers. Inherited defects in DNA mismatch repair dramatically increase an individual's risk of developing cancer. Somatic inactivation of a mismatch repair gene, either as a result of mutation or epigenetic changes, confers a mutator phenotype and directly contributes to the accumulation of mutations in the cancer cell. A substantial fraction of endometrial carcinomas, the most common gynecologic malignancy in the US, have defective DNA mismatch repair. Aberrant methylation of the MLH1 promoter is associate with defective DNA mismatch repair in the majority of these cancers. However, an estimated 5 percent of all endometrial cancer patients have an inherited mismatch repair gene defect. This is a proposal for a multidisciplinary study to determine the role that defective DNA mismatch repair plays in endometrial tumorigenesis. It relies upon established collaborations between, and the joint expertise of molecular and medical geneticists, pathologist and gynecologic oncologist. Specific aims are: 1) To define the penetrance and expressivity of inherited defects in DNA mismatch repair in kindreds ascertained through endometrial cancer probands. A combination of molecular and conventional family/medical history studies will be undertaken to determine the spectrum of cancers that develop as a consequence of inherited MSH2 and MLH1 mutations. The penetrance of mutations will be determined by performing mutation analysis in at-risk relatives of endometrial cancer patients in whom germline mutations are identified. 2) To elucidate the temporal relationship between loss of normal DNA mismatch repair and accumulation of lesions in the PTEN and TP53 tumor suppressor and the KRAS2 proto-oncogene. Hyperproliferative precursors of endometrial carcinoma will be investigated to define the timing of molecular events that underlie the phenotypic progression in endometrial tumorigenesis and to determine the clonality of synchronous hyperplasia and carcinoma. 3) To define the relationship between DNA mismatch repair in endometrial cancers and a more global hypermethylation state. Patterns of CpG island methylation will be compared among groups of tumors with and without apparent defects in DNA repair.
Land: an Achilles' heel in Cameroon's 2019 Petroleum Code In 2019, Cameroon adopted a new Petroleum Code, introducing new regulations for oil exploitation, with the goal of boosting investment in this sector. Guy Lebrun AMBOMO reflects on the implications of this new law for the protection of communities' land rights. Oil-related activity began in Cameroon in 1947 with the exploration of the Souelaba and Logbaba oil and gas reserves in the Douala Basin. The first commercial discoveries were made in the Rio del Rey basin in 1972. However, it was not until 1977, after the Kolé field came on stream, that the country became an oil producer. In 1985, production reached a record level of 186,000 barrels/day, but a decline in production the following year due to the oil shock led to the withdrawal of operators and discouraged potential investors. It was only with the tax reforms of the 1990s that the sector regained the interest of oil companies. The 1995 and 1999 Laws were introduced to make the sector more attractive for investors. However, the controversies around the management of oil revenues by the National Hydrocarbons Company and the government have continued, as was seen during the purchase of the presidential plane, which later became known as the Albatross affair. Indeed, the sector was managed for many years in total secrecy, until the arrival of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in 2002. In April 2019, Cameroon adopted a new Petroleum Code to replace the previous one, which was twenty years old. Faced with the depletion of reserves, ageing infrastructure and the deferral of some investments in the sector due to the instability of prices on the international market since 2016, this new law aims to revive the exploitation of oil and gas, improve the level of their production, increase state revenues and boost the development of the populations living in the vicinity of oil fields. Indeed, Cameroon is rich in natural resources and it relies heavily on oil exploitation, which has always accounted for a large share of its revenue. As an illustration, between 2015 and 2019, the contribution of the oil sector to the state budget fluctuated between 387 and 774 billion CFA francs, making it the second largest source of budgetary revenue in Cameroon. However, oil extraction projects can have severe impacts on the communities bordering the project sites. Indeed, it can lead to a loss of the lands and natural resources they use: in the name of the general interest, the government can acquire lands occupied by communities through expropriation “for public utility”. These impacts, considered with other problems created in the past by onshore oil projects (such as the Chad-Cameroon pipeline) or expropriations in other economic sectors, justify looking at the fate of the land rights of populations bordering exploitation sites, as per the new Petroleum Code. Apparent but insufficient recognition of land rights For new oil projects, the Petroleum Code of 25 April 2019 requires project developers to identify the types of land impacted by their project, the owners and all assets on it. The aim here is to compensate all those who, because of oil exploitation, will lose registered and unregistered property. However, this remains limited to lands that show visible signs of development, i.e. on which there are a number of realisations such as infrastructure or crops. While individual land rights are recognised in the new legislation, some limitations from the 1999 Petroleum Code remain. These include, for example, numerous obstacles that communities may face during compensation processes: non-evaluation of the transitional period for crops, outdated compensation scales that do not take into account current market prices, undervaluation of property destroyed by the project, and difficulty or even non-assistance in the resettlement of displaced persons. In addition, some social groups such as indigenous forest peoples, whose land use activities revolve around hunting, fishing and the collection of forest products, or the Mbororo, traditional herders and nomads, exploit land and natural resources in a way that is not recognised in Cameroonian law. As a result, these groups find themselves de facto excluded from the compensation process. Finally, while individual land ownership is recognised and inscribed in the law, it should be noted that land management remains largely collective in practice, in the form of communal customary land ownership - and these collective rights are not recognised either. There have often been problems with compensation for development projects in Cameroon, and while civil society has regularly made proposals for land reclamation and for the improvement of land management to take into account the interests of all users, the new Petroleum Code unfortunately does not propose solutions to these weaknesses from the 1999 laws. Implications of loose regulation Cameroon has established a system to grant exploitation rights that does not take sufficient account of either individual or collective land rights. In addition to adverse socioeconomic and cultural impacts, maintaining this system in the new Petroleum Code can have harmful consequences for the development of oil activities. Thus, Cameroon could face conflicts between oil companies and local communities, communities and the state, and the state and companies, with serious human rights implications. A parallel can also be drawn with other sectors, such as the oil palm sector, where economic losses caused by operational delays due to conflicts between communities and companies in the sector have been significant. Cameroon, which is already affected by this type of conflict, could also experience it in the context of its oil activities. For a country that derives a significant part of its public revenues from the oil sector, the risk is high. It is all the more so since oil exploitation is no longer exclusively offshore, as was the case for a number of years, with restricted access to offshore oil platforms. Today, onshore oil exploitation is on the rise in Cameroon, and will therefore be in direct contact with the population. Recommendations One of the consequences of oil projects, as for other resource extraction projects, is that communities lose their land, often their only source of supply in goods and services. For this reason, it is important to find the right mitigation or compensation for such projects. For this to happen, with a view of peaceful cohabitation between oil companies and communities, it is necessary to : - guarantee the protection of rights to lands and resources held individually and collectively by communities in the context of oil exploitation; - extend the concept of "development" to include the land use practices of indigenous and nomadic peoples, such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products and livestock; - take into account, for the compensation of agricultural land, the price of the lost land or its equivalent in kind, the cost of invested labour, equipment, the market price of the lost crop and the transition period of the crops. Guy Lebrun AMBOMO ([email protected]) is Programme Assistant at the Network to Fight Against Hunger (RELUFA) and conducts research on natural resources governance as part of the LandCam project.	https://www.landcam.org/en/land-achilles-heel-cameroons-2019-petroleum-code
During the 2012-2013 academic school year, scientists contributing to the Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association (ACASA)/Regional Adaptation Collaborative (RAC) project assessing the adaptation needs of the Tantramar dykelands will offer a credit-based course at Mount Allison University focusing on adaptation to climate change in the Tantramar region. The following resources are deliverables from the ACASA/RAC Dykelands Infastructure Assessment – Tantramar project: - Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts on New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Transportation Corridor (Mar. 2012) - Coastal Dykelands in the Tantramar Area: Impacts of Climate Change on Dyke Erosion and Flood Risk (Oct. 2011) - Agriculture Adaptation Strategy for Tantramar (Aug. 2011) - An Evaluation of Flood Risk to Infrastructure across the Chignecto Isthmus (July 2012) - Forecasting Economic Damages from Storm Surge Flooding: A Case Study in the Tantramar Region of New Brunswick - Tantramar Dyke Risk Project: The Use of Visualizations to Inspire Action Other resources include: - Adapting to Climate Change: An Introduction for Canadian Municipalities (2010) - Sea-Level Rise in the Tantramar Region: Vulnerabilites and Adaptive Strategies (Apr. 2007) - Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation in New Brunswick Municipalities (Mar. 2010) - Changing Climate, Changing Communities Guide and Workbook for Municipal Climate Adaptation - Examining Community Adaptive Capacity to Address Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Salt Marsh Restoration in Maritime Canada (Mar. 2007) - Greenprint Towards a Sustainable New Brunswick (2010) - IEA Training Manual Climate Change Vulnerability and Impact Assessment in Cities (2011) - Planning for Climate Change in Coastal Regions of Tantramar, New Brunswick Risks and Recommendations (Mar. 2008) - Community-University Research Alliance (CURA) - Canadian Communities’ Guidebook for Adaptation to Climate Change - Scanning the Conservation Horizon: A Guide to Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Books: - Climate Change in Canada. Rodney White. Issues in Canada. Oxford University Press, 2010. - Environmental Change and Challenge. Philip Dearden and Bruce Mitchell. 4th edition. Oxford University Press, 2012.	https://rcetantramar.org/collaboration/racccourse/
The Australian National Retailers Association (ANRA) has expressed concern over plans by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to begin measuring online sales.The retailer body said the ABS would probably fail to fully capture the magnitude of overseas purchases. The ABS has said it will begin collecting online sales data as part of its monthly retail survey from November 2013. Data for online purchases from foreign retailers – currently exempt from the GST on items valued at less than $1000 – will be reported annually, based on Customs and Australia Post figures. The Retail Association said it is concerned that the use of Customs or APO data would miss transactions where offshore retailers had doctored receipts to mark costly items below the GST threshold. “We already know some overseas sites produce fake receipts for goods and this may place limitations on some of the data collected,” said ANRA CEO Margy Osmond.	https://www.smarthouse.com.au/retailers-concerned-over-abs-online-sales-data/
Bastrop/Travis Counties ESD #1 sales and use tax election information The Bastrop/Travis Counties Emergency Services District #1 has called an election to adopt a sales and use tax outside the city limits of Elgin but within the District's boundaries. There is no additional sales and use tax available inside the Elgin city limits because the City collects 1.5 percent and Bastrop County collects 0.5 percent. The vote for this sales and use tax referendum will be on the ballot for the District's voters in the general election on November 5, 2019. If the proposition passes, the District would only collect sales tax outside the City. The District's tax rate for ad valorem taxes is capped at 10 cents per $100 dollars value by the Texas Constitution. The law allows the District to collect sales and use tax, where available in the district and with voter approval, as additional revenue to support the emergency services provided by the District. The District provides both fire suppression and medical first response to the area inside the Elgin city limits, which is within the District, and to the areas of the District that are outside the City. The District is aware that the City has expressed concerns regarding the transparency of the District's actions related to the sales tax election and regarding the sales tax election's impact on the City's ability to encourage business to locate in the City and the surrounding community. The District has considered the adoption of a sales and use tax for the last six years. In September of 2013, the sales tax was on the District's agenda for the first time. The District voted to table consideration of the sales tax at that time to research the possible revenues. Shortly after that meeting, the District learned that the City had taken the last available quarter of a cent sales tax available within the City in late 2007, just after the District was created. Consequently, there was no sales tax left to collect inside the City for the District to provide emergency services. In 2018, the District learned that it could call an election for a sales tax outside of the City limits even though there was no sales tax available within the City. The sales tax discussion has been on the District's agenda in September 2018, October 2018, January 2019, April 2019, May 2019, and July 2019, when the District board called for the sales tax election. All the agendas for the District regular monthly meetings and any special meetings are available to the public and posted on the District's website, at the District office in downtown Elgin, at the Elgin fire station, and at the Bastrop and Travis County courthouses. The District supports the City's efforts to bring new businesses to the Elgin area. The City has not contacted the District about planning or promoting this growth. If the City wants to include the District in those plans, the District is willing to participate. Within the District, three new housing subdivisions are currently under construction. Two more are slated to begin construction in the first months of 2020. With this new construction, the District anticipates that its population will increase by approximately 24,000 to 32,000 people. The District's property tax rate is capped at $0.10 per $100 of assessed value. The District currently plans to use the additional revenue that would be generated by a sales and use tax to help fund an additional fire station or stations, acquire additional firefighting equipment, and provide additional equipment for the medical First Responder group that works in the District. Sales Tax Facts: - Unlike property tax, the payment of sales and use tax is collected at purchase from residents and non-residents alike. - The maximum sales and use tax in Texas is 8.25 percent. This is the rate collected within the City. - The state receives 6.25 percent of the sales and use tax collected. The additional 2 percent is available to other entities such as cities, metropolitan transit authorities, library districts, and among others, emergency services districts. - The sales and use tax is imposed on all retail sales, such as clothes, shoes, and household goods; leases and rental of most goods; as well as taxable services such as lawn care, cleaning services, and pest control. Items which are not taxable include most grocery items, prescription drugs, and medical services.	https://www.elgincourier.com/article/opinions/bastroptravis-counties-esd-1-sales-and-use-tax-election-information
In which layer of the atmosphere does ozone act as a UV radiation shield? This question was previously asked in WBCS Prelims 2015 Official Paper Download PDF Attempt Online View all WBCS Papers > Troposphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : Stratosphere Detailed Solution Download Solution PDF The correct answer is Stratosphere . Key Points The ozone layer is a natural layer of gas in the upper atmosphere that protects humans and other living things from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. The ozone layer is typically thicker over the poles than over the equator. The ozone layer exists in the stratosphere , a layer 10 to 50 km above the Earth’s surface. The reasons for ozone depletion are a wide range of industrial and consumer applications, mainly refrigerators, air conditioners (hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)), and fire extinguishers. Ozone depletion is greatest at the South Pole (Antarctica). Important Points Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. Moving upward from ground level, these layers have been named the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, Ionosphere, and exosphere . Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of our atmosphere. Starting at ground level, it extends upward to about 10 km above sea level . Humans live in the troposphere, and nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer. Most clouds appear here , mainly because 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. Stratosphere The next layer up is called the stratosphere. The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 km above the ground . The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere. Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. Mesosphere Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere . It extends upward to a height of about 85 km above our planet. Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere . The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -90° C (-130° F) , are found near the top of this layer. Thermosphere The layer of very rare air above the mesosphere is called the thermosphere . The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers high . High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere . Raising its temperature to hundreds or at times thousands of degrees . Many satellites actually orbit Earth within the thermosphere. The aurora, the Northern Lights, and Southern Lights occur in the thermosphere. Exosphere This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km . Download Solution PDF Share on Whatsapp India’s #1 Learning Platform Start Complete Exam Preparation Daily Live MasterClasses Practice Question Bank Mock Tests & Quizzes Get Started for Free Download App Trusted by 2,08,04,127+ Students Next Ques ›› More Climatology Questions Q1. The term deflation is associated with : Q2. The air that contains moisture to its full capacity: Q3. The air that contains moisture to its full capacity: Q4. What is the percentage of oxygen in Air? Q5. Which of the following is the consequence of climate change related warming of rivers? Q6. Which theory/concept on the “Origin of Monsoon” states that the ‘monsoons are produced due to differential heating of continents and ocean basins’ ? Q7. The winds blowing from the subtropical high pressure belt towards the equatorial low pressure are known as _______. Q8. Which statements are incorrect regarding Chinook winds? 1. These winds blow on Rocky mountain. 2. These are the local winds. 3. These winds climb the Alps mountain from its south side. 4. These winds blow in the Rhine river valley. Q9. Cyclones are called by different names in different countries/regions. Which pair is not correctly matched? Q10. Different layers of atmosphere are given below, which one is the correct order from the earth? More Geography (World Geography) Questions Q1. Which of the following country is leading producer of Uranium ? Q2. What is the percentage of Oxygen in Air ? Q3. 'Kalahari' desert is located in which country ? Q4. The deepest ocean of the world is _____ . Q5. ______ is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. Q6. Which of the following neighbouring country of India shares its borders with only four Indian states? Q7. Which of the following statements regarding Himalayas is not correct ? Q8. The global warming has resulted: Q9. The rate of decrease of temperature in the troposphere is : Q10. The term deflation is associated with : Suggested Test Series View All > WBCS Executive (Prelims + Mains) Mock Test 99 Total Tests 11 Free Tests Start Free Test More General Knowledge Questions Q1. Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul is popularly known as Q2. Who composed the National Anthem of India? Q3. In which state is Sriharikota located? Q4. In which State 'Rani ki Vav' stepwell is located? Q5. Who appoints the governors of Indian states? Q6. Where is 'Sun Temple' located? Q7. Who founded the Mughal Empire in India? Q8. Who composed the famous song 'Saare Jahan Se Achcha'? Q9. Apart from India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, which asian country has Rupee as its currency? Q10. Who wrote the holy book 'Gita'? Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 1st & 2nd Floor, Zion Building, Plot No. 273, Sector 10, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai - 410210 [email protected] Toll Free:	https://testbook.com/question-answer/in-which-layer-of-the-atmosphere-does-ozone-act-as--609cf84788d29b1cc1a03a60
The growth of technological and scientific knowledge in the past two centuries has been the overriding dynamic element in the economic and social history of the world. Its result is now often called the knowledge economy. But what are the historical origins of this revolution and what have been its mechanisms? InThe Gifts of Athena, Joel Mokyr constructs an original framework to analyze the concept of "useful" knowledge. He argues that the growth explosion in the modern West in the past two centuries was driven not just by the appearance of new technological ideas but also by the improved access to these ideas in society at large--as made possible by social networks comprising universities, publishers, professional sciences, and kindred institutions. Through a wealth of historical evidence set in clear and lively prose, he shows that changes in the intellectual and social environment and the institutional background in which knowledge was generated and disseminated brought about the Industrial Revolution, followed by sustained economic growth and continuing technological change. Mokyr draws a link between intellectual forces such as the European enlightenment and subsequent economic changes of the nineteenth century, and follows their development into the twentieth century. He further explores some of the key implications of the knowledge revolution. Among these is the rise and fall of the "factory system" as an organizing principle of modern economic organization. He analyzes the impact of this revolution on information technology and communications as well as on the public's state of health and the structure of households. By examining the social and political roots of resistance to new knowledge, Mokyr also links growth in knowledge to political economy and connects the economic history of technology to the New Institutional Economics.The Gifts of Athenaprovides crucial insights into a matter of fundamental concern to a range of disciplines including economics, economic history, political economy, the history of technology, and the history of science. The growth of human knowledge is one of the deepest and most elusive elements in history. Social scientists, cognitive psychologists, and philosophers have struggled with every aspect of it, and not much of a consensus has emerged. The study of what we know about our natural environment and how it affects our economy should be of enormous interest to economic historians. The growth of knowledge is one of the central themes of economic change, and for that reason alone it is far too important to be left to the historians of science. Discoveries, inventions, and scientific breakthroughs are the very... Can we “explain” the Industrial Revolution? Recent attempts by leading economists focus more on the issue of timing (Why did it happen in the eighteenth century) than on the issue of place (Why western Europe?) (Lucas, 2002; Hansen and Prescott, 1998; Acemoglu and Zilibotti, 1997; Galor and Weil, 2000; Galor and Moav, 2002). Both questions are equally valid, but they demand different types of answers. In what follows, I answer only the first question, although the ideas used here can readily be extended to the second. The answer for the timing question is to link the Industrial Revolution to a... The people alive during the first Industrial Revolution in the late eighteenth century were largely unaware of living in the middle of a period of dramatic and irreversible change. Most of the benefits and promises of the technological changes were still unsuspected. Adam Smith could not have much sense of the impact of the innovations taking place around him in 1776 and still believed that when the process of growth was completed, the economy could “advance no further” and both wages and profits would be very low. Napoleon, following Smith, famously referred to Britain as a nation of shopkeepers, not... What does technology really do to our lives and well-being? Much of the history of technological revolutions in the past two centuries is written as if the only things that technology affected were output, productivity, and economic welfare as approximated by income. This is of course the best-understood and most widely analyzed aspect of technological progress. Yet technological progress also affected other aspects of the economy that may be significant. Among those is the optimal scale of the basic economic production unit and the location where production takes place. These in tum determine whether “work” will be carried out in... Thus far, I have discussed techniques, that is the procedures with which we manipulate nature to produce goods and services. We typically do not think of households as units that employ prescriptive knowledge and select techniques, but a moment’s reflection reveals that they do so all the time. In the consumption process, households do not just purchase consumer goods but convert them into their final uses by using a set of techniques I callrecipes.¹These final uses include the satisfaction of the biological and psychological needs underlying demand as well as the indirect effect of consumption on health and... Knowledge, much like living beings, is subject to “selection” in the rather immediate sense that more of it is generated than can be absorbed or utilized, and so some forms of knowledge have to be rejected. What is meant by that, however, and how selection on knowledge works is far from simple. Some observations are by now commonplace: in evolutionary epistemology it is widely recognized that selection is carried out by conscious, often identifiable agents, unlike in evolutionary biology where selection is a result of differential survival and reproduction but no conscious selector is operating. The world of propositional and... Useful knowledge, as I employ the term in this book, describes the equipment we use in our game against nature. Most of it is quite mundane: we know that it is cold in Chicago in January and that heavy layers of clothing protect the human body from losing the heat it generates, so this knowledge maps into the obvious technique of wearing sweaters. In principle, such knowledge could be entirely private. Yet the evolution of technology is something in which the interaction between different individuals is as important as what each of them knows. Although at base, then, technology is...	http://slave2.omega.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rz25
Richard Schultz/Corbis Many foresters have long assumed that trees gradually lose their vigour as they mature, but a new analysis suggests that the larger a tree gets, the more kilos of carbon it puts on each year. “The trees that are adding the most mass are the biggest ones, and that holds pretty much everywhere on Earth that we looked,” says Nathan Stephenson, an ecologist at the US Geological Survey in Three Rivers, California, and the first author of the study, which appears today in Nature1. “Trees have the equivalent of an adolescent growth spurt, but it just keeps going.” The scientific literature is chock-full of studies that focus on forests' initial growth and their gradual move towards a plateau in the amount of carbon they store as they reach maturity2. Researchers have also documented a reduction in growth at the level of individual leaves in older trees3. In their study, Stephenson and his colleagues analysed reams of data on 673,046 trees from 403 species in monitored forest plots, in both tropical and temperate areas around the world. They found that the largest trees gained the most mass each year in 97% of the species, capitalizing on their additional leaves and adding ever more girth high in the sky. Although they relied mostly on existing data, the team calculated growth rates at the level of the individual trees, whereas earlier studies had typically looked at the overall carbon stored in a plot. Estimating absolute growth for any tree remains problematic, in part because researchers typically take measurements at a person's height and have to extrapolate the growth rate higher up. But the researchers' calculations consistently showed that larger trees added the most mass. In one old-growth forest plot in the western United States, for instance, trees larger than 100 centimetres in diameter comprised just 6% of trees, but accounted for 33% of the growth. The findings build on a detailed case study published in 2010, which showed similar growth trends for two of the world’s tallest trees — the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the eucalyptus (Eucalyptus regnans)4, both of which can grow well past 100 metres in height. In that study, researchers climbed, and took detailed measurements of, branches and limbs throughout the canopy to calculate overall tree growth. Stephen Sillett, a botanist at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California, who led the 2010 study, says that the latest analysis confirms that his group’s basic findings apply to almost all trees. Nature Podcast Noah Baker spoke about the findings with Nathan Stephenson, an ecologist at the US Geological Survey. You may need a more recent browser or to install the latest version of the Adobe Flash Plugin. Decline in efficiency The results are consistent with the known reduction in growth at the leaf level as trees age. Although individual leaves may be less efficient, older trees have more of them. And in older forests, fewer large trees dominate growth trends until they are eventually brought down by a combination of fungi, fires, wind and gravity; the rate of carbon accumulation depends on how fast old forests turn over. “It’s the geometric reality of tree growth: bigger trees have more leaves, and they have more surface across which wood is deposited,” Sillett says. “The idea that older forests are decadent — it’s really just a myth.” The findings help to resolve some of these contradictions, says Maurizio Mencuccini, a forest ecologist at the University of Edinburgh, UK. The younger trees may grow faster on a relative scale, he says, meaning that they take less time to, say, double in size. ”But on an absolute scale, the old trees keep growing far more.” The study has broad implications for forest management, whether in maximizing the yield of timber harvests or providing old-growth habitat and increasing carbon stocks. More broadly, the research could help scientists to develop better models of how forests function and their role in regulating the climate.
Can My Employer Fire Me for Making a Discrimination Claim? Employers are prohibited from firing employees or otherwise retaliating against employees who file a claim of discrimination, participate in a discrimination proceeding or oppose a policy or action they believe is discriminatory in the workplace. Retaliation can include demoting an employee, giving an undeserved poor performance review, denying a raise or promotion or taking other adverse employment actions against an employee because of his or her involvement in an anti-discrimination claim. Employees are protected from retaliation by clauses in Title VII, the Equal Pay Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. To qualify for protection, the employee must be a covered individual, the activity engaged in by the employee must be protected and the employer must take adverse action against the employee for his or her involvement. A covered individual is an employee who: Additionally, those who have a close association with someone engaged in one of these protected activities also may have a claim against retaliation. For example, a spouse may bring a claim on behalf of his or her employee spouse. The protected activities follow the definitions of covered individuals and include employee actions to oppose a practice he or she has a good faith, reasonable belief is discriminatory; employee participation in any type of discrimination proceeding; and employee requests for reasonable accommodations. In order to be a protected activity, the opposition must be reasonable. The employee is not allowed to use unlawful means or violence to oppose the action. Speaking with the employer about the acts or threatening to or filing a complaint are acceptable forms of opposition. The employer's actions against the employee for participating in a protected activity must be adverse. This could include acts such as: The actions taken by the employer cannot be justified. For example, if the employer has a rational reason unrelated to the employee's protected activities for denying a promotion or raise, then the employee cannot seek protection from retaliation. The employer's actions will have to be examined on a case-by-case basis to determine if they were in fact adverse. Whistleblowers are not covered by retaliation provisions in federal anti-discrimination laws. The retaliation claims must be related to a discrimination-related violation. Whistleblowers and others who bring attention to other types of violations by employers may be protected by other federal laws. If you believe your employer retaliated against you for making a discrimination claim, opposing a discriminatory practice or policy or for requesting a reasonable accommodation, contact an experienced employment lawyer. Copyright © 2008 FindLaw, a Thomson Reuters business DISCLAIMER: This site and any information contained herein are intended for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. Seek competent counsel for advice on any legal matter.	http://www.brownemploymentlaw.com/Employee-Law-FAQ.shtml?archiveposition=5&link=http://fsnews.findlaw.com/portal/topic.xml?tid=13&cre=2013-03&ss=dp-faq-article.xsl
Overview of the Status and Future Direction Medical education research is a relatively new field, which can trace its origins precisely to a group in Buffalo, NY, led by George Miller in the 1950s. These individuals came from diverse backgrounds, with virtually no relevant prior academic achievement. However through the collaborations engendered by the collaboration between medical teachers and academics, the field rapidly evolved. A major stimulus for the field was the development of the new problem-based schools at McMaster and Maastricht in the 1970s, with both schools committing resources to fund major research programs to evaluate the success of these innovations. Finally, another parallel development was the efforts by the American licensing and certifying bodies, primarily the National Board of Medical Examiners and the American Board of Internal Medicine, as well as the Medical Council of Canada, to improve student evaluation methods. All of these developments set the stage for the field as we see it today, where a large number of researchers from many different social and behavioral sciences, from policy analysis to kinesiology, use a potpourri of research methods to address diverse questions related to health professions education. While this diversity is an enormous strength and a defining characteristic of the field, it does bring into focus some fundamental questions about what are the common threads. In particular, as the field matures standards for research have evolved. No longer is the focus solely or even primarily on the design of solutions for local problems; instead many journals demand evidence that research has theoretical underpinnings and generalizable application. In this session, I will attempt to engage you in exploring some of these questions. We will explore, in a general way, what, if any, are the commonalities of all our research enterprises, and indeed what is the demarcation between scientific inquiry and other academic pursuits. In the course of the talk, we should be able to better understand what are the ingredients of successful research in health sciences education. Research and Scholarly Work in Health Sciences Education: How to Get Started This session will introduce the audience to the basics of medical education research and scholarly work. We will discuss topics that can be studied or reported, best practices and challenges, and things to consider before engaging in medical education research. We will illustrate the steps through a few case studies. How to Do Educational Research What is educational research in medical and health professions education? What types of research are conducted? What methods are used? These will be illustrated with examples from the literature. Following a brief review of these topics, an example of the educational research process will be provided that examines the choices at each stage of the process. How to Find Funding for Your Educational Research One barrier to research is the attainment of funding resources to launch and continue quality studies. This session will outline resources for the early stages of research and provide guidance for grant proposal preparation, if it is determined that external funding is needed. Free and low-cost resources for obtaining preliminary data and sources of external funds will be described. An overview of grant writing and information on where to obtain training will be presented. Information on proposal writing basics, tips to increase the chances of success, the grant application process, and basic proposal and budget requirements will be provided. Potential funding sources appropriate for beginning investigators will also be listed. Suggestions will be offered for revising and resubmitting unsuccessful proposals. How to Publish Your Results In publishing scholarly work, there are several opportunities available to present your results to a specific audience. One way of sharing your results is presenting at conferences on medical education. These conferences can be found at a national as well as an international level. The most common types of conference contributions are the oral and poster presentations. Presenting at a conference can be a good and maybe even the most appropriate way to publish your work. Another option is publication in a (scientific) medical education journal. For publishing in a journal, not only the writing skills of the author are important. At least as important is choosing the right strategy in submitting the work to the most appropriate journal. It is also useful to know how the Editorial Office and Editorial Board of a journal handle the manuscripts received. Knowledge of these last two aspects can significantly increase the chances for acceptance of the manuscript. The session will give the attendees more insight in the editorial processes of a journal and several concrete strategies to increase the chances of acceptance of their work. The presenter will showcase the internal procedures of IAMSE’s journal Medical Science Educator to explain the attendees what is happening behind the scenes of a journal. Some general advice will be given in order to make the process of submission as successful as possible. At the end of the session the participants will have a better understanding of ways to publish their results. Panel Discussion: Editors’ Tips for publication success Publishing your research results in a journal for medical education can be a very difficult thing to do. There are numerous journals out there, so which one is the most appropriate one for you to choose? Journals have their own focus and topics, their own audience, and their own procedures on reviewing and selecting manuscripts to publish. To help the participants of this seminar in getting their work published, a panel of 5 Editors-in-Chief will present their own journal for medical education and will highlight the unique properties of that specific journal. The journals represented in the panel are Medical Science Educator, Medical Teacher, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, Advances in Health Sciences Education, and Medical Education Online. Each Editor will also bring forward a tip for authors that might be helping them in the process of preparing, submitting and revising materials in such a way it increases the chances of success. After the short presentations, the seminar will be open for questions from the audience.	http://www.iamse.org/webseries/2016-winter-research-in-health-sciences-education/
A few years back, Naveen Aldangady, 44, vice-president (supply chain management) at Bharti Airtel, wouldn’t have thought of himself as a teacher. Thanks to Bharti Foundation’s initiatives in the field of education, Aldangady got an opportunity to teach at the foundation’s school in Rewari, Haryana. And he returned a changed man. As part of his company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, he has visited a few of the 240 schools started by the foundation in remote areas. He recounts his experience of visiting such a school in Rewari along with his colleagues three months back. “We got to understand that if we provide the right atmosphere, they are as good as our children,” he says. “They are as eager to learn, if not more, and there is no difference in learning abilities. Next time, I plan to take my family along.” Aldangady is not alone in his efforts. He’s joined by a growing legion of employees who are volunteering to be part of the company’s CSR initiatives to experience the feel-good high that comes from not talking but doing. But the triggers are not just personal satisfaction. The size and status of your company definitely pushes your chin a bit higher. On one hand, being part of company CSR activities fosters a sense of belonging and loyalty among employees. On the other, a selfless activity humbles you. “People come back to me and tell me that they feel moved and hopeful after these events. The pride and engagement is unmistakable and I have seen big jumps in contributions as well,” says an HR official at Bharti Airtel who organises events where employees can volunteer to work for the “greater good”. Apart from field trips to schools run by the foundation, Bharti has also created avenues for interested employees to donate to an NGO of their choice, empanelled by them. The company also awards employees who have done exemplary work in these areas in each circle. Companies are increasingly coming up with structured CSR plans for the employees to foster a sense of giving back to society. For a while, the employees driven by paychecks and the organisation driven by profit motive, become a wholesome unit driving change, however miniscule, within the society. The basis: it gives the employees an opportunity to indulge their socially responsible side. It was with this intent that Shubha Shetty availed the “Esops” (not employee stock options but social options) scheme at Mahindra & Mahindra. Through the programme, Shetty visited an old age home and organised a picnic for the inmates; took part in a puppet show for children suffering from terminal diseases and was part of a nature trail as part of ‘Mahindra Hariyali’ – the company’s tree plantation drive. “I have been part of the company for the past 18 years but it was only in 2006 (when “Esops” was started) that I found a platform to give back to the society,” Shetty says. Social Values M&M acknowledges there are many employees who individually or through teams are inclined towards doing charity. “We recognise this sensibility and such activities make giving back to society not only a management value but a team value as well. To give it a distinctive identity, we coined the word ‘Esops’,” says an official at M&M. The company donates 1% of its annual profit after tax to social activities each year, but also believes in the importance of spending time and effort. So there’s an Esops Leader and an Esops Champion who take charge of running the social initiatives with the help of their motivated employees in the fields of health, education, community and environment. The programme supports employees in creating volunteering projects based on the needs of underprivileged communities in and around their place of work. To fund these initiatives, each sector donates 0.5% of its profit after tax to the central CSR fund and 0.5% to Esops. Even employees at Fortis Healthcare volunteer through the Fortis Foundation, which provide health care to the needy. “Doctors, nurses and staff pitch in time and effort, members too pledge their time and make donations to subsidise treatments and support campaigns like HIV/Aids awareness, and spearhead cancer and dialysis support groups, community outreach, periodic health camps,” says a Fortis spokesperson. Employees also donate clothing, books, etc. for poor patients. LG India too solicits voluntary participation from their employees for charity work. “The response has been generally hearty,” says Umesh Dhal, vice-president, LG India. Since, the operative word here is ‘voluntary’ there are many employees who opt out, planning to do something “better” with their time. But such activities go beyond your key result area (KRA), and make you come across as socially inclined individual upping your personal appeal within the ranks. CSR activities for employees are great networking opportunities where the company comes together as a group and get a feel good high. Some people call it tokenism. But we call them sceptics. Serious CSR initiatives are turning their arguments redundant. How effective and important CSR is, has been a matter of endless debates. But, if as an employee, you are able to derive momentary satisfaction and pride, CSR can be seen in a different light altogether.	http://indiacsr.in/csr-initiative-now-charity-begins-in-the-office/
The greater majority know that vitamin C is important for the immune system and that severe vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy. Most people these days consume enough vitamin C to not develop scurvy, but it doesn’t mean that your levels are ideal. Many do not consume enough fresh produce and unfortunately, most of the produce we do consume has been kept in storage or exposed to heat which destroys the vitamin C. Many people have poor gut health, with an inflamed gut lining, so they don’t absorb nutrients adequately. Symptoms of low vitamin C can include: - Frequent infections / prolonged infections - Easy bruising - Poor wound healing - Joint pain, stiffness and inflammation - Dry or rough skin - Stretch marks - Fatigue - Seasonal allergies - Bleeding gums Functions of vitamin C - Required by the adrenal glands to produce cortisol - The main nutrient needed to produce collagen in the body - Needed by the liver to remove toxins from the body - Antioxidant activities to protect cell health - Reduces inflammation in the body - Supports immune cells and has anti-viral properties How much vitamin C do you need? The RDI for vitamin C is quite low at only 30-45mg per day, which is enough to prevent scurvy. In actual fact, many people need much more than this (1000-2000mg), particularly if they have a poor immune system, struggle with inflammation in the body, have muscle, ligament or cartilage damage, need extra liver support, have bruising or burns, smoke cigarettes and during pregnancy. \|Strawberries\|\|6 = 25mg\| \|Golden kiwi\|\|1 = 130mg\| \|Orange\|\|1 medium = 70mg\| \|Red capsicum\|\|1 = 150mg\| \|Cabbage\|\|1/2 cup = 30mg\| \|Tomato\|\|1 medium = 25mg\| \|Leafy greens\|\|1/2 cup = 30mg\| \|Persimmon\|\|1 = 40mg\| \|Lemon\|\|1 small = 30mg\| \|Guava\|\|1 medium = 180mg\| \|Broccoli\|\|1/2 cup = 60mg\| \|Collagen Food powder\|\|1 tsp = 965mg\| Vitamin C is destroyed by heat and light, so keep this in mind when trying to boost vitamin C levels. Cold press juicers are the best type to use as they do not produce heat and therefore retain important enzymes and nutrients such as vitamin C. See the book Raw Juices Can Save Your Life for therapeutic juice recipes. Dr Cabot Ultimate Gut Health powder contains glutamine, pectin, slippery elm, aloe vera and the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii. It helps to heal leaky gut, thus improving nutrient absorption from your food and supplements.	https://www.cabothealth.com.au/if-you-have-these-symptoms-you-could-be-low-in-vitamin-c/
Please refer to : Incredibly, Auditors Miss a $53 Million Fraud in Dixon, Illinois NOTE: The information in this blog comes from indictments and depositions in the civil trial of the auditors for Dixon Illinois. The case is currently on trial. The final verdict will determine the guilt or innocence of the defendants. I’ve taken factual statements from these documents. Please see: http://davehancox.com/2013/07/auditor-independence-and-competence-on-trial-in-dixon-illinois-fraud-case/ ***************************************** Who Did the Audit? One of the questions being addressed in the civil trial taking place on the Dixon, Illinois fraud is: who did the audit? Clifton Larson claims they were only doing compilation work and it was Janis Card and Sam Card that were responsible for the audit. Sam Card claims he only signed off on the audit report and it was Clifton Larson’s responsibility to do the actual audit work. Mr. Cards statements are supported by billing records showing Clifton Larson billing for audit work. Clifton billed $37,000 in 2012 and Card billed for $7,000 – you can draw your own conclusions as to who did the audit work. Here is a response from the deposition of Mr. Card: Misunderstanding Audit Concepts The audit manager at Clifton Larson, who was doing the work at Dixon, made the following statements in her deposition: No wonder the auditors couldn’t find the fraud! Knowing how to read a check is a fundamental skill for an auditor and it is a way to assess whether a fraud may have occurred or not. Years ago, I was examining checks at Utica Psychiatric Center from patient accounts. I noticed large checks supposedly made out to the patients relatives after the patient passed away. In examining the back of the checks, I noticed many of the checks were cashed at the same local bank, by the same teller and that the signature of the endorsers were similar. This discovery ultimately lead us to the business office employee who was stealing from the patient accounts. Now, let’s look at an actual check the audit manager from Clifton Larson had access to in Dixon, Illinois. Here is a $250,000 check made out to Treasurer – not to any specific treasurer such as Treasurer, State of Illinois. The back of the check is the real give away! The endorsement shows it is being deposited into the Fifth Third Bank in Dixon, Illinois. This particular account number (which was available to the audit manager) was for an account that Rita Crundwell had established as a City account that only she had access to and only she knew about. There were many checks like this. These checks were supported by phony invoices from the State of Illinois to reimburse the State for capital project expenditures that were a shared city/state responsibility. So the audit manager had several clues this might be a fraudulent check: - A vague payee, - An endorsement that doesn’t match the payee, - An endorsement that shows it is going to an account in Dixon, Illinois – not the Illinois State Treasurer, - And it is a rounded dollar check, as were many of the similar fraudulent checks Simply examining the checks could have exposed this fraud. It is a basic task auditors should do during the course of an audit. Examining the Underlying Transaction In addition to examining the check, it is important for an auditor to actually verify the substance of the underlying transaction – did we get what we paid for? But incredibly, the Clifton audit manager believes an invoice is sufficient evidence for an expenditure. If she truly believes this, than no fraud would ever be uncovered by an auditor. Most fraudulent transactions I’ve uncovered were supported by phony documents. In her deposition, she said: So the audit manager believes an invoice is sufficient evidence of an expenditure and at no time did anyone go out to physically examine the capital project to see if Dixon got what it paid for. This simple step would have uncovered the fraud. Missing Records In addition, the phony invoices Rita Crundwell created did not have the normal supporting documentation including a corresponding purchase requisition or evidence of proper city approval.[ii] The Auditors Knew about the Fraudulent Bank Account Bank confirmations are a standard part of the audit process. The auditor is seeking to determine from an independent source (the bank) what accounts are owned by the entity being audited and what are the balances in the account. Confirmations are not typically part of a compilation process and thus further support the fact that Clifton Larson was doing an audit, since Clifton did the bank confirmation. In 2010, the Bank disclosed the existence of the fraudulent account Rita Crundwell had established yet the auditors did not act on that information. Conclusions Auditors have a critical role to play in the public accountability process. Understanding the basics of the auditing profession is important for auditors. Unfortunately, for many reasons, the fraud in Dixon, Illinois was never uncovered by the auditors. It would appear from the public record though, the auditors had many opportunities to in fact find the fraud and bring it to an end. Unfortunately, that didn’t happen.	http://davehancox.com/2013/08/send-these-auditors-back-to-school/
The work of producing meteorological ensemble forecasts started 25 years ago at ECMWF and NCEP, and it sparked a revolution in both weather forecasts and its many applications. To celebrate this occasion, more than 100 people from across the world joined the 28 speakers at ECMWF’s Annual Seminar 11-14 September held in Reading, UK. The theme was “Ensemble prediction: past, present and future” and the four days where filled with presentations and discussions on what has been done, where we are and how we in the future can further improve the accuracy and reliability of ensemble-based forecasts. Thanks to advances in models, data assimilation schemes and the methods used to simulate initial and model uncertainties, today ensembles are widely used to provide a reliable estimate of possible future scenarios. This is expressed for example in terms of probabilities of weather events or of risk indices. Increasingly, ensembles are routinely used to provide forecasters and users with the range of weather scenarios that could happen in the future. An example is given by the ECMWF ensemble-based strike probability of hurricane Irma, issued by ECMWF on 5 September. The ECMWF ensemble-based strike probability that hurricane Irma would pass within a 120 km radius during the next 10 days, issued on the 5th of September (left panel). Different aspects of ensemble forecasting were discussed during the seminar, and they included the history and theory of ensemble forecasting, initial conditions, model uncertainties, error growth, predictability across scales, verification and diagnostics and future outlook. The full programme including recordings of the talks can be found here. The theme that may be of most interest for the HEPEX community was devoted to applications of ensemble forecasts. The session discussed the various ensemble products that now exist to help decision making (David Richardson, ECMWF), hydrological ensembles including the HEPEX experience (Hannah Cloke, Reading University) and observing and supporting the growing use of ensemble products (Renate Hagedorn, DWD). The session was testament as to how mainstream ensemble forecasts have become, not only in science but also in institutions and authorities that use probabilistic information in decision-making. There is still a lot to do to overcome some of the existing barriers, but the acceptance of ensemble forecast is truly a success story. Should we be moving to small ensembles at high resolution, or large ensembles at more moderate resolution? If the most cost-effective ensemble structure changes with lead time, should our ensemble be built so as to give a resolution and ensemble size that changes with lead time? If an ideal ensemble consists of a set of equally likely members, is there a role for an unperturbed/central forecast? What do we expect from the future in terms of our ability to represent model error in ensemble systems, and the representation of perturbations more generally? The HEPEX community was an early advocator of using ensemble forecasts and it is important that we continue to push the boundaries of how ensembles should be used in research and applications. A good way of doing just that is to come to the HEPEX workshop in Melbourne next year!	http://ozewex.org/ensemble-prediction-past-present-and-future/
Punching on the Edges of the Grey Zone: Iranian Cyber Threats and State Cyber Responses The recent escalation in hostilities between the United States and Iran has raised intense debates about the propriety and legality of both parties’ uses of lethal force. These debates highlight the murky and dangerous terrain of grey-zone conflict, the attendant legal ambiguities, both domestic and international, and the risks inherent in aggressively pressing grey-zone strategies up to and across recognized lines set by the U.N. Charter. Be those debates as they may, one thing seems clear. Despite the temporary pullback from open hostilities, Iran will continue to press its grey-zone strategy through asymmetric means, of which malicious cyber operations are likely to constitute a core component. The need to not just prepare for, but actively counter Iran’s ability to execute cyber operations is, as a result, squarely on the table. So too are the difficult questions of how international law applies in the current context and should inform U.S. options. This reality provides an important backdrop to assessing Chatham House’s recent foray into the debate arena over how international law should govern cyber operations below the use-of-force threshold. In this article, I scrutinize Chatham House’s report on the international law rule of non-intervention and the principle of sovereignty. Iran’s Strategic and Tactical Posture The Iranian cyber threat is nothing new. Since at least 2012, Iran has employed near-continuous malicious cyber operations as a core component to its grey-zone strategy of confronting the United States. It has conducted operations ranging from multiple distributed denial of service (DDOS) salvos against US banks to destroying company data in an operation against the Sands Casino, not to mention a number of substantial operations directed against targets throughout the Middle East. Well before the current crisis, the US Intelligence Community identified Iran as a significant cyber threat actor with the capability and intention to at least cause localized, temporary disruptive effects, and assess that it is actively “preparing for cyber attacks against the United States and our allies.” And as these assessments make clear, the Iranian threat is not limited to cyber effects operations against data and infrastructure. In true copycat fashion, Iran is also positioned to engage in online influence and election interference operations a la Russia. Given this background, it is no surprise that many, like my colleague Paul Rosenzweig, have warned that hostile Iranian cyber operations are likely in the offing. The recent step back from the dangerous escalation of open hostilities that culminated in the strike on Soleimani and Iran’s retaliatory missile strike is at best a strategic pause, and more likely a return to the pre-existing, if not an escalated, grey zone conflict in which asymmetric cyber operations form a key component of Iran’s modus operandi. Indications are that Iran has stepped up its cyber reconnaissance activities since the strikes and some predict it may conduct a substantial cyber operation to exact revenge or send a message. United States Strategy and Tactical Posture And so although the threat is not new, it is now more acute and brings into sharp focus key aspects of the shift in U.S. cyber strategy over the last several years, with its emphasis on persistence and proaction—in particular the concepts of defending forward and persistent engagement. As these strategies and the Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command make clear, addressing cyber threats such as the one emanating from Iran may require “defend[ing] forward to disrupt or halt malicious cyber activity at its source, including activity that falls below the level of armed conflict.” As anyone with even a passing understanding of the strategic and operational environment of cyberspace knows, the effectiveness of counter-cyber operations will often depend on speed and surprise. Further, the ability to “[i]dentify, counter, disrupt, degrade, and deter” adversary cyber capabilities and operations will often require interaction with globally distributed, adversary owned or illicitly controlled infrastructure. From the perspective of international law, this implicates not only the rights and obligations of the two states involved, but potentially those of third-party states, for example, those in whose territory adversary-controlled infrastructure resides. Orientation to International Law Accounting for the nature of the threat and the particulars of the domain is essential to assessing how international law applies in the cyber context, especially to cyber operations conducted below the use-of-force threshold and how states are likely to approach these issues. In the final analysis, states and states alone are the authors of international law, and they will form views about how the law applies mindful of these realities; realities that will grow increasingly more challenging with the inevitable introduction to cyber arsenals of artificial intelligence, automation, and machine learning. Determining the legal basis for any specific operation aimed at countering or disrupting cyber threats is complex and highly fact specific, and in the absence of clear state practice and opinio juris, general claims to customary rules broadly proscribing states’ response options should be viewed with caution. Chatham House’s Report and Recent State Pronouncements on International Law With its recently released report titled, “The Application of International Law to Cyberspace: Sovereignty and Non-Intervention,” Chatham house has weighed in on important debates about how international law applies to states’ conduct of cyber operations below the threshold of a use of force and outside the context of armed conflict. Focusing on the principle of sovereignty and the rule of prohibited intervention, the report concludes with an overarching recommendation that, given conflicting state views over the normative status of the principle of sovereignty and uncertainties about how it applies in the cyber context, states are better off approaching the regulation of malicious cyber activities through the prism of the customary international law (CIL) prohibition on intervening in the internal affairs of another state. To a certain extent, this is sound advice. The CIL foundations of the non-intervention rule are much firmer and the rule has the potential to address aspects of foreign influence efforts in ways that the purported sovereignty rule would not. Considering the unprecedented scope, scale, and depth of malicious foreign interference campaigns that cyber capabilities now enable, advocating against overly narrow articulations of the non-intervention rule has resonance. But ultimately the recommendation rests on the report’s argument that the rule of prohibited intervention is broader in scope than generally understood, and so it would do much of the same work as the sovereignty rule. However, it is unclear whether the report is arguing a good faith interpretation of existing law or urging states to evolve the rule of prohibited intervention to broaden its ambit in the cyber context. Ultimately, states will have to determine the best role the non-intervention rule can play in addressing foreign interference, and hence the rules acceptable parameters. At present, it is simply unclear. The report’s preference for approaching the regulation of malicious cyber operations through the lens of prohibited intervention is also premised on the recognition that there is disagreement among states, at least those that have opined publicly, over the normative status of the sovereignty principle, and virtually no agreement as to a definable set of criteria for determining what cyber operations would run afoul of a professed sovereignty rule. As the report correctly notes, overstatements about the principle of sovereignty not only crash head on with the reality of ubiquitous state practice, but “as such could increase the risk of confrontation and escalation” since violations of international law give the affected state the right to take countermeasures—actions that are otherwise unlawful—in response. Unfortunately, and in spite of acknowledging the divergence of states’ views on the sovereignty question, the Report throws its weight on the debate scale in favor of the sovereignty-as-a-rule camp. In this regard, its arguments are neither novel nor availing, and its effort to better define the internal content of a sovereignty rule adds little clarity. More on that below, but first, a little more on the rule of prohibited intervention. Prohibited Intervention Russia’s ongoing and concerted campaign to interfere in the elections of numerous democratic states, sow dissension, and undermine democratic institutions more broadly is by now evident and has provided a blueprint for other states like Iran seeking to challenge the existing order and weaken Western democracies. The targets of these efforts have struggled to come up with effective responses, due in no small measure to the legal and policy ambiguities surrounding these sub-use-of-force, grey zone operations. States like Russia and Iran are not so much engaging in novel behavior as much as engaging in traditional, albeit adversarial statecraft through technologically new means and methods. It is the qualitative and quantitative difference in impact that calls into question traditional understandings of the existing legal architecture. That customary international law contains a prohibition against states intervening in the internal and external affairs of other states is not controversial. As evidenced by the 2015 UN GGE report and subsequent official statements from a growing number of states, it is generally accepted that this prohibition applies to states’ activities conducted in and through cyberspace. Like the U.N. Charter prohibition on the use of force, the non-intervention rule derives from the general principle of sovereignty and is intended to protect the same basic sovereign interests in states’ territorial integrity and political independence. The rule is also of finite scope, prohibiting states from employing an ill-defined notion of “coercion” against an equally ill-defined set of core “sovereign prerogatives” of the targeted state to force a particular outcome. According to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), employing forcible measures such as direct military action or indirect support to an insurgency, actions that would also likely run afoul of Article 2(4) of the U.N. Charter, would violate the non-intervention rule. In contrast, states can and routinely do seek to influence the sovereign decisions of other states through a variety of means, even if heavy handed like sanctions, that do not run afoul of international law. Between these extremes, the standard lacks clarity, making it difficult to easily map to the cyber domain or any other domain for that matter. Unfortunately, only a handful of states have offered official views on the application of the non-intervention rule in the cyber context, providing little insight into their views of the rule’s internal content. Like others, the Chatham House report would fill the void of official state views on the subject by pointing to non-binding sources as “useful guidance,” such as the ICJ’s articulation of the rule in its 1986 Nicaragua decision. These sources generally focus on the element of coercion as the rule’s touchstone, the ICJ describing it as “defin[ing], and indeed form[ing] the very essence of, prohibited intervention.” Others, drawing on sources such as Oppenheim, who the Chatham House report cites liberally, yet selectively, articulate the rule in slightly broader terms. They assert that to be internationally wrongful, an intervention “must be forcible or dictatorial, or otherwise coercive, in effect depriving the state intervened against of control over the matter in question.” But as Oppenheim also notes, although intervention and interference are frequently used interchangeably, international law only proscribes the former as wrongful. In his view “[i]nterference pure and simple is not intervention,” an important limitation on the intent and purpose of the rule’s coverage, and directly relevant to the sovereignty debate discussed below. A number of commentators take a very narrow view of the non-intervention rule’s scope, a point with which the Chatham House report takes issue. According to the report’s author, writing in Just Security, it rejects “overly rigid interpretation and application” of the ICJ’s description of the coercion element as leaving “unacceptable leeway to aggressor states,” and setting a threshold of action and harm that will rarely be crossed. In her view, “the non-intervention principle is in practice capable of broader application.” Thus, according to the report, the rule should be understood in light of its central focus on protecting the free will of states regarding core sovereign prerogatives and should operate to prevent states from employing pressure, whether successful or not, aimed at overcoming the free will of the target state in an attempt to compel conduct or an outcome involving a matter reserved as a sovereign right to that state. The report’s focus on efforts to overcome the free will of targeted states is understandable and has merit. Actions aimed at subverting a state’s free will undermine the sovereign equality of states and the international order, and present a direct threat to international stability, peace and security. Covert disinformation and influence campaigns may not be new, but the internet and cyber capabilities have exacerbated their impact and elevated the risk they pose. The threat has started to galvanize attention and action, but primarily through domestic-law approaches such as Australia’s recent national security and foreign interference laws. In those instances where states have reportedly taken more proactive measures to counter foreign influence campaigns, they have not offered a legal rationale. There is no doubt work to be done on the international law front if states are going to set boundaries around destabilizing influence campaigns. As Eric Jensen and I stated, the non-intervention rule is indeed in need of clarification and perhaps evolution. As we said, the rule should be understood “to encompass actions involving some level of subversion or usurpation of a victim state’s protected prerogatives, such as the delivery of covert effects and deception actions that, like criminal fraud provisions in domestic legal regimes, are designed to achieve unlawful gain or to deprive a victim state of a legal right.” Unfortunately, where the report falls short is in proffering greater evidence of state practice and opinio juris in support of its broader interpretation of the rule. Given the dearth of official statements on the subject, this is understandable. Nevertheless, the report would have been better to offer its views not in the form of legal conclusions, but as recommendations for good faith extension or modification of existing law, which is ultimately a policy question reserved for states that must be carefully considered and weighed against the potential impact on external sovereign prerogatives. Before turning to the sovereignty question, one aspect of the report’s analysis is worth particular mention. In challenging an overly narrow construction of the non-intervention rule, the report was quick to downplay the importance of the ICJ’s pronouncements on the subject in the Nicaragua decision, dismissing them as dicta. On this point, the report is correct. The matters before the ICJ involved forcible measures addressed separately under the court’s use-of-force analysis. Further, the court’s entire discussion of the non-intervention principle was only for the purpose of dispelling an argument that the forcible measures were justified as countermeasures. As such, its broader pronouncements on the elements of the rule were unnecessary and deserving of limited weight. Unfortunately, when it comes to the issue of the normative status of sovereignty, the report is less circumspect of ICJ pronouncements. The Sovereignty Debate On the question of sovereignty, the report unfortunately tacks in a different direction. It relies on the same sort of ICJ dicta it correctly downplayed with respect to prohibited intervention and fails to adequately reflect the marked divergence in states’ views on the sovereignty question and its applicability to the cyber context. In so doing, the report elevates in importance factually inapposite ICJ opinions over actual state practice and opinio juris. It also adopts the same flawed syllogism used in the Tallinn Manual 2.0 that rests on the erroneous premise that international law contains a blanket trespass rule against states sending their agents into the territory of another state without consent. Overwhelming state practice, most notably in the context of espionage, says otherwise; a point that neither the report nor the Tallinn Manual 2.0 account for adequately. Where the report diverges with the Tallinn Manual 2.0 is on its views of what actions might constitute violations of the asserted rule of sovereignty, adopting what the author describes as a more holistic approach and concluding that there may be “some form of de minimis rule in action.” On this point the report, like the Tallinn Manual 2.0, wades deep into uncharted waters without the benefit of even rudimentary navigational tools. Fortunately, here the report does recognize the limits the distinct absence of state practice or opinio juris place on any effort to identify the contours of a claimed sovereignty rule or to assert controlling thresholds, concluding that “[t]he assessment of whether sovereignty has been violated therefore has to be made on a case by case basis, if no other more specific rules of international law apply.” Notwithstanding claims to the contrary, to date only two states, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, have put on record their positions as to whether sovereignty is simply descriptive of legal personality or a prescriptive primary rule of international law. Their polar opposite views, coupled with the distinct absence of comment on this core question from the handful of states such as Estonia, Australia, and the U.S. that have offered official statements on international law’s applicability to cyber operations is prima facie evidence of the unsettled nature of the question. The United Kingdom’s position is clear: that as a matter of current international law, there is no “cyber specific rule of a ‘violation of territorial sovereignty’ in relation to interference in the computer networks of another state without its consent.” The U.K. assesses legality against the accepted prohibitions on the use of force and intervention. Based on my professional dealings, there are a number of key states that find sympathy with this view. The Netherlands takes the opposite view, stating its belief that “respect for the sovereignty of other countries is an obligation in its own right, the violation of which may in turn constitute an internationally wrongful act.” As to what that obligation entails, in what can only be understood as a strong dose of pragmatism the Netherlands is far more vague. Beyond “generally” endorsing the Tallinn Manual 2.0 Rule 4 approach, it notes that in light of the unique nature of cyberspace, the precise boundaries of what may or may not be permissible have yet to crystallize. And in an interesting twist, the Netherlands goes on to intimate that cross-border cyber law enforcement activities may not be captured by the rule, as “[o]pinion is divided as to what qualifies as exercising investigative powers in a cross-border context ….” Such an acknowledgment is anathema to strict sovereigntists, and although the Netherlands letter to Parliament is conspicuously silent on the issue, perhaps this was a nod to the difficult question of espionage. Recently France also lent its voice to the cyber international law discussion. But despite claims to the contrary, including in the Chatham House report itself, France did not assert that sovereignty constitutes a standalone primary norm of international law. First, it should be noted that despite numerous assertions to the contrary, the French document does not claim to be the official position of the French government. It was written and published by the French Ministère des Armées (MdA), in the same vain as the DoD Law of War Manual which does not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Government as a whole. Further, although the MdA does state that cyberattacks, as it defines that term, against French digital systems or any effects produced on French territory by digital means may constitute a breach of sovereignty in the general sense, at no point does it assert unequivocally that a violation of the principle of sovereignty constitutes a breach of an international obligation. To the contrary, obviously aware of the debate, the document is deliberately vague on this point and simply asserts France’s right to respond to cyberattacks with the full range of options available under international law consonant with its assessment of the gravity of the attack. Tellingly, while noting that cyber operations are not unlawful per se, the MdA states that it is actively taking “a number of measures to prevent, anticipate, protect against, detect and respond to [cyberattacks], including by neutralizing their effects.” Yet when discussing France’s right to take countermeasures the document is again vague, and perhaps more so, stating in measured fashion that they are available only when cyberattacks in fact infringe international law (with a distinct focus on uses of force)—not simply when they “breach” sovereignty. These are not simply my observations. They were confirmed in discussions with a senior French official involved in the drafting and publication of the document. The French paper offers a number of important and helpful views on the role international law should play with respect to cyber operations, and the authors should be commended. But it is first and foremost a pragmatic statement of the MdA’s views on its authority to proactively respond to malicious cyber operations and is conspicuously silent on whether and how France, or the MdA, feel international law constrains its own freedom of action. Reports that France conducted a mass crypto-currency mining Botnet takedown across multiple states only weeks after publishing the paper is notable in this regard. Simply put, the Chatham House report, like several commentators, places undue weight on the paper and overstates its conclusions on the sovereignty question. Notwithstanding the documented divergence of states’ views, the report relies on ICJ pronouncements in a handful of factually inapposite cases to support its conclusion that sovereignty constitutes a primary rule of international law. This itself raises an import question about the weight to be given ICJ opinions in general as “sources” of international law; a discussion beyond the scope of this post. Suffice it to say that, although the court’s views should not be dismissed lightly, they are often not in conformity with those of the majority of states, and as is evidenced in Article 38(d) of the ICJ statute, states never intended to imbue the court with the power of stare decisis. So while it is true that the ICJ has referred in general terms to violations of sovereignty in certain cases such as Corfu Channel, Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua, and the 1986 Nicaragua decision, the court’s pronouncements were binding only on the parties before it and in each instance the facts ruled on involved substantial military presence, de facto control of territory, and in some instances, violent operations, all of which implicate higher thresholds than the sovereignty-as-a-rule proponents assert. Further, the pronouncements are often in the form of dicta, which the report relies on selectively. For example, the report ignores the foundational holding in the SS Lotus case that restrictions on states’ sovereignty cannot be presumed, citing instead to dicta that, absent a permissive rule to the contrary, states may not “exercise their power in any form” inside the territory of another state. Again, this is an overbroad proposition at odds with extensive state practice in the area of, among other exercises of state power, espionage. As the report acknowledges, states routinely send agents into the territory of other states without consent, and those agents often alter physical and virtual conditions inside the territory to permit access to and exploitation of information. These activities are broadly recognized as unregulated in international law. Notwithstanding those facts, in an effort to bolster its sovereignty-as-a-rule position, the report follows the Tallinn Manual 2.0’s lead and attempts to establish a loose syllogism based on the flawed premise that all physical trespasses violate international law. According to this faulty logic, the entry of a state agent into the territory of another state without consent is a breach of sovereignty; therefore the execution of a close-access cyber operation against a state from within its territory is a breach of sovereignty; and a fortiori, remote cyber operations conducted against a state from outside its territory constitute a breach of sovereignty. The principle of sovereign equality is at the heart of the Lotus principle. Turkey’s exercise of criminal jurisdiction over a French national in that case involved obvious interference in France’s sovereign prerogatives with respect to its national, yet the court found no impediment in law to Turkey’s action. The report disregards the central tenet of the SS Lotus case, which is that states are free to act on the international plane except to the extent that their actions are proscribed by clearly identifiable treaty or customary international law. There is simply no evidence that the Lotus principle does not apply with equal force in the cyber context. In describing the report, the author states that there is no reason the principle of sovereignty “should not apply in the cyber context as it applies in every other domain of State activity.” This statement is at odds with the report’s own closing observation that in “due course, further state practice and opinio iuris may give rise to an emerging cyber-specific understanding of sovereignty, just as specific rules deriving from the sovereignty principle have crystallized in other areas of international law.” More important, the statement assumes, counter factually and historically, that sovereignty and the rules that flow from it operate consistently across every other domain of state activity. It does not, and precisely for reasons grounded in the very bundle of sovereign rights and obligations that the paper references. States’ rights flowing from internal and external sovereignty are frequently in tension, and it is only through a process of accommodation that states consent to restrictions on their external sovereign prerogatives—accommodations that start from the Lotus principle and are almost always context specific. Even Judge Alvarez, one of the original judges to sit on the ICJ and a staunch advocate of the court having expansive power to “remodel international law” recognized in his Corfu dissent that the rights and obligations that sovereignty confers on states: are not the same and are not exercised the same way in every sphere of international law. I have in mind the four traditional spheres—terrestrial, maritime, fluvial and lacustrine—to which must be added three new ones—aerial, polar and floating (floating islands). The violation of these rights is not of equal gravity in all these different spheres. Had it existed at the time, he would have certainly added to his list the cyber sphere, and like the accommodation of competing sovereign interests reflected in the rule of transit passage sub judice in Corfu Channel, it remains for states to settle on any prescriptive regime that would limit their external prerogatives in cyberspace beyond the domain agnostic prohibitions against the use of force and prohibited intervention. Having adopted the sovereignty-as-a-rule approach, the report turns to an unavailing effort at identifying the rule’s content. It points to a number of flaws in the Tallinn Manual 2.0 Rule 4 approach, correctly highlighting the dissension among the Tallinn contributors on how the purported rule operates in practice. I have commented on these weaknesses (here, here, and here). The report correctly rejects an absolutist view of the purported sovereignty rule as unsupported by state practice and dangerously escalatory. To this critique the report should have added that such an overbroad rule would be too constraining to states’ ability to conduct effective counter-cyber operations by limiting them to the cumbersome and problematic remedy of countermeasures, which Eric Jensen and I have pointed out. In rejecting this absolutist view, the report claims to take a more holistic approach to the issue and states that some threshold must be at play. In so doing the report repeats a number of the same unsubstantiated claims as the Tallinn Manual 2.0 and ignores Oppenheim’s admonition that mere interference in the internal affairs of another state is to be distinguished from prohibited intervention. Further, the report provides no evidence of state practice or opinio juris to demonstrate that states agree or that they would declare such a threshold to be anything other than the non-intervention rule. In fact, a number of the examples offered in the report in support of its sovereignty argument directly implicate prohibited interventions. To the author’s credit, on these points the report is more prudent in its approach, concluding that there is currently insufficient evidence to establish governing thresholds as a matter of customary international law. The paper closes with a number of recommendations to states that, although likely unintentional, lose some persuasion by straying at times from recommendatory to prescriptive, such as telling state intelligence agencies and foreign services how to coordinate their strategic communications. As I noted at the beginning, of greater value is the report’s overarching recommendation that states focus on evolving the rule of non-intervention as the most effective tool for establishing greater normative boundaries around state actions in the cyber domain while preserving space for states to execute effective counter-cyber strategies. The real-world scenario I described involving the threat from Iran is a good case study. It is difficult to imagine states like the United States and others that are increasingly on the receiving end of these malicious activities will rally around the sovereignty rule that Chatham House articulates. In the face of concrete and persistent cyber threats from states like Iran, Russia, China, and North Korea, states will of necessity need to ensure that international law evolves not only to deter irresponsible behavior but to do so in a way that preserves victim states’ ability to detect, disrupt, and counter cyber threats. Filed under: About the Author(s) Director of the Technology, Law & Security Program and Adjunct Professor of Cyber and National Security Law at American University Washington College of Law; retired U.S. Army Colonel; served as the Staff Judge Advocate to US Cyber Command and as a Deputy Legal Counsel to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Two decades after the Emerald River Dam was built, none of the eight fish species native to the Emerald River was still reproducing adequately in the river below the dam. Since the dam reduced the annual range of water temperature in the river below the dam from 50 degrees to 6 degrees, scientists have hypothesized that sharply rising water temperatures must be involved in signaling the native species to begin the reproductive cycle. Which of the following statements, if true, would most strengthen the scientists’ hypothesis? (A) The native fish species were still able to reproduce only in side streams of the river below the dam where the annual temperature range remains approximately 50 degrees. (B) Before the dam was built, the Emerald River annually overflowed its banks, creating backwaters that were critical breeding areas for the native species of fish. (C) The lowest recorded temperature of the Emerald River before the dam was built was 34 degrees, whereas the lowest recorded temperature of the river after the dam was built has been 43 degrees. (D) Nonnative species of fish, introduced into the Emerald River after the dam was built, have begun competing with the declining native fish species for food and space. (E) Five of the fish species native to the Emerald River are not native to any other river in North America. Originally posted by noboru on 03 May 2010, 14:15. Last edited by Bunuel on 08 Apr 2019, 00:00, edited 2 times in total. A. A says that the SAME species of fish are reproducing ~50degrees while the passage suggests the same species are not reproducing under the dam with temperature at 6 degrees. so raising the temperature up should get some reproduction going. If you like my answers please +1 kudos! Conclusion - Rise in temp causes fishes to reproduce. I WONDER IF THE TEMP. ACTUALLY DECREASES OR THE RANGE OF TEMP DOES. TRICKY QUESTION. A. This presents a strong reason to support their hypothesis. You are essentially performing a sensitivity test - you are just changing the temperature range and seeing how the fish react. All the other variables have been kept constant (ie. same fish, same river etc.). Therefore, if the same fish can reproduce in the same river with only a change in the temperature range, that is proof that the dam has changed the reproductive cycle. B. First, I believe that this point is irrelevant because we are only concerned about the relationship between reproductive cycle in the river below the dam and the temperature of the river. Also, this answer choice could potentially point to another reason why reproductive cycles happened before the dam was built - in this case it would weaken the argument. In either case, this answer is incorrect. C. This answer choice only gives you 2 specific temperatures. The first question I had was "where were temperatures recorded?" There is no explanation of that in this answer choice, so the temperature readings could actually have been taken before the dam - that would be irrelevant to this question since we are only concerned with the river after the dam. Also, we are only concerned with the RANGE of temperatures and not the temperature itself. D. This could provide an alternate explanation as to why the fish are not reproducing. Therefore, this answer choice would actually weaken the argument. E. What does this even tell us? This answer choice is irrelevant. Second that. Is there a catch between range of temperature and actual increase/decrease in temperature? You might call it a trap though..coz the temperature drop decrease does not imply lower range..what if there was an increase in global temperatures altogether? Premise( say temperature increased from 10 to 60 , rather than from 10 to 16) leads strongly to conclusion. Correct answer will provide examples for the hypothesis. C just mentions lowest temperatures, nothing new is provided. Lowest recorded before 34, highest 84. Lowest recorded before 43, highest 49. No new evidence. Correct choice for a strengthen question will go slightly out of scope. we do not need formal logic to do this problem. choice A in fact is another facet of arguement. choice A is a strengthener. - In order to signal (I assume that natures signals) -> the water temp is rising. [V] - A - This indeed strengthen one of the assumptions. [X] - B - This might explain why the overall fish population decreased, by telling us that an essential factor for breeding was not available, but it got nothing with conclusion (temperature is not mentioned). [X] - C - This choice have no effect. In addition, a signal data point cannot indicate a general trend. [X] - D - This might explain why the overall fish population decreased by telling us that critical factors for the fish survival was scarce, but it got nothing to do with the conclusion. [X] - E - Clearly out of scope. This supports what scientists have hypothesized. This option suggests that after the dam was built, Emerald river could not overflow and thus no backwaters created, thus it provides another cause for the breeding inadequacy of the native fish species of the Emerald river. It weakens. The argument is talking about the annual range of temperature, but this option is talking about the lowest recorded temperature. Therefore, just on the basis of lowest recorded temperature we cannot comment on the hypothesis of the scientists. (D) Non-native species of fish, introduced into the Emerald River after the dam was built, have begun competing with the declining native fish species for food and space. Irrelevant. This option statement has no impact on the above scientist's hypothesis. The Moment You Think About Giving Up, Think Of The Reason Why You Held On So Long. Correct choice is 'A' - The construction of a dam has significantly reduced the range of water temperatures in the river below the dam. Scientists have implicated this change in the failure of native fish species to reproduce adequately. Hence, statement 'A' strengthen Scientists' hypothesis. Can you explain A vs C? C. The lowest recorded temperature of the Emerald River before the dam was built was 34 degrees, whereas the lowest recorded temperature of the river after the dam was built has been 43 degrees. A. The native fish species were still able to reproduce only in side streams of the river below the dam where the annual temperature range remains approximately 50 degrees. Here, we are supposed to strengthen the hypothesis - Sharply Rising Water temperatures trigger reproduction cycle. However, Option A just highlights that reproduction is happening because the temperature range is 50 degrees. It doesn't imply that it is the SHARPLY RISING TEMPERATURE that is causing the reproduction. It may be the SHARP REDUCTION in temperature that triggers the reproduction cycle, or it may be a particular temperature which triggers the reproduction(which the current 6 degrees range is not allowing the water to reach). I marked C, because it atleast talks about the water temperatures which is pertinent to the hypothesis.	https://gmatclub.com/forum/two-decades-after-the-emerald-river-dam-was-built-none-of-the-eight-93634.html
A forbidden romance literally heats up in this new fantasy from acclaimed author Daisy Whitney. Aria is an elemental artist—she creates fire from her hands. But her power is not natural. She steals it from lightning. It’s dangerous and illegal in her world. When she’s recruited to perform, she seizes the chance to get away from her family. But her power is fading too fast to keep stealing from the sky. She has no choice but to turn to a Granter—a modern day genie. She gets one wish at an extremely high price. Aria’s willing to take a chance, but then she falls in love with the Granter . . . and he wants his freedom. Aria must decide what she’s willing to bargain and how much her own heart, body, and soul are worth. In a world where the sport of elemental powers is the most popular form of entertainment, readers will be swept away by a romance with stakes higher than life and death.	http://cuddlebuggery.com/blog/2014/04/20/hot-new-titles-april-20th-2014/the-fire-artist/
Your thoughts is a robust factor. The way you consider your self can both hinder your development or empower you to attain unbelievable issues. Have you ever ever heard of the “Fixed vs Growth Mindset” and the ability of our most simple beliefs? College of Stanford researcher Carol Dweck is making a groundbreaking argument about how our mindset “affects what we want and whether we succeed in getting it.” Her analysis digs deep into how our self-image in the end shapes our lives. Should you’re somebody who truly desires to stay to your objectives, create higher habits, and improve your possibilities at success, learn forward. Mounted vs Progress Mindset According to Dweck, there are 2 sorts of mindsets: a hard and fast mindset and a development mindset. Having a fastened mindset is: “Believing that your qualities are carved in stone — the fastened mindset — creates an urgency to show your self again and again. Should you solely have a specific amount of intelligence, a sure character, and a sure ethical character — effectively, then you definately’d higher show that you’ve got a wholesome dose of them. It merely wouldn’t do to look poor in these most simple traits.” Whereas a development mindset: “On this mindset, the hand you’re dealt is simply the place to begin for improvement. This development mindset is predicated on the idea that your fundamental qualities are issues you may domesticate by way of your efforts. Though folks could differ in each which approach — of their preliminary skills and aptitudes, pursuits, or temperaments — everybody can change and develop by way of software and train.” How have you learnt which of the 2 mindsets you may have? Which mindset do you may have? Let’s attempt to dissect the distinction between those that have a hard and fast and development mindset. Individuals who have fastened mindset: - dislike and keep away from challenges in worry of not being good or proficient sufficient. - lose curiosity when a job turns into tougher. - should be rewarded for his or her efforts, even once they’ve achieved little or no. - get discouraged after one setback, rejection, or failure. - quit simply. Individuals with development mindset: - willingly search challenges and thrive below strain. - are extra motivated when issues get laborious. - doesn’t let one mistake or setback outline their potential. - consider that arduous work is important as a result of pure expertise is just not sufficient. - love what they do and don’t need to cease doing it. Sadly, most of us find yourself having a hard and fast mindset. We consider that we’re solely able to one thing at a sure level. And it’s straightforward to consider you aren’t adequate when idols and celebrities are portrayed in superhuman mild. All of us fall into the entice that we are able to’t be higher at one thing. For instance, merely pondering that “I am not good at math” already stops you from making an attempt to study math higher. Having a hard and fast mindset inhibits your development, which in flip, can have an effect on your private happiness down the road. The excellent news is… You possibly can develop a development mindset “I can settle for failure, everybody fails at one thing. However I can’t settle for not making an attempt.” – Michael Jordan You possibly can domesticate a development mindset. You possibly can select to assume higher about your self, your capabilities, and your potential. When you begin actively implementing this mindset in your head, you’ll see such vital change in you, Dweck adds: “It’s not simply that some folks occur to acknowledge the worth of difficult themselves and the significance of effort. Our analysis has proven that this comes straight from the expansion mindset. After we educate folks the expansion mindset, with its concentrate on improvement, these concepts about problem and energy observe. . . . “As you begin to understand the fixed and growth mindsets, you will see exactly how one thing leads to another—how a belief that your qualities are carved in stone leads to a host of thoughts and actions, and how a belief that your qualities can be cultivated leads to a host of different thoughts and actions, taking you down an entirely different road.” The underside line is that this: you don’t should be born with expertise or talent – you may domesticate it. 5 Steps to domesticate a development mindset So how do you start? We’ve provide you with 5 easy steps that can assist you begin constructing a development mindset: 1. Acknowledge your weaknesses. You’re not excellent. You may have sure issues that maintain you again. There’s nothing fallacious with that. However if you’d like an actual change in your life, you must begin, nevertheless small. Begin by acknowledging and embracing your weaknesses. Then, create modest, achievable objectives for your self. And provides your self ample time to attain them. 2. Do what works for you. What’s one of the simplest ways to study issues for you? Which workout routines do you take pleasure in most? You study higher in an surroundings that fits you. What would possibly work for others could not essentially give you the results you want. So discover your personal strategy and don’t thoughts if it means it can take you slower. The essential factor is you study. 3. Each problem is a chance to develop. Challenges make us uncomfortable. Discomfort pushes us to develop. Embrace every problem as a chance to study one thing. When duties get laborious, don’t quit so simply. Take a breath and determine your approach by way of it. Once more, it’s not how briskly you study or obtain one thing – it’s concerning the journey. 4. Cease searching for for approval. Cease worrying about what different folks consider you. Focus by yourself progress. Don’t waste your vitality on different folks’s approval. They solely distract you out of your actual objectives. The one approval you want is yours. 5. Don’t concentrate on the outcomes, concentrate on the method. “Keeping your eye on the price” doesn’t all the time work on your profit. As an alternative, it stops you from studying within the second. You turn into so distracted by the top consequence, that you just fail to study something from the method. So take it gradual. Rejoice your small wins. In time, you’ll look again and spot you’ve gone farther than you’ve ever imagined. The Hidden Lure of Attempting to “Improve Yourself” (And What to Do As an alternative) Be a part of us for this free online salon with Ideapod Founder Justin Brown as he explains what’s fallacious with the self-improvement trade. Salons are much like webinars. They’re utterly free and discover new methods of pondering within the fashionable age. Should you’re somebody who desires to alter your life or extra broadly in self-improvement, you’ll want to attend this salon. Discover out extra here.	https://www.releasemama.com/fixed-vs-growth-the-two-basic-mindsets-that-shape-our-lives/
Objective-C is the primary programming language that you can use for developing software for iOS. This language is a superset of the C programming language. It provides object-oriented capabilities and a dynamic runtime. While, in 2014, Apple launched Swift programming language for iOS mobile apps. This language is an alternative to Object C, an object oriented superset of the C programming language. Swift programming language is designed to be compatible … How to use both Django & NodeJS as backend for your application? Quick development of web applications is very difficult, time consuming and also resources consuming. Every web app development language and framework possesses its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the web app programming languages causes slow development, security issues. Some languages are complex and hard to learn. Therefore you need an easy and effective way to build effective web apps easily and rapidly. The disordered nature of technological development at …	https://solaceinfotech.com/blog/tag/programming-language/
The past few decades have seen significant demographic, social and economic changes that have resulted in increased diversity across individual life-courses and housing careers. Rising divorce rates, delays in family formation, smaller families, re-partnering and longer healthy life expectancy (McRae 1999; Smallwood & Wilson 2007) have all undermined traditional notions of (married) stability and (mortgaged) home ownership for the greater part of adult life. Further, the recent economic downturn has compounded some of these changes, having a disproportionate impact on first time home buyers and contributing to an ‘extended’ transition to adulthood. The living arrangements of young adults have been investigated in a growing number of studies focussing on Europe. Two scientific journals have devoted special issues to the topic (the European Journal of Population in 2007 and Advances in Life-Course Research in 2010) providing an excellent research context for our study. Other studies have drawn attention to recent changes in the housing decisions of young adults in the UK, with independent living seen as a key element in transitions to adulthood (Ford et al 2002, Heath 2008). More recently, Stone et al. (2011) investigated the changing determinants of young adults’ living arrangements in the UK, finding notable heterogeneity in living arrangements by age, gender, country of birth, educational background, economic activity and region of residence. At the other end of the adult age spectrum, the ageing of European populations has prompted a large number of studies on the living arrangements and housing circumstances of older people. A recent work on UK (Demey et al. 2011) related shifts in living arrangements for those aged 20–79 to changes in the occurrence and timing of life-events such as marriage and parenthood. Longitudinal data sets prove especially important for capturing the complexity of change, as exemplified by Grundy’s (2011) analysis of changes in older people’s living arrangements and subsequent mortality outcomes in England and Wales. Although there is growing evidence of changes in age-related housing and living arrangements, there is need for a better understanding of what is driving these changes. Moreover, Scotland has not frequently been the focus of academic research. Indeed, Scotland has a more rapidly ageing population, a different housing stock and a distinctive policy environment compared with the rest of the UK. The project addresses this research gap and is the first to analyse housing transitions and changes in living arrangement for young and older adults within a common analytical framework. The study investigates housing transitions and changes in living arrangements in early and later adulthood, when young adults have moved away from the parental home and into employment, and older adults are entering retirement and may consider downsizing their housing. Young adults are defined as those aged between 16 and 29 years at time 1, and older adults as those aged 55 to 69 at time 1. The complete project focuses on change across two time periods, 1991-2001 and 2001-2011. How have housing transitions and living arrangements of young and older adults in Scotland changed between 1991 and 2011? Has social and geographical polarisation in housing transitions and living arrangements of young and older adults increased over time? Do housing transitions and living arrangements differ significantly for men and women in both age-groups? Are educational attainment, socio-economic status and/or health key determinants of differences in living arrangements and housing transitions in both age-groups? How important are major demographic events, such as the birth of a child, illness or the death of a partner, as determinants of housing transitions and living arrangements? Are there significant contextual differences, associated with factors such as housing market characteristics and employment opportunities? Has the relative importance of these determinants changed over time? Have the differences between the least and most disadvantaged social groups widened? Have differences between different areas of Scotland increased over time? Heath, S. (2008) Housing choices and issues for young people in the UK, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.	https://sls.lscs.ac.uk/projects/view/2013_011/
What is Auditory Processing? Auditory Processing is “what we do with what we hear”. The ear is responsible for picking up and hearing sounds. Once the ear has heard a sound, it transmits it to the brain. From the time the sound leaves the cochlea (the inner ear), auditory processing begins. Upon leaving the cochlea, sound travels through the central nervous system (CNS) up to the brain (cortex). The CNS is responsible for discriminating sounds, recognizing auditory patterns (pitch, timing, etc.), localizing environments (i.e., in the presence of background noise). The brain must organize what we “har” so it can process or “make sense” of this information. What is an Auditory Processing Disorder? An auditory processing disorder may be present if the CNS cannot efficiently perform any of the above-mentioned functions. In other words, au auditory processing disorder is the inability to attend to, recognize, discriminate, or understand auditory information your child “hears” and listens to. When there is a breakdown in any of these auditory processing functions, it will result in the reduced ability for your child to learn through hearing. Most people with auditory processing disorders have normal hearing and normal intelligence. What are some symptoms of Auditory Processing Disorders? - Children/Adults with auditory processing disorders may present with some or all of the following symptoms: - Says “huh” or “what” frequently - Responds inconsistently to sound (sometimes child seems to hear and sometimes they do not) - Often misunderstands what is said - Asks for repetition - Has poor auditory attention - Is easily distracted - Has difficulty following oral instructions - Has difficulty hearing in the presence of background noise - Has difficulty with phonics and speech-sound discrimination - Has poor receptive and expressive language - May have difficulty with reading, spelling and/or other academic problems - Extensive history of chronic otitis media (fluid and/or ear infections) How is an Auditory Processing Disorder diagnosed? A complete audiological evaluation is necessary by an audiologist. Pending results of the audiologic evaluation, thorough parent histories and reports from other professionals (Speech-Language Pathologists, Psychologists, Teacher, etc.) about the child/adult, an Auditory Processing evaluation may be recommended by our audiology staff. It is important to note that currently, there are no norms for diagnostic tests for children under age 6, therefore under the age of 6 we rely on speech and language therapists and other professionals to monitor and observe the child for processing skills.	https://crmaudiology.com/auditory-processing-evaluation-white-plains-ny
The 'Field Studies' exhibition in New York features a number of furniture collaborations that have been created from individuals with largely different points of view and experiences. Online magazine Sight Unseen connects "high profile names" from the entertainment, food and fashion industries with 13 designers in the development of one-of-a-kind pieces that will be auctioned off via online store 1stdibs. The proceeds of each furniture collaboration will be donated to a cause that the teams pick. Some of the designs include a chromatic Atlas Mirror by studio Bower and actor Seth Rogen and Architecture of Song candlestick holders by The Principals and musicians Angel Olsen. The furniture collaboration exhibition definitely allows for a new vision of interior design to arise.	https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/furniture-collaboration
Original and conceptually new in design planning buildings, author architecture, huge floor-to-ceiling windows. Maximal number of surface and underground parking lots, Wi-Fi zone, bookcrossing. There is a big parkland nearby with a total area of 50,000 ha (Vynnykivskyy forest district). Yard without cars, video surveillance over the territory and sections, restricted access control for residents and guests. Flat areas from 30 sq.m. to 90 sq.m. Patios and flats with terraces on the high floors. Holistic approach to territory construction, 20 unsimilar buildings, service territory. Underground parking for 72 cars, surface parking for guests, indoor bike parking in the yard. There is a big parkland nearby with a total area of 15,000 ha (Vynnykivskyy forest district). Large gym for training, fitness and yoga, Mini-market, cafe-bakery "Bulanzheri": fresh pastries and coffee. Townhouses, patio, penthouses, apartments with large terraces and common apartments with different planning and squares.	http://vashdim.com.ua/en/
In July 2018, NASA released a comparison of physical features found on Ceres with similar ones present on Earth. From June to October, 2018, Dawn orbited Ceres from as close as 35 km (22 mi) and as far away as 4,000 km (2,500 mi). The Dawn mission ended on 1 November 2018 after the spacecraft ran out of fuel. space-facts.com/ceres Ceres is the closest dwarf planet to the Sun and is located in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter, making it the only dwarf planet in the inner solar system.Ceres is the smallest of the bodies current classified as dwarf planets with a diameter of 950km. theplanets.org/ceres Size of Ceres compared with the Earth Side by side size comparison of the size of Ceres vs Earth Facts about the dwarf planet Ceres. Ceres was the first object to be considered an asteroid in the solar system. In early 1801, an Italian astronomer by the name of Giuseppe Piazzi discovered and named Ceres. www.answers.com/Q/How_big_is_Ceres_compared_to_Earth The Earth is about 3.7 times larger than the Moon in diameter and about 50 times greater in terms of volume. . Earth's radius is 6,378 km; Moon's is 1,737 km, 27.23% of the radius of Earth . www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_mass_of_Ceres_compared_to_earth What is the mass of Ceres compared to earth? SAVE CANCEL. already exists. Would you like to merge this question into it? MERGE CANCEL. already exists as an alternate of this question. ... www.space.com/28640-living-on-ceres-asteroid-belt.html Ceres is nearly three times as far away from the sun as Earth is. In the middle of Ceres's 9-hour-long day, the sun would only be about 15 percent as bright and a third as large as it would be at ... www.britannica.com/place/Ceres-dwarf-planet Ceres: Ceres, dwarf planet, the largest asteroid in the main asteroid belt, and the first asteroid to be discovered. It revolves around the Sun once in 4.61 Earth years at a mean distance of 2.77 astronomical units. Ceres was named after the ancient Roman grain goddess and the patron goddess of Sicily. www.space.com/22891-ceres-dwarf-planet.html Ceres is a dwarf planet, the only one located in the inner reaches of the solar system; the rest lie at the outer edges, in the Kuiper Belt. While it is the smallest of the known dwarf planets, it ... www.reddit.com/r/space/comments/2y5f0o/heres_the_size_of... I don't think this map is a fair comparison. The dwarf planets and moon are not comparable with the size of Texas. The map of Texas is a 2d surface, while the celestial bodies used are just a silhouette of their 3d surface. According to NASA Ceres surface area is 1,100,249 square miles whereas according to Wikipedia Texas is 268,581.	https://www.reference.com/web?q=ceres+compared+to+earth&qo=contentPageRelatedSearch&o=600605&l=dir
How do cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis? 1 Answer Cell membranes regulate the movement of materials into or out of cells. Explanation: By controlling what enters and leaves the cell, the membrane can regulate the processes of waste removal and bringing in needed supplies. Carbon dioxide is a waste molecule cells produce when they carry out the process of cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide builds up in the cell (high concentration) so it diffuses out of the cell into the blood stream (lower concentration). The blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs where it can enter the air sacs of the lungs and be exhaled. Other materials are needed by the cells. Cells need glucose to provide energy. Glucose can move from the blood stream (where it is more concentrated) into cells (where there is a lower glucose concentration) by travelling through channel proteins in the membrane. This process is called facilitated diffusion. It works like this... Hope this helps!	https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-cell-membranes-help-organisms-maintain-homeostasis#201044
Position Summary: The Assistant Manager of Ticket Operations & Box Office will manage box office operations and execute event creation and management in collaboration with the VP, Corporate Partnerships & Ticketing. This role will help implement key operational elements of the Ticket Office including part time staff recruiting, training and evaluations. This position will also lead the order processing and financial reporting for all events. The ideal candidate will be detail oriented, have strong customer service and box-office operations background, including staff management/ scheduling, customer service, Ticketmaster HOST/EMT, Salesforce CRM, accounting, Microsoft Excel and TMOne tools. Responsibilities The expectation is the candidate will be active and responsible for the following areas: - Lead all event creation and management of all soccer events taking place at York University – York Lions Stadium. - Be a liaison with York University venues and Ticketmaster Canada. - Assist in overseeing the daily management of all full-time & part-time Ticket Representatives including training and scheduling. This is in line with the department budget and to accommodate all event needs. - Carry out training plan for all employees, focusing on TM Host, Archtics and Salesforce CRM. - Continuing and maintaining level of training & knowledge of Ticketmaster, Salesforce CRM for the sales & service team. - Lead the access control setup and operations for all events. - Responsible for box office Match Day financial reporting, cash out controls and bank deposit procedures. - Management of ticket office staff payroll and communication. - Provides Box Office administrative and customer service support as needed. - Internal event ticket request fulfilment & distribution. - Provide exceptional service to both guests and internal team members. - Other duties as assigned. Qualifications - 2-3 years’ experience as Ticket Operations/Box Office operations - Intermediate level knowledge of Ticketmaster Host/ PCI and Archtics ticketing system, policies and procedures, including Access Manager and bar-coding systems. - Strong knowledge of ticket office and cash control procedures. - Ability to generate and provide comprehensive financial reports. - College/ University Degree or comparable work experience. - Demonstrated results producer with excellent project management and creative problem-solving skills. - Ability to provide engaging leadership to motivate and develop a diverse ticket office staff. - Excellent interpersonal skills and effective oral & written communication skills - Exceptional customer service and ability to engage in positive interaction with staff and guests. - Ability to multi-task daily, be organized, detail oriented and desire to succeed. - Experience working in a stadium/ arena or large-scale international event management. - Working knowledge of Microsoft Office applications (Word, Excel, etc.) and CRM systems. Salesforce CRM is our CRM system. - Must be able to work under pressure to meet strict deadlines. - Ability to work evenings, weekends and holiday hours, based on the needs of our business operations. Job Type: Full-time Interested?	https://york9fc.canpl.ca/assistant-manager-ticket-operations-box-office
Select Region: Select Service Region Western Wisconsin Eastern Wisconsin Search for: Home > For Patients > Resources > Let's get after it! Let's get after it! April 10, 2019 Whether you are a weekend warrior or a seasoned veteran athlete, spring and summer are usually the times of year you vow to get more active. Life gets busy, and when it does, our exercise intentions are usually one of the first things to go by the wayside. Here are some simple steps you can take to increase your activity every day even when life gets hectic. When possible stand up at work and alternate between standing/sitting throughout the day. Take work breaks by leaving your desk to get mail, go to the printer, make or take a call. You will be more productive if you get your circulation moving on a regular basis. When on a phone call, leave your desk (if possible) and stroll around the office OR do a set of lunges or squats by your desk. Take scheduled stretch breaks and especially stretch the neck and shoulder areas. Try to work on your posture by keeping your shoulders back and relaxed. Use a pedometer. Keeping track of your steps may help you to take more steps. Slowly increase your steps by 1,000 a week and aim for a minimum of 10,000 steps per day. Take the stairs and give the elevator the day off. Taking the stairs may not feel easy, but your breathing will improve as you take them on a regular basis. Start with one flight, then two, etc. Avoid parking in the spots that are closest to your point of destination; but be safe and smart about it, too. While watching TV, exercise and stretch during commercial breaks. If you skip over the commercial breaks, march in place, do yoga, planks, push-ups or squats during your favorite TV shows. Treadmills, ellipticals or bikes are great in-home machines to use while watching TV. Clean your house. You can get some exercise washing windows, raking the yard and scrubbing floors. Spend time with family and friends that involves physical activities: toss the football or Frisbee, swim, go for walk, or meet to play tennis or golf. Surround yourself with people that like to be active or you can be the trend setter. Soon they will get used to your passion for being active and choose to follow your lead. Commit to stretching or a yoga practice every day, or as often as you can. Increasing your activity means doing what is right/feels good for your body and mind. Make it work for you. Being active doesn't have to be difficult; however it does need to be part of your everyday lifestyle. So, let's get after it! Related medical services Family medicine Internal medicine Sports medicine Related articles Integrative Medicine 16 simple tips for a good night's sleep We all know how important sleep can be to our mental and physical health. Scientists have discovered that sleep helps us with our immune function, metabolism, memory, learning and other vital functions. Looking to get a good night's sleep? Follow these 16 simple tips. Read Article Family Medicine Does it run in the family? Knowing your family history is one of the strongest factors in understanding your risk of heart disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes. This can help you determine what tests and screenings are best for you, which can help catch and treat disease early. Read Article Prevention Halloween costume safety The scariest part of Halloween isn’t the looming monsters or impending cavities – its making sure your child comes home safely. To help ensure a fun and safe holiday, here are a few tips and tricks to making sure your child’s costume is safe. Read Article Search for:	https://www.prevea.com/For-Patients/Your-Wellness/Resources/Lets-get-after-it
The CenturyLink Customer Support Office (CSO) is organized to ensure smooth provisioning, delivery, implementation, and ongoing support of all your agency's Networx services. Our technical support has previously and successfully forged strong partnerships and quick response times in supporting several government agencies. Through our CSO and operational capabilities, CenturyLink is well positioned to administer and manage your general inquiries, user forums and escalations. We are committed to providing comprehensive information and guidance on training — including registration service and ongoing support for available programs. Additional CSO Details CSO Organizational Structure This illustration provides an overview of CenturyLink's CSO Organizational Structure Single Point of Contact Model Our single-point-contact model delivers a wide range of services, including: Customer support Our customer support team is your dedicated resource for all of your general support needs. Plus, we can help you get started and make the most of your Networx experience with our training courses and class registration services. Technical support Our experienced representatives and technicians provide a variety of help desk services, as well as troubleshooting and assistance with your Networx applications. Billing Agency-specific billing analysts are poised to handle a variety of your important billing administration and support tasks every step of the way, from the creation of billing reports to billing dispute resolution. Service ordering Account consultants can provide agency-specific planning and technical support. Our service coordinators stand ready to handle order entry requests and coordinate the order implementation process.	http://www.centurylink.com/business/networx/supportofferings/
An introduction to the core elements of a helping relationship and the corresponding strategies used to develop such a relationship. A variety of skills used in the counselling process are examined. A central theme presented throughout this course is the necessity for students to develop an ongoing commitment to self-awareness as a vital part of their counselling framework. Students examine the action, evaluation and termination components of the counselling process. The importance of effective communication in dealing with crisis-oriented and challenging situations, as well as, communication roadblocks are explored. A variety of the core couselling skills are demonstrated. A central theme presented throughout this course is the necessity for students to develop an ongoing commitment to self-awareness as a vital part of their counselling framework. Students experience a broad introduction to the multi-contextual field of child and youth care: child welfare, educational, justice, health and community. Students explore the varied resources available to children and families as well as the employment options for a child and youth care worker. Students examine basic family systems theory and are introduced to contemporary issues involving families across the lifespan. An introduction to the process and components of case management. Students are exposed to the creation of case plans using assessment tools in the development, revision, and conclusion of the plan. Students explore the role of a case worker and involvement in a multi-disciplinary team. Students are provided with a comprehensive overview of the primary categories of child maltreatment. Students study the complex interplay between the parent, child, environment, and society. Another major component of this course is the identification of the physical, emotional, and behavioral indicators of abuse, casework implications, and the process of treatment for the child victim, the child's family, and his/her abuser. Attention will also be given to the long-term behavioral outcomes and styles of coping often exhibited by abuse survivors. Students explore the various types of adversity that families can face and the impact that they have on the individuals and the family system. Students aslo examine the conceptual frameworks used to assess family systems and use a strength based approach to working with families. Students are introduced to the world of child welfare from a historical, clinical, and legislative perspective. Students explore the core themes of attachment, separation, grief, and placement that impact children and their families when they become immersed in the foster care system and beyond. Effective interventions and treatment approaches are examined as well as the roles and responsibilities of the legal and community agencies involved in case planning. The continuum of care for out of home placements is studied and beneficial strategies are noted that meet the child's attachment and relationship needs. Students explore self reflection practice in an independent study format. Utilizing personal insight gained in previous courses, students explore values, beliefs, lifestyles, and family of origin issues and to acknowledge personal growth achievements and consider opportunities for future growth. Students become familiar with a competency-based philosophy and approach to assessing and intervening with children in a variety of settings. Developing and implementing behavior management strategies will be a dominant focus of this course. Students examine environmental design issues and the importance of daily living activities as seen within the context of the therapeutic milieu. Students explore the complexities of the group work process both in community based and residential settings. A central theme discussed is the role of group work as an effective treatment modality for children. In regards to residential groups, another major component of this course examines the patterns of group dynamic structure including recognition of typical group roles of residents, problematic group behavior, appropriate staff interventions, and recording group behavior. Students are introduced to the importance of therapeutic programming for children in a variety of settings. Students are provided with a conceptual framework and the necessary skills to develop programs that can be used in the attainment of leisure, educational, and therapeutic goals with children. The ASIST model teaches effective intervention skills while helping to build suicide prevention networks in the community. Students learn to intervene and help prevent the immediate risk of suicide. Students interact with an "at risk" child referred by a community agency. The importance of building genuine relationships characterized by empathy and acceptance in promoting healthy personal development in children is the focus. Students are responsible to conduct a child and family/caregiver needs assessment in conjunction with the referral agency. Students continue to interact with the "at risk" child referred by a community agency. At this stage in the relationship, the focus is on collaborative case planning, setting goals and implementing strategies to meet the needs of the child and family/caregiver. Students continue to interact with the "at risk" child referred by a community agency. At the final stage in the relationship, the focus is on evaluation and supporting the child and family/caregiver duing the conclusion of the relationship. Students gain practical training in group design and facilitation. Students create, organize, and facilitate discussion/activity group with children. Group participants are selected on the basis of need and identified social skills deficits. This practicum provides students with valuable experience in developing leadership skills, behavior management strategies, and programming skills. Student's suitability and readiness to meet the challenges of the child and youth care field is affirmed. Students are given the opportunity to demonstrate their professional skills, attitudes and abilities to work both independently and collectively in a child care setting. Students examine the normal range of child and adolescent development including physical, emotional, social, and intellectual. The influence of family, school, and community upon the identity of the child is explored through prominent developmental theories. Strong emphasis is placed on the issues of attachment and bonding, the long term implications for healthy functioning, and the situations that can alter healthy development. Students examine a wide range of behavioral, psychological, and social problems experienced by children including treatment approaches currently endorsed to address these mental health issues. Causes and prevalence of the most common disorders experienced by children and assessments and diagnostic methods used in the mental health field will be discussed.	http://www.hollandcollege.com/programs/course-details-list.php?course_id=CYCW.PROG
GENERAL SANTOS CITY (MindaNews/02 December) — The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in Region 12 has completed the installation of 14 more hydro-meteorological or hydromet devices in various disaster risk areas in the region. Zenaida Hadji Raof-Laidan, DOST Region 12 director, said Friday they installed the early warning devices in critical waterways and communities considered highly vulnerable to flooding. She said the installed devices include automated rain gauges (ARGs) and water level monitoring systems (WLMS). “This is part of our continuing efforts to enhance real-time weather monitoring and help prevent potential disasters in our communities,” she said in a statement. Laidan said the hydromet devices, which were installed in coordination with the local government units,provide real-time data to communities that are considered as high risk to flooding, landslide, storm surge and other weather-related disasters. She said the generated data could give early warning to residents and responders for looming disasters. In the last five years, DOST-12 installed a total of 86 hydromet devices within the region’s four provinces and five cities under the Project Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards or Project NOAH. The region comprises the provinces of South Cotabato, Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat and North Cotabato and the cities of Koronadal, General Santos, Tacurong, Kidapawan and Cotabato. These comprise 56 ARGs, 26 WLMS and four automated weather station (AWS). Eight of the devices were installed in 2012, 51 in 2013 and 13 in 2015. The agency installed 26 devices in North Cotabato, 23 in Sarangani, 20 in South Cotabato and 17 in Sultan Kudarat. Laidan said the installed devices are equipped with data logger platform GSM Data Acquisition Terminal, which serves as a mini-computer that controls their functions and data communication. She said the data generated from these devices are sent wirelessly through cellular network as text messages that can be access through the program’s website www.noah.dost.gov.ph. The official assured that they conduct periodic monitoring, maintenance and evaluation of the installed devices to ensure that they function properly. For this year, she said they conducted a recalibration and upgrading of the systems of the hydromet devices. “Part of the recalibration is the installation and integration of automated sirens in the systems to automatically warn our communities when devastating situations come,” Laidan said.	https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2016/12/14-hydromet-devices-installed-in-disaster-prone-areas-in-region-12/
When performing a calibration, the risk of incorrectly declaring a device as in-tolerance (false-accept risk) is dependent upon several factors. Those factors include the specified tolerance limit, guard-band, the calibration process uncertainty and the a priori probability that the device is in-tolerance. A good estimate of the a priori probability may be difficult to obtain. Historical or device population information for estimating the a priori probability may not be readily available and may not represent the specific device under test. A common strategy for managing measurement decision risk is to choose a guard-band that results in the desired false-accept risk given the tolerance limit, the calibration process uncertainty and the a priori probability. This paper presents a guard-band strategy for managing false-accept risk with only limited knowledge of the a priori probability that a device is in-tolerance and with minimal increase in false-reject risk. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_04_DOBBERT An Alternative Approach to Standard Decade Series Linear D. Dikken, C. Geppert and S.M. Lee A brief review of current practices in dissemination of the unit of mass is discussed focusing on the strengths and weakness of current practice. Based on improved mass comparators and advances in data collection/analysis systems, an opportunity exists to employ an alternative method of calculation which uses a Weighted Least Squares Regression on measured observations to better predict a solution to the selected mass comparison design matrix. Mathematical equations employing a Weighted Least Squares Regression approach are derived as a generalized solution for any valid mass calibration design. While this approach may be employed with demonstrated benefit over a traditional decade series approach, it also opens up an alternative for eliminating the necessity for single restraints to be passed from decade series to decade series. Etc… Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_03_DIKKEN Are Gas Pumps Measuring Up? The Mexican Experience Heinz Luchsinger, Cesar Cajica, Manuel Maldonado and Ismael Castelazo Advances in measurement and electronics technology have allowed manufactures to produce improved fuel dispensers that offer the consumer fair and convenient transactions at the gas station. However, authorities are having a difficult time developing reliable conformity assessment procedures that assure the consumer that the same sophisticated technology is not working against them. This paper describes the experience of CENAM in assessing the conformity of fuel dispensers sold in Mexico to the new, more stringent regulations issued in the last two years. The issues discussed include a comparison of the measurement capabilities of modern dispensers with the tolerance accepted by the standard and the difficulties involved in verifying the software and electronic components that compute and display the total sale amount. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_02_LUCHSIN Calculation of Effective Area and Uncertainty Michael Bair and Rob Haines Dimensional measurements of pistoncylinders for the purpose of defining effective area have improved to a level that allows laboratories to use them as primary references for pressure. Because of their relatively large size and uniform cylindrical geometry, 50 mm tungsten carbide pistoncylinders are frequently utilized as primary standards in pressure based on a dimensionally characterized effective area. Because of the very low uncertainties in diameter, roundness and straightness measurements, it is essential to properly model the pistoncylinder annular space based on those dimensional measurements. This paper describes a model for calculating the effective area from dimensional measurements and also provides a method for calculating the uncertainty in the resultant effective area and final uncertainty in pressure. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_03_BAIR Comparing and Contrasting Studies of Metrology Education Georgia Harris and Leslie R. Pendrill This paper compares and contrasts two studies of the status of metrology education and training completed within NCSL International (NCSLI) and Implementing the Metrology European Research Area (iMERA). The current formulation by NCSLI and its partners of a strategic roadmap for metrology education and training and a survey of accreditation body assessors are presented. In addition, a corresponding iMERA study in Europe of metrology knowledge transfer has been initiated in preparation for the new European Metrology Research Program. This paper compares and contrasts the approaches and the formulations of these project and concludes with suggestions for future cooperation. Both the NCSLI and iMERA studies have shown a coordinated forum is needed to ensure that metrology staffing requirements are met at all levels i.e., competent personnel and the necessary resources to support them. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_02_HARRIS Comparison Between Melting and Freezing Points of Indium R. Ding, M. J. Zhao, D. Cabana and D. Chen In the interest of improving convenience and plateau duration, the use of melting points instead of freezing points for temperature fixed points in temperature calibration is considered. The question is whether adequately low uncertainties can be achieved with melting plateaus. Experimental research was carried out to compare the melting and freezing points of indium and zinc by using the intercomparison method with standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs). The influence of the furnace maintenance temperature on the performance of melting plateaus of indium and zinc was investigated and discussed. Differences in results between the melting points and the freezing points are shown. Uncertainty budget analysis of the melting points is presented. The experimental results show that because of the small differences between the freezing points and melting points using the optimal methods of realization, it is possible to replace the … Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_01_DING Comparison of Results of the Volume Determination of Mass Jorge Nava-Martinez and Luis M. Peña-Pérez Two methods for the volume determination of mass standards are compared. The conventional hydrostatic weighing method where the mass standards are immersed in water and weighings in air where the mass standards are subjected to a variation in air density of ± 10% or less. The balance is installed in an air-tight chamber. Two kilogram masses were used and uncertainty analysis is compared. The En value was used in order to quantify the degree of agreement among the two methods. The results are within the expanded uncertainty of the measurements. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_04_NAVA Design of an Electro-Optic Device for In-Situ Measurement Beverly J. Klemme and A. Roderick Mahoney Design of a Pockels cell based electrooptic device is described. The device is designed to measure the amplitude of high voltage pulses in our new Pulsed High Voltage Measurement System (PHVMS) with a very high signal to noise ratio allowing a measurement precision of better than 0.5 %. However, the ultimate measurement uncertainty is limited by the uncertainty of currently available pulse high voltage standards. The PHVMS is capable of generating voltage pulses ranging from 2 kV to 320 kV in amplitude, with pulse durations from 2.5 µs to 25 µs. The Primary Standards Laboratory's AC Project at Sandia National Laboratories is in the process of validating the PHVMS for calibrating resistive and capacitive voltage dividers. Single voltage pulses are difficult to measure with uncertainties less than 1%(k = 2) because of the high bandwidth involved (> 10 MHz) and their nonrepetitive nature which rules out standard AC measurement and signal averaging techniques in our system… Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_02_KLEMME Evaluation of Dual Quartz Resonant Pressure Transducers John Ball The Army is considering the use of transfer standards rather than traditional, hierarchical methods to support high accuracy calibration requirements in tactical environments. Such schemes have the potential to improve accuracy, reduce cost, shrink logistical overhead, and eliminate the need to evacuate calibration equipment from the theater of operation. The Army recently selected a new set of tactical pressure calibration equipment with transfer calibration specifically in mind as the support concept of preference. The following presents an overview of the evolving Army transfer calibration system for pneumatic pressure and an evaluation of the expected performance of the quartz resonant transducerbased transport standards selected for this demanding application. Relevant data from commercial and government laboratories on quartz resonant pressure transducers, … Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_01_BALL Experiences with Novel Secondary Conductivity Sensors Ulrich Breuel, Barbara Werner, Petra Spitzer and Hans D. Jensen International efforts concentrate on the traceability of electrolytic conductivity at the field level having small associated measurement uncertainties. Although the measurement of conductivity at the primary level has been widely developed during the last decade, the dissemination of the small measurement uncertainty to the field level is lagging. There is a lack of easy to handle and reliable secondary calibration methods and transfer standards.This paper describes a procedure for determination of the electrolytic conductivity on the secondary level appropriate for calibration laboratories. The procedure was developed within a joint project of the German calibration laboratory (ZMK ANALYTIK GmbH, DKDK06901) together with the PhysikalischTechnische Bundesanstalt and the Danish Metrology Institute. Altogether a chain of five measuring cells has been used so that it is possible to measure the conductivity over a wide range from 2 µS/cm up to 100 mS/cm… Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_02_BREUEL Improved Measurements in Contact Thermometry at High Temp. R. Morice, P. Ridoux and J.R. Filtz The development of High Temperature Fixed Points (HTFPs) based on metalcarbon eutectics, as well as improvements of contact sensors, such as platinumpalladium thermocouples, has opened new perspectives for accurate temperature measurements in processes requiring good control at high temperature. Recently three major European laboratories, LNE, NPL and PTB, have decided to join their research efforts with the aim of developing robust HTFPs to reduce current calibration uncertainties of noble metal thermocouples up to 1554 °C. HTFPs have also been successfully investigated at LNE for the study of tungstenrhenium alloy thermocouples. This paper first presents general results in the development of metalcarbon fixed points and then discusses prospects in the near future through a description of some current research activities. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_01_MORICE Improvements in High Temperature Metrology Graham Machin The accurate measurement and control of temperatures above 1100 °C is essential for the success of many industrial processes. However these measurements are generally difficult, leading to wide uncertainty margins, particularly at very high temperatures above 1800 °C. Recent developments in high temperature metrology mean that there will be a step change improvement in this field in the next few years, particularly due to the advent of high temperature fixedpoints and improved thermocouple types, such as Pt/Pd. This paper reviews international developments in these areas that could ultimately lead to an improved way of realising ITS90 above the Ag point, reduced thermocouple calibration uncertainties by factors of two or more, and improved dissemination and measurement of high temperatures to industry. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_01_MACHIN Influence of Pre-Weighing Conditions Shih Mean Lee and David, Lee Kwee Lim In the measurement of mass standards, thermal gradients can have an adverse influence on the uncertainty of measurement. OIML R1111: 2004 has specific guidelines on the maximum allowable temperature changes during calibration and the thermal stabilisation time required for different classes of mass standards. However, thermal stability is disturbed during the measurement process due to the presence of various heat sources. Further thermal conditioning can be accomplished by performing preweighing operations, which simulate the actual measurement configurations. Different preweighing conditions, including the number of preweighing cycles, the sequence of preweighing operations, size of mass standards, and loading positions of the standards, were investigated and were found to have varying influences on the repeatability of the measurement results. It was found that the PreWeighing' (PW) sequence improved overall repeatability etc… Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_03_LEE Parametric Optimization of an Automated Weighing Comp. S. Lee, J. W. Chung, K. P. Kim and H. W. Song Manual mass comparison encumbers essentially a measurement or calibration with frequent interventions. To overcome this problem and ensure concretely the traceability of national standard, an MTa5 automatic comparator (for the range of 1 mg to 5 g) from MettlerToledo (MT) has been recently introduced to Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science. In order to find the shortest operation time and lowest measurement repeatability, the stabilization time, the integration time, and the number of measurements are selected as time optimization parameters. The repeatability is obtained based on more than 350 measurements. From the viewpoint of the uncertainty, one preference condition (stabilization time = 20 s; integration time = 20 s; and number of measurements = 3) is found from the independent repeatability result, but its repeatability (0.24 µg) is within the manufacturer's repeatability specification (0.4 µg for 5 g). etc... Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_02_LEE Power Loading Effects in Precision 1 Ω Resistors George R. Jones and Randolph E. Elmquist Five manganin alloy Thomas-type 1 Ω resistors serve as primary working standards at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the precision potentiometer direct current comparator (DCC) system used for special 1 Ω customer calibrations. To maintain and predict the values of these resistors, the value of this bank is compared to the quantized Hall resistance (QHR) standard at NIST approximately twice a year. This is accomplished through the use of several precision 1 Ω resistors manufactured from 1975 through 1992 by the Australian National Measurement Laboratory, using the resistance alloy Evanohm. Over many years of careful monitoring, the relative values of these transfer resistors were seen to have discrepancies that were not related to the drift in the value of the primary working standards and exceeded the Type A (statistically derived) uncertainty in the measurement systems. Some of these variations were believed to be due to power loading in the transfer resistors. Recent experiments have demonstrated that conditions of power dissipation within the precision 1 Ω resistors and the duty cycle of the power applied to the resistors can change the value of a resistor measured at 100 mA in the NIST precision 1 Ω measurement system by as much as 0.06 μΩ/Ω. This paper describes the experimental results and measurement uncertainty due to these power loading effects. Generally, the power loading effects in the Thomas-type resistors appear to be dependent on the first order temperature coefficient, i.e., the larger the coefficient, the larger the change in the resistance value. However, there appears to be no similar relationship between the power loading effects and the first order temperature coefficient in the various Evanohm resistors that were tested. Known temperature coefficient gradient contributions to the changes of resistance can explain the results observed in these measurements. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_04_JONES Proposed Changes to the SI and Their Impact on Electrical Barry Wood Recent proposals to fundamentally change the SI system of units have generated considerable debate and are now being seriously considered by international committees. These proposals all have a common theme: to exactly fix the values of a set of fundamental physical constants and then to define the SI units with respect to the values of these invariants. The proposed changes and the ways in which national standards institutes would typically realize the SI units are outlined. The expected benefits and drawbacks of these changes are reviewed as they pertain to measurement science, to fundamental constants and in particular to electrical metrology. The positions of the Consultative Committee for Units, the Consultative Committee for Electricity and Magnetism and the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) Task Group for Fundamental Constants … Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_01_WOOD Radiation Thermometry Capabilities of the PTB up to 3200 Klaus Anhalt, Juergen Hartmann and Joerg Hollandt The accuracy of the high temperature part of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS90) was for a long time limited by the lack of appropriate fixed points above the freezing temperature of copper at 1084.6 °C. Recently novel high temperature fixed points have been developed for temperatures up to 3200 K. Using blackbody radiators immersed in metalcarbon (MC) or metalcarbidecarbon (MCC) eutectic materials results in fixed points which can be used as reference sources for radiation thermometry, radiometry and photometry. Currently, implementation of these novel MCC eutectics in an improved international high temperature scale is the topic of a worldwide cooperation of several national metrology institutes (NMI). Within this cooperation PTB determines by radiation thermometry and radiometry based on Planck's law. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_01_ANHALT Ratio Calibration of a Digital Voltmeter for Force Measure Yi-hua Tang, Thomas W. Bartel and June E. Sims Ratio calibration of a digital voltmeter (DVM) is critical for applications such as load cell response for force measurement. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) DVM ratio service provides ratio voltage measurements that are traceable to the Josephson Voltage Standard (JVS). Previously, the service was supported by NIST JVS systems using manual measurements. The NIST JVS uses a conventional Josephson junction array which often experiences a spontaneous step transition, caused by electromagnetic interference, during its operation. An adjustment is required to obtain a stable voltage step for the ratio calibration. The programmable JVS (PJVS), developed in the last decade, uses an array with nonhysteretic steps to provide a stable voltage. The PJVS was implemented in the DVM ratio calibration service to improve the efficiency and reliability of the service. The new protocol can be executed automatically to reduce the labor cost of the calibration service. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_02_TANG The Use of GPS Disciplined Oscillators as Primary Freq. Michael A. Lombardi An increasing number of calibration and metrology laboratories now employ a Global Positioning System disciplined oscillator (GPSDO) as their primary standard for frequency. GPSDOs have the advantage of costing much less than cesium standards, and they serve as “selfcalibrating” standards that should not require adjustment or calibration. These attributes make them an attractive choice for many laboratories. However, a few of their characteristics can make a GPSDO less suitable than a cesium standard for some applications. This paper explores the use of GPSDOs in calibration laboratories. It discusses how GPSDOs work, how measurement traceability can be established with a GPSDO, and how their performance can vary significantly from model to model. It also discusses possible GPSDO failure modes, and why a calibration laboratory must be able to verify whether or not a GPSDO is working properly. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_03_LOMBARD Towards the New Kelvin Wolfgang Buck, Bernd Fellmuth and Joachim Fischer Since 1954, the kelvin has been defined by the temperature distance between absolute zero and the triple point of water, with an assigned temperature value of exactly 273.16 K. Hence, the base unit of temperature depends on the limited stability and reproducibility of a certain material sample. A new definition of the kelvin not based on a special material should be aspired similar to the second or the metre, where a fixed value is assigned to an atomic transition or a fundamental constant. Following this road, the kelvin can be related to the thermal energy, kT, with the Boltzmann constant, k, as a fixed conversion factor. In order to determine a reliable value of k, currently several methods are investigated by different research institutes. The methods with the lowest expected uncertainties are the acoustic gas thermometer and the dielectric constant gas thermometer. Other methods include Dopplerbroadening thermometry and radiation thermometry. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_01_BUCK Uncertainty Est. for the Outdoor Cal. of Solar Pyranometers Ibrahim Reda, Daryl Myers and Tom Stoffel Pyranometers are used outdoors to measure solar irradiance. By design, this of radiometer can measure the total hemispheric (global) or diffuse (sky) irradiance when the detector is unshaded or shaded from the sun disk, respectively. These measurements are used in a variety of applications including solar energy conversion, atmospheric studies, agriculture, and materials science. Proper calibration of pyranometers is essential to ensure measurement quality. This paper describes a step-by-step method for calculating and reporting the uncertainty of the calibration, using the guidelines of the ISO "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" or GUM, that is applied to the pyranometer calibration procedures used at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The NREL technique characterizes a responsivity function of a pyranometer as a function of the zenith angle, as well as reporting a single calibration responsivity value for a zenith angle of 45°. The uncertainty analysis shows that a lower uncertainty can be achieved by using the response function of a pyranometer determined as a function of zenith angle, in lieu of just using the average value at 45°. By presenting the contribution of each uncertainty source to the total uncertainty; users will be able to troubleshoot and improve their calibration process. The uncertainty analysis method can also be used to determine the uncertainty of different calibration techniques and applications, such as deriving the uncertainty of field measurements. Regular price: $20.00 Discounted member price: $15.00 Member discount: 25% Quantity View Cart MS08_04_REDA Uncertainty of Gauge Block Calibration by Mechanical Comp. Jennifer E. Decker, Anthony Ulrich and James R. Pekelsky This paper presents a detailed measurement uncertainty analysis for the calibration of gauge blocks made from like materials using a mechanical comparator consisting of opposing styli and a digital readout. After discussing the influence parameters affecting the calibration process, a mathematical model is developed that leads to a measurement equation relating the length of the client’s gauge block to measurements of the standard gauge block and associated temperature corrections. Following the ISO “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” all of the uncertainty components and their sensitivity components are calculated. These components include factors related to the calibration of the standard, the measured difference between the client’s gauge and the standard gauges, and various temperature differences. After discussing a specific measurement process in a typical laboratory environment,all of the uncertainty omponents are quantified and then combined in quadrature. The resulting expanded uncertainty for the calibration of a client gauge against a working standard is given by and a coverage factor of k = 2 is used. While the detailed characterization of any system and its associated measurement uncertainties will be unique to a given set of conditions, by providing all the details at each step, this paper is intended to be used as a guide for other similar situations.	http://www.ncsli.org/i/i/sp/mja/ms08/iMIS/Store/ms08.aspx
Ever since my childhood, I have been interested in nature, and in birds, specifically. This interest has led to countless hours enjoying, observing, and counting birds and other wildlife, trips to some of the most remote corners on Earth and encounters with many interesting people. Even though I don't have as much time nowadays, I spend most of my vacations traveling to different parts of the world in the search for birds that I haven't seen before! During my first year of Biology studies at the University of Zürich I started to volunteer at bird ringing stations and became a licensed bird ringer. Fascinated by the question how migratory birds find their way when traveling between their breeding and wintering areas, I did my Master's theses on the orientation of passerine migrants at Col de Bretolet, a beautifully situated ringing station in the Swiss Alps! My interest in the research on the orientation of migratory birds brought me in 1998 to Lund, where I joined the Bird Migration Group at the Department of Animal Ecology for a PhD on magnetic orientation in migratory birds, which I finished in 2004. My growing interest in magnetic orientation not only in birds, but animals in general, led me to John Phillips' lab at Virginia Tech for a 4-year postdoc, where I worked on magnetic navigation in newts, magnetic compass orientation in C57BL/6J mice, and the calibration of the magnetic compass by polarized light cues in birds. In spring 2008, I returned to Lund to set up my own research on the behavioural and physiological mechanisms of magnetic orientation and navigation in birds. I am particularly interested in answering fundamental questions on the biophysical properties of light-dependent magnetoreception, on the functional characteristics of magnetic compass orientation, and on the interaction of the magnetic compass with other compass systems, specifically polarized light cues. Recently, I have also started to investigate polarized light sensitivity in birds, which together with magnetoreception remains one of the unresolved mysteries in sensory physiology. I primarily use behavioural assays (orientation experiments with migratory birds and spatial orientation experiments with zebra finches) to answer my research questions, but I also study the orientation of free-flying birds under natural conditions by radio telemetry.	https://portal.research.lu.se/en/persons/rachel-muheim
King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem. But the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow. Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward. It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Department of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.Modern awareness Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing. Then a non-nuclear event, The Great Smog of 1952 in London, killed at least 4000 people. This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation, The Clean Air Act of 1956. Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and the National Environmental Policy Act.Smog Pollution in Taiwan Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 became a national news story in 1978 and led to the Superfund legislation of 1980. Legal proceedings in the 1990s helped bring to light hexavalent chromium releases in California—the champions of whose victims became famous. The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning. The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay, named by the Worldwatch Institute as the "most polluted spot" on earth, served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Second place may go to the area of Chelyabinsk U.S.S.R. (see reference below) as the "Most polluted place on the planet". Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, sometimes near inhabited areas, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. One legacy of nuclear testing before most forms were banned has been significantly raised levels of background radiation. International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use. A much more recently discovered problem is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a huge concentration of plastics, chemical sludge and other debris which has been collected into a large area of the Pacific Ocean by the North Pacific Gyre. This is a less well known pollution problem than the others described above, but nonetheless has multiple and serious consequences such as increasing wildlife mortality, the spread of invasive species and human ingestion of toxic chemicals. Organizations such as 5 Gyres have researched the pollution and, along with artists like Marina DeBris, are working toward publicizing the issue. Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment.Forms of pollutionThe Lachine Canal in Montreal Canada, is polluted. The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each of them: A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence.Sources and causesPlay mediaAir pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures. Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources. However, globally human-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, India Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. The United States alone produces about 250 million metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world''s population, but produce roughly 25% of the world’s CO 2, and generate approximately 30% of world’s waste. In 2007, China has overtaken the United States as the world''s biggest producer of CO 2, while still far behind based on per capita pollution - ranked 78th among the world''s nations.An industrial area, with a power plant, south of Yangzhou''s downtown, China In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, said that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN''s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium–found in rechargeable batteries, and lead–found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. In 2001 a series of press reports culminating in a book called Fateful Harvest unveiled a widespread practice of recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various metals. Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD. Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.Effects Human health Further information: Air pollution § Health effects, Soil pollution § Health effects, Toxic hotspots and Hydraulic fracturing § Health effectsOverview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution. Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 500 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, Over ten million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. The WHO estimated in 2007 that air pollution causes half a million deaths per year in India. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are at additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.Environment Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this: The Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) at the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) maintains a comprehensive toxicology and environmental health web site that includes access to resources produced by TEHIP and by other government agencies and organizations. This web site includes links to databases, bibliographies, tutorials, and other scientific and consumer-oriented resources. TEHIP also is responsible for the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) an integrated system of toxicology and environmental health databases that are available free of charge on the web. TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is part of TOXNET. TOXMAP uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency''s (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory and Superfund Basic Research Programs.Regulation and monitoring Main article: Regulation and monitoring of pollution To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.Pollution controlA litter trap catches floating waste in the Yarra River, east-central Victoria, AustraliaA dust collector in Pristina, KosovoGas nozzle with vapor recoveryA Mobile Pollution Check Vehicle in India. Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.Practices The earliest precursor of pollution generated by life forms would have been a natural function of their existence. The attendant consequences on viability and population levels fell within the sphere of natural selection. These would have included the demise of a population locally or ultimately, species extinction. Processes that were untenable would have resulted in a new balance brought about by changes and adaptations. At the extremes, for any form of life, consideration of pollution is superseded by that of survival. For humankind, the factor of technology is a distinguishing and critical consideration, both as an enabler and an additional source of byproducts. Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards. Since science holds experimental demonstration to be definitive, modern treatment of toxicity or environmental harm involves defining a level at which an effect is observable. Common examples of fields where practical measurement is crucial include automobile emissions control, industrial exposure (e.g. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) PELs), toxicology (e.g. LD50), and medicine (e.g. medication and radiation doses). "The solution to pollution is dilution", is a dictum which summarizes a traditional approach to pollution management whereby sufficiently diluted pollution is not harmful. It is well-suited to some other modern, locally scoped applications such as laboratory safety procedure and hazardous material release emergency management. But it assumes that the dilutant is in virtually unlimited supply for the application or that resulting dilutions are acceptable in all cases. Such simple treatment for environmental pollution on a wider scale might have had greater merit in earlier centuries when physical survival was often the highest imperative, human population and densities were lower, technologies were simpler and their byproducts more benign. But these are often no longer the case. Furthermore, advances have enabled measurement of concentrations not possible before. The use of statistical methods in evaluating outcomes has given currency to the principle of probable harm in cases where assessment is warranted but resorting to deterministic models is impractical or infeasible. In addition, consideration of the environment beyond direct impact on human beings has gained prominence. Yet in the absence of a superseding principle, this older approach predominates practices throughout the world. It is the basis by which to gauge concentrations of effluent for legal release, exceeding which penalties are assessed or restrictions applied. One such superseding principle is contained in modern hazardous waste laws in developed countries, as the process of diluting hazardous waste to make it non-hazardous is usually a regulated treatment process. Migration from pollution dilution to elimination in many cases can be confronted by challenging economical and technological barriers.Greenhouse gases and global warming Main article: Global warmingHistorical and projected CO2 emissions by country. Source: Energy Information Administration. Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth''s climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.Most polluted places in the developing world The Blacksmith Institute, an international non-for-profit organization dedicated to eliminating life-threatening pollution in the developing world, issues an annual list of some of the world''s worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees, already industrialized countries excluded, are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine and Zambia.	http://www.fouman.com/Y/Wiki.php?eterm=Pollution
A distance measure that minimizes the mis-classification risk for the 1-nearest neighbor search can be shown to be the probability that a pair of input measurements belong to different classes. This pair-wise probability is not in general a metric distance measure. Furthermore, it can out-perform any metric distance, approaching even the Bayes optimal performance. In practice, we seek a model for the optimal distance measure that combines the discriminative powers of more elementary distance measures associated with a collection of simple feature spaces that are easy and efficient to implement; in our work, we use histograms of various feature types like color, texture and local shape properties. We use a linear logistic model combining such elementary distance measures that is supported by observations of actual data for a representative discrimination task. For performing efficient nearest neighbor search over large training sets, the linear model was extended to discretized distance measures that combines distance measures associated with discriminators organized in a tree-like structure. The discrete model was combined with the continuous model to yield a hierarchical distance model that is both fast and accurate. Finally, the nearest neighbor search over object parts was integrated into a whole object detection system and evaluated against both an indoor detection task as well as a face recognition task yielding promising results. 139 pages \| \| Return to:	http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/2002/abstracts/02-161.html
A Brief Introduction To The Mind Mapping Technique Basically, a Mind Map is a diagram which you create yourself as a way to organize ideas. In conventional note-taking, you write down information line by line or perhaps column by column. Mind Mapping differs from such note-taking in that you present the information more in the form or a diagram, starting with a central key idea drawn in the center of the paper. Other ideas which are somehow related to the central key idea are arranged radially around it, with lines branching out from the central key idea to these subtopics to show that they are related to one another. Details related to each sub-topic can be shown to be connected to it through more lines. It looks something like the picture below. Looking at this diagram, you can see that the keyword in the center is important because it is the main idea. We can also see that the Subtopics support the main topic and the Subsets support the Subtopic. Not only that, but we can easily see any subset of subtopic on the top left is unrelated to ideas in the top right, bottom right, or bottom left. This is useful when you have muddled thoughts that need to be sorted out, or bits and pieces of information whose relationships to one another have to be visualized. When you use mind maps in this way, complex problems become simpler to think through and find solutions to.	https://www.braindirector.com/a-brief-introduction-to-the-mind-mapping-technique/
Each major point should be a clear claim that relates to the central argument of your paper.Sample Major Point: Employment and physical health may be a good first major point for this sample paper. Example: Among various prevention and intervention efforts that have been made to deal with the rapid growth of youth gangs, early school-based prevention programs are the most effective way to prevent youth gang involvement. In fact, you should keep the thesis statement flexible and revise it as needed. In the process of researching and writing, you may find new information that falls outside the scope of your original plan and want to incorporate it into your paper. A thesis statement can be very helpful in constructing the outline of your essay. Also, your instructor may require a thesis statement for your paper. It is an assertive statement that states your claims and that you can prove with evidence. The introduction prepares your reader for this statement, and the rest of the paper follows in support of it. Sample Thesis Statement: Because of their income deficit (Smith, 2010) and general susceptibility to depression (Jones, 2011), students who drop out of high school before graduation maintain a higher risk for physical and mental health problems later in life.An introduction should begin with discussion of your specific topic (not a broad background overview) and provide just enough context (definitions of key terms, for example) to prepare your readers for your thesis or purpose statement.Sample Introduction/Context: If the topic of your paper is the link between educational attainment and health, your introduction might do the following: (a) establish the population you are discussing, (b) define key terms such as A thesis or purpose statement should come at the end of your introduction and state clearly and concisely what the purpose or central argument of your paper is.After the initial introduction, background on your topic often follows.This paragraph or section might include a literature review surveying the current state of knowledge on your topic or simply a historical overview of relevant information.To create this article, 11 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. Here are a few things to keep in mind when doing so. Writing an outline for a research paper can seem like a time consuming task, and you may not understand the value of it if you have never written one before.The purpose of this section is to justify your own project or paper by pointing out a gap in the current research which your work will address.Sample Background: A background section on a paper on education and health might include an overview of recent research in this area, such as research on depression or on decreasing high school graduation rates. Major points build on each other, moving the paper forward and toward its conclusion.Put similar topics and points together and arrange them in a logical order.This page lists some of the stages involved in writing a library-based research paper. Comments Do Good Outline Research Paper - Academic and Professional Writing Writing a Research Paper Mar 5, 2018. Writing an Outline and a Prospectus for Yourself. What organizational plan will best support my purpose. your essay around points you want to make i.e. don't let your sources organize your paper; Integrate your sources.… - Research Paper Outline Interactive Example and Formatting. To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially.… - Research Paper Outline Format Owlcation Mar 22, 2016. Step by step help for creating Research Essay Outline. You also might want to check out my specific instructions and outline ideas for the type of research paper you are doing. What are my best reasons for believing that?… - Writing a Research Paper Creating a Working Outline. Jul 25, 2008. Below is a generalized model for a research paper outline Thesis. A good outline also conforms to the following guidelines. drafts, and only then, after revising those drafts, do they commit themselves to a formal outline.… - Writing a Research Paper – The Writing Center – UW–Madison This page lists some of the stages involved in writing a library-based research paper. a research paper is often a messy and recursive one, so please use this outline as a flexible guide. Pose your topic as a question to be answered or a problem to be solved. What organizational plan will best support my purpose?… - How to Make an Outline - University of Washington Outlines can be useful for any paper to help you see. There are two kinds of outlines the topic outline and the sentence outline. D. More research needed.… - Research Paper Outline Examples and How to Write.	https://theborzoi.ru/do-good-outline-research-paper-6603.html
By Gerald Walsh © The holiday season—for many of us—is the time of year for reflection. A time to look back over the year gone by and ponder the highs and lows we experienced, and contemplate what we have learned from those experiences. It is also a time to look ahead to the coming year and think about what we hope to accomplish in our work, in our lives, and in the community. I am anxious to hear what is on your wish list for 2019. (send me an email [email protected]) Here is my wish list for 2019… 1. That we admire and respect people who display kindness, humility, and generosity over those who flaunt money, status, and title. 2. That organizations pay their employees based solely on the skills, education, and experience they bring to the job and disregard gender, age, and ethnicity when setting wages. 3. That employers come to recognize that happy employees are more productive, more engaged, and more likely to stay in the job for the long term. 4. That we value our teachers—perhaps the most important occupation of all—for their role in shaping the minds of our youth. 5. That we honour the women and men who work selflessly in the not-for-profit sector and who contribute to our community in ways that most of us will never know. 6. That everyone—but particularly men—speak up and push back when they see examples of sexism, discrimination, and harassment in the workplace. 7. That employers and employees alike act with kindness toward each other and treat everyone with dignity and respect. 8. That employers recognize that the knowledge of its workforce is its biggest asset—not its biggest expense. 9. That our political leaders act with integrity and make decisions that are in the best interests of citizens, particularly those among us who are less able to provide for themselves and their families. 10. That employers of all types insist on having a workforce that is diverse and gender balanced. 11. That we offer good opportunities to those individuals who are new to Canada and do everything we can to make them feel welcomed and valued. 12. That we give young people a chance to launch their careers by providing employment opportunities with fair wages, good training, and valuable mentorship. What is on your wish list for 2019? Please write me [email protected] HAPPY HOLIDAYS!	https://www.geraldwalsh.com/blog/my-2019-new-year-s-wish-list-for-the-workplace/
‘The Celebrity Apprentice’ episode 9 review: Steve Ballmer’s tribute act On Monday night’s new episode of “The Celebrity Apprentice,” Matt Iseman went full Ballmer. Never go full Ballmer. The irony here is that Steve Ballmer, owner of the Los Angeles Clippers and billionaire many times over, is a guy who tends to love high energy. He just doesn’t love it when he sees this said energy as a reflection of his own. Yet, Iseman was the one person spared from re-entering the boardroom with this task! You know you’ve got a problem when the man responsible for an impersonation that the man he was impersonating clearly didn’t love was not held as responsible too much for what went wrong. The task – The teams were tasked with having to create an engaging fan experience during a time-out of a Los Angeles Clippers game, which to us was almost impossible. It’s like giving a lecture to third-graders about why vegetables are tasty. They just don’t want to hear it! Time-outs are when people go to the bathroom or go get in line for a hot dog or a beverage. There is a not a lot of time in which to work with here. Ricky Williams was the PM for one task, while Lisa Leslie was the PM for the other. Ricky’s biggest issue was not that he created something that was necessarily terrible; he just created something that wasn’t special. In between the shouting and the t-shirts and the verbal hype, there wasn’t quite anything that made this different than what you would see at any point. Meanwhile, having Boy George go out there with some gospel singers to perform a Clipper anthem was unique, original, and pretty fun. Also, Lisa Leslie rapped during it! Okay, this rapping wasn’t great, but at least she put herself out there. Even Carson Kressley did by wearing quite possibly the strangest ensemble that we’ve ever seen the “Queen Eye for the Straight Guy” host don ever. Let’s also take a minute here to discuss the terrible drum-beating that went on over whether or not Lisa should’ve touched a basketball. This was stupid. Why would any of these people in the audience care if she took a show in this moment? If she missed, she would’ve been laughed at. It wasn’t unique, and it certainly wasn’t worth the risk. Bye-bye, Ricky – After losing the task, Ricky tried to make the case that other people were at fault. However, Brooke did a very good job of putting the impetus on him for the boring t-shirt, and that was one of the things that they were criticized for the most. Had this been the first task that Ricky lost, it’d be one thing; however, it was the second, and there wasn’t too much he could pawn off to other people. While Laila Ali was sick and could’ve done a lot more, she really defended herself her case very well in the boardroom, so much better than we saw Ricky do when they went back in. If we’re supposed to take the Governator at his word, then he apparently changed his mind on who to fire because of this. Hey, these conversations matter! We’ll come back later with a little more of our take on the second episode (follow the link here!), but for now let’s say that this for the most part proved to be very entertaining. While creating a hype segment during a time-out is a pretty low-brow task, at least we saw the remaining players try to make the best of it. Also, Boy George, even with missing a task, may be the favorite to win the whole thing. Grade: B.	https://cartermatt.com/241465/celebrity-apprentice-episode-9-review-steve-ballmers-tribute-act/
The interaction between (rigid) robotic devices and soft materials presents numerous challenging and largely unresolved problems. This is not limited to applications in which rigid robotic devices are directly interacting with soft tissues or in applications in which robotic devices handle easy-to-deform materials. Based on long-lasting collaborations between the University of Stuttgart and the University of Auckland, we established an international and interdisciplinary environment that enhances our basic understanding and knowledge within this field. Through the synergies in simulation technology, cyber-physical engineering, robotic device technology, and biomedical engineering, we are able to form within this IRTG a highly interdisciplinary team focusing on (i) simulation technologies (Research Area A), (ii) automation and control (Research Area B), and (iii) implementing/linking technical and biological concepts (Research Area C). The main idea is to develop new simulation technologies and sensors in order to assist the development of new control strategies and concepts for robotic devices interacting with soft tissues. With ths IRTG, we aim to significantly improve our understanding of next-generation robotic devices through training a new generation of PhD students in an international and interdisciplinary environment in fields like simulation technology, computational modelling, sensing, robotics, and control methods. Graduates from this proposed IRTG will be highly valuable for their ability to contribute to the socio-economic goals of both Germany and New Zealand.	https://www.str.uni-stuttgart.de/
How to find out what you are buying Bill walks into the shop on Monday morning, he has just purchased his new take away food business from the previous owner on Friday. At around midday on Monday, after serving a handful customers in the morning, Bill is already thinking to himself, ‘I am sure that Fred (the previous owner) told me I would have 3 times as many customers. He is approached by a food business inspector from the local Council. The Council officer informs Bill that the Council is undertaking an audit of the take away food premises compliance with a recent audit. Within an hour the business is shut down, Fred had not complied with 7 notices to rectify problems with the premises which affect the safety of the food being prepared on the premises. Bill telephones Fred and asks for an explanation. Fred tells him that well you didn’t have a lawyer so I didn’t bother to disclose the 7 notices to rectify it is your problem now, I am about to board a plane to South America and do not ever expect to return. Bill receives a quote from 3 tradespeople that quote him $100,000.00 to repair the premises, Bill only paid $75,000.00 for the business. This is an extreme example of problems that can crop up in what people think is just a ‘simple’ business transaction. With the previous owner on a plane to South America, Bill has no way to recover any of his money, he has the choice between paying for the repairs or shutting down his business. He is also concerned with the number of customers that came through the door, he had just taken Fred at his word and did not review the financials. Not what Bill expected on the first day of life’s next great adventure. Unfortunately this happens all too often, people who want to save money from engaging with lawyers or accountants to undertake a proper analysis of the business, due diligence, can end up costing themselves thousands of dollars and even losing the business. Due Diligence is the term that is given to a comprehensive analysis of a business by a prospective owner to ascertain the target businesses assets and liabilities. There are 4 main types of due diligence: - Legal Due Diligence - Financial Due Diligence - Human Resource Due Diligence; and - Operational Due Diligence. Before undertaking any due diligence it is important that you sit down with your consultants and work out exactly what it is you are trying to achieve. What reviews they recommend, the consequences of whether or not the review is done and the cost of doing the review. Legal Due Diligence You undertake a legal due diligence in relation to a business that you are buying. The actual analysis that your lawyer will do will depend on the type of business that you are buying and the way that you are buying the business. Ordinarily there will be an analysis of: - any lease that the business has for the premises that it operates from, - if it is a franchise the franchise agreement; - supply and distribution agreements; and - any other agreement that is required by the business to operate. Usually your lawyer will also recommend a number of searches such as: - company searches; - security register searches; - property searches; and - licence searches. A search of the licence and the requirements of the food business licence should have uncovered Fred’s non-disclosure of the serious issues with the business. A simple search that would have cost a few hundred dollars would have saved Bill not only the costs of repair but he probably would not have purchased the business. A conservative estimate of the loss to Bill could be around $200,000.00 based on the above scenario. With a proper and thorough due diligence this could have been avoided and Bill could have been protected from the unscrupulous Fred. Financial Due Diligence A financial due diligence will look at the finances of the business to ensure that what the buyer has been told is accurate. An analysis by an accountant will usually be able to pick up on potential financial problems within the business. This allows for you as the buyer to undertake further investigations. In our example above we mentioned that Bill noticed that the number of customers was not what he was expecting. A further analysis of the business shows that the previous financials, which Bill look at with a glance, showed that the turnover was considerably less than what he was led to believe. An analysis of the books and records by an accountant would have easily discovered this fact. Financial due diligence also allows you to reveal financial or tax risks and can be a great assistance in determining the right price for a business. It is a review that looks in the past but a good analysis will allow for future profitability and cash flow to be determined with a fair degree of accuracy. Human Resources Due Diligence This is a due diligence that you undertake when you are buying a business with employees. You need to ascertain the qualifications, technical ability and working initiative of the staff that you are taking on. You also need to determine the level of seniority of the senior management and key personnel. Part of this analysis can also be looking into whether there are any potential staff issues or past claims that may affect the continued operation of the business. Operational Due Diligence This is something that is often overlooked when buying a business. An operational due diligence analysis will help evaluate the target businesses model and prospects for growth in the future. This includes identifying the existence of a market for the business, whether or not the business has an attraction to new markets and what the growth prospects and development potential are. Buying a business is an exciting time for any business owner. Whether you are in the startup phase of the Business Legal Lifecycle or looking at using an acquisition or merger to help strengthen your current businesses position. However you have to remember that from time to time things are not as they seem. A proper and thorough due diligence of the business should reveal most if not all of the problems. There are always issues in business but as a business owner you need to consider how to minimise those risks to ensure that you are not spending time fixing other people’s business mistakes. The team at Streten Masons Lawyers love working with businesses and referral partners such as accountants on mergers and acquisitions. It is an area that, when done properly, is an extremely rewarding part of any business. If you or anyone that you know is looking a buying a business please speak to one of our experienced lawyers today on (07) 3667 8966.	https://smslaw.com.au/how-to-find-out-what-you-are-buying/
Newsletter Signup x A sensitive laboratory test known as MRD has helped many children who live with leukaemia. It does this by detecting tiny levels of leukaemic cells that remain in bone marrow as treatment progresses. But certain genetic mutations mean that it’s not successful with some children, so this project aims to identify these mutations and develop improved treatment strategies. Our funding is helping the team identify those genetic mutations that prevent the successful use of MRD testing, which relies on the identification of specific genetic changes in leukaemic cells. Molecular tracking of treatment response in paediatric AML Dr Richard Dillon King's College London London SE1 9RT 1 April 2016 4 years £238,325 MRD tests are used to detect sub-microscopic levels of leukaemic cells remaining in bone marrow as treatment progresses. They’ve helped improve the outlook for children with the leukaemia known as ALL by enabling treatment to be tailored to each individual. Unfortunately, the test has been less successful with children living with AML, which is the second most common form of childhood leukaemia. The team will investigate the genetic make-up of those young people for whom MRD tests are less successful, and they’ll then compile lists of abnormal genes before re-sequencing each diagnostic sample. The ultimate aim is to develop individual MRD tests for the mutations found in each child’s leukaemic cells. This project provides a huge opportunity to gain insights into the genetic make-up of large numbers of children, and will focus on the 40 per cent of childhood AML where the early genetic abnormality at the root of the disease is unknown. It will also provide a detailed catalogue of the genetic changes present in these leukaemias. This work is likely to enable doctors to improve the panel of routine genetic tests performed on AML samples at diagnosis, to predict the risk of relapse and select the best therapy. The current panel is very limited – although it can distinguish broad groups of children with good, intermediate and poor prognosis, it cannot accurately identify which are destined to relapse, and those most likely to benefit from a stem cell transplant. The team will also use the genetic information from this study to develop an extended panel of MRD tests which will then be evaluated in follow-up samples. If successful, these will enable doctors to monitor more reliably each child’s response to therapy, and allow further development of more individualised treatment approaches for children with AML. Dr Richard Dillon is a clinical research fellow in the Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, and has extensive experience of the genetics of leukaemia. Other members of the team include Professor Brenda Gibson, Lead Clinician for the Haematology and Oncology Service at Glasgow Royal Hospital for Sick Children, and Christine Harrison, Professor of Childhood Cancer Cytogenetics at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research. Paresh Vyas, Professor of Haematology and Honorary Consultant Haematologist at Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine/Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, is also on the team, and is a leading authority on leukaemic stem cells in AML.	https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/we-fund-research/projects-we-fund/treatment-response-aml/
Kanazawa University research: Endoscopy of a living cell on the nanoscale KANAZAWA, Japan, Dec. 23, 2021 /PRNewswire/ — Researchers at Kanazawa University report in Science Advances a new technique for visualizing the inside of a biological cell. The method is an extension of atomic force microscopy and offers the promise of studying nanoscale inner cell dynamics at high resolution in a non-destructive way. In order to advance our understanding of how biological cells function, visualizing the dynamics of intra-cellular components on the nanoscale is of key importance. Current techniques for imaging such dynamics are not optimal — for example, fluorescence microscopy can visualize ‘labeled’ molecules but not the target components themselves. A label-free, non-destructive method has now been developed by Takeshi Fukuma from Kanazawa University and colleagues: nanoendoscopy-AFM, a version of atomic-force microscopy that can be deployed within a living cell. The research was carried out as a collaboration between Kanazawa University and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), with Marcos Penedo, the lead author of the publication reporting the new method, recently moving from Kanazawa University’s Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) to the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland. The principle of AFM is to have a very small tip move over the surface of a sample. During this ‘xy’ scanning motion, the tip, attached to a small cantilever, will follow the sample’s height (‘z’) profile, producing a measurable force on the cantilever. The magnitude of the force can be back-converted into a height value; the resulting height map provides structural information about the sample’s surface. The researchers designed a novel AFM setup where the needle-like tip is brought in and out of the interior of a cell. The process is reminiscent of an endoscopy — the procedure of looking at an organ from the inside, by inserting a small camera attached to a thin tube into the body — which is why Fukuma and colleagues call their technique nanoendoscopy-AFM. Letting the nanoneedle travel an ‘xyz’ trajectory going in and out of the cell results in a 3D map of its structure. They tested the technique on a cell from the so-called HeLa cell line commonly used in medical research. In a scanned volume of 10 x 10 x 6 µm3, internal granular structures could be clearly identified. During a scan, the nanoneedle penetrates the cell membrane (and the nuclear membrane) many times. The scientists checked whether this repeated penetration does not cause damage to the cell. They performed a viability test on HeLa cells by using two fluorescent marker molecules. One molecule emits green fluorescence from a living cell, the other red fluorescence from (the nucleus of) a dead cell. The researchers found that when using nanoprobes smaller than 200 nm, nanoendoscopy-AFM does not lead to severe damage to cells. The method is also particularly useful for probing surfaces within the cell, for example the inner side of the cell membrane or the surface of the cell nucleus. Fukuma and colleagues call this application 2D nanoendoscopy-AFM, and point out that it could be combined with high-speed AFM resulting in a powerful technique for studying the nano-dynamics of the interior of living cells in physiological environments. The scientists stress that AFM is the only method that allows label-free imaging of biomolecular systems, and conclude that their technique will enable the “direct observation, analysis and manipulation of intracellular and cell surface dynamics to gain insights about the inner cell biological processes … increasing the ability to understand biological phenomena.” Figures https://nanolsi.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/fig1.png Fig.1 Principle and example of intra-cellular 3D imaging by nanoendoscopy AFM. (a) Principle. (b) 3D-AFM image of the live HeLa cell. (c) 3D-AFM image of the actin filaments in the live fibroblast cell. https://nanolsi.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/fig2.png Fig.2 Principle and example of intra-cellular 2D imaging by nanoendoscopy AFM. (a) Principle. (b) Successive 2D-AFM images of the mesh-like structure consisting of actin filaments at the inner surface of the live fibroblast cell. (Penedo et. al., Sci Adv. 2021, CC-BY-NC 4.0) Background Atomic force microscopy Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an imaging technique in which the image is formed by scanning a surface with a very small tip attached to a small cantilever. Horizontal scanning motion of the tip is controlled via piezoelectric elements; the vertical position of the tip changes as it follows the sample’s height profile, generating a force on the cantilever that can be measured and back-converted into a measure of the height. The result is a height map of the sample’s surface. As the technique does not involve lenses, its resolution is not restricted by the so-called diffraction limit as in optical microscope, for example. Fukuma and colleagues have now extended the principle of AFM for studying the interior of living cells, by inserting the tip–probe in a needle-like way through a cell’s membrane into the cell. Reference Marcos Penedo, Keisuke Miyazawa, Naoko Okano, Hirotoshi Furusho, Takehiko Ichikawa, Mohammad Shahidul Alam, Kazuki Miyata, Chikashi Nakamura, Takeshi Fukuma. Visualizing intra-cellular nanostructures of living cells by nanoendoscopy-AFM, Science Advances 7, 22 December 2021. https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abj4990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4990 Contact Hiroe Yoneda Vice Director of Public Affairs WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan Email: [email protected] Tel: +81 (76) 234-4550 About Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) https://nanolsi.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/en/ Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University is a research center established in 2017 as part of the World Premier International Research Center Initiative of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The objective of this initiative is to form world-tier research centers. NanoLSI combines the foremost knowledge of bio-scanning probe microscopy to establish ‘nano-endoscopic techniques’ to directly image, analyze, and manipulate biomolecules for insights into mechanisms governing life phenomena such as diseases. About Kanazawa University http://www.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/e/ As the leading comprehensive university on the Sea of Japan coast, Kanazawa University has contributed greatly to higher education and academic research in Japan since it was founded in 1949. The University has three colleges and 17 schools offering courses in subjects that include medicine, computer engineering, and humanities. The University is located on the coast of the Sea of Japan in Kanazawa – a city rich in history and culture. The city of Kanazawa has a highly respected intellectual profile since the time of the fiefdom (1598-1867). Kanazawa University is divided into two main campuses: Kakuma and Takaramachi for its approximately 10,200 students including 600 from overseas.	https://jimmyspost.com/kanazawa-university-research-endoscopy-of-a-living-cell-on-the-nanoscale
In its third Request for Information (RFI) to "ensure the Bureau is fulfilling its proper and appropriate functions to best protect consumers," the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB or "Bureau") seeks comments "to help assess the overall efficiency and effectiveness" of its enforcement process. We issued client alerts previously on the CFPB's outreach and RFI process, the first RFI relating to Civil Investigative Demands, and the second RFI on administrative adjudications. All three of the RFIs seek to address primary criticisms that the Bureau's enforcement process has been overzealous and an inappropriate burden on the financial industry. The Bureau seeks comment from any and all commenters. Respondents may well address the issues in all three related RFIs together. The comment period on this RFI will run for 60 days after the RFI is published in the Federal Register, which is anticipated to happen by February 12. Now is the time for participants in the consumer financial services markets to consider submitting thoughtful, yet practical, observations on the workings of the CFPB's enforcement policy, including the highly controversial regulation through enforcement approach that the CFPB appears to have been engaged in for the past several years. Unlike the two prior RFIs dealing with specific process and procedure issues, the RFI on enforcement goes to a basic function of the Bureau in investigating, enforcing, and seeking redress for violations of federal consumer financial laws. This broad request seeks to address the concern of many critics that the Bureau's enforcement process is overly zealous and unduly burdensome and costly. The gist of all three RFIs is to keep in place the Bureau's continued enforcement of federal consumer laws and, at the same time, "achieve meaningful burden reduction" and otherwise improve the Bureau's processes. The third RFI is broad, seeking "[s]pecific suggestions regarding any potential updates or modifications to the Bureau's enforcement processes," as well as "[s]pecific identification of any aspects of the Bureau's enforcement processes that should not be modified." Topics identified include: - Communications between CFPB staff and subjects of investigations; - Duration of investigations; - The Bureau's Notice and Opportunity to Respond and Advise (NORA) process, where the Office of Enforcement gives the subject of an investigation an opportunity to present its case that an enforcement action should not commence; - Whether the NORA process should involve in-person presentations by subjects of investigations; - The calculation of civil money penalties; - Standard provisions in Bureau Consent Orders; and - The manner and extent of coordination of Bureau enforcement efforts with those of other federal and state agencies having concurrent jurisdiction. While the RFI goes to the overall burden of CFPB enforcement actions in terms of the cost of defense and the nature of remedies and penalties, the RFI does not specifically address the CFPB's basic approach of attempting to regulate through enforcement. The Bureau has not admitted that it has done so, but criticisms of that approach abound. For example, rather than set clear guidelines and regulations for financial firms or "covered persons" to follow, the CFPB instead has set standards for legal compliance through enforcement where consent decrees or publicly filed complaints or briefs attempt to give some insight into performance standards that the Bureau expects. In some instances, there were no regulations on these issues, while in other instances the regulations issued were unclear or incomplete and enforcement provided the only available clarity. There also were instances where the CFPB's enforcement standard actually reflected a change from prior government guidance and practice before creation of the CFPB. The CFPB's approach of regulating by enforcement unfairly, and without due process, held industry participants accountable for unknown and unclear standards, as was the case with PHH Corporation under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act which has been the subject of extensive litigation. Use of enforcement actions to convey compliance expectations also required industry participants to closely monitor and adhere to emerging guidelines that arose out of the enforcement process. Such enforcement information and related expectations would arise irregularly and without prior notice and opportunity to comment. As a result, the Bureau could not benefit from industry feedback and the industry constantly needed to adjust its processes as new consent orders came down. The RFI also does not address the fact that the Bureau has both broad enforcement and oversight responsibilities for many financial firms. Any entity subject to Bureau supervision had a strong incentive to cave to Bureau enforcement demands because of this two-headed approach. Thus, those who chose to defend against Bureau enforcement actions often were firms whose very existence was challenged by the enforcement action or firms not also subject to CFPB supervision. While prudential regulators may also have dual enforcement and supervision authority, prudential regulators, unlike the Bureau, ordinarily do not use enforcement as a vehicle for establishing industry guidelines or standards. Certainly, robust regulation and enforcement have the salutary effect of improving industry legal compliance programs and encouraging self-correction and self-reporting. This affects all industry participants, not just the targets of specific enforcement actions. The uncertainty of the Bureau's approach often made responsive compliance programs unnecessarily costly and inefficient. All of these issues should be addressed in responses to the RFI, so the Bureau will have the benefit of the comments in reshaping its regulatory and enforcement approach. Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.	https://webiis06.mondaq.com/unitedstates/financial-services/672268/cfpb39s-third-request-for-information-broadly-seeks-feedback-on-enforcement
Presents a balanced approach and detailed description of the security environment while illuminating the multidimensional nature of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism. Explores technical aspects of threats, terrorist capabilities, and risk assessments that form the basis for making strategic decisions. Outcomes - Evaluate the evolution of terrorism from the Cold War era through today and analyze the 9/11 Commission Report recommendations.. - Discuss terrorism in the modern day in relation to the notion of complex terrorism and social networks. - Demonstrate an understanding of the threat posed by radiological, chemical, and biological devices and understand attack preparedness. - Assess the threat posed to our nation in relation to our infrastructure. - Differentiate between non-proliferation and counter proliferation efforts. - Assess the political, philosophical, and religious perspectives of the various actors in the war on terror. - Evaluate the public health and medical response capabilities in the U.S. and assess existing strategies in relation to the use of CBRN weapons by a terrorist group. - Evaluate future technologies and ways the U.S. and its allies might stay ahead of the game of emerging issues. PreRequisites None Textbook(s) Weapons of mass destruction and terrorism (Rev: 2nd ed.) Publisher: McGraw Hill (2013) Author: Howard, R. D., & Forest, J.	https://www.au.edu.gl/p/master-of-science-in-emergency-services-management/l/mhs-5201-weapons-of-mass-destruction/
Pembrolizumab is a highly selective anti-PD-1 humanized monoclonal antibody which inhibits programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) activity by binding to the PD-1 receptor on T-cells to block PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) from binding. Blocking the PD-1 pathway inhibits the negative immune regulation caused by PD-1 receptor signaling (Hamid 2013). Anti-PD-1 antibodies (including pembrolizumab) reverse T-cell suppression and induce antitumor responses (Robert 2014). Cervical cancer (recurrent or metastatic): Treatment of recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer in patients whose tumors express PD-L1 (combined positive score [CPS] ≥1), as determined by an approved test, and with disease progression on or after chemotherapy. Gastric cancer (recurrent locally advanced or metastatic): Treatment of recurrent locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma in patients whose tumors express PD-L1 (CPS ≥1), as determined by an approved test, with disease progression on or after two or more prior lines of therapy including fluoropyrimidine- and platinum-containing chemotherapy, and if appropriate, HER2/neu-targeted therapy. Head and neck cancer, squamous cell (recurrent or metastatic): Treatment of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in patients with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. Hepatocellular carcinoma (advanced): Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients who have been previously treated with sorafenib. Hodgkin lymphoma, classical (relapsed or refractory): Treatment of adult and pediatric patients with refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma or patients who have relapsed after 3 or more prior lines of therapy. Adjuvant treatment of melanoma with lymph node(s) involvement following complete resection. Treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Merkel cell carcinoma (recurrent or metastatic): Treatment of recurrent locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in adult and pediatric patients. Solid tumors: Treatment of unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient solid tumors in adult and pediatric patients that have progressed following prior treatment and have no satisfactory alternate treatment options. Limitation of use: Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients with MSI-H central nervous system cancers have not been established. Colorectal cancer: Treatment of unresectable or metastatic, MSI-H or mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer in patients that have progressed following treatment with a fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. First-line, single-agent treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with tumors with high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] ≥50%), as determined by an approved test, and with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations. First-line treatment (in combination with pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy) of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC in patients with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations. Single-agent treatment of metastatic NSCLC in patients with tumors with PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥1%), as determined by an approved test, and with disease progression on or following platinum-containing chemotherapy. Patients with EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations should have disease progression (on approved EGFR- or ALK-directed therapy) prior to receiving pembrolizumab. Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (relapsed or refractory): Treatment of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) in adult and pediatric patients with refractory disease or who have relapsed after 2 or more prior lines of therapy. Limitation of use: Not recommended for treatment of PMBCL in patients who require urgent cytoreductive therapy. Treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer in patients who are not eligible for cisplatin-containing chemotherapy and whose tumors express PD-L1 (CPS ≥10) as determined by an approved test, or in patients who are not eligible for any platinum-containing chemotherapy regardless of PD-L1 status. Treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer in patients with disease progression during or after platinum-containing chemotherapy or within 12 months of neoadjuvant or adjuvant platinum-containing chemotherapy. Canadian labeling: Hypersensitivity to pembrolizumab or any component of the formulation. Note: FDA approval through an accelerated process; well-controlled trials in pediatric patients are scant and dosing based on adult efficacy and safety trials and pediatric pharmacokinetic and safety data. Dosing adjustment for toxicity: Children ≥2 years and Adolescents: In general, no dosage reductions of pembrolizumab are recommended and depending of severity of identified toxicity, pembrolizumab therapy is either withheld or discontinued to manage toxicities. Grade 2 or 3: Withhold pembrolizumab; administer corticosteroids (prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [or equivalent] followed by a taper); may resume upon recovery to grade 0 or 1 toxicity after corticosteroid taper. Grade 4: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab; administer corticosteroids (prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [or equivalent] followed by a taper). Grade 3 severe skin reactions or suspected Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN): Withhold pembrolizumab and refer for specialized care for assessment and treatment; may require corticosteroids (based on the severity). Grade 4 severe skin reactions or confirmed SJS or TEN: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab and refer for specialized care for assessment and treatment; may require corticosteroids (based on the severity). Grade 3 or 4: Withhold pembrolizumab until clinically stable. Hyperglycemia, severe: Also administer antihyperglycemics. Hyperthyroidism, severe (grade 3) or life-threatening (grade 4): Manage with thionamides and beta blockers as appropriate; may resume upon recovery to grade 0 or 1 toxicity or discontinue. Hypophysitis, grade 2 (symptomatic): Also administer corticosteroids (followed by a taper) and hormone-replacement therapy if appropriate; may resume upon recovery to grade 0 or 1 toxicity or discontinue. Hypophysitis, grade 3 or 4: Withhold or discontinue pembrolizumab (based on severity); also administer corticosteroids (followed by a taper) and hormone-replacement therapy as clinically indicated. Hematologic toxicity (in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma or primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma), grade 4: Withhold pembrolizumab until resolution to grade 0 or 1. Grade 2: Withhold pembrolizumab; administer corticosteroids (prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [or equivalent] followed by a taper); may resume upon recovery to grade 0 or 1 toxicity after corticosteroid taper. Grade 3 or 4 or recurrent grade 2: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab; administer corticosteroids (prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [or equivalent] followed by a taper). Grade 2 or grade 3 (based on the severity and type of reaction): Withhold pembrolizumab; may require corticosteroids (based on severity). Upon improvement to grade 0 or 1, initiate corticosteroid taper and continue to taper over at least 1 month. Restart pembrolizumab if the adverse reaction remains at grade 0 or 1 following corticosteroid taper. May consider other systemic immunosuppressants if not controlled by corticosteroids (based on limited data). Grade 3 (based on the severity and type of reaction) or grade 4: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab; also administer corticosteroids (may consider other systemic immunosuppressants if not controlled by corticosteroids [based on limited data]). Recurrent immune-mediated adverse reactions, grades 3 or 4: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab; also administer corticosteroids (may consider other systemic immunosuppressants if not controlled by corticosteroids [based on limited data]). Inability to taper corticosteroids: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab if unable to reduce corticosteroid dose within 12 weeks after last pembrolizumab dose (ie, in adults, prednisone <10 mg/day [or equivalent]); may consider other systemic immunosuppressants if not controlled by corticosteroids (based on limited data). Persistent grade 2 or 3 adverse reaction (excluding endocrinopathy) that does not recover to grade 0 or 1 within 12 weeks after the last pembrolizumab dose: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab; also administer corticosteroids (may consider other systemic immunosuppressants if not controlled by corticosteroids [based on limited data]). Grade 1 or 2: Interrupt infusion or slow the infusion rate. Grade 3 or 4: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab. No dosage reductions of pembrolizumab are recommended; treatment is withheld or discontinued to manage toxicities. Grade 3 or 4: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab; administer corticosteroids (prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [or equivalent] followed by a taper). Inability to taper corticosteroids: Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab if unable to reduce corticosteroid dose to prednisone <10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks after last pembrolizumab dose (may consider other systemic immunosuppressants if not controlled by corticosteroids [based on limited data]). Injection solution (100 mg/4 mL vial): Withdraw appropriate volume from vial and transfer to IV bag containing NS or D5W; final concentration should be between 1 to 10 mg/mL. Mix by gently inverting bag. Discard unused portion of the vial. Lyophilized powder (50 mg vial): Reconstitute by adding 2.3 mL SWFI along the vial wall (do not add directly to lyophilized powder); resulting vial concentration is 25 mg/mL. Slowly swirl vial; do not shake. Allow up to 5 minutes for bubbles to dissipate. Reconstituted solution is a clear to slightly opalescent and colorless to slightly yellow solution; discard if visible particles present. Withdraw appropriate volume from vial and transfer to IV bag containing NS or D5W; final concentration should be between 1 to 10 mg/mL. Mix by gently inverting bag. Discard unused portion of the vial. IV: Infuse over 30 minutes through a 0.2 to 5 micron sterile, nonpyrogenic, low-protein binding inline or add-on filter. Do not infuse other medications through the same infusion line. Interrupt or slow the infusion for grade 1 or 2 infusion-related reactions; permanently discontinue for grade 3 or 4 infusion-related reactions. Non-small cell lung cancer (metastatic): When administered in combination with chemotherapy, administer pembrolizumab prior to chemotherapy when administered on the same day. Lyophilized powder (50 mg vial) and injection solution (100 mg/4 mL vial): Store intact vials refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F); protect injection solution vials from light and do not shake or freeze. Reconstituted solutions and solutions diluted for infusion in NS or D5W may be stored at room temperature for up to 6 hours (infusion must be completed within 6 hours of reconstitution) or refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for no more than 24 hours from the time of reconstitution (discard after 6 hours at room temperature or 24 hours refrigerated). Do not freeze. If refrigerated, allow to reach room temperature prior to administration. Incidence of adverse reactions include unapproved dosing regimens. • Dermatologic toxicity: Immune-mediated rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, some fatal), exfoliative dermatitis, and bullous pemphigoid may occur with pembrolizumab. Monitor for suspected severe skin reactions and exclude other causes. Based on the severity of the dermatologic toxicity, withhold or permanently discontinue pembrolizumab and administer corticosteroids. Withhold pembrolizumab for signs/symptoms of SJS or TEN and refer for specialized care for assessment and management. Permanently discontinue pembrolizumab if SJS or TEN is confirmed. • Diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes mellitus has occurred (including diabetic ketoacidosis). Monitor closely for hyperglycemia and other signs/symptoms of diabetes. Insulin therapy may be required; if severe hyperglycemia is observed, administer antihyperglycemics and withhold pembrolizumab treatment until glucose control has been accomplished. • Gastrointestinal toxicity: Immune-mediated colitis has occurred, including cases of grade 2 to 4 colitis. The median time to onset of colitis was 3.5 months (range: 10 days to 16.2 months) and the median duration was 1.3 months (range: 1 day to over 8 months). In many patients, colitis was managed with high-dose systemic corticosteroids for a median duration of 7 days (range: 1 day to 5.3 months), followed by a corticosteroid taper. Most patients with colitis experienced resolution. May require treatment interruption, systemic corticosteroid therapy, and/or permanent discontinuation. Monitor for signs and symptoms of colitis; administer systemic corticosteroids for grade 2 or higher colitis. • Hepatotoxicity: Immune-mediated hepatitis occurred (grades 2 to 4 hepatitis). The median onset for hepatitis was 1.3 months (range: 8 days to 21.4 months); the median duration was 1.8 months (range: 8 days to over 20 months). Hepatitis resolved in most patients. Administer corticosteroids (prednisone 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day [or equivalent] for grade 2 hepatitis, and prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [or equivalent] for grade 3 or higher, each followed by a taper), and withhold or discontinue therapy based on the severity of liver enzyme elevations. Systemic corticosteroids were used to manage immune-mediated hepatitis in many patients; the median duration of high-dose corticosteroid therapy was 5 days (range: 1 to 26 days), followed by a taper. Monitor for liver function changes. May require treatment interruption, systemic corticosteroids (for grade 2 or higher toxicity), and/or permanent discontinuation. • Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis have been observed (rare). • Hypophysitis: Immune-mediated hypophysitis occurred (grades 2, 3, and 4). The median time to onset was 3.7 months (range: 1 day to 12 months) and the median duration was 4.7 months (range: 8 days to over 12 months). Most cases were managed with systemic corticosteroids. Nearly half of patients with hypophysitis experienced resolution. Monitor for signs/symptoms of hypophysitis (eg, hypopituitarism, adrenal insufficiency). May require treatment interruption, systemic corticosteroids and hormone replacement therapy (as clinically indicated), and/or permanent discontinuation. • Infusion-related reactions: Infusion-related reactions (including severe and life-threatening cases) have occurred. Monitor for signs/symptoms of a reaction (eg, rigors, chills, wheezing, pruritus, flushing, rash, hypotension, hypoxemia, and fever). Interrupt infusion and permanently discontinue for severe (grade 3) or life-threatening (grade 4) infusion-related reactions. • Nephrotoxicity: Immune-mediated nephritis has occurred. The onset for autoimmune nephritis was 3.2 to 5.1 months (range: 12 days to 12.8 months) and the median duration was 3.3 months (range: 12 days to over 16 months). Grade 2 or higher nephritis should be managed with systemic corticosteroids (prednisone initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [or equivalent], followed by a taper). Most patients required systemic corticosteroids. The median duration of corticosteroid use was 3 to 15 days (range: 1 day to 4 months), followed by a taper. Nephritis resolved in approximately one-third to one-half of affected patients. Monitor for renal function changes. May require treatment interruption, systemic corticosteroids (for grade 2 or higher toxicity), and/or permanent discontinuation. • Pulmonary toxicity: Immune-mediated pneumonitis has been observed, including fatal cases. The median time to development was 3.3 months (range: 2 days to ~19 months) and the median duration was 1.5 months (range: 1 day to over 17 months). Many patients required initial management with high-dose systemic corticosteroids; the median duration of initial corticosteroid therapy was 8 days (range: 1 day to ~10 months) followed by a corticosteroid taper. Pneumonitis resolved in half of the affected patients. May require treatment interruption, corticosteroid therapy (prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg /day [or equivalent] followed by a taper, for grade 2 or higher pneumonitis), and/or permanent discontinuation. Monitor for signs and symptoms of pneumonitis; if pneumonitis is suspected, evaluate with radiographic imaging and administer systemic corticosteroids for grade 2 or higher pneumonitis. Pneumonitis occurred more frequently in patients with a history of prior thoracic radiation. • Thyroid disorders: Immune-mediated hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroiditis have occurred. The median onset for hyperthyroidism was 1.4 months (range: 1 day to ~22 months) and the median duration was 2.1 months (range: 3 days to over 15 months). Hyperthyroidism resolved in nearly three-fourths of affected patients. Hypothyroidism occurred with a median onset of 3.5 months (range: 1 day to 19 months) and median duration was not reached (range: 2 days to over 27 months). Hypothyroidism resolved in one-fifth of affected patients. The incidence of new or worsening hypothyroidism was higher in patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Monitor for changes in thyroid function (at baseline, periodically during treatment, and as clinically indicated) and for signs/symptoms of thyroid disorders. Administer thionamides and beta-blockers for hyperthyroidism as appropriate; may require treatment interruption and/or permanent discontinuation. Isolated hypothyroidism may be managed with replacement therapy. Thyroiditis occurred with a median onset of 1.2 months (range 0.5 to 3.5 months). • Other immune-mediated toxicities: Other clinically relevant immune-mediated disorders have been observed (may involve any organ system or tissue, and may be severe or fatal), including rash, exfoliative dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, uveitis, arthritis, vasculitis, myositis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, pancreatitis, hemolytic anemia, sarcoidosis, serum sickness, myasthenia gravis, myelitis, myocarditis, and encephalitis. While immune-mediated toxicity generally occurs during treatment with pembrolizumab, adverse reactions may also develop after therapy discontinuation. If an immune-mediated adverse event is suspected, evaluate appropriately to confirm or exclude other causes; withhold treatment and administer systemic corticosteroids based on severity of reaction. Upon resolution to grade 0 or 1, initiate corticosteroid taper (continue tapering over at least 1 month). When reaction remains at grade 1 or less during taper may reinitiate pembrolizumab. Immune-mediated adverse reactions that do not resolve with systemic corticosteroids may be managed with other systemic immunosuppressants (based on limited data). Discontinue permanently for severe or grade 3 immune-mediated adverse event that is recurrent or life-threatening. • Autoimmune disorders: Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies generate an immune response that may aggravate underlying autoimmune disorders or prior immune-related adverse events. A retrospective study analyzed the safety and efficacy of treatment with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (eg, pembrolizumab, nivolumab) in melanoma patients with preexisting autoimmune disease or prior significant ipilimumab-mediated adverse immune events. Results showed that while immune toxicities associated with this class of therapy did occur, most reactions were mild and easily manageable and did not require permanent drug therapy discontinuation. A significant percentage of patients achieved clinical response with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy, despite baseline autoimmunity or prior ipilimumab-related adverse events (Menzies 2017). • Hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) after being treated with pembrolizumab experienced immune-mediated complications (some fatal) including graft versus host disease (GVHD) and severe sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS; formerly called veno-occlusive disease) following reduced-intensity conditioning. Fatal hyperacute GVHD post HSCT has also been reported in lymphoma patients who received an anti PD-1 antibody prior to transplant. These complications may occur despite intervening therapy between pembrolizumab and HSCT. Monitor closely for early signs/symptoms of transplant-related complications (eg, hyperacute GVHD, severe [grade 3 to 4] acute GVHD, steroid-requiring febrile syndrome, SOS, and other immune-mediated adverse reactions) and manage promptly. In patients who received allogeneic HSCT prior to receiving pembrolizumab, acute GVHD (including fatal GVHD) has been reported after pembrolizumab treatment. Patients who experienced GVHD following transplant may be at increased risk for GVHD following pembrolizumab; assess the GVHD risks versus pembrolizumab treatment benefits in patients with a history of allogeneic HSCT. • Multiple myeloma: An increase in mortality was noted in 2 clinical studies in patients with multiple myeloma who received pembrolizumab in combination with a thalidomide analogue and dexamethasone. Causes of death in the experimental arm (containing pembrolizumab, dexamethasone, and a thalidomide analogue [pomalidomide or lenalidomide]) included myocarditis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, MI, pericardial hemorrhage, cardiac failure, respiratory tract infection, neutropenic sepsis, sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, intestinal ischemia, cardiopulmonary arrest, suicide, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrest, pneumonia, sudden death, and large intestine perforation. Multiple myeloma is not an approved indication for PD-1 or PD-L1 blocking antibodies; pembrolizumab should not be used to treat multiple myeloma in combination with a thalidomide analogue and dexamethasone unless as part of a clinical trial. • Solid organ transplant: Solid organ transplant rejection has been reported in postmarketing surveillance. Pembrolizumab may increase the risk of rejection; consider benefit versus risk of pembrolizumab treatment in solid organ transplant patients. • Appropriate use: Select patients for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer, metastatic gastric cancer, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; single-agent treatment), or cisplatin-ineligible locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer based on PD-L1 expression. If PD-L1 expression is not detected in a gastric cancer archived specimen, evaluate feasibility of obtaining a tumor biopsy to test for PD-L1 expression. Information on tests to detect PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer, gastric cancer, NSCLC, or urothelial carcinoma may be found at http://www.fda.gov/companiondiagnostics. PD-L1 expression status in patients with cervical cancer, gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, when used as single-agent therapy), or cisplatin-ineligible urothelial cancer; liver function tests (AST, ALT, and total bilirubin); renal function; thyroid function (at baseline, periodically during treatment and as clinically indicated); glucose; CBC with differential (in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma or primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma); pregnancy test (prior to initiation of pembrolizumab treatment in females of reproductive potential); signs/symptoms of colitis, dermatologic toxicity, hypophysitis, thyroid disorders, pneumonitis, infusion reactions. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted. Immunoglobulins are known to cross the placenta; therefore, fetal exposure to pembrolizumab is expected. Based on the mechanism of action, pembrolizumab may cause fetal harm if administered during pregnancy; an alteration in the immune response or immune mediated disorders may develop following in utero exposure. Verify pregnancy status prior to initiation of pembrolizumab treatment in females of reproductive potential. Females of reproductive potential should use effective contraception during therapy and for at least 4 months after treatment is complete. • Patient may experience bone pain, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, weight loss, hair loss, change in taste, insomnia, back pain, or common cold symptoms. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of high blood sugar (confusion, fatigue, increased thirst, increased hunger, polyuria, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit), signs of liver problems (dark urine, fatigue, lack of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, light-colored stools, vomiting, or jaundice), signs of kidney problems (urinary retention, hematuria, change in amount of urine passed, or weight gain), signs of a urinary tract infection (hematuria, burning or painful urination, polyuria, fever, lower abdominal pain, or pelvic pain), signs of thyroid, pituitary, or adrenal gland problems (mood changes, behavioral changes, weight changes, constipation, deeper voice, dizziness, passing out, cold sensation, severe fatigue, hair loss, persistent headache, or decreased libido), signs of bowel problems (black, tarry, or bloody stools; fever; mucus in stools; vomiting; vomiting blood; severe abdominal pain; constipation; or diarrhea), signs of a brain problem (change in balance, confusion, fever, memory impairment, muscle weakness, seizures, neck rigidity, severe nausea, or severe vomiting), signs of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin [with or without fever]; red or irritated eyes; or sores in mouth, throat, nose, or eyes), signs of infusion reaction, signs of electrolyte problems (mood changes, confusion, muscle pain or weakness, abnormal heartbeat, seizures, lack of appetite, or severe nausea or vomiting), signs of a severe pulmonary disorder (lung or breathing problems like difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, or a cough that is new or worse), angina, tachycardia, abnormal heartbeat, bruising, bleeding, vision changes, eye pain, severe eye irritation, severe joint pain, severe muscle pain, severe muscle weakness, swollen glands, severe loss of strength and energy, passing out, dizziness, chills, flushing, sweating a lot, burning or numbness feeling, or white patches on skin (HCAHPS).	https://www.drugs.com/ppa/pembrolizumab.html
Today, famous as an archaeological site, Vaishali also referred to as Vesali, was once a culturally thriving city in Bihar. Situated north of Patna on the banks of Gandak River, this ancient city was the capital of Licchavi Kingdom and from the very beginning has been closely connected with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. We can have a fair idea of its significance, as historical records state that during this time, roads connected Vaishali with many prominent regions like Kapilavastu and Shravasti, and till date, these ruins have an amazing spiritual appeal about them. It was on this soil, that Lord Mahavira was born. It is believed that Lord Buddha also visited this city not once but on several occasions for spreading the message of Buddhism. He even preached his last sermon here in Vaishali. After Buddha’s passing away, in 483 BCE, the second greatest council of the Buddhists was held here in Vaishali. The months from October to March are considered as the best times to visit Vaishali. During this time, the temperature is quite suitable for exploring around. Whereas during the summer months, the temperature is significantly hotter and can go up to 45 degrees, so it is advised to not travel here particularly during the summer season. Monsoon season can be moderate depending on the yearly climatic conditions. According to historical records and archaeological findings, the city of Vaishali was always surrounded by three walls with enormous gates and well-built watchtowers. The earliest occupation of the people recorded here is of black and red pottery which even dated back to the pre-Buddhist age. This was closely followed by the northern black polished ware which belonged to the Buddhist times. Since the beginning, i.e. 6th century BCE, Vesali/Vaishali is taken as one of the first examples of being a complete Republic City. This is also the place where one can find the earliest pillars of King Ashoka upon which there is a lion sitting proudly. This ancient city has also been strongly mentioned and well-praised in the travel accounts of many Chinese explorers like Faxian and Xuanzang. Following the battle of Kalinga, king Ashoka understood that all the bloodshed, in the name of conquering other kingdoms, was futile and resulted in nothing but pain and loss of life. Thus, he decided to give up all the violence and took the teachings of Buddhism as his salvation. To further concretize this, he decided to build a pillar on which he engraved the last sermon of Lord Buddha. And today, due to its historical significance, the Ashoka Pillar is a must-visit tourist spot to visit in Vaishali. The Vishwa Shanti stupa was built by the Buddh Vihar society in collaboration with the Japanese government. It is a very beautiful structure and showcases the grandeur of our traditional heritage. It is an absolutely amazing place to spend your leisure time basking in the shade of the Hindu past and its glory. It is believed that the ancient city of Vaishali got its name from King Vishal. Initially, it went by the name of Vishalapuri which was later on changed to Vesali or Vaishali. And the Vishal Fort here is believed to have been the parliament of the Lichchavis. Many historians and experts say that there was a time when about seven thousand representatives used to gather here for discussing political matters. Located at a distance of 15 km from Vaishali is Hajipur. It is an amazing place to explore various interesting destinations like Nepali temple which is primarily made up of wooden engravings. The Buddha’s stupa is yet another magnificent structure of the past. There are basically two stupas here; Stupa 1 and Stupa 2. These were named so due to the chronology of their discovery. The highlight of these stupas is that both of them contain the ashes of Lord Buddha which were divided into 8 parts and then preserved in different stone caskets. Vaishali is an ancient city known for its association with the Hindu past. It is located at an approximate distance of 1,048, 2,118, 1,876, 639 km from Delhi, Bengaluru, Mumbai and Kolkata respectively. The nearest airport from Vaishali is Jaiprakash Narayan International Airport (PAT), Patna. After deboarding your flight, you will need to cover the remaining distance of 38 km via cab or some other means of transportation. You can also plan your trip to Vaishali by train as well. The nearest railway station is Hajipur and is located at an approx distance of 2-4 km from Vaishali. One can easily board a train from most of the Indian cities to reach here. Depending upon your location you can also plan a trip to Vaishali by road. For this, you can either take your own vehicle or maybe choose a bus as a convenient transportation option.	https://www.adotrip.com/city-detail/vaishali
Like all university essays, the English paper requires critical thought and strong argumentation, but its focus on language and shut textual analysis makes it distinctive. Evaluation and synthesis could appear to be two opposing methods: ‘Whereas analysis includes systematically breaking down the related literature into its constituent parts, synthesis is the act of creating connections between those elements recognized in the evaluation’ (Bloomberg & Volpe, 2012, p.84). Researching, reading, and writing works of literary criticism will show you how to to make better sense of the work, kind judgments about literature, research concepts from completely different points of view, and decide on a person stage whether a literary work is value studying. Thoughts On Vital Elements In literature essay comparative (synergistic) – comparative essay writing is predicated on a comparability of two or more options in one work. For example, if the subject is about comparability of socialist and democratic programs, analysis is supposed to show variations between two systems based on the decomposition of their core elements. To clarify this component from the literary phrases checklist, Shakespeare steps in together with his well-known story about tragic love, Romeo & Juliet. In Act II Scene II, Juliet says, ”, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore artwork thou Romeo?”, and the reader is aware of Romeo is hiding in Juliet’s yard; he is listening to her phrases silently but the lady has no idea that her beloved is there, considering she is alone at night. To reinforce the independent work of scholars and the development of public talking skills, many academics resort to such a form of data management as an essay. Any such activity will be attributed to small written works. The essay in its volume modernist literature themes is significantly inferior to the thesis since it’s usually associated to a specific subject under study and includes an evaluation of a restricted variety of concepts thought-about throughout training. Theoretical: A theoretical paper is used to expressly be taught or apply a particular theory or to compare and distinction two separate theories. As a rule, any such essay will ask the author to check the textual content utilizing multiple theories and to develop a framework that’s inherent of the argument made by the author. 1. Literary evaluation essay. Our workforce contains many writers who’re professional at composing the sort of papers. They’ll analyze any literary work and offer you a wonderful written pattern Instance Of Construction In Literature. A vital analysis is a important evaluation of an argument, an occasion (fashionable or historical), any work within its medium (movie, books, music), social and political factors, and past. Outlines For Swift Plans In literature essay samples When you start breaking it down backwards like you could see how totally different sentence lengths work together or how the identical sentence function repeated creates a beat. Clarify in your essay how the creator constructed this rhythm and what it means for the argument you are attempting to make in your essay. The physique of your essay is every part between the introduction and conclusion. It incorporates your arguments and the textual proof that helps them. Our resources will assist you to with all the pieces from studying to note-taking, and time management to exams.	https://paisajismosansebastianeirl.cl/2020/12/09/essential-details-of-literary-analysis-sample-considered/
WASHINGTON, Oct. 27, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Anticipating a larger-than-ever wave of students transferring across higher education institutions due to COVID-19 and the economic recession, today a diverse group of 25 policy, advocacy, research and institutional membership organizations issued a call to action to policymakers and higher education leaders to improve transfer policies. Highlighting the racial justice implications at stake, the organizations elevate the urgency of addressing practices and policies that result in credit loss. The signatories are all members of the Scaling Partners Network convened by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The organizations work together under the principle that greater connection and coordinated action will enable the higher education field to scale innovations faster, more efficiently and with deeper impact. "Calls for systemic change demand a hard look at practices and policies in higher education that continue to produce inequitable student outcomes by race and ethnicity," said Nyema Mitchell of JFF. "Among those that contribute most to inequity in postsecondary outcomes are transfer policies and practices." Because they are most likely to begin in community college, Black, Latinx and Indigenous students are hardest hit by practices and policies that result in credit loss when they transfer (or contemplate doing so). Transfer student outcomes are deeply inequitable by income as well. Challenges with transfers in the higher education systems are primary drivers of serious inequities and injustices by income, race and ethnicity. "I understand how burdensome it can be to servicemen when courses don't apply and you lose time and benefits taking them over again," said Russell Otway, a father of two who served in the U.S. Navy. "Like many veterans managing injuries, my kids' learning and my online courses during the pandemic, when I hit roadblocks with applying credits, I can get discouraged." The call to action is particularly relevant because the national movements toward providing two free years of college and increasing dual enrollment for high school students could lead many more students to enter college with credits earned in community college. Four-year colleges and universities often refuse to apply credits earned at community colleges toward degree requirements. "Everyone engaged in delivering and setting policies for higher education should aspire to 100% of students' credits applying to a credential when they transfer," said Martha Ellis of the Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin. "To ensure we are ready for the coming wave of student mobility, policymakers and higher education leaders must be laser-focused on dismantling barriers to the applicability of all credits and verified learning." incentivizing institutions to develop, scale and sustain programs that promote collaboration between institutions. Actions for higher education leaders include, among others: prioritizing transfer through disaggregating, analyzing and regularly distributing data from both sending and receiving institutions to community colleges to facilitate understanding of current student outcomes; developing tuition price guarantees and scholarships for transfer students that replicate similar-situation students who began at the institution in their first year; and creating clear pathways for students by developing and formalizing robust dual-admissions agreements that map student pathways, build a sense of belonging for transfer students and guarantee applicability of credits upon transfer. "State and institutional policies and practices should recognize that traditional inequities are exacerbated in the current pandemic crisis," Scaling Partners members reflected in the call to action. "We must focus on closing equity gaps that have taken on increased urgency as the health, education and workforce impacts of COVID-19 have disproportionately affected low-income communities and Black, Latinx and Indigenous populations." Scaling Partners Network member signatories to the transfer call to action include:
How do I make a complaint? We make every effort to ensure that we deliver a satisfactory service to all our clients all the time but understand that there may be occasions when some of our clients may feel unhappy with the level of our service delivery and may wish to express this to us. We have established service to handle all complaints in house initially and we do our best to resolve any issues in-house at the earliest possible time. If you wish to put in a complaint about any of our services, please do not hesitate to contact our Medical Director either by phone +44 (0) 800 6785196 or send an e-mail to [email protected], or complete our contact form stating the details of your dissatisfaction or post the complaint to our correspondence address on our website. We will make every effort to address each of your concerns in detail and provide you with an explanation and to discuss with you any action we may take. If after this the client is still not satisfied, we would then refer the matter to third party and we would be happy to provide you with all the necessary details. Note that as part of our desire to maintain the client’s confidentiality, if the complaint is not made directly by our client we would request the client’s written or signed consent before investigating the matter and providing any verbal or written response.	https://callthephysician.com/question/complaints/
Dive Brief: - The Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack that hit DNS provider Dyn Friday was a sophisticated, highly distributed attack involving "10s of millions of IP addresses," the company said in a statement over the weekend. - The attack, which came in three waves, disrupted service for many users trying to reach Twitter, Etsy, Github, Spotify, Reddit, Netflix and SoundCloud, among others, throughout the day on Friday. However, at no point did the company experience a full, system-wide outage. - The Mirai botnet appears to have been one source of the traffic in the DDoS attack, according to analysis from Flashpoint and Akamai. Dive Insight: "While it’s not uncommon for Dyn’s Network Operations Center (NOC) team to mitigate DDoS attacks, it quickly became clear that this attack was different," said Kyle York, Dyn’s Chief Strategy Officer. The company is now conducting a "thorough root cause and forensic analysis, and will report what we know in a responsible fashion." It took the Dyn NOC team about two hours to mitigate the first attack and restore service to customers. The second attack was resolved in about an hour, and Dyn successfully defended against the third wave of attack without customer impact. Many companies, however, experienced latency throughout the afternoon. DDoS attacks involving botnets appear to be on the rise. Last month, French hosting firm OVH was hit with two concurrent DDoS attacks attributed to botnets made up of 145,607 compromised IoT devices. A DDoS attack stemming from compromised IoT devices shows the advanced capabilities malicious actors have when targeting networks. Ensuring the devices remain secure could help stop such large-scale attacks from taking place. But, to prevent insecure devices, companies will have to bake in security measures rather than adding it on later as an afterthought. For those organizations using service providers, the attack is also a lesson in redundancy. Companies using more than one service provider have the chance to have few disruptions in the event of cyberattacks.	https://www.ciodive.com/news/huge-ddos-attack-involved-10s-of-millions-of-ip-addresses-dyn-says/428856/
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For example, you may easily opt out of Google’s advertising services by visiting Google's Ad Settings. • Third-parties that conduct customer satisfaction surveys on behalf of PBS Animal Health. • If a business transfer or change in ownership occurs and the disclosure is necessary to complete the transaction. In these circumstances, we will limit data sharing to what is absolutely necessary and we will anonymize the data where possible. • As part of our regular internal reporting activities. • To comply with legal obligations or valid legal processes such as search warrants, subpoenas, or court orders. When we disclose your personal data to comply with a legal obligation or legal process, we will take reasonable steps to ensure that we only disclose the minimum personal data necessary for the specific purpose and circumstances. • Where the personal data is publicly available. • For additional purposes with your consent where such consent is required by law. California Civil Code Section § 1798.83 permits users of our Website that are California residents to request certain information regarding our disclosure of personal information to third parties for their direct marketing purposes. To make such a request, please send an email to [email protected] . PBS Animal Health has put in place appropriate security measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used, or accessed in an unauthorized way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those employees, agents, contractors and other third parties who have a business need to know. In the event that the security of any personal customer information stored by us is compromised, we will provide the affected customers with notice of such breach in the most expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay. This notice shall be posted on our website, and, depending upon the extent of the breach and the nature of the information compromised, we may also provide affected customers with personalized notice in writing, by e-mail, or by telephone. Please note: the safety and security of your information also depends on you. Where you have been provided or chosen a password for access to certain parts of our Website, you are responsible for keeping this password confidential. We ask you not to share your password with anyone.	https://www.pbsanimalhealth.com/pages/questions-about-us-privacy-policy
Modules for 2023 -24 Specialist modules are reading and discussion-intensive seminars that take place in four-weekly blocks over Michaelmas and the first half of Lent. MPhil SAR students choose a total of six modules to attend. These seminars do not have assessments; rather, they are opportunities for students to engage with current research on specific topics that they may use to further their own research interests or as the basis of their 5,000 word essays. Specialist modules for 2023-24 provisionally include: Research Methods I & II (various lecturers) Research Methods I & II consist of a combination of lectures (held together with other cohorts) and postgraduate-specific seminars at which each method, and its relation to your research, is discussed in greater detail. These sessions will be especially useful if you’ve had limited experience of doing in-person research/fieldwork or would like to explore unfamiliar methods for your dissertation research. Sessions for 2023-24 may include: participant observation, interviews, audiovisual methods, digital ethnography, archives, life histories, extended case methods, anthropology ‘at home’ The Anthropology of Violence (Andrew Sanchez) This course is a critical discussion of how different forms of violence are experienced and enacted, and how Social Anthropology contributes to an understanding of them. The course is comprised of 4 seminars that address the following issues: the distinction between physical, structural, and epistemological violence; how violence maps onto social inequalities and differences; how people manage the experience and aftermath of violence; the challenges and strengths of ethnographic studies of violence. Form and Formalism (Matei Candea) Anthropologists in recent decades have been rather intensely focused on questions of substance (things, embodiment, materiality, objects, affects, life..) and have tended to stress the importance of emergence, messiness and the unexpected in their accounts of social life. Against that background, this module asks about the often neglected yet perennial anthropological problem of form: how are regularities, patterns, rhythms, enduring scales and dimensions of social life to be described or explained? It explores the concrete, worldly effects of formalisms (discursive, political, legal, bureaucratic, aesthetic, scientific…) while also reflecting on the formal properties of anthropological knowledge-making itself, the regularities and creative disruptions of anthropological concepts, methods and heuristics. The aim of this module is to open up an exploratory space in which we can think together about one of the oldest puzzles in the discipline (the puzzle of order), which has re-emerged in unexpected guises in recent anthropological work. Anthropology and Art (Iza Kavedžija) In this module we will consider the processes of making art in the context of various contemporary art worlds, departing from the processes of enskilment and becoming an artist. The focus on art-making as a process further foregrounds it’s the relational nature. If an artwork is collaborative, a response to the ideas of others that entails a responsive relationship with materials, then what is the role of the artist as an author? The making of art unfolds over time and intersects with various temporalities, including the life course of the artist, as well as the proximate horizon of a project or an art event. What is to be gained by attending to the temporality of the creative process? Finally, we will think about the various intersections of art and anthropology. What are the key similarities and differences between the two fields? How does ethnographic work and an anthropological sensibility underpin certain contemporary art projects, and what kinds of art can we hope to make as anthropologists? For, Against, and Without Sovereignty (Natalia Buitron) From the workings of the international order to the struggles of native peoples, from personal autonomy to legitimate rule, everyone seems to be struggling for sovereignty in today's world. But is the will to sovereignty inevitable? Can we imagine social arrangements that work against sovereignty, or even exist wholly without it? These seminars explore anthropological concepts of sovereignty: how can we understand relations of sovereignty? How do they combine violence and care, submission and utopia? Sifting through thought experiments and the ethnographic record, we chart the coordinates of worlds without sovereignty, and ask: is it possible to create such worlds today? Infrastructure and its Parasites (Michael Degani) This module surveys anthropological persepctives on infrastructure (roads, pipelines, and payment networks, but also standards, reputation and language) and those parasitic agents (gatekeepers, translators, saboteurs, pests, pirates) that redistribute their flows and the sociopolitical relations those flows nourish. How do different infrastructures constitute our sense of what is close or far, signal or noise, kin or stranger? What are the affordances by which those senses might be altered or challenged? To answer these questions, each week will explore infrastructure in relation to a different topic and its associated anthropological literature: media, linguistics, economics, and politics. The Anthropology of History, Time, Memory, and Archives (Yael Navaro) This specialist module will trace anthropological ways of addressing questions about historicity, temporality, and memory, with an interest as well in archives and archival practices. We will explore distinctively anthropological methods in and for the study of the past and its force upon the present through ethnographies and theoretical works which imaginatively explore this relation. Students are advised to read at least two of the readings for each seminar in preparation for discussion. There will be two discussion leaders (presenters) in each seminar. Discussion leaders will address a set of the readings in the seminar, bringing them into conversation with the seminar group. The Anthropology of Care (Perveez Mody) For anthropologists, “care” and the “care industry” conjoin the economic with kinship intimacies and the affective and political domains in particularly poignant ways. Care serves as a helpful analytic for exploring new ways of belonging and connecting with each other. These seminars will explore the anthropology of care by moving away from its medical antecedents towards a broader articulation of care as a field of engagement and contestation that can implicate a host of other anthropological subjects (kinship, economy, politics, gender, migration, race, religion, love) and that is often messy, intimate and deeply unsettled. These seminars will explore key themes within the anthropology of care such as kinship care and paid care, intimacy and ritual care, care and recovery and finally, care as a form of colonial governance, abandonment and social death. Museum Anthropology (Mark Elliott) These seminars will be led by Senior Anthropology Curators in the Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology (MAA). Drawing on MAA's extensive collections and critical museological practice, the module will focus on pressing issues related to de-colonisation, diversity, inclusion and public engagement. The sessions will provide the opportunity to combine theoretical concerns and practical engagement with the ongoing work of the Museum. Students will choose 6 modules: 2 in the first half of Michaelmas term, 2 in the second half of Michaelmas term and 2 in the first half of Lent term. Timetabling constraints will mean that not all combinations will be possible, and if student numbers are deemed too small, some modules may not run.	https://www.socanth.cam.ac.uk/current-students/mphil-social-anthropological-research/specialist-modules
Achieving economic growth, whose dividends are shared more fairly, is now a center of discussion in many developing countries, including Nigeria. Thus, this study examined the impact of food security on inclusive growth in Nigeria between 2000Q1 and 2018Q4. The study utilized a dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique to solve the endogeneity problem. Also, the study employed a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator to test the robustness of the GMM estimates. Results showed that food security, government expenditure, and government stability have a significant positive effect, as expected, on inclusive growth, while income inequality, poverty, and population negatively influenced inclusive growth expectedly. The study findings implied that food security in relation to reductions in the level of poverty and income inequality would go a long way in achieving inclusive growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study concluded that to achieve growth inclusiveness in Nigeria, poverty and inequality must be reduced, while people's access to food must be ensured. The study suggested that the Nigerian government should be involved in those activities that would help in achieving food security, creating employment opportunities, and reducing income inequality and poverty. Additional Files Published How to Cite Issue Section License Copyright (c) 2022 Ife Social Sciences Review This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.	https://issr.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/issr/article/view/169
A study was made to document the knowledge on medicinal plants of Magar community, living in the Gauthale Village, Dhadhing district in the hilly region of Nepal. The village had 117 households, and total population was 870 persons during a fieldwork. The information was collected in direct interaction with the inhabitants through Participatory Rural Appraisal technique. This study recorded 62 species, which belong to 41 families, in use for preparing 72 medicinal remedies. Trees were the primary sources of medicinal material in terms of the total percentage of species followed by herbs. Of the plant parts, root was used most frequently for preparing medicinal remedies followed by the bark and leaf. Gastro-intestinal and respiratory tract infections were found as common health problems for treatment of which 28% and 25% of known remedies are used, respectively. The result of this study revealed that the knowledge of medicinal plants in the Magar community is limited only to aged persons and healers. The dependence on plants for medicine is associated with their traditional belief of effectiveness of plant remedies and poverty. Due to excessive harvesting practices, Clerodendrum viscosum and Ardisia sp have disappeared and Callicarpa macrophylla, Swertia nervosa, Sida cordata, and Micromeria biflora are becoming rare from the area. So, this study suggests that integrated efforts, both at governmental and non-governmental levels should be made for sustainable use of resources raising the awareness of local people on medicinal plants that finally helps to conserve the rare and disappearing species from the area. Sustainable use of resources requires involvement of experienced and knowledgeable persons of the community.	https://nepjol.info/index.php/BDPR/article/view/1531
The NHS specialty training programme for clinical oncologists is recognised around the world. The quality and depth of oncology training and career development in the UK is recognised as a gold standard across the globe, making it a major attraction for many IMGs when considering a career in the UK. The NHS training programme for oncology trainees is regularly reviewed and updated, in keeping with advances and progression in the landscape of oncology around the world and throughout the profession. In this article, we will explore the training pathway for clinical oncologists in the UK, covering the following topics: What is the NHS Training Pathway? How do you enter the training pathway? What does the specialty training programme look like for clinical oncology? What happens after completing the clinical oncology training programme? Can I enter specialty training in the UK as an IMG? Skip ahead to the relevant section if you know what you’re looking for. The NHS Training Pathway for Clinical Oncologists The NHS training pathway refers to the complete programme undertaken by UK trainees, from medical school to the completion of specialist training and being awarded a CCT. It is a good idea for overseas trainees to familiarise themselves with this as it helps to provide an understanding of at what stage they can most likely enter the system, either in a training or non-training post. Entering the NHS Training Pathway After graduating from medical school, doctors receive provisional GMC registration, allowing them to enter the Foundation programme (a two-year work-based training programme). Upon completion of the first year of this programme (FY1), doctors will gain full GMC registration with license to practice and will be able to apply for further study and training in a specialised area i.e. medicine. This is known as Internal Medicine Training (IMT), formerly known as Core Training (CT). Specialty Training in Clinical Oncology The Specialty Training programme in Clinical Oncology runs over a 6-year period, and doctors will usually take the indicated time, or slightly longer to complete the Specialty Training programme. Successful applicants entering into year one of specialty training (ST1), will follow the Royal College of Radiologists’ 2021 Clinical Oncology Specialty Training Curriculum, which sets the expected syllabus as well as required assessments and workload case numbers. Clinical oncology training as an uncoupled programme Clinical oncology specialty training begins at ST3, so after foundation training, there are two options open to trainees before they can start specialist clinical oncology training: Internal Medical Training (IMT) Acute Care Common Stem (ACCS) For IMT, this is a two-year training period and the ACCS training programme lasts 3 years. Both pathways are followed by an open competition to enter a higher specialty training post. It is important to note that the application following core training is competitive and does not guarantee a specialty training post. Clinical oncology higher specialty training is indicatively a five-year clinical training programme (including Oncology Common Stem), leading to single accreditation in clinical oncology. There are a few critical progression points during higher specialty training in clinical oncology, and trainees will also be subject to an annual review of progress via the ARCP process. They will have to complete all the curriculum requirements including passing the MRCP and FRCR (Oncology) exams prior to obtaining CCT. Foundation Training (FY1 – FY2) The foundation programme usually involves six different rotations or placements in medical or surgical specialties. These rotations enable trainees to practise and gain competence in basic clinical skills and forms the bridge between medical school and speciality training. This first year of Foundation Training (or FY1) is referred to as an internship. For IMGs applying for GMC registration, it is essential you can meet the requirements for an internship. Selection Here, trainees will either choose to either Internal Medicine Training (IMT), Acute Care Common Stem training (ACCS), or training to become a general practitioner (GP Training). Specialty Training (ST1 – ST7) Internal Medicine Stage 1 Training (ST1 – ST2) Year one trainees begin at ST1 of the Internal Medicine Training Programme. In this first stage, trainees develop a solid foundation of professional and generic clinical capabilities, preparing them for participation in acute medicine at a senior level and to manage patients with acute and chronic medical problems in outpatient and inpatient settings. The curriculum for IMT Stage 1 Training can be found here. The two-year training period culminates in trainees sitting the MRCP (UK) exams. For more information on the Royal College of Physicians examination suite, take a look at our IMG Resources library here. Please note, trainees must have gained full MRCP prior to beginning Specialty Training in Oncology. Selection Here, trainees will either choose to continue with Internal Medicine Training for a further year, to continue with training in a specialty that supports acute hospital care, or to provide primarily out-patient based services in e.g. oncology. Clinical oncology recruitment into ST3 posts usually occurs after 2 years of Internal Medicine Stage 1 training. However, trainees who complete the full three-year IMT programme are also eligible and there is no preferential selection for trainees who have completed either two or three years of training. Oncology Common Stem (ST3) The Oncology Common Stem (OCS) has a duration of one year and usually takes place in year 3 of specialty training (ST3). Here, the focus is on a trainee’s development of generic capabilities-in-practice (CiPs) expected of all doctors, as well as the common CiPs relating to the key areas of overlap between medical and clinical oncology. Clinical Oncology and Medical Oncology are the two main medical specialities that manage patients with non-haematological malignancy. They often work in partnership with each other, and both offer systemic therapy to patients, but only clinical oncologists administer radiotherapy and there are other differences in work-pattern, approach and focus. During OCS training, trainees will gain knowledge of radiotherapy planning and delivery. This will enable them to coordinate the care of cancer patients with the wider multidisciplinary team (MDT), managing patients throughout a treatment pathway. The new curricular structure of the OCS means that trainees who successfully complete the training year will have gained the necessary competencies to progress to ST4 in either clinical or medical oncology. For oncologists wishing to pursue clinical oncology, the first exam in the Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists assessment series, First FRCR (Oncology) (Part 1/ CO1), must be passed by the end of ST4. Candidates do not need to have held a clinical oncology training post to attempt the exam however, so candidates are eligible to sit the exam during ST3. Click here to learn more about the full FRCR (Oncology) examination suite. Clinical Oncology Specialty Training & Maintenance of Common Capabilities (ST4 – ST7) Once trainees have completed the OCS, they will then move onto a subsequent higher specialty-specific programme of their choice I.e. clinical oncology. This programme lasts for four years and takes place from ST4 to ST7, the focus here being to acquire clinical oncology specific CiPs, culminating in trainees’ achievement of Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR Oncology). The higher specialty-specific programme for clinical oncologists is administered by the Royal College of Radiologists, so the Medical Oncology SCE is not a requirement for clinical oncologists. Trainees will then sit the Final FRCR (Oncology) Part 2A and 2B exams (CO2A and CO2B), usually from ST6 to ST7. This is to assess their knowledge and skills related to the investigation of malignant disease and the care and management of patients with cancer. Completion of the Clinical Oncology Specialty Training Programme Upon completion of the clinical oncology training programme, the choice is made as to whether the trainee will be awarded a Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in Clinical Oncology. This will be based on high-level learning outcomes – capabilities in practice (CiPs) set out in the curriculum by the Royal College. You can find the 2021 curriculum here. At this point, clinical oncologists are recommended to the GMC for the award of CCT and entry onto the specialist register for clinical oncology and can now take permanent consultant posts in the NHS. Specialist Registration for overseas doctors Doctors who completed part or all of their clinical or radiation oncology training outside of the UK are eligible for specialist registration through the CESR or CESR-CP pathways. To learn more about specialist registration for overseas doctors, read our blog here. Joining the Clinical Oncology Specialty Training Programme as an IMG It is possible for overseas doctors to join the Specialty Training programme in Clinical Oncology in the UK, however it is very competitive. IMGs interested in UK specialty training must have: Full GMC registration Completion of a minimum 12-month (FY1 equivalent) internship English language test PLAB or a recognised European Medical Degree AND 12 months post-internship experience by the time you start begin ST1 Please note, whilst UK trainees are not given priority for specialty training spaces, it can be extremely difficult to join the Specialty Training programme if you do not have previous NHS experience. So there you have it, the NHS Specialty Training pathway for clinical oncology trainees. The training programme forms the basis of clinical oncology training in the UK, and for overseas clinical or radiation oncologists interested in joining the training programme, good knowledge of the pathway allows you to better understand the alignment of your overseas training with the relevant stage of Specialty Training for clinical oncology in the UK. For regular news and updates on the Royal College and all things oncology, follow IMG Connect on social media using the links below: Medical Training Initiative – a comprehensive guide for doctors Here we take a closer look at the Medical Training Initiative (MTI), a placement scheme for more junior overseas doctors to come to the UK to receive training and development within the NHS. To be eligible for an MTI post, certain criteria must be met. These are summarised below along with a broad look the following: What is the Medical Training Initiative? What training will I receive through the MTI? Am I eligible for an MTI post? What does the application process for the MTI involve? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the MTI? Do I need a visa for the MTI? How can I use the MTI for GMC registration? How much will I be paid throughout the MTI? What is the full process for MTI? I’ve completed the MTI, what’s next? Skip ahead to the relevant section if you know what you’re looking for. The Medical Training Initiative The Medical Training Initiative, or MTI, is a training programme that provides junior doctors from all over the world the opportunity to gain clinical training and development in the UK for a maximum of 24 months. The MTI as a training scheme is mutually beneficial for both junior doctors and the NHS, in that doctors from several countries and specialisms around the world can work and train in the UK, gaining knowledge and experience which they can take back to their home country, while giving NHS Trusts a high-quality, longer-term alternative for unfilled training vacancies and rota gaps. Training The training provided through the MTI scheme will vary between programmes; however, it will typically follow the CCT curriculum (Certificate of Completion of Training). The level of training will be highly dependent on the doctor’s interests, competence and the training available within the placement hospital. At the beginning of each placement, doctors are allocated an Educational Supervisor who will help to set the doctor’s specific training objectives to meet over the 24 months of the placement. Eligibility The MTI has been designed specifically with junior doctors in mind, therefore sponsorship will not be offered to consultants, specialty doctors or for locum-appointed service posts (LAS). The criteria also differ among MTI programmes, so eligibility criteria should be checked directly with the Royal College before applying. However, the general elements of eligibility include the following: Country requirements - priority is given to doctors from countries classified as low income or lower middle income by the World Bank. Doctors from outside of these countries may also apply, but there may be a long wait time and no guarantee of acceptance. Evidence of skills and knowledge – the requirements for evidence of skills and knowledge vary based on the MTI programme, but the potential requirements for evidence of skills and knowledge include: PLAB exams Part 1 of relevant Royal College exam e.g. MRCP Specialist qualifications from your home country Evidence of English language skills - almost all MTI programs accept what test is approved by the GMC, meaning either of the IELTS or OET can be used for MTI. Sufficient clinical experience - most MTI programmes will require a minimum of three years' experience, including one year of internship and one year in the relevant specialty. Active medical practice - candidates must have been actively practicing clinically for at least three out of the last five years including the past 12 months before the application as well as throughout the application process. The Application Process There are two ways to join the MTI programme: Apply for an MTI-match programme – certain specialisms have programmes which match doctors to a job. For these, you apply for the relevant programme, providing the necessary documentation. If your application is successful, you will be allocated a suitable job, which can take up to 12 months. Find an NHS job before applying for the MTI – in cases where specialties do not have an established match programme, candidates are required to apply directly for an NHS post. Once the candidate has been accepted for the role, they can then apply for the MTI scheme through the relevant Royal College. If you would like to know more about finding NHS posts for the MTI scheme, you can get in touch with us here. Specialties may use either, or a combination of these two methods, so we suggest visiting the Royal College and searching for their information on the MTI scheme. The availability of MTI posts will vary between each Royal College, as certain specialties are more consultant-led, meaning there are fewer training posts for junior doctors. Once again, we suggest finding out more from the relevant Royal College. Advantages and Disadvantages of the MTI Scheme Advantages Training – MTI doctors will receive training and development support in their clinical, communication and leadership skills, as well as supervision by a consultant. You will also have the opportunity to create a training plan with the support of an Educational Supervisor. Reduced cost – for posts that accept specialist qualifications from the applicant’s home country, the associated costs are lower as you will not have to pay for the PLAB or Royal College exams which can be costly, especially where retakes are needed Alternative to PLAB and the Royal College – As some posts accept a candidate’s specialist qualifications from overseas, this allows you to bypass the Royal College and PLAB exams (N.B. if you have passed both parts of PLAB or ever failed either of the exams, you are not eligible for MTI) Diploma of UK Medical Practice - If you complete an MTI post that is at least 12 months long, with the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) or the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), you can apply for the DipUKMP, a professional diploma which can be used as part of the portfolio of evidence required for specialist registration (CESR or CESR-CP). Disadvantages Not all posts are paid - Some MTI posts require you to secure funding for your training, for example through scholarships or funding from an organisation in your home country, such as a government agency or university (N.B. personal funds cannot be used). Junior posts – More senior doctors wanting to take this route to the UK will receive a lower salary and more junior role than if taking the postgraduate route. British citizenship or ILR - For doctors who wish to make a permanent move to the UK, the 12-24 months spent in the UK on the MTI scheme will not count towards the 5-year requirement for British citizenship or indefinite leave to remain (ILR). Return to home country – at the end of the 24-month period, MTI doctors are legally required to leave the UK and return to their home country. MTI Posts Offer Tier 5 Visas MTI candidates require a Tier 5 visa to travel to the UK. Applications for the visa can only be made after receiving the Certificate of Sponsorship. Applications for Tier 5 visas must be made from your home country (or the country you work in), but never from the UK. The visa must only be used for travel to the UK at the beginning of the placement and will activate after your arrival, lasting for exactly two years from your arrival date. Please note that Tier 5 visas cannot be extended. GMC Registration All doctors practicing in the UK MUST be registered with the GMC. For MTI candidates, registration is typically supported by the Royal College, but some NHS Trusts also have the right to register MTI doctors. English Language Testing As always with GMC registration, candidates will also need to provide evidence of English language skills. This can be done by passing either the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) or the OET (OET – Occupational English Test). Detailed guides to these tests can be found below: IELTS – a guide for overseas doctors OET – a guide for overseas doctors Pay Received for MTI Posts MTI posts are either paid, or candidates are required to secure funding for their placement as detailed above. Where the placements are paid, the salary received by the MTI doctor corresponds to trainees at a similar level in the UK. All trainees can expect to commence their MTI training at an equivalent salary to ST3 level. Some hospitals may take prior international experience into account while others do not. This is at the discretion of the hospital and not the Royal College. Hospitals can also decide whether to employ MTI doctors under the 2002 or 2016 junior doctor contract, which have slightly different pay scales. Therefore, it's best to verify as early as possible where your placement will be paid, whether your prior experience will be taken into account, and under what pay scale you will be paid. Steps through MTI We’ve detailed the general processes involved in MTI below, from a candidate’s initial application for a post, to their final interview with the Royal College after gaining GMC registration: I’ve completed the MTI, what’s next? Ordinarily, on completion of the MTI scheme, doctors return to their home country with the training and experience they gained from working in the NHS. Some doctors may want to remain in the UK after completing the MTI for a number of reasons. This can be done if the doctor finds another NHS post, in which case, they may be able to switch from the Tier 5 visa to the Tier 2 Health and Care Worker visa. For more information on the Health and Care Worker Visa, please see here. If you want to find another NHS post after completing the MTI, applying for your first NHS job follows the same process as any other doctor. You will need to consider what job it is you would like to obtain and what location in the UK you would prefer to relocate to. For guidance on jobs in your specialty in the UK, please see our IMG Resources library. Once you are ready to start the application process you can get in touch with us – IMG Connect can offer you expert advice and representation throughout the recruitment and relocation process. For regular news and updates on the Royal Colleges, GMC registration and working in the NHS, follow us on social media and join the conversation below: Training, development and career progression in Emergency Medicine One of the main reasons that overseas doctors want to work in the Emergency Medicine departments across the UK, is the excellent opportunity for access to training such as the Specialist Training Programme, career progression, including CESR, and sub-specialty development. This short article provides useful information on the training and development available, how to access the training, the best route to becoming a consultant in the UK with entry to the specialist register, no matter what stage of your training. Emergency Medicine Training, leading to CCT We start with an overview of the Emergency Medicine Training in the NHS. Trainees may enter the emergency medicine training programme via: The EM (Emergency Medicine) core training programme at ST1. This is a three-year core training programme (starting from ST1 and ending at ST3). For the first two years, trainees will spend 6 months in EM, Intensive Care Medicine, Anaesthetics and Acute Medicine. This is followed by a further year in trauma and paediatric EM. The start of specialty training (ST4-6) subject to having achieved the necessary competences required for completion of ST3. Once ST6 is completed, then a doctor will be added to the specialist register for medicine and hold the title of CCT. This means that they can apply for and practice at a consultant level in the NHS. CESR For senior Emergency Medicine doctors (experienced specialty doctors, consultants and heads of departments) there is also the option of CESR. You can apply directly for CESR from overseas, or secure a post in the NHS with CESR support and complete your application in the UK. This is a good option for those wanting to take up their first role in the NHS as a speciality doctor (leading to consultant) or as a locum consultant. Applying from abroad can be lengthy, and it is certainly not the quickest route towards specialist registration. Most IMGs prefer to secure a post with CESR support, so speak to your IMG Consultant to learn more about the best route to the UK for senior doctors seeking consultant jobs in Emergency Medicine. Most senior Emergency Medicine job vacancies advertised will offer support with CESR, access to training and career progression, and senior managers will encourage you to develop your own professional interests. Emergency medicine departments in the NHS are particularly supportive of doctors seeking to develop both personally and professionally. To find out what jobs are on offer take a look here. If you think that a Specialty Doctor post with CESR support is suited to you, or if you are a consultant or head of department, then you can find out more information here. For further advice on how to secure the right job for you in the NHS, take a look at our the following article. IMG Jobs Search and find live emergency medicine NHS doctor jobs in the UK IMG Resources Read more useful articles on finding an NHS trust doctor jobs, doctor salary & relocation for emergency medicine specialists Get in Touch Don’t hesitate to get in touch using the buttons above (and below) to see what Emergency Medicine job opportunities there are for you, including access to CESR support, Core and Specialty training. Career Pathway for a UK Doctor in Training The NHS offers extensive training schemes and career development for all of its doctors, and such programmes are recognised as a gold standard across the medical world. Training in the NHS is always in keeping with advances in medical sciences and the progressive landscape of the medical profession, including the more complex ailments of a growing and ageing population. The NHS frequently updates and develops its training programmes, making them attractive to UK graduates and doctors, as well as overseas doctors seeking the very best training. In this article we will cover the following topics: Why is it important for IMGs to understand the NHS Training Pathway? The NHS Training Pathway From Graduation to Foundation Training Specialty Training Programmes Different types of Specialty Training programmes Uncoupled specialty training programmes Run-through Training Programmes Completion of Specialty Training Programme Should I apply for a training or service post? As an IMG can I get onto the specialist register? How do I secure a service post? With the view to securing training at a later date. Why is it important for IMGs to understand the NHS Training Pathway? Most IMGs looking to move to the UK will be keen to enter into UK Specialty Training at some point, and as such it is important to understand the UK training pathway from start to finish in order to map your NHS career effectively. Furthermore, greater understanding of the NHS structure and training offered to doctors in the UK will help an IMG to understand at what grade they can likely enter the system. The NHS Training Pathway The NHS Training Pathway is the term given to the journey from medical school to completion of GP or specialist training and is the path most commonly followed by UK trainees. From Graduation to Foundation Training Upon graduation from a medical school, doctors gain provisional registration with the GMC allowing them to enter the Foundation Programme - a two-year work-based training programme. Upon completion of the first year (FY1) doctors will gain full registration with the GMC and can apply for further study and training in a specialised area – known as Specialty Training. Specialty Training Programmes Completion of the Foundation Programme allows doctors to apply for Specialty Training in an area of medicine or general practice. There are 60 different specialties to choose from. A doctor entering year one of Specialty Training is known as an ST1 doctor. Specialty Training programmes can take between three and eight years depending on the specialism chosen. Doctors can pass through the training quicker depending on how fast they achieve their competencies. However, rarely do doctors complete the training pathways in the indicated time for a variety of reasons. On average the training takes between 1 - 4 years longer than indicated in the curricula. Different types of Specialty Training Programmes There are a number of different types of Specialty Training programmes, which are different for each specialty. Uncoupled Specialty Training Programmes These programmes split into Core Training and Higher Specialty Training. Core Training lasts for either two or three years and once complete, allows you to apply for Higher Specialty Training, which can take between 3 – 5 years. Overall, Specialty Training programmes can take between 5 – 8 years in their entirety, depending on your medical specialty. Doctors will be known as ST1-3 during their Core Training and ST4-6/7/8 level during Higher Specialty Training programmes. Higher Specialty Training programmes are very competitive, and completion of Core Training does not guarantee a Higher Specialty Training post. It is worth noting that in August 2019 the core medical training programme will be replaced by the Internal Medicine Training Programme, described as ‘a new training model designed to equip doctors with skills and confidence to lead on the care of patients in general ward and acute care settings’. Run-through Training Programmes For these training programmes you only have to apply once, at the beginning of the programme, as you are recruited for the full duration of Specialty Training. They can last from approximately three years for general practice, to five or seven for other specialties. Completion of Specialty Training Programme Upon successful completion of either a run-through or coupled training programme doctors are awarded a Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT). At this point doctors are entered onto the specialist register (or GP Register) and are recognised as a consultant. Should I apply for a training or service post? As above, competition for places on training posts within the NHS is highly competitive. As such for IMGs interested in securing a place on a training post in the NHS, we advise that IMGs obtain a service post for 1 – 2 years. Following this contract you can apply for a training post, for which you will be given priority. Not only will this approach give you the best chance of securing excellent training and career progression opportunities in the NHS, it will also give you the chance to settle in to the UK, get to know your trust better, and help you understand the training post that will suit you the most. Service posts also offer very competitive rates, so whilst you are getting to know the NHS and settling into life in the UK, you can also ensure that you are financially rewarded. As an IMG can I get onto the specialist register? IMGs that enter the UK training programmes later on and have not completed the full programme can still get on the specialist register via the CESR route (Certificate of Eligibility for Specialist Registration) Check to see if you're eligible via the GMC website or read through our overview on CESR and eligibility for CESR. How do I secure work as a trust doctor? With the view to securing a training post at a later date. You can apply for Trust doctor or service roles online via the NHS Jobs website. However, working with IMG Connect can offer more jobs than are available online with the added benefit of an IMG Consultant speaking directly with services on your behalf to expedite the process and negotiate the best doctor salary for you. IMG Jobs Search and find live NHS doctor jobs in the UK IMG Resources Read more useful articles on finding an NHS trust doctor job, pay scales & doctor’s salary in the UK, relocation and much more! Get in Touch Don’t hesitate to get in touch using the buttons above (and below) to discuss doctor job options in the NHS, including discussions regarding a typical doctor salary in the UK and the most suitable hospital locations for you. Join IMG Community Click below to join our communities on social media.	https://www.imgconnect.co.uk/news?news_categories=44
In part 1 of this series, I made the claim that modern medicine suffers from mission drift, that it has strayed from its core mission of caring for the sick. Patient care has taken a backseat to other objectives, especially the seemingly insatiable drive for revenue capture. Too much of modern medicine is designed around the payment, not the patient. I also argued that the U.S. health care system has become increasingly secular, even hostile, toward the long-held Judeo-Christian values that have been the moral foundation of Western medicine. This drift guts the soul of health care—that is, compassionate, merciful caring for the sick. Consequently, the time has come to create a distinctively Christian health care system that restores the soul of health care. Christian doctors need an onramp to practice medicine as a medical ministry, where they can freely live out the Gospel in ways that benefit their patients. There also needs to be a safe harbor for patients to be cared for by doctors who will be unapologetic advocates for them. This month, I broadly describe how the vision of “missional medicine” works at the primary care level, and how a Christian health care system can be a blessing to members of health care sharing ministries. Primary care There is no well-functioning health care system in the world not built on the foundation of exceptional primary care. Unfortunately, primary care does not work well in the American health care system. Modern primary care forces doctors to push patients through appointments quickly by ordering lots of tests and referrals to more specialists. No system can ever have enough specialists, surgical centers, or world-class technologies to compensate for not having a solid primary care model as its foundation. Christian Healthcare Centers (CHC) was created to be a model that makes primary care primary. Primary care doctors provide upwards of 80 to 90 percent of the medical services the average person receives each year. They are like the conductor of an orchestra who blends the contributions of other musicians to make beautiful music. Likewise, the primary care doctor is essential to coordinating a continuity of care that benefits patients. Just as a good orchestral conductor needs to know each musician and her capabilities, a good primary care doctor must know her patients well; not just their medical history, but what is important to them and their family. No one disputes the claim that timely, affordable access to good primary care benefits patients and reduces overall health care expense. The goal of a missional health care system is to keep people at their best, not just see them at their worst. Truly missional medicine strives to care for the whole person, not merely treat symptoms, because missional physicians see patients as beings created in God’s image, not merely a collection of biological parts and organ systems. Although many secular medical professionals speak of being “holistic” and caring for “whole” persons, modern health care as a system falls short because it does not subscribe to a Biblical view of personhood. There is no well-functioning health care system in the world not built on the foundation of exceptional primary care. Unfortunately, primary care does not work well in the American health care system. CHC’s mission is to provide exceptional medical services to the Body of Christ and the local community, guided by Biblical values. We work to keep God’s people healthy so they can minister to one another and to the world. As a witness to the world, CHC also provides its services to non-Christians, where doctors have an opportunity to speak Biblical truth into the lives of lost individuals in ways they could not if they worked in a secular medical office. To facilitate this vision of missional medicine, we strive to make primary care affordable, convenient, and personal. This means broad use of telemedicine; timely access to necessary in-person appointments; same-day or next-day sick visits; 24/7 availability of our doctors by phone, text, or email; onsite X-ray, labs, medication dispensary, ultrasound, and Biblical counseling; and helping patients with referral appointments for specialty services—all for the cost of a monthly cell phone bill, with no co-pays or deductibles. It is like having a doctor in the family. This basic model is common to practices called direct primary care, although many DPCs do not include the Christian focus. Since opening in 2017, our patient population has consistently grown each month, drawn from every conceivable demographic. Patients from 32 Michigan counties use CHC as their medical home. Our patient census includes many households that also belong to health care sharing ministries such as Samaritan. It surprises us how many of these patients have not been seen by a doctor for years before they joined us. Many of their children had not been to a doctor since they were born. They typically avoid seeing a doctor until they are sick. As a result, many simply use urgent care centers or hospital emergency rooms for their health care, both of which are expensive. Missional medicine aims to not only reduce the inconvenience and expense of accessing timely medical care when it is needed but also helps people avoid a need for it by encouraging routine wellness checks and making preventive screenings a priority. Patient history is vital to making correct diagnoses, and the only way a doctor can know a patient well is to spend time with them. That is why CHC provides 30-, 60-, and 90-minute appointment times and why our patients are able to contact their doctor via phone, text, or email without having to churn through a phone tree. Accessible, personalized care is an essential component of missional medicine. Since many of CHC’s staff belong to SMI, helping the Samaritan family “bear burdens” by protecting our own health and that of our fellow SMI members is important, keeping the SMI family from sharing more medical expenses for conditions that could be avoided. In 2020, Christian Healthcare Centers saved patients over $1 million that they would otherwise have spent out-of-pocket. From the beginning of the medical care journey to the end and at all levels in between, health care that is based in Biblical values and acknowledges God’s sovereignty brings healing of body and soul. For example, the most common reasons people go to an emergency department are abdominal pain, acute respiratory symptoms associated with severe colds or flu, and minor lacerations requiring sutures. Treating these in the ED is extremely expensive. CHC handles these cases easily in the office, using our own X-ray, ultrasound, and medical staff. What do those services cost CHC members? They are included in the membership fee. Having the right equipment and qualified personnel to use it enhances timely access to care and controls the cost. Specialty care With primary care as its foundation, a Christian health care system also utilizes specialists to care for medical needs that exceed the scope of primary care. For example, in 2019 CHC added obstetrics and gynecology services and is in the process of building a new facility where half the space will be devoted to medical specialties to provide many in-office procedures and outpatient surgeries within a Christian environment. This facility will provide primary care on one side of the building and procedures such as colonoscopies on the other. Bundled pricing not only provides faster access to quality specialty care for patients, but it also benefits sharing ministries by reducing shareable expenses. In keeping with CHC’s life-affirming mission, CHC’s OB/GYN Dr. Shannon Madison not only provides personalized women’s health services for CHC patients, but, through the organization’s Healthy Tomorrows Maternity Program, provides maternity care for abortion-vulnerable women referred by pregnancy care centers. Dr. Madison is able to perform a number of procedures in the office, thereby improving timely access and reducing cost. Dr. Ted VanderKooi, who, with his family belongs to Samaritan, is one example of the missional physician working in the mainstream of health care. As a general surgeon, Dr. VanderKooi provides low-cost, bundled fees for many procedures and surgeries that would otherwise cost patients or their sharing community many thousands more. As a committed Christian with 25 years of experience, he has tried to be missional in his work but found it increasingly difficult to do so within the “big box” health care system where he worked. A model like CHC provides a platform for him to serve patients better, to be more professionally fulfilled, and to enjoy a better work-home balance. He is representative of a growing cadre of Christian physicians who are determined to restore the soul of health care by practicing missional medicine. From the beginning of the medical care journey to the end and at all levels in between, health care that is based on Biblical values and acknowledges God’s sovereignty brings healing of body and soul. Mark Blocher and his wife, Julie, are Samaritan Ministries members. He is a bioethicist and co-founder and CEO of Christian Healthcare Centers based in Grand Rapids, Michigan.	https://www.samaritanministries.org/blog/missional-medicine-making-primary-care-primary
Job Title: Regulatory Affairs Specialist At STERIS, we help our Customers create a healthier and safer world by providing innovative healthcare and life science product and service solutions around the globe. The Regulatory Affairs Specialist serves as the primary regulatory liaison for new product development project teams. As such this person is responsible to attend team meetings; document regulatory classification and regulatory requirements; guide teams through design controls and risk management; prepare US regulatory submissions; liaise with International regulatory and the labeling group on markets and timelines; and review all proposed labeling and design documentation. This person is the primary regulatory liaison to assigned manufacturing facilities. As such this person is responsible to review change requests and communicate any potential concerns with International regulatory and Compliance as necessary; provide regulatory input for management review; participate in production/post-production analyses; support the facility through regulatory audits and inspections; review special sales requests; review documents as part of internal review processes; and support the registration and listing process as requested. In addition, the Regulatory Affairs Specialist is expected to have good command of the specific guidance, standards, and regulations applicable to a particular product type or technology. These activities require close work with STERIS corporate domestic and international staff and will include interactions with FDA as assigned. The Regulatory Affairs Specialist will have responsibility, when assigned, for performing the duties of the functional areas described below under the guidance and direction of his/her manager and other senior Regulatory Affairs staff. 510(k) Submission Support - Assists senior Regulatory Affairs staff as assigned in writing, formatting, researching, compiling, reviewing, cross-checking, eCopying, submitting, and generating appropriate responses to FDA requests relating to premarket notifications. With experience, may be called on to author submissions, key sections, or response documents. - Maintains electronic submission documents, shared drive folders, and databases in an accurate, complete and timely manner to ensure prompt and accurate access to company regulatory information. - Monitors current projects and pending and planned submissions to track timelines, identifies any unexpected delays, and communicates progress on projects and submissions to business partners. - Responsible for ensuring that 510(k) or other necessary User Fees are paid and available as needed for any planned submissions. - Handles any FOI requests to FDA, maintaining records of the communications and any payments made. Facilitates the completion of submission redaction requests received from the FOI office Product Development and Continuing Support - Gathers information and documentation on proposed, newly acquired, or modified products to correctly determine product classification and submission and FDA listing requirements. - When serving as Regulatory advisor on product development team, acts as champion for compliance with design controls, good documentation practices, and risk management standards. Reviews documents carefully to ensure that user needs are clearly identified and required testing is planned to support the indications for use desired. - Synthesizes and actively supports STERIS Regulatory Affairs management’s Regulatory Strategy and accurately communicates it to business partners throughout the project. Engages Regulatory management as necessary when changes occur or new risks or requirements are identified, and proposes actions as appropriate. - Generates checklists for product development team use to ensure completion of requirements. - Bachelor's Degree in Engineering General or Business - Four (4) year degree required, preferably with scientific, engineering or regulatory. - Professional certifications and regulatory, quality systems, or internal audit training certificates in relevant disciplines are desirable, although no particular certification is required. - Minimum of 1 - 2 years professional experience, preferably 2 or more years including regulatory, governmental compliance matters, quality systems, internal auditing, applicable scientific or technical functions and/or healthcare industry experience. - Self-starter with demonstrated organizational, project management, time management and problem-solving skills is preferred. Ideally, has experience working effectively on cross-functional teams. - Demonstrated ability to balance multiple high priority responsibilities on-time and effectively. - Strong interpersonal skills – ability to work closely with people at all levels within the STERIS organization and facilitate the implementation of corrective action; able to work effectively and professionally with external people including Customers and government officials. - Strong oral and written communication skills. - Excellent PC skills, including Microsoft Office applications. STERIS is a $2B+, publicly traded (NYSE: STE) organization with approximately 12,000 associates worldwide and operates in more than 100 countries. If you need assistance completing the application process, please call 1 (440) 392.7047. This contact information is for accommodation inquiries only and cannot be used to check application status. STERIS is an Equal Opportunity Employer. We are committed to equal employment opportunity and the use of affirmative action programs to ensure that persons are recruited, hired, trained, transferred and promoted in all job groups regardless of race, color, religion, age, disability, national origin, citizenship status, military or veteran status, sex (including pregnancy, childbirth and related medical conditions), sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic information, and any other category protected by federal, state or local law. We are not only committed to this policy by our status as a federal government contractor, but also we are strongly bound by the principle of equal employment opportunity. The full affirmative action program, absent the data metrics required by § 60-741.44(k), shall be available to all employees and applicants for employment for inspection upon request. The program may be obtained at your location’s HR Office during normal business hours.	https://careers.steris.com/job/Mentor-Regulatory-Affairs-Specialist-OH-44060/573504200/
Dr. Randal Arnold is a Chiropractor practicing in Sturgeon Bay, WI. Dr. Arnold specializes in preventing, diagnosing, and treating conditions associated with the neuromusculoskeletal system, while improving each patients functionality and quality of life. Conditions treated include sciatica, neck pain, and arthritis pain, among many others. Dr. Arnold seeks to reduce pain and discomfort through manipulation and adjustment of the spine. Please note that this request is not considered final until you receive email notification confirming the details. In the event the doctor is not yet registered with FindaTopDoc, we will contact the office on your behalf in an effort to secure your appointment. Dr. Randal E Arnold D.C.'s reviewsWrite Review Back pain is a common ailment that affects everyone at some point in time. The pain differs in its severity, ranging from mild to unbearable. It can affect any age group but is very common for people between 30-years-old and 50-years-old. Majority of people have recurring pain.Any of the causes that... Back pain is a common problem and research has shown that at least 80% of all adults in America experience back pain on a daily basis. Though it can cause great discomfort and pain, most cases are usually not serious and can easily be fixed. According to experts, back pain occurs when the muscles,... Lower back strain is one of the most important causes of back pain. Lower back strains refer to the strain of muscles and ligaments in the back that maintains the vertebrae in place. Strain of these muscles leads to tissue tear and weakening of the muscles. This affects the positioning of the... Anatomy of the ScapulaThe scapula is a triangular flat bone, which is also known as the shoulder blade. It lies in the upper back between the second and eighth rib. It connects the upper limb to the trunk and articulates with the humerus or upper arm bone. The articulation takes place at the... What is sciatica?Lower back pain is a very common condition that is often incorrectly managed. Back pain is a challenge in itself since it demands medical support and is a leading source of social, psychological, and physical disabilities. The majority of back pains are self-limiting and simple,... What is sciatica?Sciatica is a health condition in which one experiences radiating pain running down from the lower back to the feet. Pain may occur on either side of the leg and it is not necessary that lower back pain exists in all cases of sciatica. The pain’s nature is shooting pain, which...	https://www.findatopdoc.com/doctor/213610-Randal-Arnold-chiropractor-Sturgeon-Bay-WI-54235
We’re all navigating a new landscape in the midst of this global pandemic. For weeks, those who are still working have gotten well-acquainted with Zoom and are, perhaps, too comfortable in sweatpants. Life on lockdown has changed the way business is conducted, and it has many people wondering: Is this the new normal? While many people used to work in a professional office and congregate around the water cooler to make chit chat, we’ve all been relegated to our homes to get work done. This means many are left to their own devices (both in the proverbial sense and the literal sense) to complete tasks, collaborate, and consult. While we don’t know how long the lockdown or the pandemic itself will last, we can be certain that this new remote work landscape will have implications that reverberate well into the future. We may not completely do away with the office, but the ability to be more flexible in how work is conducted will be a serious consideration. Pandemic Accelerates WFH Trend A recent Gartner survey reports that 88% of organizations have required or encouraged employees to work from home as a result of the coronavirus. On top of that, tech companies have stepped up to the plate to accommodate the new needs of workers across the globe. Both FreeConferenceCall, a telecom service, and Zoom, a video conferencing service, have seen a surge in use. The former reports that usage in the U.S. is up 2,000 percent. Remote work is not new. Before the coronavirus disrupted business as we know it, a SHRM 2019 Employee Benefits Survey reported that more than two-thirds (69%) or organizations already offered a remote work option in some form or fashion to some employees. Another 42% offered it part-time. Considering this trend was growing prior to the outbreak, it will likely be difficult to put the toothpaste back in the tube, so to speak. The impact of this pandemic will probably accelerate what was already happening with remote work. The key will be for organizations to quickly adapt to this new way of work. This includes finding a way to translate culture, operations, communications, and management to an online platform. Technology is on our side during this transition. Many of the technologies that people are now leaning on to facilitate remote work have been in existence for a while. Zoom, Slack, Google Drive, Asana, Harvest, and countless more have been — and will continue to — make remote work possible and seamless. What Remote Work Means for Recruiting While there may be a steep learning curve as some organizations new to the remote work mix get set up, the long-term benefits could be worth it. Employees will acclimate to working from home, and many may come to expect it as an option moving forward. The good news is that businesses can leverage this as a bargaining chip when it comes to hunting for new talent. Remote work can be a competitive advantage for businesses that know how to use it. Not only can it help them attract top talent, but it can help in retaining talent as well. The proof is in the numbers. Up to 90% of U.S. workers say they want the ability to work remotely at least part of the time. What’s more, 80% of job seekers would reject an offer that didn’t have remote work options. When you consider that remote work is reported to increase productivity in 85% of companies that offer at least partial flexible work schedules and that only 7% of companies are offering remote work to most of their employees, the competitive advantage becomes clear. While we may be living out one big experiment as traditional offices move to the online realm, we can certainly expect some of the changes to stick. That doesn’t mean offices will completely disappear; the other side of the coin is that people will realize they don’t enjoy working remotely as much as they thought they would. There is a loss of human connection, face-to-face collaboration, and camaraderie that often gets lost in the digital translation. In-office connections are actually good for our well-being, in some cases. As we delve deeper into remote work and discover the pros and cons, we will likely net out somewhere in the middle. Organizations may find that offering more remote and flexible work options can be to their advantage. Alternatively, employees may find that they miss Janet’s quirky cat calendars and the “big win” meetings that culminate in high-fives all around. In the meantime, dust off your webcam, settle into your favorite sweatpants, and get ready to clock in from home. Attract top talent to your organization by partnering with IMPACT Payments Recruiting. The experienced recruitment consultants at IMPACT have been working with premier payments companies in the industry for more than a decade, connecting them with exceptional candidates for high-level positions. Our recruiting team is comprised of former payments industry professionals, so we have an in-depth understanding of how to target and evaluate candidates for your hiring needs. Learn more about IMPACT – contact us today.	https://impactpaymentsrecruiting.com/blog/is-remote-work-the-new-normal/
Q: On the definition of Liouville number Definition: (from Wikipedia) In number theory, a Liouville number is a real number $x$ with the property that, for every positive integer $n$, there exist integers $p$ and $q$ with $q > 1$ and such that $$ {\displaystyle 0<\left\|x-{\frac {p}{q}}\right\|<{\frac {1}{q^{n}}}.} $$ A Liouville number can thus be approximated "quite closely" by a sequence of rational numbers. [....] My question: How can I convince myself that the above definition is not arbitrary. In other words, how nice is to know that a given number $\alpha$ is a Liouville number? A: Not to be that guy, but all definitions are arbitrary. A better question to ask would be "Are there any real numbers that satisfy my definition?" Thankfully the definition of a Liouville number is "good" in the sense that there are real numbers which are Liouville numbers. Perhaps the most famous one is Liouville's Constant: $$ \lambda = \sum_{k=1}^\infty 10^{-k!} = 0.1100010000000000000000010\ldots $$ This number has a $1$ at every place in its decimal expansion that is equal to a factorial, and $0$'s everywhere else. You can verify that this number satisfies the definition of a Liouville number directly. Once we know that the definition is "good" in the sense that there are examples of objects that satisfy the definition, we can ask further questions. Do these objects all belong to some well studied, larger class of objects (are they algebraic or transcendental)? How many objects satisfy the definition? If they live in some ambient set with structure, can we say anything about how they fit in that universe (like do the Liouville numbers form a set of zero measure in $\mathbb{R}$)? Are these objects "fundamental" in some way (like can every real number be written as the sum of two Liouville numbers)? However, as much as I love transcendental number theory, we can also ask the question "Do I really care that these things exists?" And I unfortunately have to concede that 99% of mathematicians, and therefore 99.99999$\cdots$% of human beings, have absolutely no use for Liouville numbers on a year to year, let alone day to day, basis. I think their value is far more apparent from an educational and historical perspective than it is from a working mathematician's perspective. And in that sense, you could say that it doesn't really matter if you know that any given number $\alpha$ is a Liouville number.
6 Ways Men Can Deal with Feelings of Unresolved Guilt The ways men deal with feelings of unresolved guilt depends on the man and his emotional state. Those who don’t manage their regrets will continue to suffer until they address the problem. This guilt guide aims to introduce some of the tools used to overcome intense feelings. It’s a must-read if you’re a man who suffers from unshakable remorse, regret, guilt and or shame. All kinds of things trigger the guilt response. Some of the most common are: - Having an affair or thinking about it - Filing for divorce - Physical or verbal abuse - Being an estranged parent - Failure to provide for the family - Not being able to live to the expectations of their parents - Say something in a heated argument you later regret Guilt is often an unfounded experience, but it still feels real to the man who suffers. - What Is Guilt in Simple Terms? Guilt is an emotion—both good and bad—that affects men in different ways. It can cause emotional distress of varying intensity, depending on the source of the pain. That could be something you did or didn’t do that resulted in physical or emotional hurt or anguish to others. Guilt can be real or imaginary, but even disproportionate guilt is real to the man who suffers. - What Is Unresolved Guilt? Unresolved guilt lives inside the head and won’t shut off no matter how hard one tries to ignore it. And just when you think the feeling has gone, it reappears as strong as ever. Psychological guilt-trips can come and go with unpredictable bursts. Over time, they dominate thoughts to the point where it’s hard to concentrate or even function. Below are 7 social and health reasons to deal with unresolved guilt: - Stop enjoying life - Obstructs success - Causes intense feelings of shame and remorse - Triggers anxiety or bipolar disorder (depression) symptoms - Changes in personality - Self-punishment - Over or under eating disorders; weight gain, weight loss - Other physical and psychological mental health conditions The longer the sufferer allows guilt to fester, the worse it gets. He may not care for himself and eat unhealthy foods, stop grooming, and become sedentary. - The Good Side of Proportionate Guilt Feelings of guilt are never welcome, but it’s not just a negative emotion. No man likes to suffer emotional turmoil, of course, but it can have a positive effect. For example, it could discourage any future guilt-inducing behaviours. Likewise, the sufferer may embrace positive conduct in a bid to change the way he feels. In this context, a guilty conscience is a great teacher. - 6 Ways Men Can Deal with Guilt The first problem with guilt is that it loops inside the mind until the person deals with it. The second problem is that few men know how to treat the symptoms. The rest of this guide looks at 6 things a man can do to heal a guilty mind. - Learn how not to major in minor things - Understand that you are not your guilty action - Practice self-compassion when feeling guilt - Be brave and apologise, today if possible - Learn from past mistakes - Seek professional treatment if guilty feelings persist These 6 steps are simple yet powerful tools for managing culpability. #1 Try not to major in minor things Sometimes, as a man suffers guilt, the victim doesn’t even give the incident a second thought. Most men do or say things they regret; it’s all part of being human. But ask yourself how bad the action or inaction was on the scale of life? Have you got it out of proportion, are you majoring in a minor issue? Give yourself a break and learn from the mistake(s) rather than wallow in it. The more you dwell, the deeper your mind dives, and it’s never helpful to punish yourself. Self-sabotage can’t undo what’s already done, but it can make the problem much worse. #2 You are not your guilty actions Doing something bad doesn’t necessarily make you a horrible person. It just implies you did a bad thing, and there’s the difference. How many people are guilty of shameless deeds at some point during their life? The answer is almost everyone to some degree. One or a few guilty deeds do not define who you are any more than private thoughts do. #3 Practice self-compassion Learning to forgive yourself protects your self-esteem, lifestyle, and relationships. Self-compassion doesn’t mean you should forget or deny. It’s possible to acknowledge your wrongdoing, learn from the mistakes made, and move on. There’s no need to torture yourself with relentless guilt if you’re genuinely sorry for your actions. #4 Man-up and apologise Pride can often conflict with feelings of guilt when it comes to making apologies. Yes, you know you were wrong. But maybe there’s a lingering belief that the recipient of your misconduct also played a part. They pushed you to it, perhaps? The secret here is to take blame out of the equation. Find the courage to make the apology for your part, and mean what you say. Getting an apology off your chest—whether well-received or not—is a powerful act. It tells you that you’ve done all you can to make amends and opens the way for self-forgiveness. #5 Learn from past mistakes Hindsight is a wonderful thing, but one cannot undo what’s already happened. Life is all about lessons, and men can learn a lot from their guilt. Indeed, those who learn from mistakes—rather than curse about them—are stronger and more successful. Accept the error of your past ways, and you will become a better person because of it. #6 Seek professional treatment One-on-one support or a therapeutic group can work, but it’s usually the last resort for men. A qualified therapist starts by helping the sufferer to identify the root cause of their guilt. When the counsellor determines the problems, they’ll offer actionable solutions. - Closing Thoughts Time is a great healer for all manner of things, including guilt. The suggestions above can help to reduce the intensity of this heavy emotion and speed up the recovery time. Your healing starts the moment you act, using whichever tools work best for you and your situation.	https://www.mantor.co/blog-posts/6-ways-men-can-deal-with-feelings-of-unresolved-guilt
One of the most valuable parts of a piece of music is the melody. That may seem obvious, right? Think about it. When you’re walking around your house, driving in your car, taking a shower, or doing some mindless work, what is it that you are singing to yourself? The melody to a song you like. It’s not usually the chords or the beat. Those are both valuable things, but the melody is usually what sticks out. Melodies are catchy, and that’s why most pop-radio hits have relatively simple harmonic structures and especially catchy melodies. The idea is to get that melody stuck in as many people’s heads as possible and get it to go viral. The other aspects of the composition, like the chords and groove, are there to elevate that melody. Now jazz music is a little bit different than most pop music in the sense that the harmonic movement is heavily emphasized. In fact, this is what makes jazz improvisation so interesting. Jazz musicians have lots of chord progressions to explore and navigate. There’s chromaticism, chord extensions, and alterations. Jazz standards are truly a harmonic playground, with so many different aspects to explore. This is why Bebop emerged. Bebop was a departure from the singable, danceable music of the Swing Era. In fact, the only time in history where jazz was popular music was during the Swing Era, where strong melodies and danceable grooves were what it was all about. Bebop was all about virtuosity and a musicians ability to navigate chord changes in creative ways. Regardless, the melody is almost always the most defining part of a song. That’s why in jazz we play the “head” (the melody), take solos, and then end the song with the head again. At least, this is traditionally what happens. Because the melody is so important, you’d think that it would be one of the first places we go when taking a solo, right? Well, unfortunately, a lot of jazz musicians forget the melody altogether. We’re all guilty of this, including me! Think about a blues for example: It’s usually a 12 bar form, and though there are harmonic variations, it’s more or less the same chords. So what makes one blues different from the other? You guessed it, the melody. Therefore, shouldn’t our jazz solos over a blues have something to do with the melody? I’d say so. Using the Melody to Develop Solo Ideas My challenge to you today is to try to think less about guide tones, licks, scales, and think more about the melody. These are all great tools I’ve just mentioned and should be used, but let’s try to step back for a second. The melody is important, and it has a ton of potential in itself to make us better improvisers. I have a great exercise for you to practice today. Warning: This exercise is not as easy as it sounds! The boundaries set up make this tough to do. You’ll see what I mean. I also want to mention that this lesson comes straight out of our eCourse 30 Steps to Better Jazz Playing, which is a course that takes you through 30 days of focused, goal-oriented practicing where you work on stuff that will make you a better jazz musician. It’s a course that has gotten a lot of great reviews from our students, and this is just a tiny taste of some of the stuff you work on. Certainly, check it out if you think this is something that could benefit you! Here’s the exercise: Take a song you know well (I’m going to use the Kenny Dorham standard Blue Bossa as an example), and use it as a vehicle for this exercise. Here’s how it goes: The first chorus, just play the melody completely straight. Essentially, there is no improvising happening yet. During this chorus, you are establishing exactly what the melody is. The second chorus, embellish the melody. What does it mean to embellish? You are using the melody as a “guideline”. You can veer off from the melody a bit, but not too far off. You want to be clearly hearing the melody throughout the chorus, while still taking liberties with it. The third chorus, reference the melody. You can go ahead and improvise freely and don’t necessarily have to stick so tightly to the melody. But you will need to reference it from time to time. Someone who just walked into your practice room should be able to eventually pick up what song you’re playing because you referenced a part of the melody. Now, of course, it’s only fair that I demonstrate this for you. I’m a guitar player so I’ve pulled out my guitar and recorded an example for you below. Give it a listen, and see if you can follow along! Phew! That was tough for me! It was difficult to stay restrained to the rules I set up for each chorus. Full disclosure: I think I over-embellished the second chorus (embellishment), but that’s okay, it’s time to hit the shed. Did you hear my references in the 3rd chorus? I allowed myself to improvise freely but tried to come back and use pieces of the melody throughout. If you try this yourself, you’ll see the challenge. I think some of the best practice is when you set up boundaries for yourself. That’s what the practice room is for. So let’s all start using the melody more in our solos. Try this exercise, and tell me how you do in the comments below.	https://www.learnjazzstandards.com/blog/learning-jazz/jazz-advice/use-melody-jazz-standard-develop-solo-ideas/
Predicting involves thinking ahead while reading and anticipating information and events in the text. After making predictions, students can read through the text and refine, revise, and verify their predictions. This resource guides you through suggestions to help students learn how to be successful in their predictions. 5,6,7,8 THINK-ALOUD The think-aloud strategy asks students to say out loud what they are thinking about when reading, solving math problems, or simply responding to questions posed by teachers or other students. This resources explains the strategy and provides tips on how to model it for students so that make it a habit in math, reading, and science classes. This strategy makes an excellent addition to the learning methods taught in your curriculum. 0 - 12 ACTIVATING PRIOR LEARNING Call it schema, relevant background knowledge, prior knowledge, or just plain experience, when students make connections to the text they are reading, their comprehension increases. Good readers constantly try to make sense out of what they read by seeing how it fits with what they already know. When we help students make those connections before, during, and after they read, we are teaching them a critical comprehension strategy that the best readers use almost unconsciously. Linked topics Create meaningful performance assessments Performance assessment is a viable alternative to norm-referenced tests. Teachers can use performance assessment to obtain a much richer and more complete picture of what students know and are able to do. Direct reading activity Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA) is a teaching strategy that guides students in making predictions about a text and then reading to confirm or refute their predictions. This strategy encourages students to be active and thoughtful readers, enhancing their comprehension. Double journal entries Students can use a double-entry journal to help them study concepts or vocabulary, express opinions, justify an opinion using text, and understand or respond to the text they are reading. The double-entry journal is a two-column journal. In the left column, students write a piece of information from the text, such as a quotation or a concept, which students want to expand upon, understand better, or question. Journaling Journaling is the practice of recording on paper a collection of thoughts, understandings, and explanations about ideas or concepts, usually in a bound notebook. Teachers ask students to keep journals, with the understanding that students will share their journal with the teacher. Reflective journals Reflective journals are notebooks or pieces of paper that students use when writing about and reflecting on their own thoughts. The act of reflecting on thoughts, ideas, feelings, and their own learning encourages the development of metacognitive skills by helping students self-evaluate and sort what they know from what they don't know. The process of examining one's own thoughts and feelings is particularly helpful for students who are learning new concepts or beginning to grapple with complex issues that go beyond right and wrong answers. Sign in to add your comment. Shortcuts Inspiring videos - watch here We've curated a bunch of videos that we think educators will enjoy. We'll keep adding but let us know what you think of the collection by posting a note in the comment box on the home page.	http://a-better-africa.com/show/the-complete-teacher/wiki/Professional+development
Instructor's resolution guide for the eighth version of chance and facts for Engineers and Scientists by means of Sharon L. Myers, Raymond H. Myers, Ronald E. Walpole, and Keying E. Ye. Note: the various workouts within the newer ninth version also are present in the eighth version of the textbook, basically numbered another way. This resolution guide can frequently nonetheless be used with the ninth variation by way of matching the routines among the eighth and ninth variants. An introduction to random sets - download pdf or read online The research of random units is a big and swiftly growing to be region with connections to many parts of arithmetic and purposes in generally various disciplines, from economics and determination thought to biostatistics and snapshot research. the downside to such range is that the examine experiences are scattered during the literature, with the outcome that during technological know-how and engineering, or even within the records group, the subject isn't popular and masses of the large strength of random units continues to be untapped. Correspondence analysis in practice by Michael Greenacre PDF Drawing at the author’s adventure in social and environmental learn, Correspondence research in perform, moment version exhibits how the flexible approach to correspondence research (CA) can be utilized for facts visualization in a large choice of occasions. This thoroughly revised, updated variation encompasses a didactic technique with self-contained chapters, huge marginal notes, informative determine and desk captions, and end-of-chapter summaries. Download PDF by C.R. Rao, Helge Toutenburg, Andreas Fieger, Christian: Linear Models and Generalizations: Least Squares and This e-book presents an up to date account of the speculation and functions of linear types. it may be used as a textual content for classes in statistics on the graduate point in addition to an accompanying textual content for different classes during which linear types play an element. The authors current a unified concept of inference from linear versions with minimum assumptions, not just via least squares idea, but additionally utilizing substitute tools of estimation and checking out in accordance with convex loss features and normal estimating equations. - Limit Distributions for Sums of Independent Random Variables. Revised Edition - Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data, Second Edition (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics) - Statistical Multisource-Multitarget Information Fusion - Stochasticity and partial order: doubly stochastic maps and unitary mixing Extra resources for Contributions to Ergodic Theory and Probability Example text In addition, we will provide examples of some important and frequently encountered random variables. In Chapter 3, we will discuss general (not necessarily discrete) random variables. Even though this chapter may appear to be covering a lot of new ground, this is not really the case. ) and apply them to random variables rather than events, together with some appropriate new notation. The only genuinely new concepts relate to means and variances. 2 PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTIONS The most important way to characterize a random variable is through the probabilities of the values that it can take. We have illustrated through examples three methods of specifying probability laws in probabilistic models: (1) The counting method. This method applies to the case where the number of possible outcomes is ﬁnite, and all outcomes are equally likely. To calculate the probability of an event, we count the number of elements in the event and divide by the number of elements of the sample space. (2) The sequential method. This method applies when the experiment has a sequential character, and suitable conditional probabilities are speciﬁed or calculated along the branches of the corresponding tree (perhaps using the counting method). What is the probability that each group includes a graduate student? 3, but we will now obtain the answer using a counting argument. We ﬁrst determine the nature of the sample space. A typical outcome is a particular way of partitioning the 16 students into four groups of 4. We take the term “randomly” to mean that every possible partition is equally likely, so that the probability question can be reduced to one of counting. According to our earlier discussion, there are 16 4, 4, 4, 4 = 16! 4! 4!	http://www.eav.sk/epub/contributions-to-ergodic-theory-and-probability
Available on Compatible NOOK Devices and the free NOOK Apps. Overview This text provides integrated and unified treatment frameworks for anxiety disorders and examines how contemporary integrated psychotherapy treatment models from different therapeutic interventions can be used to help patients. Dr. Koenigsberg provides a research-based overview of major themes that underlie these treatment models, then analyzes the symptoms and causes of specific anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias, as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Case studies of integrated or unified treatment approaches are provided for each disorder, along with the theoretical and technical factors that are involved in applying these approaches in clinical practice. Supplementary online materials include PowerPoint slides and test questions to help readers further expand their understanding of integrated and unified approaches for the anxiety disorders and assess their newfound knowledge. Graduate and undergraduate students, novice and seasoned therapists, and researchers will learn the rationale for and the history of past and contemporary integrated and unified models of treatment to gain better insight into anxiety disorders. Product Details \|ISBN-13:\|\|9780429657290\| \|Publisher:\|\|Taylor & Francis\| \|Publication date:\|\|06/14/2020\| \|Sold by:\|\|Barnes & Noble\| \|Format:\|\|NOOK Book\| \|Pages:\|\|242\| \|File size:\|\|1 MB\| About the Author Judy Z. Koenigsberg, Ph.D., is a clinical psychologist, licensed in Illinois, who has practiced integrated psychology for over 25 years. After earning her Ph.D. from Northwestern University in 1990, Dr. Koenigsberg was employed as a clinical psychologist at the University of Chicago. She has taught research design and methodology to graduate students in the social sciences at Loyola University. Dr. Koenigsberg’s publications include articles in psychology and sociology which have been published in peer reviewed journals, chapters in an encyclopedia of mental disorders, a course in psycholinguistics designed for C.E. credit for mental health professionals, and a book. At present, she maintains an integrated psychology practice in Evanston, Illinois.	https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/anxiety-disorders-judy-z-koenigsberg/1136752702?ean=9780429657290
Dubbed "the bad boy of cuisine" for his rock-star look and blunt observations about the world of restaurants, chefs and cooking and the "Mafia Chef" because of his crime and cookery novels, Anthony Bourdain is not your typical celebrity chef. A 28-year veteran of professional kitchens, Bourdain is currently the executive chef at New York’s famed bistro, Les Halles. Bourdain entertains and educates with his exotic tales of travel and lessons learned from the kitchen trenches. He shares his passion on topics ranging from "Great Cuisines: The Common Thread" to the celebrity chef phenomenon and the culture of cooking. He also imparts his drill-sergeant approach to running a kitchen, which he shared with the Harvard Business Review Magazine, in "Management by Fire: A Conversation With Chef Anthony Bourdain." "The fantastic mix of order and chaos," he says, "demands a rigid hierarchy and a sacrosanct code of conduct, where punctuality, loyalty, teamwork and discipline are key to producing consistently good food." His exposé of New York restaurants, Don’t Eat Before Reading This, published in The New Yorker Magazinein 1999, attracted huge attention in the U.S. and the United Kingdom. It formed the basis of his critically acclaimed 2001 book, Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly, which described in lurid detail his experiences in kitchens and became a surprise international best-seller. In late 2000, Bourdain set out to eat his way across the globe, looking for, as he puts it, kicks, thrills, epiphanies and the "perfect meal." The book, A Cook's Tour: Global Adventures in Extreme Cuisines, and its companion 22-part television series chronicle his adventures and misadventures on that voyage, during which he sampled the still-beating heart of a live cobra, dined with gangsters in Russia, and returned to his roots in the tiny fishing village of La Teste, France, where he first ate an oyster as a child. Bourdain is a contributing authority for Food Arts Magazine. His novels include The Bobby Gold Stories: A Novel, Bone in the Throat and Gone Bamboo. His work has appeared in such publications as The New Yorker, Gourmet Magazine and The New York Times. He describes his recent book Anthony Bourdain's Les Halles Cookbook: Strategies, Recipes, and Techniques of Classic Bistro Cooking, as "Julia Child meets Full Metal Jacket." His latest book, The Nasty Bits: Collected Varietal Cuts, Usable Trim, Scraps, and Bones, is a well-seasoned hellbroth of candid, often outrageous stories from his worldwide misadventures. Anthony Bourdain was born in New York City in 1956. After two misspent years at Vassar College, he attended the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, followed by nearly three decades of working in professional kitchens. He lives — and will always live — in New York City. Get the latest breaking current news and explore our Historic Archive of articles focusing on The Mafia, Organized Crime, The Mob and Mobsters, Gangs and Gangsters, Political Corruption, True Crime, and the Legal System at TheChicagoSyndicate.com Monday, October 22, 2007 The Mafia Chef: Anthony Bourdain Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) New York Crime Families Flash Mafia Book Sales! Al Capone's Vault Best of the Month! - Angelo "The Hook" LaPietra's Family Receives Discounted Chicago Water Bill - Chicago Mob Infamous Locations Map - Mafia Links of Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons - Genovese Crime Family - Labar Spann, A Leader of the 4 Corner Hustlers Gang, Convicted of Racketeering Conspiracy, Murder and Extortion for Drug Operation - 15 Member and Associates of the Sin City Deciples Charged with Racketeering Conspiracy and/or Drug Conspiracy - The Chicago Syndicate AKA "The Outfit"	https://www.thechicagosyndicate.com/2007/10/mafia-chef-anthony-bourdain.html
Thank you for taking the time to write. I have heard from many Americans regarding firearms policy, and I appreciate your perspective. I am committed to making my Administration the most open and transparent in history, and part of delivering on that promise is hearing from people like you. I take seriously your opinions and respect your point of view on this important issue. Please know that your concerns will be on my mind in the days ahead.	https://thedailyhatch.org/2012/05/25/feedback-friday-letter-to-white-house-generated-form-letter-response-may-23-2012-part-7/
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION FIELD OF THE INVENTION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION DETAILED DESCRIPTION This application claims priority to foreign French patent application No. FR 10 02675, filed on Jun. 25, 2010, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to a navigation filter. It is notably applicable to the field of carrier craft navigation, and more particularly to navigation systems notably operating according to methods of terrain correlation, or Terrain Aided Navigation being denoted by the acronym TAN. Terrain Aided Navigation or TAN constitutes a particular means of navigation that can be applied to a wide variety of carrier vehicles, for example aircraft, submarines, autonomous missiles, etc. There exist three main known means aimed at fulfilling the needs of carrier craft navigation. The first main known means comprises the inertial navigation techniques. The second main known means comprises the radio-navigation techniques. The third main known means comprises the navigation techniques using terrain correlation. Inertial navigation consists in utilizing information supplied by inertial guidance systems. The operation of an inertial guidance system is based on Einstein-Galilée's principle of relativity, which postulates that it is possible, without the aid of signals external to a carrier craft, to measure, on the one hand, the speed of rotation of the carrier craft with respect to an inertial reference frame, for example defined by a geocentric reference associated with fixed stars and, on the other hand, the specific force applied to the carrier craft: typically its acceleration in the inertial reference frame, reduced by the acceleration due to gravity. A typical inertial navigation system, commonly denoted INS, is a device allowing these two quantities to be measured by means of sensors such as gyrometers and accelerometers, commonly being three in number of each type, disposed along three orthogonal axes, this set of three sensors forming an inertial measurement unit, commonly denoted IMU. The time integration of the acceleration data, and the projection into the navigation reference based on the speed of rotation data, allow the position and the speed of the carrier craft with respect to the Earth to be determined, with the knowledge of an initial state of these data. However, one drawback linked to the time integration is that the error associated with the data thus determined is an increasing function of time. This error increases more than linearly, typically exponentially, the variation of the error being commonly denoted drift of the inertial guidance system. Thus, for applications requiring a precise navigation, it is necessary to hybridize the inertial measurements with other measurements of position and/or speed and/or attitude of the carrier craft supplied by complementary sensors, such as baro-altimeters, odometers, Pitot probes, etc., with the goal of reducing the drift of the inertial guidance system. Such sensors supply information on the kinematic state of the carrier craft without requiring access to external signals or onboard maps, and are commonly denoted low-level sensors. Radio-navigation consists in utilizing the signals coming from beacons transmitting radio signals, in order to extract information on positioning of the carrier craft with respect to these beacons. A radio-navigation technique that is widely used is the satellite geo-positioning technique, commonly denoted by the acronym GNSS corresponding to “Global Navigation Satellite System”, one representative of which is the GPS technique, corresponding to “Global Positioning System”. One of the drawbacks specific to radio-navigation techniques is linked to the fact that the reception of the signals coming from the beacons is not guaranteed at every place and time, and can notably be affected by the geophysical environment of the carrier craft, and also by the surrounding electromagnetic noise, where jamming techniques can notably compromise the operation of a radio-navigation device. Furthermore, since the transmitting beacons are maintained by operators, the integrity of the radio-navigation data coming from them is highly dependent on the cooperation of the latter. Radio-navigation, and notably the satellite geo-positioning system, and inertial navigation are for example complementary navigation techniques, and a hybridization of the two techniques can, in practice, result in a high-performance system. Inertial navigation indeed constitutes a very good local position estimator with a long-term drift, the satellite geo-positioning not being very reliable over the short term owing to the aforementioned drawbacks, but not exhibiting any drift. However, in the most critical applications, and notably for military applications, it is essential to turn to other sources of information on position and/or on speed and/or on attitude of the carrier craft in order to achieve hybridization with an inertial navigation technique. It is notably desirable that these alternative sources allow measurements of position and/or of speed and/or of attitude of the carrier craft which are independent, not subjected to jamming, and discrete. Terrain Aided Navigation or TAN consists in utilizing geophysical data measurements delivered by a suitable sensor with reference data specific to a terrain covered by the navigation. The sensors are thus used in conjunction with a reference map of the terrain, also denoted onboard map. These sensors allow a data value characteristic of the terrain to be read, and the terrain aided navigation consists in comparing these values with the data of the onboard map, the onboard map being a prior sampling of the values of these data over the navigation region in question, obtained by suitable means, and henceforth denoted data production channel. Terrain Aided Navigation is particularly well adapted to hybridization with an inertial navigation technique, and allows the shortcomings of radio-navigation to be overcome. Of course, it is possible, for optimal performance, to use a navigation system allowing hybridization of the aforementioned three navigation techniques. Generally speaking, any navigation system involving a terrain correlation thus comprises a plurality of onboard sensors comprised within the inertial guidance system, together with the terrain sensor, an onboard map representing the best possible knowledge on the reality of the geophysical data that the onboard sensor must measure, and a navigation filter. The navigation filter allows a judgment to be made, in real time, between the information supplied by the inertial guidance system and that supplied by the comparison between the measurements supplied by the terrain sensor and the onboard map. The judgment is made by the filter according to its prior knowledge of the errors on the measurements supplied. This knowledge is contained in error models. The error models relate to the inertial guidance system, the errors of the inertial guidance system being variable depending on the quality of the equipment; the error models also relate to the terrain sensor, together with the onboard map, the errors of the latter being variable depending on the quality of the data production channel. The error models for the equipment come from information supplied by the manufacturers, and/or come from measurements carried out via specific studies. The error models for the onboard maps are supplied by the data producers. One essential aspect of the navigation is the stochastic nature of the phenomena being considered. Indeed, the sensors produce errors according to stochastic models and, since the knowledge of the geophysical data is not well controlled, the solution to the navigation problem using a filtering technique renders the navigational performance intrinsically stochastic. Thus, the filter used in a navigation system may be considered as an estimator of a stochastic process, which is to say as the device that provides, at any given moment, the dynamic state of the carrier craft modeled as a random variable. A first example of a navigation system involving a terrain correlation is based on the technique of altimetric navigation. This technique consists in navigating a transport aircraft by means of an inertial guidance system, a terrain sensor of the radio-altimeter or multi-beam laser scanner type, measuring the distance between the carrier craft and the terrain in one or more given direction(s), and an onboard map of the Digital Terrain Model or DTM type, sampling the altitudes of points on the ground on a regular geo-localized grid. A second example of a navigation system involving a terrain correlation is based on the bathymetric navigation technique. This technique consists in navigating a transport sea craft or submarine by means of an inertial guidance system, a terrain sensor of the single-beam or multi-beam bathymetric sounder type measuring the distance from the carrier craft to the seabed in one or more given direction(s), and an onboard map of the bathymetric map type sampling the altitudes of points on the seabed on a regular geo-localized grid. A third example of a navigation system involving a terrain correlation is based on the technique of gravimetric navigation. This technique consists in navigating an aircraft, sea craft or submarine by means of an inertial guidance system, a terrain sensor of the gravimeter or accelerometer type measuring the local gravitational field or its anomaly, and an onboard map of the gravimetric anomaly map type sampling the values of the anomalies in the Earth's gravitational field at points of the globe on a normalized regular grid. A fourth example of a navigation system involving a terrain correlation is based on the technique of navigation by vision. This technique consists in navigating an aircraft by means of an inertial guidance system, a terrain sensor of the onboard camera type which delivers images of the land over which it flies at a given frequency in the visible or infrared spectrum, and two onboard maps, one onboard map of the geo-localized ortho-image type, in other words an image that is re-sampled in such a manner that the effects of the mountainous areas have been removed, in other words for which the scale is the same at all the points, together with an onboard map of the DTM type. a navigation system must be defined that allows a desired quality of navigation according to a given set of performance criteria, for example guaranteeing a mean positioning error less than a given threshold, at a lower cost; the most faithful error models possible for the inertial guidance system, the terrain sensor and the onboard map must be determined; the missions of a carrier craft must be defined, notably in terms of input trajectory, during a mission preparation phase, in order to determine an optimal trajectory along which the quality of the signal delivered by the terrain sensor is maximized, where the optimal trajectory must also be defined with respect to other performance criteria for the carrier craft mission and to operational constraints associated with the theatre of the mission. The mission preparation phase must for example be based on a navigability criterion which is relevant, in other words representative of the richness of the signal delivered by the terrain sensor; a high-performance navigation filter must be defined that is robust and capable of taking into consideration, at best, all the error models relating to the various components of the system, in other words the error of the inertial guidance system, of the terrain sensor and of the onboard map. In the framework of navigation systems involving a terrain correlation, the designers are notably confronted with a certain number of technical problems stated hereinbelow: The main object of the present invention is to solve the aforementioned technical problem, relating to the definition of a high-performance navigation filter. According to known techniques of the prior art, the navigation filters employed in TAN systems are navigation filters of the extended Kalman filter type, commonly denoted by the acronym EKF. These filters are notorious for not being robust in the case of a lack of information coming from the terrain, resulting in cases that can lead to a divergence of the filter. Known solutions allowing these divergences to be avoided consist in coupling EKF filters with block re-centering algorithms. However, typically, block re-centering phases can last of the order of twenty seconds to one minute, during which lapse of time no information on the behaviour of the system is returned. Such “silence” effects can have a detrimental impact on the navigation of a carrier craft, which can thus travel up to 15 km, for a speed of travel equal to 250 m/s, without any means of awareness of the quality of its navigation. Non-linear filters that are more generic than Kalman filters are known from the prior art. These are particle filters which overcome the defects of EKF filters. Nevertheless, particle filters exhibit effects of degeneration after a relatively long navigation time. For this reason, particle filters have never been utilized in practice until now in navigation applications using terrain correlation. One goal of the present invention is to overcome at least the aforementioned drawbacks, by providing a navigation filter offering excellent robustness characteristics, excellent convergence performance, and not exhibiting the drawbacks associated with the aforementioned silence effects. For this purpose, the subject of the present invention is a navigation filter for a terrain aided navigation system delivering an estimation of the kinematic state of a carrier craft associated with a covariance matrix at a discretized moment in time k starting from a plurality of data values comprising the measurements returned by at least one terrain sensor, the model associated with the terrain sensor, the data from an onboard map, a error model for the onboard map, the measurements returned by an inertial guidance system and a model of the inertial guidance system, the navigation filter comprising a first filter referred to as convergence filter and a second filter referred to as tracking filter, the navigation filter comprising switch-over means selecting, for the calculation of the kinematic state of the carrier craft and of the covariance matrix, one or other of the said convergence filters and tracking filter, depending on the comparison of a quality index calculated from the covariance matrix returned by the navigation filter, at the preceding moment in time k−1, with a predetermined threshold value, the navigation filter returning the values calculated by the selected filter. In one embodiment of the invention, the quality index can be equal to a norm of the terms of a sub-matrix of the covariance matrix. In one embodiment of the invention, the quality index can be equal to a norm of the terms of the sub-covariance matrix comprising the position terms of the carrier craft in a horizontal plane. In one embodiment of the invention, the quality index can be equal to the sum of the squares of the diagonal terms of the covariance sub-matrix comprising the position terms of the carrier craft in a horizontal plane. In one embodiment of the invention, the convergence filter can be a filter of the particle type. In one embodiment of the invention, the convergence filter can be a filter of the marginalized particle type. In one embodiment of the invention, the tracking filter can be a filter of the extended Kalman filter type denoted by the acronym EKF. In one embodiment of the invention, the tracking filter can be a filter of the type denoted by the acronym UKF. In one embodiment of the invention, the tracking filter can be associated with a device for rejection of outlier measurements, rejecting the measurements if the ratio between the innovation and the standard deviation of the measurement noise exceeds a second predetermined threshold value. In one embodiment of the invention, the switch-over means delivers at the output of the navigation filter the data returned by the said convergence filter when the number of consecutive measurements rejected by the rejection device is greater than a third predetermined threshold value. In one embodiment of the invention, the navigation filter can furthermore comprise means for comparing the local standard deviation of the measurements for navigation by terrain correlation with a fourth predetermined threshold value, the navigation filter being based only on the measurements supplied by the baro-altimeter comprised within the inertial guidance system when the standard deviation is less than the said fourth predetermined threshold value. FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating schematically the structure of a navigation system involving a terrain correlation. 1 10 11 12 A navigation system comprises a navigation block , a navigation filter and an onboard map . 10 101 102 101 1010 1011 1012 1013 The navigation block can comprise an inertial guidance system and one or a plurality of terrain sensors . The inertial guidance system can notably comprise an inertial processor , receiving data coming from a gravitational model , from an IMU and from one or a plurality of low-level sensors . 11 1010 11 102 11 12 11 11 1010 102 12 11 102 101 12 The navigation filter receives data on position, on speed and on attitude of the carrier craft, coming from the inertial processor . The navigation filter receives geophysical data measurements coming from the terrain sensors . In addition, the navigation filter accesses the data contained in the onboard map . The navigation filter can be implemented in suitable processing devices and returns estimations of the kinematic state of the carrier craft. The navigation filter is also capable of applying corrections to the configuration parameters of the inertial processor and of the terrain sensors and of the onboard map . Typically, the navigation filter can for example correct biases of the terrain sensors or drifts of the inertial guidance system or else parameters of the error model of the onboard map . 12 The onboard map can for example be formed by an assembly of various maps of various natures corresponding to each of the terrain sensors involved, which data are stored in a memory. The solution provided by the present invention is based on the collaboration of a first filter henceforth referred to as “convergence filter”, for example of the particle type, offering superior performance in the convergence or divergence phases, associated with a second filter henceforth referred to as “tracking filter”, for example coming from the family of Kalman filters offering excellent performance in the tracking phases of a carrier craft, in other words in the phases where the positioning error is quite small. As has been previously described, according to methods known per se from the prior art, an algorithm for correlation by blocks may be utilized when the “vertical” measurement model is acceptable. According to such an algorithm, a measurement profile is stored then compared with the terrain in the region of uncertainty until a satisfactory correlation is obtained. When the uncertainty on the parameters is sufficiently small, it is then possible to make use of a filter of the EKF type, which takes over from the algorithm for correlation by blocks. However, such methods have the drawback of generating silence effects in certain situations. FIG. 2 FIG. 2 11 11 21 22 22 A navigation filter according to the present invention may be illustrated by the schematic diagram shown in . With reference to , a navigation filter supplying at its output an estimation of the kinematic state of a carrier craft, for example an estimation of the position, of the speed and of the attitude of the latter, receives at its input a plurality of data values, comprising the measurements carried out by the terrain sensor, the measurements returned by the inertial guidance system, the terrain sensor model, the onboard map data, the map error model, for example of the Gauss-Markov type, and the model of the inertial guidance system. The navigation filter can comprise a first filter denoted convergence filter , for example of the particle filter type, and a second filter denoted tracking filter , for example of the Kalman filter type. More precisely, the tracking filter can be of the type denoted EKF or UKF, respectively for “Extended Kalman Filter” and “Unscented Kalman Filter”. The optimal navigation may be considered as a non-linear filtering problem. The dynamic filtering system, discretized in the time domain, may be formalized by the following relationship: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> where: k k k−1 k k k k Xdenotes the state, with a dimension d, of the dynamic system at a time step k; ƒ(X) denotes the state transition model applied to the dynamic state of the system at the preceding time step k−1; Wdenotes the process noise, considered as coming from a normal distribution with zero mean and with covariance Q: WN(0,Q). k the measurement error of the sensor itself, the uncertainty associated with the cartography of the geophysical data; Mathematically, the measurement of the position of the platform by a geophysical sensor is represented by the second equation of the system of equations formulated in the relationship (1) hereinabove, in which h is a function, in principle non-linear, of the position and wis a generalized measurement error dependent on both: k k k k k k k k Ydenotes the observation of the dynamic state of the system at the time step k; hdenotes the observation model; Vdenotes the observation noise, coming from a distribution of the Gaussian white noise type, with zero mean and with covariance R: VN(0,R). The process noise Wand the observation noise Vare assumed to be independent. The hybridization of this measurement and of the time variation equation, the first equation of the system of equations posed by the relationship (1) hereinabove, amounts mathematically to a problem of non-linear filtering. The problem posed is then to estimate, at any time t, the conditional probability distribution of the state knowing the complete set of measurements. k k Xdenoting the state of the platform, the optimal filtering of the random process grouping all of the random variables, {Xk}, starting from the series of the random variables, {y}, amounts to calculating the conditional probability expressed according to the following relationship: p X k y t t≧t k (()\|(),) (2). k The preceding model means that the signal k→[X(k), y(t)] is a Markovian process, which allows a recursive calculation of this conditional probability. The result of this calculation is called a Bayesian optimal filter. The principle of this optimal filtering is detailed hereinafter. The problem consists in calculating the conditional probability distribution expressed according to the following equation: k dx P X k dx\|Y j j≧k μ()=(()ε(),) (3), j where dx denotes the Borel measurement, and where, for the sake of written simplification, the following is posed: Y(j)=y(t). 0:k 0:k. Assuming, for the sake of simplification, that the observation noises are independent, the observations Yare conditionally independent knowing the hidden states X The law of the observations conditionally attached to the hidden states may be factorized according to the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>dy</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>\|</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∏</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mi>k</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo><msub><mi>dy</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> 0:k k where dydenotes the Borel measurement on R=R×R×R . . . ×R k times, with the conditional probabilities: P[Y εdy \|X =x ]=g x ,y k k k k k k k (). The joint law of the hidden states and of the observations can then be written according to the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>dx</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>dy</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>dx</mi><mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∏</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mi>k</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>dy</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> k k k From the equation (5) hereinabove, and by posing g(x)=g(x,Y), the following equation can be deduced: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>Φ</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mo></mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>Φ</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>\|</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>Φ</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo></mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∏</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mi>k</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∏</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mi>k</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> k−1 k The transition from μto μinvolves two steps, a prediction step and a correction step: k−1 k−1 k k In the prediction step, the estimation on the state Xsupplied by μis combined with the model. As was previously described, the state Xis a Markovian process. Its transition kernel between the states at the times k−1 and k is denoted Q. k k k k In the correction step, this a priori estimation on the state Xis combined with the information provided by the new observation Y(quantified by the likelihood function g), and with the aid of the Bayes formula, an a posteriori estimation on the state Xcan be obtained. In practice, such a calculation, in other words such a filter, cannot be implemented since, except in certain particular cases, there exists no exhaustive dimensionally-finite summary of the conditional distribution permitting an exact implementation by calculation, for example via a computer program. The equations expressed in the relationships (3) to (6) hereinabove do not have explicit exact solutions, except in the particular case of Gaussian linear systems. This particular case corresponds to the Kalman filter, which assumes that dynamic equations of the state and of its measurement are linear and that all the errors are Gaussian. In this case, the conditional distribution is itself Gaussian. It is characterized by the conditional expectancy and the conditional covariance matrix, whose calculations can readily be implemented in computer programs. In all the other cases, only an approximation of this filter may be envisioned. There exist various large families of methods for approximation of the Bayesian optimal filter known per se from the prior art. A first family comprises the discrete implementations of the filter, and comprises the grids, the approaches referred to as topological approaches and the particle filters. A second family comprises the Kalman filters, the filters of the EKF or UKF type, and the filters of the EKF type known as multiple-hypothesis filters. These various methods each have advantages and drawbacks, and can be optimal but costly in processing time; this is the case for example of particle or grid filtering, or else optimal and fast but subject to restrictive assumptions: this is the case for example of Kalman filters, or again fast and robust but imprecise: this is the case for example of the topological approaches. The filters may nevertheless be classified into the two categories of tracking filters, adapted to the phases where the uncertainties on the position are small, or convergence filters, adapted to the phases with large uncertainties. For each of these two categories of filters, it is possible to select: filters of the Kalman family for the tracking phase, filters of the particle type for the convergence phase. Some approximations for non-linear filtering based on filters of the Kalman family and on the family of the particle filters are described hereinafter. In the following, the filtering is considered of a process X that satisfies the state time variation model described by the following equation: X k,X v k+1 k k =ƒ()+ (7), k k k where wis a white noise. An observation process Yis linked to Xvia the following equation: Y =h k,X w k k k ()+ (8), k k where wis a white noise, which can be modeled as independent of vas in the assumptions for the system formulated by the previous relationship (1). k When the functions x→(k,x) and x→h(k,x) are linear in x, and when the state and observation noises are Gaussian noises, the conditional probability distribution μ(dx) is Gaussian, and its two first moments are given by recursive equations which are the equations of the Kalman filter. The major advantage offered by the Kalman filter is that the performance of the filter can be calculated off line by solving an equation of the Ricatti type. In the general non-linear case, the equations must be approximated allowing the prediction and correction steps of the filter to be managed. It is observed that, whatever the approximation chosen, the performance of the filtering method will only generally be able to be appreciated by Monte Carlo simulation. The most elementary approach, based on filters of the EKF type, uses recursive linearization by Taylor approximation of the functions x→f(k,x) and x→h(k,x) around the estimate of the state, which can then be propagated by a Kalman filter, as in the linear case. It is possible to replace the Taylor approximation by a stochastic approximation, or Hermite approximation, which leads to the filter of the UKF type. In such a filter, points, named sigma-points, are used, and the sigma-points are associated with weights, coming from numerical quadrature formulae, in order to represent the conditional probability distributions while avoiding any linearization. k It is also possible to approximate the conditional law μ(dx) by a mixture of Gaussians, according to the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>dx</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>≈</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></munderover><mo></mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>n</mi></msubsup><mo></mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>Gauss</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>n</mi></msubsup><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>dx</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> where k k n n Gauss denotes a Normal law with mean Mand covariance S. This approximation leads to a combination of N Kalman filters. The advantages afforded by these techniques for the Kalman family are linked to their simplicity of implementation, to the low cost in terms of processing time, and to the excellent performance in the tracking phases. The drawbacks are linked to the inadequate inclusion of the multi-modality or of other forms of ambiguity, even temporary, often associated with large uncertainties, and with the intrinsic difficulty in linearizing an observation function only defined at one point by reading on a digital map. The particle filtering, described hereinafter, aims to provide a solution to some of these drawbacks by approximating the Bayesian calculations of integrals for the prediction and correction steps by Monte Carlo methods. It is observed that the approximation of the Bayesian integrals can lead to various implementations. The approach of the particle filtering type consists in a digital approach to the Bayesian filter, in other words the conditional probability distribution μk(dx) using particles, which are as many assumptions in order to represent the hidden state X, potentially assigned a weighting expressing the relevance of each particle for representing the hidden state. One approximation can then be formulated according to the following relationship: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>∈</mo><mi>dx</mi></mrow><mo></mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>:</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>≈</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>w</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>i</mi></msubsup><mo></mo><msub><mi>δ</mi><msubsup><mi>ξ</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>i</mi></msubsup></msub></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> where k i the particles ξform a random grid that follows the time variations of the series of the hidden states, and are concentrated on the regions of interest, within which the likelihood is high. In the prediction step, the time variation model of the inertial estimation errors, of the inertial biases and of any hyper-parameters are therefore used to allow the particles to explore the state space and relevant assumptions to be formed. In the correction step, the likelihood of each particle is evaluated, which allows quantification relevance of each of these assumptions formed for the hidden state with the observations measured by the terrain sensor and with the estimations of position delivered by the inertial guidance system, and the weighting of each particle to thus be updated. At each iteration, or else only when a criterion allowing the imbalance in the distribution of the weightings of the particles to be quantified exceeds a given threshold, the particles are redistributed according to their respective weightings, which has the effect of multiplying the most promising particles or, conversely, of eliminating the least promising particles. This mutation/selection mechanism has the effect of automatically concentrating the particles, in other words the processing power available in the regions of interest of the state space. One variant commonly used for particle filters consists in utilizing the Gaussian conditionally linear nature of the problem in order to propagate a system of particles into a state space of reduced size: this method is referred to as the Rao-Blackwell or marginalization method. This method may be employed for applications of particle filtering to inertial navigation. In the framework of inertial navigation, the state equation is usually linear with Gaussian noise, and the observation equation is non-linear with noise that is not necessarily Gaussian, but only involves certain components of the state: essentially the inertial estimation errors in position, these components being for example denoted by the term “non-linear” states XNL and the other components of the state by the term “linear states” XL. It should be noted first of all that the conditional law for XL knowing the past observations and knowing the past non-linear states XNL only in fact depends on the past non-linear states, and that this law is Gaussian and given by a Kalman filter whose observations are the non-linear states. It should then be noted that the joint law of the non-linear states may be expressed by means of innovations. The Rao-Blackwell method takes advantage of these points and approaches the joint conditional law for the linear states and for the past non-linear states knowing the past observations by means of a particle approximation, over a state space of reduced dimension, of the conditional law for the past states XNL knowing the past observations, and associates with each particle, which therefore represents a possible trajectory of the “non-linear” states, a Kalman filter in order to take into account the conditional law for XL knowing the past states XNL. With respect to a conventional particle approximation, the Rao-Blackwell method reduces the variance of the approximation error and only uses the particle approximation over a state space of reduced dimension; this increases the efficiency of the algorithm accordingly while minimizing its cost in processing. The main advantages of the particle approach reside in the immediate inclusion of the non-linearities, of the constraints related to the hidden state or to its time variation, of the non-Gaussian noise statistics, etc., and in their great ease of implementation: it indeed suffices to know how to simulate independent implementations of the hidden state model, and to know how to calculate the likelihood function at any given point of the state space, This latter restriction can furthermore be lifted. In addition, the large uncertainties on the state produce multi-modalities which are naturally taken into account by this type of approximation, which is a feature of the convergence phase. The main drawbacks of this approach essentially reside in a longer processing time, but which may essentially be reduced to the repetition, on a sample of large size of the order of a few hundreds to a few thousands, of tasks that are furthermore very simple of complexity comparable with or even less than the complexity of an extended Kalman filter, and also in the introduction of additional uncertainties for the simulation (during the prediction step) and for the re-distribution. It is therefore recommended that the number of particles and the additional uncertainty introduced be reduced to a minimum at any given time. The present invention provides an intelligent combination of the two families of filters, Kalman and particle filters, by selecting the best algorithm in each of the phases of convergence and tracking. For a better understanding of the invention, the tracking algorithm of the UKF type is developed hereinafter, and is chosen by way of non-limiting example of the invention. i i Filtering of the UKF type allows the linearization of the functions f and h to be avoided, by obtaining directly from f and h digital approximations of the mean and of the covariance of the dynamic state of the system. For this purpose, a set of points denoted “sigma-points”, or σ-points, is generated. The functions f and h are evaluated for the σ-points. The number of σ-points created depends on the dimension d of the dynamic state vector. The σ-points are then propagated within the non-linearized prediction model. The mean and the covariance are then calculated by weighted average from the σ-points, each σ-point Xbeing associated with a weighting ω. −d d The construction of the σ-points proposed by Rudolph van der Merwe can for example be used. According to this construction, the σ-points x, . . . , xmay be formulated according to the following relationship: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mover><mi>x</mi><mi>_</mi></mover></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mo>±</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mover><mi>x</mi><mi>_</mi></mover><mo>±</mo><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></msub><mo>·</mo><msqrt><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>11</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> where: x x i Sdenotes the square root of the covariance matrix, P, obtained by Cholesky decomposition, and eis the i-th base vector. −d d −d d (m) (m) (c) (c) The associated weightings ω, . . . , ωfor the estimation of the mean and ω, . . . , ωfor the estimation of the variance are given by the following relationship: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msubsup><mi>ω</mi><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><msubsup><mi>ω</mi><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>α</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>β</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msubsup><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>≠</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> where: 2 λ is a scale coefficient defined by: λ=α(d+κ)−d, α,β,κ being parameters to be adjusted. By using the admissible parameter settings α=1,β=0 which make the weightings for the calculation of the mean and of the covariance identical, it is then possible to fix λ=κ. The following weightings are then considered: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>and</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>ω</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> −d d Thus, for the prediction step, specific to any filtering system, the σ-points x, . . . ,xmay be defined by the relationship: x ={circumflex over (X)} and x ={circumflex over (X)} ±S ·e ·√{square root over (d+λ)} 0 k−1 ±i k−1 k−1 i (14), where k−1 k−1 k−1′ i {circumflex over (X)}denotes the a posteriori estimation of the dynamic state at the time k−1; Sis the square root of the covariance matrix of the state at the time k−1, P obtained by Cholesky decomposition and eis the i-th base vector. The mean dynamic state vector at the time k may be formulated by the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mover><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mrow><mi>d</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>15</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> The mean covariance matrix at the time k may be formulated by the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mover><mi>P</mi><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mrow><mi>d</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>-</mo><msub><mover><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>·</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>-</mo><msub><mover><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>T</mi></msup><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> −d d For the correction step, the σ-points x, . . . , xmay be defined by the relationship: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mover><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mo>±</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mover><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>±</mo><mrow><msub><mover><mi>S</mi><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msqrt><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>17</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> S P k k i where: is the square root of the mean covariance matrix, , obtained by Cholesky decomposition and eis the i-th base vector. The prediction for the mean measurement vector may be formulated by the equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mover><mover><mi>Y</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mrow><mi>d</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>18</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> k The prediction for the mean covariance matrix Ξat the time k may be formulated by the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>Ξ</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mrow><mi>d</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>Y</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>·</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>Y</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>T</mi></msup><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>19</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> The correlation matrix may be formulated by the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mrow><mi>d</mi></munderover><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>Y</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>·</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mover><mi>Y</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>T</mi></msup><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> The estimation of the dynamic state of the system at the time k, together with the associated covariance, may then be formulated by the following relationship: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mover><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>Ξ</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mover><mover><mi>Y</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mover><mi>P</mi><mi>_</mi></mover><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msubsup><mi>Ξ</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mo></mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>T</mi></msubsup><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>21</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> The algorithm can be initialized with: {acute over (X)} =E└X ┘ and P =E X −{acute over (X)} X −{acute over (X)} 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T [()·()] (22). The scale parameter λ, representative of the dispersion of the σ-points around the mean value, can for example be fixed at 0.9. 22 When the uncertainties are greater, for example in the case where the performance of the inertial guidance system is unsatisfactory or when the information coming from the terrain are not discriminating enough, the tracking filter may no longer be capable of correctly handling the filtering problem, because the conditional distribution of the state knowing the measurement can then become multi-modal. In this case, a convergence filter should be used that is more capable of reducing the high uncertainties to lower values. Such a convergence filter function is particularly well handled by filters of the particle type. The following part of the description describes in detail the technique of Rao-Blackwellization, or of marginalization, by way of non-limiting example of the invention, this technique allowing the particle filter used in the invention to be optimized during the convergence phase. NL components referred to as non-linear components denoted X, namely the inertial error in position and in attitude, which appear in a non-linear manner in the observation equations, L components referred to as linear components denoted X, namely the inertial error in speed and the bias, which appear in a linear manner in the state equations. In the case where the particular form of the inertial equations allows the particle filter to be Rao-Blackwellized, the state of the system can then be decomposed into: From a mathematical perspective, the general framework of the filtering problem is laid out hereinafter. The state time-variation system may be formulated according to the following relationship: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>L</mi></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>L</mi></msubsup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></msubsup></mrow><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>L</mi></msubsup></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>N</mi></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>L</mi></msubsup></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></msubsup></mrow><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>N</mi></msubsup></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>23</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> where: k Wdenotes the process noise, decomposed into linear and non-linear components, considered as coming from a normal distribution with zero mean and with covariance matrix <math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext>:</mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>L</mi></msubsup></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>N</mi></msubsup></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo></mo><mover><mo>·</mo><mo>~</mo></mover><mo></mo><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math> the covariance matrix being written <math overflow="scroll"><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>L</mi></msubsup></mtd><mtd><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></msubsup></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow></msubsup></mtd><mtd><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>N</mi></msubsup></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math> The observation vector may be formulated according to the following relationship, or “measurement equation”: Y =h X h X +V k k k k k k N N L l ()+ (24), where: k k k k Vdenotes the observation noise, coming from a distribution of the Gaussian white noise type, with zero mean and with covariance R: VN(0, R). k k k L NL The estimation of the a posteriori probability density of the state p(X,X/Y) may then be formulated, using the Bayes theorem, according to the following equation: <math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>L</mi></msubsup><mo>,</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>NL</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><munder><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>l</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>NL</mi></msubsup></mrow><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><munder><mi></mi><mi>Kalman</mi></munder></munder><mo>·</mo><mrow><munder><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>X</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>NL</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><munder><mi></mi><mi>Particle</mi></munder></munder><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>25</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> k k k i i i The non-linear part of the dynamic state of the system is represented at the time k by the particles ξ, i=1, . . . ,N, associated with the weightings ωand with the Kalman predictors mfor the linear part. The initialization can be carried out using the initial covariance matrix of the state, by disposing the particles on a regular grid covering the uncertainty at around three sigma and at zero for the linear part. i i L/N k k Simulation of two independent random Gaussian vectors Uand W, centered and with covariance matrix Pand Q; and the following is posed: The marginalization can then proceed in the following manner, decomposed into various items, for each value of i from 1 to N: k k k−1 k k−1 i N i i N N i =F m +U W k k k−1 k k−1 k k−1 k k i N i N i N L/N N N such that the random vector ξis Gaussian, with mean vector F·m+ƒ(ξ) and with covariance matrix F·P·(F)+Q. Definition of the mean vector according to the equation: ξ()+ƒ(ξ)+ (26), m =F m K K −F m k\|k−1 k k−1 k k−1 k\|k−1 k\|k−1 k k k−1 k k−1 i L i L i i L\|N i N i N i and of the covariance matrix: +ƒ(ξ)+)+(ξ−ƒ(ξ)) (27), P F P F Q K F P F P F Q k\|k−1 k k−1 k k k\|k−1 k k−1 k k−1 k k L\|N L L\|N L L L\|N N L\|N N L\|N L N,L k\|k−1 L\|N where the gain matrix Kis defined by the following equation: =(()+)−((()+) (28), K F P F Q F P F Q k\|k−1 k k−1 k k k k−1 k k L\|N L L\|N N L,N N L\|N N N −1 Definition of the weighting, formulated by the following equation: =(()+)(()+) (29). k k k k k k\|k−1 k k\|k−1 k k k−1 i i i L\|N i ∞q y −h H m ,H P H +R Normalization of the weighting. If the effective size of the sample becomes less than a predetermined threshold, the particles are re-distributed according to a multinomial sampling. Definition of the mean vector formulated according to the following equation: ω((ξ)−)ω (30). m =m +K y −h H m k k\|k−1 k k k k k k\|k−1 i i L\|N i i and of the covariance matrix according to the equation: ((ξ)−) (31), P =P −K H P k k\|k−1 k k k\|k−1 L\|N L\|N L\|N L\|N where the gain matrix is defined by the equation: (32), K =P H H P H +R k k\|k−1 k k k\|k−1 k k L\|N L\|N L\|N −1 () (33). With the aim of making the filter more robust, a post-regularization step may advantageously be carried out after the particle correction step by a Gaussian kernel with regularization parameter μ, for example fixed at 0.2. 11 21 22 FIG. 3 The navigation filter provided allows advantage to be taken of the best of the two convergence and tracking filters, for example particle and Kalman filters , , according to the diagram shown in and described hereinafter. 11 301 k At a time k in the discretized time axis, the navigation filter receives a measurement, in other words an observation of the dynamic state of the system Y, as is illustrated by a first step in the figure. 301 302 The first step is followed by a comparison step , during which the value of a quality index, calculated from the covariance matrix returned by the navigation filter at the preceding discretized time k−1, is compared with a predetermined threshold value. The quality index and the threshold value are described in detail hereinafter. 302 11 21 22 303 306 11 307 21 22 11 22 302 22 11 22 At the end of the comparison step , switch-over means included in the navigation filter allow one or other of the two convergence and tracking filters , to be forced to carry out the calculations of the dynamic state of the system and of the associated covariance matrix, for the time k, as is illustrated in the figure by the intermediate steps to . The navigation filter then returns, for the time k, an estimation of the state of the dynamic system and the associated covariance matrix as is shown by the last step in the figure, such as returned for example by the selected filter , . For example, if the navigation filter returned at the time k−1 the data calculated by the tracking filter and if, at the comparison step , the quality index is less than the predetermined threshold value, then, for the time k, the switch-over means force the tracking filter to perform the calculations, and the navigation filter returns, for the time k, the state of the system and the covariance such as calculated by the tracking filter . 11 22 302 21 11 21 If the navigation filter returned, at the time k−1, the data calculated by the tracking filter and if, at the comparison step , the quality index is greater than the predetermined threshold value, then, for the time k, the switch-over means force the convergence filter to carry out the calculations, and the navigation filter returns, for the time k, the state of the system and the covariance such as calculated by the convergence filter . 21 11 21 Thus, for this last example, if, at the time k+1, the quality index remains greater than the predetermined threshold value, then, for the time k+1, the switch-over means force the convergence filter to perform the calculations, and the navigation filter also returns, for the time k+1, the state of the system and the covariance such as calculated by the convergence filter . 22 11 22 If, on the other hand, the quality index becomes less than the predetermined threshold value, then, for the time k+1, the switch-over means force the tracking filter to carry out the calculations, and the navigation filter returns, for the time k+1, the state of the system and the covariance such as calculated by the tracking filter . The quality index may, for example, be the norm of the terms of a covariance sub-matrix. For example, the quality index can be defined as a norm of the terms of the covariance matrix relating to the position of the carrier craft projected into a horizontal plane (in other words onto the terms in x and y). More precisely, the norm can be defined as the sum of the squares of the diagonal terms of the covariance sub-matrix comprising the position terms in a horizontal plane. 21 22 Thus, for example, if the path of the carrier craft passes over a long region of flat terrain, the convergence filter , of the particle type, can take over from the tracking filter , of the Kalman filter type, in order to enable a re-convergence as soon as a signal usable by the NTC re-appears. 22 k Furthermore, it is advantageously possible to add to the tracking filter , of the Kalman filter type, a device for rejection of outlier measurements based on the analysis of the innovation of the filter. The innovation of the filter is defined as the difference between the measurement obtained and the predicted measurement (measurement carried out in the predicted state). For example, if the innovation exceeds a second predetermined threshold value with respect to the standard deviation of the intended measurement, in other words the standard deviation of the measurement noise V, the measurement can be rejected. This embodiment allows the cases to be handled where the single-point map error is very large and does not satisfy the model provided for the region. 22 11 11 22 21 Again, advantageously, with the aim of allowing the detection of the divergence of the tracking filter , of the Kalman filter type, a variable of the counter type can be introduced, this variable representing the number of consecutive measurements that have been rejected by the navigation filter . When this number exceeds a third predetermined threshold value, the navigation filter assumes that the tracking filter , of the Kalman filter type, is “lost”, and can automatically switch over into particle filtering mode via the convergence filter , increasing by a certain factor (greater than 1), for example a factor three, the uncertainties on the position, in order to attempt to recover the position of the carrier craft. 11 11 Again, advantageously, in order to avoid the navigation filter confusing a true signal with an error, for example in the case of a very flat terrain, and thus to make the filtering more robust, a fourth minimum threshold value can be introduced on the local standard deviation of the measurements involved in the NTC. If this standard deviation is less than the fourth threshold value, the navigation filter can then just use the measurements from low-level sensors; in the opposite case, it can use the whole of the measurement to carry out the TAN. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the description, presented by way of example and with reference to the appended drawings, which show: FIG. 1 , a diagram illustrating schematically the structure of a navigation system involving a terrain correlation; FIG. 2 , a diagram illustrating schematically the structure of a navigation filter according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention; FIG. 3 , a logic flow diagram illustrating the operation of a navigation filter according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.
Education: Temple University Beasley School of Law, J.D., Cum Laude Rutgers University, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineering, magna cum laude Tsinghua University, B.Eng., Automation, with honors Admitted to Practice: Pennsylvania Massachusetts While protecting his clients’ innovations as an attorney, Shuang Zhao draws on more than a decade of experience as an engineer. He knows that the value of a patent counsel lies in their ability to understand a client’s technology and business case, identify potential legal issues the client may encounter in protecting its patent assets, and work with the client to devise and implement a strategy to address those issues beforehand. Shuang has seen from his past experience as an IP litigation attorney the importance of identifying potential loopholes in patent drafting and fixing them before they become real problems. “Having an engineering background lays the foundation for me to understand the complexity of my client’s technology, and makes me appreciate the hard work behind and the value of the client’s innovations,” he says. “On the other hand, practical legal experience, especially that from real-world litigation and post-grant practice, allows me to anticipate what bad guys will try to do to steal my client’s intellectual property and prevent that from ever happening.” Shuang’s practice now spans across patent prosecution, litigation, IP portfolio analysis, and IP due diligence in a variety of technological areas, including telecommunication networks, video/audio signal processing and delivery, power control systems, computer software, and electronic devices. In his free time, Shuang enjoys tennis, running, working around his house, and spending time with his family.	https://www.condoroccia.com/attorney/shuang-zhao/
Voiding dysfunction is a broad term, used to describe conditions where there is poor coordination between the bladder muscle and the urethra. This results in incomplete relaxation or overactivity of the pelvic floor muscles during voiding. It can be caused by neurologic, anatomic, obstructive or infectious abnormalities of the urinary tract. Symptoms of Voiding Dysfunction. Voiding dysfunction can present as a wide range of symptoms, which can include - Difficulty in emptying bladder - Urinary hesitancy - Slow or weak urine stream - Urinary urgency - Urinary frequency - Dribbling of urine Diagnosing Voiding dysfunction The first step towards managing and treating voiding dysfunction is to have a complete continence assessment including: Comprehensive urological and continence health history Completion of urinary symptom questionnaires Completion of a bladder diary Urine test - midstream specimen of urine Bladder scan -ultrasound of the bladder in order to assess how well you empty your bladder Your Urologist may require you to have further urological investigations to assist with diagnosis and planning of treatment options. When to seek help? If you have been investigated by your GP and your symptoms are not improving you should seek specialist Urological advice. Voiding dysfunction can be a symptom of more serious underlying conditions. It can also greatly affect your quality of life, general health and wellbeing. Diagnosis, care, management and treatments are available for all types of urinary symptoms. Treatments provided by our practice Conservative management - Lifestyle and behavioural strategies, - Continence and urological nursing support, - Referral to allied health professionals where required. Medication therapies - Medications to assist with overactive bladder symptoms. - Medications to assist with outflow obstruction. - Medications to treat infectious causes. Surgical treatment options - Botox bladder injections, performed under Local Anaesthetic, or General Anaesthetic in individual situations for severe Overactive bladder. - Surgery to rectify any obstructive symptoms for example enlarged prostate, stricture disease and prolapse surgery.	https://urologist-perth.com.au/our-specialties/female-urology/voiding-dysfunction
markets. Improving the infrastructure is one way that will help developing countries to reduce poverty. Most developing countries have a high percentage of people living below the poverty line. Technically, we mean by economic development the increase in per capita income or the increase in national gross product (GNP it deals with macroeconomic causes of long term economic growth, and microeconomic issues such as the incentives of households and firms. Development is a process of improving the quality of all human lives with three equally my pet animal elephant essay important aspects. Roads are in good condition and there are no traffic jams. Essay on Economic Development in India - Economics Discussion Economic development - Free Economics Essay - Essay Incomes and consumption, levels of food, medical services, education through relevant growth processes. Another example is an increase in the defence output of a nation, which accounts for an increased GDP but does not in any way contribute to economic development. It can also be connected with rapid technological progress. Economic growth has its advantages and disadvantages. Until two and a half decades ago, it formed the eastern half of Pakistan; the western half lay over 2,000 km away, on the other side of India. The national savings rate was.6 per cent. The main point here is that, regardless of the approach used to connect economic development to human development, the outcome is always the same: economic development aims to improve the well-being of citizens based on different scales of priorities depending on the level of economic. Health facilities in economically developed countries, such as Kenya, are unavailable or inaccessible to the poor. Railway networks are efficient and air transport is widely used. Encouraged by the government's policies of deregulation and financial sector reform, both private and public sector investments and national savings have increased steadily. Economic growth has improved steadily since 1991. Moreover, some importance was given to the tourist sector. However, there are also drawbacks of the fast growing economy; they are a high risk of inflation and also harmful effects on the environment, among which are depletion of natural resources, destruction of rain forests and pollution, which can cause lasting consequences for succeeding generations. And to give some number, Moroccos economy has a rank of 21 over the world. Economic growth is a sustained growth from a simple economy to a modern one. Other economists claim that economic growth causes or contributes to economic development, because according to this perspective, because at least some of the increasing income is spend on human sustainable development such as education and health; this is actually the most reasonable approach regarding this. Essay on Economic Growth and Development - 894 Words Bartleby Economic Development Essay - 2071 Words Bartleby 1st essay, Einstein ridiculed essay,	http://atelier-hana.info/20201-essay-in-economics-development.html
Electrostatic force upon a particle within a uniform electric field. For this Discussion, let us take some time to think about how Kinematics fits in with another portion of basic Mechanics, Dynamics (i.e. Newton's Laws and Momentum & Impulse). Kinematics is the art of describing motion. Later, when you progress from Kinematics to Dynamics (i.e. Newton''s Laws and Momentum & Impulse), the concept of force will enter the discussion. This is a primary conceptual movement in basic mechanics. In Kinematics, you discuss how an object is accelerating. In Dynamics (Newton's Laws & Momentum & Impulse), you discuss why an object is accelerating. As you progress through this course, carrying out numerous cycles through the material, every time you see the outline of the subtopics of mechanics, you want to keep that in mind as a conceptual organizing principle. Kinematics is about describing motion. Dynamics is about describing interactions. In Dynamics, you will learn that if an object is accelerating, a force must be acting upon it. The kinematics of an object (its state of acceleration) results from its dynamics (the interactions of the object and other objects in its surroundings). Newton's First and Second Laws are directly concerned with the relationship between motion and force. Every acceleration is caused by a force.	https://www.wikipremed.com/mcat_course_interdisciplinary_discussions.php?module=1&discussion=2
There's a new doc in town. His name is James Peterson (guest star Matt Long). He's taking over the spot in the ER that used to be filled by our deceased friend Pete. James picks one of those rare rainy days in Southern California to begin his first shift. It's a busy one indeed. All of our other favorite docs are called in to serve an overflowing ER because, well, no one in L.A. can drive in the rain. James treats a young girl, Sarah, who comes in with a fractured wrist. He suspects the injury may be a result of abuse. Cooper disagrees with this theory, as he knows the family well. He convinces James to let him make a call, which he does. Only it's not to the proper authorities. It's to Violet, who learns that the little girl's mom and dad are fighting all the time. It makes her want to run away from home. Violet advises Sarah's mom and dad to stop fighting in front of her, as it's doing some serious damage. This is moments before the parents return to their child's bed to discover that she's not there. Her raincoat is gone. Sarah's mom hysterically searches the ER area. Charlotte puts the hospital on lockdown. The search is on for Sarah. Mason worries that what's happening to Sarah's family could happen to him. Cooper assures him that he and Charlotte have already weathered many storms and made it through just fine. In other relationship news, Addison thinks Stephanie is a fantastic nurse even though things get awkward when the subject of Sam pops up. She blabs a bit too much about their past together. Stephanie realizes she's Sam's rebound girl. That's too bad. She really thought he was the one. He's not, which is why she walks away. Pam is a pregnant woman who is close to her delivery time. Her husband, Todd, is also admitted to the hospital with what everyone believes to be phantom sympathy pains. Only James believes there may be more happening here. He goes around a skeptical Amelia's back to do some tests. The new doc's hunch is aces. Todd has an infection that requires emergency surgery. After Amelia learns James gave her credit for the catch, she fills him in on her difficult past. She also advises him to always take credit for the good things he does. Jake's patient, Megan has lost her baby during the 12th week. This isn't the first time this has happened. She wants to try again. Addison doesn't think this is a good idea. Too bad Jake didn't ask for her opinion, nor does he want it. He changes his tune somewhat after Megan breaks down in tears after witnessing Pam give birth to a healthy baby girl. Jake and Addison are still mad at each other, but that doesn't mean they can't have angry sex when they get home. Sheldon isn't a fan of the new ER doc when he tries to shuffle the patient we met in "Mourning Sickness," out the door. James believes Nick, who has urges for young girls, is a sexual deviant who can't be saved. Sheldon feels his patient is making progress, but can't help panicking when he hears that a little girl has gone missing. He realizes his sense of dread was quite noticeable to his troubled patient. More time passes and Sarah is still missing. A full search of the entire hospital comes up empty. The little girl's raincoat is discovered outside on a bench, but she's nowhere to be found. The case has been turned over to the police. Sarah's parents are devastated upon realizing that their little girl is now a missing person. They don't want to leave the hospital in case Sarah comes back through the front door. Violet is forced to make them face the heartbreaking reality that something like that is not going to happen.	http://www.aceshowbiz.com/tv/episodeguide/private_practice_s6_e04/
Are You Striking the Right Balance with Your Feedback? Leadership is all about communication, and communication is often all about finding the right balance: For leaders, this means knowing when to speak and when to listen, when to ask questions and when to give advice, when to convey a message directly and when to disseminate it through different channels. Perhaps most important for leaders is the balance they must try to strike between praise and criticism when offering feedback. If you are a leader, your organization depends on you to provide feedback in a balanced fashion so employees can remain engaged, inspired and productive. Constant praise might feel good to give, but it becomes meaningless – and even harmful – after a while. On the flip side, constant criticism might make you feel like you are offering ways for your people to improve. But, it may only alienates employees and cause them to resent you. How do you approach balancing your feedback? Do you find that you struggle to provide criticism? Or do you find it difficult to come up with ways to praise your people? Have you noticed that some people respond more favorably to your feedback, while others just never seem to get it? Here’s the truth: There is no magic formula for feedback. Every organization is different, with different objectives, different values and different cultures. What works within the walls of Organization A might fail miserably if it’s attempted at Organization B. Furthermore, every individual employee is different. One individual on your team may thrive when given constructive criticism, but their counterpart might shrink from it because they are motivated more by praise. Striking the proper balance with your feedback is not something you can activate by flipping a switch or learning certain combinations of words and phrases. Rather, it is like remaining balanced on a bicycle. It requires you to be mindful, fully present and constantly aware of the circumstances in each moment. Sometimes it’s easy, and it feels like you can coast. But other times, it is much more difficult, like when pushing uphill with the wind in your face. It requires an ongoing, continuous effort. Although finding the proper feedback balance may feel challenging, it can become much easier and more natural if you approach it the right way. If You’re Not Providing Feedback, You’re Not Leading I have some advice on how you can find and maintain the right balance with your feedback, but first, I think it’s important to reiterate just how important feedback is for leaders. It is an absolute must in your day-to-day role. So if you ever feel like throwing in the towel because it’s simply too difficult or time consuming, consider these numbers from a recent feedback survey: - Companies that implement regular employee feedback experience turnover rates 14.9% lower than other organizations. - When employees are ignored by their managers, they are twice as likely to become actively disengaged. - Highly engaged employees are much more likely to have received feedback at least once per week from their managers. Employees who are not as engaged tend to be those who have received little to no feedback. - Two-thirds of employees surveyed said they would like to receive more feedback. - Leaders are starting to recognize that they aren’t giving feedback enough: Only 58% of them reported that they think they provide a sufficient amount of feedback. - Nearly four out of five employees said that being recognized motivates them in their jobs. The more you look at the numbers around feedback, the more it becomes obvious that feedback is essential. Even if you struggle with providing feedback, or don’t feel like you’re doing a good job with it, your efforts are providing benefits to your employees and the organization at large. As with many things in life, simply showing up and putting forth an effort will carry you a long way. However, you probably want to do more than just the bare minimum; you want to be the best you can be when it comes to feedback. Here are some nuggets of advice to help you get there… How to Find Better Balance with Feedback Over the years I have learned some valuable techniques to help leaders like you become more comfortable with feedback. Mostly, it’s all a matter of perspective and approach. These techniques are more about mindset than about specific actions, but they really work if you implement them with patience and a willingness to learn as you go. Development or Motivation? One way to get better at striking the right balance with feedback is to stop thinking about in terms of positive vs. negative. So instead of characterizing your feedback as either praise or criticism, think of it as providing either development or motivation. Here’s how this works: Let’s say you have a team member who has trouble picking up concepts or who has made some notable mistakes. Instead of approaching them with criticism in mind, I suggest framing it as development. This frees you and your employee from negative connotations, allowing you to give the individual what they need to develop their skills and rise to a new level of performance. Yes, it’s a subtle shift, but it’s one that can make a huge difference. Now let’s say you have a team member who excels in their role. You can keep heaping praise upon them, but what if you framed your feedback as motivation instead? When you offer praise, it stops the conversation. But when you provide motivation, the praise is wrapped in a message that challenges your employee to keep up their streak of excellence. Again, it’s a subtle difference, but it’s one that will make it easier for you to give feedback. It’s a lot more effective, too! Know Your People (and Know Them Well) One of the best ways to become a master of feedback is to learn how to tailor it to each individual employee. But first, you must know your people. It’s not about their titles, expertise or how long they have been with the organization. Rather, it is important to know your people as human beings with lives that don’t revolve around work. If you make a genuine effort to get to know your people at the personal level, you will become much more adept at communicating with them effectively. You will also develop a keen sense of what motivates (or doesn’t motivate) each individual. Additionally, you will gain an understanding about the factors that may create the highs and lows in a person’s performance. You’ll build empathy and compassion, which will allow you to connect on a deeper level. All this makes giving feedback a more intuitive process. There is no more guesswork regarding what an employee needs to hear. Instead, you know exactly what to say, when to say it and how to say it. I don’t believe this is possible unless you develop real, human relationships with your people. Track Your Progress What do you hope to achieve by improving your ability to give feedback? If you want to make a real difference, I suggest spending some time determining what success looks like. Then, you can track your progress. Are you surveying your employees with regard to their engagement levels? Are you looking at specific KPIs? Are you attempting to boost overall morale within your organization? Becoming better and more confident at offering feedback may take some time, and you may experience some setbacks and lessons along the way. If you don’t have a way to measure your progress and see results, it can become daunting to the point where you fall back into old, familiar patterns. How Are You Balancing Feedback? I hope you’ve enjoyed this blog post on feedback. This is a topic that people ask me about regularly, and I’m glad to share what I’ve learned throughout my experiences. Of course, I am always learning, so I’m curious to know what you’ve done to improve the way you offer feedback as a leader. Have you tried the approaches that I outlined above? How did they work for you? Have other techniques and approaches proven successful to you? I would love to hear about them! Drop me a line at 1.855.871.3374 or email me at [email protected] and let’s keep this conversation going!	https://www.leadersedgeinc.com/blog/are-you-striking-the-right-balance-with-your-feedback
The Aastha Silver Necklace An attractive necklace with eclectic pendants on a stiff hasli necklace. This is a contemporary design that can be paired with ethnic attire or even a dress. This necklace is crafted in Sterling Silver (92.5%) using techniques used in ancient South Indian antique gold temple jewellery. Product Details Measurements : Length of necklace: 10 inches (tassle provided to adjust length). Height of pendant in center : 1.25 inches; Width of pendant : 1.25 inches Gemstones used: kempu stone (also known as spinel or Zircon), natural Pearl.	https://thekojewelleryshop.com/products/the-aastha-silver-necklace
Union chef Trenton Garvey claimed he bought fantastic planning for dealing with a fiery television chef at East Central College. Garvey, 23, figured out below ECC chef Ted Hirschi. The knowledge eventually prepared him for dealing with Gordon Ramsay on Ramsay’s present “Hell’s Kitchen: Younger Guns,” the 20th year of “Hell’s Kitchen area,” which debuted on Fox at 7 p.m. Monday. “He’s real previous university he’s authentic tough. You had to look best each individual working day to be ready to master,” Garvey mentioned of the now-retired Hirschi. “Just like Gordon Ramsay, if you messed up and didn’t do it correct, he was on you.” Garvey also labored with chef Mike Palazzola, ECC’s culinary application coordinator, even though not as significantly since Palazzola taught largely in international culinary competitions. Garvey did not take part in these as considerably. “They have been seriously, truly tricky chefs that were inclined to give the most effective option to their pupils,” Garvey explained. “I feel that was possibly my biggest foundation was letting them mould me, train me genuinely. There is so a great deal you can master from culinary faculty, but you have received to definitely do the researching. There’s a complete ton out there. It is an awesome program.” Garvey was a student in Palazzola’s initially year teaching, following the teacher had amassed 15 many years working experience in the field with a level of competition background. “Needless to say, my anticipations have been high. Hopefully that well prepared him for Gordon a small,” Palazzola stated. “Trent was a usual student in most regards, but I consider one of the points that established him aside was his hunger for knowledge. He questioned issues, he questioned techniques, he wished to know why, he analyzed foods a bit in another way than numerous of the many others and confirmed the commencing signs of quite a few characteristics synonymous with primary sector chefs.” Garvey stated he understood he wanted to be a chef when he was a university student at Union Significant College, exactly where he graduated in 2013. “I actually started at KFC in Washington, consider it or not, but I recognized I was far better than all people there,” Garvey mentioned. “I sort of had a knack for discovering.” In 2016, Garvey begun at the Blue Duck in Washington. However that location closed, he has been executive chef at the Blue Duck in Maplewood for the previous 3 a long time. Garvey’s brother was the one particular who told him men and women were looking to solid for “Hell’s Kitchen.” “I made a connect with, not expecting a great deal of it,” he claimed. “This season was ‘Young Guns.’ That is how I obtained solid on there. I went through all the hoops and ended up there in Las Vegas, filming.” The “Young Guns” format of Ramsay’s present functions level of competition amid 18 aspiring cooks ages 23 and younger from all around the region. The successful chef this period, identified through the completion of a variety of culinary issues, is to be named head chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel & Casino. The level of competition was filmed in Las Vegas in 2019, ahead of the COVID-19 pandemic, and contestants have experienced to preserve the contest benefits a secret since then. “It was type of incredible since I’d never ever actually been exterior Missouri and Arkansas and Illinois a couple situations,” Garvey explained. “Then I get a call, and they say, ‘In two weeks you’re traveling out to Las Vegas. … It was type of a smaller-city-to-major-city sort of issue.” Garvey is the next Missouri indigenous in the show’s historical past. St. Louis-indigenous Christina Machamer competed on and in the long run gained the show’s fourth season in 2008, earning a senior sous chef career at Ramsay’s London West Hollywood cafe in Los Angeles with a income of $250,000. Garvey known as “Hell’s Kitchen” a “culinary boot camp.” “It’s just a massive, big finding out expertise,” he stated. “You’re up against 18 remarkable chefs. It form of concentrations the enjoying subject because you’re all young. It was unquestionably the knowledge of a lifetime.” On a present trademarked by Ramsay’s strictness and foul language, Garvey mentioned Ramsay was challenging, but the greatest way to stay away from his wrath was to do a great occupation. “He’s only hard when you mess up,” Garvey claimed. “You’ve just bought to be fantastic. You just can’t get past him with just about anything. He appreciates. He can see it. He’s obtained eyes for perfection.” In a promo jogging for the clearly show, Ramsay is proven contacting Garvey an “(expletive) muppet.” “His whole thing is to be rough on you, to definitely acquire you down — that way he gets the ideal out of you,” Garvey reported. Garvey has a vocation target of sooner or later opening his very own restaurant or even a restaurant team. “Right now, I’m just hunting to do the ideal that I can to learn and be the best that I can be,” he reported. For persons interested in becoming a chef, Garvey advises them to never be worried to stop finding out. “Keep putting oneself out there,” he claimed. “You’ve just obtained to keep making an attempt to clearly show what you do since if you really don’t let folks know who you are, you are going to by no means make it any where.” Garvey graduated from ECC’s program and demonstrated what it can take to be an marketplace chef, with a enthusiasm and foundational ability set that need to provide him properly on “Hell’s Kitchen area,” Palazzola mentioned, whilst he good-naturedly pointed out that Garvey could have bought extra preparation for the clearly show if he had opted to acquire ECC’s culinary competitions course.	https://saporeitaliano.co.uk/east-central-higher-education-alum-trenton-garvey-heads-to-hells-kitchen-area-attributes-individuals.html

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