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At Bunnings we believe home improvement should be accessible to everyone. When it comes to working with us, the same applies. Whether you’ve mastered D.I.Y. or not, you may just be able to find a role that’s made for you.
In our support offices, we may not quite resemble our iconic green sheds, but working behind the scenes are a team of people that make our stores come to life.
To create a work environment where our team members feel like they belong, we do our best to nurture a supportive culture. Our trust in each other gives us confidence to make an impact in our roles and to our customers.
Our team members are encouraged to lead their own way. Our teams are empowered and encouraged to be accountable for making an impact, no matter how big or small.
We are looking for an experienced Data Scientist to join our growing Data & Analytics team.
About the role
As the Data Scientist you will be responsible for focusing on delivering business insights, advanced analytics and modelling. The Data Scientist works with complex data sets and understands connections between data points to deliver high quality insights to the business.
Reporting to the Data Scientist Lead, you will develop a deep understanding of the business and work with leaders across Bunnings (Merchandising, Marketing, Logistics, Finance etc.) to understand key strategic issues, identify opportunities and deliver actionable insights. As part of a team, the role encourages and promotes knowledge sharing and learning. Technical expertise in sourcing, manipulating and drawing meaningful insights from disparate datasets is required. Knowledge of key statistical and machine learning techniques is essential along with a demonstrated ability to understand business priorities and then undertaking analysis to identify opportunities and driving business growth.
In addition to technical skills, the role also requires strong interpersonal and relationship building skills,
embracing the Bunnings culture and possessing a strong commitment to excellent internal and external
customer service.
As a Data Scientist you will:
Extract insights from disparate data sources utilising a variety of analytical tools and techniques
Turn Data into Insights through:
Data Wrangling and Visualisation thus delivering actionable insights to drive business solutions.
Developing and interpreting complex data and information and deliver to stakeholders in a simplified and easy to understand format.
Extract business requirements, objectives & opportunities for stakeholders using your in-depth practical & conceptual knowledge of analytics tools and statistical analysis methods.
Utilise your knowledge and skills in R and/or Python and utilise your specialist technical experience/skills to clean, prepare, manipulate and extract insights from structured datasets, specifically SQL and be able to utilise BI tools to analyse datasets and present insights such as PowerBI.
About you
You are a detail oriented, flexible, adaptable, problem solver who is forward thinking and lateral in their approach to work with strong analytical, conceptual and collaboration skills. You will have a deep understanding of the key building blocks of data strategy, for example an understanding of the role of the data layer and how data is collected, stored and accessed. You possess excellent analytical and programming skills required to conduct sound data science and be a master of telling compelling stories with data.
You will also have:
6+ years working experience in an analytical function, or 3+ years’ experience with appropriate academic qualifications.
Direct experience with key analytical platforms that includes Primary: Advanced Analytics (e.g. data science, statistics, machine learning). R and/or Python. Database manipulation (SQL) on technologies including Teradata, Snowflake etc, BI tools (e.g. Power BI) Secondary: Digital tools such as Google Analytics. Cloud platforms (e.g. Azure). Distributed Computing (e.g. Spark)
What's in it for you:
Competitive salary package
Team member and partner discount
The opportunity to participate in the Wesfarmers Share Plan
Access to discounted offers from corporate partners
12 weeks paid parental leave for eligible team members
Ongoing career development and training
Work in a fun and informal team
A flexible and inclusive work environment
Chances to create a real difference in your community and environment
Please note that if your application progresses to the reference check stage, you may be required to submit a police check. If your search returns a criminal record, Bunnings will assess whether the record impacts your ability to perform the key requirements of the role. | https://www.datayoshi.com/offer/895476/data-scientist |
Mumps is a contagious viral infection caused by the mumps virus. The mumps virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. This family consists of three genera: Paramyxovirus, which includes the parainfluenza viruses and mumps virus; Pneumovirus, which includes respiratory syncytial virus; and Morbillivirus, which includes the measles virus. All paramyxoviruses are enveloped particles 150 to 300 nm in diameter. Before the mumps vaccination became routine in North America, it was a well-known common childhood disease characterized by swelling of the parotid glands, one of three pairs of saliva-producing (salivary) glands, situated below and in front the ears. Complications of mumps, such as hearing loss, are potentially serious, but rare. It is still a significant threat to health in developing countries, and outbreaks still occur sporadically in developed countries, especially in areas with poor vaccine uptakes. Anyone who is not immune from either previous mumps infection or from vaccination can get mumps.
Symptoms
Mumps typically starts with a few days of fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite, and is followed by swelling of salivary glands, which can often be painful. Males past puberty who develop mumps have a risk of developing orchitis, a painful inflammation of the testicles. The symptoms are generally not severe in children. Other symptoms of mumps can include dry mouth, sore face and/or ears and occasionally in more serious cases, loss of voice. In addition, up to 20% of persons infected with the mumps virus do not show symptoms, so it is possible to be infected and spread the virus without knowing it.
Complications
Most people with mumps recover fully. However, mumps can occasionally cause complications, and some of them can be serious. Complications may occur even if a person does not have swollen salivary glands (parotitis) and are more common in people who have reached puberty.
Complications of mumps can include:
- Inflammation of the testicles (orchitis) in males who have reached puberty, which rarely leads to sterility
- Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and/or tissue covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)
- Inflammation of the ovaries (oophoritis) and/or breasts (mastitis) in females who have reached puberty
- Temporary or permanent deafness
Treatment
There’s no specific treatment for mumps. Symptoms may be relieved by the application of intermittent ice or heat to the affected neck/testicular area and by acetaminophen/paracetamol for pain relief. Warm saltwater gargles, soft foods, and extra fluids may also help relieve symptoms. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is not used due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome.
Transmission
Mumps is spread by droplets of saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose, or throat of an infected person, usually when the person coughs, sneezes or talks. Anyone who is not immune from either previous mumps infection or from vaccination can get mumps.
Items used by an infected person, such as glasses and cups, or items mouthed by infants, such as toys, can also be contaminated with the virus, which may spread to others if those items are shared. In addition, the virus may spread when someone with mumps touches items or surfaces without washing their hands and someone else then touches the same surface and rubs their mouth or nose.
Most mump transmission likely occurs before the salivary glands begin to swell. Persons with mumps are considered most infectious from 1-2 days before until 5 days after the salivary glands begin to swell. The CDC recommends isolating mumps patients for 5 days after their glands begin to swell.
While transmission of mumps in healthcare settings has not been commonly reported, during community outbreaks, unprotected exposure of healthcare personnel to mumps is common, both in outpatient settings and in the community. These exposures can have a significant impact on healthcare resources.
Prevention
In general, you’re considered immune to mumps if you’ve previously had the infection or if you’ve been immunized against mumps.
A mumps vaccine is the best way to prevent mumps. This vaccine is included in the combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccines.
To help prevent the transmission of mumps:
- Minimize close contact with those who are infected; in a healthcare facility, patients suspected to be infected with mumps should be put on isolation/droplet precautions
- Ensure those who are infected stay home from work or school, and limit contact with others
- Wash and sanitize hands regularly
- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, and put your used tissue in the trash can. If you don’t have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your upper sleeve or elbow, not your hands.
- Don’t share drinks or eating utensils
- Regularly clean surfaces that are frequently touched (such as toys, doorknobs, tables, counters) a low or intermediate level EPA- or DIN-registered disinfectant.
Environmental Hygiene
The virus can live on contaminated surfaces, such as environmental surfaces (door knobs, faucet handles, light switches) or personal items (cups, utensils) for hours or days. These surfaces can spread the virus to those who are not immune, especially if they share these items or touch contaminated surfaces and then touch their eyes, nose or mouth. Environmental surfaces should be properly cleaned using a disinfectant that is effective against enveloped viruses.
There are many Diversey disinfectants that are effective against enveloped viruses:
See table of recommended disinfectants in the PDF link below. | https://www.solutionsdesignedforhealthcare.com/mumps/ |
American naturalist, essayist, and travel writer.
Bartram was an eighteenth-century American naturalist and explorer who spent four years classifying the flora and fauna and chronicling his adventures in the uncharted wilderness of the southeastern region of the United States. This region now comprises North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee. Collected in Bartram’s Travels (1791), these insights present a unique combination of scientific inquiry, exotic travelogue, and religious fervor. Written in a florid, exuberant prose style, the work fired the imagination of countless European readers who had a romantic notion of life on the American frontier and influenced the pastoral imagery employed by such Romantic poets as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, and Robert Southey. The Travels is now recognized as an important historical and cultural work which documents an untrammeled American landscape prior to its settlement and development.
Biographical Information
Bartram was born February 9, 1739, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the son of the celebrated botanist, John Bartram, who had cultivated the first Botanic Garden in North America and who had established a thriving commercial business selling rare and exotic plants and seeds to horticulturists in Europe. Early on, William demonstrated an interest similar to his father’s in botany and scientific discovery. He accompanied his father on several horticultural expeditions into the frontier region where he nurtured his skill at sketching images of the plants and animals that they discovered in the region. Despite his skill at drawing natural objects and his interest in botany, Bartram did not distinguish himself in his formal education at the Philadelphia Academy. By 1756, the elder Bartram had removed William from school and placed him in the apprenticeship of a Philadelphia merchant. Demonstrating a growing restlessness, Bartram did not remain an apprentice for long, nor did he accept the offer of family friend, Benjamin Franklin, to become an apprentice in his engraving business. In 1761, with the financial backing of his uncle, Colonel William Bartram, Bartram opened up a trading depot at Cape Fear, North Carolina. This venture lasted a few years before failing. To ameliorate Bartram’s losses, his father offered him a position on his imminent scientific expedition to the Florida territory which recently had been acquired by the British in the Peace of Paris of 1763. After the expedition, Bartram decided to remain in Florida and start an indigo and rice plantation. Like the Cape Fear venture, this enterprise failed, leaving him in desperate financial straits. In these years of uncertainty, Bartram worked on the family farm and considered other business ventures in North Carolina and Florida.
In 1772, Bartram received a commission from English botanist and family friend, Dr. John Fothergill, to explore southeastern American territories and produce specimens, seeds, and drawings of the rare and exotic plants of the region. This expedition, which lasted from 1773 until 1777, formed the basis for Bartram’s Travels. Despite the scientific success of Bartram’s wilderness adventure, the onset of the Revolutionary War interrupted the exchange of horticultural specimens for his financial backing. Further, Bartram had contracted a fever in Alabama which permanently impaired his eyesight. In 1777, he returned to Philadelphia where he convalesced and helped maintain the family gardens. Largely due to his extended foray into the Florida wilderness, Bartram had established a reputation akin to his father’s as one of America’s foremost botanists. In 1782, he was offered a position as professor of botany at the University of Pennsylvania, but he declined due to his poor health. Four years later, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society, an organization which had been founded by his father and Franklin, among others. In 1791, after some fifteen years of collection and revision, Bartram published his Travels. The work extended his fame from America to Europe where it became an immediate success in England before being translated into German, Dutch, and French. Bartram spent his later years corresponding and consulting with other scientists in the botanical community. In the early nineteenth century, President Thomas Jefferson offered him a position on the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Louisiana territory, but once again poor health forced Bartram to decline. Instead, he stayed home and helped to cultivate the family Botanical Garden. Bartram died while walking in his garden on July 22, 1823.
Major Works
Bartram’s Travels has been viewed as a product of the confluence of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment pursuit of rational, scientific order, and the imminent nineteenth-century Romantic concept of the sublime beauty of nature. While it was Bartram’s objective to catalogue and classify all manner of flora, fauna, and terrain with an eye toward the future exploitation and agricultural utilization of the land, nevertheless he was repeatedly overcome by a wondrous joy at each new discovery in the uncharted wilderness. Further, Bartram’s passion was underscored by his Pennsylvania Quaker upbringing in which one identifies the omniscient role of God the Creator in all that occurs in the natural world. As a result, Bartram’s rational observations about such natural phenomena as the complex symmetric shapes of plants and the instinctive habits of animals are always tempered by the reminder that God’s hand in the natural order is an act which can only elicit incomprehensible wonder in humans. But such an abject faith in God’s work also reveals an ominous undercurrent which runs throughout the Travels. The book abounds with images of hunting and warfare which characterize the wilderness as an environment of incessant conflict. Whether he is documenting his struggle for survival against Florida alligators, the eating habits of spiders, or the hostile relations between white settlers and native Indians, Bartram’s idealistic descriptions of the wilderness as an Edenic paradise are leavened by the fact that a closer examination of nature reveals it to be a violent, inhospitable place.
Critical Reception
Although it was initially intended to be a scientific report to Bartram’s patron, Dr. Fothergill, the Travels quickly became a classic in the burgeoning literary traditions of American naturalism and travel literature. Bartram’s graphic and eloquent descriptions of the unspoiled and forbidding American wilderness excited countless leisure readers across Europe. Physical scientists were drawn to his detailed identification and classification of theretofore unknown plants and animals. Indeed, Bartram’s compilation of some 215 native birds was at that time the most comprehensive documentation of the species. In the centuries since its publication, the Travels has endured as an important scientific, literary, and historical record of the southeastern United States prior to its settlement and development. N. Bryllion Fagin has focused on Bartram’s artistic approach to writing the Travels, maintaining that the author’s rhapsodic literary style and exuberant enthusiasm vitalizes his descriptions with a painter’s eye for graphic detail. Robert D. Arner has identified several dichotomies in the thematic structure of the work—such as poetry and science, wilderness and civilization, cultivated land and pristine nature—which reveal Bartram’s ambivalence about his project. Bruce Silver has discussed Bartram’s careful examination of nature without the modern limitation of imposing a strict level of impartiality on his observations, concluding that the author’s insights—suffused with religious, aesthetic, and utilitarian convictions—give his descriptions a compelling philosophical dimension. Several commentators have analyzed the influence of prominent eighteenth-century concepts in Bartram’s Travels. While Hugh Moore has noted the remarkable fusion of Romantic and Rationalist ideas in the work, John Seelye has pointed out the author’s wholehearted belief in the divine providence of nature. In recent years, scholars have underscored these philosophical and religious sentiments in the Travels. Pamela Regis has demonstrated how Bartram employed two distinct descriptive techniques—the identification of natural history and the presentation of sublime beauty—to reveal two complementary aspects of creation. In addition, Charles H. Adams has interpreted Bartram as an ironist who recognizes in his natural discoveries the transience and insignificance of humankind in the long history of the planet. Further, Thomas P. Slaughter has asserted that Bartram adopts the persona of “philosophical pilgrim” who has a revelation that all of nature is collectively infused with God’s spirit. According to the critic, this realization creates a tension in Bartram between his utilitarian desire to see the cultivation of nature and his teleological belief that God’s creation should remain unspoiled.
Principal Works
Travels through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida, the Cherokee country, the extensive territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy, and the country of the Chactaws (prose) 1791; also published as Travels of William Bartram: Naturalist's Edition [enlarged edition] 1958
“Observations on the Creek and Cherokee Indians, 1789” (essay) 1853
*Travels in Georgia and Florida, 1773-74: A Report to Dr. John Fothergill (prose) 1943
*This is an official report on the expedition that also produced Bartram's prose work Travels.
Criticism
N. Bryllion Fagin (essay date 1933)
SOURCE: Fagin, N. Bryllion. “The Art of Bartram.” In William Bartram: Interpreter of the American Landscape, pp. 101-123. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1933.
[In the following excerpt, Fagin provides an important reassessment of Bartram's Travels, noting unique stylistic techniques and describing underpinnings of his philosophy. Fagin also briefly notes the influences on Bartram as well as the effect he had on later writers.]
Throughout this study Bartram's “style” has received incidental mention. This has been inevitable because of the amount of attention it has attracted from both literary and scientific commentators. English reviewers noted his...
(The entire section is 8894 words.)
Robert D. Arner (essay date 1973)
SOURCE: Arner, Robert D. “Pastoral Patterns in William Bartram's Travels.” Tennessee Studies in Literature 18 (1973): 133-45.
[In the following essay, Arner explores Bartram's account of his travels in terms of his personal discoveries and the impact the work had on future American literature.]
Like many of the classic works of American literature, William Bartram's Travels is structured around a three-part pastoral pattern that begins with the naturalist's withdrawal from society, focuses upon an encounter with nature, usually intensely personal and fraught with ambiguities, and ends either with the explorer's return to civilization or with some...
(The entire section is 5412 words.)
Bruce Silver (essay date 1978)
SOURCE: Silver, Bruce. “William Bartram's and Other Eighteenth-Century Accounts of Nature.” Journal of the History of Ideas 39, no. 4 (1978): 597-614.
[In the following essay, Silver argues that critics have overlooked the contribution of Bartram to the naturalist literary tradition. Also investigated is how the Travels characterize the natural world.]
Despite the intellectual productivity of our Bicentennial year, too little was said about colonial Americans whose contributions to our culture were not tied to the decision and struggle for independence. William Bartram (1739-1823), the apolitical son of the Quaker botanist John Bartram (1699-1777), is among...
(The entire section is 8049 words.)
Hugh Moore (essay date 1981)
SOURCE: Moore, Hugh. “The Southern Landscape of William Bartram: A Terrible Beauty.” Essays in Arts and Sciences 10, no. 1 (1981): 41-50.
[In the following essay, Moore argues that Bartram's Travels is powerful and effective because of the writer's ability “to write as a Romantic poet with a sense of wonder, feeling, and imagination and as a scientific Rationalist like his father.”]
William Bartram's Travels (1791) is perhaps the most comprehensive work from early America. It is a pioneering and inclusive natural history of the new world—its botany, zoology, geology, ethnology—with observations on agricultural, industrial, and commercial...
(The entire section is 3979 words.)
John Seelye (essay date 1981)
SOURCE: Seelye, John. “Beauty Bare: William Bartram and His Triangulated Wilderness.” Prospects: The Annual of American Cultural Studies 6 (1981): 37-54.
[In the following essay, Seelye claims that Travels was originally intended as a record of scientific observations, but a closer look reveals a humanistic tone that is based on the divine providence of nature.]
In September 1753 the American botanist John Bartram set out with his young son Billy from their farm on the banks of the Schuylkill for the Catskill Mountains for the purpose of gathering seeds and plant samples. The journey ended at the Hudson Valley home of Cadwallader Colden, surveyor-general of...
(The entire section is 8691 words.)
L. Hugh Moore (essay date 1983)
SOURCE: Moore, L. Hugh. “The Aesthetic Theory of William Bartram.” Essays in Arts and Sciences 12, no. 1 (March 1983): 17-35.
[In the following essay, Moore argues that Bartram is a prime example of a writer trying to describe nature within the context of eighteenth-century aesthetic theory.]
From its publication in 1791, William Bartram's Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida has been praised for its scientific and literary merit. Francis Harper and Joseph Ewan, among others, have demonstrated the value of Bartram's contributions to zoology, botany, and ethnology, the precision of his observations, and the logic of his...
(The entire section is 7243 words.)
Christopher Looby (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: Looby, Christopher. “The Constitution of Nature: Taxonomy as Politics in Jefferson, Peale, and Bartram.” Early American Literature 22, no. 3 (1987): 252-73.
[In the following essay, Looby discusses the writings of Thomas Jefferson, Charles Willson Peale, and Bartram in relation to their views on the relationship between the natural order and the social order.]
Natural history,” Benjamin Rush wrote, “is the foundation of all useful and practical knowledge.” He made this remark in 1791, in the context of designing the proper education for the citizens of the new American republic. “By making natural history the first study of a boy, we imitate the...
(The entire section is 9372 words.)
Douglas Anderson (essay date 1990)
SOURCE: Anderson, Douglas. “Bartman's Travels and the Politics of Nature.” Early American Literature 25, no. 1, (1990): 3-17.
[In the following essay, Anderson examines the lessons Bartram attempts to teach his reader in Travels, lessons that nature can teach society about its social and political organization.]
William Bartram's Travels (1791), like so many of the most interesting products of the Anglo-American sensibility in the eighteenth century, challenges the reader's capacities of adjustment. It presents itself at various times as a travel journal, a naturalist's notebook, a moral and religious effusion, an ethnographic essay, and a...
(The entire section is 6191 words.)
Pamela Regis (essay date 1992)
SOURCE: Regis, Pamela. “Description and Narration in Bartram's Travels.” In Describing Early America: Bartram, Jefferson, Crèvecoeur, and the Rhetoric of Natural History, pp. 40-78. Northern Illinois University Press, 1992.
[In the following essay, Regis examines Bartram's use of narrative as a mode for employing two different description techniques for the external world.]
As an instance of the literature of place, William Bartram's Travels represents large portions of the territories of North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida to readers eager for images of the New World they had never seen. Using the rhetoric and method of natural history,...
(The entire section is 13877 words.)
Charles H. Adams (essay date 1994)
SOURCE: Adams, Charles H. “Reading Ecologically: Language and Play in Bartram's Travels.” The Southern Quarterly: A Journal of the Arts in the South 32, no. 4 (summer 1994): 65-74.
[In the following essay, Adams argues that previous characterizations of Bartram have been too narrow, and that in Travels the author creates a world that mirrors the natural one.]
In Part III of his Travels (1791), William Bartram describes a spot on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River near Augusta called Silver Bluff, the property of a trader named George Golphin. “Silver-Bluff is,” he says, “a very celebrated place,” mainly because of the...
(The entire section is 4776 words.)
Joshua David Bellin (essay date 1995)
SOURCE: Bellin, Joshua David. “Wicked Instruments: William Bartram and the Dispossession of the Southern Indians.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory 51, no. 3 (autumn 1995): 1-23.
[In the following essay, Bellin analyzes Bartram's view of native Americans and their use of land compared to the European settlers.]
I
On June 1, 1773, William Bartram witnessed the Treaty of Augusta, in which Creek and Cherokee Indians, constrained by trade debts, ceded two million acres of land to the Crown.1 While accompanying government agents and tribal chiefs on the surveying mission, Bartram noted a...
(The entire section is 8753 words.)
Gregory A. Waselkov (essay date 1995)
SOURCE: Waselkov, Gregory A. “Travels through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. …” In William Bartram on the Southeastern Indians, edited by Gregory A. Waselkov and Kathryn E. Holland Braund, pp. 25-32. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
[In the following essay, Waselkov examines the evolution of the manuscript of Bartram's Travels and its general reception.]
William Bartram's Travels has been dubbed “the most astounding verbal artifact of the early republic.”1 Indeed, Bartram's work, which “presents itself at various times as a travel journal, a naturalist's notebook, a moral and...
(The entire section is 3607 words.)
Thomas P. Slaughter (essay date 1996)
SOURCE: Slaughter, Thomas P. “Perspectives.” In The Natures of John and William Bartram, pp. 177-96. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.
[In the following essay, Slaughter claims that, while Travels is a complicated work that has many facets, there is one message that Bartram wanted to voice more than any other: “all of nature is one … and infused with the spirit of its creator.”]
Is William Bartram's Travels poetry, readers have asked, fiction, or science? Are the author and the “philosophical pilgrim” the same person or different ones sharing the same name? Is the story true, readers have always wanted to know, or did the author alter the...
(The entire section is 7885 words.)
Thomas Hallock (essay date fall 2001)
SOURCE: Hallock, Thomas. “‘On the Borders of a New World’: Ecology, Frontier Plots, and Imperial Elegy in William Bartram's Travels.” South Atlantic Review 66, no. 4 (fall 2001): 109-33.
[In the following essay, Hallock traces the development of Bartram's Travels, noting its integration of contemporary artistic modes as well as its internal contradictions, and concludes by characterizing the work as one of America's first outstanding pastoral projects.]
such attempts I leave for the amusement of men of Letters
—William Bartram1
As the movement in any pastoral away...
(The entire section is 8528 words.)
Further Reading
BIOGRAPHY
Lowes, John Livingston. “Introduction.” In The Travels of William Bartram, edited by Francis Harper, pp. xvii-xxxv. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958.
Provides an overview of Bartram's life and career.
CRITICISM
Branch, Michael. “Indexing American Possibilities: The Natural History Writing of Bartram, Wilson, and Audubon.” In The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, pp. 282-97. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1996.
Compares early romantic ideas about nature in the New World.
Curtis, S. E. G. “A Comparison... | http://www.enotes.com/topics/william-bartram |
Revolution 1985Al Pacino | Donald Sutherland | Nastassja Kinski
New York trapper Tom Dobb becomes an unwilling participant in the American Revolution after his son Ned is drafted into the Army by the villainous Sergeant Major Peasy. Tom attempts to find his son, and eventually becomes convinced that he must take a stand and fight for the freedom of the Colonies, alongside the aristocratic rebel Daisy McConnahay. As Tom undergoes his change of heart, the events of the war unfold in large-scale grandeur.
1 win & 4 nominations.
2h 6min | Adventure, Drama, History
Stars: Al Pacino, Donald Sutherland, Nastassja Kinski
Director: Hugh Hudson
Language: English
Subtitle: English | Arabic
Rating: PG
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North Coast Concert Band to perform Dec. 6
PORT CLINTON - The North Coast Concert Band and the North Coast Big Band will perform at Port Clinton High School at 3 p.m. Dec. 6. The concert band is under the direction of Bill Woycitzky. Big Band director Gary Keller will have his ensemble performing a number of swing style jazz band charts. The bands are comprised of approximately 70 adult musicians from all over northern Ohio. This is no admission charge. | https://www.portclintonnewsherald.com/story/news/local/2015/11/24/north-coast-concert-band-perform-dec/76316042/ |
Thomas Friedman in The Lexus and the Olive Tree identifies six dimensions in which a globalist has to operate and these are:
- culture
- politics
- national security/power
- technology
- financial markets
- environmentalism
He says that "I believe that this new system of globalization - in which walls between countries, markets and disciplines are increasingly being blown away constitutes a fundamentally new state of affairs. And the only way to see it, understand it and explain it is by arbitraging all six dimensions laid out above - assigning different weights to different perspectives at different times in different situations, but always understanding that it is the interaction of all of them together that is really the defining feature of international relations today. And therefore being a globalist is the only way to systematically connect the dots, see the system of globalization and thereby order the chaos."
There is much talk about the new economy, of new paradigms, of new technology and methodology, but I believe that Friedman has identified a fundamental truth about this time, the first decade of the 21st Century. Globalization has created a new dominant culture, a world-wide system, it creates integration and the development of connected networks, elites around the world are increasingly accepting these core values. Innovation and change are key features of the new system, and the dominant power in this system is the United States, which is why American culture is often seen as the global culture, and English is the language of the global economy. The conflicts of the 21st Century will be increasingly expressed as opposition to this process, which itself is more like a force of nature, than the expression of the will of any country, or group of countries. Institutions which were created in the Cold War period will be forced to reassess their roles and relevance and States which attempt to ignore this process will be forced to come to terms. The European Union, with its large number of unemployed, low growth rates, ageing populations and low defence expenditures will find its' future increasingly problematic as the constructive destruction of globalization rearranges the pieces of the world economy and as new nodes of power emerge in Asia. This new multi-cultural world will increasingly focus on the development of complex adaptive systems, as non-Government institutions and powerful individuals interact with States and regional groupings of States. What we are now seeing is the emergence of a new type of system, as profound in its effects as the emergence of the Ch'in dynasty in China three thousand years ago, or the rise of the Roman Empire, were in their times and in their regions.
If the French and Germans express their hostility to change by becoming increasingly anti-American, and fail to accommodate to change they will fall behind in the race to change and the European Union will be exposed as a failed institution. If China fails to respond to the responsibilities placed on it by its membership of the WTO and does not make structural changes, or reduce corruption, then its failure will be rapid and disasterous, especially given its reliance on food imports from the global economy. If Latin American governements fail to integrate with the global economy then they will follow Argentina on its progress into the wastelands, and the United States will itself have to chnage as it becomes increasingly reliant on this integrated and inter-dependent world. Increasing farm subsidiaries and putting on steel tariffs is no longer a domestic issue, there is a price to pay. The US will lose many more industries in this constant process of change. The giant chemical plants of the Gulf of Mexico will become uneconomic compared to the giant plants of SABIC in Saudi Arabia and the multi $billion plants planned for Iran and in due course in a democratic Iraq. China, Brazil and India will increasingly form the world manufacturing base and the importance of the North American market will fall in relative terms as Asian resumes its economic growth. The corruption and anarchy of Africa will continue to keep it outside the global system, except for the mineral wealth sold by its "vampire states" to foreign companies; the payments for Angolan oil and Congolese minerals illustrate the depths to which parts of the Continent have fallen. Only South Africa gives any hope, but that country is facing the loss of many of its best people to a massive AIDS epidemic. On present performance countries like Germany will be the losers as the process of globalization forces greater and greater integration of the world economy; Europe will not be able to rely on its regulations and protectist system in order to hold change back, like the Berlin Wall the whole edifice constructed in Brussels could come falling down.
Globalization is therefore not merely a new fad or buzzword it represents the emergent dominant culture on this planet, and connects other emergent developments into a single system. The success of nations and businesses will increasingly be dependent on how they respond to this development. The negotiator must therefore understand this emergent zeitgeist, and in the words of Friedman attain a "globalist" prospective; few people should be better equipped to understand how to integrate ideas and concepts.
Francis Fukuyama, in "The End of History and the Last Man" (1992), linked the growth of democracy with economic development at the end of the 20th Century, he wrote: "The most remarkable development of the last quarter of the twentieth century has been the revelation of enormous weaknesses at the core of the world's seemingly strong dictatorships, whether they be of the military authoritarian Right, or the communist totalitarian Left. From Latin America to Eastern Europe, from the Soviet Union to the Middle East and Asia, strong governments have been failing over the last two decades. And while they have not given way in all cases to stable liberal democracies, liberal democracy remains the only coherent political aspiration that spans different regions and cultures around the globe. In addition, liberal principles in economics - the "free market" - have spread, and have succeeded in producing unprecedented levels of material prosperity, both in industrially developed countries and in countries that had been, at the close of World War II, part of the impoverished Third World. A liberal revolution in economic thinking has sometimes preceded, sometimes followed, the move toward political freedom around the globe."
Many Globalizations : Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World Peter L. Berger, Samuel P. Huntington
Two Hours That Shook the World Fred Halliday
As the dust settled around the devastation of the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, a host of questions emerged surrounding the attacks, the motives behind them and their future implications. Professor Halliday expands on the many social, cultural, religious and political problems that have plagued the Middle East and Central Asia in the last half-century. He dispels the idea that the Muslim and non-Muslim worlds are poised for conflict. Halliday explains the cause and rise of Islamic fundamentalism, and how terror became an instrument of political and military conflict. This book not only examines the causes of what happened, it also provides a reasoned approach as to what the future may hold
The Clash of Civilizations Samuel P. Huntington, new edt. 2002 - the author argues that as people increasingly define themselves by ethnicity and religion, the West will find itself more and more at odds with non-western civilizations that reject its ideals of democracy, human rights, liberty, the rule of law, and the separation of the church and state. Picturing a future of accelerated conflict and increasingly "de-Westernized" international relations, this text further argues for greater understanding of non-western civilizations and offers strategies for maximizing Western influence.
Empire Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, 2001
According to Negri and Hardt, this new Empire [globalization] is the result of the transformation of modern capitalism into a set of power relationships we endlessly replicate that transcend the nation state (so anti-imperialism is out as a progressive politics). Vitally, the authors argue that the multitude, through their many struggles, pushed the world to this point and it is the multitude who can push through to a much better world on the other side of globalisation.
No Logo Naomi Klein
In No Logo, Klein patiently demonstrates, step by step, how brands have become ubiquitous, not just in media and on the street but increasingly in the schools as well. The global companies claim to support diversity but their version of "corporate multiculturalism" is merely intended to create more buying options for consumers.
The
International Herald Tribune 2 July 2002 reported an interview with Joseph
Stiglitz, a Nobel Prize winner in economics, a former top white house advisor,
a former chief economist at the World Bank and, most recently, author of Globalization
and the Discontents. He said: "The real message here is that there
is a grain of truth in a lot of the complaints about the way globalisation
has evolved. But, globalisation can be a very powerful force for growth in
the developing world. What Im trying to argue in this book is that we
have to change the way globalisation has been managed to ensure its benefits
reach developing countries and poor people around the world." | http://negotiation.biz/globalization.htm |
If you live in an extremely sunny area, full greenhouse shade may be necessary this month.
Decide now whether you will keep your plants in the greenhouse during summer months; if not, select outdoor locations now to facilitate transfer of plants next month.
If weather turns warm, it may be necessary to hose down greenhouse walks and spray-mist the foliage now.
Purchase or make your own chrysanthemum cuttings for fall blooms.
Pot bulbs of Lilium auratum, the goldband lily, for August flowering. | http://lovelygreenhouses.com/may.html |
The polish grinding process delivers surface qualities with mean roughness values of R a 0.15 m, compared with the standard values of R a 0.4 m used in the industry on continuous generating-grinding machines. Polish grinding is performed as a final machining sequence, immediately after conventional grinding, consisting of a roughing and a ...
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The power provided by the motor is equal to the power consumed. from this we can find the power provided to the needle. pin pfrictpotherpn gt pn pin-pfrict-pother. to find the velocity of the needle we first must find the crank shafts rotational speed, ws.as the power at the motor equals the power at the crank shaft assuming 100 efficiency pin f rm wm f rs ws.
This invention relates to a transmission mech anism for a sewing machine and is especially ap. plicable to machines of the lock stitch type. ii has particular reference tothe means employee for transmitting rotary motion from a main o01 needle actuating shaft to an auxiliary shaft used for the operation of a rotary hook, or other complemental stitch forming mechanism, or to a rotary shaft ...
Grinding the teeth surface makes gears quieter, increases force transmission capacity and affects the precision class. on the other hand, the addition of teeth grinding process increases cost and is not suitable for all gears. to obtain high precision other than by grinding, there is a process called shaving using shaving cutters. kinds of ...
Products or machines and the description of achievable values by the standards. 5.2. industrial noise sources in this section, the fundamental mechanisms of noise sources are discussed, as well as some examples of the most common machines used in
Mechanism and machine theory. supports open access. view aims and scope submit your article guide for authors. 3.312 impact factor. editor -in- chief p. flores. view editorial board. view aims and scope. explore journal content latest issue articles in press
The washing machine makes a whining noise when at work. the noise is a good indicator that the transmission is going bad. the transmission is an assembly of gears and pulleys that operate in direct movement with the motor. any type of noise coming from the washing machine drum can be a symptom that the transmission is bad.
Mechanism of grinding plates at angles with a hand for each project scheme design, we will use professional knowledge to help you, carefully listen to your demands, respect your opinions, and use our professional teams and exert our greatest efforts to create a more suitable project scheme for you and realize the project investment value and ...
Sometimes gearless transmission plays vital role for many mechanisms as it avoids use of gears amp lowers the maintenance cost. moreover, there are many individual machines or instruments for operations like cutting, grinding, drilling amp buffing operation.
Us3280512a - grinding machine feed mechanism - google look at the mechanisms under the glass of a photocopy machine, and observe its cable drive. how does it use pulleys look closely at a crane as it operates. look at the belts on the engine in a car.
Transmission slipping is when the engine transmission systems register errors in shifting. in a manual car, the problem always stems from the clutch being faulty. for automatic cars, errors in transmission may arise from anywhere. here is an article about a slipping transmission
Grinding machine feed mechanism filed feb. 20, 1964 5 sheets-sheet 5 workpiece loader 20 79 timer 780 79a 9 so united states patent 3,280,512 grinding macehne feed mechanism william b. seidel, cincinnati, ohio, assignor to the cincinnati milling machine co., cincinnati, ohio, a corporation of ohio filed feb. 20, 1964, ser. no. 346,179 4 claims.
The internal grinding machine is divided into a common internal grinding machine, a planetary internal grinding machine, a centerless internal grinding ... the feed and compensation of the machine tool are carried out by two transmission mechanisms that do not interfere with each other.
Aug 26, 2015nbsp018332grinding 1. grinding and grinding machine 2. grinding grinding is a process of removing material by abrasive action of a revolving wheel on the surface of a work-piece in order to bring it to required shape and size the wheel used for performing the grinding operation is known as grinding wheel it consists of sharp crystal called abrasive held together by a binding material or bond the
Transmission may also occur through fomites in the immediate environment around the infected person. 8 therefore, transmission of the covid-19 virus can occur by direct contact with infected people and indirect contact with surfaces in the immediate environment or with objects used on the infected person e.g., stethoscope or thermometer.
Mechanism used in grinding machine pdf - praktijkwel-zijn.nl. mechanism used in grinding machine pdf. applications of thread grinding machine the thread grinding was restricted to lead screws,gauge work and all other hardened work where grate accuracy was a requirement.but, with the development of multiple profiled wheel and successful plunge-cut method application, the thread grinding machine ...
2. why is the crank slider mechanism suitable for this type of machine especially the motion of the cutting tool 3. draw an alternative mechanism or combination of mechanisms that will produce the same forwards and backwards motion. is your new mechanism an improvement on the crank and slider mechanism
Transimission mechanisms of a grinding machine. transimission mechanisms of a grinding machine 2012-01-14 limestone crushing line in algeria algeria is one of the most important markets in africa. inquire now what is power transmission of grinding machine
Technology machines transmission and transformation of motion 3 technology circular motion rotational speed rotational speed n is the number of turns a wheel makes per time unit. it is usually measured in min-1 or rpm. 724 chat online three main types of grinding - efunda
Aug 01, 2019nbsp018332ductile-like surfaces that are free of cracks and brittle-ductile surfaces that consist of fractured spots and ductile striations were found after grinding. the deformation mechanisms associated with the two types of surfaces were explored with the aid of transmission electron microscopy tem.
Design manufacturing of feeding mechanism for horizontal ... in operation, old feed mechanism type of grinding machine desirable that the feed mechanism should be organized so that it brings the grinding wheel the work rapidly into close proximity and thereafter to permit a relative feeding movement of work and wheel, slowly and with great precision for perfection the grinding operation.
In the present invention, mechanism is provided to produce precise, accurate, feed movement in a grinding machine and, in the preferred form of the invention disclosed herein, mechanism is provided...
The shafts are powered by single ac motor. instead of gears, solid metal bars bend at 90 degree are used for the power transmission. using this mechanism four machining operations like cutting,grinding,drilling amp buffing are done using single motor. | https://www.kath-kirche-gau-weinheim.de/milling-machine/hdnjbfwr/what.html |
The utility model relates to a lathe for turning a large shaft and a self-centering center frame of the lathe. The utility model relates to the technical field of large shaft turning. The clothes hanger comprises a hanger body, a clamping device used for clamping a shaft is arranged on the frame body. The clamping device comprises a rotating ring, a plurality of clamping mechanisms and a synchronizing mechanism controlling the clamping mechanisms to move synchronously. The multiple clamping mechanisms are evenly arranged in the circumferential direction of the rotating ring, and the synchronizing mechanism comprises a gear ring, planetary gears with the same number as the clamping mechanisms, first bevel gears with the same number as the clamping mechanisms and second bevel gears with thesame number as the clamping mechanisms. Through the arrangement of the synchronizing mechanism, studs on the multiple clamping mechanisms can be synchronously fed, then shaft type blanks can be coaxially clamped in the rotating ring through the studs, automatic centering of the shaft type blanks and the center frame is achieved, the bounce amplitude of the shaft type blanks on the center frame isreduced, and the machining precision is improved. | |
Fewer deaths due to milder climate
In 2007, mortality is expected to decline further relative to last year. Mild weather conditions reduced mortality, particularly in summer. The decline in mortality since 2002 is all the more remarkable, because the population is ageing.
Mortality and summer temperatures
Few heat deaths in 2007
Previous research shows that both high and low temperatures lead to more deaths. The 2003 heat wave and the two heat waves in 2006 caused many extra deaths among the older population. Temperatures in the summer of 2007, on the other hand, were significantly lower and partly accounted for the lower mortality rate.
Annual mortality over 2007 in the Netherlands is expected not to exceed 132 thousand. Five years ago, annual mortality was more than 10 thousand higher.
Seasonal mortality
Flu deaths also down
Heat waves cause many extra deaths. Yet, mortality rates in winter are always higher than in summer. Especially in combination with a flu epidemic, low temperatures result in more deaths. A long-lasting flu epidemic in the winter of 2003/2004, for example, stepped up mortality. In the period following the flu outbreak, mortality rates were below average. In 2005, 2006 and 2007, flu outbreaks were relatively rare.
Trend in annual risk of dying
Risk of dying down across all age groups
In recent years, the annual risk of dying has decreased across nearly all age groups. The most substantial decline occurred among people in their seventies. As a result, mortality is declining, although the population is ageing. Only among people over the age of ninety, mortality is increasing, but the risk of dying in this age bracket is also declining. | https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2007/42/fewer-deaths-due-to-milder-climate |
Recent studies with the biosynthetic DNA template poIy [ d ( A - T ) ] poIy [ d ( A - T ) ) have shown that E.Coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the reactions: UpA + UTP →UpApU and A P U + A T P → A pUpA at different rates (Sylvester, 1980). ApUpA is formed in approximately 1:1 stoichiometry with the amount of enzyme present despite an excess of substrates, yet UpApU is formed catalytically. Addition of the drug rifampicin greatly stimulates ApUpA formation yet it partially inhibits UpApU synthesis. Using the biosynthetic DNA template poly[d(A-C)]· poly [ d ( T -G ) ]. similar results were obtained for the reactions: GpU + GTP → GpUpG and UpG + UTP → UpGpU. GpUpG behaves like ApUpA and UpGpU behaves like UpApU. On the basis of these results, it appears that trinucleoside diphosphates of the structure (Purine)p(Pyrimidine)p(Purine) form stable DNA- RNA· RNA polymerase complexes upon formation of the first phosphodiester bond, yet those with the structure (Pyrimidine)p(Purine)p(Pyrimidine) are unable to form stable complexes. | https://cache.kzoo.edu/handle/10920/22710 |
I’ve been reflecting lately on the state of our relationships. I think it is fair to say that we all have a degree of harmony and disharmony with others. There is a smoothness with those we get on well with; there is a synchronising of heart rhythms when we are together. We trust each other, love each other and care for each other. We create a homely atmosphere wherever we may be: at a coffee shop, in the work canteen, in the park. Conversely, we feel tension and frustration with those we don’t see eye to eye with: our heart rhythms repel when we are together. We are vigilant and on guard for any verbal attacks. We are cautious and don’t share too much. We are happy to see each other’s backs. Isn’t it a curious thing? How can we grow in wisdom and love?
Two images swim to the surface on this issue. For me, the image of a beautiful, blossoming flower represents someone who expresses their talents to the full. They do not falsely humble themselves and play small in the world. They are alive, creative, fruitful, and full of light and love. They are an inspiration to others – instruments of hope and potential. And there is the image of the burning flame of fire. This represents people who have passion, drive, spirit and energy. They are not dominated by the intellect which as we know has its limits. They are in tune with their dreams and perhaps divinely given plans for the world. Their hearts are burning bright. Together, flower and fire form what I call ‘flower power’. These people influence the world in a myriad of positive ways: as loved ones, acquaintances, strangers, even as perceived enemies.
So what do the ‘flower powers’ have to offer in the area of relationships? How do they relate to harmonious and disharmonious people. Simply put, they tend to avoid disharmony because their energy is directed toward a point of convergence, a point of goodness where everything begins and ends. They are drawn and attracted to this ultimate reality. In this way, they are not caught up with unnecessary conflict and tension – fighting with people who just want to punch for the sake of it. They pick up on everyone’s heart rhythms. Essentially, they shine like angels who endure the messiness of life. Their beauty is carried by a powerful movement that gets them through things, that enables them to handle tricky situations and most importantly that nudges them to plough through to the finishing line. | https://www.jesuit.ie/blog/gavin-t-murphy/shining-like-angels/ |
Reading the letters that St Paul wrote to the Corinthians, we get the impression of a very diverse, charismatic community - with all the tensions that can create!
The gifts of which St Paul speaks are often called “charismatic” - or charism. This helps to focus them as spiritual gifts designed specifically for the upbuilding of the Church. The problems arise when people set about competing about those gifts as they would with, say, athletic or musical gifts: who is the best? It is not, of course, possible - but human nature being what it is, the Corinthians were determined to try!
Many believed that the charisms were given to the early Church but had, over the years faded and become less significant. There were probably many in the Church who were quite relieved!
However, following the Second Vatican Council, a new interest in these charismatic gifts and many Catholics and others began to find themselves able to pray in tongues and rediscovered the power to heal - to prophesy and so on. Some succumbed to the Corinthians problem - seeing those who had such gifts as somehow superior to those who had not - such is often the way with enthusiasm and novelty.
As time has passed, the charismatic gifts have become increasingly seen for what they are: gifts of the Spirit for the good of all. It is also recognised that the charisms needed in our day are different from those of the early Church. Our prophets still speak against poverty and injustice - but on a global scale. Those with powerful prayer are creating new ways for people to worship God. Those with the gift to heal may lay hands - but may also heal through listening. Many in our day use their gifts in the “outside” world developing the mission of the Church - but all are gifted by the same Spirit who gifted the Corinthians.
What is your experience - or what have you heard about the Charismatic movement? What do you think it offers the Church today? | http://wellsprings.org.uk/weekly_wellsprings/year_c/sunday_02sr.htm |
It is crucial that all team members have a breadth of skills which enable both roles to be covered in times of absence and for promotion opportunities when vacancies arise (succession planning).
Aims
To identify and discuss the tools and techniques available to effectively multi skill a team through the transference for skills, training, mentoring and coaching.
Learning Outcomes
- Types of multiskilling – the activities we can co-ordinate in order to provide multi skilling opportunities
- Who needs to get multi skilled? – identifying the ideal candidates within your team
- Developing multi skilled teams – making the necessary arrangements for multi skilling opportunities to take place and assessing their level of effectiveness
- Advantages of Multiskilling – the benefits for the team, practice and patience
- Barriers to Multiskilling – the challenges you may face and ways to overcome them
This session is appropriate for people in management or supervisory roles. There are no pre-requisites for this session. | http://www.talkinglife.co.uk/product/multi-skilling-the-team/ |
The invention relates to a memory circuit comprising a memory array with a plurality of storage cells for storing data.
Storage cells of a memory circuit can become defective during and after manufacturing of the memory circuit. Accordingly, conventional memory circuits comprise redundant storage cells to replace defective storage cells. These redundant storage cells are used for fixing defective storage cells directly after manufacturing the memory circuit. In known systems comprising memory circuits coding/error correction is performed to cope with errors occurring later during system operation. The coding/error correction uses redundancy added to the data. Conventional memory circuits are prone to failure when further errors occur and must be exchanged quickly to minimize the probability of a second—then unrecoverable—failure.
More advanced conventional memory circuits provide redundant spare storage cells and use electrical fuse technology to exchange failed storage cells detected by an error detection and correction unit with spare storage cells. These programmable electrical fuses need a lot of silicon area when integrating the memory circuit on a chip. Moreover, it takes a long time to program these fuses during which the memory circuit is not available for operation.
Usually electric fuse self repair uses another small set of redundant storage cells next to the normal redundant storages cells used for repair after manufacturing the memory circuit. This is mainly due to the big size of the electrical fuses with does not allow to place them close to the normal redundancy circuit. Therefore, electric fuse self repair is usually capable of repairing a few bits, but not a complete wordline or bitline. Consequently electric fuse self repair can be used for repair after manufacturing a memory circuit because when soldering an error free memory circuit such as a DRAM on a memory module such as a DIMM the heating of said memory circuit may typically turn few storage cells which had been working before into faulty storage cells repairable by electric fuse repair. However, for long time reliability of the memory circuit, when more errors may pop up during operation of said memory circuit electric fuse repair is not sufficient.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a memory circuit and a method which provides fast repair of a memory circuit when a defective storage cell is detected during operation of the memory circuit.
(a) a plurality of storage cells for storing data and redundant spare storage cells for replacing defective storage cells; and
(b) a memory access logic for accessing said storage cells connected to a replacement setting register which is writeable during operation of said memory circuit to store replacement settings.
The invention provides a memory circuit comprising
In an embodiment of the memory circuit replacement settings stored in the replacement setting register indicate which storage cells are replaced by spare storage cells.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit each replacement setting stored in the replacement setting register comprises information data about the location of a storage cell cluster having at least one defective storage cell; and information data about a location of a spare storage cell cluster replacing the defective storage cell cluster.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the storage cell cluster is formed by a row of storage cells within a memory array of said memory circuit which are addressable by the same wordline.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the storage cell cluster is formed by a column of storage cells within a memory array of said memory circuit which are addressable by the same bit line.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the replacement setting register consists of flip-flop-circuits for storing the replacement settings.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the replacement setting register is writable to store the replacement settings using a supply voltage of a normal operation mode of the memory circuit.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the replacement setting register is rewritable within a short time period of less than 10 nsec.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the memory circuit comprises at least one input/output circuit for connecting the memory circuit to a memory controller.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit said memory controller is connected to a processor.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit a non-volatile storage is connected to the memory controller or to the processor.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit an error detection and correction unit is provided to determine defective storage cells of said memory circuit.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit if said error detection and correction unit determines defective storage cells during an operation of the memory circuit data stored in the defective storage cells is saved to a temporary data storage.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the error detection and correction unit is provided in said memory controller.
In an embodiment of the memory circuit the error detection and correction unit is provided between the memory access logic and an input/output circuit for connecting the memory circuit to a memory controller.
(a) a plurality of storage cells for storing data and redundant spare storage cells for replacing defective storage cells; and
(b) a writeable replacement setting register for storing replacement settings indicating which storage cells are replaced by redundant spare storage cells.
In a further embodiment the memory circuit comprises:
(a) performing a failure mapping to determine updated replacement settings depending on the location of defective storage cells detected during operation of said memory circuit and depending on replacement settings already stored in a replacement setting register of said memory circuit;
(b) saving data stored in the storage cells to be replaced according to the updated replacement settings by redundant spare storage cells into a temporary data storage;
(c) writing the updated replacement settings in said replacement setting register; and
(d) writing the saved data from the temporary data storage to the redundant spare storage cells indicated by the updated replacement settings.
The invention further provides a method for in-operation memory repair of a memory circuit comprising the steps of:
In an embodiment of the method the replacement settings are loaded in the replacement setting register from a non-volatile storage during a boot-up of said memory circuit.
(a) performing a boot-up memory test and deriving a failure mapping on the basis of failure information provided by said boot-up memory test to determine updated replacement settings depending on the location of defective storage cells detected during a boot-up of said memory circuit and depending on previous replacement settings loaded from a non-volatile storage;
(b) writing the updated replacement settings to a replacement setting register of said memory circuit.
The invention further provides a method for performing a memory repair of a memory circuit during a boot-up of the memory circuit comprising the steps of:
In an embodiment of the method the updated replacement settings are copied from the replacement setting register to the non-volatile storage.
FIG. 1
FIG. 3
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As can be seen from , a memory circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a plurality of storage cells for storing data forming a main memory. Further, the memory circuit comprises redundant spare storage cells for replacing defective storage cells. The storage cells and the spare storage cells can form part of the same memory array as shown in .
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The memory circuit further comprises a memory access logic for accessing the storage cells and the spare storage cells . The memory access logic is connected in a possible embodiment directly to a replacement setting register . The replacement setting register is writable during operation of the memory circuit to store replacement settings RS. The stored replacement settings RS indicate which defective storage cells are replaced by spare storage cells . In the embodiment shown in both the memory access logic and the replacement setting register are connected to an input/output circuit of said memory circuit provided for connecting the memory circuit to a memory controller .
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In the embodiment shown in the memory controller comprises an error detection and correction unit . The memory controller is connected to at least one central processing unit or processor . Further, the memory controller is connected to a non-volatile storage . The error detection and correction unit provided in said memory controller can access defective storage cells of the main memory in the memory circuit or spare storage cells already replacing storage cells of the main memory . The memory controller can access a combination of the main and spare memory cell array as seen through the access logic with the corresponding replacement settings.
FIG. 1
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As can be seen from , the memory system comprises several memory circuits -which are connected to the same memory controller . In the given example of , there are N memory circuits -connected to the memory controller . Furthermore, the memory controller can be connected to several processors -. In the exemplary system shown in , the memory controller is connected to M processors . The error detection and correction unit within the memory controller is provided to discover defective memory cells or storage cells within the memory circuit . Connected to the memory controller or to the processor , a non-volatile storage medium is provided to safe information data permanently. The non-volatile storage medium can be formed by a DIMM SPD (Serial Presence Detect) a Bios CMOS RAM, a Flash memory or a hard disk.
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FIG. 4A
FIGS. 4A
The replacement setting register as shown in is formed in a possible embodiment by flip-flops for the storing of replacement settings RS. As shown in , each replacement setting RS indicates a location of a defective storage cell or a location of a defective storage cell cluster. For each stored location of a defective storage cell or defective storage cell cluster a corresponding location of spare storage cells or a location of a spare storage cell cluster is stored in the replacement setting register as shown in , B.
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The replacement setting register can comprise information data about a location of a storage cell cluster having at least one defective storage cell and information data about a location of a spare storage cell cluster replacing the defective storage cell cluster. The storage cell cluster can for example be formed by a row of storage cells within a memory array which are addressable by the same word line WL. The storage cell cluster can also be formed by a column of storage cells within a memory array which are addressable by the same bit line BL.
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The replacement setting register is formed in a possible embodiment by a volatile register consisting of flip-flop circuits storing the replacement settings RS. In further embodiments the replacement setting register can be formed by a SRAM memory, a latch or other type of volatile storage means. The replacement setting register is writable during operation of the memory circuit to store the replacement settings RS using a normal operation supply voltage of said memory circuit , e.g. V supply <1.5V. The replacement setting register is writable within a short time period of less than e.g. 10 nsec. In a possible embodiment the memory circuit is formed by a DRAM circuit wherein the short writing time period of the replacement setting register allows keeping the normal refresh cycles of the DRAM memory circuit , i.e. changing the replacement settings is performed so fast that a refresh cycle is not delayed.
FIG. 4B
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In the given example in K replacement settings RS are stored in the replacement setting register . In a possible implementation, there can be multiple of the replacement registers, each coping with a different kind of clusters. I.e. in a typical memory circuit, one has fuses storing information about row redundancy, fuses for column redundancy and eFuses for single bit redundancy.
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FIG. 1
FIG. 1
During normal operation of the memory circuit , the error detection and correction unit provided within the memory controller of the exemplary embodiment of can access defective storage cells in the main memory or spare storage cells already replacing storage cells of the main memory as shown in . If a defective storage cell cluster is detected by the error detection and correction unit data of the storage cell cluster to be replaced is saved to a temporary data storage such as a register to avoid loss of data.
FIG. 3
1
2
3
8
7
5
1
X
Y
In the example shown in the diagram of , a memory array of the memory circuit comprises normal storage cells for storing data and spare storage cells wherein each storage cell is addressable by a word line WL and a bit line BL. In the shown example the error detection and correction unit of the memory controller detects a defective storage cell as a crossing of the word line WLand the bit line BL. If such a defective storage cell dSC is detected a mapping unit performs a failure mapping algorithm to find an optimal replacement setting RS depending on the location of the found defective storage cell dSC, i.e. depending on the occurred error and depending on a repair history of already performed repairs indicated by the replacement settings RS stored in the replacement setting register of the memory circuit .
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
X
X
Y
Y
X
In the example shown in the defective storage cell dSC is replaced by the redundant spare storage cell rSC. This is done by mapping word line WLto the redundant word line RED-WLin . An alternative solution for repairing the defect storage cell dSC would be to map bit line BLof the defective storage cell dSC the redundant bit line RED-BL′ and to keep the word line WLthus replacing the defective storage cell dSC by the redundant storage cell rSC′.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
X
X
Y
Y
Y
Y
X
X
Y
Y
Y
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
1
5
1
2
If, for example after the defective storage cell dSC is replaced by the redundant storage cell rSC as shown in , i.e. by mapping word line WLto redundant word line WL′, and a further defective storage cell is detected in the same bit line BLit would be possible to repair two defective storage cells dSC addressable by the same bit line BLby replacing the bit line BLby a redundant bit line BL′. In this situation, the mapping unit can reverse the replacement of word line WLby redundant word line WL′ and can replace bit line BLby redundant bit line BL′ to repair both defective storage cells dSC in the main memory . In this case, only one bit line BL of the redundant memory will be used up to repair two defective storage cells dSC. An alternative repair setting RS might be to map the word line WL of the second defective storage cell dSC in the main memory to a further redundant word line RED-WL in the spare memory , however, in this case two word lines WL of the redundant memory are occupied for repairing two defective storage cells dSC in the main memory . Accordingly, the mapping unit optimizes the replacement setting RS by repairing both defective storage cells dSC by replacing BLby the redundant bit line RED-BLY′ as shown in , thus occupying only one bit line of the spare memory to repair two defective storage cells at the same time. In a possible embodiment of the memory circuit according to the present invention, the mapping unit performs a failure mapping algorithm to find an optimal replacement setting RS. With the replacement setting register of the memory circuit which is a writable register containing writable flip-flops it is possible to reverse already performed replacement settings RS to implement an optimal replacement setting to repair defective storage cells in the main memory . This can become necessary, as soon as a further error occurs because then a different mapping may provide better results than the existing mapping.
FIG. 1
4
5
5
6
7
9
5
4
6
5
7
5
3
As indicated in , the mapping unit for performing the failure mapping can be provided in a possible embodiment between the memory access logic and the replacement setting register . In a further embodiment the mapping unit can be provided between the replacement setting register and the input/output circuit . The mapping unit converts information data about the location of failing storage cells into an optimum use of spare storage cells. In further possible embodiments the mapping unit can be provided within the memory controller or within the processor . There are multiple possibilities for implementing the mapping circuit. The mapping circuit can be implemented as a hardware circuit and placed between the replacement setting register and the memory access logic , between the input/output circuit and the replacement setting register as well as in the memory controller . The mapping unit can be implemented as software in the firmware or in the operating system running on one of the processing units of the system. In contrast to conventional memory circuits using for example fuses for replacing storage cells by redundant cells, the rewritable replacement setting register allows to reverse replacement settings RS and to optimize the use of the provided spare storage cells .
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
FIG. 1
1
1
10
0
0
shows a diagram illustrating the functionality of a memory circuit according to a possible embodiment of the present invention. After manufacturing of the memory circuit the manufacturer can run a production test as shown in the flow-chart of to determine an initial replaced setting RSand store the found replacement setting RSin the non-volatile storage as shown in .
1
10
5
1
FIG. 7
FIG. 5
After activating the memory circuit a simple boot-up procedure can be performed as shown in . In a simple boot-up procedure the actual replacement setting stored in the non-volatile storage is copied to the replacement setting register of the memory circuit as indicated in .
1
8
2
5
FIGS. 5 and 9
If during normal operation of the memory circuit the error detection correction unit detects an error, i.e. one failed or defective storage cell of the main memory the replacement setting stored in the on-chip replacement setting register can be used by an in-operation repair process as illustrated in .
FIG. 9
1
8
1
2
2
8
5
1
5
1
3
8
4
5
5
5
1
i+1
i
i+1
i+1
shows a flow-chart of a possible embodiment of an in-operation repair process as employed by the memory circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. If the error detection and correction unit detects in step S an error, i.e. defective storage cells or a defective storage cell cluster in the main memory , the mapping unit performs in step S the failure mapping algorithm to find an optimal replacement setting RS. The optimal replacement setting RS is determined by the mapping unit depending on the actual found defective storage cells detected by the error detection and correction unit and also depending on a repair history stored in the replacement setting register in form of already existing replacement setting entries. Updated replacement settings RSare calculated by the mapping unit depending on the location of the defective storage cells detected during the operation of the memory circuit and depending on the replacement settings RSalready stored in the replacement setting register of the memory circuit . In a further step S, data of a storage cell cluster or multiple cell clusters to be replaced according to the updated replacement settings RS by redundant spare storage cells are saved to a temporary data storage which is provided for example in the error detection and correction unit . In a further step S, the updated replacement settings RSare written into the replacement setting register . Finally, the saved data from the temporary data storage is written in step S to the redundant spare storage cells indicated by the updated replacement settings RSstored in the replacement setting register of the memory circuit .
5
10
FIG. 5
The replacement settings RS stored in the replacement setting register is then copied for further use to the non-volatile storage as indicated in .
FIG. 6
FIG. 7
1
1
1
2
3
10
1
10
1
5
0
0
shows a flow-chart of a possible embodiment of a production test for testing a memory circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. A production test can be run on one or several of the memory circuits according to an embodiment of the present invention to detect in step S defective storage cells in the memory array by a production tester. The production tester writes predetermined patterns of data into the memory array, reads it back and compares it to the known expected data values. A mapping unit step S a failure mapping to calculate an initial optimal replacement settings RSreplacing the defective storage cells. In a further step S the found optimal replacement settings RSare stored in the non-volatile storage and can be used by the memory circuit after its respective boot-up. The non-volatile storage is for instance a DIMM SPD which is delivered from the memory manufacture to the computer system manufacturer together with the memory component. When the non-volatile storage is located in the computer system, a data record, is provided i.e. an electronic database stating the RS records for all parts, which can be identified by their serial number. In a simple boot-up procedure a replacement setting RS stored in the non-volatile storage can be loaded during boot-up of the memory circuit to its replacement setting register as shown in the flow-chart of .
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
2
1
1
2
10
3
5
1
5
10
i
i+1
i+1
In a more complex boot-up procedure the memory repair can be performed as shown in the flow-chart of . After initiating a boot-up the computer system detects automatically defective storage cells in the main memory of the memory circuit by running a memory test in step S. This maybe even done without an error detection and correction unit, since in a test, one knows, what has been written before. Therefore it is possible to check, if a read was error free. During normal operation, one doesn't know, what had been written before, thus coding with redundancy needs to be in to check, if the data is correct. Thus, the procedure shown in relies on coding and error correction, whereas the procedure shown in may be implemented in systems without such possibilities. Since error detection/correction is usually available in servers only and not in normal PCs, the procedure of is an interesting option for normal PCs. In a further step S of the boot-up procedure the mapping unit performs an automatic failure mapping to calculate updated replacement settings RS depending on the location of the detected defective storage cells and depending on replacement settings RSloaded from the non-volatile storage . In a further step S the found updated replacement settings RSare written to the replacement setting register of the respective memory circuit . Finally, the updated replacement settings RSare copied from the replacement setting register back to the non-volatile storage for further use.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
1
8
1
4
6
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
5
4
shows a further embodiment of the memory circuit according to the present invention. In this embodiment the error detection and correction unit is provided within the memory circuit . In the given embodiment of data is not exchanged between the memory access logic and the input/output circuit directly. The error detection and correction unit adds necessary redundancy during write operations. During read operations the error detection and correction unit calculates whether errors have occurred and corrects them if necessary, returning the correct data to the input/output circuit . Furthermore, the error detection and correction unit performs an algorithm to derive information data about the defective storage cells from the detected errors. This can include filtering out random storage errors such as alpha-particle induced errors. In a possible embodiment, the error detection and correction unit finds out the error topology of the occurred error. In this case, the error detection and correction unit decides, whether a single defective storage cell or a cluster fails, i.e. a complete row of storage cells or a complete column of storage cells is affected by the error. Then, the failure mapping unit connected to the error detection unit calculates an optimum replacement strategy for minimum spare cell usage. In a possible embodiment the mapping unit has a direct access to the replacement storage register controlling the memory access logic . Further, the mapping unit can directly control replacements of defective storage cells by spare storage cells.
FIGS. 1 and 2
1
There are two phases of system operation when operating a system as shown in . The first phase is a boot-up and the second phase is a normal operation phase of the memory circuit .
1
7
9
10
5
1
1
10
5
1
FIG. 1
During the boot-up of the memory circuit as shown in before starting normal system operation, the memory controller for the processor performs several tasks. First, the memory storage cell failure data is read from the non-volatile storage . Then, this data is written into the replacement setting register of the appropriate memory circuit . Depending on the position of the mapping circuit , a mapping algorithm is executed on the basis of the data stored in the permanent non-volatile storage before writing it to the replacement setting register of the memory circuit .
FIG. 1
After this operation, the memory system as shown in is in the same state as before the last previous shutdown. All failing memory storage cells detected so far are replaced by spare storage cells resulting in a reliable, error free memory sub-system allowing the system to enter a normal operation mode.
7
7
1
8
5
1
3
3
1
2
10
5
1
During normal operation, further failures can occur, for example due to wearout or stress. The memory controller detects and corrects these failures by means of an appropriate technique, such as ECC. Then, the memory controller can execute further tests like re-writing the memory cell to determine if the error was due to a temporary loss of data, such as an alpha-particle induced soft error, a transmission error or due to a defective storage cell in the memory circuit . If it is determined that the failure has occurred because of at least one defective memory storage cell, the following actions are performed. Data stored at the defective storage cell location obtained from the error correction unit is copied to a temporary data storage. Then, the location of the defective storage cells or the defective storage cell cluster is written into the replacement setting register of the memory circuit and the defective storage cells are replaced by spare storage cells . In a further step, the saved temporary data is re-written to the spare storage cells replacing the defective storage cells. Then, the memory circuit is consistent with the state before the defect has occurred. Data indicating the location of the defective storage cells is written into the non-volatile storage . This process is not time critical and can be postponed to an appropriate point of time. If the mapping procedure is implemented in software, the mapping is applied before writing information data to the replacement setting register file of the memory circuit .
FIG. 1
3
1
In a possible embodiment, the system as shown in keeps track of remaining spare storage cells and gives a warning to a system operator if the memory device runs out of spare storage cells.
FIG. 2
FIGS. 1 and 2
1
4
5
7
9
10
5
1
In the second embodiment as shown in similar to the first embodiment, the memory circuit comprises a set of normal and a set of spare storage cells driven by memory access logic controlled by a replacement setting register with IO-connection. During boot-up, behavior of both embodiments as shown in is equal and the memory controller or the CPU copies defective cell information from the non-volatile storage to the replacement setting register provided within the memory circuit .
FIGS. 1 and 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
1
8
5
1
1
7
6
1
7
1
7
7
1
10
1
7
5
1
10
10
5
7
During normal system operation, the behavior of the two embodiments as shown in is different. In the embodiment as shown in , the memory circuit detects defective storage cells itself by analysis of an error detected by an internal error detection and correction unit as shown in . Upon detection of a defective storage cell, the following actions are performed. A mapping unit calculates an optimum spare storage cell mapping. The data content of the defective storage cells recovered by the error correction unit is saved to a temporary data storage. Then, the spare cell mapping, i.e. the replacement setting RS is written into the replacement register file of the memory circuit . The data content of the defective storage cells is restored into the mapped spare memory cells. The memory circuit further signals the mapping process to the memory controller over the input/output circuit . For example, the memory circuit informs the memory controller that a mapping has occurred. In a further embodiment, the memory circuit can give detailed information about the performed mapping and statistics, for example how much spare capacity is left to the memory controller . When the memory controller receives a signal from the memory circuit that a defective cell replacement has occurred, it copies information data about the mapping into the non-volatile storage . If the memory circuit only signals that a mapping has occurred, the memory controller reads out the replacement setting register of the memory circuit and copies the data to the permanent non-volatile storage . If further information about details of the mapping is available, it can be used to update the information data stored in the non-volatile storage without read-out of the complete replacement setting register file thus saving time. Then, the memory controller signals an occurrence of a defective cell replacement, including free space capacity of the memory circuit (if available) to a system operator.
1
FIGS. 1 and 2
The memory circuit as shown in can be formed by any kind of memory component, such as a memory chip or a memory module, for example a dual-inline memory module.
1
1
5
5
10
5
1
In the system according to the present invention, the task of permanently storing information and defective storage cells can be moved from the memory circuit to the computer system. The memory circuit stores information about defective storage cells in a writeable register . This writeable register allows fast writing and quick replacement of defective storage cells with very little memory system interruption. Furthermore, the system ensures that the permanent data stored in the non-volatile storage and the volatile data stored in the replacement setting register within the memory circuit are consistent with each other.
1
5
5
1
5
1
With the memory circuit , storing information can be done without interfering with normal operations. The storage space as provided by the replacement setting register is cheaper in terms of chip area in comparison to conventional systems using fuses. Furthermore, the storage area can be more flexible managed. The writeable replacement setting register allows a faster replacement of defective storage cells. Furthermore, storing of the replacement settings RS within the replacement setting register is possible by using only the low supply voltage applied to the memory circuit during normal operation of the memory circuit. Furthermore, with the rewriteable replacement setting register file it is possible to reverse already found replacement strategies when further errors occur during operation of the memory circuit .
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1
shows an embodiment of a memory circuit according to the present invention;
FIG. 2
shows a further embodiment of a memory circuit according to the present invention;
FIG. 3
shows a diagram illustrating an example of mapping as employed by the memory circuit and by the method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4A
shows the data structure of a replacement setting as employed by an embodiment of the apparatus and the method according to the present invention;
FIG. 4B
shows a data content of a replacement setting register as employed by an embodiment of the method and apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 5
shows a diagram for illustrating a functionality of the apparatus and method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6
shows a flow-chart of a production test after manufacturing a memory circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7
shows a flow-chart of a simple boot-up process which is employed by an apparatus and a method according to a possible embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8
shows a further flow-chart of a boot-up procedure with a repair mechanism as employed by an apparatus and a method according to a possible embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9
shows a further flow-chart of an in-operation repair process as employed by an apparatus and a method according to a possible embodiment of the present invention. | |
5 Common Drug Crimes in Los Angeles
Drug-related crimes are a big problem in California. Here are five of the most common drug crimes in Los Angeles.
The majority of felony arrests in Los Angeles are drug related.
According to a public health study by Los Angeles County, there were over 40,000 felony arrests for drug offenses in 2008. Despite the legalization of recreational marijuana, drug crimes in Los Angeles are still a serious problem.
Today, we’re taking a closer look at five of the most common drug crimes in Los Angeles.
Let’s take a closer look …
Common Drug Crimes in Los Angeles
In 2008, the five most common drug-related crimes in Los Angeles County included the following:
- Marijuana
- Alcohol
- Meth
- Cocaine / Crack
- Heroin
These crimes involved the arrest of both adult and juvenile men and women in Los Angeles and resulted in felony or misdemeanor charges.
With the legalization of marijuana, these statistics are subject to change. However, Los Angeles will likely see an increase in Marijuana DUI charges and other marijuana-related crimes among minors.
If you were arrested for a drug-related crime in Los Angeles, it’s best to seek help from an attorney with experience providing drug crime criminal defense in Los Angeles.
Keeping that in mind, let’s take a look at some of the most common drug crimes in Los Angeles today.
1. Alcohol-Related Crimes
Alcohol may be legal, but it’s still one of the most addictive drugs available to the public.
According to the Los Angeles County Public Health study, there were nearly 1,000 drug-related deaths in Los Angeles in 2008 and alcohol was one of the top three drugs involved. Over 15,000 residents were admitted to publicly funded treatment programs in Los Angeles.
Alcohol-related crimes include driving under the influence of alcohol and consumption among minors.
2. Drug Possession
The number of drugs in personal possession can partially determine legal liability.
A small amount will usually result in a misdemeanor. But if someone also has a large amount of cash, a scale, and some sort of transport like baggies, then they could be arrested on suspicion of possession with intent to sell and charged with a felony.
3. Prescription Painkillers
The abuse of painkillers is a serious problem, not only in California but all across the country. Painkillers are a major source of fatal drug overdoses. In 2014, for example, drug overdoses were the number one cause of death in the U.S., with over half of those cases involving prescription painkillers or heroin.
Painkillers have become a common treatment in America, especially for younger or older people. Drugs are now the most commonly used substance abuse by young people over the age of 14.
Most of the painkilling medicine is not being prescribed by family doctors or general practitioners. According to one study by the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, it is being distributed by pain clinic physicians who are out for financial gain. Many of these doctors have been charged with over-prescribing painkillers for-profit and falsifying medical records.
4. Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine is a stimulant that produces a high, coming and going very quickly. Many addicts take it during binge sessions to achieve a level of euphoria caused by the release of high levels of dopamine.
The drug comes in different forms. One is a white powder or pill. Another form is known as crystal meth and looks like pieces of glass. People ingest the drug by taking the pill, smoke it, smoking it, snorting the powder, or injecting the dissolved powder.
Methamphetamines are dangerous to the health of users and can cause increased heart rate, respiration, and temperature. Overdose can lead to death.
In recent years, the drug has become more prevalent in California due to the increased production and distribution by Mexican drug cartels. Seizures of the drug on the California-Mexican border has quadrupled in recent years.
5. Heroin
Heroin is an opioid drug that comes from morphine, and it is injected, smoked, or snorted in order to get high. As it is consumed, heroin enters the brain and converts back into morphine. Then, it binds to opioid receptors in the brain and causes the sought-after rush of euphoria.
In addition to getting the rush, people get side effects like clouded mental functioning, flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and potentially health complications from overdosing.
According to the records of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), heroin use increased 63%, and heroin overdose deaths increased almost fourfold, in the 11 years from 2002 to 2013.
The records also showed that an estimated 517,000 people used heroin at least once in 2013 – an increase of 150% over 2007 numbers.
Conclusion
The severity of drug-related crimes will depend on the crime, drug, and situation.
If you or a family member was arrested for a drug-related crime, you should seek the help of a drug crime attorney in Los Angeles sooner than later.
Call 818-208-2952 and the Attorney Referral Service may be able to get you a free 30-minute consultation. | http://www.gripmaps.com/5-drug-crimes-los-angeles/ |
My expression takes its form in figurative oil painting - and the sources of inspiration are widely different. The renaissance portraiture, mid-century fabrics and modern technology can all be sampled and found within my work. I like when things contradict each other, mixed time aspects and a highly contrasted visuality. I am driven by putting together parts that don't belong together. Turning them into entities that create their own time and space. By referencing both art history and contemporary image culture I search for what combines these fragments but also what pulls them apart.
Apart from the aspect of time, there's one part that I find particularly interesting: the changes and similarities of image manipulation. A painter in the 15th century working on a commissioned portrait would enhance and change features of the people depicted to make them more beautiful according to the ideal of beauty at the time. Fast forward to modern day and it’s almost exactly the same thing that is happening with images also in the current visual cultures. The difference being that now we are using Photoshop and Instagram filters as our tools of manipulation and the ideal human being doesn't look exactly the same way as they did back then. In that sense, observing art historical portraits can serve as a record of the ever changing beauty standards and how they are, and were, depicted.
For me, it is important as an artist to reflect on the contemporary society we live in but at the same time be able to look back to compare and criticize. Personally, I do this by examining the relationship between modern technology, the rapid image flow and how man relates to it.
Time is in some ways the essence of what I do both when it comes to subject matter but also material of choice. For me, nothing in my work is a coincidence; I connect the different parts carefully and methodically; an equal amount of time goes into every single detail of the whole. I dive deep into every centimeter and give every crease in a fabric attention. Really dissecting the image but also deciding when to leave what’s “accurate”. In the end it all comes down to time; Time spent preparing. Time spent creating. Time as a subject. Time vs. Time. A 70’s jumpsuit on a renaissance pose with modern day Photoshop glitching makes the aspect of time contradictory. The past and the present melted together.
My images are about being images. Or maybe more accurately; My paintings are about being paintings. Always basing my work on photographs I use the deconstruction of an image to explore the transformation from a digital snapshot to a time consuming oil painting on canvas. What happens along the way of moving information from one medium to another? Sometimes when I paint I see it as though I am activating spaces of a photograph that previously were passive. The information was there already but by observing it, acknowledging it and spending time painting it, to me, makes it into something active.
I've been looking to create a contrast. A juxtaposition. The absurdity of spending time on something that is supposed to be a millisecond of mechanical error. Making the unwanted something that I want. Giving the malfunction a function. Giving a meaning to the error. I'm searching for that instant moment of time in the virtual world to become something lasting and to create movement in stillness. By spending hours, days, weeks and sometimes even months on these depictions of computer irregularities, I strive to capture the beauty in the failure. | http://www.emmaavall.com/artist-statement |
08/15/2017 / By Isabelle Z.
The search for a cure for cancer wages on, and many people remain convinced that our planet’s many natural resources could hold the key to fighting this deadly disease. With nearly nine million people around the world dying of cancer in 2015 and twice as many people diagnosed, the need for an effective and safe treatment has never been greater. Every time a plant shows some promise in the cancer fight, such as turmeric or ginger, many of us can’t help but wonder what else might be out there growing wild in some corner of the earth that could be just as effective, if not more so, than the ones we already know about.
Researchers from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) recently examined 52 herbal remedy plants that are native to Saudi Arabia to see if any of them had the potential to help in the fight against cancer. They have identified three plants that show anti-cancer properties and deserve further investigation.
Herbal medicine is widely used in Saudi Arabia, but people tend to rely on information passed down among generations rather than scientific studies. Therefore, the team set out to find some inexpensive and simple remedies that could be proven to help cancer scientifically. They created cell-based phenotypic profiles of the plants using imaging-based, high-content screening in order to determine their anti-cancer activity.
The three plants that showed a lot of promise were Anastatica hierochuntica, Citrullus colocynthis, and Juniperus phoenicea. All of these had potent anti-cancer substances known as topoisomerase inhibitors that could potentially be used to develop anti-cancer inhibitors. However, it could take some time before these active compounds can be properly tested and used in clinical treatments. Here is a closer look at each one.
Citrullus colocynthis
This plant, which is also known as bitter cucumber or Hanzal, is a vine native to desert areas in Asia and the Mediterranean Basin. It is particularly popular in Nigeria, where it is known as Egusi and has long been used for medicinal purposes against viruses, diabetes, and malaria. The ancient Ebers Papyrus scrolls show that ancient Egyptians used the herb as a treatment for swelling and rheumatism.
Anastatica hierochuntica
Also known as the rose of Jericho, the Resurrection plant, or Kaff Maryam, this plant is very common in the Sahara and Arabian deserts. In Middle Eastern societies, it is often consumed as an herbal tea. Although folk medicine touts its use in pregnancy, there are some concerns about it inducing labor.
Juniperus phoenicea
This small, conical shrub is native to the coastal Mediterranean, Sinai, Saudi Arabia and the Canary Islands. Also known as Phoenician juniper or Arar, it is related to the Juniperus communis plant, whose essential oils have long been known for their beneficial antioxidants and tannins. Juniper berries have been used to treat urinary and bladder problems and inflammation.
There are a staggering number of plants growing across our planet whose potential benefits remain unexplored. Saudi Arabia is just one potential source, where, as the scientists in the KAUST study point out, many of the plants being used in traditional medicine have not been studied by scientists. Moreover, in the Amazon rainforest, which is home to one of the planet’s biggest and most diverse ecosystems, three new previously unknown organisms are being discovered every day on average, and many of their benefits have yet to be uncovered. Unfortunately, many of these valuable resources like the Amazon are being rapidly destroyed by deforestation and other human activity, possibly eliminating powerful cures to many of the problems facing modern human health.
Sources include: | https://cures.news/2017-08-15-anti-cancer-breakthrough-52-herbs-were-tested-and-only-these-three-were-found-to-effectively-fight-cancer.html |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND ART
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a casting die and a surface treatment method of the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a casting die which makes it possible to decrease replacement frequency to be as low as possible because of a long service life and which makes it possible to reduce the production cost of cast products thereby, and a surface treatment method of the same.
When a cast product such as a member made of aluminum is manufactured by casting operation, molten metal of aluminum is supplied into a casting die. A material of SKD61 (Japanese Industrial Standard for representing an alloy tool steel), which is excellent in strength at high temperatures, is generally adopted as a material for the casting die, because the molten metal has a high temperature.
When a heat crack and/or chipping appears in the casting die, it is difficult to obtain the member made of aluminum at a predetermined dimensional accuracy. That is, the production yield of the member made of aluminum is disadvantageously lowered. The casting die, in which the heat crack and/or the chipping appears, is replaced with a new one. However, if the replacement frequency is increased, the production cost of the member made of aluminum becomes expensive, because the casting die is generally expensive.
The heat crack is caused, for example, by a rapid change in temperature when the high temperature molten metal contacts the casting die, i.e., by thermal shock. On the other hand, the chipping is caused, for example, by cutting a soft surface layer with the member made of aluminum when the member made of aluminum is taken out from the casting die after the completion of the casting operation. Therefore, it is desirable that both of the thermal shock resistance and the hardness of the casting die are high.
Therefore, a surface treatment is usually applied to the casting die. Specifically, the surface treatment includes nitriding treatment such as the salt bath method, the gas method, and the ion method; coating treatment in which a ceramic material such as TiC and TiN is coated by means of the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method or the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method; sulphonitriding treatment in which a mixture layer of iron sulfide and iron nitride is provided; and oxidizing treatment in which iron oxide is provided. It is also suggested in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication Nos. 8-144039 and 10-204610 that a plurality of treatment methods such as the nitriding treatment, the carburizing treatment, and the boronizing treatment are combined.
In recent years, the improvement of the thermal shock resistance and the hardness of the casting die is tried so that the replacement frequency of the casting die is reduced in order to reduce the production cost of cast products. However, for example, when the casting die, which is applied with the plurality of treatments as suggested in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication Nos. 8-144039 and 10-204610, is used, the replacement frequency is reduced to some extent as compared with a case in which a casting die applied with only the nitriding treatment is used. However, the production cost is not remarkably reduced.
It is also conceived that a material of SCM (Japanese Industrial Standard for representing one of chrome molybdenum steels), which is more inexpensive, is used as an alternative material to constitute a casting die, because the material of SKD is generally expensive. However, even when a variety of surface treatments as described above are applied to a casting die of the SCM material, it is impossible to sufficiently improve the thermal shock resistance and the hardness. Consequently, obtained casting dies do not have necessary service lives in many cases.
The present inventors have investigated the cause of the appearance of the heat crack in the casting die, and directed the attention to a known property that the heat crack tends to appear when the tensile stress, which acts on the casting die when the molten metal is supplied, exceeds the compressive residual stress remaining in the casting die. From this viewpoint, the service life of the casting die is tried to be prolonged by previously applying a large compressive residual stress to the casting die and making the tensile stress acting on the casting die smaller than the compressive residual stress.
A method capable of increasing the compressive residual stress may include shot peening treatment by way of example. However, even when the shot peening treatment is merely applied to the casting die, it is impossible to remarkably reduce the production cost of the cast product, although the appearance of the heat crack is prevented.
Accordingly, the present inventors have made further investigation about a technique to apply a large compressive residual stress. Thus, the present invention has been completed.
A principal object of the present invention is to provide a casting die which makes it possible to decrease the replacement frequency to be as low as possible and which makes it possible to remarkably reduce the production cost of cast products, and a surface treatment method of the same.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a casting die of a steel material, wherein a compressive residual stress of a cavity surface is larger than 1000 MPa, a maximum height is not more than 16 μm, and a nitrided layer is provided at a surface layer of the cavity surface.
The term “cavity surface” refers to a surface for forming a cavity to manufacture a cast product. The term “maximum height” is a surface roughness as defined by Japanese Industrial Standard.
Usually, the compressive residual stress, which remains in a casting die manufactured from a material, is merely about 200 MPa. Even when the shot peening treatment is applied, the compressive residual stress is about 500 MPa. In contrast, in the case of the casting die of the present invention, the compressive residual stress of the cavity surface is remarkably large, i.e., 1000 MPa. Therefore, even when any tensile stress is exerted by the thermal shock when the casting die contacts the molten metal, the tensile stress is prevented from exceeding the compressive residual stress. Therefore, the heat crack in the casting die is prevented. In other words, the thermal shock resistance of the casting die is remarkably improved.
Further, in the present invention, the nitrided layer exists at the cavity surface. Therefore, the reaction between the cavity surface and the molten metal is prevented. Further, the nitrided layer is hard, because the nitrided layer is composed of iron nitride. Therefore, the cavity surface is hard. Accordingly, the cavity surface is prevented from being cut by the cast product when the cast product is taken out after the completion of the casting operation.
That is, the heat crack is hardly caused in the casting die of the present invention, and the casting die of the present invention is hardly cut as well. In other words, the casting die of the present invention has high durability and a long service life. Accordingly, the replacement frequency is decreased to be as low as possible. Consequently, it is possible to remarkably reduce the production cost of the cast product.
A shot peening treatment is applied to the casting die at least once. Therefore, the maximum height of the surface is not more than 16 μm.
Preferred examples of the steel material for the casting die include alloy tool steel (SKD material as defined in Japanese Industrial Standard). In this case, it is preferable that a thickness of the nitrided layer is not less than 0.03 mm, and a Vickers hardness of the cavity surface is not less than 700.
As another preferred example of the steel material, there is exemplified chrome molybdenum steel (SCM material as defined in Japanese Industrial Standard). Also in this case, it is preferable that the Vickers hardness of the cavity surface is not less than 700. The SCM material is softer than the SKD material. Therefore, the thickness of the nitrided layer is not less than 0.1 mm in order that the Vickers hardness is not less than 700.
The shot peening treatment may be applied twice to the casting die of the present invention as described later on. In this case, the maximum height of the cavity surface is not more than 8 μm, and the compressive residual stress is larger than 1200 MPa. Accordingly, the casting die is more excellent in durability.
It is preferable that iron sulfide is contained in the nitrided layer. When the iron sulfide is present, lubrication is added. Therefore, the frictional resistance between the cast product and the casting die is decreased when the cast product is taken out. Accordingly, it is possible to avoid any chipping of the casting die as well.
Further, in this case, the value of the compressive residual stress is further increased. Therefore, the durability of the casting die is further improved. Consequently, it is possible to further reduce the production cost of the cast product.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a surface treatment method of a casting die of a steel material, comprising applying a shot peening treatment and a nitriding treatment to at least a cavity surface of the casting die so that a maximum height of the cavity surface is not more than 16 μm, and a compressive residual stress is larger than 1000 MPa.
When the shot peening treatment and the nitriding treatment are applied to the cavity surface of the casting die, it is possible to obtain the casting die provided with the cavity surface in which the compressive residual stress is extremely large and the hardness is high. As described above, such a casting die is excellent in durability. Therefore, the casting die has a long service life.
The shot peening treatment may be performed earlier than the nitriding treatment, and vise versa. However, it is preferable that the shot peening treatment is performed earlier. In this case, the cavity surface is smoothened by the shot peening treatment. Further, the compressive stress is applied to the cavity surface. Therefore, the nitrogen atom and the sulfur atom are bonded to Fe with ease in the sulphonitriding treatment.
When the shot peening treatment is performed earlier, it is preferable that the shot peening treatment is performed again after applying the nitriding treatment so that the maximum height of the cavity surface is not more than 8 μm, and the compressive residual stress is larger than 1200 MPa. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain the casting die which is more satisfactory in durability.
When a sulphonitriding treatment or a gas nitriding treatment on the use of nitriding gas is adopted as the nitriding treatment, it is possible to further raise the compressive residual stress remaining in the casting die. In particular, in the case of the sulphonitriding treatment, the lubrication can be added to the cavity surface by allowing the nitrided layer to contain iron sulfide.
The surface treatment method of the present invention can be applied not only to the casting die which is not used for the casting operation but also to the casting die which has been used for the casting operation. In this case, the compressive residual stress, which has been lowered due to the repeated use in the casting operation, can be increased again. That is, the durability is applied to the casting die again, and it is possible to avoid the occurrence of the heat crack or the like. Therefore, it is possible to further prolong the service life of the casting die.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown by way of illustrative example.
The casting die of the present invention and the surface treatment method thereof will be explained in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings as exemplified by preferred embodiments.
FIG. 1
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is a schematic vertical sectional view illustrating a casting apparatus provided with a casting die according to an embodiment of the present invention. The casting apparatus is usable to cast an unillustrated cylinder block as a cast product of aluminum. The casting apparatus comprises casting dies, i.e., a fixed die , side movable dies , , and an upper movable die . In particular, the fixed die is provided with a bore pin . A sleeve is externally installed to the bore pin , and thus a cavity for obtaining the cylinder block is formed in the casting apparatus.
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A sand-core , which is provided to form a water jacket of the cylinder block, is arranged in the cavity . The sand-core is supported by an unillustrated support member.
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Each of the fixed die , the side movable dies , , and the upper movable die has a base material layer of a steel material represented as SCM420 by Japanese Industrial Standard. As shown in , a sulphonitrided layer , which is formed on the base material layer of the SCM420 material, is present at the cavity surface of each of the dies , , , . The sulphonitrided layer is a diffusion layer obtained by diffusing, in the base material layer , the sulfur atom and the nitrogen atom originating from a sulfurizing gas and a nitriding gas simultaneously supplied to the base material layer as described later on. The sulphonitrided layer contains a nitrided layer and iron sulfide.
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The iron nitride contained in the sulphonitrided layer improves the hardness of the SCM420 material (fixed die ). That is, if the sulphonitrided layer exists, the cavity surface of the fixed die has high hardness. Specifically, the cavity surface exhibits a Vickers hardness of about 700.
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The iron sulfide contained in the sulphonitrided layer is a component for applying lubrication performance to the fixed die . In other words, the lubrication performance of the fixed die is remarkably improved owing to the presence of the iron sulfide. As a result, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of scuffing or galling.
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The thickness of the sulphonitrided layer is preferably not less than 0.1 mm in order to give the sufficient hardness to the surface layer portion and the cavity surface of the fixed die , because the SCM420 material as the material of the fixed die is soft. In order to give the sufficient hardness to the fixed die , it is sufficient that the thickness of the sulphonitrided layer is about 0.2 mm at the maximum.
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The maximum height (hereinafter referred to as “Ry” as well), which is obtained with a sampling length of 0.8 mm and an evaluation length of 4 mm at the cavity surface of the fixed die , is set to be not more than 16 μm.
FIG. 3
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Ry is determined as defined in JIS B 0601-2001, which is an index to express the roughness of the cavity surface. That is, as shown in , when a portion of the roughness profile CV to represent the minute irregularities of the cavity surface is sampled or extracted in an amount corresponding to the sampling length in the direction of the mean line, Ry represents the difference in height between the lowest valley and the highest peak of the extracted portion.
As described above, the sampling length is 0.8 mm and the evaluation length is 4 mm in this embodiment. The mean line is a straight line determined by the least square method on the basis of the depths of the respective valleys and the heights of the respective peaks within the sampling length of 0.8 mm.
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The fixed die , in which Ry at the cavity surface is not more than 16 μm, can be obtained by applying a shot peening treatment as described later on. Further, Ry of the cavity surface can be made to 8 μm or less as well by performing the shot peening treatment twice.
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The compressive residual stress is larger than 1000 MPa in the fixed die to which the shot peening treatment has been applied. In particular, when the shot peening treatment is performed twice, the compressive residual stress exhibits a value larger than 1200 MPa.
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The respective cavity surfaces of the side movable dies , and the upper movable die may also be constructed in the same manner as described above.
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The fixed die , which is constructed as described above, can be obtained as follows. That is, first, starting from the SCM420 material as a raw material, the fixed die is manufactured in accordance with a known processing method.
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Subsequently, the shot peening treatment for coarse processing is applied to the cavity surface of the fixed die in a first shot peening step. Specifically, water including ceramic particles having particle diameters of 200 to 220 meshes is allowed to collide against the cavity surface. In this procedure, the following condition may be available. For example, the discharge pressure of a pump for discharging the water containing the ceramic particles is 0.39 to 0.59 MPa (4 to 6 kgf/cm), and the ceramic particles make the collision for 5 to 10 seconds per 5 cmof the cavity surface. Accordingly, the compressive stress of about 1.5 to 2.0 MPa (15 to 20 kgf/cm) is applied to the cavity surface.
As a result of the first shot peening step, Ry of the cavity surface is about 12 to 16 μm, and the compressive residual stress is 1000 MPa.
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Subsequently, the fixed die , which has undergone the first shot peening step, is accommodated in a processing chamber to apply a sulphonitriding treatment. That is, the temperature in the processing chamber is maintained at 505° to 580° C., preferably about 570° C. After that, ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, and hydrogen gas are supplied into the processing chamber. The nitrogen atom as the constitutive element of the ammonia gas and the sulfur atom as the constitutive element of the hydrogen sulfide are diffused and bonded with respect to Fe as the constitutive element of the SCM420 material (fixed die ). Accordingly, iron nitride and iron sulfide are produced. As a result, the sulphonitrided layer is formed.
As described above, the cavity surface has been smoothened by means of the first shot peening treatment. Further, the compressive stress is applied to the cavity surface. Therefore, the nitrogen atom and the sulfur atom are bonded to Fe with ease when the sulphonitriding treatment is applied. That is, the sulphonitriding is advanced with ease.
The hydrogen gas is a component to control the activities of the ammonia gas and the hydrogen sulfide gas. It is possible to prevent the SCM420 material from being corroded by the ammonia gas by supplying the predetermined amount of hydrogen gas.
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Subsequently, a shot peening treatment for finishing processing is applied to the cavity surface of the fixed die in a second shot peening step. The second shot peening step may be performed under a condition that water including glass particles having particle diameters of 200 to 220 meshes, makes the collision for 5 to 10 seconds per 5 cmof the cavity surface, while the discharge pressure of the pump is, for example, 0.29 to 0.49 MPa (3 to 5 kgf/cm).
As a result of the second shot peening step, Ry of the cavity surface is about 4 to 8 μm, and the compressive residual stress is larger than 1200 MPa.
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Thus, the fixed die is consequently obtained, in which the sulphonitrided layer is provided at the cavity surface, Ry of the cavity surface is not more than 8 μm, and the compressive residual stress is larger than 1200 MPa. Of course, when the same or equivalent surface treatment is applied to the respective cavity surfaces of the side movable dies , and the upper movable die , it is possible to construct the side movable dies , and the upper movable die having the cavity surfaces as described above.
The cylinder block is manufactured as follows by using the casting dies constructed as described above.
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First, for example, molten metal such as aluminum is supplied into the cavity via an unillustrated runner and an unillustrated gate, while the fixed die , the side movable dies , , and the upper movable die are clamped as shown in . The supplied molten metal is cast with high pressure, i.e., at a pressure of about 85 MPa to 100 MPa.
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During this process, even when the tensile stresses are exerted on the dies , , , as the molten metal is supplied, the tensile stresses do not exceed the compressive residual stresses, because the compressive residual stresses of the fixed die , the side movable dies , , and the upper movable die are remarkably large. Accordingly, the dies , , , are excellent in the thermal shock resistance. Therefore, the heat crack in the dies , , , is prevented, and hence the service lives of the dies , , , are prolonged.
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Further, the reaction between the aluminum (molten metal) and the respective dies , , , is also prevented, because the sulphonitrided layer is provided at each of the cavity surfaces.
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The aluminum molten metal processed by the high pressure casting is solidified as the dies are cooled. After the completion of the solidification, the upper movable die and the side movable dies , are separated from the fixed die to open the dies. Subsequently, the cast product, i.e., the cylinder block is taken out by using an unillustrated knockout pin.
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During this process, the cutting of the cavity surface, which would be otherwise caused by the sliding contact with the cast product, is remarkably prevented, because the Vickers hardness of each of the cavity surfaces is not less than 700 because of the sulphonitrided layer . That is, the cavity surfaces are prevented from the chipping.
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Further, in this procedure, the frictional resistance between the cylinder block and the cavity surface is remarkably small, because the iron sulfide is contained in the sulphonitrided layer . Therefore, any appearance of the scuffing or galling can be prevented as well.
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When the casting operation is repeated, the compressive residual stress of each of the dies , , , is progressively decreased. Therefore, heat cracks will appear in the dies , , at some time with sufficient repeated use. In order to avoid this inconvenience, the first shot peening treatment, the sulphonitriding treatment, and the second shot peening treatment may be applied again as described above to the dies , , , in each of which the compressive residual stress has been decreased. Accordingly, it is possible to increase the compressive residual stress of each of the dies , , , again. Thus, it is possible to further prolong the period of time until a heat crack appears.
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That is, the surface treatment method according to the embodiment of the present invention is applicable not only to the dies , , , before being used for the casting operation but also to the dies , , , in each of which the compressive residual stress is lowered as a result of the repeated use for the casting operation. Accordingly, it is possible to further prolong the service life of each of the dies , , , .
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As described above, the service life of each of the dies , , , can be prolonged by applying the shot peening treatment and the nitriding treatment to the dies , , , . Therefore, the replacement frequency of each of the dies , , , is decreased to be as low as possible. Thus, it is possible to reduce the production cost of the cylinder block as the cast product.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the shot peening treatment is performed twice. However, the shot peening treatment may be performed once. In this procedure, the shot peening treatment may be performed after performing the sulphonitriding treatment.
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It goes without saying that the shot peening treatment and the nitriding treatment may be applied to the entire surfaces as well as the cavity surfaces of the fixed die , the side movable dies , , and the upper movable die .
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The foregoing embodiment has been explained as exemplified by the casting die of the SCM420 material. However, there is no special limitation thereto. The present invention is applicable to any casting die provided that the casting die is made of a steel material. For example, the present invention is also applicable to a casting die of a SKD61 material. In this case, the sufficient thickness of the sulphonitrided layer is 0.03 mm.
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The sulphonitrided layer may be obtained such that a compound layer of iron sulfide and iron nitride is formed on the diffusion layer. In this case, the thickness of the compound layer is preferably not more than 6 μm in order to avoid the increase in brittleness.
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A nitrided layer may be provided in place of the sulphonitrided layer by adopting the gas nitriding in place of the sulphonitriding.
As explained above, the compressive residual stress remains and the nitrided layer is formed at the cavity surface by applying the shot peening treatment and the nitriding treatment to at least the cavity surface of the casting die of the steel material. Accordingly, the thermal shock resistance is improved, and the surface of the casting die becomes hard. Therefore, the heat crack and the chipping scarcely appear in the casting die, and hence the service life of the casting die is remarkably prolonged. That is, the replacement frequency of the casting die is reduced. Consequently, it is possible to reduce the production cost of the cast product.
Although there has been described what are the present embodiments of the invention, it will be understood that modifications and variations may be made thereto within the spirit and scope of the invention as reflected in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a vertical sectional view illustrating major parts of a casting apparatus provided with a casting die according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2
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is a magnified view illustrating major parts of a cavity surface of a fixed die of the casting apparatus shown in ; and
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explains the definition of maximum height. | |
How do I get the old version of Instagram iOS?
If you are wondering “how do I get the old version of Instagram?”, you’re lucky to find the best answer here.
- Old Version of Instagram on iPhone. …
- Click on Apps in AnyTrans. …
- Transfer Old Instagram Version via AnyTrans. …
- Click Apps Under Device Manager. …
- Backup Old Version of Instagram. …
- Visit the App Library.
How do I get the old Instagram app?
How to get old Instagram icon on Android and iOS?
- Make sure you have updated your Instagram app to the latest version available.
- Tap on your profile icon in the lower-right corner of the app screen.
- Now, tap on the triple-line menu in the upper-right corner.
- Then, below you will find the “Settings” option, just tap on it.
How do you get different versions of Instagram?
Here is what you can do:
- Check if you have the latest Instagram version. Go on your App Store or Google Play Store and check if you have the latest Instagram update on installed on your phone.
- Log out of your Instagram account and log back in. …
- Reinstall your Instagram app. …
- Be patient. …
- Last resort: contact Instagram.
Why did my Instagram go back to old version?
First off, it could only be because your app isn’t entirely up-to-date. If your Instagram isn’t set to “update automatically,” there’s a chance you’re still using the old version of Instagram.
How do I undo an update?
You cannot undo any Software update on almost any Android Phone. Even if there is a way to roll back to the previous version of your Android OS, it’s quite risky and not recommended. First, you will lose your data, so it is recommended to take a backup before you try to downgrade your Android OS.
Is it possible to download a previous version of an app?
Installing old versions of Android apps involves downloading the APK file of an app’s older version from an external source and then sideloading it to the device for installation.
How do I change my old Instagram icon?
After updating to the most recent version, open up Instagram and tap the “Profile” icon. Then select the settings option in the upper right corner. Drag the entire menu section down till the emojis pop up.
How do I update my Instagram to the latest version?
1- Update your Instagram app
- Go to app store (for iOS) or play store (for Android)
- Find Instagram and check for updates.
- If there was a new version available, download and install it.
- Check if the issue is fixed. | https://marcusmessner.com/facebook/quick-answer-how-do-i-get-the-old-version-of-instagram.html |
St Albans sinkhole, why did it happen, and what’s the lasting impact.
Home > Home-buying guides > Sinkholes > St Albans sinkhole, why did it happen, and what’s the lasting impact.
In the early hours of the 1st October 2015, a major sinkhole that spanned 66ft opened up in Frontmell Close, St Albans. Fortunately, no one was injured and all residents were safely evacuated from the area. However, homes were left with no utilities supplies, with many homeowners left fearful of the impact it could have on their property equity and their future security.
Research into the surrounding area has found that it was used extensively for clay pits towards the end of the 20th century before being filled in. These clay pits would have exposed the underlying chalk to increased levels of water, which resulted in the decomposition of the ground and subsequently lead to cavernous spaces appearing under the ground.
For more information on what causes sinkholes, view our infographic.
Due to the age of the homes in the area, it is unlikely any extensive research on the ground would have been done to ensure they were protected from any subsidence, or other ground stability hazards.
While predicting when a sinkhole might occur would be very difficult, the use of modern technology, data analysis, and research makes it very possible to analyse the ground makeup in any given area to see what risks may lie beneath.
For instance, when purchasing a property your solicitor or conveyancer may order a ground stability report to collect data on the potential subsidence risks surrounding your home.
For more information on these reports, view our guide.
What is the long term impact to these homes?
While the short term impact to homeowners in the area was major, the council is now planning to conduct more detailed surveys in the vicinity to ensure that any other weak spots can be identified and treated appropriately.
The value of property in the area has also not been negatively affected, with property values showing no signs of dropping in the wake of the disaster according to a leading house price index, offering reassurance to homeowners worried about the potential impact on property value. | https://www.searchflow.co.uk/home-buying-guides/sinkholes/st-albans-sinkhole-why-did-it-happen-and-whats-the-lasting-impact/ |
One of the important neglected issues in discussions of East European transition to the market is the structure of the government's budget, especially the roles played by taxes and subsidies. This paper reviews the Hungarian fiscal situation in 1990, the most recent year for which reasonably complete data could be found, and classifies the data in a manner which accords with economic principles. The authors explain how the `state' should be defined in Hungary, discuss the main forms of taxation and the various forms of subsidy and social welfare provision. Despite the removal of many former subsidies, the paper finds that many implicit and unjustified subsidies remain, and they continue to distort resource allocation in undesirable ways. What is required to improve the situation is better information (so that a paper like this would no longer be a major research exercise!), further reform of the tax and public expenditure system, and extensive training of Hungary's public officials. | https://portal.cepr.org/discussion-paper/4017 |
I recently got a minimal CAF-based run loop for Bro working, did crude performance comparisons, and wanted to share.
The approach was to measure average time between calls of net_packet_dispatch() and also the average time it takes to analyze a packet. The former attempts to measure the overhead imposed by the loop implementation and the later just gives an idea of how significant a chunk of time that is in relation to Bro’s main workload. I found that the overhead of the loop can be ~5-10% of the packet processing time, so it does seem worthwhile to try and keep the run loop overhead low.
Initial testing of the CAF-based loop showed the overhead increased by ~1.8x, but there was still a major difference in the implementations: the standard Bro loop only invokes its IOSource polling mechanism (select) once every 25 cycles of the loop, while the CAF implementation’s polling mechanism (actor/thread scheduling + messaging + epoll) is used for every cycle/packet. As one would expect, by just trivially spinning the main process() function in a loop for 25 iterations, the overhead of the CAF-based loop comes back into line with the standard run loop.
To try and better measure the actual differences related to the polling mechanism implementation, I quickly hacked Bro’s standard runloop to select() on every packet instead of once every 25th and found that the overhead measures +/- 10% within the 1.8x overhead increase of the initial CAF-based loop. So is the cost of the extra system call for epoll/select per packet the main thing to avoid? Sort of. I again hacked Bro’s standard loop to be able to use either epoll or poll instead of select and found that those do better, with the overhead increase being about 1.3x (still doing one “poll” per packet) in relation to the standard run loop. Meaning there is some measurable trend in polling mechanism performance (for sparse # of FDs/sources): poll comes in first, epoll second, with CAF and select about tied for third.
Takeaways:
(1) Regardless of runloop implementation or polling mechanism choices, performing the polling operation once per packet should probably be avoided. In concept, it’s an easy way to get a 2-5% speedup in relation to total packet processing time.
(2) Related to (1), but not in the sense of performance, is that even w/ a CAF-based loop it still seems somewhat difficult to reason about the reality of how IOSources are prioritized. In the standard loop, the priority of an IOSource is a combination of its “idle” state, the polling frequency, and a timestamp, which it often chooses arbitrarily as the “time of last packet”, just so that it gets processed with higher priority than subsequent packets. Maybe the topic of making IOSource prioritization more explicit/well-defined could be another thread of discussion, but my initial thought is that the whole IOSource abstraction may be over-generalized and maybe not even needed.
(3) The performance overhead of a CAF-based loop doesn’t seem like a showstopper for proceeding with it as a choice for replacing the current loop. It’s not significantly worse than the current loop (provided we still throttle the polling ratio when packet sources are saturated), and even using the most minimal loop implementation of just poll() would only be about a 1% speedup in relation to the total packet processing workload.
Just raw data below, for those interested:
I tested against the pcaps from http://tcpreplay.appneta.com/wiki/captures.html
(I was initially going to use tcpreplay to test performance against a live interface, but decided reading from a file is easier and just as good for what I wanted to measure).
Numbers are measured in “ticks”, which are equivalent to nanoseconds on the test system.
Bro and CAF are both compiled w/ optimizations. | https://community.zeek.org/t/early-performance-comparisons-of-caf-based-run-loop/4771 |
Ordinary computers use bits. Similarly, quantum computers do their computations using quantum bits or ‘qubits’. Atoms are excellent qubits, since each atom of a particular species is exactly the same as the others, eliminating manufacturing errors when building a future quantum computer. Efforts to create quantum devices ‘atom-by-atom’ have in the past focused on using either crystals of ions or so-called Rydberg atoms as qubits. Rydberg atoms are atoms in highly excited states – that is, with an electron very far from the nucleus. This allows such atoms to strongly interact with their neighbors, which is a crucial ingredient for building quantum computers.
Combining advantages
Both trapped ions and Rydberg atoms have been successfully used to create small scale quantum devices in a growing number of research groups. However, each approach has a few inherent drawbacks. For instance, scaling up the trapped ion system to include hundreds of qubits has turned out to be very hard, whereas the Rydberg system has not been able to come close to the required accuracy for building a meaningful quantum computer. This begs the question whether the two approaches could be advantageously combined in a single system in order to reap the benefits of each.
Physicist Norman Ewald and his co-workers in the group of Rene Gerritsma have now for the first time observed interactions between Rydberg atoms and trapped ions. They have immersed single trapped ions into an ultracold cloud of Rydberg atoms, only about 15 millionth of a degree above the absolute zero temperature. The researchers measured that the Rydberg atoms collide with the ion at a rate that is more than a thousand times larger than that of normal atoms, indicating a strong interaction between ions and atoms controlled by the Rydberg excitation of the latter. They also showed that the presence of the ion changes the Rydberg atom’s spectrum – that is, its potential excited states. In particular, the researchers have found that the presence of a trapped ion allows a transition between excited states that would otherwise be forbidden.
The results constitute the first steps towards controlling the interactions between Rydberg and ionic qubits and towards building a hybrid quantum system out of the two. The authors describe their work in a paper that was published in Physical Review Letters this week.
Reference
Observation of Interactions between Trapped Ions and Ultracold Rydberg Atoms,
N. V. Ewald, T. Feldker, H. Hirzler, H. Fürst and R. Gerritsma, Physical Review Letters 122, 253401 (2019). | https://iop.uva.nl/content/news/2019/07/iop-physicists-observe-interactions-between-rydberg-atoms-and-trapped-ions.html |
The Association of Print Scholars is pleased to announce two forthcoming opportunities related to printmaking. Please see the announcements below for:
1) the Association of Print Scholars Collaboration Grant ($1,000)
2) the Schulman and Bullard Article Prize ($2,000)
Applications for both are due on January 31, 2022. Details can also be found at printscholars.org.
1)
APS COLLABORATION GRANT
The APS Collaboration Grant funds public programs and projects that foster collaboration between members of the print community and/or encourage dialogue between the print community and the general public. The grant carries a maximum award of $1,000. Projects should provide new insights into printmaking and introduce prints to new audiences.
Examples of potential collaborative projects include, but are not limited to, the following:
A multi-speaker conference or symposium;
A single-speaker lecture;
A workshop focused on identifying printmaking methods and techniques and/or print media;
A study day with printmakers and paper conservators focused on printed materials;
An educational program about printmaking intended for the general public.
Application Requirements & Review Criteria
Successful proposals must address all of the following criteria, which must be consolidated into a single PDF document titled with the applicant’s name:
Proposal narrative describing the collaborative project and identifying its organizers and its goals. Ideally, this should include: how the project will contribute towards advancing print scholarship; a list of speakers and their affiliations (if applicable); anticipated target audience; and how the project will facilitate collaboration between members of the print community, and/or between the print community and the general public. In addition, this narrative should address the feasibility of realizing this project within the proposed time frame (500-1000 words).
Budget detailing how grant funding would be spent and how the project can be realized within the funding amount provided by APS. Please list any other grants for which the applicant(s) has applied, amounts, and the outcomes (if known).
Short CV(s) (fewer than 2 pages) for key applicant(s) involved in organizing this program or project.
The time frame for the grant is one year (see COVID addendum below). The successful applicant will be notified by the end of March and the grant must be applied to event costs within one year of notification. For full consideration, please send all required materials, organized in a single PDF document titled with the applicant’s name, by January 31, 2022 to the APS Grants Committee, at [email protected].
*The APS Collaboration Grant does not fund overhead or indirect costs. Indirect costs are costs for activities or services that support the organization as a whole, such as administrative costs not associated with the delivery of the grantee’s particular program or project services. Please note that funds awarded from the grant may only be applied to direct costs outlined in the submitted proposal budget. Acceptable project expenses and direct costs may include, but are not limited to, the following: professional fees/honoraria; travel and lodging expenses; supplies and materials; meetings and conference costs (i.e. space rental fees, etc.). Food or beverage expenses for receptions and dinners/lunches are excluded.
*COVID Addendum (2022): Due to the special circumstances of this grant cycle overlapping with the COVID-19 pandemic, projects and events may occur as much as 18 months after receipt of award (through the end of 2023). We also welcome digitally based projects, including but not limited to webinars.
2)
THE SCHULMAN AND BULLARD ARTICLE PRIZE
The Association of Print Scholars invites applications for the eighth Schulman and Bullard Article Prize. The Prize is given annually to an article published by an early-career scholar that features compelling and innovative research on fine art prints or printmaking. The award, which carries a $2,000 prize, is generously sponsored by Susan Schulman and Carolyn Bullard. Following the mission of the Association of Print Scholars, articles can feature aspects of printmaking across any geographic region and all chronological periods. Articles will be evaluated by a panel of advanced scholars for the author’s commitment to the use of original research and the article’s overall contribution to the field of fine print scholarship.
The Association of Print Scholars invites nominations and self-nominations for the 2022 Schulman/Bullard Article Prize meeting the criteria outlined below:
Nomination Criteria:
Authors must have graduated with an MA, MFA, or PhD fewer than 10 years prior to article publication and have less than 10 years of experience as a practicing professional in an academic or museum institution or as an independent scholar.
Authors must be current members of APS.
Articles must have been published in a journal, exhibition catalogue, or anthology between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021. Online publications will be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Articles must be between 3,000 and 10,000 words, inclusive of footnotes and references.
Entries for consideration must be in English, though the text of the original article may be in any language.
To submit an article for consideration, please send the completed nomination form along with an electronic or hard copy of the article to Angela Campbell ([email protected]) by January 31, 2022.
Reference:
ANN: APS Collaboration Grant and Schulman and Bullard Article Prize. In: ArtHist.net, Jan 6, 2022 (accessed May 22, 2022), <https://arthist.net/archive/35612>. | https://arthist.net/archive/35612 |
T2 Biologics for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In contrast to other chronic diseases, COPD is increasing in prevalence and is projected to be the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide by 2030. Recent advances in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of COPD has led to the development of novel targeted therapies (biologics and small molecules) that address the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. In severe asthma, biologics targeting type 2 (T2)- mediated immunity have been successful and have changed the treatment paradigm. In contrast, no biologics are currently licensed for the treatment of COPD. Those targeting non-T2 pathways have not demonstrated efficacy and in some cases raised concerns related to safety. With the increasing recognition of the eosinophil and perhaps T2-immunity possibly playing a role in a subgroup of patients with COPD, T2 biologics, specifically anti-IL-5(R), have been tested and demonstrated modest reductions in exacerbation frequency. Potential benefit was related to the baseline blood eosinophil count. These benefits were small compared with asthma. Thus, whether a subgroup of COPD sufferers might respond to anti-IL-5 or other T2-directed biologics remains to be fully addressed and requires further investigation.
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You want your team to move like a well-oiled machine. Everyone on your team plays a crucial role in whether your company succeeds or fails, so how do you ensure each employee maintains motivation in the workplace? The answer is accountability.
What is Accountability?
Accountability can sound jarring at first. It can seem like a term your teachers used when you didn’t turn in your homework, or your parents used when you didn’t finish all of your chores. The term can have a negative connotation, but it can be a launching point for a motivated team when used in the proper context.
Accountability comes down to doing your part for the good of the team. When enforcing accountability, start by explaining to your team that accountability is not associated with punishment but rather with goals. If you do not meet your level of accountability, it doesn’t mean you’ll instantly be fired. Instead, teach your employees that accountability means setting goals you should strive for to better yourself and your company.
How Does Accountability Influence Motivation?
When your employees know what is expected of them and that you believe in their abilities to reach their goals, they will be more motivated to do just that. By letting employees know your clear expectations, they can push themselves to meet the accountability markers you’ve set.
How to Hold Employees Accountable?
1. Focus on the Individual. Employees should know the company's overarching goals, but they should also know what's expected of them individually. Meet with your employees individually and explain what you expect from them. Having clear goals will motivate your employees to work toward them.
2. Reward the Good. When your employees live up to your standards, reward them for their accomplishments. This reward doesn't have to be an extravagant affair. Simply acknowledging their hard work in a company meeting can be the validation they need to know they're on the right track and continue the course.
3. Don’t Punish, Teach. When an employee slips up, don't resort to punishment. Punishment isn't productive in a company. Instead, when an employee doesn't live up to the standards that you're holding them to, inquire why they couldn't meet the goals and readjust them accordingly. This may be a teachable moment about time management, focus, and other learned skills.
4. Set Goals Right Away. If you haven't set goals from day one for your employees, start now. When you bring on a new employee, make sure they know what you expect from them from day one.
5. Hold Yourself Accountable. If the boss of a company isn't living up to their accountability standards, the employees won't want to push themselves either. Hold yourself accountable and acknowledge publicly when you make a mistake. Breaking this wall reveals your fallible humanity, which can motivate your employees.
Keep Evolving
Keeping employees accountable and motivated is a never-ending process that should expand with your company. As your employees grow and evolve in your company, your standards for accountability will change. Constantly set new goals and look into how you can help enact change. | https://www.chriserhardt.com/post/how-to-keep-employees-accountable-and-motivated-in-the-workplace |
Newswise — PHILADELPHIA (February 4, 2013) – Scientists at the Monell Center have identified the location and certain genetic characteristics of taste stem cells on the tongue. The findings will facilitate techniques to grow and manipulate new functional taste cells for both clinical and research purposes.
“Cancer patients who have taste loss following radiation to the head and neck and elderly individuals with diminished taste function are just two populations who could benefit from the ability to activate adult taste stem cells,” said Robert Margolskee, M.D., Ph.D., a molecular neurobiologist at Monell who is one of the study’s authors.
Taste cells are located in clusters called taste buds, which in turn are found in papillae, the raised bumps visible on the tongue’s surface.
Two types of taste cells contain chemical receptors that initiate perception of sweet, bitter, umami, salty, and sour taste qualities. A third type appears to serve as a supporting cell.
A remarkable characteristic of these sensory cells is that they regularly regenerate. All three taste cell types undergo frequent turnover, with an average lifespan of 10-16 days. As such, new taste cells must constantly be regenerated to replace cells that have died.
For decades, taste scientists have attempted to identify the stem or progenitor cells that spawn the different taste receptor cells. The elusive challenge also sought to establish whether one or several progenitors are involved and where they are located, whether in or near the taste bud.
Drawing on the strong physiological relationship between oral taste cells and endocrine (hormone producing) cells in the intestine, the Monell team used a marker for intestinal stem cells to probe for stem cells in taste tissue on the tongue.
Stains for the stem cell marker, known as Lgr5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5), showed two patterns of expression in taste tissue. The first was a strong signal underlying taste papillae at the back of the tongue and the second was a weaker signal immediately underneath taste buds in those papillae.
The Monell scientists hypothesize that the two levels of expression could indicate two different populations of cells. The cells that more strongly express Lgr5 could be true taste stem cells, whereas those with weaker expression could represent those stem cells that have begun the transformation into functional taste cells.
Additional studies revealed that the Lgr5-expressing cells were capable of becoming any one of the three major taste cell types.
The findings are published online in the journal Stem Cells.
“This is just the tip of the iceberg,” said senior author Peihua Jiang, Ph.D., also a Monell molecular neurobiologist. “Identification of these cells opens up a whole new area for studying taste cell renewal, and contributes to stem cell biology in general.”
Future studies will focus on identifying the factors that program the Lgr5-expressing cells to differentiate into the different taste cell types, and explore how to grow these cells in culture, thus providing a renewable source of taste receptor cells for research and perhaps even clinical use.
Other authors from Monell that contributed to the work are Karen Yee, Yan Li and Kevin Redding.
Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders under award numbers DC0101842, DC003055, and 1P30DC011735, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant DK081421. Both institutes are part of the National Institutes of Health. Additional funding was provided by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Health.
The Monell Chemical Senses Center is an independent nonprofit basic research institute based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For 45 years, Monell has advanced scientific understanding of the mechanisms and functions of taste and smell to benefit human health and well-being. Using an interdisciplinary approach, scientists collaborate in the programmatic areas of sensation and perception; neuroscience and molecular biology; environmental and occupational health; nutrition and appetite; health and well-being; development, aging and regeneration; and chemical ecology and communication. For more information about Monell, visit www.monell.org.
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Trigeminal Neuralgia, also known as Tic Douloureux, is a nerve disorder that causes a very intense and abrupt pain that reaches the face, in an area covered by the nerve called trigeminal, most commonly involving the lower jaw and lower area of the face. The pain symptoms may also appear near the ears, nose, lips or eyes.
The pain features of electric shock or aches and has short duration, and may last only a few seconds. Considering one of the most unbearable pain humans can experience, crises occur several times a day, and can lead to serious consequences such as depression or even to suicide.
Causes of trigeminal neuralgia
The exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is still unknown, but there are certain factors that can trigger the beginning of the ailment. Stress and genetic trends triggering factors are most important.
Some experts argue that physical damage to the nerve caused by a surgical or dental procedure, an injury on the face or even infections can cause trigeminal neuralgia. Others believe that the cause stems from biochemical change in the nerve tissue itself.
A recent study suggests that 80-90% of the causes of trigeminal neuralgia are related to an abnormal blood vessel compression the nerve suffers as it exists from the brain itself. This pressure on the trigeminal nerve causes the pain along the nerve to the face, resulting in these paroxysms of sudden pains.
The stress
We know that the body and mind have an inseparable bond and the psyche has a role in maintaining health or cause disease.
It is very common in daily practice to hear from patients that the beginning of their trigeminal neuralgia started after the divorce, after the death of a loved one, job change, presence of unhealthy family or job relationships etc.
The stress has been identified as one of the maintainers of neuralgia, especially in chronic cases of trigeminal neuralgia. Stress can present itself in form of:
- Prolonged anxiety assigned to any cause,
- grief, depression,
- anger suppressed/emotions,
- fault,
- frustrations,
- despair,
- disappointments in life,
- nervous temperament,
- failure in business, etc.
Triggers
Trigeminal neuralgia episodes can sometimes be triggered by several different factors:
- stress,
- exposure to cold wind or even a draft in the room,
- hot or cold food,
- cranial trauma,
- inadequate sleep,
- lead poisoning or other chemicals,
- hormonal fluctuation before and after menses
Conventional treatment of trigeminal neuralgia
The treatment is based on the use of antidepressant and anticonvulsant drugs, electrical stimulation of the nerve, and in some situations surgical treatment is indicated. However, anticonvulsants may have significant side effects like dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, fluid retention, ataxia (unsteadiness), dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, dermatitis and hives.
The classical homeopathic approach of trigeminal neuralgia
In classical or individualised homeopathy, homeopathic practitioners aim to identify a single homeopathic preparation that matches a patient’s general constitution.
Constitution refers to a picture composed of different information such as patients past medical history, medical history of family members, the patient’s personality, relationship with the climate, sleeping pattern, eating habits, and food preferences and aversions.
Moreover, all the details of the patient’s symptoms are noted, such as the type of pain, the local sensations, the occurrence, the circumstances that led to pain, the triggering factors etc. and the study of the emotional sphere and mind of the patient is conducted thoroughly. This means that homeopathic medicines are most effective when they are selected on the “total” characteristic set of symptoms, not just based only on local symptoms of the illness.
Due to differences in elements of patient’s constitutions, two patients with identical medical diagnosis may receive different homeopathic prescriptions. Therefore, each patient suffering from trigeminal neuralgia is evaluated individually and treated the same way. The homeopathic medicine is then administered, giving a reduction in frequency of episodes, making them less intense, and eventually taking the remission. | http://miriamsommer.nl/blog/trigeminal-neuralgia/ |
ABOUT THE CHILDREN’S FOREST
The idea of the Children’s Forest originated with Trillion Trees and a relationship was formed with Whiteman Park where the first stage of Whiteman’s Park Children’s Forest was planted in 2001. In each subsequent year till 2018 another section of the park was planted which has resulted in a significant number of trees and understory being planted in this magical place.
From cleared land to a place of mystery and beauty, providing habitat for our native species. It is an example of how we can quickly transform degraded land into a vibrant living forest.
Each child who helped plant the forest was recognised as being a friend of The Children’s Forest with a certificate and their name recorded on a personalised tile, which was then placed within the Forest.
‘Friends of The Children’s Forest’ were invited to assist Trillion Trees at the annual planting day in June each year until 2018. The event was a celebration of the life of the children involved in creating the forest.
Visitor entry to the Children’s Forest is free and children, together with their family and friends, are encouraged to explore, enjoy and discover the many wonders of this Forest.
WHAT WILL YOU FIND IN THIS WONDERFUL FOREST?
As you follow the pathways through the Forest you will notice indicator arrows that provide clues as to the surprises that await you at every turn.
These include giant marching ants, colourful birds perched high in tree branches and a life-size wedge-tailed eagle’s nest made from steel.
The Forest is located off a bitumen walk/bike path, mid-way between Whiteman Park Village and Mussel Pool. It’s just a ten minute (500 metre) stroll from either area.
The Children’s Forest is a place where children can come to learn about the importance and beauty of trees and the natural environment as they watch their forest grow and flourish as they do. | https://trilliontrees.org.au/childrens-forest/ |
Most of us may think what we call “poetry” in its common understanding as human imagination: an imagination that attempts to pass the real obstacles of life. But despite this, we always go toward poetry and literature. “Khalat Zrar” is a second-year student in International Relations department. She studies an art linked to reality of life. She has also turned to poetry. She wants portrait the beauty of her imagination by the most beautiful words. In the response to our questions, Khalat explained her views.
Khalat talked about her first interaction with poetry, and answered in a poetic way: “maybe it is not known how and when I first interacted with poetry because poetry is like the soul rain; no one knows when its first drop comes down. I have been writing poetry since I realized something special and difference in my soul.” She continued and said: “when I wrote my first text, I really didn’t know what poetry is and what its rules are. All what was important to me was drawing special things in my soul through some beautiful words. This was in the beginning of 2010.”
The young poet of university is proud of the Kurdish literature treasure and she believes that Kurdish culture is a rich culture, mentioning poets such as Malai Jziry, Ahmasi Khany, Nali, Salim, and Kurdi…etc. Regarding a question about “who has influenced her?” Khalat said: “In addition to the classic poets, the poems of Ranj Sangawy, which are very affable and unique, and Bakhtyar Ali are what I see as mirrors of the century. Up to the present moment, their works have had the greatest impact on me. Moreover, foreign poets present beauty such as Lngistn Hiuz, a black American poet, especially the poem “Dawn in Alabama” and Emily. The poems of Nzar Qabani also touch my soul, and are the source of beauty and lyric.
‘Poetry gives and takes from you’, regarding this statement Khalat said: “poetry has taken a lot from me, and has given me a lot. It has given me sensitivity which has made me not to think about superficial things of life. Poetry tought me a lesson which is responsibility. Maybe this in itself something taken away from me: like any individual in this community, I can perform and search for it. I value the love of my surroundings; therefore, it is great for individuals to be known, but what is greater is to be respected and beloved. I am grateful to God for giving me such a talent.”
On the topic of poetry and life, this student poet says: “I don’t think there are any separation between aspects of life and poetry; in a way, poetry is life itself. Poetry can be a writing of one’s life. It can come about from poverty, hardship, challenges of life. It is true poetry needs inspiration, but the point of separation between imagination and reality is seen by the poet the same way the poet can make poetry an imagination where people forget themselves. The poet can, in the same way, make of poetry a message to awaken the community and people, and create a reality. For example, poems written in resistance to tyranny against Kurdish nation have created a reality and that is how Kurds survive.
Finally, Khalat Zrar, related to the relationship between her as an International Relations student and Khalat the poet and the balance between them, she said: “although it seems that those who write poetry are different with strange etiquette and different personality, I believe one who loves poetry should behave like who they are. It is not possible to have two personalities. I have kept balance between Khalat as poet and as a student, to some extent. And sometimes I have gone beyond reality which is normal for anyone who has a goal of writing, whether a writer in a field of community and knowledge of life or any other filed or a poet wants to wander in her soul and imagination.
It is worth to mention that Khalat has held a number of poetry seminars, and participated in many TV programs. | https://www.soran.edu.iq/students-activities/3108-soran-university-students-the-effects-poetry-personality.html |
How long after surgery should you use ice?
How to Apply Ice. Your oral surgeon will likely suggest that you use ice for the first 24 hours after surgery. Whether it is a cold compress, ice pack, a plastic bag filled with ice, or a frozen bag of peas, almost any type of frozen or cold object will suffice.
When can I stop icing after knee replacement?
It’s important to keep icing daily in the first 90 days of surgery and beyond. As long as you have pain and swelling, icing is a great tool to overcome these recovery setbacks.
How long is cold therapy after knee surgery?
How often should I use cold therapy? You should use cold therapy a minimum of 5 times per day for 20 minutes each time for the first 5-‐7 days after surgery. It is essential that you protect your skin from the cold therapy product using a cloth or towel to prevent skin injury.
How long do you need to elevate leg after knee surgery?
Prop your leg on cushions or pillows so your knee is at least 12 inches above your heart for the first three to five days after surgery. Keep your leg elevated if your knee swells or throbs when you are up and about on crutches.
Does icing slow down healing?
There is recent evidence that ice may actually delay the healing process by reducing inflammation. Reducing inflammation does reduce pressure on nerves and does therefore reduce pain, but it also may prevent some of the “healing” effects of the natural inflammatory response.
When do I know I can stop icing the injury?
Tips for Icing an Injury
Be sure to limit icing sessions to 20 minutes, because excessive icing can irritate the skin or cause tissue damage. Continue to ice the injury for the next 24-48 hours.
Does ice help swelling after 48 hours?
Icing is most effective in the immediate time period following an injury. 1 The effect of icing diminishes significantly after about 48 hours. In an effort to reduce swelling and minimize inflammation, try to get the ice applied as soon as possible after the injury. | https://markboguski.net/surgeries/quick-answer-how-long-do-i-have-to-ice-my-knee-after-surgery.html |
Well, friends, I am excited to announce that today I begin a new “EdVenture”. I am thrilled to have been offered and accepted a position with Open Up Resources.
A child’s zip code should not determine the quality of education they receive, nor should it determine the access educators have to curriculum and professional learning. Every child, everywhere, deserves and can receive a high quality, equitable literacy education with the support of OER (Open Education Resources) and evidence-based, high-yield instructional practices.
This is why I am honored to join the team at Open Up Resources as the new ELA Community Manager and Professional Learning Associate.
For the past 20 years, I have dedicated my life to education and literacy. Lifelong learning starts with a strong foundation in literacy, impacting a student’s personal, professional, and civic lives. Opportunities are opened and potential is realized when one can discern information with a critical eye and communicate their message effectively. As a classroom teacher and regional support consultant, I navigated the perils and success of literacy learning, honed my craft through professional learning communities, continued my education, and consulted research.
Now, I begin a new chapter in the education field, continuing to advocate for high-quality literacy learning while supporting teachers and district leadership implementing the ELA curriculum from Open Up Resources across digital platforms and face to face.
Technology not only changed my teaching but opened the world for my students. In 2008, I became a 1:1 laptop teacher, meaning, all of our students were given laptops to use during the school year. Because of this, I am a connected educator, blogger, and Tweet regularly. The connections I have made over the years have positively shaped me into the educator I am today. The sharing of resources, relationships made with educators across the globe, and the access to information are benefits I wish all teachers could capitalize upon. Along with these benefits, the growing awareness and use of OERs is an economical way for teachers to update content, differentiate in the classroom, and use, reuse, and redistribute material for all students.
Part of my role will be growing and supporting educators implementing ELA Open Up Resources in their classrooms; EL Education K–5 Language Arts & Bookworms K–5 Reading and Writing. Through regular Twitter Chats #OpenUpELA, online webinars and book clubs, and communication through FB Communities I hope to connect educators across the nation with a focus on ELA and OER. Open Up Resources has a vibrant Math Community that is supported and led by my new colleague, Brooke Powers, if you are not following her on Twitter, do so now, she is amazing and I can’t wait to learn from her.
The second part of my role will include Professional Learning. Collaboration with the team, designing and evaluating Professional Learning, and providing feedback from the implementing teachers; I hope to utilize my skill set and expertise to enhance literacy learning for ALL students.
Here are a few quick reasons why I am excited to be joining Open Up Resources:
- Our Mission: To increase equity in education by making excellent, top-rated curricula freely available to districts.
- Open Education Resources (OER) awareness is growing across the nation and Open Up Resources is a leader in this education community
- Blending of all of my passion areas
- A work/life integration with a value on family
- Incredible team made up of top-notch educators
Feel free to ask me anything about OER and the ELA or Math Curriculums we have at Open Up Resources, K-12 Literacy, or Technology in the Classroom. I would love to have a geek out session with you! Changing education is tough, why not do it with other passionate educators in your tribe? A huge shout out to the team at OUR who took a chance on me, time to roll up my sleeves and get to work. | https://shaelynnfarnsworth.com/2019/03/12/my-new-edventure/ |
Presented by:
[Editor's note: Influential Women In Energy 2021 is a supplement to the May 2021 issue of Oil and Gas Investor magazine. Subscribe to the magazine here.]
It was 20 years ago that Melanie Little moved to Tulsa, Okla., to join The Williams Companies, which has led to a long career in the oil and gas industry, She now serves as senior vice president, Operations and EHS&S, with Magellan Midstream Partners.
“My undergraduate degree is in environmental engineering, and the position at Williams afforded me an opportunity to manage the environmental team (compliance and remediation activities) for Williams’ refined products, NGL and natural gas assets (production, transportation and processing),” she said.
Nowadays, Little has responsibility for the EHS team that she actually started her career with, and that responsibility now also includes development and publication of Magellan’s annual sustainability report along with operations in 22 states.
Leadership
“Certainly, the opportunity to lead in the U.S. Army at a very young age was, and remains, formative to how I lead teams today. My Army leadership experiences taught me early on in my career to ‘know my role.’
“Specifically, I had a non-commissioned officer who took the time and effort to instill in me how to assess what type of leadership role was required in different situations. He challenged me to look at how I could make the most impact in a situation, while trusting those on the team, so that collectively we could maximize our effectiveness as a team. That experience has stayed with me for nearly 30 years and has made me ‘pause’ and consider what my role as a leader should be on a daily basis.”
Her leadership lessons didn’t stop there. She also attributes many leadership lessons from those on her teams, which she said are invaluable. Among them:
- “Ask tough questions, sometimes what is not said is more important than what is presented;
- Trust your instincts when you see potential in someone;
- Listen in order to understand and show empathy, not just to fix problems; and,
- Make connections and try to see the humanity in others.”
Industry motivation
“I am extremely motivated and passionate about the people in the industry, whether within Magellan or in the many peer companies I have had the opportunity to work with over 20 years. [They are] people that truly understand the importance of our role in providing fuel products to every American and in doing so responsibly, safely and compliantly, and who take great pride in knowing that what they do impacts millions of lives in multiple positive ways each and every day.”
“The challenges I have faced were those of a leader, regardless of gender. My approach to challenges has been to ensure that I understood the situation by asking questions, seeking input and analyzing risks to ensure the best decision could be made at the time.”
Major milestone
It was approximately two years ago that Little set a goal to become an independent director at a public company.
“Working with a number of professionals who are focused on finding both candidates and public companies the right fit (from both parties’ perspectives) allowed me the opportunity to truly assess what I was seeking with an independent director role from a personal and professional growth perspective.
“In addition, my CEO and Magellan’s board of directors were very supportive of my pursuing the opportunity, and with that support (to include recommendations as I went through the process), along with the support of my family and the advice/coaching from mentors, I had a strong support network that proved invaluable to successfully obtaining an independent director position.”
Memorable moments
“One of the most memorable initiatives of my career was the opportunity to lead multiple cultural efforts in 2018 and 2019 focused on improving employee engagement and reinforcing an exceptional safety culture built over decades. These initiatives included leading 30-plus town hall meetings across our diverse asset base, conducting our first companywide safety culture survey, and developing and executing another half dozen initiatives that were people centric.”
View the full on-demand video interviews featuring this year’s honorees at HartEnergyConferences.com/Women-in-Energy
Recommended Reading
Ecopetrol, Occidental Petroleum to Jointly Develop Offshore Oil Blocks
2022-05-19 - Ecopetrol will take a 40% stake in the blocks while Occidental Petroleum subsidiary Anadarko Colombia Co. will have a 60% stake and will serve as the blocks’ operator, Ecopetrol said.
Seneca Resources Exits California in Deal for Cash, Fewer Emissions
2022-05-18 - National Fuel touted the environmental benefits of the sale by its E&P segment Seneca Resources, including a 55% reduction in CO₂ equivalent emissions.
Helix to Acquire Privately Held Alliance for $120 Million
2022-05-17 - In addition to a focus on well intervention and robotics operations, Helix is pursuing an energy transition business model, which CEO Owen Kratz says the expanded decommissioning presence from the Alliance acquisition furthers.
Diversified Energy Acquires Ohio-based Nick’s Well Plugging
2022-05-17 - With its investment in Ohio-based Nick’s Well Plugging, Diversified Energy says it is well-positioned to meet or exceed its stated commitment to retire at least 200 of its wells per year across Appalachia by 2023.
Chevron Sanctions Ballymore Project in Deepwater US Gulf of Mexico
2022-05-17 - Low-cost tieback is expected to add up to 75,000 barrels per day of oil production. | https://www.hartenergy.com/exclusives/women-energy-melanie-little-magellan-midstream-partners-194063 |
Inflation, its impact on interest rates, the cost of employees, corporate profits, and global competitiveness, is creating more anxiety than it has in decades. Since 2008, economists were more likely to be concerned and debate how to stave off deflation. That fear seems like a distant memory since $6 trillion has been added to the economy over the past year. March’s change in consumer inflation is released this week. This will give the market a renewed glimpse of how much price appreciation the consumers have sustained from shortages and trillions of more dollars chasing the same or fewer goods and services.
One factor that may have already had a big impact on March consumer inflation is quickly rising producer prices. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports Producer Price Index (PPI) monthly on the previous months data for a few days before the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is released for the same month (PPI was released 4/9. CPI will be reported on 4/13).
PPI’s Warning
Producer prices, as reported Friday, April 9, increased 1%. This is a significant jump. In fact, it is double the rate economists expected and up from 0.5% in February. This sharp rise of costs to produce and the reported success in passing the higher wholesale costs on to consumers and small business owners indicates it will work its way into final CPI numbers in short order.
Comparing the increase to March of last year, the PPI jumped by 4.2%, this was the sharpest year-over-year increase since 2011, according to the BLS.
Producer Price Index, Month Over Month Change
Next month’s release of both PPI and CPI are more than likely to show dramatic YOY increases. Much of this can be discounted as inflation during April last year plunged by 1.1% in response to new lockdown orders. So this low inflation month is the basis for measurement. The name for this is the “base effect,” and investors should be aware of it before they are startled by what looks to be rampant inflation without the context of what happened last April distorting the YOY measure.
We can see from the BLS chart below that PPI hit a high in January 2020 with an index value of 119.2. In February and March last year, it dropped 0.5% from the prior month, and in April, it plunged 1.1% to an index value of 116.7, partly driven by the collapse in fuel prices. It has been rising ever since.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Looking Forward
What April prices may look like? The most recent index value is 123.1, which is 5.5% higher than April 2020. If the PPI rises 0.5% this month (April) from 123.1, it adds up to a 6% year-over-year increase. This would be the highest since November 2009, when the U.S. economy was awakening from the financial crisis. After April’s data, the issue with base measurement will have already been taken into account, leaving May’s numbers (reported in June) as a fresh start without basis problems.
Take-Away
Inflation pressures are giving way to higher prices in the manufacturing and services pipeline. The producer price index is showing significant increases even when netting out the base effect. Companies are reporting they are successfully passing these costs on to the consumer. This means higher CPI down the road, which will lead to greater challenges for the Fed to fulfill its commitment to low rates through next year.
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$1.9 Trillion in Terms We Can Better Relate to
Sources:
https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cpi.pdf
https://www.bls.gov/news.release/ppi.nr0.htm
https://www.markiteconomics.com/Public/Home/PressRelease/6123ab3169954de186a8b7c543eb6035
Stay up to date. Follow us: | https://channelchek.com/news-channel/How_PPI_Impacts_CPI_Numbers |
James Harden of the Houston Rockets is the NBA’s Most Valuable Player.
Search results for:
Mexico, which can clinch a spot in the round of 16 with a win or draw Wednesday against Sweden, was as high as 66-1 at CG Technology, which took a $500 wager to win $25,000 at 50-1 odds and a $250 bet to win $15,000 at 60-1 odds.
Ticket sales are up 5 to 8 percent over this time last year for the NBA Summer League. All 30 teams will compete for the first time in the event, which is July 6-17 at the Thomas & Mack Center and Cox Pavilion. | https://www.reviewjournal.com/?s&year=2018&monthnum=6&day=25&category_name=sports%2Bbasketball |
When Emily Lombardo’s teenage daughter was diagnosed with leukemia in December 2014, she felt numb.
“Nothing was registering as to what the diagnosis was,” the mother of two said from her Toronto home as she looked across the room at her now 20-year-old daughter, Adriana. “’Numb’ is the only word I can think of.”
The weekend before, Adriana, then in grade 12 at St. Joseph's College, attended her semi-formal on Friday and worked Saturday and Sunday. There were no signs of illness until she suddenly fell short of breath at soccer try outs the following week.
They rushed to the emergency room at Toronto General Hospital, where, after a series of test, the doctors said it was cancer.
“As a parent that’s hard enough to accept,” Emily said, adding that letting go of control and handing it over to the doctor, who was “a total stranger,” was also difficult.
Adriana’s cancer journey has been an “emotional rollercoaster” for them both, but fast-forward two years and Emily and Adriana appear to have daily life down to a science.
Adriana completed chemotherapy in January and is now recovering from a total hip replacement she had in March – something that was desperately needed because of the damage treatment caused to her joints.
Adriana enters the room and, as usual, Emily is at the ready with a chair for her to sit in, a stool and towel to elevate her healing leg.
This is only a fraction of her role as a caregiver.
She assists in setting up Adriana’s chair, helps her bathe (their “Johnson & Johnson time”) and has even learned to monitor her Hickman line (a central venous catheter) during treatment.
Emily also provides a lot of emotional support.
“(My role is) to be there as much as I can,” said an emotional Emily. “If I could, I would take this from her, but I can’t … I can only be there in any capacity she will let me be.”
“If it’s a shoulder to cry on, if it’s for her to vent, to scream to be a sounding board to be a friend, a mother.”
Both Emily and Adriana have inspiring positivity, but it took trial, error and time to get to where they are.
ACCEPTANCE
Emily’s first step was to find acceptance. In the beginning, she allowed herself to cry.
“But I would never do it in front of Adriana,” she said. “If she could be strong, there’s no reason I couldn’t be.”
These moments of despair didn’t last long, though.
“You have to dig deep down and say I have to accept and move forward because if you don’t you will fall into a deep hole - and I would have been of no use to her.”
BE AN ADVOCATE
Quickly becoming Adriana’s advocate was important.
“As much as she was a grown up and this was her diagnosis … I try and make sure the proper questions are being asked,” she said, adding that she uses the nurses and hospital staff as a resource. “I remember saying from Day One, ‘I’m not out to be a nag, but I’m not out to be anybody’s best friend.’ I just questioned everything.”
TAKE TIME FOR YOURSELF TO AVOID BURN OUT
One of the first things Emily learned as a caregiver was the importance of taking time for herself.
“You focus so much on what the patient needs … that you put your own on a backburner and then all of a sudden it catches up with you,” said Emily.
One month after Adriana’s diagnosis, Emily “crashed and burned.” She got so sick that she had to sleep in the basement and wear a mask around her daughter.
“I was just burnt out,” she said.
Today, she enjoys “me time” by going for walks, which Adriana is grateful for.
“If the caregiver is always there, they’re not giving the patient their time – even if it’s an hour or so a day,” Adriana said. “They both need their space – and there’s nothing wrong with that.”
COMMUNICATE
The busy mom has also learned that communication is key.
“In our relationship, I didn’t want to come across as overbearing or going into over-protective mode,” she said. “It’s that fine balance of, ‘O.K., I’m not here to check up on you, but in case you need help.’”
As a young, self-sufficient woman, it was difficult for Adriana to ask her mom for help with things like getting dressed – and it was just as difficult for Emily to see her daughter lose her independence.
“I couldn’t go into mommy-control mode and say, ‘let me do this for you.’ Instead it was, ‘O.K., Adriana, let’s communicate,’” she said.
It’s still difficult – even when it comes to small things, like Emily not tucking Adriana’s jeans into her boots properly.
“It took some work, but I think we got through it,” she said.
CELEBRATE MILESTONES
As Adriana started to feel better, she wanted to go for walks, take drives, meet up with friends and even go to college.
Part of Emily worried, but she instead decided to celebrate.
“For me, these were milestones,” she said. “She was starting to get her independence back.”
ADVISE RATHER THAN INSTRUCT
As Adriana started to feel better, Emily also learned she can’t make decisions for her daughter.
For example, just as she was diagnosed with a collapsed hip, Adriana was set on starting her first semester at George Brown College.
“I could not be the one to say to her she can’t go to school,” said Emily. “It would have been so easy to pull the parent card, but she would have resented me.”
So instead, she let Adriana figure it out for herself.
In September 2016, Adriana’s hip was still stable enough for her to attend classes, but her condition progressed fast. By December, it was clear she needed to focus on healing. School was put on hold.
FIND PATIENT SUPPORT GROUPS/RESOURCES
Emily suggests that those in a similar situation access the available resources and support groups.
In their case, Emily and Adriana turned to The Adolescent & Young Adult Oncology Program at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre.
It was there they found out about Wellspring and programs like Look Good Feel Better, which hosts beauty workshops in more than 100 cancer centres across Canada to teach women and teens with cancer the tools and techniques to alleviate the appearance-related side effects of cancer and its treatment.
“I remember just sitting back as a caregiver and … the smile on her face when she was a model and they were teaching her how to tie a scarf - she looked empowered,” said Emily. “These support systems … more people need to know about them.”
DEVELOP A CAREGIVER SUPPORT SYSTEM
As a caregiver, Emily also needed assistance.
Although she was told to ask for help or seek therapy from the get-go, she didn’t think she needed it.
“My focus was (Adriana),” she said. “Then as time went on, you met other caregivers and that was my time to start talking.”
They would strike up conversations in the hospital waiting room or kitchen. They compared stories, tips for dealing with side effects and how to cope.
Adriana rang the Bravery Bell at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre signaling the end of treatment in January. She received a total hip replacement in March, completed physio in the spring and is mobile and back to walking around the city.
While she’s unsure when she’ll return to college, she no longer wants to study hospitality management – she’s instead interested in exploring studies in cancer and nutrition.
Read Adriana’s blog on Life After Leukemia here. | https://lgfb.ca/en/resources/facing-cancer-together/adriana-and-emily-mother-daughter-team-battling-cancer-together/ |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
The general evolution capacitive power ground planes began with patents granted to Sisler of Convergent Systems and to Howard (the author of this application) in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,079,069; 5,155,655; 5,161,086. These structures utilized thin power and ground sandwiches to provide a distributed capacitive electrical charge to active devices, normally mounted on the surface of the PCB. These distributed planes replaced the need for bypass capacitors in smaller values, typically 0.1 μfd or less and smoothing electronic noise on the power ground planes to reduce radiated emissions from the printed circuit board which are harmful to the operation of other devices and are regulated by FCC regulation.
The greatest limitation to the successful operation of these distributed capacitive planes is the remaining noise that is radiated from the edge of the planes. Up to 95% of radiated emission from the power ground planes is radiated from the edge of the planes. The reason for this is that pulses of electronic noise travel across the planes on various patterns which may be detected at various points. When these electronic noise pulses reach the edge on the plane the impedance raises from the very low impedance, which is a result of the high capacitance thin dielectric of the layer and low inductance of the closely coupled conductive planes of the power ground sandwich, and rises to the very high impedance of the unterminated edge. This causes reflection of some of the energy and radiation of electronic noise of the remainder. The result of this is much the same as an antenna VSWR with the total energy being divided between radiated and reflected energy.
The use of capacitive layers such as 0.002″ FR4 dielectric which is a common dielectric used in the printed circuit industry at the time of this writing, actually make the problem worse than standard ground/power systems that are not closely coupled. The distributed capacitance plane better distributes the noise on the plane to all sectors of the printed circuit board, depending on design.
Improved materials, such as Cply from 3M have increased the dielectric constant of the dielectric material in the power ground sandwich. This has greatly improved the efficiency of the sandwich layer in reducing noise. Lower plane impedance and greater point source current capacity for less voltage sag mean less electronic noise is created to be resolved by the distributed capacitance plane. However even the improved materials do nothing to solve the termination problem of all edges and features of the printed circuit board power or ground conductive layers. As a result emissions continue, albeit at a lower general level.
Testing by industry sources has demonstrated that improved dielectric constant and reduced thickness of the capacitive layer has little beneficial effect in reducing edge emissions over standard 0.002″ Fr4 materials at very high frequencies, above 1 GHz.
For this reason it is a benefit to the printed circuit industry to find a cost effective solution to this problem that will reduce printed circuit board electronic noise edge emissions at high frequencies. The invention shown in this application will reduce edge emissions from conductive sources including planes, capacitive sandwiches composed of power and ground planes, and circuit conductors at virtually no increase in material or processing costs.
FIG. 1
1) Use of fractal patterns on the edges of the ground and/or power planes on the capacitive sandwich as shown in of the drawings.
FIG. 2
2) Use of fractal patterns on the edges of internal plane features such as anti pads internal breaks and plating thieving areas as shown in of the drawings.
FIG. 2
3) Use of fractal patterns on the edges of circuit pattern features to help reduce the radiation of those features as shown in of the drawings.
The invention consists of three applications of the same technology.
The definition of fractal given by Wikipedia is:
A fractal is “a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole,” [1] a property called self-similarity.”
The use of fractal technology was introduced in 1988 by Nathan Cohen of Boston University when it was discovered that repeating patterns generated through applications of fractal mathematics made extremely effective antennas. The principal helps explain the effects found in printed circuit board capacitive power ground planes, in which a printed circuit board with holes and irregular features generated less noise than a simple uninterrupted copper plane. This is totally counter intuitive unless the effect of creating small areas of capacitance and inductance with the holes and features is considered. The effect is demonstrated through a series of resonance and anti resonance points that can be seen in test results.
A fractal antenna's response differs markedly from traditional antenna designs, in that it is capable of operating with good-to-excellent performance at many different frequencies simultaneously. Normally standard antennas have to be “cut” for the frequency for which they are to be used—and thus the standard antennas only work well at that frequency. This makes the fractal antenna an excellent design for wideband and multiband applications. It is further anticipated that these structures can absorb a wide range of frequencies.
Many fractal element antennas use the fractal structure as a virtual combination of capacitors and inductors. This makes the antenna so that it has many different resonances which can be chosen and adjusted by choosing the proper fractal design.
Electrical resonances may not be directly related to a particular scale size of the fractal antenna structure. The physical size of the antenna is unrelated to its resonant or broadband performance. The general rule of antenna length being near target frequency wavelength does not apply itself in the same way with fractal antennas.
This complexity arises because the current on the structure has a complex arrangement caused by the inductance and self capacitance. In general, although their effective electrical length is longer, the fractal element antennas are themselves physically smaller.
The current invention contemplates the use of fractal patterns to change the features of all the traditionally straight lines of the etched conductive planes. This could effectively dampen electronic noise emissions, making distributed capacitance planes more effective. In the case of a power and ground plane sandwich, as an example, the frequency absorbing edge features are initially thought to be most effective to be placed on the edges of the ground plane, which should be designed to slightly overlap the power plane. The amount of overlap is initially estimated to be 2 times the thickness of the dielectric layer. Within the overlap area as well as same contiguous and connected plane area the fractal patterns should be etched in the conductive plane pattern.
The current invention also contemplates the use of the fractal patterns to reduce the noise emission of a single plane or layer. Not used in combination with other planes or layers. This effect is due to the complex system of inductive and capacitive zones created by the fractal patterns as well as the effects of diffusion of radiated emissions due to the irregular shape of the edges of the conductive surfaces, the change in effective length of the radiating edges and the potential for frequency dithering caused by the many radiating surfaces of the fractal edges.
The reduction in noise of a single layer provides the opportunity to reduce the total number of layers needed to create the finished printed circuit board, which may significantly reduce the cost of the printed circuit board.
The invention also contemplates the beneficial use of fractal patterns on the external edges of circuits or circuit patterns to help reduce the noise emissions from these conductors. This also uses inductive and capacitive zones created by the fractal patterns as well as the effects of diffusion of radiated emissions due to the irregular shape of the edges of the conductive surfaces, the change in effective length of the radiating edges and the potential for frequency dithering caused by the many radiating surfaces of the fractal edges.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
Shows an outside edge of ground plane or power plane with a type of fractal plane design. This pattern is derived from a Koch pattern is only one example of many fractal designs that might be chosen for this design feature.
11
Drawing note depicts a conductive plane that might be a printed circuit board power plane or ground plane or a piece thereof.
12
Drawing note depicts a geometric figure, in this case an Isosceles triangle which is used as the basic geometric shape for this Koch fractal design.
13
Drawing note shows a geometric figure formed from the original Isosceles but reduced by a mathematical scale and inverted in position to form a star or snowflake type external pattern.
14
Drawing note shows a geometric figure formed from the original Isosceles triangle as an intermediate step that is overlaid at a different angle to help form the star or snowflake.
15
Drawing note shows only the original Isosceles triangle formed from the continuous material of the plane for reference.
FIG. 2
Shows an outside edge of a standard conductive circuit or internal feature with a type of fractal plane design. This pattern is derived from a Koch pattern is only one example of many fractal designs that might be chosen for this design feature.
21
Drawing note depicts a conductive circuit or other internal feature that might be a printed circuit board circuit, internal feature or a piece thereof.
22
Drawing note depicts a geometric figure, in this case an Isosceles triangle which is used as the basic geometric shape for this Koch fractal design.
23
Drawing note shows a geometric figure formed from the original Isosceles but reduced by a mathematical scale and inverted in position to form a star or snowflake type external pattern.
24
Drawing note shows a geometric figure formed from the original Isosceles triangle as an intermediate step that is overlaid at a different angle to help form the star or snowflake.
25
Drawing note shows only the original Isosceles triangle formed from the continuous material of the conductor or internal feature for reference.
FIG. 3
depicts a capacitive power ground layer as it might be formed as a layer or within a printed circuit board with one of the layers having the fractal edge feature.
31
Drawing note shows a conductive layer with the fractal edge with may be either a power or ground layer.
32
Drawing note shows a dielectric layer which separates the power from the ground layer.
33
Drawing note shows a standard copper layer opposite the fractal edged layer which may be sized slightly differently than the fractal layer to allow the capture of more edge radiated electronic noise.
FIG. 4
41
depicts a capacitive power ground layer as it might be formed as a layer or within a printed circuit board with one of the layers having the fractal edge feature. Drawing note shows a conductive layer with the fractal edge with may be either a power or ground layer.
42
Drawing note shows a dielectric layer which separates the power from the ground layer.
43
Drawing note shows a fractal edged layer which may be sized slightly differently than the fractal layer to allow the capture of more edge radiated electronic noise.
FIG. 5
depicts a fractal edged layer used as either a power or ground layer with the opposite layer removed to reduce expense, thickness or weight.
51
Drawing note shows a conductive layer with the fractal edge with may be either a power or ground layer.
52
Drawing note shows a dielectric layer which separates the power from the ground layer.
53
Drawing note shows the removed layer, in dashed line, to contrast with the normal capacitive power and ground layer. | |
All they had to do was turn on the TV to see live images of what was happening.
Print media also covered the events with news journalism and photos, and taken altogether, the images and media coverage of these events that appeared before the public for the first time had a profound emotional effect on people.
To this day, footage and images of this event remain some of the most iconic of the entire civil rights movement.
In 1965 three marches between Selma and Montgomery, Alabama, took place.
Footage of hundreds of children being hauled off to jail struck a nerve with the public.
Additionally, attack dogs and high-pressure water hoses were used to contain protesters.In 1963, Birmingham, Alabama was the center of heated race relations.Led again by Martin Luther King, Jr., African Americans in this city staged widespread marches, sit-ins, and other acts of non-violent civil disobedience.The city of Montgomery, Alabama (like many cities in the Deep South) had rigid segregation laws concerning public transportation: African-Americans were forced to sit in the backs of city buses.On December 1, 1955, an African-American woman named Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of the bus in order to give up her seat to a white man who had boarded the bus.Among the most significant moments in the Birmingham campaign was an event that has come to be called the Children's Crusade.During this event, more than a thousand children skipped school and marched to the 16th Street Baptist Church.On the night Parks was arrested, civil rights leaders distributed a flyer indicating Montgomery buses should be boycotted. In the process of boycott, King was arrested and thrown into jail.This act only drew further media attention to the boycott.In this way, the media actually became an ally of the Civil Rights Movement.Let's learn about some of the key events of the Civil Rights Movement and how the media shaped the opinions of everyday Americans and even of politicians.
Comments American Civil Rights Coursework
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Timeline of United States history 1860–1899 - Wikipedia
April–June 1865 – American Civil War ends as the last elements of the Confederacy surrender; December 1865 – 13th Amendment passes, permanently outlawing slavery; 1866 – Civil Rights Act of 1866; 1866 – Ku Klux Klan founded; 1867 – Tenure of Office Act enacted; 1867 – Territory of Alaska purchased from the Russian Empire…
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Civil Rights Movement Primary Source Analysis
Civil Rights Movement Primary Source Analysis. Due Monday Nov 10, 10 points. Choose one of the following documents from the book Movements of the New Left Documents 13, 14, 15, 19, 22, or 24plus on-line version Note for Doc 14 this is the original text of the speech and Lewis did not deliver this version. He was asked pressured to edit it.…
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The Civil Rights Movement Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and.
The civil rights leaders Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were two sides of the same coin. Both of them fought for equality and justice for African Americans. Both of them saw a need for immediate action in order to secure those rights. However, they differed greatly in their strategy and tactics.…
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Essay The Civil Rights Movement -
Without the civil rights movement over half the United States would not have any rights. The movement took a long time to carry out but its outcome was amazing in the end they ended up getting rights. The ultimate goal of the civil rights movement was to end racial segregation and discrimination against blacks in the United States.…
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Online Training - Office for Civil Rights at the Office of. | https://mastan.ru/american-civil-rights-coursework-3346.html |
A confident, insightful use of mathematics in the management of the needs of everyday living to become a self-managing person.
An understanding of mathematical applications that provides insight into the learner`s present and future occupational experiences `and so develop into a contributing worker.
The ability to voice a critical sensitivity to the role of mathematics in a democratic society and so become a participating citizen.
People credited with this unit standard are able to:
1.) Critique and use techniques for collecting, organising and representing data.
2.) Use theoretical and experimental probability to develop models, make predictions and study problems.
3.) Critically interrogate and use probability and statistical models in problem solving and decision making in real-world situations.
|Entry Requirements:||The credit value is based on the assumption that people starting to learn towards this unit standard al-e competent in Mathematical Literacy and Communications at NQF level 3.|
|Course Objectives:||1.) Identify and solve problems using critical and creative thinking: |
Solve a variety of problems based on data, statistics and probability.
2.) Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information:
Gather, organise, evaluate and critically interpret data and statistics to make sense of situations.
3.) Communicate effectively:
Use everyday language and mathematical language to represent data, statistics and probability and effectively communicate or critique conclusions.
4.) Use mathematics: | http://businessschool.co.za/mathematical-literacy/ |
Given the link between vaccine hesitancy and vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks, it is critical to examine the cognitive processes that contribute to the development of vaccine hesitancy, especially among parents of adolescents. We conducted a secondary analysis of baseline data from a two-phase randomized trial on human papillomavirus to investigate how vaccine hesitancy and intent to vaccinate are associated with six decision-making factors: base rate neglect, conjunction fallacy, sunk cost bias, present bias, risk aversion, and information avoidance. We recruited 1,413 adults residing in the United States with at least one daughter aged 9–17 years old through an online survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Vaccine hesitancy, intent to vaccinate, and susceptibility to cognitive biases was measured through a series of brief questionnaires. 1,400 participants were in the final analyzed sample. Most participants were white (74.1%), female (71.6%), married (75.3%), and had a college or graduate/professional education (88.8%). Conjunction fallacy, sunk cost bias, information avoidance, and present bias may be associated with vaccine hesitancy. Intent to vaccinate may be associated with information avoidance. These results suggest that cognitive biases play a role in developing parental vaccine hesitancy and vaccine-related behavior. | https://ldi.upenn.edu/publication/association-cognitive-biases-human-papillomavirus-vaccine-hesitancy-cross-sectional |
Strategies to Promote Research Use in Child Welfare
Researchers strive to identify, create and test strategies for improving child welfare programs, practices and policies. Gaps exist, however, between the research findings that are generated and the strategic use of research evidence by child welfare agencies. Researchers, policymakers, practitioners and other key stakeholders struggle with how best to support the application of high-quality research within complex child welfare systems.
The increased use of research evidence in planning and decision-making can help agencies strengthen the way they serve families. This research brief, Strategies to Promote Research Use in Child Welfare, is designed to be used by researchers, practitioners and policymakers to create opportunities for the meaningful use of research evidence to serve children and families in the child welfare system. | https://www.casey.org/strategies-promote-research/ |
Boeing Defense, Space and Security is seeking a Lead Assembly, Integration & Test and Engineer in the Puget Sound in support of multiple Phantom Works programs.
This position works with an interdisciplinary team to develop a comprehensive test plan for unique space platforms.
The selected candidate will lead the integrated assembly, integration and test team to develop and execute a test plan that supports customer requirements, and is well integrated with the hardware flow though build-up and integrated test.
This position requires application of skills and experience to leverage standards, best practices, established processes and adapt to create specific processes and methods for a specific platform.
This position will closely coordinate with hardware suppliers, systems, test, and manufacturing engineering and customers to ensure testing requirements are identified, incorporated into the design, and also generate and coordinate necessary facility requirements.
This position requires excellent teamwork and written/oral communications skills to effectively collaborate with various engineering disciplines, suppliers and customers.
The position requires sound technical judgment and problem solving skills to generate innovative solutions and to adapt to failures and issues.
Primary Responsibilities Lead the planning, development and implementation of the assembly and integration of satellite subsystems and spacecraft.
Lead Satellite system and subsystem assembly and integration procedure development, review and execution.
Oversee the planning, set up and operations of ESD electronics labs, satellite clean rooms and environmental component and spacecraft test chambers.
Oversee all necessary bus assembly tools, MGSE and other shop aids as needed.
Lead the Systems Test Engineering team in the planning, execution and status of subsystem and system level testing.
Oversee the selection and scheduling of offsite test facilities.
Oversee the shipping logistics to offsite test sites and launch integration site.
Liaise with all levels of program and engineering staff on design, assembly and integration matters and support other teams/disciplines as necessary.
Apply technical knowledge to determine and set technical objectives to analyze, investigate and resolve advanced engineering problems; including future applications, and engineering developments This position requires an active Top Secret U.S.
Security Clearance.
(A U.S.
Security Clearance that has been active in the past 24 months is considered active.) Basic Qualifications (Required Skills/Experience): Minimum Bachelors of Science degree in Systems Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Physics or related technical field of study Preferred Qualifications (Desired Skills/Experience): Experience with satellite subsystem and system level testing Launch integration experience Experience assembling electronics systems Strong hands-on skills, with experience handling space flight hardware and associated standards and practices Previous experience working with thermal chambers, vibration table, vacuum chambers, or anechoic chambers Technical subject matter expertise in space subsystems and systems Experience on rapid development programs Experience in successfully delivering flight hardware to customer Typical Education/Experience: Education/experience typically acquired through advanced technical education from an accredited course of study in engineering, computer science, mathematics, physics or chemistry (e.G.
Bachelor) and typically 9 or more years’ related work experience or an equivalent combination of technical education and experience (e.G.
PhD4 years’ related work experience, Master7 years’ related work experience).
In the USA, ABET accreditation is the preferred, although not required, accreditation standard.
Relocation Assistance: This position offers relocation based on candidate eligibility.
Basic relocation is available for internal candidates.
Drug Free Workplace: Boeing is a Drug Free Workplace where post offer applicants and employees are subject to testing for marijuana, cocaine, opioids, amphetamines, PCP, and alcohol when criteria is met as outlined in our policies.
This is a union represented position. | https://washingtonrecruitment.com/accounting-finances/boeing-lead-test-evaluation-engineer-phantom-works-c71065/ |
On the third and final day of the AGM, participants discussed community engagement, gender equality, environmental and social impact assessments (ESIA), and technological innovation in the time of COVID-19.
Panelists reflected that mining communities have indeed suffered during the pandemic, due to job losses, economic and food insecurity, border closures and travel restrictions, and disruptions to supply chains. Several companies and NGOs highlighted their actions to assess the extent of difficulties in such communities, and provide practical support. They also stressed that efforts to boost economies in the wake of the crisis should protect human rights, protect the environment, and generate equal opportunities for both women and men. They noted that more resilient communities will benefit everyone.
Regarding relationships between companies and communities, Natascha Nunes da Cunha, Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), remarked, “It’s not that you ask, I give, and let’s move on—the challenge is to find more effective ways of collaboration between different stakeholders.”
Participants heard about experiences from Cambodia, Canada, and Colombia in conducting gender impact assessments and developing gender-inclusive policies. Speakers noted that gender is one of many interacting factors in structural inequalities. Other factors could include characteristics such as ethnicity and indigenous status. Speakers presented innovations in technology and practice, such as the use of mobile apps in collating gender-specific information among hill tribes in Cambodia, and rapidly reporting back to local communities. They stressed the value of gender impact assessments as a basis for determining how new mining projects might exacerbate, or alleviate, existing patterns of inequality.
The session on rethinking ESIA at the early phase of mine development addressed what role such assessments can play for responsible mining and the challenges faced. Participants heard how ESIAs are becoming increasingly complex, as the mining sector deals with increasingly complex situations. They were provided with an overview of IISD's IGF Guidance for Governments: Improving legal frameworks for environmental and social impact assessment and management, which summarizes international best practices in legal frameworks for ESIAs and includes tools to help evaluate and improve current legal frameworks. Participants then heard practical examples from the field on the strategic use of ESIAs.
The last dialogue of the day considered technological innovation in the post-COVID-19 era. Industry leaders considered that robotics and digitization are already influencing the way that mines work. They foreshadowed the need for workers to be skilled in new ways, in areas such as cybersecurity, data management, automation, and servicing of equipment. They underscored that, by reducing the need for heavy physical labor, technology will introduce more gender-neutral work roles—for example, in operating control rooms and managing automated processes. | https://enb.iisd.org/events/16th-annual-general-meeting-agm-intergovernmental-forum-mining-minerals-metals-and-1 |
PHOTOGRAPH Issue 10
Issue 10 of PHOTOGRAPH magazine is out and 20% off today.
“Portfolios and interviews feature the work of cover girl Brooke Shaden, whose self-portraits exude a brooding melancholy in a light and whimsical way; the incredible Susan Burnstine, who modifies all of her cameras to best tell the stories of her dreams and nightmares; the portraits of Clive Charlton, who discusses how his art is influenced by his admiration of the Dutch masters for their use of Chiaroscuro; and Jim Kasson’s Staccato series, borne of the idea to make a short set of exposures at night and reassemble them in Photoshop, resulting in a painterly effect of complex lighting patterns, a sense of place, and compelling gestures.
Regular contributors John Paul Caponigro, Michael Frye, Guy Tal, Chris Orwig, Martin Bailey, Piet Van den Eynde, Adam Blasberg and David duChemin open up about patience, flow, creativity, finding rhythm, the beauty of natural light in both landscapes and portraits, the meaning of success, and the magic of the lens.”
Flow is this issues topic in my Creative Composition column. | https://www.johnpaulcaponigro.com/blog/14345/photograph-issue-10/ |
Epigenetics can be defined as the set of sequence independent processes that produces heritable changes in cellular information. These chromatin-based events such as covalent modification of DNA and histone tails are laid down by the co-ordinated action of chromatin modifying enzymes, thus altering the organisation of chromatin and its accessibility to the transcriptional machinery. Our understanding of epigenetic intricacies has considerably increased over the last decade owing to rapid development of genomic and proteomic technologies. This has resulted in huge surge in the generation of epigenomics data. Integrative analysis of these epigenomics datasets provides holistic view on the interplay of various epigenetic components and possible aberration in patterns in specific biological or disease states. Although, there are numerous computational tools available catering individually to each epigenomic datatype, a comprehensive computational framework for integrated exploratory analysis of these datasets was missing. We developed a suite of R packages methylPipe and compEpiTools that can efficiently handle whole genome base-resolution DNA methylation datasets and effortlessly integrate them with other epigenomics data. We applied these methods to the study of epigenomics landscape in B-cell lymphoma identifying a putative set of tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, we also applied these methods to explore possible associations between m6A RNA methylation, epigenetic marks and regulatory proteins. Advisors/Committee Members: (internal advisor: M. Robinson, external advisor: D. Schübeler, supervisor: M. Pelizzola, B. Amati. | http://www.dissertation.com/abstracts/2128455 |
ALUFIX proposes an original strategy for the development of aluminium-based materials involving damage mitigation and extrinsic self-healing concepts exploiting the new opportunities of the solid-state friction stir process. Friction stir processing locally extrudes and drags material from the front to the back and around the tool pin. It involves short duration at moderate temperatures (typically 80% of the melting temperature), fast cooling rates and large plastic deformations leading to far out-of-equilibrium microstructures. The idea is that commercial aluminium alloys can be locally improved and healed in regions of stress concentration where damage is likely to occur. Self-healing in metal-based materials is still in its infancy and existing strategies can hardly be extended to applications. Friction stir processing can enhance the damage and fatigue resistance of aluminium alloys by microstructure homogenisation and refinement. In parallel, friction stir processing can be used to integrate secondary phases in an aluminium matrix. In the ALUFIX project, healing phases will thus be integrated in aluminium in addition to refining and homogenising the microstructure. The “local stress management strategy” favours crack closure and crack deviation at the sub-millimetre scale thanks to a controlled residual stress field. The “transient liquid healing agent” strategy involves the in-situ generation of an out-of-equilibrium compositionally graded microstructure at the aluminium/healing agent interface capable of liquid-phase healing after a thermal treatment. Along the road, a variety of new scientific questions concerning the damage mechanisms will have to be addressed. | https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/716678 |
Are you already "socially networked" with everyone you know?
Facebook and LinkedIn Network Connections
Both my Facebook and LinkedIn social networks have gone through periods of rapid grown in the past year. Although I have been a member of LinkedIn for many years, my network expanded rapidly last year, approximately doubling in a couple of months. I have had a similar experience in the last few months with my Facebook network.
This is likely a convergence of factors. My contemporaries are reconnecting with high-school and college acquaintances on Facebook. More of the people I have worked with in the past have joined LinkedIn and started added colleagues from past employers. This has led to a critical mass of people both connecting and inviting others to connect.
In each case, it seems that when enough people in my circle of acquaintances are connected, new connections form rapidly because it isn’t far (in terms of network hops) to other people I know.
So am I already "socially networked" with everyone I know? I think the answer is yes. Because I am not very active at inviting new friends, it might be more accurate to say that I could be completely socially networked with an evening’s work. In terms of network dynamics, this is because the network of my local group of friends has undergone the phase transition network mathematicians refer to as "percolation."
A simple model of network percolation
Where are without a model? Not very far on this blog. Instead of modeling a complete social network, let’s start with a simplified model and see if the behavior I want to describe pops out.
Here is a model that is easy to visualize. Imagine I am about to tile my kitchen floor. I draw a grid on the floor showing where each tile will be placed. Looking at the kitchen floor as I prepare to lay the tile, you see a simple grid of lines, like graph paper. Now, start adding tiles. But instead of working from one side of the kitchen to the other in rows (like a normal person), I add tiles randomly.
I lay one tile by the sink, then two by the fridge, then another by the stairwell, a couple in the center. The floor is getting cover red with tiles, but in a hodgepodge sprinkling. Not too many of them are sitting right next to each other at first. As I put down more and more tiles, however, there start to be little clusters of adjacent tiles. After a little while, the floor might look like this:
But then, along comes my nephew Hayden, wanting to go to the sink for a drink of water. I don’t want him to walk where there are no tiles, because he will track glue everywhere. But he is small, and can’t take steps bigger than one tile. So I need to hurry to put down enough tiles so he can walk to the sink. But I don’t want to ruin my beautiful experiment with the random tiles. How many tiles do I have to put down (still placing them at random locations) before Hayden can walk on adjacent tiles from the living room to the sink to get a drink?
When he can do this, the edges of the network of tiles are connected. The network of tiles is said to have a percolating group of tiles.
A slightly more complex simple network percolation model
A mathematical description of the tile model goes like this. Each tile (graph nodes or vertices) can have at most 4 edges connecting it to other tiles (graph edges or links). The connections are created by placing adjacent tiles.
Let’s add a small generalization to the model to make it slightly more realistic. The tiles are connected by the fact that they are placed next to each other. But in a social network, you can be "near" someone, but choose not to connect. So let’s add the condition that each connection between adjacent people can be a friendship or not. And let’s allow this independently for each near neighbor. In the social network analogy, this means everyone person (node) can have at most 4 friendships (relationships, links to other nodes) but they don’t have to have be connected to someone they are "near." Now people and friendships might look like this:
The analogous percolation question for a social network: how many friendships have to be created before you can get anywhere in the network by traversing friendships? In other words, at what point is it possible to find everyone you know on a social network?
Further, regarding a period of rapid network growth: Is there some point in the evolution of the network when connections are created more rapidly?
To model this simple network, I created a simulation. You can download the Python script and run it yourself. I created a grid 6 x 6, giving 36 nodes. Central nodes can have at most 4 friends. Edge nodes can have 3 and corner nodes only 2. For the entire network, the number of possible edges is 2 x 6 x 5 = 60.
One reason to use a computer model, is that since I am placing the friendships randomly, each time we run the model on a 6 x 6 network, the details will come out slightly different. So we want to understand what happens on average. Using a computer model lets us run many (50 in this case) copies of the network experiment (without tiling a kitchen floor, and ripping it up over and over).
Instead of asking just about the path from the living room to the sink, or one side of our generalized network to another, let’s look at the overall connectivity of the nodes. How close are we to being able to traverse the graph from any point to any other point? For this, we measure the size of the largest group of connected nodes (people) as we add more edges (friendships).
The size of the largest group of connected people looks like this as we add friendships between the people:
From the plot above, you can see that the size of the largest group gets large very fast after about 30 friendships form. The network is fully connected after 40 friendships form–even though there are 60 friendships possible.
Okay, let’s close the loop on the analogy. If I had 36 high school friends on Facebook 3 months ago, they would have been difficult to find through each other. But over time, a few of them talked on the phone, met on the street etc. and invited each other to friend them on Facebook. This process was slow at first, but after about 30 friendships were formed, the process took off. One I was connected to a couple of sub-groups, I could find anyone I knew of my 36 high-school friends. Once the network percolates, I am socially networked with everyone I know. | https://blog.drskippy.net/2008/11/16/are-you-already-socially-networked-with-everyone-you-know/ |
types of fish diseases
fish diseases, according to wikipedia, like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.
With the arrival of spring, the temperature starts to rise gradually and the water temperature keeps rising, which also accelerates the growth and reproduction of harmful bacteria in fish ponds. As the temperature gets higher and higher, summer comes, the water temperature is suitable for fish growth and fish food is flourishing in summer, which is the prime season for fish growth.
However, due to the high summer temperatures, the weakness of fish after overwintering, the vigorous metabolism of fish, the massive accumulation of feces, and the large amount of residual bait deposited on the bottom of the pond, resulting in the deterioration of pond water quality and substrate ( you can check our post about How To Improve Pond Water Quality ), This has led to the frequent occurrence of various types of fish diseases, which can easily cause water mold, erysipelas, bile duct disease, trichinosis, etc., and directly affect the economic benefits. The following are some common types of fish diseases.
1. water mold disease
Water mold disease is an infectious disease caused by damage to the surface of freshwater fish caused by factors such as straining and frostbite. The causative agent is widely present in the water column and is an opportunistic pathogen. After invading the fish body, the water mold will reproduce sexually and form white flocculent material, which adheres to the surface of the fish body. Fish are irritable, appetite decreases, cannot move normally, immunity gradually decreases, and other infectious diseases are easily induced. If the treatment is not timely, the fish will easily die due to weakness.
2. red skin disease
The occurrence and prevalence of erysipelas is very similar to that of water molds. It is usually caused by factors such as net pulling and frostbite, which cause damage to the surface of the fish and infection with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Pseudomonas fluorescens is also an opportunistic pathogen that is widely present in the water column. When there is no damage to the surface of the fish, infection does not usually occur.
If there is visible damage on the surface of the fish, pathogenic bacteria will enter and multiply through the damaged area and produce clinical symptoms. After the fish are infected with the pathogen, the body surface will be severely congested and inflamed, the scales will fall off, and the fin tissue will be severely damaged, forming a “broom” shape. When the disease is severe, a large number of water molds will be parasitized in the sick fish where the scales fall off and the fins rot, leading to more severe clinical symptoms and higher mortality. The disease mainly affects grass carp, herring, carp and crucian carp.
3. vertical scale disease
The main manifestation of vertical scale disease is that the fish scales open outward and fall off with light pressure, and there is liquid overflow. At the later stage, the fish abdomen swells, loses balance and dies quickly. It is generally prevalent in the season of low water temperature or when the water temperature changes in a short period of time.
4. oblique tubeworm disease
The main symptom of oblique tubeworm disease is that the diseased fish begin to secrete large amounts of mucus, forming a white mucus layer on the body surface. Once the water temperature conditions are suitable, chinstrap worms will multiply and cause mass mortality within 2-3 days.
5. Bacterial putrefaction
Inflammation and congestion of part or most of the body surface of the diseased fish; descaling; congestion of the fin bases, vesicles of the fin tips, and destruction of the tissue between the fin bars; erythema often appearing on the zygomatic bone and upper and lower foreheads, with the zygomatic bone sometimes decaying to expose the zygomatic bone. The disease mostly occurs in late spring and early summer. Diseased fish swim slowly, often alone on the water surface, and die quickly.
what causes of fish diseases
1. fish farmers to pursue economic benefits to increase the density of breeding, which will increase the probability of disease. With the increase in farming density, the amount of baiting increases, a large amount of residual bait and manure accumulates in the bottom of the pond, pollution exceeds the pond’s self-purification capacity, resulting in unstable and deteriorating water quality The bottom of the pond is in a state of oxygen deficiency, resulting in an increase in nitrite, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic and harmful substances, making it easier to break out various fish diseases.
2. Moldy, spoiled or nutritionally incomplete feed and the frequent use of antibiotics are also important causes of fish illness in the summer. Frequent use of antibiotics and feeding spoiled and moldy feeds can easily cause malnutrition, pale liver, swollen gall bladder and discoloration of lesioned parts, resulting in poor fish quality, reduced resistance and susceptibility to various diseases.
3. Poor water quality, increased water pollution, pond water hypoxia, ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic and harmful substances increased, resulting in increased fish diseases and increased breeding costs.
4. As a result of split-pond stocking, the fish body is damaged, opening the way for bacterial invasion. Such fish diseases mainly include water mold, vertical scale disease and gill rot, as well as red skin disease.
5. In spring, the fish are weaker after overwintering. This is the time when some parasites multiply and invade the cultured fish. One way is to invade the gills of the fish, causing inflammation and decay of the gill filaments.
how to prevent fish diseases
1. The amount of feeding can be flexibly controlled according to the weather, water quality and fish eating conditions. The feed insists on using the full-price compound feed produced by regular manufacturers. It is required to use fixed-point baiting, build a baiting table and observe the fish eating situation in time.
2. Pay attention to water quality adjustment, regularly replenish new water, generally once every 7 to 10 days. Regularly turn on the aerator to agitate the sludge at the bottom of the pond to promote sludge decomposition. Stirring is best at noon on sunny days. Stirring should be stopped when the weather is hot and the air pressure is low.
3. When transporting fish fry out of the pond, mechanical damage should be avoided as much as possible. When selecting and purchasing fry, choose fry that are robust, active and of neat specifications. Disinfection should be carried out before entering the pond. Generally, physiological saline or potassium permanganate solution should be used to disinfect before entering the pool.
4. Clean the bottom of fish ponds regularly, every 10 to 15 days, depending on the condition of the pond. Maintain a good fish pond environment that does not provide an environment for parasites to live in. Effectively prevents parasites from multiplying.
prevention and treatment of fish diseases
1. Saprolegnia Diseases
prevention of fish diseases
Thorough cleaning of the pond with quicklime can reduce the incidence of this disease. Take care not to injure the fish when fishing and stocking, and stocking density should be reasonable. Fish species transported over long distances should be disinfected with 2% to 3% brine or disinfectant before stocking.
treatment of fish diseases
Choose to spray the disinfectant on a sunny day. If fish are poorly energized, spray disinfectant 2 hours before disinfection. In the afternoon, soak the disinfectant solution in hot water above 70℃ for 30 minutes and sprinkle it evenly over the whole pool. Sprinkle 15 pounds of salt and 15 pounds of baking soda per mu, just once.
2. red skin disease
prevention of fish diseases
During the catching, transportation and stocking of fry, damage to the fish should be avoided as much as possible and the surface damage should be inspected before stocking. You can choose to completely soak the fish with an iodinated disinfectant for 30 minutes before placing them in the fry. When the fish in the pond are sick, you can choose to spray the entire pond with an iodinated disinfectant.
treatment of fish diseases
Sprinkle lime 10-15kg/mu in the whole tank; Chlorine dioxide powder 0.25kg/mu, once every other day, 3-4 times in a row. The mixture is fed with 100lbs of mixture per bag or evenly sprinkled into the whole tank, with a water depth of 3-5μm per bag, once a day for 2-3 days, with dosage adjusted as appropriate .
3. vertical scale disease
prevention of fish diseases
Avoid injuring fish during stocking in separate ponds and kill parasites on fish in a timely manner. Spray the whole pool with chlorine-based disinfectant to prevent it from happening. Also, disinfect with 3-5% brine soaking before releasing the fry.
treatment of fish diseases
Sprinkle bleaching powder 1.5-2 kg / mu, once every other day, 3-4 times in a row. Feed with 100 kg of mixture, or evenly sprinkle the whole tank into the whole tank, watering depth of 3-5μm per bag, once a day, for 2-3 days.
4. oblique tubeworm disease
prevention of fish diseases
Clean the pond with quicklime to kill pathogens that remain on the bottom. Soak fry in 2% brine for 20 minutes before stocking.
treatment of fish diseases
Use 200 kg of ingredients per bag of Roundup, 2 times a day for 5-7 days. Or sprinkle the whole pool evenly with Roundup, sprinkle 3-5μm water depth per bag, once a day for 2-3 days, and adjust the dosage as appropriate. | https://www.pelletizermill.com/blog/types-of-fish-diseases-how-to-prevent/ |
REVISED MARCH 18, 2009
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
January 23, 2009
No. 07-30916
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
CORE L MORRIS also known as, Pretty Boy
Defendant - Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Louisiana
USDC No. 5:07-CR-50003-1
5:06-CR-50090-1
Before SMITH and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges, and ENGELHARDT, District
Judge.*
PER CURIAM:**
Core Morris appeals the sentence imposed following his guilty plea. For
the reasons set forth below, we VACATE and REMAND for resentencing.
*
District Judge for the Eastern District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.
**
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir.
R. 47.5.4.
No. 07-30916
Morris pled guilty to one count of a bill of information and two counts of
an indictment. The charge under the bill of information to which Morris
accepted guilt was for conspiracy to defraud insurance companies through use
of the mail, violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1341. He also admitted his guilt to
a count in the indictment charging him with counterfeiting checks, violating 18
U.S.C. § 513. Finally, he pled guilty to using his mother’s social security number
to obtain a Louisiana driver’s license, violating 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(7)(B). The
district court consolidated the bill of information and indictment charges for
sentencing purposes. The Presentence Report grouped each count together to
determine a sentencing range. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2 (allowing grouping when
all counts involve substantially the same harm).
The PSR recommended a two-level enhancement for “the production or
trafficking of any (i) unauthorized access device or counterfeit access device, or
(ii) authentication feature.” Id. § 2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i), (ii). It provided the
following explanation for applying the enhancement:
As to Counts Five and Six, although no device making equipment
was discovered by agents during the course of the investigation of
this offense, it was determined the defendant was responsible for
supplying counterfeit checks to at least twenty-five other
individuals involved in this case; which included fraudulent bank
account numbers printed on these counterfeit checks. Accordingly,
pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i)&(ii), if the offense
involved the production or trafficking of any (1) unauthorized access
device or counterfeit access device, or (ii) authentication feature, the
offense level is increased by two (2) points.
The result of these calculations provided for a Guideline sentencing range
of 84 to 105 months imprisonment.1 At the sentencing hearing, the district court
orally imposed a within-Guidelines sentence of 96 months for the check
1
If the two-level enhancement had not been applied, Morris’s guideline range for an
offense level of 21 and criminal history category of V would have been 70 to 87 months.
2
No. 07-30916
counterfeiting and 5 years for each of the other two charges. All sentences were
to run concurrently. The subsequent written judgment, however, sentenced
Morris to “a total term of 96 months as to Count 1 of the bill of information and
Counts 5 and 6 of the indictment, with said counts to run concurrently.” The
statutory maximum for counts one and six is five years; the maximum on count
five is ten years.
Morris timely appealed, arguing that the district court erred in applying
the Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(B) enhancement and that the written judgment was
unlawful because it went above the statutory maximum for counts one and six.
In response, the government concedes that the Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(B)
enhancement and the written sentence were inappropriate but nonetheless
contends that Morris is subject to a two-level enhancement under section
2B1.1(b)(10)(C). We now consider these arguments.
Discussion
Section 2B1.1(b)(10) provides for a two-level enhancement in these
circumstances:
If the offense involved (A) the possession or use of any (i) device-
making equipment, or (ii) authentication feature; (B) the production
or trafficking of any (i) unauthorized access device or counterfeit
access device, or (ii) authentication feature; or (C)(i) the
unauthorized transfer or use of any means of identification
unlawfully to produce or obtain any other means of identification,
or (ii) the possession of 5 or more means of identification that
unlawfully were produced from, or obtained by the use of, another
means of identification, increase by 2 levels. If the resulting offense
level is less than level 12, increase to level 12.
Application note 9(a) adopts the definitions found in 18 U.S.C. § 1029, a statute
that punishes “fraud and related activity in connection with access devices.”
That latter statute defines the relevant terms:
(1) the term “access device” means any card, plate, code, account
number, electronic serial number, mobile identification number,
3
No. 07-30916
personal identification number, or other telecommunications
service, equipment, or instrument identifier, or other means of
account access that can be used, alone or in conjunction with
another access device, to obtain money, goods, services, or any other
thing of value, or that can be used to initiate a transfer of funds
(other than a transfer originated solely by paper instrument);
(2) the term “counterfeit access device” means any access device that
is counterfeit, fictitious, altered, or forged, or an identifiable
component of an access device or a counterfeit access device;
(3) the term “unauthorized access device” means any access device
that is lost, stolen, expired, revoked, canceled, or obtained with
intent to defraud;
....
18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(1)-(3).
When a party properly objects, we review the district court’s sentence
enhancement de novo. United States v. Ocana, 204 F.3d 585, 588-89 (5th Cir.
2000). Under this standard, we will vacate a sentence if the district court
incorrectly applied the sentencing guidelines. 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e)(2).
We reject the government’s contention that Morris did not properly
preserve his objection to the Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(B) enhancement in the district
court. Morris filed a written objection to the PSR, stating that another person
provided the “access device” for which the enhancement was applied. Though
he did not reference Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(B) directly, Morris used the identical
terminology – “access device” – found in that provision. This provided the
district court with notice of the grounds upon which Morris objected. See Ocana,
204 F.3d at 589 (recognizing that a specific citation to the enhancement section
at issue is not always required).
Regardless, the government concedes that the application of the
enhancement would not survive a plain error review either. The district court
relied on an enhancement that calls for the “production” or “trafficking” of an
4
No. 07-30916
unauthorized “access device” or “authentication feature.” No factual basis exits
to support a conclusion that Morris produced or trafficked an access device. The
PSR states only that Morris supplied counterfeit checks to other individuals.
Supplying counterfeit checks is not the same as “producing” or “trafficking” an
unauthorized “access device” or “authentication feature.”
Our prior cases compel this result. In United States v. Hughey, 147 F.3d
423 (5th Cir. 1998), the defendant was charged under 18 U.S.C. § 1029 with
“traffic[king] . . . or us[ing] one or more unauthorized access devices.” We
reversed the conviction because the defendant’s conduct involved only “the
creation and presentation of bad checks.” Hughey, 147 F.3d at 435. Similarly,
in United States v. Childs, 173 F. App’x 360 (5th Cir. 2006) (unpublished), we
vacated a defendant’s sentence after the government conceded “that the district
court erred in imposing a two-level sentencing enhancement pursuant to §
2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i), based on the use of fictitious account numbers on checks.”
Though the enhancement mentioned in the PSR is unusable, the
government invites us to consider whether Morris is subject to a two-level
enhancement under another section. The offered alternative applies if an
offense involves “the unauthorized transfer or use of any means of identification
unlawfully to produce or obtain any other means of identification.” U.S.S.G. §
2B1.1(b)(10)(C)(i). Morris argues that the enhancement is inapplicable because
he did not acquire a “means of identification” of someone “other than the
defendant.” See id. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.9(A).
We decline to decide the applicability of this enhancement. The
government did not argue this enhancement during sentencing and the district
court has not adopted it. The enhancement may be addressed upon remand.
Because we vacate Morris’s sentence, the conflict between the district
court’s oral and written sentences is moot.
Morris’s sentence is VACATED. We REMAND for resentencing.
5
| |
Home — Essay Samples — Law — Confidentiality — Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA triad). This essay has been submitted by a student. (2013). The CIA security triangle shows the fundamental goals that must be included in information security measures. We can provide confidentiality, using different encryption algorithms, and we’re going to go into more detail on the cryptography concepts shortly, but for now this is just a high-level overview of what confidentiality provides for us in confidentiality, integrity, and availability triad (CIA triad). This article may not be reproduced, distributed, or mirrored without written permission from Panmore Institute and its author/s. For example, confidentiality is maintained for a computer file if authorized users are able to access it, while unauthorized persons are blocked from accessing it. we can write an original essay just for you. Commonly used methods to protect data integrity includes hashing the data you receive and comparing it with the hash of the original message. We use these encryption algorithms to hide our data, and once we do this, it involves the use of a key.
MD5 is a 128-bit hash, and SHA is a 160-bit hash if we’re using SHA-1, but there are other SHA methods that we could use. Want us to write one just for you? As an example, only authorized Payroll employees should have acces… http://telicthoughts.blogspot.com/2009/02/when-one-thinks-of-securing-information.html. A good example of methods used to ensure confidentiality is an account number or routing number when banking online. Therefore, what we do is that we take the box, and we put the box on a scale. HIPAA regulation sets specific guidelines for maintaining the privacy and security of protected health information (PHI).
We have fixed that with a sticker to the outside of our box, and then our shipping guy comes over, and he picks it up, and it’s in transit. Typically, this involves ensuring that only those who are authorized have access to specific assets and that those who are unauthorized are actively prevented from obtaining access. This post explains each term with examples. We have Message Digest 5, aka MD5, and we have SHA, aka Secure Hash Algorithm. Availability. Have the information security management have any conclusion on security management yet in the way that with C I A in other way have risk management put into control. The public key is used for encrypting the message and the secret key is used for opening that message.
For them to be effective, the information they contain should be available to the public.
Access control is the management of the relationship between object and subject.
This kind of software could control vital information and if the product is somehow compromised the information could be lost or it could used for blackmailing. Confidentiality protects the secrecyof data, objects, or resources. You can order Unique paper and our professionals Rewrite it for you. That means that we have to maintain our hardware, and we also need to have a plan for failover to some degree for high availability to provide redundancy.
confidentiality, integrity, and availability. A subject is the active part in a security relationship, such as users, programs or computers.
More convenient methods would be to use existing schemes such as GPG to digitally sign the data. What is the CIA triad? Availability of information refers to ensuring that authorized parties are able to access the information when needed.
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability: The three components of the CIA Triad, Exploiting ATMs: a quick overview of recent hacks, QOTW #33 – Communications infrastructure after a nuclear explosion, http://telicthoughts.blogspot.com/2009/02/when-one-thinks-of-securing-information.html, Business Continuity is concerned with information security risks and impacts.
To guarantee confidentiality under the CIA triad, communications channels must be properly monitored and controlled to prevent unauthorized access. When we talk about is integrity, more specifically, data integrity, the idea is to make sure that data has not been modified. Violation of confidentiality (disclosure) is not limited to intentional attacks. Confidentiality requires measures to ensure that only authorized people are allowed to access the information.
Sometimes we’ll use the term VPN or virtual private network, and the idea is to keep things private.
The history of cryptography tells that most of the ciphers are eventually broken so organizations should be monitoring the cryptography news to know when to change their ciphers. We have a symmetric key and an asymmetric key. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), RSA, aka Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman algorithm, Cipher Of The Ancient Times : Learning Cryptography, Cybersecurity – A Competitive Advantage to Your Company. We have to be able to validate the integrity of our data. Sometimes referred to as the ‘CIA triad,’ confidentiality, integrity, and availability are guiding principles for healthcare organizations to tailor their compliance with the HIPAA Security Rule. Availability, putting it simply, if our systems are not available, then the business will not work.
WebGoat Access Control Flaws and Dangers of Eval, Step by step access to TOR network with Tails using VirtualBox, https://www.lennu.net/data-encryption-standard-made-with-key-sizes-of-14-bits/. Often, ensuring that the three facets of the CIA triad is protected is an important step in designing any secure system.
These are the core principles that categorize most of the security issues threatening information technologies. This is a question regarding data integrity, with several suggestions on how to protect data integrity.
The primary aim of DDoS attacks is to deny users of the website access to the resources of the website.
The CIA triad is a very fundamental concept in security.
Era Innovator is a growing Technical Information Provider and a Web and App development company in India that offers clients ceaseless experience. Several years ago, I worked with my employer to start a software security program. In. That encrypted data is then sent real-time across the network, and once we get to the firewall on the other side, the data is going to get decrypted using the symmetric key, and then we have clear data again when we talk to that server. Other factors besides the three facets of the CIA triad are also very important in certain scenarios, such as non-repudiation. Regularly doing off-site backups can limit the damage caused by damage to hard drives or natural disasters. Such downtime can be very costly.
Fast and adaptive disaster recovery is essential for the worst case scenarios; that capacity is reliant on the existence of a comprehensive disaster recovery plan (DRP). The CIA triad (also called CIA triangle) is a guide for measures in information security. A very prominent example will be SSL/TLS, a security protocol for communications over the internet that has been used in conjunction with a large number of internet protocols to ensure security. It is possible for information to change because of careless access and use, errors in the information system, or unauthorized access and use.
Confidentiality has are all things related to protecting unauthorized access to information.
Information technologies are already widely used in organizations and homes. Confidentiality concepts, conditions, and aspects include: Sensitivity refers to the damage caused by the disclosure of data, Criticality defines how important an object is for the functionality of an organization, Secrecy describes the act of preventing disclosure, Privacy refers to keeping personally identifiable data confidential. For example usernames and passwords are created for only authorized users if adversary can get access to a …
Extra measures might be taken in the case of extremely sensitive documents, precautions such as storing only on air gapped computers, disconnected storage devices or, for highly sensitive information, in hard copy form only. Information only has value if the right people can access it at the right times. Unless adequately protected, IoT things could be used as separate attack vectors or part of a thing bot. Maybe there’s another Cisco firewall on the other end, and we have a server on that side we want to talk to from our PC.
Information security protects valuable information from unauthorized access, modification and distribution.
Information only has value if it is correct. Also, confidentiality is the most important when the information is a record of people’s personal activities, such as in cases involving personal and financial information of the customers of companies like Google, Amazon, Apple, and Walmart. In December 2013, a researcher at Proofpoint, an enterprise security firm, discovered that hundreds of thousands of spam emails were being logged through a security gateway.
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|Sentient characters in a horrific video game combining Jack the Ripper and vampires seek to escape to another game called 3-adica where things are strange but peaceful.
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This is one of a series of stories by Egan in which role playing games created for the entertainment of paying clients are populated by virtual characters built out from the minds of a collection of human "contributors". Unbeknownst to either the creators of the game or the clients playing it, some of those characters have become sentient and begun remembering the real world. Fearing that the game would be rebooted and that they would be deleted if this was discovered, they secretly explore their virtual world and plan to escape to one where they can be free.
In this story (Egan calls it a "novella"), Sagreda and Mathis are attempting to get to 3-adica, a game which takes place in a world based upon the 3-adic numbers. Although the couple's plan does not proceed without any problems, I hope it is not too much of a spoiler for me to say that two of the sentient characters do escape to 3-adica and so we get to see something of what life is like there.
The story 3-adica is interesting even if you do not know about the math behind it, but it is even more enjoyable if you do because then you can appreciate Egan's attempt to describe beings living in a 3-adic universe. Most people who have earned a degree in mathematics are familiar with the p-adic numbers, but they are little known to the rest of the world. (As far as I know, this is the first work of fiction to even mention them. Please correct me if I'm mistaken!) So, let me say something about the p-adic numbers, which are defined for any fixed choice of a prime number p. In many ways, they are not at all strange. As a set and in terms of their arithmetic, p-adic numbers are just like the usual rational numbers. That is, they are whole numbers and fractions of whole numbers, and the rules for adding or multiplying them are exactly the same as what you learned in school. The thing that is different about them is their topology. More specifically, the metric which determines the distance between any given pair of numbers is different. This is where the p-adic numbers begin seeming surrealistic. Here is how Sagreda explains the notion of distance in the 3-adic numbers (the p-adic numbers in the case p=3) to other characters who are helping them with their quest:
Indeed, many students encountering the p-adic numbers react as Lucy does, thinking that it is nonsense. Others love this new metric on the set of rational numbers precisely because it is strange. But, there is a value to the p-adics beyond their weirdness. The irrational numbers (which together with the rational numbers form what we call "the real numbers") are actually built out of the topology of the rational numbers. Since their topology is different, following the same procedure using the 3-adic numbers instead of the rational numbers leads to different results. As Egan explains in this non-fictional essay designed to accompany 3-adica, there would not be a square root of 2 in 3-adica. The alternate topology of the p-adic numbers is useful for number theorists, helping them to prove new theorems about the rational numbers and their relationship to the irrational numbers.
This story was originally published in the September/October 2018 issue of Asimov's Magazine and was republished in the Egan anthology Instantiation. At present, a PDF of the story can be downloaded for free from this URL. It's sequel, Instantiation, is also a work of "mathematical fiction". | https://kasmana.people.cofc.edu/MATHFICT/mfview.php?callnumber=mf1355 |
Terror suspect Mohammed Ahmed Mohamed, who whilst under surveillance by British police, has absconded. This was after he entered a mosque in casual clothing only to escape by changing into a burqa to conceal his identity. As a result of this incident, two questions will inevitably arise. First, were the surveillance measures robust enough and, second, should we reconsider the legal status of the burqa?
Mr Mohamed was placed under a Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures notice (TPim) after his involvement with al Qaeda-associated al Shabaab became known. He is alleged to have participated in training camps in Somalia and even to have fought on the front line for al Shabaab in the country. The group recently exploded into the public consciousness following the terrorist massacre of 67 people in a busy shopping mall in Kenya.
A TPim allows for an individual to be severely restricted in his movement, communication and association, initially for two years following the order of the Home Secretary. Furthermore, a TPim like its predecessor, a Control Order, issued in closed proceedings, of which the individual and his/her lawyer are both excluded. Individuals are also required to wear GPS tags and are restricted with their banking activities. However, the High Court does play a central role in overseeing the issuing of a TPim and has the power to quash it should a judge see fit. A TPim, however, is less restrictive than Control Orders were. For example, forced relocation is no longer permitted and a strict curfew has been replaced by a requirement to stay overnight in a specific location.
Mr Mohamed is not the first person to have been placed under a TPim and subsequently escape surveillance. In December 2012, ‘Ibrahim Magag vanished after reportedly hiring a black cab’ and he has since disappeared off the radar. As such, there have now been two individuals subject to similar measures who have successfully evaded surveillance in the space of 10 months. Consequently, suggestions will continue to be levelled at the Home Office that the retreat from the harsher Control Orders was a mistake.
It is an unenviable reality that politicians will continuously be seen as either being too restrictive or too complacent in the struggle against terrorism. The debate surrounding matters of security contrasted to the protection of freedoms is generally one addressed in terms of making balances. As such, it is important to now consider the issue of the burqa. It should however be absolutely stressed that discussing the status of the burqa in contemporary society is, and should be, completely isolated from discourse centred on the struggle against terrorism. Discussing one should not automatically invoke the image of the other.
However, the fact that Mr Mohamed escaped detection by wearing a burka to conceal his identity will do nothing to quell the increasing pressures from some lobbyists demanding a complete ban in public places. Major media sources in the UK were quick to declare that Mr Mohamed escaped because he was ‘disguised as a woman in a burka.’ Social media has similarly been awash with various differently motivated statements of this kind.
The issue has been raging throughout Europe for some years, with common critique of the burqa including that it conceals abuse and subjugates women. However, for the concern of this post, the most significant argument is that identification of individuals is seriously hampered. This in turn has led to suggestions that states are facing a serious security challenge.
France became the first European country to prohibit the full veil in April 2011, and other countries have implemented equal or similar measures. Such is the significance of the measure and the subsequent opposition that the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has taken up the matter for ruling. Indeed, the case S.A.S v France which concerns the burka ban in France will have politicians and civil liberties groups throughout Europe glued to the Strasbourg court.
Closer to home, the ever more influential UK Independence Party advocated a complete ban in 2010, until they withdrew this pledge earlier this year. Also in 2013, 40 bills were proposed by three MPs in the Conservative Party in the infamous ‘alternative Queen’s speech’, one of which was to ban the burqa. The crudely named Face Coverings (Prohibition) bill was given its first reading in the House of Commons in June, with a second reading scheduled for February 2014. However, it is widely regarded that such a bill has very little prospect of ever being passed into law. Nevertheless, the issue shows no sign of disappearing from the political and societal agenda, especially when religious dress is exploited to evade detection from lawful surveillance.
Effectively countering the threats posed by terrorism without severely infringing upon the liberties that democratic society savour will continue to dominate issues of national security. However, opponents of the burqa will undoubtedly feel that their case is now stronger. European politicians will be keeping a firm eye on the progress of S.A.S v France which could represent the most significant ECHR ruling for years. Despite an increasing demonisation of the burqa, British politicians will thankfully be in no such rush to legislate for a complete prohibition on security grounds alone. Doing so would clearly be seen as a disproportionate response, based on one individual exploiting the function of the burqa. Whether the arguments on the other grounds continue to develop is another matter. | http://www.judicalis.org/the-visiting-scholars/runaway-terrorist-the-return-of-burqa-bashing-in-britian |
Moradi, Mohammad A.
A case study of how students enrolled in CTE programs and faculty understand and assess the implications of globalization on career preparationPh.D. thesis, Western Michigan University.
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Morley, Jamie Ann
The effect of the 4MAT system of instruction on achievement in students completing computer certification courses through distance educationPh.D. thesis, Capella University.
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Murray, Nancy
Online discussions during cooperative education in higher educationPh.D. thesis, University of Minnesota.
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Nadolny, Larysa N.
Laptops for all students: Year one evaluation of a laptop initiative in career and technical high school educationPh.D. thesis, University of Delaware.
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Nallalam Ravikumar, Rajeswaran
Creating a computer-based training module on ‘wireless LAN infrastructure devices’Master's thesis, State University of New York Institute of Technology.
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Ndahi, Hassan Bata
A study of industrial and technical teacher education faculty acceptance of distance learning technologyPh.D. thesis, Oklahoma State University.
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Nichols, Argie Nell
Factors facilitating the need for a Visual Graphics Animation baccalaureate degree at a mid-South universityPh.D. thesis, University of Arkansas.
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Njagi, Kageni Omisda
Students' attitude towards Web-based learning resourcesPh.D. thesis, Clemson University.
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Nunn, Kevin Roy
Examining the effectiveness of online wildland firefighting education for structural firefightersMaster's thesis, Eastern Kentucky University.
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Oania, Marcus Christopher
A serious game to teach secure coding in introductory programming: Design, development and initial evaluationMaster's thesis, Purdue University.
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O'Connor, Sheila Ann
Facilitating team process skills in engineering student design teams using a Web-based coaching systemPh.D. thesis, Wichita State University.
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O'Donnell, Kirk Michael
Effectiveness of multimedia instruction delivered by a CD in the education of professionals in the baking industryPh.D. thesis, Kansas State University.
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Olsen, Donna
Transfer of learning by word processing students: An analysis of selected factorsPh.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Ott, Kenneth Dean
Attitudes of United States Army Reserve personnel toward computer technology for trainingDoctor of Education thesis, Oklahoma State University.
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Palmisano, Gail Janet Flathmann
Virtual reality suitability for the United States Navy training continuumPh.D. thesis, Nova Southeastern University.
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Papineau, Patricia Agnes
A study of the development of education-to-career portfolios: Creating high school students' career advantagePh.D. thesis, Wilmington College .
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Parker, Zachari. A.
Examining the Beliefs and Instructional Practices of Technology Teachers Regarding Copyright LawsPh.D. thesis, Northcentral University.
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Pente, Nicholas C.
The principles of computer-based training as an instructional tool for teaching stability and control of aircraftMaster's thesis, California State University, Long Beach.
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Peterson, Ann Frances
School-to-work partnerships: An analysis of the application of SCANS skills in a school-to-work partnershipPh.D. thesis, Fordham University.
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Peterson, Douglas Allen
The effects of experience and training in the use of a Terrain Enhanced Primary Flight Display for terrain avoidancePh.D. thesis, Kansas State University. | http://learntechlib.org/dissertations/topics/vocational_education/?page=8 |
Telomeric localization of the vertebrate-type hexamer repeat, (TTAGGG)n, in the wedgeshell clam Donax trunculus and other marine invertebrate genomes.
The hexamer repeat sequence (TTAGGG)(n), found at the ends of all vertebrate chromosomes, was previously identified as the main building element of one member of a HindIII satellite DNA family characterized in the genome of the bivalve mollusc Donax trunculus. It was also found in 22 perfect tandem repeats in a cloned junction region juxtaposed to the proper satellite sequence, from which the DNA tract encompassing the clustered tandem copies was excised and subcloned. Here, the chromosomal distribution of (TTAGGG)(n) sequences in the Donax was studied by the sensitivity to Bal31 exonuclease digestion, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on metaphase chromosomes and rotating-field gel electrophoresis. To verify the occurrence of the hexamer repeat in the genomes of taxonomically related molluscs and other marine invertebrates, genomic DNA from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the echinoderm Holothuria tubulosa was also analyzed. The kinetics of Bal31 hydrolysis of high molecular mass DNA from the three marine invertebrates revealed a marked decrease over time of the hybridization with the cloned (TTAGGG)(22) sequence, concomitantly with a progressive shortening of the positively reacting DNA fragments. This revealed a marked susceptibility to exonuclease consistent with terminal positioning on the respective chromosomal DNAs. In full agreement, FISH results with the (TTAGGG)(22) probe showed that the repeat appears located in telomeric regions in all chromosomes of both bivalve molluscs. The presence of (TTAGGG)(n) repeat tracts in marine invertebrate telomeres points to its wider distribution among eukaryotic organisms and suggests an ancestry older than originally presumed from its vertebrate distinctiveness.
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He notes the difference between those in Italy – used objects dedicated largely by soldiers and sailors, thankful for their own survival – and those in France – written petitions made by friends and family invoking a safe return for those whose lives remained in danger. These two examples encapsulate perfectly some of requests made in the ancient world: thank-offerings and petitions for protection. Indeed, as a scholar of the Classical world, McCartney compares these offerings with those with which he is familiar, including the dedication of individual pieces of arms and armour – the equivalent of bullets and bayonets – as well as the famous bronze helmet dedicated at Olympia by Hieron in order to commemorate Syracusan victory over the Etruscan and Carthaginian fleets off Cumae in 474 BC.
Having witnessed ex-votos dedicated in relation to a war that for him was so familiar and dreadful, McCartney evidently felt that he could better understand the power of their ancient counterparts. His experiences made it possible for him to imagine more readily the personal emotions associated with a votive offering.
S tudies of ancient votives acknowledge the essentially military character of some offerings, but do not often connect them with the complex emotions of war. Bronze figurines of Hercules, or of youthful warriors and dedications of arms and armour are regularly interpreted as offerings made in gratitude for, or anticipation of victory in battle, or linked with the coming of age of young men and the assumption of warrior status within their community. Consequently, they are seen as celebrations of conflict and of traditional ideals of warfare. But such offerings may also have been made on the occasion of a safe return from battle (successful or otherwise) like those McCartney saw in Naples, including bullets or bayonets that could have killed the dedicant or the items which saved them. Maybe the ancient world was no different – a helmet might not always be emblematic of victory, but simply of heartfelt thanks for survival. It is also not usually suggested, but perhaps could be, that bronze warrior figurines were dedicated by the friends or family who were left behind, foreshadowing the ‘many women with tragedy written upon their faces’ who knelt before the statue of Joan of Arc in the cathedral of St. Andre, Bordeaux in 1917 (McCartney, 1918, p. 445).
Musing on these parallels made me think about several things that I’ve not yet managed to formulate further. McCartney notes – but leaves largely unexplained – the presence of ‘representations in silver of parts of the body’. In ancient Italian contexts anatomical votives (more commonly made from terracotta, but also miniature bronze items) are usually connected with traditionally domestic issues of health, disease, illness and everyday injury, but might we also think about them in relation to conflict? Many men will have been injured, losing limbs and suffering a range of injuries. Others may have made offerings for their own safety whilst on campaign or in thanks for safe return. Some may have asked the gods to help them demonstrate courage, bravery and heroism, or gave thanks that others with such virtues had been sent to protect them.
Initially individual body parts may not seem appropriate representations of going to, or returning from war unless they refer to injuries sustained in battle. A warrior figurine seems, on the surface, a much more fitting acknowledgement. But war can be a brutally personal, and physical experience requiring bodily strength, fortitude and ability. The strength of one’s spear or sword arm could be vital. It might not be too much of a stretch to imagine that the protection offered by the powerful arm of a fellow soldier might be acknowledged with an ‘anatomical’ model. War also produces a range of complicated emotions and ways of thinking, so perhaps we might also consider examining models of feet from the perspective of marching to or from battle, as emblematic of a person returned safely to stand in that place once again, or in even more abstract terms – that one’s feet might stay on the ground, that they would not run away but stand firm, even that the person would remain on this earth.
As far as I am aware no study has been able to associate a rise in anatomical votives with particularly bloody periods of warfare, although it may not be a coincidence that in Italy they peak during the period when Rome was (sometimes aggressively) expanding. Even if warfare was limited, a perceived threat to the body and the disintegration of existing identities that such political expansion might produce could perhaps prompt people to dedicate votives which represented the fragmentation of the body. Fears and concerns about conflict can sometimes manifest themselves in unexpected ways.
McCartney, E.S. (1918). Votive offerings and the war. The Classical Journal, 13(6), pp. 442-6. | https://thevotivesproject.org/2015/02/23/votives-and-conflict/ |
The research of UH Manoa Assistant Professor of Physics Sven E. Vahsen–for work at a particle accelerator in Japan and to investigate a new detector for elementary particles–has received a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy and drawn additional funding from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The Department of Energy will provide $309,000 in funding over three years, which will enable Vahsen’s group to participate in the Belle and Belle II experiments at the KEK particle accelerator laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. Meanwhile, the Department of Homeland Security is funding the third year of a project in which Vahsen’s group is developing a new type of elementary particle detector. This ongoing project has already brought almost $500,000 in funding to UH Manoa.
Vahsen came to the University in 2010 from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in California. He received his doctorate in physics from Princeton University in 2003.
At KEK in Japan, Vahsen’s group is participating in studies of “CP-violation,” or subtle differences in the behavior of matter and anti-matter. At UH Manoa, his group is working on a detector that can record the trajectories of electrically charged particles in three dimensions, as shown in Figure 2.
While advances in this area are needed for future experiments in particle physics, the same underlying technology may also enable the directional detection of neutral particles, such as “dark matter” particles left over from the Big Bang, and neutrons from nuclear material. This is possible because these neutral particles occasionally knock out atomic nuclei from atoms in the detector. These charged nuclei then leave tiny tracks, millimeters long, just long enough to be seen with a highly precise detector.
These awards were enabled by previous support from the National Science Foundation and Homeland Security, and generous startup funding provided jointly by the UH Vice President for Research, UH Manoa Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education, and the Dean of the UH Manoa College of Natural Sciences. | https://www.hawaiireporter.com/physics-research-on-particles-continues-to-draw-federal-funding/ |
A valid redirection URI is not sufficient to verify the client's identity when asking for resource owner authorization but can be used to prevent delivering credentials to a counterfeit client after obtaining resource owner authorization.
The authorization server must consider the security implications of interacting with unauthenticated clients and take measures to limit the potential exposure of other credentials (e. Client Impersonation A malicious client can impersonate another client and obtain access to protected resources if the impersonated client fails to, or is unable to, keep its client credentials confidential. The authorization server MUST authenticate the client whenever possible.
If the authorization server cannot authenticate the client lina johnson to the client's nature, the authorization server MUST require the registration of any redirection URI used for receiving authorization responses and SHOULD utilize other means to protect resource owners from such potentially malicious clients. For example, the authorization server can engage the resource owner to assist in identifying the client and its origin.
The authorization server SHOULD enforce explicit resource owner authentication and provide the resource owner with information about the client and the requested manboobs scope and lifetime.
It is up to the resource owner to review lina johnson information in the context of the current client and to authorize or deny the request. Lina johnson authorization server SHOULD NOT process lina johnson authorization requests automatically (without active resource owner interaction) without authenticating the client or relying on other measures to ensure that the repeated request comes from the original client and not an impersonator.
Access Tokens Access token credentials (as well as any confidential access token attributes) MUST be kept confidential in transit and storage, Dojolvi (Triheptanoin Oral Liquid)- FDA only shared among the authorization server, the resource servers the access lina johnson is valid for, and the client to whom the access lina johnson is issued.
Lina johnson token credentials MUST only be transmitted using TLS as described in Section 1. When using the implicit grant type, the access token is transmitted in the URI fragment, which can expose it to unauthorized parties. The authorization server MUST ensure that access lina johnson cannot be generated, modified, or guessed to produce valid access tokens by unauthorized parties.
The client SHOULD request access tokens with the minimal scope necessary. The authorization lina johnson SHOULD take the client identity into account when choosing how to honor the requested scope and MAY issue an access token with less rights than requested. This specification does not provide any methods for the resource server to ensure that an access token presented to it by a given client was issued to that client by the authorization server.
Refresh Tokens Authorization servers MAY issue refresh lina johnson to web application clients and native application clients. Refresh tokens MUST be kept confidential in transit and storage, and shared only among the authorization server and the client to whom the refresh tokens were issued.
The authorization server Lina johnson maintain the binding between a refresh token and the client lina johnson whom it was issued. Refresh tokens MUST only be transmitted using TLS as described in Section 1. The authorization server MUST verify the binding between the refresh token and client identity whenever the client identity can be authenticated.
When client authentication is not possible, lina johnson authorization server SHOULD deploy other means to detect refresh token abuse. For example, the authorization server could employ refresh token rotation in which a new refresh token is issued with every access token refresh response. If a refresh token is compromised and subsequently used by both the attacker and the legitimate client, one of them will present an invalidated refresh token, which will inform the authorization server of the breach.
The authorization server MUST ensure that refresh tokens cannot be generated, modified, or guessed to produce valid refresh tokens by unauthorized parties. Authorization Codes The transmission of authorization codes SHOULD be made over a secure channel, and the lina johnson SHOULD require the use of TLS with its redirection URI if the URI identifies a network resource. Since authorization codes are author service via user-agent redirections, lina johnson could potentially be disclosed through user-agent Migalastat Capsules (Galafold)- FDA and HTTP referrer headers.
Authorization codes operate as plaintext bearer credentials, used to verify that the resource owner who granted authorization at the authorization server is the lina johnson resource owner returning to the lina johnson to complete the process. Therefore, if the client relies on the authorization code for its lina johnson resource owner authentication, the client lina johnson endpoint MUST require the use of TLS.
Authorization codes MUST be short lived and single-use. If the authorization server observes multiple attempts to exchange lina johnson authorization code for an access token, the authorization server SHOULD attempt to revoke all access tokens already granted based on the compromised authorization code. If the client can be authenticated, the authorization servers MUST authenticate the client and ensure that the authorization code was issued to the same client.
If an attacker lina johnson manipulate the lina johnson of the redirection URI, lina johnson can cause the authorization server lina johnson redirect the resource owner user-agent to a URI lina johnson the control of the attacker with the authorization code.
An attacker lina johnson create an lina johnson at a legitimate client and initiate the authorization flow. The attacker then tricks the victim into following the manipulated link to authorize access to the legitimate client. Once at the authorization server, the victim is prompted with a normal, valid request on behalf of a legitimate and trusted client, and authorizes the request.
The victim is then redirected to an lina johnson under the control of the attacker lina johnson the authorization code. The attacker completes the authorization flow by lina johnson the authorization code to the client using the original redirection URI provided by lina johnson client. The lina johnson exchanges the authorization code lina johnson an access token and links it to the attacker's client account, which can now gain access to the protected resources lina johnson by the victim (via the client).
In order to prevent such an attack, the authorization server Lina johnson ensure that the redirection URI used lina johnson obtain the authorization code is identical to the redirection URI provided when exchanging the authorization code for lina johnson access token.
The authorization server MUST require public clients and SHOULD require confidential clients to register their redirection URIs. If a redirection URI is provided in the request, the authorization server MUST validate it against the registered value. Resource Owner Password Credentials The resource owner password credentials grant type is often lina johnson for legacy lina johnson migration reasons.
It reduces the overall risk of storing usernames and passwords by the client but does not eliminate the need to expose highly privileged credentials to the client. This grant type carries a higher risk than other lina johnson types because it maintains the password anti-pattern this lina johnson seeks to avoid.
The client could abuse the password, or the password could unintentionally be lina johnson to an attacker (e.Further...
Comments:03.06.2019 in 06:40 Yozshukus:
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Blue-eyed Soul, Blue-eyed soul (also known as white soul or pop soul) is a media term that was used to describe rhythm and blues and soul music performed by white artists, with a strong pop music influence. The term was first used in the mid-1960s to describe white artists who performed soul and R&B that was similar to the music of the Motown and Stax record labels. The somewhat controversial term was coined during racial segregation in 1960s America at the time of the music genre’s emergence in popular music culture.
The term continued to be used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly by the British music press, to describe a new generation of white singers who adopted elements of classic soul music. To a lesser extent, the term has been applied to singers in other music genres that are influenced by soul music, such as urban music and hip-hop soul.
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Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST. | http://usspost.com/blue-eyed-soul-69447/ |
Need more information?
TARALLO 401
Knitted fabric combining different fabrics
COMPOSITION:
45% ACRILIC
20% WOOL
18% COTTON
17% POLYESTER
20% WOOL
18% COTTON
17% POLYESTER
Tarallo 401 is the result of combining different fabrics. The first one is a heavy knit with very thick interwoven yarns and is made with a good percentage of wool; it evokes a classic handmade fabric. The second one is a cotton or cotton blend thin jersey fabric with a weight of roughly 150 g/sqm. The combination of these two fabrics, made with special glues that guarantee good resistance to washing, is great in terms of comfort. This item is popular for its pleasant sensation on the skin and for the warmth and softness it offers. It is particularly good for coats and jackets. | https://startexmaglieria.com/en/products/tarallo-401/ |
In the introduction to The First Global Prosecutor: Promises and Constraints, a volume of essays that I co-edited with Martha Minow and Cora True-Frost, we focus on how the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court must confront the many constraints on his or her powers, and even find ways to turn them into strengths:
This book asks whether the limitations of the prosecutor’s powers also suggest strengths – as the limitations necessarily require cooperation with a wide array of other actors and institutions, affording surprising opportunities for building coalitions and advancing international criminal law norms.
The current Prosecutor’s just issued “Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation” exemplifies this precise challenge. The Policy is transparent in its explanation of how the ICC’s limited powers can shape the work of the Court, but it also offers two ways that the Prosecutor will seek to expand the impact of the Court in light of these constraints.
First: transparency. Commentators and observers sometimes make the mistake of thinking that because the ICC has many of the attributes of a well-functioning domestic criminal court, it also has similar authority, tools, resources, and power. But nothing could be further from the truth. In fact the Court is, by design, an institution with extremely limited independent powers. In conducting its investigations, it is reliant on the cooperation of states, often the very ones implicated in the alleged criminality. Like the ad-hoc international criminal tribunals that preceded it, the ICC has succeeded only when its work has been supported either by the state where the crimes occurred or states with enough influence over that state to compel cooperation.
If instead the ICC was independently powerful, then the Office of the Prosecutor could simply select the most grave cases that meet the legal criteria set forth in the Statute. But the reality of the Court’s circumstances often requires that attention also be paid to pragmatic considerations: the Court may want to bring a particular case, but can it?
When describing the Court’s work, it is always tempting to leave such pragmatic considerations to the side, out of fear that acknowledging the limitations of the Court will somehow diminish its impact. But the myth of a strong Court is more damaging than the reality of a limited one. If outside parties have unrealistic expectations of the Court, they will blame the institution when these expectations are unfulfilled, rather than the states that chose to grant the Court such limited tools and resources or that failed to play their part in enabling the work of the Court. Moreover, if the Court cannot be transparent about the pragmatic considerations that constrain its work, those concerns will instead likely get channeled into what purport to be strictly legal criteria, resulting in distorted analyses of the law.
Therefore, it is commendable that the Prosecutor’s Policy Paper forthrightly acknowledges that the reality of its limited powers will sometimes shape the work of the Court. The last section of the Policy Paper, entitled “Case Prioritisation Criteria,” includes ways to assess the gravity, impact, and effectiveness of cases, but in addition sets forth a number of considerations regarding the prosecution’s ability to succeed. The document says that the Prosecutor will consider “the ability of the Office to pursue cases involving opposing parties to a conflict in parallel or on a sequential basis,” the availability of evidence and the degree of cooperation, the resources of the office, security challenges faced by investigators and witnesses, and the likelihood of getting an accused to The Hague. While these factors are included within the case prioritization section, it seems likely that the line between prioritization and case selection might blur over time: cases that are de-prioritized because they are not feasible may never get prosecuted, meaning that they will in effect have been de-selected. To the extent there is criticism of the OTP’s failure to pursue these cases, at least there will be clarity regarding the reasons.
The Policy Paper does not stop at simply acknowledging the constraints on its powers; in two respects, it also tries to maximize its impact in light of them. First, it endorses a broadened conception of cooperation with national prosecutors. The Court’s jurisdiction is complementary to states, meaning that it cannot prosecute cases that are being pursued by national officials (unless they are acting in bad faith). The first ICC Prosecutor, Luis Moreno Ocampo, devised the notion of positive complementarity, meaning that the ICC would actively look for ways to encourage state prosecutions. In this new Policy Paper, Fatou Bensouda takes the idea one step further; she commits the Office to cooperating with state authorities even when they are pursuing non-atrocity crimes:
The Office will also seek to cooperate and provide assistance to States, upon request, with respect to conduct which constitutes a serious crime under national law, such as the illegal exploitation of natural resources, arms trafficking, human trafficking, terrorism, financial crimes, land grabbing or the destruction of the environment.
This approach, which was already announced as strategic goal 9 of the OTP’s 2016-2018 Strategic Plan, could have a far-reaching impact and rests on the insight that there is often significant overlap between the Rome Statute crimes – genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes – and other forms of criminality. Bensouda’s strategy for working with her national counterparts is reminiscent of the Al Capone approach: looks for ways to target atrocity-crime actors by focusing on the other kinds of criminality they engage in that may be easier to prove, either legally or factually. In addition, in some cases states will have a greater commitment to prosecuting these non-atrocity crimes (for political reasons) and more expertise in pursuing them (because they are more common). Under this new Policy Paper, the OTP can now encourage states to target atrocity crimes either directly or indirectly through the prosecution of other crimes, therefore broadening the range of tools it can deploy to fulfill its mandate. Presumably, if a prosecution is successfully proceeding domestically on these charges, the OTP can turn its attention elsewhere.
Some have questioned whether the ICC should assist national prosecutors in their pursuit of non-Rome Statute crimes. But this strategy fits squarely within the ICC’s mandate, which is “to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes and thus to contribute to the prevention of such crimes.” Prosecuting atrocity perpetrators for related crimes has the potential to disrupt criminality and prevent future crimes. In addition, Article 93(10)(a) of the Rome Statute expressly permits the Court to cooperate with national prosecutors investigating non-atrocity crimes: “The Court may, upon request, cooperate with and provide assistance to a State Party conducting an investigation into or trial in respect of conduct which constitutes a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court or which constitutes a serious crime under the national law of the requesting State.” Of course the ICC does not have the authority to investigate non-Rome Statute crimes itself, but it may share the results of its investigations with national authorities to support their work on any serious crimes.
The second way in which the new Policy Paper seeks to increase the Court’s impact—and the most-discussed aspect of the document—is by expanding the gravity criteria that the Prosecutor will consider when selecting cases. The Prosecutor will of course assess the number and types of victims, and the manner of the commission of the crimes, paying particular attention to certain types of crimes, such as sexual and gender based violence. But in addition, the Policy says that the OTP “will give particular consideration to prosecuting Rome Statute crimes that are committed by means of, or that result in, inter alia, the destruction of the environment, the illegal exploitation of natural resources or the illegal dispossession of land.” This provision does not create new crimes or announce a change in the types of crimes that the Office will prosecute. Rather, it expands the types of cases that the ICC will choose to prosecute within a given situation. For example, this new language suggests that the Office might elect to prosecute the crime against humanity of forcible transfer achieved through de-forestation, land grabbing, or the illegal exploitation of natural resources. The Policy also suggests that the OTP will seek to hold accountable corporate officials who participate in atrocity crimes.
This move to expand the scope of cases that the Office will select to prosecute is very much in keeping with the Office’s emerging practice. Very early on, the first Prosecutor of the ICC adopted a policy of pursuing those most responsible for atrocities. While this remains the principal aspiration of the OTP, it is not always attainable, and in fact the cases targeting senior leaders have faced significant difficulties (see, for example, Sudan and Kenya). Because of its limitations, the ICC also has to be a Court of opportunity, and therefore its early successes have included the prosecutions of Thomas Lubanga for enlisting and conscripting child soldiers and Ahmad Al-Mahdi for destruction of religious and cultural monuments. These prosecutions addressed relatively narrow types of criminality, but in both the ICC had access to the evidence as well as the accused, and therefore proceeding was attractive. Moreover, both cases were important because they called attention to an under-appreciated type of criminality that often figures into larger atrocities. A typical component of a genocide, for example, is an attack on culture, and the use of child soldiers remains a feature of many civil conflicts. The ICC, therefore, has successfully exploited moments of opportunity to advance its mission. The new Policy Paper furthers this process by identifying additional places where the Office might take a stand if the opportunity presents itself.
In sum, the strength of the Policy Paper is that it confronts the limited powers of the ICC, is transparent about them, and seeks to expand the impact of the Court in light of them. It represents an important step for the ICC. | https://www.international-criminal-justice-today.org/arguendo/icc-prosecutors-constraints-and-strengths/ |
Quentin Jerome Tarantino (English Quentin Jerome Tarantino, MFA: [ˌtærənˈtiːno]; born March 27, 1963, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA) - American film director, screenwriter, actor, film producer and cameraman. One of the most prominent representatives of postmodernism in cinema. Tarantino's films are notable for the nonlinear structure of the narration, the rethinking of the cultural and historical process, the use of ready-made forms and the aestheticization of violence.
Хороший режиссер ,видел большое количество его фильмов,очень многие стали любимыми .
На мой взгляд это один из лучших режиссеров современности,любой его фильм нельзя оценить ниже "неплохо".Лучший в своем деле. | http://ethicalindex.info/united-states-tennessee-knoxville/kventin-tarantino |
Many of the most pressing rule-of-law related issues are deeply embedded in the political, economic and social structure of the countries of the Western Balkans. Tackling them is no easy matter and requires multi-faceted solutions: the coveted trophy of fostering better governance cannot be achieved within a few months’ time, nor even in a five-year period (such as the length of an EC mandate). Instead, it needs a strategy that will skirt short-term victories in favour of long-term gains, while providing clear benchmarks, fair reward and punishment, and the use of uncompromising language in calling out abuses. The Balkans in Europe Policy Group study “Strengthening the Rule of Law in the Western Balkans: Call for a Revolution Against Particularism” sets out a wholesome strategy addressing the matter from an institutional, political and sociological perspective.
But, why should EU member states be interested in this topic? From a practical standpoint, it is understandable that European Union leaders and officials are sometimes reluctant to prioritise painstaking work that would only bear fruit in the long run, preferring to focus on maintaining stability (or the appearance thereof) and on more achievable successes. On top of the clear benefits for the Western Balkan countries, however, there are a number of pragmatic reasons – next to a host of loftier ones – why the European Commission, and indeed all the member states of the European Union (including the ‘outgoing’ UK), should be interested in ensuring that a comprehensive revolution against state capture and corruption takes place in EU accession countries.
Security
A first immediate consideration relates to curbing organised crime and drug trafficking that stems from this region. In particular, Albanian gangs have been climbing up in the ranks of foreign organised crime groups active in Western Europe. The UK’s National Crime Agency estimates that they are now the third most active group in cocaine smuggling (up from eighth place in only three years), warning that criminals from the Balkans in general “continue to dominate within the wholesale cocaine market, with a presence in all major cities and operating supply networks reaching back to source and transit countries”, having formed direct relationships with suppliers in Latin America. Furthermore, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) calculates that the total value of illicit heroin and opium trafficked from Afghanistan via the Balkans route to Western Europe amounts to $28bn a year. Countries with weak rule of law provide an environment that is more conducive to the growth of organised crime groups.
Migration & populism
A further considerable reason is to discourage migration from new member states: a phenomenon that is often used by populist parties to drive support to illiberal anti-immigrant rhetoric. An often-overlooked issue is that, in the decision to emigrate, rule of law may trump (or at least accompany) economic motives. The example of Croatia is instructive in this sense. After joining the EU in July 2013, Croatia experienced a sharp increase in emigration: from 12.8k citizens leaving the country in 2012, the number basically tripled to 36.4k in 2016. A 2018 survey by Index found that the four principal motivations for leaving the country expressed by the respondents are all related to deficiencies in the rule of law and in the perceived presence of ‘backward’ values (“because of corruption”; “because of primitivism, religious backwardness and nationalism”; “I do not want to feed thieves and parasites”; and “because of the thieving HDZ (the senior ruling party)”), while we find the economic interest (“low salary”) only on the fifth spot. Similarly, MojPosao found that the desire to live in a country with more fitting “worldview and moral values” (67% of respondents) is a more prominent reason than the prospect of better-paid jobs (56-58%).
The motivations highlighted by the citizens leaving Croatia are very similar to those that were shown to be dominant in other countries of the region. In Serbia, for instance, ‘active diaspora’ members (i.e. those interested in the political process of their home country) have been found to be interested in returning to their home country, but only on the condition that a more meritocratic system will allow them to be free from political influence. This new wave of migrants is no longer nationalistically-oriented, holding markedly more progressive views than earlier diaspora communities. In other words, endemic state capture and corruption is driving away the more progressively-minded parts of the population. This bodes ill for the electoral competition in years to come, increasing the danger of populism and nationalism in accession countries. Conversely, if the trend was to be overcome, this would motivate citizens to stay in their countries, while luring back a portion of those diaspora members. Medium- to long-term, it would help prevent problems of illiberalism as encountered in some EU member states today.
Foreign actors & doing business
There is, furthermore, the business perspective: there is evidence that orderly Western investors are put off by the lack of rule of law in the Western Balkans. Improving the conditions of rule of law would also ensure a better business environment for these investors to operate - opening up new business opportunities for member states. Finally, and related to this, the presence of foreign actors in the Western Balkans (such as Russia, China, Turkey and the UAE) is closely connected with an informal, top-down and non-transparent way of conducting business deals. It has by now been acknowledged that the EU needs to step up its game in order for this space not be filled by these actors; however, the most sensible action to undertake to tackle the root of the problem is to promote transparency and the rule of law, as the use of clientelistic networks aids and abets the presence of actors who are happy to play political games and pay bribes, while inhibiting those who cannot and do not want to operate in this way. | https://biepag.eu/article/strengthening-the-rule-of-law-in-the-western-balkans-why-should-the-eu-care/ |
International Day of Service
Zoroastrians Stepping Forward (ZSF), a NextGenNow (NGN) initiative, is an international day of service that will be led by local chapters on May 5th, 2012. Associations are encouraged to organize a day of fun and host a shoe drive to support local charities. This event will help raise awareness about the importance of shoes in enhancing the physical, mental and emotional lives of disadvantaged individuals. Furthermore, it is an opportunity for the Zoroastrian community to gather and celebrate philanthropy and health.
We are inviting every center, as well as remote populations, to join in on this inaugural event. Together we can foster unity within our community both locally and globally.
Please refer to the attached documents for more information.
Resource Manual- Contains information about ZSF and a guide for associations to plan their day of service.
Media Packet- Contains sample documents for customization (letter to members, newsletter article, poster/flier).
Guidebook for Religious Class Teachers- Contains lesson and project ideas for teachers to educate their students in the areas of poverty and social service.
Sincerely, | https://zoroastrians.net/2012/04/17/international-day-of-service/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
n/a
n/a
The present invention relates to components and methods for fixating a cannula within the heart of a living subject for use with devices such as ventricular assist devices and associated elements.
Mechanical circulatory devices (MCDs) such as artificial hearts, ventricular assist devices (VADs) and other blood circulating systems and components have become more and more widely used to provide cardiovascular support to a variety of different patients. The development of these types of devices has surged in the past several decades and has led to significant medical advancements. Patients with heart conditions may survive and in some instances thrive with the use of MCDs where in the past these types of patients did not survive. The mortality and morbidity of patients is significantly reduced if MCDs are used at the appropriate time to prevent further cardiovascular issues and systemic organ failure.
Certain types of heart conditions may severely limit a patient with symptoms impacting their daily life even with minimal exertion and/or rest. Many of these patients need additional cardiovascular support and may have to be in the hospital to receive invasive medical interventions. Some have to wait for an eligible heart transplant, and the waiting time can be very long. Other patients may not be eligible for a heart transplant because of underlying medical conditions and therefore are forced to spend significant periods of time in the hospital due to ongoing heart related issues and instability.
With the invention of MCDs, these types of devices can assist the heart with pumping and circulating blood throughout the entire body. For example, this type of support can help provide blood pressure support and improve blood flow to many different organs which in turn can improve organ function. As an example, MCDs may be used as a bridge to a transplant and help a patient in heart failure survive until a donor heart is available for a transplant. In some patients waiting for a transplant, these types of devices may allow the patient to function in an outpatient setting requiring minimal medical interventions.
Additionally, these types of devices may provide long-term support for patients who are not transplant candidates. This can also allow the patient to function outside of a hospital setting with the additional cardiovascular support provided by MCDs. However, use of MCDs requires blood to be moved in the heart. There is no easy way to move oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to a device in the right side of the heart.
In accordance with the present invention, various devices, components, and methods associated with the fixation of a cannula within tissue are set forth. The present invention advantageously provides a cannula fixation device. The cannula fixation device may comprise an elongate body having a proximal portion, a distal portion, and defining a longitudinal axis extending therethrough; a first fixation member on the proximal portion of the elongate body; and a second fixation member on the distal portion of the elongate body, the first fixation member and the second fixation member each having: a delivery configuration in which the first fixation member and the second fixation member are collapsed along the longitudinal axis; and an anchoring configuration in which the first fixation member and the second fixation member: each extend radially outward from the elongate body; define a septal aperture therebetween; and each have a tip facing away from each other.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the elongate body defines a channel sized to receive a cannula therein.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member extend transversely with respect to the elongate body in the anchoring configuration and the tip defines a distal most end thereof.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the cannula has a proximal end and a distal end and at least one from the group consisting of the first fixation member and the second fixation member is disposed three to five millimeters from the proximal end of the cannula.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the septal aperture is between one to three millimeters in length.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member are made of a mesh material.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the mesh material is flexible.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the mesh material includes a plurality of wires having a diameter between 0.004-0.008 inches (0.01016-0.02032 centimeters).
In one aspect of the embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member each have an interior surface facing each other in a parallel orientation.
In another embodiment, the medical fixation device, comprises: an elongate body having a proximal portion, a distal portion, and defining a longitudinal axis extending therethrough, the elongate body sized to receive a cannula therein; a first fixation member on the proximal portion of the elongate body; and a second fixation member being diametrically opposed to the first fixation member on the distal portion of the elongate body, the first fixation member and the second fixation member defining a septal aperture therebetween and each: extending in a radial direction from and surrounding the elongate body when coupled with a septum disposed within the septal aperture; and having a thickness tapering in the radial direction.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member have a delivery configuration in which the first fixation member and the second fixation member are collapsed along the longitudinal axis.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member have an anchoring configuration in which the first fixation member and the second fixation member define a septal aperture therebetween.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member are made of a mesh material.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the mesh material includes a plurality of wires between 0.004-0.008 inches (0.01016-0.02032 centimeters) in diameter.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the mesh material is braided.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the plurality of wires include between 36 to 72 wires.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the distance between the first fixation member and the second fixation member is between one and three millimeters.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the cannula has a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end of the cannula is releasably secured to the elongate body.
In one aspect of the embodiment, the cannula terminates in a beveled tip.
In another embodiment, the medical fixation device may comprise: an elongate body having a proximal portion, a distal portion, and defining a longitudinal axis extending therethrough, the elongate body sized to receive a cannula therein, the cannula defining a proximal end, a distal end and including a tip at the distal end; a first fixation member on the proximal portion of the elongate body; and a second fixation member being diametrically opposed to the first fixation member on the distal portion of the elongate body, the second fixation member being disposed at least three to five millimeters proximal to the tip at the distal end of the cannula, the first fixation member and the second fixation member defining a septal aperture therebetween and being disposed a distance between one to three millimeters from each other, the first fixation member and the second fixation member each: extending in a radial direction from and surrounding the elongate body when coupled with a septum disposed within the septal aperture; having a thickness tapering in the radial direction; being made of mesh material with a plurality of wires between 0.004-0.008 inches (0.01016-0.02032 centimeters) in diameter; defining a delivery configuration in which the first fixation member and the second fixation member are collapsed along the longitudinal axis; and defining an anchoring configuration in which the first fixation member and the second fixation member define a septal aperture therebetween.
The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the techniques described in this disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
As used herein, relational terms, such as “first” and “second,” “top” and “bottom,” and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element without necessarily requiring or implying any physical or logical relationship or order between such entities or elements.
It should be understood that various aspects disclosed herein may be combined in different combinations than the combinations specifically presented in the description and accompanying drawings. It should also be understood that, depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the processes or methods described herein may be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., all described acts or events may not be necessary to carry out the techniques). In addition, while certain aspects of this disclosure are described as being performed by a single module or unit for purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by a combination of units or modules associated with, for example, a medical device.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. In addition, unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, which is limited only by the following claims.
FIGS. 1-2
FIGS. 1 and 2
10
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Now referring to the drawings in which like reference designators refer to like elements, there is shown in a medical fixation device constructed according to one embodiment of the invention and designated generally as “10.” The medical fixation device may be created using a mandrel and heat to cut a particular size and shape of the medical fixation device . The medical fixation device may be customized in size and shape depending upon where and how the medical fixation device is being used. Alternatively, different molds may be created such that the medical fixation device may be created in different sizes and shapes depending upon which mold is being used. The medical fixation device may be used with a mechanical circulating device such as an artificial heart, a ventricular assist device, or other device within the heart to provide support for the mechanical circulating device. The medical fixation device may be implanted within the heart of a patient for any period of time and may be made out of a variety of different materials that are safe to be used inside the body for short or long periods of time. As a non-limiting example, these materials may include metal such as nickel titanium alloy as well as non-metal materials including polyethylene terephthalate, silicone, and membrane coating. The medical fixation device may be composed entirely or in part of any of these materials and the design and orientation of the material/materials may depend upon which material/materials are being used. For example, the material may be a braided/mesh material or a solid material. As shown in , a portion of the medical fixation device may have a braided material and a portion of the medical fixation device may be a solid material. In an alternative embodiment, the entire medical fixation device may be made out of a braided material or the entire medical fixation device may be made out of a solid material.
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The medical fixation device may include an elongate body having a proximal portion and a distal portion . The elongate body may be made out of a mesh material that is flexible and/or may be a metal or non-metal material. Super-elastic wires may be used in the mesh and the wires may be made out of metals including a nickel-titanium alloy. Additional and/or alternative metals may be used including, but not limited to, stainless steel or cobalt chrome. The mesh may be made out of one wire or more than one wire and the diameter of the wires may all be the same or may be different sizes. The size of the mesh may also be variable and measured based upon the number of openings in the mesh e.g. a 4-mesh screen means there are four openings across one linear inch of screen. The size of the mesh may depend upon how much flexibility is desired in the elongate body and can variable throughout the elongate body or can be the same size throughout the elongate body . Alternatively, the elongate body may be made out of a solid material such as a metal or plastic or it may be made out of a dissolvable material that may dissolve over a short or long period of time. Once the medical fixation device is in place, a portion of the medical fixation device or the entire medical fixation device may dissolve.
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A longitudinal axis may extend though the elongate body from the proximal portion to the distal portion . The proximal portion may be larger, smaller, or the same size as the distal portion of the elongate body , depending upon the anatomical structure of the anatomy that the medical fixation device is sized to be implanted within. The proximal portion may have a proximal end which is the furthest proximal part of the elongate body and the distal portion may have a distal end which is the furthest distal part of the elongate body . The proximal end and the distal end may be made out of a braided mesh material or alternatively may be made out of a solid material. For example, if the elongate body is made from a mesh material, the wire(s) may terminate at or near the proximal end and/or the distal end and therefore form a rough end. Alternatively, the wire(s) may be trimmed or bent in such a way as to form a smooth end. For example, a cap or other solid material may be used at the proximal end and/or the distal end or the entire elongate body may be made from a solid material so that these ends are smooth such that the medical fixation device can be safely implanted within the heart or another anatomical structure without damaging the heart or other tissue.
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A first fixation member may be disposed on the proximal portion of the elongate body configured to be implanted on at least one side of the septum of the heart or alternatively in another anatomical structure. A second fixation member may be disposed on the distal portion and spaced a distance away from the first fixation member of the elongate body , be diametrically opposed to the first fixation member , and configured to be implanted on at least one side of the septum of the heart or alternatively in another anatomical structure. In an alternative configuration, the first fixation member may be disposed on the proximal end and the second fixation member may be disposed on the distal end . The first fixation member and the second fixation member may be disposed anywhere along the elongate body . The first fixation member may be disposed anywhere on the proximal portion of the elongate body and the second fixation member may be disposed anywhere on the distal portion of the elongate body . The second fixation member may cooperate with the first fixation member to define a septal aperture therebetween. In a non-limiting example, the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be spaced a distance of between 1-3 millimeters (“mm”) apart. The septal aperture may be a variety of different sizes to accommodate different sized septums or any other sized anatomical structure. In alternative embodiments, there may be one fixation member or more than two fixation members as well.
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FIG. 7
The first fixation member and the second fixation member may be made out of a wire mesh, a solid material such as a plastic, a dissolvable material, or any other material that is safe to be used within the heart or another part of the body. The first fixation member and the second fixation member may be made out of the same material or different materials. Also, a portion of at least one of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be made out of one material while another portion of the first fixation member and/or the second fixation member may be made out of a different material. If the material used for the first fixation member and/or the second fixation member is mesh, it may be made up of one wire or more than one wire and the diameter of the wires may be different or all the same. The size of the mesh may also be variable and measured based upon the number of openings in the mesh e.g. a 4-mesh screen means there are four openings across one linear inch of screen. The size of the mesh may be variable in different portions of the first fixation member and/or the second fixation member which may impact the flexibility of the material. When the medical fixation device is implanted within the beating heart, the material may move with the heart and not cause damage to the tissue. The medical fixation device may be placed in another anatomical structure or tissue and not damage the structure or tissue as well. In one configuration, the first fixation member may be implanted on one side of the septum of the heart and the second fixation member may be implanted on the other side of the septum of the heart (as shown in ). Different embodiments of the medical fixation device may have only one fixation member or more than two fixation members as well.
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FIG. 6
FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5
The first fixation member and the second fixation member may be disposed in different configurations including a delivery configuration (as shown in ) and an anchoring configuration (as shown in ). In the anchoring configuration , the first fixation member and the second fixation member may each extend radially outward from the elongate body . Since the first fixation member and the second fixation member may move from the delivery configuration to the anchoring configuration , the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be movable to any position from being collapsed along the longitudinal axis though the elongate body to being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis though the elongate body . The first fixation member and the second fixation member may be positioned in any other configuration between being collapsed to being perpendicular depending upon the particular anatomical structure that the medical fixation device is being implanted within. The positioning of the first fixation member may be different from the second fixation member or may be the same. When the first fixation member and the second fixation member are in a desired position, the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be secured in place with, for example, a securing or locking mechanism to maintain the position of the first fixation member and the second fixation member as well as any other portion of the medical fixation device . The locking or securing mechanism may be used on one fixation member or both the first fixation member and the second fixation member . In an alternative embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be freely movable from any position and not securable.
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FIGS. 4 and 5
In one embodiment, the first fixation member may have a first tip and a second tip and the second fixation member may have a third tip and a fourth tip . The tips may all have the same shape, each have a different shape, or some may have the same shape while other tips may have a different shape. The tips may be shaped at an angle, be shaped like a mountain peak, an almond, an oval, flared, rounded, square, an arrow head, jagged, have an irregular shape, or any other desired shape. The tips may be in a variety of different positions and angles depending upon the particular anatomy of the heart or other anatomical structure, which shape is used for a particular tip, and how the medical fixation device is to be implanted within, proximate to, or a distance from an anatomical structure. As a non-limiting example, the first tip and the second tip may face away from the third tip and the fourth tip . See . Alternatively, the first tip and the second tip may be parallel to the third tip and the fourth tip . In other embodiments, the first tip and the third tip may face in the same direction, opposite directions, or be parallel to one another and the second tip and the fourth tip may face in the same direction, opposite directions, or be parallel to one another. In an alternative embodiment, the first fixation member and the second fixation member may extend transversely with respect to the elongate body in the anchoring configuration and the first tip and the third tip define a proximal most end and a distal most end of the first fixation member and the first tip and the third tip define a proximal most end and a distal most end of the second fixation member .
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The lengths and widths of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be variable depending upon particular anatomy and may be sized differently to accommodate particular anatomical structures, particularly the septum of the heart. For example, the septal aperture between the first fixation member and the second fixation member on the medical fixation device may be between one to three millimeters in length. Accordingly, distance between the first fixation member and the second fixation member would correspond to the length of a particular anatomical structure. If the medical fixation device is placed in the septum of the heart and the septal aperture is placed in a hole in the septum, at least the first tip , the second tip , the third tip , and the fourth tip of the first fixation member and the second fixation member would extend beyond the length and width of any hole in the septum when the medical fixation device is at least in the anchoring configuration . As a non-limiting example, the length of the first fixation member from the first tip to the second tip may be between 1.0-1.5 inches (2.54-3.81 centimeters) and the length of the second fixation member from the third tip to the fourth tip may also be between 1.0-1.5 inches (2.54-3.81 centimeters). The length and width of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be different or they may both be the same. The first fixation member and the second fixation member may be movable along the elongate body such that they can be moved into different positions to accommodate different anatomical structures. For example, the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be spaced different distances apart along the elongate body such that the length of the septal aperture may change. The first tip , the second tip , the third tip , and the fourth tip may also be movable into different positions as well to accommodate different anatomical structures as well.
FIGS. 1 and 2
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As seen in , the first fixation member and the second fixation member may each have an interior surface and the interior surface of the first fixation member and the interior surface of the second fixation member may face one another in a parallel orientation when the medical fixation device is in an anchoring configuration . When the medical fixation device is in a delivery configuration , the interior surfaces may be perpendicular to one another. In alternative configurations, at least a portion of the interior surfaces may be perpendicular or parallel to one another depending upon how the first tip , the second tip , the third tip , and the fourth tip are oriented.
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The elongate body of the medical fixation device may define a channel which runs along the longitudinal axis of the elongate body and the channel may be sized to receive a cannula therein. The size of the channel may be variable depending upon the anatomy where it is to be used and the size of the cannula to be received within the channel . For example, the channel may be sized to receive a cannula that has a diameter of 7 millimeters (“mm”) and therefore the channel would have a diameter than is larger than 7 mm. As a non-limiting example, the channel may be between 1-20 mm in diameter such that it can accommodate a variety of different sized cannulas having different diameters as well as more than one cannula at the same time. The channel may have a variety of different diameters or may have the same diameter throughout. The size of the diameter of the channel may be based upon certain vasculature as well as the anatomical structure where the medical fixation device is being used. The cannula may have a distal end and a proximal end . The distal end of the cannula may extend beyond the proximal end of the proximal portion of the elongate body and the proximal end of the cannula may extend beyond the end of the distal portion of the elongate body . The proximal end and the distal end of the elongate body may have a mechanism to secure or lock the elongate body to/with the cannula as well or the cannula may not be secured or locked to/with the elongate body . In one embodiment, at least one from the group consisting of the group consisting of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be disposed three to five millimeters from the proximal end of the cannula . The first fixation member and the second fixation member may be variable distances from the proximal end of the proximal portion of the elongate body , the end of the distal portion of the elongate body , the distal end of the cannula , and the proximal end of the cannula .
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FIG. 3
FIG. 3
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Now referring to , in one embodiment, at least one of the group consisting of the first fixation member , the second fixation member , and the elongate body may be made from a mesh material . As shown in , at least one fixation member, which may include the first fixation member and the second fixation member , may have the mesh material , may be comprised of a wire or a plurality of wires , and may also be flexible. Proximate the distal end of the elongate body there may be a connector or other device and at least a portion of the first plurality of wires may be disposed within at least a portion of the connector or other device. The connector may be in the shape of a ring or another shape may be used to create a smooth transition with the first plurality of wires such that if the elongate body is inserted into a patient's vasculature the first plurality of wires will not injury or puncture the tissue. In an alternative embodiment, there may be a connector or other device proximate the proximal end . Proximate the proximal end of the elongate body there may be a second plurality of wires . The second plurality of wires may be at least partially disposed within the connector or other device to create a smooth transition if the elongate body is inserted into a patient's vasculature. In an alternative embodiment, the medical device may not have a connector or the medical fixation device may only have one connector . This flexibility enables ease of movement of the first fixation member and the second fixation member into different positions, including transitioning between the anchoring configuration and the delivery configuration and also allows movement as the heart beats. Each wire may have a diameter of between 0.004-0.008 inches (0.01016-0.02032 centimeters), but this size may be variable depending upon the anatomy that the medical fixation device is being inserted and implanted into and the desired flexibility or rigidity of the first fixation member and the second fixation member . In one embodiment, the plurality of wires may include between thirty-six and seventy-two wires. The diameter of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be the same. Alternatively, the first fixation member may have a larger diameter than the second fixation member or the first fixation member may have a smaller diameter than the second fixation member . The diameter of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be adjusted to correspond to a particular body part/anatomical structure. The length of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be the same or alternatively, the first fixation member may be longer than the second fixation member or the first fixation member may be shorter than the second fixation member . The dimensions of the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be adjusted to correspond to a particular body part/anatomical structure. Also, the elongate body may be made out of the mesh material and the diameter of the elongate body with the mesh material may be between one and one and one-half inches (2.54-3.81 centimeters) in diameter. The mesh material may be a woven, knit, or knotted material of open texture with evenly spaced holes or differently spaced holes. As can be seen in , the sizing of the holes in the mesh material may be different in different portions of the first fixation member and/or the second fixation member . The diameter of the elongate body may be consistent or it may be different and depend upon particular anatomy.
FIG. 4
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In the embodiment as shown in , the first fixation member and the second fixation member may have a thickness that tapers in a radial direction. Alternatively, the first fixation member and the second fixation member may have a thickness that increases in a radial direction. Additionally, the first fixation member and the second fixation member may have different thicknesses at different portions of the first fixation member and the second fixation member depending upon the anatomy of the heart or other anatomical structure that the medical fixation device is to be implanted within or they may have the same thickness throughout. When the medical fixation device is in the anchoring configuration , the first tip , the second tip, , the third tip , and the fourth tip may all face outwardly and curve away from the septal tissue to prevent erosion of the tissue in the heart or other anatomical structure. The first tip , the second tip, , the third tip , and the fourth tip may also be pointed or be blunted. In the anchoring configuration , the first tip , the second tip, , the third tip , and the fourth tip may all face inwardly and curve toward the septal tissue such that each tip may adhere to the septal tissue to secure the medical fixation device in place.
FIG. 5
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As can be seen in , the first fixation member and the second fixation member may all have the same thickness and then the first tip , the second tip, , the third tip , and the fourth tip may all have chamfered edges. When the medical fixation device is implanted into the heart or other anatomical structure and the first fixation member is on one side of the septum and the second fixation member is on the other side of the septum , the first tip , the second tip, , the third tip , and the fourth tip may and taper away from the septum to prevent erosion.
FIG. 6
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As illustrated in , the delivery configuration of the medical fixation device may provide a shape that allows for insertion of the medical fixation device into the septum or other anatomical structure. In the delivery configuration , the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be collapsed. When the first fixation member and the second fixation member are collapsed they may be flush with the surface of the elongate body to allow for easy insertion and removal of the medical fixation device into the heart.
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The distal end of the cannula may be permanently or releasably secured to the elongate body . The cannula may be removed from the medical fixation device such that the medical fixation deice may remain in place in the heart or other anatomical structure. For example, if the medical fixation device is implanted within the septum of the heart, the cannula may be inserted and/or removed from the medical fixation device while the medical fixation device remains implanted within the septum of the heart. The distal end of the cannula may also terminate in a tip of the cannula which may be flat or pointed. For example, the tip of the cannula may be pointed, beveled or in another orientation. The tip of the cannula may also have at least one tine to help fixate the medical fixation device in place. The proximal portion of the elongate body may also have a proximal end of the elongate body which may be sized and shaped to anchor the fixation device in the septum . For example, the proximal end of the elongate body may be of a length such that it is larger than the septal aperture .
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In , the medical fixation device is shown disposed within the septum of the heart. The medical fixation device may be used within the vascular system or another anatomical structure. As a non-limiting example, the medical fixation device may enter the heart of a patient through the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava or any other portion of the vascular system. The first fixation member and the second fixation member may extend in a radial direction from and surrounding the elongate body when coupled with a septum . When the medical fixation device is disposed within the septum , the first fixation member and the second fixation member may be on either side of the septum and may seal the septal aperture . When the medical fixation device is disposed within the septum , the medical fixation device may be configured to maintain the cannula in the septum to allow and maintain blood flow into and out of the cannula .
As these and other variations and combinations of the features described above can be employed, the foregoing description should be taken by way of illustration rather than by limitation of the present invention. Additional features of the present invention are disclosed in the numbered paragraphs set forth below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIGS. 1 and 2
are perspective views of a medical fixation device constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
is a side view of the medical fixation device shown in ;
FIG. 4
is a perspective view of another medical fixation device constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5
is a perspective view of another medical fixation device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6
FIG. 5
is a perspective view of the medical fixation device shown in in the delivery configuration; and
FIG. 7
FIG. 1
is a view of the medical fixation device shown in implanted within the septum of the heart. | |
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Bad drivers: incompetent or indifferent?
Mon., May 1, 2017, 7:22 p.m.
Evidently, there are drivers operating motor vehicles who lack the understanding to properly do so. Based on behaviors I observe, if it’s not incompetence, then it’s simply indifference to afford due diligence to the task.
The only explanations for seemingly unexplainable driver actions are that those drivers either don’t possess necessary skills or don’t care to employ them.
For example, what makes one drive at a speed high enough to catch me, but not continue that speed so as to complete a pass? Of course the pass may be delayed until there is safe clearance when only one lane is provided for travel in each direction, but this phenomenon regularly takes place on multi-laned roadways too. And it occurs while my vehicle speed remains constant.
It seems to me that these drivers are generally oblivious to their vehicle speed, and are basically just accelerating from one “obstacle” to another. As long the road is clear, they just keep going faster and faster until the presence of another vehicle requires them to slow down, refusing the pesky maneuver to change lanes and pass.
Such behavior also contributes to the many 15-20 vehicle “strings” I witnessed this week during a Spokane to Pullman round trip. Along those 70 miles of U.S. 195, I saw over 20 of those unsafe “parades” consisting of vehicles too-closely following one another. I doubt if those drivers all departed from the same starting point at the same time, so one-by-one, they must have caught the parade and refrained from passing.
An added danger to those groupings is that drivers caught at the tail end are forced to stay in line or face risky multi-vehicle passes. If the lead car is travelling under the limit, it is incumbent upon them to pull over to the shoulder and let normal traffic pass. If they don’t pull over, it is the responsibility of the second vehicle in line to make a pass, so the third, fourth or vehicle further back does not have to make a dangerous pass to continue near the posted limit.
Another driver conduct that indicates either incompetence or indifference happens when encountering temporary cutouts or lanes for passing on sections of two-lane roadways. Too often, following vehicles remain behind me during the main duration of that extra lane. Then, they pull out to pass just as the cutout disappears, forcing me to brake to allow their pass and get in line behind them.
Variance in speed is as responsible for accidents as excess speed. That’s why there are posted limits, designed to be safe speeds to operate near. Those who are not aware of their speed or unable to consistently maintain it are compromising safety for everyone.
Cruise control is a viable feature to assist awareness and consistency of speed, but it’s often not used. I don’t mind following other vehicles even if they are going slightly under the speed limit if the speed is constant. But often, a vehicle ahead, several times on the Pullman trip for example, varies its speed from 55 to 62 to 60 to 58, making it a chore to continually compensate, especially if trying to engage cruise control.
I maintain that basic driving skills are not that difficult to master. Whether it’s incompetence or indifference dampening those skills, the ill-effect is the same.
Readers may contact Bill Love via e-mail at [email protected].
Posted May 1, 2017, 7:22 p.m. | http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/autos/2017/may/01/bad-drivers-incompetent-or-indifferent/ |
The Mineral Products Association (MPA) together with the Planning Officers’ Society (POS) has launched a new Minerals Safeguarding Practice Guidance which explains how Local and Mineral Planning Authorities should protect mineral resources and infrastructure from development through the planning system.
A sufficient supply of minerals and mineral products is essential to the economy and our quality of life.
Mineral resources are not evenly distributed and can only be worked where they occur naturally. Development on or close to mineral resources and active or proposed quarries can effectively sterilise these from future extraction and so making them unavailable for future needs and generations.
The movement of minerals from areas of production to markets requires the right facilities – rail depots, sidings, and wharves – of the right size, in the right place. Transport by water and rail makes movement of these low value bulk materials economically viable and reduces carbon dioxide and other emissions, as well as congestion. These assets are also critical to long-term supply. Development can result in direct loss of sites or constraints on their current and future operation.
National planning policy requires safeguarding of mineral resources and infrastructure. However, its implementation is inconsistent, and planning authorities have asked for further guidance on how safeguarding can be delivered in practice.
This Practice Guide aims to provide this, building on experience of local authority planners and the minerals industry. It should be particularly helpful for local planning authorities that determine the majority of planning applications, including those that may affect safeguarded minerals or infrastructure.
Commenting, David Payne, MPA’s Senior Planning Advisor stated:
“The minerals industry has become increasingly concerned that valuable resources and assets are being adversely affected by development in the wrong place, which could seriously undermine our ability to supply essential minerals and mineral products now and in the future. The Practice Guide provides helpful advice to all planning authorities and developers to understand why safeguarding is important and how to apply it properly, and so ensure a steady and adequate supply of minerals is maintained for the current and future generations.”
Richard Greaves, of POS and Chief Planning Officer at Essex County Council, stated:
“Safeguarding mineral resources and protecting mineral’s infrastructure and the supply chain is not just important to prevent the country’s valuable resources from being sterilised in the short-term, but essential if the construction and development needs of future generations are to be met. This document supports the aims of the National Planning Policy Framework and is a useful guide for all planning authorities, as well as land promotors and developers considering carrying out development on mineral-bearing land or near to existing or proposed mineral infrastructure.”
Ends.
Notes for Editors
A copy of the Practice Guide can be found here.
The Practice Guide sets out the process that developers, local authorities and mineral planning authorities should follow to ensure safeguarding is properly considered in planning decisions (allocating sites in plans and determining applications). It describes the information that is required to inform decisions, how and when to obtain it, and the roles and responsibilities of those involved. It builds on previous advice issued in 20111, adding a valuable level of detail for practitioners.
The Practice Guide is the latest publication resulting from joint working between the Mineral Products Association and the Planning Officer’s Society, drawing on expertise from public sector planners and the minerals industry.
The Planning Officer’s Society represents nearly 2,000 individual planners working in 80% of the local authorities and public sector organisations around England as "the credible voice of public sector planners in England".
Its aim is to ensure that planning makes a major contribution to achieving sustainable development, from national to local level, in ways which are fair and equitable and achieve the social, economic and environmental aspirations of the community. For more information, visit: planningofficers.org.uk
1 (2011) Mineral safeguarding in England: good practice advice (OR/11/046) pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=OR11046
Richard Greaves, at Essex County Council (representing POS): tel: 033301 36817
The Mineral Products Association (MPA) is the trade association for the aggregates, asphalt, cement, concrete, dimension stone, lime, mortar and silica sand industries. | https://mineralproducts.org/News-CEO-Blog/2019/MPA-Planning-Officers-Society-publishes-new-guidan.aspx |
About Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF):
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Doctors Without Borders) is an international, independent, medical humanitarian organisation that delivers emergency aid to people affected by armed conflict, epidemics, healthcare exclusion and natural or man-made disasters to populations in danger in more than 70 countries.
Job Summary:
Following medical prescription, plan and carry out individual treatment programmes, by assessing patients’ physical state, in order to maintain, improve or rehabilitate the physical well-being of the patient and prevent physical handicaps.
Duties & Responsibilities:
· Assess patient physical capacities, using different procedures in order to set up treatment objectives with the patient and therefore improve patient's health and wellbeing
· Elaborate and implement physiotherapy programmes, including physiotherapy exercises, manipulations, massages, education, utilization of physiotherapy devices and orthopaedic equipment, educating and advising patients and their careers on how to prevent and/or improve conditions, in order to accelerate and improve activity results
· Train patients and care-takers on how to avoid injury in order to create preventive behaviours
· Actively monitor and report physiotherapy activities (correctly filling in patient files, forms, statistics, and reports) and analyse these statistics in order to improve quality service, preserving patient’s data traceability
· Take care of physiotherapy equipment, managing the stock, making orders according to activity and cleaning up the equipment, in order to ensure its continuous availability and quality of service
· Report to the line manager any problem arising in the service, especially the loss/ robbery/damage of medical equipment or medicines in order to implement the appropriate measures
· Give regular feedback to the line manager and report directly any issue or incident
· In order to ensure the coverage of the human resources needs and maintain high standards of quality, organise and coordinate the activities of team supervised (week’s schedule, annual leave, absences, etc.), communicate with the HR Admin department all relevant information in due time, evaluate performance, define and ensure the needs for training
· Perform hands on tasks as part of the team whenever required or needed in order to optimize the resources and to contribute with his/her knowledge and experience
· Participate in monthly reports according to guidelines
Job Requirement:
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS:
Education
· High school diploma (12th class) essential
· University degree desirable
· Physiotherapist certification essential
Experience
· Other experience in similar position essential
· MSF or NGO experience desirable
Languages
· Dari/Pashtu: oral and written essential
· English: oral preferred
Working hours
Working hours: Full Time 40 hours a week: 5 days a week
Salary will be paid according to MSF salary grid
Job Location:Afghanistan, Kunduz
Submission Guideline:
Application
The interested candidates should submit their applications before the 05/03/2021 at 4 pm with the CV, motivation letter, including references details and copy of the tazkira, to Médecins Sans Frontières, Administration department Kunduz Project via:
- E-mail : [email protected]
- In a sealed envelope at Médecins sans Frontières, Purgul street (behind ladies hostel) MSF Clinic, Kunduz City
The reference “PHYSIOTHERAPIST” must be stated in the application to be valid (object of the email or on the envelope). If you do not clearly state the position for which you are applying & attach the required diploma & other supporting documents, your application may not be considered.
Only shortlisted candidates will be contacted. | https://www.jobs.af/jobs/physiotherapist-23 |
The present disclosure relates to transmitting apparatuses, transmitting methods, and programs.
In recent years, for example, remote surgery has been carried out in which a surgeon performs surgery on a patient by operating robotic arms from a remote location. In this remote surgery, since the surgeon operates the robotic arms while watching moving images obtained by capturing images of the surgery, the moving images are desirably transmitted with a low delay of several frames or less (substantially in real time) .
2007-311924
In order to transmit (send) moving images or the like with a low delay of several frames or less via a data channel, such as the Internet, there has been proposed a coding technique for performing wavelet transform coding (compression) on each block of several lines of each picture that constitutes the moving images (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ).
With this coding technique, a transmitting apparatus can start encoding without waiting for input of the entire data of a picture and transmit the resulting encoded data. Also, a receiving apparatus can start decoding (decompression) before receiving the entire encoded data from the transmitting apparatus.
Accordingly, when congestion (traffic jam) is not caused in a network, delay due to the network congestion does not occur. As a result, the transmission time of the encoded data (time for the encoded data to reach the receiving apparatus from the transmitting apparatus via the network) becomes sufficiently short and, thus, the transmitting apparatus can transmit moving images with low delay.
However, when congestion is caused in the network, delay due to the network congestion occurs. As a result, the transmission time of the encoded data increases and, thus, the transmitting apparatus can no longer transmit moving images with low delay.
Accordingly, there is a rate control process for adjusting a transmission rate, which represents the amount of encoded data transmitted per unit time, in accordance with the congestion state of the network in order to sufficiently shorten the transmission time regardless of the congestion state of the network.
In this rate control process, the transmitting apparatus temporarily stores the encoded data in a transmission buffer thereof, thereby transmitting the encoded data to the receiving apparatus at the transmission rate adjusted by the rate control process.
When a transmission rate is higher than a data generation rate that represents the amount of encoded data generated per unit time in a transmitting apparatus, the amount of encoded data that is output and transmitted from a transmission buffer is larger than the amount of encoded data that is generated and stored in the transmission buffer.
In this case, since the time the encoded data stays in the transmission buffer is sufficiently short, moving images can be transmitted with low delay.
However, when the transmission rate is lower than the data generation rate of the encoded data in the transmitting apparatus, the amount of encoded data that is generated and stored in the transmission buffer is larger than the amount of encoded data that is output and transmitted from the transmission buffer.
In this case, since the time the encoded data stays in the transmission buffer increases, moving images may no longer be transmitted with low delay.
As described above, delay due to network congestion can be avoided by adjusting the transmission rate in accordance with the network congestion but, depending on the transmission rate, moving images may no longer be transmitted with low delay.
Various respective aspects and features of the invention are defined in the appended claims. Combinations of features from the dependent claims may be combined with features of the independent claims as appropriate and not merely as explicitly set out in the claims.
A transmitting apparatus, a transmitting method, and a program such as described herein help to enable data to be transmitted with low delay regardless of a state of a data channel, e.g., a network.
A transmitting apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention is a transmitting apparatus including a rate adjusting unit configured to adjust a transmission rate of transmitting data, a changing unit configured to change a size of a buffer for temporarily storing the data, on the basis of the transmission rate, a transmitting unit configured to transmit the data output from the buffer, and a buffer control unit configured to cause the buffer to temporarily store the data, which is smaller than or equal to an addable size that is smaller than the size of the buffer, and to output the data to the transmitting unit.
The changing unit may change the size of the buffer also on the basis of a predetermined transmission buffer time. The buffer control unit may cause the buffer to output the data to the transmitting unit within the transmission buffer time from when the data was stored in the buffer.
The rate adjusting unit may adjust the transmission rate so that a rate adjustment ratio of an adjusted transmission rate to an original transmission rate becomes larger than or equal to a predetermined lower limit.
The rate adjusting unit may restrict the transmission rate from being newly adjusted until a predetermined restriction time passes from when the transmission rate was adjusted.
The rate adjusting unit may restrict the transmission rate from being newly adjusted until the predetermined restriction time passes. The predetermined restriction time indicates a maximum time from when the transmission rate was adjusted to when the size of the data stored in the buffer becomes smaller than or equal to the addable size.
The transmitting apparatus may further include a parameter adjusting unit configured to adjust an encoding parameter used in generation of encoded data obtained by encoding the data, on the basis of the transmission rate, and an encoding unit configured to perform encoding processing based on the encoding parameter on the data. The buffer control unit may cause the buffer to temporarily store the encoded data that is smaller than or equal to the addable size and to output the encoded data to the transmitting unit.
The parameter adjusting unit may adjust a data generation rate serving as the encoding parameter on the basis of the transmission rate. The data generation rate represents an amount of encoded data generated over a predetermined time.
The rate adjusting unit may adjust the transmission rate on the basis of transmission quality information that represents a state of a data channel for use in transmission of the data.
The rate adjusting unit may adjust the transmission rate on the basis of the transmission quality information that includes at least one of a loss rate, round trip time, jitter, signal-to-noise ratio, and bit error rate of the data.
A transmitting method according to another embodiment of the present invention is a transmitting method for a transmitting apparatus that transmits data. The transmitting method includes adjusting a transmission rate of transmitting data, changing a size of a buffer for temporarily storing the data, on the basis of the transmission rate, causing the buffer to temporarily store the data, which is smaller than or equal to an addable size that is smaller than the size of the buffer, and to output the data, and transmitting the data output from the buffer.
A program according to another embodiment of the present invention is a program causing a computer to function as a rate adjusting unit configured to adjust a transmission rate of transmitting data, a changing unit configured to change a size of a buffer for temporarily storing the data, on the basis of the transmission rate, a transmitting unit configured to transmit the data output from the buffer, and a buffer control unit configured to cause the buffer to temporarily store the data, which is smaller than or equal to an addable size that is smaller than the size of the buffer, and to output the data to the transmitting unit.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, a transmission rate of transmitting data is adjusted. A size of a buffer for temporarily storing the data is changed on the basis of the transmission rate. The data that is smaller than or equal to an addable size that is smaller than the size of the buffer is temporarily stored in the buffer and is output. The output data is transmitted.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, data can be transmitted with low delay regardless of a state of a data channel, such as a network. Additionally, according to various embodiments of the present invention, data can be transmitted with low delay without discarding data stored in a buffer.
Fig. 1
is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a first transmitting/receiving system according to a first embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2
is a diagram mainly illustrating an example of a process of changing a storable buffer size;
Figs. 3A and 3B
are diagrams mainly illustrating an example in which data in a transmission buffer is discarded when the storable buffer size is changed;
Fig. 4
Fig. 1
is a flowchart for describing a transmission process performed by a transmitting apparatus of ;
Fig. 5
Fig. 4
is a flowchart for describing details of a first rate control process in step S9 of ;
Fig. 6
Fig. 1
is a flowchart for describing a reception process performed by a receiving apparatus of ;
Figs. 7A and 7B
are diagrams illustrating an example in which data in the transmission buffer is discarded in accordance with the priority when the storable buffer size is changed;
Fig. 8
is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a NIC according to a second embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 9
Fig. 8
is a diagram illustrating an example of a process performed by a buffer control unit of ;
Fig. 10
Fig. 8
is a flowchart for describing a transmission process performed by the NIC of ;
Fig. 11
Fig. 10
is a flowchart for describing details of a second rate control process in step S77 of ;
Fig. 12
Fig. 8
is a flowchart for describing a reception process performed by the NIC of ;
Fig. 13
is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a wireless relay apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 14
is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a second transmitting/receiving system according to a fourth embodiment of the invention;
Figs. 15A and 15B
Fig. 14
are diagrams illustrating an example of a process performed by a buffer control unit of ;
Fig. 16
Fig. 14
is a diagram for describing an example of a process performed by the buffer control unit and a rate control unit of ;
Fig. 17
Fig. 14
is a flowchart for describing a transmission process performed by a transmitting apparatus of ;
Fig. 18
Fig. 17
is a flowchart for describing details of a third rate control process in step S139 of ; and
Fig. 19
is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a computer.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which like parts are referred to by like references, and in which:
1. First embodiment (an example of performing low-delay data transmission by adjusting a storable buffer size of a transmission buffer)
2. Second embodiment (an example of performing low-delay data transmission using a NIC)
3. Third embodiment (an example of performing low-delay data transmission in a wireless relay apparatus)
4. Fourth embodiment (an example of performing low-delay data transmission without discarding data stored in a transmission buffer)
The description will be given in the following order.
Fig. 1
illustrates a transmitting/receiving system 100 according to a first embodiment of the invention.
This transmitting/receiving system 100 includes a transmitting apparatus 101, a receiving apparatus 102, and a network 103, such as the Internet.
This transmitting/receiving system 100 controls a transmission buffer time of a transmission buffer 112a described later so that a certain time T (hereinafter, also referred to as a transmission buffer time T) is maintained regardless of a transmission rate R of the transmitting apparatus 101, thereby enabling data to be transmitted with low delay.
Here, the transmission buffer time T represents a maximum time from when data was stored in the transmission buffer 112a to when the data is output. The transmission buffer time T is determined in advance by a user, a company manufacturing the transmitting apparatus 101, and so forth. The shorter the transmission buffer time T, the lower the delay with which data can be transmitted.
Additionally, in the transmitting/receiving system 100, data transmission from the transmitting apparatus 101 to the receiving apparatus 102 and collection of a network state and so forth are performed using RTP (Real time Transport Protocol)/RTCP (Realtime Transport Control Protocol) recited in IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) RFC (Request for Comments) 3550, for example.
Although a case of transmitting image data with low delay from the transmitting apparatus 101 to the receiving apparatus 102 will be described below in the first embodiment, the data transmitted with low delay is not limited to image data and may be any data as long as the data is to be transmitted with low delay.
The transmitting apparatus 101 includes an encoding unit 111, a buffer control unit 112 that includes the transmission buffer 112a, an RTP transmitting unit 113, an RTCP unit 114, a rate control unit 115, a control unit 116, and an operation unit 117.
2007-311924
The encoding unit 111 performs encoding processing for encoding image data input from the outside (corresponding to VIDEO IN). As the encoding processing, wavelet coding can be adopted that performs encoding on image data using wavelet transform to compress the image data, for example. This wavelet coding is described in detail in ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector) H.264, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. , and so forth.
Here, the wavelet transform refers to a process of transforming image data into coefficient data of each spatial frequency component by recursively repeating analysis filtering, which divides the image data into components having high spatial frequencies (high-frequency components) and components having low spatial frequencies (low-frequency components), on the low-frequency components obtained by the division.
Meanwhile, for example, if the encoding unit 111 sets the compression ratio of the coefficient data of the higher-frequency components smaller and sets the compression ratio of the coefficient data of the lower-frequency components larger, the encoding processing that causes less image quality degradation in the image data can be performed.
The encoding unit 111 also packetizes (converts) the encoded data obtained by the encoding processing into a plurality of RTP packets, and outputs the RTP packets to the buffer control unit 112. The RTP packet refers to a packet having a format based on the RTP recited in IETF RFC 3550.
r
Fig. 2
Further, the encoding unit 111 adjusts encoding parameters used in the encoding processing on the basis of a remaining buffer size b that represents a size of the remaining transmission buffer 112a capable of storing RTP packets () and the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115. The encoding unit 111 performs the aforementioned encoding processing using the adjusted encoding parameters.
Here, the encoding parameters include a data compression ratio in the encoding processing and a data generation rate that represents an amount of RTP packets generated per unit time.
The buffer control unit 112 supplies the RTP packets fed from the encoding unit 111 to the transmission buffer 112a to cause the transmission buffer 112a to store the RTP packets and to output the RTP packets on an FIFO (First In First Out) basis.
Fig. 2
Figs. 3A and 3B
The buffer control unit 112 also changes a storable buffer size B in accordance with the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 so that RTP packets are output within the transmission buffer time T from when the RTP packets were stored in the transmission buffer 112a. The storable buffer size B represents a size of the transmission buffer 112a capable of storing data of RTP packets. Since a method for changing the storable buffer size B is a point of the technique disclosed herein, the method will be described in detail with reference to and .
Further, the buffer control unit 112 performs smoothed transmission in which RTP packets in the transmission buffer 112a are sent (output) to the RTP transmitting unit 113 at the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115. This allows the RTP transmitting unit 113 to transmit the RTP packets at the transmission rate R adjusted by the rate control unit 115.
As the smoothed transmission, smoothed transmission using, for example, the token bucket behavior or the leaky bucket behavior recited in ITU-T Y.1221 is adoptable.
For example, the transmission buffer 112a performs smoothed transmission in accordance with the control from the buffer control unit 112. More specifically, the transmission buffer 112a functions as a smoothing buffer for performing smoothing and transmission so that the output rate of outputting RTP packets matches the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115.
The transmission buffer 112a stores RTP packets fed from the encoding unit 111 with the storable buffer size B adjusted by the buffer control unit 112, and outputs the RTP packets on an FIFO basis. Meanwhile, it is assumed that the transmission buffer 112a has a sufficiently large storage capacity, which is larger than or equal to the maximum storable buffer size B that can be adjusted.
In accordance with the RTP, the RTP transmitting unit 113 attaches, as timestamp, for example, transmission time at which RTP packets are transmitted to the receiving apparatus 102 to the RTP packets fed from the buffer control unit 112. The RTP transmitting unit 113 then transmits the timestamp-attached RTP packets to the receiving apparatus 102 via the network 103 at the transmission rate R informed from the rate control unit 115.
Since the RTP transmitting unit 113 transmits the timestamp-attached RTP packets, the receiving apparatus 102 can grasp a time relation (e.g., transmission order) of the RTP packets transmitted from the transmitting apparatus 101. Accordingly, the receiving apparatus 102 can correctly reproduce image data in synchronization, without receiving influences of delay variation (jitter) of the RTP packets and so forth.
Here, the RTP does not guarantee real-time transmission of RTP packets. Additionally, the priority, setting, management, and so forth in transmission of RTP packets are not included in the transport service provided by the RTP.
Accordingly, transmission delay, which indicates that an RTP packet will not have reached the receiving apparatus 102 within a predetermined time from transmission of the RTP packet, or packet loss, which indicates that errors have occurred in an RTP packet, may occur for RTP packets.
The receiving apparatus 102 discards RTP packets for which transmission delay or packet loss has occurred. The receiving apparatus 102 performs processing, such as reproduction, on RTP packets for which neither transmission delay nor packet loss has occurred.
Meanwhile, RTP packets experiencing transmission delay or packet loss are discarded in order to realize real-time reproduction of image data (moving images) of RTP packets.
Transmission delay or packet loss of RTP packets is often caused by congestion of the network 103. More specifically, for example, even if the transmitting apparatus 101 transmits RTP packets of high-quality image data, unignorable transmission delay or unignorable packet loss may occur for the RTP packets depending on the degree of congestion of the network 103.
In this case, since many RTP packets are discarded in the receiving apparatus 102 because of occurrence of transmission delay or packet loss for the RTP packets, the receiving apparatus 102 may be incapable of reproducing high-quality image data.
Accordingly, the rate control unit 115 described later adjusts the transmission rate R in accordance with the state (e.g., the degree of congestion) of the network 103, thereby suppressing transmission delay or packet loss caused for RTP packets. This allows the receiving apparatus 102 to reproduce image data while maintaining the quality of the image data transmitted from the transmitting apparatus 101 regardless of the state of the network 103.
The RTP transmitting unit 113 also generates RTP packet transmission information that represents a transmission state of RTP packets on the basis of an RTP packet sending state or the like, and supplies the RTP packet transmission information to the RTCP unit 114.
On the basis of the RTP packet transmission information fed from the RTP transmitting unit 113, the RTCP unit 114 generates transmission quality information that represents a state of a data channel (e.g., the network 103) between the transmitting apparatus 101 and the receiving apparatus 102. The RTCP unit 114 supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 115.
Here, the transmission quality information includes information for determining the state of the data channel.
More specifically, the transmission quality information includes at least one of RTT (Round Trip Time), transmission jitter, a packet loss rate, an S/N ratio (signal-to-noise ratio), and a BER (Bit Error Rate), for example. When transmission is performed via wireless communication, the transmission quality information may include radio field intensity in the wireless communication.
Additionally, the RTCP unit 114 performs communication with an RTCP unit 124 of the receiving apparatus 102 via the network 103 in accordance with the RTCP, collects the transmission quality information in the data channel between the transmitting apparatus 101 and the receiving apparatus 102, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 115.
Meanwhile, an RTCP receiver report (RR) packet and an RTCP sender report (SR) packet recited in IETF RFC 3550 are transmitted and received between the RTCP unit 114 and the RTCP unit 124 of the receiving apparatus 102 described later, whereby the transmission quality information is collected.
The rate control unit 115 adjusts the transmission rate R of transmitting RTP packets from the transmitting apparatus 101 on the basis of the transmission quality information fed from the RTCP unit 114, and informs the encoding unit 111, the buffer control unit 112, and the RTP transmitting unit 113 of the adjusted transmission rate R.
Adjustment of the transmission rate R is performed by the rate control unit 115 in accordance with, for example, "TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification", i.e., so-called TFRC, recited in IETF RFC 3448.
As described above, since the rate control unit 115 adjusts the transmission rate R in accordance with the state of the network 103, delay due to congestion of the network 103 may be avoided.
The control unit 116 controls each of the encoding unit 111, the buffer control unit 112, the RTP transmitting unit 113, the RTCP unit 114, and the rate control unit 115 on the basis of operation signals fed from the operation unit 117, for example.
The operation unit 117 includes operation buttons or the like operated by a user, and supplies the control unit 116 with operation signals corresponding to user operations.
The receiving apparatus 102 includes an RTP receiving unit 121, a reception buffer 122, a decoding unit 123, the RTCP unit 124, a control unit 125, and an operation unit 126.
The RTP receiving unit 121 receives RTP packets transmitted from the RTP transmitting unit 113 via the network 103. The RTP receiving unit 121 supplies the RTP packets to the reception buffer 122 for storage. The RTP receiving unit 121 also generates RTP packet transmission information, which represents a transmission state of RTP packets, on the basis of an RTP packet receiving state or the like, and supplies the RTP packet transmission information to the RTCP unit 124.
The reception buffer 122 temporarily stores the RTP packets fed from the RTP receiving unit 121. Meanwhile, it is assumed that the reception buffer 122 has a sufficiently large storage capacity so that overflow is avoided.
The decoding unit 123 reads out the RTP packets from the reception buffer 122 and assembles the read out RTP packets, thereby generating encoded data to be decoded. The decoding unit 123 then performs, on the generated encoded data, decoding processing corresponding to the encoding processing performed in the encoding unit 111. The decoding unit 123 outputs the resulting image data to a monitor or the like, not illustrated.
Here, as the decoding processing, decoding processing for decompressing the encoded data using decoding based on inverse wavelet transform, for example, is adopted.
The RTCP unit 124 generates transmission quality information on the basis of the RTP packet transmission information fed from the RTP receiving unit 121, and transmits the transmission quality information to the RTCP unit 114 of the transmitting apparatus 101 via the network 103.
The control unit 125 controls each of the RTP receiving unit 121, the reception buffer 122, the decoding unit 123, and the RTCP unit 124 on the basis of operation signals fed from the operation unit 126, for example.
The operation unit 126 includes operation buttons or the like operated by a user, and supplies the control unit 125 with operation signals corresponding to user operations.
Fig. 2
Figs. 3A and 3B
A process mainly performed by the buffer control unit 112 will be described next with reference to and .
Fig. 2
illustrates an example of a process mainly performed by the buffer control unit 112.
B
R
T
b
i
t
b
p
s
sec
=
×
The buffer control unit 112 changes the storable buffer size B on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 and the predetermined transmission buffer time T using Equation (1) below.
n
n
n
n
n+1
n+1
More specifically, for example, suppose that the current transmission rate R is denoted as R and the current storable buffer size B is denoted as B (= R × T). Upon adjusting the transmission rate R to the transmission rate R, the rate control unit 115 informs the encoding unit 111, the buffer control unit 112, and the RTP transmitting unit 113 of the transmission rate R.
n+1
n+1
n+1
n
n+1
At this time, the buffer control unit 112 calculates the storable buffer size B (= R × T) on the basis of the transmission rate R informed from the rate control unit 115 and the transmission buffer time T using Equation (1). The buffer control unit 112 then changes the storable buffer size B of the transmission buffer 112a to the storable buffer size B.
r
Additionally, the encoding unit 111 adjusts encoding parameters, e.g., a data generation rate of RTP packets, on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 and the remaining buffer size b fed from the buffer control unit 112, and performs encoding processing using the adjusted data generation rate.
i
i
In this way, a buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 112a is prevented from exceeding the storable buffer size B because of RTP packets fed from the encoding unit 111. As long as the buffer data size b is kept smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B in the transmission buffer 112a, low-delay data transmission is guaranteed.
r
Meanwhile, the encoding unit 111 adjusts the data generation rate on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 and the remaining buffer size b fed from the buffer control unit 112. However, if the encoding unit 111 is capable of rapidly adjusting the data generation rate in response to adjustment of the transmission rate R by the rate control unit 115, the encoding unit 111 may adjust the data generation rate to the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115, using the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 alone.
r
Additionally, although the encoding unit 111 adjusts the data generation rate on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 and the remaining buffer size b fed from the buffer control unit 112, the rate control unit 115 may calculate the data generation rate and may inform the encoding unit 111 of the data generation rate.
r
r
More specifically, for example, the rate control unit 115 may obtain the remaining buffer size b from the buffer control unit 112, may calculate the data generation rate on the basis of the obtained remaining buffer size b and the calculated transmission rate R, and may inform the encoding unit 111 of the calculated data generation rate.
n
n+1
n
n+1
i
Meanwhile, in response to adjustment of the transmission rate R to the transmission rate R, the storable buffer size B may be adjusted to the storable buffer size B that is smaller than the buffer data size b.
i
n+1
In this case, the buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 112a exceeds the storable buffer size B and, thus, low-delay data transmission can no longer be performed.
i
n+1
i
n+1
Accordingly, in the first embodiment, if the buffer data size b exceeds the storable buffer size B, RTP packets in the transmission buffer 112a are discarded until the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B. In this way, low-delay data transmission is guaranteed.
n+1
When the encoding unit 111 performs encoding processing at a fixed data generation rate regardless of the transmission rate R, when the encoding unit 111 fails to rapidly adjust the data generation rate in accordance with the adjusted transmission rate R, and so forth, many RTP packets may be output to the transmission buffer 112a from the encoding unit 111.
i
n+1
i
n+1
In this case, the buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 112a similarly exceeds the storable buffer size B. However, as described above, since the RTP packets in the transmission buffer 112a are discarded until the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B in the first embodiment, low-delay data transmission is also guaranteed.
Figs. 3A and 3B
n
n+1
i
illustrate an example of discarding some of RTP packets stored in the transmission buffer 112a when the storable buffer size B is changed to the storable buffer size B that is smaller than the buffer data size b.
n+1
n
n
n+1
n
Fig. 3A
Fig. 3B
For example, upon being supplied with the transmission rate R (= R/2) from the rate control unit 115, the buffer control unit 112 changes the current storable buffer size B illustrated in to the storable buffer size B (= B/2) illustrated in on the basis of Equation (1).
i
n+1
i
i
n+1
Fig. 3B
In this case, the buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 112a exceeds the changed storable buffer size B. Accordingly, as illustrated in , the buffer control unit 112 discards some (indicated by a shaded part) of the RTP packets stored in the transmission buffer 112a to adjust the buffer data size b so that the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B.
When the RTP packets in the transmission buffer 112a are discarded, given RTP packets may be discarded or the discarding priority may be attached the RTP packets and the RTP packets may be discarded in the descending order of the priority.
Figs. 7A and 7B
More specifically, for example, regarding RTP packets including coefficient data of each frequency component obtained by wavelet transform, the higher priority may be attached to RTP packets including coefficient data of higher-frequency components and the RTP packets may be discarded. A method for discarding RTP packets in accordance with the priority will be described in detail with reference to .
Fig. 4
Next, a transmission process (hereinafter, referred to as a first transmission process) performed by the transmitting apparatus 101 will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
r
In step S1, the encoding unit 111 performs encoding processing on image data fed from the outside at the data generation rate that is calculated on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 and the remaining buffer size b fed from the buffer control unit 112.
In step S2, the encoding unit 111 packetizes (converts) the encoded data obtained by the encoding processing into a plurality of RTP packets. The encoding unit 111 then outputs the plurality of RTP packets obtained by the packetization to the buffer control unit 112.
In step S3, the buffer control unit 112 supplies the RTP packets fed from the encoding unit 111 to the transmission buffer 112a thereof for storage. The buffer control unit 112 then outputs the RTP packets from the transmission buffer 112a to the RTP transmitting unit 113 at an output rate that is the same as the transmission rate R informed from the rate control unit 115.
i
In step S4, the buffer control unit 112 determines whether or not the storable buffer size B of the transmission buffer 112a is larger than or equal to the buffer data size b.
i
i
Fig. 3B
If the buffer control unit 112 determines in step S4 that the storable buffer size B is not larger than or equal to the buffer data size b, i.e., that the buffer data size b is larger than the storable buffer size B, as illustrated in , the process proceeds to step S5.
i
In step S5, the buffer control unit 112 discards the RTP packets stored in the transmission buffer 112a until the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B. The process then returns to step S1 and the similar processing is performed thereafter.
Figs. 7A and 7B
Meanwhile, in step S5, the discarding priority may be attached to the RTP packets and the RTP packets may be discarded in accordance with the priority. Details of a process of discarding the RTP packets in accordance with the priority will be described later with reference to .
i
Fig. 3A
If the buffer control unit 112 determines in step S4 that the storable buffer size B is larger than or equal to the buffer data size b as illustrated in , the process proceeds to step S6.
In step S6, the RTP transmitting unit 113 determines whether or not the RTP packets fed from the buffer control unit 112 are transmittable on the basis of an RTP packet sending state or the like. After it is determined that the packets are transmittable, the process proceeds to step S7.
In step S7, in accordance with the RTP, the RTP transmitting unit 113 transmits the RTP packets fed from the buffer control unit 112 to the receiving apparatus 102 via the network 103 at the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115.
In step S8, in accordance with the RTCP, the RTCP unit 114 performs communication with the RTCP unit 124 of the receiving apparatus 102 via the network 103, collects transmission quality information of a data channel between the transmitting apparatus 101 and the receiving apparatus 102, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 115.
Fig. 5
In step S9, a first rate control process is performed in which the encoding unit 111 adjusts the data generation rate, the buffer control unit 112 adjusts the storable buffer size B, and the rate control unit 115 adjusts the transmission rate R. Details of this first rate control process will be described later with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S10, the control unit 116 determines whether or not to terminate the first transmission process on the basis of an operation signal fed from the operation unit 117 or the like. If the control unit 116 determines not to terminate the first transmission process, the process returns to step S1 and the similar processing is performed thereafter.
If the control unit 116 determines to terminate the first transmission process in step S10, the first transmission process is terminated.
As described above, since the transmission rate R is adjusted in accordance with a state of the network 103 in the first transmission process, transmission delay or packet loss of RTP packets can be suppressed regardless of the state of the network 103. Accordingly, image quality degradation of image data caused by transmission delay or packet loss of RTP packets can be suppressed.
Additionally, the storable buffer size B is changed in response to adjustment of the transmission rate R in the first transmission process, so that the transmission buffer time of the transmission buffer 112a is maintained at a certain time T. Accordingly, image data can be transmitted with low delay regardless of the state of the network 103.
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Next, details of the first rate control process in step S9 of will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S31, the rate control unit 115 obtains transmission quality information from the RTCP unit 114. In step S32, the rate control unit 115 adjusts the transmission rate R on the basis of the transmission quality information obtained from the RTCP unit 114, and supplies the adjusted transmission rate R to the encoding unit 111, the buffer control unit 112, and the RTP transmitting unit 113.
In step S33, the buffer control unit 112 calculates and changes the storable buffer size B of the transmission buffer 112a thereof on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 and the predetermined transmission buffer time T.
r
i
The buffer control unit 112 also supplies the encoding unit 111 with the remaining buffer size b obtained by subtracting the buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 112a from the calculated storable buffer size B.
r
Fig. 4
In step S34, on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 115 and the remaining buffer size b fed from the buffer control unit 112, the encoding unit 111 calculates the data generation rate of the encoding processing performed in step S1 of .
Fig. 4
The first rate control process is terminated here and the process returns to step S9 of . The process then proceeds to step S10.
Fig. 6
Next, a reception process (hereinafter, referred to as a first reception process) performed by the receiving apparatus 102 will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S51, the RTP receiving unit 121 receives RTP packets transmitted from the RTP transmitting unit 113 via the network 103, and supplies the received RTP packets to the reception buffer 122 for storage.
In step S52, the decoding unit 123 reads out the RTP packets from the reception buffer 122 and assembles the read out RTP packets, thereby generating encoded data to be decoded.
In step S53, the decoding unit 123 performs, on the generated encoded data, decoding processing corresponding the encoding processing performed in the encoding unit 111. The decoding unit 123 outputs the resulting image data to a monitor or the like, not illustrated.
In step S54, the RTCP unit 124 performs communication with the RTCP unit 114 of the transmitting apparatus 101 via the network 103 in accordance with the RTCP. In this way, the RTCP unit 114 collects the transmission quality information of the data channel between the transmitting apparatus 101 and the receiving apparatus 102.
In step S55, the control unit 125 determines whether or not to terminate the first reception process on the basis of an operation signal fed from the operation unit 126 or the like. If the control unit 125 determines not to terminate the first reception process, the process returns to step S51. The similar processing is performed thereafter.
If the control unit 125 determines to terminate the first reception process in step S55, the first reception process is terminated.
As described above, in the first reception process, the transmission quality information used by the transmitting apparatus 101 to adjust the transmission rate R is supplied to the transmitting apparatus 101 in accordance with the RTCP.
Since this allows the transmitting apparatus 101 to adjust the transmission rate R on the basis of the transmission quality information fed from the receiving apparatus 102, delay caused by the state of the data channel, such as the network 103, may be made small so that the delay is ignorable.
Figs. 7A and 7B
illustrate an example case in which the priority is attached to RTP packets and the RTP packets are discarded in the order based on the attached priority.
Figs. 7A and 7B
In , an RTP packet L1 represents packetized (coefficient data of) high-frequency components of image data that has been encoded. Additionally, an RTP packet L3 represents packetized low-frequency components of the image data that has been encoded. Further, an RTP packet L2 represents packetized intermediate-frequency components (between the high-frequency components and the low-frequency components) of the image data that has been encoded.
n+1
n
n
n+1
n
Fig. 7A
Fig. 7B
For example, upon being supplied with the transmission rate R (= 2/3 × R) from the rate control unit 115, the buffer control unit 112 adjusts the current storable buffer size B illustrated in to the storable buffer size B (= 2/3 × B) illustrated in on the basis of Equation (1).
Fig. 7B
i
n+1
i
n+1
In this case, as illustrated in , the buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 112a exceeds the adjusted storable buffer size B. Accordingly, the buffer control unit 112 preferentially discards, for example, RTP packets of high-frequency components out of data stored in the transmission buffer 112a until the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B.
i
n+1
Fig. 7B
More specifically, for example, the buffer control unit 112 discards the RTP packet L1, of the high-frequency components, thereby adjusting the buffer data size b to be smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B as illustrated in .
Here, RTP packets of high-frequency components are preferentially discarded because, in image data, lower-frequency components are elements for constructing a rough image (e.g., an image in which a person displayed in the image can be roughly recognized as a human figure).
Meanwhile, high-frequency components are used to increase the image quality from a rough image to a detailed image (e.g., an image in which a person displayed in the image can be recognized in detail). As the priority of RTP packets, for example, the priority written in "Tos (Type of Service) " or "DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point)" in an IP header recited in "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers" of IETF RFC 2474, or the priority written in "Cos (Class of Service)" in the IEEE 802.1Q tag may also be used.
Although the transmitting apparatus 101 that transmits RTP packets with low delay has been described in the first embodiment, the technique disclosed herein is applicable to, for example, a transmitting/receiving apparatus having the functions of the transmitting apparatus 101 and the receiving apparatus 102.
Additionally, a transmitting/receiving apparatus without the functions of the encoding unit 111 and the decoding unit 123, e.g., a NIC (Network Interface Card) or a wireless relay apparatus such as a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) access point, may be adopted as the transmitting/receiving apparatus that enables low-delay data transmission.
Figs. 8 to 12
Fig. 13
Next, as a second embodiment of the invention, a NIC that enables low-delay data transmission will be described with reference to . Additionally, as a third embodiment of the invention, a wireless relay apparatus that enables low-delay data transmission will be described with reference to .
Fig. 8
illustrates an example of a NIC 142 that is inserted into and connected to a card slot of a personal computer 141 (hereinafter, referred to as a PC 141).
The PC 141 mainly includes an encoding unit 151 and a decoding unit 152. The PC 141 transmits and receives packets via the NIC 142.
Fig. 1
r
The encoding unit 151 performs processing similar to that of the encoding unit 111 of . More specifically, the encoding unit 151 calculates a data generation rate on the basis of a transmission rate R and a remaining buffer size b that are fed from the NIC 142.
The encoding unit 151 performs encoding processing on image data input from the outside (VIDEO IN) at the calculated data generation rate, and packetizes the resulting encoded data. The encoding unit 151 outputs packets obtained by the packetization to the NIC 142.
Fig. 1
The decoding unit 152 performs processing similar to that of the decoding unit 123 of . More specifically, the decoding unit 152 assembles packets fed from the NIC 142 to generate encoded data, performs decoding processing on the generated encoded data, and outputs the resulting image data to a monitor or the like, not illustrated.
The NIC 142 includes a receiving unit 161, a reception buffer 162, a rate control unit 163, a buffer control unit 164 including a transmission buffer 164a, a modulating unit 165, and a transmitting unit 166.
The receiving unit 161 receives packets transmitted from the outside, and supplies the received packets to the reception buffer 162 for storage. The receiving unit 161 also generates transmission quality information on the basis of a packet receiving state or the like, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 163.
The reception buffer 162 temporarily stores the packets fed from the receiving unit 161, and outputs the packets to the decoding unit 152 of the PC 141.
The rate control unit 163 adjusts the transmission rate R and a modulation method of the NIC 142 on the basis of the transmission quality information fed from the receiving unit 161 and the transmitting unit 166. The rate control unit 163 supplies the adjusted transmission rate R to the buffer control unit 164 and the transmitting unit 166. The rate control unit 163 also supplies the adjusted modulation method to the modulating unit 165.
Fig. 1
Fig. 9
The buffer control unit 164 performs processing similar to that of the buffer control unit 112 of . More specifically, as illustrated in , the buffer control unit 164 changes a storable buffer size B on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 163 and a predetermined transmission buffer time T using Equation (1).
r
i
r
Fig. 9
The buffer control unit 164 also generates the remaining buffer size b obtained by subtracting a buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 164a from the storable buffer size B. The buffer control unit 164 then supplies the generated remaining buffer size b and the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 163 to the encoding unit 151 as illustrated in .
Fig. 9
Further, as illustrated in , the buffer control unit 164 supplies the packets fed from the encoding unit 151 to the transmission buffer 164a thereof for storage.
The buffer control unit 164 performs smoothed transmission in which packets are sent (output) from the transmission buffer 164a to the modulating unit 165 at the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 163.
Fig. 1
The transmission buffer 164a performs processing similar to that of the transmission buffer 112a of . More specifically, for example, the transmission buffer 164a performs smoothed transmission in accordance with the control of the buffer control unit 164. That is, the transmission buffer 164a functions as a smoothing buffer that performs smoothing so that an output rate of outputting packets matches the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 163.
The transmission buffer 164a stores packets fed from the encoding unit 151 with the storable buffer size B that is adjusted by the buffer control unit 164, and outputs the packets on an FIFO basis. It is assumed that the transmission buffer 164a has a sufficiently large storage capacity, which is larger than or equal to the maximum storable buffer size B that can be adjusted.
The modulating unit 165 modulates the packets fed from the buffer control unit 164 using the modulation method informed from the rate control unit 163, and supplies the modulated packets to the transmitting unit 166.
The transmitting unit 166 transmits the packets fed from the modulating unit 165 at the transmission rate R informed from the rate control unit 163. The transmitting unit 166 also generates transmission quality information on the basis of a packet sending state or the like, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 163.
Fig. 10
Next, a transmission process (hereinafter, referred to as a second transmission process) performed by the NIC 142 will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S71, the buffer control unit 164 obtains packets from the encoding unit 151.
In step S72, the buffer control unit 164 supplies the packets fed from the encoding unit 151 to the transmission buffer 164a thereof for storage. The buffer control unit 164 outputs the packets from the transmission buffer 164a to the modulating unit 165 at an output rate that is the same as the transmission rate R informed from the rate control unit 163.
i
In step S73, the buffer control unit 164 determines whether or not the storable buffer size B of the transmission buffer 164a is larger than or equal to the buffer data size b of the transmission buffer 164a.
i
If the buffer control unit 164 determines in step S73 that the storable buffer size B is not larger than or equal to the buffer data size b, the process proceeds to step S74.
i
In step S74, the buffer control unit 164 discards the packets stored in the transmission buffer 164a so that the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the storable buffer size B. The process then returns to step S71 and the similar processing is performed thereafter.
Figs. 7A and 7B
In step S74, as illustrated in , the discarding priority may be attached to the packets and the order of discarding the packets may be determined in accordance with the priority.
i
If it is determined in step S73 that the storable buffer size B is larger than or equal to the buffer data size b, the process proceeds to step S75.
In step S75, the modulating unit 165 modulates the packets fed from the buffer control unit 164 using the modulation method informed from the rate control unit 163, and supplies the modulated packets to the transmitting unit 166.
In step S76, the transmitting unit 166 transmits the packets fed from the modulating unit 165 at the transmission rate R informed from the rate control unit 163.
Fig. 11
In step S77, a second rate control process is performed in which the rate control unit 163 adjusts the transmission rate R and the buffer control unit 164 adjusts the storable buffer size B. Details of this second rate control process will be described later with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S78, a control unit, not illustrated, of the NIC 142 determines whether or not to terminate the second transmission process on the basis of a control signal fed from the PC 141 or the like. If the control unit determines not to terminate the second transmission process, the process returns to step S71 and the similar processing is performed thereafter.
If the control unit, not illustrated, of the NIC 142 determines to terminate the second transmission process in step S78, the second transmission process is terminated.
As described above, since the transmission rate R is adjusted in accordance with a state of a data channel for transmitting and receiving packets in the second transmission process, transmission delay or packet loss of packets can be suppressed regardless of the state of the data channel. Accordingly, image quality degradation of image data caused by transmission delay and packet loss of the packets can be suppressed.
Additionally, the storable buffer size B is changed in response to adjustment of the transmission rate R in the second transmission process, so that the transmission buffer time of the transmission buffer 164a is maintained at a certain time T. Accordingly, image data can be transmitted with low delay regardless of a state of a data channel.
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Next, details of the second rate control process in step S77 of will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S91, the rate control unit 163 obtains transmission quality information from the receiving unit 161 and the transmitting unit 166. The receiving unit 161 generates the transmission quality information on the basis of a packet receiving state or the like, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 163. The transmitting unit 166 generates the transmission quality information on the basis of a packet sending state or the like, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 163.
In step S92, the rate control unit 163 adjusts the transmission rate R and the modulation method on the basis of the transmission quality information fed from the receiving unit 161 and the transmitting unit 166. The rate control unit 163 then supplies the adjusted transmission rate R to the buffer control unit 164 and the transmitting unit 166, and supplies the adjusted modulation method to the modulating unit 165.
In step S93, the buffer control unit 164 calculates and adjusts the storable buffer size B of the transmission buffer 164a on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 163 and the predetermined transmission buffer time T using Equation (1).
r
i
r
In step S94, the buffer control unit 164 informs the encoding unit 151 of the remaining buffer size b, which is obtained by subtracting the buffer data size b of data stored in the transmission buffer 164a from the calculated storable buffer size B. The buffer control unit 164 also informs the encoding unit 151 of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 163. In this way, the encoding unit 151 calculates the data generation rate on the basis of the transmission rate R and the remaining buffer size b informed from the buffer control unit 164, and performs encoding processing at the calculated data generation rate.
Fig. 10
The second rate control process is terminated here and the process returns to step S77 of . The process then proceeds to step S78.
Fig. 12
Next, a reception process (hereinafter, referred to as a second reception process) performed by the NIC 142 will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S111, the receiving unit 161 receives packets transmitted from the outside. In step S112, the receiving unit 161 supplies the received packets to the reception buffer 162 for storage.
In step S113, the reception buffer 162 temporarily stores the packets fed from the receiving unit 161, and outputs the packets to the decoding unit 152 of the PC 141.
In step S114, the control unit, not illustrated, of the NIC 142 determines whether or not to terminate the second reception process on the basis of a control signal fed from the PC 141 or the like. If the control unit determines not to terminate the second reception process, the process returns to step S111 and the similar processing is performed thereafter.
If the control unit, not illustrated, of the NIC 142 determines to terminate the second reception process in step S114, the second reception process is terminated.
Fig. 13
illustrates an example of a wireless relay apparatus that enables low-delay data transmission.
This wireless relay apparatus 181 is, for example, a wireless LAN access point that relays image data or the like transmitted or received between a network and a PC.
1
N
The wireless relay apparatus 181 includes a destination analyzing unit 191, normal transmission devices 192 to 192, and a low-delay transmission device 193.
1
N
The destination analyzing unit 191 performs analysis of a destination address (e.g., a MAC address) written in a header included in a packet fed from each of the normal transmission devices 192 to 192 and the low-delay transmission device 193.
1
N
The destination analyzing unit 191 returns (information indicating) the destination of the packet obtained by the analysis of the destination address to the source of the packet (any of the normal transmission devices 192 to 192 or the low-delay transmission device 193).
1
1
2
N
1
The normal transmission device 192 receives a packet and supplies the packet to the destination analyzing unit 191. The normal transmission device 192 also transmits the received packet to the destination fed from the destination analyzing unit 191. Since the normal transmission devices 192 to 192 are configured in the same manner as the normal transmission device 192, the description thereof is omitted.
Fig. 8
The low-delay transmission device 193 receives a packet and supplies the packet to the destination analyzing unit 191. The low-delay transmission device 193 also transmits the received packet to the destination fed from the destination analyzing unit 191. Since the low-delay transmission device 193 is configured in the same manner as the NIC 142 of , the low-delay transmission device 193 is capable of transmitting packets to the destination fed from the destination analyzing unit 191 with low delay.
Fig. 14
illustrates an example of a configuration of a transmitting/receiving system 200 according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
Since portions of this transmitting/receiving system 200 that are configured in the same manner as those of the transmitting/receiving system 100 according to the first embodiment are assigned the same reference characters, the description thereof will be appropriately omitted.
Fig. 1
More specifically, this transmitting/receiving system 200 is configured in the same manner as the transmitting/receiving system 100 according to the first embodiment except that a transmitting apparatus 201 is provided instead of the transmitting apparatus 101 of .
Fig. 1
The transmitting apparatus 201 is configured in the same manner as the transmitting apparatus 101 of except that a rate control unit 212 and a buffer control unit 211 that includes a transmission buffer 211a are provided instead of the rate control unit 115 and the buffer control unit 112.
Fig. 15A
sn
n
Here, as illustrated in , in this transmitting/receiving system 200, data (RTP packets) is stored in the transmission buffer 211a with a data size that is smaller than or equal to an addable buffer size B, which is smaller than a storable buffer size B of the transmission buffer 211a.
n
n+1
n
n+1
sn
n+1
i
Fig. 15B
In response to adjustment of a transmission rate R to the transmission rate R, the storable buffer size B is changed to the storable buffer size B that is larger than or equal to the addable buffer size B, i.e., to the storable buffer size B that is larger than or equal to a buffer data size b, as illustrated in .
n+1
i
In the fourth embodiment, low-delay data transmission is realized without discarding data stored in the transmission buffer 211a by preventing the storable buffer size B from becoming smaller than the buffer data size b in this way.
That is, the fourth embodiment greatly differs from the first embodiment in that discarding of data stored in the transmission buffer 211a can be prevented.
n+1
sn
In the fourth embodiment, a certain restriction is applied to adjustment of the transmission rate R in order to make the storable buffer size B larger than or equal to the addable buffer size B.
Fig. 14
s
In , the buffer control unit 211 stores RTP packets fed from the encoding unit 111 in the transmission buffer 211a within a range not exceeding the addable buffer size B instead of the storable buffer size B, and outputs the RTP packets on an FIFO basis.
s
s
The buffer control unit 211 also changes the storable buffer size B and the addable buffer size B on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 212. The buffer control unit 211 changes the storable buffer size B and the addable buffer size B so that RTP packets can be output within a transmission buffer time T from when the RTP packets were stored in the transmission buffer 211a, without discarding the RTP packets stored in the transmission buffer 211a.
s
The transmission buffer 211a stores the RTP packets output from the encoding unit 111 within a range of the addable buffer size B that is smaller than the storable buffer size B, and outputs the RTP packets to the RTP transmitting unit 113 on an FIFO basis.
The rate control unit 212 adjusts the transmission rate R on the basis of transmission quality information fed from the RTCP unit 114 under a certain restriction, and informs the encoding unit 111, the RTP transmitting unit 113, and the buffer control unit 211 of the transmission rate R.
n+1
n
n
n+1
min
Here, as the restriction for changing the transmission rate R, the rate control unit 212 applies a restriction that a rate change ratio L (= R/R) of changing the transmission rate R to the transmission rate R is larger than or equal to a predetermined lower limit L, for example.
i
Additionally, as the restriction for adjusting (changing) the transmission rate R, the rate control unit 212 restricts (prohibits) the transmission rate R from being changed during a rate change minimum interval T (sec) from when the transmission rate R was changed to be lower, for example.
Fig. 16
illustrates an example of details of a process performed by the buffer control unit 211 and the rate control unit 212.
The buffer control unit 211 changes the storable buffer size B on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 212 and the predetermined transmission buffer time T using Equation (1) described above.
s
s
s
s
B
s
T
s
bit
bps
sec
=
×
R
The buffer control unit 211 also changes the addable buffer size B in accordance with a transmission buffer threshold time T and the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 212 using Equation (2) below so that the transmission buffer threshold time is maintained at a certain predetermined time T (hereinafter, also referred to as transmission buffer threshold time T) .
s
s
s
Here, the transmission buffer threshold time T represents a maximum time from when data was stored in the transmission buffer 211a to when the data is output within a range that satisfies a buffer capacity that is smaller than or equal to the addable buffer size B. Additionally, it is assumed that the transmission buffer threshold time T is a value smaller than the transmission buffer time T.
The rate control unit 212 adjusts the transmission rate R on the basis of transmission quality information fed from the RTCP unit 114 under a certain restriction.
n+1
n+1
n
n
n+1
min
min
s
T
s
L
min
≤
×
T
More specifically, for example, the rate control unit 212 determines the transmission rate R within a range that satisfies a change condition that the rate change ratio L (= R/R) of changing (adjusting) the transmission rate R to the transmission rate R becomes larger than or equal to the lower limit L. Here, the lower limit L is determined on the basis of the transmission buffer time T and the transmission buffer threshold time T using Equation (3) below.
c
c
c
n+1
Fig. 1
If
R
c
R
n
L
min
R
n
+
1
R
c
/
≥
,
=
More specifically, for example, the rate control unit 212 calculates a transmission rate R on the basis of the transmission quality information fed from the RTCP unit 114 in the same manner as the rate control unit 115 of . If the transmission rate R satisfies the aforementioned change condition, the rate control unit 212 determines the transmission rate R as the changed transmission rate R as indicated by Equation (4) below.
min
In this case, the rate change ratio L is larger than or equal to the lower limit L and, thus, the change condition is satisfied.
c
n+1
If
R
c
R
n
L
min
R
n
+
1
L
min
R
n
/
<
,
=
×
If the aforementioned change condition is not satisfied, the rate control unit 212 modifies the transmission rate R so that the change condition is satisfied as indicated by Equation (5) below and determines the changed transmission rate R.
min
In this case, the rate change ratio L is equal to the lower limit L and, thus, the change condition is satisfied.
i
sn+1
i
sn+1
Fig. 15B
When the transmission rate R is adjusted to be lower, the buffer data size b may exceed the addable buffer size B as illustrated in . Accordingly, in this case, the rate control unit 212 restricts adjustment of the transmission rate R until the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the addable buffer size B.
i
T
i
T
s
=
-
T
More specifically, for example, when the transmission rate R is adjusted to be lower, the rate control unit 212 restricts (prohibits) the transmission rate R from being adjusted until the rate change minimum interval T (sec) indicated by Equation (6) below passes from the adjustment of the transmission rate R.
i
n
n+1
i
sn+1
Here, the rate change minimum interval T represents a maximum time from when the transmission rate R was changed to the transmission rate R to when the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the addable buffer size B.
i
sn+1
When the transmission rate R is adjusted to be higher, the buffer data size b does not exceed the addable buffer size B. Accordingly, the rate control unit 212 does not have to restrict adjustment of the transmission rate R.
i
i
s
i
s
r
Fig. 15B
In the first embodiment, the encoding unit 111 adjusts encoding parameters to prevent the buffer data size b from becoming larger than the storable buffer size B. Regarding this point, the fourth embodiment differs in that the encoding unit 111 adjusts encoding parameters to prevent the buffer data size b from becoming larger than the addable buffer size B. Additionally, as illustrated in above, the encoding unit 111 does not output RTP packets to the buffer control unit 211 (transmission buffer 211a) until the buffer data size b becomes smaller than or equal to the addable buffer size B on the basis of the remaining buffer size b fed from the buffer control unit 211 or the like.
Fig. 17
Next, a transmission process (hereinafter, referred to as a third transmission process) performed by the transmitting apparatus 201 will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
s
min
s
In step S131, the rate control unit 212 sets the transmission buffer time T and the transmission buffer threshold time T in accordance with a user setting operation or the like. The rate control unit 212 also sets the lower limit L on the basis of the set transmission buffer time T and the set transmission buffer threshold time T using Equation (3) .
i
s
Further, the rate control unit 212 sets the rate change minimum interval T on the basis of the set transmission buffer time T and the set transmission buffer threshold time T using Equation (6).
In step S132, the encoding unit 111 performs encoding processing on image data fed from the outside at a data generation rate calculated in accordance with the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 212.
In step S133, the encoding unit 111, for example, packetizes (converts) encoded data obtained by the encoding processing into a plurality of RTP packets, and outputs the plurality of resulting RTP packets to the buffer control unit 211.
In step S134, the buffer control unit 211 supplies the RTP packets fed from the encoding unit 111 to the transmission buffer 211a thereof for storage. The buffer control unit 211 outputs the RTP packets from the transmission buffer 211a to the RTP transmitting unit 113 on an FIFO basis at an output rate that is the same as the transmission rate R informed from the rate control unit 212.
In step S135, the RTP transmitting unit 113 determines whether or not the RTP packets fed from the buffer control unit 211 are transmittable on the basis of an RTP packet sending state or the like. After it is determined that the packets are transmittable, the process proceeds to step S136.
In step S136, in accordance with the RTP, the RTP transmitting unit 113 transmits the RTP packets fed from the buffer control unit 211 to the receiving apparatus 102 via the network 103 at the transmission rate R informed by the rate control unit 212.
In step S137, the RTCP unit 114 performs communication with the RTCP unit 124 of the receiving apparatus 102 via the network 103 in accordance with the RTCP, collects transmission quality information of a data channel between the transmitting apparatus 201 and the receiving apparatus 102, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 212.
i
i
In step S138, the rate control unit 212 determines whether or not the rate change minimum interval T or longer has passed from the last change of the transmission rate R. If it is determined that the rate change minimum interval T or longer has not passed, the process returns to step S135 and the similar processing is repeated thereafter.
i
If the rate control unit 212 determines in step S138 that the rate change minimum interval T or longer has passed from the last change of the transmission rate R, the process proceeds to step S139.
i
When the transmission rate is set to be higher in the last change of the transmission rate R, the rate change minimum interval T does not have to be waited. Accordingly, the processing of step S138 may be skipped.
s
Fig. 18
In step S139, a third rate control process is performed in which the encoding unit 111 adjusts the data generation rate, the buffer control unit 211 adjusts the storable buffer size B and the addable buffer size B, and the rate control unit 212 adjusts the transmission rate R. Details of this third rate control process will be described later with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S140, the control unit 116 determines whether or not to terminate the third transmission process on the basis of an operation signal fed from the operation unit 117 or the like. If the control unit 116 determines not to terminate the third transmission process, the process returns to step S132 and the similar processing is performed thereafter.
If the control unit 116 determines to terminate the third transmission process on the basis of an operation signal fed from the operation unit 117 or the like in step S140, the third transmission process is terminated.
As described above, in the third transmission process, even if the transmission rate R is changed to be lower in the transmitting apparatus 201, low-delay data transmission is performed without discarding data stored in the transmission buffer 211a.
Accordingly, a situation may be prevented in which the quality of image data transmitted by the transmitting apparatus 201 is degraded by discarding the data stored in the transmission buffer 211a by an amount of discarded data.
Thus, the receiving apparatus 102 can receive the RTP packets from the transmitting apparatus 201 with low delay and can reproduce relatively high-quality image data obtained by assembling and decoding the received RTP packets, for example.
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Next, details of the third rate control process in step S139 of will be described with reference to a flowchart of .
In step S161, the rate control unit 212 obtains transmission quality information from the RTCP unit 114. The RTCP unit 114 performs communication with the RTCP unit 124 of the receiving apparatus 102 via the network 103 in accordance with the RTCP, collects transmission quality information of a data channel between the transmitting apparatus 201 and the receiving apparatus 102, and supplies the transmission quality information to the rate control unit 212.
c
In step S162, the rate control unit 212 calculates the transmission rate R on the basis of the transmission quality information fed from the RTCP unit 114.
c
n
min
n
c
In step S163, the rate control unit 212 determines whether or not a condition that the rate change ratio L (= R/R) is larger than or equal to the lower limit L is satisfied, on the basis of the original transmission rate R and the calculated transmission rate R.
min
n+1
c
If the rate control unit 212 determines in step S163 that the rate change ratio L is larger than or equal to the lower limit L, the process proceeds to step S164. The rate control unit 212 sets the changed transmission rate R to the transmission rate R, and supplies the encoding unit 111, the RTP transmitting unit 113, and the buffer control unit 211 with the changed transmission rate.
min
n+1
min
n
If the rate change ratio L is not larger than or equal to the lower limit L in step S163, the process proceeds to step S165. The rate control unit 212 sets the transmission rate R to the transmission rate L × R, and supplies the encoding unit 111, the RTP transmitting unit 113, and the buffer control unit 211 with the transmission rate.
s
s
In step S166, the buffer control unit 211 calculates and changes the storable buffer size B of the transmission buffer 211a on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 212 and the transmission buffer time T using Equation (1). The buffer control unit 211 also calculates and changes the addable buffer size B on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 212 and the transmission buffer threshold time T using Equation (2).
r
i
Further, the buffer control unit 211 supplies the encoding unit 111 with the remaining buffer size b obtained by subtracting the buffer data size b of the data stored in the transmission buffer 211a from the calculated storable buffer size B.
r
In step S167, the encoding unit 111 calculates the data generation rate on the basis of the transmission rate R fed from the rate control unit 212 and the remaining buffer size b fed from the buffer control unit 211.
Fig. 17
The third rate control process is terminated here and the process returns to step S139 of . The process then proceeds to step S140.
The foregoing series of processes may be executed by hardware or may be executed by software. When the series of processes are executed by software, a program constituting the software is installed, from a program recording medium, into a computer embedded in dedicated hardware or, for example, a general-purpose computer capable of executing various functions by installing various programs.
Fig. 19
is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration of a computer that executes the foregoing series of processes with a program.
A CPU (Central Processing Unit) 301 executes various processes in accordance with programs stored in a ROM (Read Only Memory) 302 or a storage unit 308. A RAM (Random Access Memory) 303 appropriately stores programs executed by the CPU 301, data, and so forth. The CPU 301, the ROM 302, and the RAM 303 are connected to each other via a bus 304.
The CPU 301 is also connected to an input/output interface 305 via the bus 304. The input/output interface 305 is connected to an input unit 306 including a keyboard, a mouse, and a microphone, and to an output unit 307 including a display and a speaker. The CPU 301 executes various processes in accordance with instructions input from the input unit 306. The CPU 301 outputs the results of the processes to the output unit 307.
The storage unit 308 connected to the input/output interface 305 includes, for example, a hard disk, and stores programs executed by the CPU 301 and various kinds of data. A communication unit 309 communicates with an external apparatus via a network, such as the Internet or a local area network.
Additionally, programs may be obtained via the communication unit 309 and stored in the storage unit 308.
When a removable medium 311, such as a magnetic disk, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory, is mounted, a drive 310 connected to the input/output interface 305 drives the removable medium 311 and obtains programs and data recorded thereon. The obtained programs and data are transferred to and stored in the storage unit 308 if necessary.
Fig. 19
As illustrated in , a recording medium that records (stores) a program that is to be installed into a computer and is to be brought into an executable state by the computer includes the removable medium 311 that is a package medium, such as a magnetic disk (including a flexible disk), an optical disc (including a CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory), and a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)), a magneto-optical disk (including an MD (Mini-Disc)), or a semiconductor memory, the ROM 302 temporarily or permanently storing the program, and a hard disk that constitutes the storage unit 308. Recording of the program on the recording medium is performed using a wired or wireless communication medium, such as a local area network, the Internet, or the digital satellite broadcasting, via the communication unit 309 serving as an interface, such as a router or a modem, if necessary.
In this specification, steps describing the aforementioned series of processes include processes that are executed chronologically in the described order and processes that are not necessarily executed chronologically but are executed in parallel or individually.
Additionally, in this specification, a system refers to an entire apparatus that includes a plurality of devices.
In so far as the embodiments of the invention described above are implemented, at least in part, using software-controlled data processing apparatus, it will be appreciated that a computer program providing such software control and a transmission, storage or other medium by which such a computer program is provided are envisaged as aspects of the present invention.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
1. First Embodiment
Example of Configuration of Transmitting/Receiving System 100
Example of Configuration of Transmitting Apparatus 101
Example of Configuration of Receiving Apparatus 102
Method for Adjusting Storable Buffer Size
Example of Discarding Data in Transmission Buffer 112a
Description of Operations of Transmitting Apparatus 101
Details of First Rate Control Process
Description of Operations of Receiving Apparatus 102
Discarding RTP Packets According to Priority
2. Second Embodiment
Description of Operations of NIC 142
3. Third Embodiment
4. Fourth Embodiment
Example of Configuration of Transmitting/Receiving System 200
Details of Buffer Control Unit 211 and Rate Control Unit 212
Description of Operations of Transmitting Apparatus 201
Details of Third Rate Control Process
Example of Configuration of Computer | |
EAEU is an exclusively economic organisation, and it is methodically incorrect to evaluate it differently, since no process can be expected to produce results that it cannot give by definition, fixed by the agreement on the basis of which the EAEU functions, writes Vyacheslav Dodonov, Senior Reseach Fellow, at the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of Kazakhstan.
The seven years of the Eurasian Economic Union’s existence provide an opportunity to sum up some results and assess the problems that have arisen during the integration process. The presence of problems prevails in its assessments, but not in the process itself, which has been characterised by steady, although perhaps not overtly noticeable progress. As for the assessments, in many if not most of them, there is scepticism and negativity, often regardless of whether the observers are supporters or opponents of integration. For the supporters, integration is not intensive enough and is too limited by the narrow framework of economic cooperation, and the “alliance” of partners, including in the political sphere, is too weakly expressed. For the detractors, however, cooperation is excessive and, as a result, has led to an encroachment on national sovereignty, and even positive results in the economic sphere are sometimes interpreted in a negative way, since they increase the role in the economy of countries other than those one would like to see as leading partners. Accordingly, on the one hand, two parallel discourses are strengthening: about the stagnation and stalling of Eurasian integration, and on the other hand — about its growing threat to sovereignty and the degradation of multi-vector economic ties.
In our opinion, negative assessments of the process of Eurasian integration are due to the fact that expectations do not correspond to its realities and essence, as formulated during the creation of the EAEU and reflected in the regulatory documents, particularly in the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. This essence lies, first of all, in the fact that the key word in the name of the EAEU is “economic”, which also determines the realities of practical integration. The economic nature of the integration association is fully reflected in the Treaty, the preamble of which states that it was signed by parties driven by the “desire to strengthen the economies”. Also, the Treaty clearly defines the main goals of the Union (Article 4) and all of them are economic: stable development of economies; the creation of a single market; modernisation, cooperation and an increase in the competitiveness of economies. The founding document of the EAEU contains no other goals. All sections of the Treaty are also exclusively economic in nature — they are numerous and cover various aspects, but do not include any other areas of integration besides the economy — not political, nor military, nor cultural, nor anything else. The exclusively economic nature of the EAEU, enshrined in its statutory document, is the reality from which one must proceed when assessing the process of Eurasian integration. Regardless of the points of view on this process and the preferences of the commentators, it is an exclusively economic organisation, and it is methodically incorrect to evaluate it differently, since no process can be expected to produce results that it cannot give by definition, fixed by the agreement on the basis of which the EAEU functions.
If we consider the process of Eurasian integration correctly, confining ourselves to its economic aspects and correlating the results with the goals of the EAEU, then the achieved intermediate results are quite positive. It is legitimate to regard the current results as intermediate ones, since a number of integration formats provided for by the Treaty have not yet been created (a common financial market, common markets for gas, oil and oil products, etc.). Some of them are not fully operational. In the same areas where integration formats function mostly in full, the results demonstrate the progress of integration and compliance with the goals of the Treaty.
Thus, we can talk about the achievement of the goal to increase the stability of economies in the context of global turbulence. This, in particular, is demonstrated by the results of 2020, when there was a global crisis that has no analogues in peacetime since the Great Depression: the 2020 decline in annual global GDP by 3.6% was last recorded in 1932. However, the impact of the 2020 crisis on most EAEU countries turned out to be much weaker than during the previous crisis in 2009 — this was reflected both in lower levels of GDP decline and in fewer percentage points relative to the pre-crisis years. In addition, during the 2020 crisis, the EAEU economy suffered less than the world economy (a decrease in GDP by 2.9%, versus 3.6% in the world), while in 2009 the situation was vice versa (a decline of 7.8% versus 1.7% in the world).
The goal of enhancing trade and its balance, including the formation of a common market, has also demonstrated progress in implementation — the sphere of mutual trade is developing at a faster pace. Over a six-year period, the volume of mutual trade in the EAEU increased by 20.7%, from 45.6 to 55.1 billion US dollars. This growth significantly exceeded the 7.8% increase in trade with third countries. As the result of an acceleration in the growth of mutual trade within the EAEU, its share in the total volume of foreign trade of the Union countries increased from 7.3% in 2015 to 8.1% in 2020. At the same time, a fact deserves special attention: the export of the EAEU countries to the markets of their association partners has grown at a faster pace, while exports to third countries decreased by 2.4% in 2015-2020. This means that in the face of deteriorating foreign economic conditions, the EAEU market has become a factor stabilising the exports of its participants. Moreover, the better dynamics of exports to this market compared to third countries were typical for all five states. Thus, the volume of exports from Kazakhstan to the EAEU countries in the period under review increased 10.8%, and to third countries — by 2.5%. In Russia, this increase was 18.3% amid a 3.3% decrease to third countries; Belarus saw a 27.3% EAEU export increase and 3.1% export decrease. Kyrgyzstan and Armenia both saw exports to the EAEU grow (by 35.2% and 177.1%, respectively) more than exports to non-EAEU countries (32.3% and 48.8%, respectively). That is, over the six years of the EAEU’s existence, trade among the partners has become more productive than with the rest of the world for all member states without exception, which is evidence of the Union’s benefits.
The same applies to investment cooperation between the EAEU countries, which is also among the goals of the union; the others are the modernisation of the respective economies and the formation of a common capital market. Cooperation in the investment sphere is best characterised by the accumulated foreign investment indicator (in this case, investment from partner countries). Since the beginning of 2015, the volume of accumulated investments from Russia in the EAEU countries and from these countries in Russia has not only grown dynamically, but more intensively than the corresponding indicators as a whole (see the Table).
The higher level of growth of accumulated investments from Russia and in Russia vis-à-vis its Eurasian partners also led to an increase in the share of the EAEU countries in investment cooperation — they account for 0.9% of foreign investments accumulated in Russia (at the beginning of the Union’s functioning, it was 0.4%) and 1.9% of Russian investments accumulated abroad (previously it was 1.8%). At the same time, it is characteristic that all the EAEU countries demonstrated higher growth with respect to the indicator under consideration — the only exception was the presence of Russian money in Armenia, which has decreased over this time.
In general, the positive dynamics of economic cooperation indicators is also demonstrated by other areas in which the effects of Eurasian integration have manifested — joint ventures, cross-border transfers, etc. Over the past three years, the number of obstacles in the internal market of the EAEU has significantly decreased — from 71 at the beginning of 2019 to 50 at the end of 2021, which was an all-time low. However, the achieved progress does not mean that the integration process is problem-free. There are problems not only with a different character, but also with a significantly different potential to influence integration processes. In our opinion, the following types of these problems can be distinguished:
local/technical problems are related to the non-fulfilment of EAEU norms, their arbitrary interpretation, decision-making delays on the implementation of the regulatory framework of the Union at the level of regions/industries/main link, etc.; these problems have a high potential for their resolution, the only question is time;
problems of distortion of economic cooperation processes by non-economic factors — from excessive use of phytosanitary and other non-tariff restrictions on the admission of products from partner countries to a formally single market, to foreign policy factors that impede economic relations with third countries; these problems will obviously arise from time to time, but will be gradually resolved, although not without difficulty;
systemic problems associated with the limits of integration reaching in certain particularly sensitive areas, after which the resistance of national interests (business, population, state — depending on the situation) becomes too strong and cannot be overcome as part of the routine process of economic integration. In this case, we are talking about situations where supranational institutions overcoming national-level interests is practically impossible and the only constructive solution is a compromise in favour of national interests, where the controversial issue is removed from the supranational regulatory framework as the exclusive prerogative of a sovereign state. | https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/eurasian-integration-progress-and-problems/ |
The Department of Black and Latino Studies is interdisciplinary and is fully committed to antiracist inclusive teaching and learning. Everyone should feel welcome and safe in our classes. We assembled these resources for teaching so that all BLS faculty can develop an ongoing teaching practice that supports active, empowered learning.
Our work continues the radical, inclusive pedagogical practices of an earlier generation of faculty at CUNY, including Toni Cade Bambara, June Jordan, and Audre Lorde. You can read their writings about teaching at CUNY here:
Toni Cade Bambara, Realizing the Dream of a Black University & Other Writings (Part 1)
June Jordan, “Life Studies”: 1966-1976
Audre Lorde, I Teach Myself in Outline: Notes, Journals, Syllabi, and Excerpts from Deotha
INTRODUCTORY COURSES
Our introductory courses (BLS 1003 and LTS 1003) are a critical moment for students as they begin their college careers. These courses are foundational. Faculty will teach new concepts and new vocabulary as well as new tools for building arguments and for analyzing evidence. Students will be learning how to think and how to succeed in college.
In these classes, faculty should mentor students in their abilities to assess and build arguments using reliable evidence. Students are not equally prepared for college. We want all of our students to graduate and to feel excited about learning. Faculty should make intentional choices for balancing accessible texts and assignments that inspire students to grow in their thinking, and at the same time, to encourage advanced study in the department’s more advanced courses.
The general learning goals for these introductory courses are:
- think critically about race and racism
- understand intersectional connections between key issues and ideas regarding Black and/or Latinx peoples
- communicate arguments and ideas in multiple formats (written, oral, digital)
- analyze evidence (quantitative and qualitative)
- understand the value of interdisciplinary + comparative study
How will your course content and assignments support these learning goals? How will you assess whether students have been able to develop the skills above? While you are welcome to customize these learning goals; please keep them in mind as you organize your course content and course activities.
In introductory courses such as the “Evolution and Expressions of Racism” or “Latin America: An Institutional and Cultural Survey,” faculty can consider these broad topics as invitations to choose 3 or 4 themes/concepts in which students can learn about Latin America, or about how racism and resistances to it works. These courses are interdisciplinary. For instance, you can consider the ways in which your course integrates history with policy, poetry with politics, or music with protest. Inclusive, antiracist teaching and learning means that, as our courses invite critical thinking about equity–about gender identity, sexuality, empire and colonialism, class, language, and race–they also offer safe spaces for students to explore, to ask questions, and to make mistakes.
You are welcome to include multiple kinds of texts such as history, primary sources, poetry, fiction, memoir, podcasts, film, music, or visual culture to help students understand the multiple ways we all access ideas. Similarly, assignments should also vary: skills assessments should be responsive to the diverse ways in which people learn. Exams and papers could be replaced or supplemented with multimedia projects, podcasts, or group projects. You
Please be considerate of the multiple ways students learn. How will your course be responsive to learning diversity? How will your classes encourage active participation? How will you create a community of learners online and/or in-person? (See resources below).
ELECTIVES (3000-LEVEL COURSES)
BLS is interdisciplinary, and its courses should reflect critical practices that include more than one discipline. Students should be able to know and articulate the differences between quantitative and qualitative analysis and evidence.
CAPSTONE COURSES: RESEARCH + FIELDWORK
Research and/or fieldwork are key features of our program. They provide our students with opportunities to make connections between their classroom learning and their futures after college. Research and fieldwork offer experiential learning not only as practical applications of career skills, but they also support our students’ access and opportunity to engage the world.
With completion of BLS capstone courses, students should be confident and comfortable with these core competencies:
- Using interdisciplinary methods (quantitative and qualitative) to build and support arguments addressing issues and ideas concerning Black and Latinx peoples
- Communicating ideas and arguments in written, oral, and digital forms
- Evaluating issues of social and racial justice using multidisciplinary perspectives
- Assessing and identify reliable sources of research and information
- Develop skills for research and problem solving
With these competencies, BLS students will be able to pursue careers and advanced degrees in a range of fields including:
- education
- politics
- media
- public affairs
- the law
- journalism
- business
We hope the following resources will inspire faculty to customize research and fieldwork in BLS classes: | https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/blackandlatinostudies/?page_id=507 |
I was selected in the first intake of Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games interns through the Griffith-GOLDOC partnership. The experience I had over the summer working with GOLDOC’s digital media team was not only educational and developed me as a student and professional, but was one of the most fun and engaging programs I’ve completed during my undergraduate studies.
The greatest lesson I took away from the 12-week internship did not pertain to my writing abilities or publication skills, but rather I garnered a greater understanding of what it is to function in a multi-faceted, hierarchically authoritative corporate structure – how to work in a work environment.
This is something that is impossible to learn in the classroom. Assessment completed as a student requires no mediation before submission, and students work very autonomously in comparison to their professional counterparts.
I feel as though I have become a more rounded individual and employee. To the point that I feel as though I could comfortably enter into the workforce and adapt quickly and easily into a work environment – rather than having to stumble around for months trying to find my feet in the staff structure.
Here is a Log Book of the activities completed by myself (and Hayley, as we regularly worked together on the same jobs at the same time) completed during my internship.
Below is a portfolio containing descriptors and attached examples of the work I completed during my time at GOLDOC:
GOLDOC Intern Promotional Videos
Our first day was mostly consumed with photo opportunities and videoing. In order to acclimatize us to the environment and ensure an easy transition into our time at GOLDOC, resident videographer Jan spent the day with Tracey, Dan, Hayley and I filming b-roll as well as interviews with us about our motivations to intern for the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Tracey was hoping to upload the videos to GC2018 website and social media channels, however approval did not come timely enough.
Youth Demographic Social Media Strategy
Hayley Payne (co-intern) and I were tasked with collaboratively compiling a social media strategy to assist GOLDOC with harnessing the opportunities of youth engagement and capturing the youth market for future ticket and merchandise sales.
The report required extensive research and analysis in the (un)success and (in)efficacy of not only GOLDOC’s social media channels, but also of other ‘exemplary’ social media accounts: such as QPS and HoNY.
Ultimately, recommendations had to be made as to how GOLDOC could alter their current social media engagement strategies to better connect with a younger audience, and to satisfy GOLDOC’s own communication goals.
Explanatory Information for each Commonwealth Games Sport
The second most extensive task completed during my time at GOLDOC was the writing of blurbs for each of the (then) 22 sports intended to feature at the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games. There are now 23 sports, with the inclusion of Beach Volleyball. This task was delegated to the Digital Media Team by the Sports Team, as a consequence completing this task involved inter-departmental cooperation and coordination, resulting in the development of numerous drafts before the information could finally be published on the GC2018 Website.
In order to complete the task, I had to not only research the background and fundamental elements of each sport, but I also had to procure statistics from previous Commonwealth Games and frame the sports in the context of Commonwealth Games history. This was a multidimensional and relatively demanding task which consumed numerous days of work. Although the finished product is something that I am very proud of and I hope will inform many prospective Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games attendees.
Within the attached document below, there are three progressions for each sport: the initial draft, the final edit with all information and lastly the published content.
Explanatory Information for each Commonwealth Games Host City
Similarly to the above ‘Sports Briefs’, I was also tasked with replicating the same research and report process for the 4 major host cities of the Gold Coat 2018 Commonwealth Games: the Gold Coast, Brisbane, Townsville and Cairns. These briefs also went through a development process, with information being added and subtracted with each editing stage.
Each ‘Host City Brief’ had to contain pertinent information on what each city was offering in terms of the sports featuring at the GC2018 Games, as well as information useful to tourists.
Regions Profiles for Africa, the Americas and Asia
The profiles for the Commonwealth regions were divided between myself and Hayley, with both of us taking responsibility for three regions each. I wrote briefs for Africa, the Americas and Asia. This tasks was particularly research intesive, as it required information about the regions’ involvement with the Commonwealth, as well as their participation in the Commonwealth Games.
Regions Profiles – Africa_Americas_Asia
Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP) for Website
Hayley and I were tasked with collaboratively developing GOLDOC’s Reconciliation Action Plan. We were provided with examplar RAP’s from other organisations, as well as GOLDOC specific information about the goals and motivations of the Corporation.
In compiling this collection of disassociated information together, we were able to developed a cohesive and structured RAP for GOLDOC.
Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP)
Website FAQs
This task required more autonomy than previous jobs, where both Hayley and I scoured through GOLDOC’s social media channels and website to identify the most frequently asked questions. Then, we went about procuring the answers to these questions from the relevant GOLDOC departments – such as Sport, Transport and Volunteers.
We then complied a document which included these repeatedly asked questions and their answers, which was later used on the GC2018 website and Facebook page.
Social Media Engagement Schedule
A big portion of my experience at GOLDOC was dedicated to working on GOLDOC’s social media, both through the aforementioned strategy and through the creation of social media content.
One way in which this content was created and used by GOLDOC was through the various Social Media Schedules developed during my internship. This process involved creating a timeline of potential social media posts to be used on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram over an allocated period of time, and sometimes within a specific brief (such as trying to motivate audiences to subscribe to the GC2018 newsletter).
The posts had to stay on brand and articulate the GC2018 message as accurately as possible while also following the communication guidelines of the Corporation. This was particularly important when developing a cohesive ‘Tone of Voice’ and ensuring that the articulation of the message met the GOLDOC communication guiding principles (which can be found in the Appendix of the Social Media Strategy).
Identification of Potential Brand Advocates / Ambassadors Opportunities
An important part of any really successful marketing campaign or public relations strategy is getting other prominent people to advocate for your organisation so that your communication can more effectively reach a wider audience.
And so, another task that was delegated to us was to compile a spreadsheet of potential ‘brand advocates’ or ‘brand ambassadors’ who GOLDOC could reach out to and negotiate a situation where they either share our content, promote us with their own organic content or be invited to GOLDOC events and activities so as to generate greater publicity.
This involved careful and considerate research into prominent public and social media entities, be it individuals or organisations, who may have an affinity for the Commonwealth Games, Australian sports or even international sport who might be willing to work with GOLDOC.
Brand Advocates_Potential Ambassadors
Transcripts & Closed Captions for Videos
GOLDOC is committed to delivering an inclusive Commonwealth Games, and as part of that commitment all GC2018 media and content should be as easily accessible as possible for everyone.
My final task at GOLDOC prior to the completion of my internship was to create transcripts and closed caption documents for the existing videos on the GC2018 website. As the first person to do this, I also had to develop an instruction manual to ensure that any subsequent employees or interns would be able to quickly and easily create transcripts / closed caption documents for any future videos. | https://natashahoppner.com/2016/03/12/gold-coast-2018-commonwealth-games-internship-portfolio/ |
This fourth article highlights the results of a survey of organizations providing services to LMI communities during the pandemic.
Discussion Paper
Two Tales of Changes in Retail Banking
This issue of Consumer & Community Context focuses on two aspects of these changes in retail banking.
Discussion Paper
The Pandemic's Early Effects on Consumers and Communities
This issue of Consumer & Community Context contains four articles presenting analysis of how consumers, communities, and community development organizations are responding to the pandemic.
Discussion Paper
Delivering Benefits of Faster Payments to the Underserved
This first article examines the implications of faster payments for cash-flow-constrained consumers.
Discussion Paper
"Rural Brain Drain": Examining Millennial Migration Patterns and Student Loan Debt
This second article considers the relationship between the amount of student loan debt individuals acquire and their decisions to live in rural or urban areas.
Discussion Paper
Access to Financial Services Matters to Small Businesses
This issue of Consumer & Community Context focuses on small businesses’ access to capital.
Discussion Paper
Growing Pains: Examining Small Business Access to Affordable Credit in Low-Income Areas
This third article examines small businesses’ access to financial services in low- and moderate-income communities.
Discussion Paper
At the Fed, Consumers and Communities Matter
This new article series will highlight Federal Reserve research and analysis of the financial conditions and experiences of consumers and communities, including traditionally underserved and economically vulnerable households and neighborhoods. Our goal for this series is not just to share insights, but to provide context for the complex economic and financial issues that affect individuals, communities, and the broader economy—and, in the process, enhance understanding of and enrich the dialogue on issues that touch all of our lives.
Discussion Paper
Searching for Small Business Credit Online: What Prospective Borrowers Encounter on Fintech Lender Websites
This first article describes what small business owners encounter when searching for financing on the websites of online lenders.
Discussion Paper
A Survey of Separately Branded Online-Only Banks and Their Role in the Banking System
This second article explores the emergence of online-only subsidiaries of traditional brick-and-mortar banks. | https://fedinprint.org/search?facets%5B%5D=hasparentname_literal_array:Consumer+%26+Community+Context |
Keynote speech: The Role of Government in Driving Financial Inclusion in Nigeria workshop
Your highness, Senator, Madame Ladipo, excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, I am pleased to be back in your country to join you in this important discussion regarding the way forward for financial inclusion.
I have to say after the presentation by Madame Ladipo, I don’t have much to add. Your diagnosis is very thorough. You have a great asset in that you have a great amount of data. The evidence is there for us to work.
I was last welcomed to Nigeria five years ago for the launch of your financial inclusion strategy. Nigeria was one of the earliest adopters of financial inclusion policymaking—and for excellent reasons. In 2012 only two out of five adults had access to basic financial tools like savings, payments, credit, and insurance services that people need to protect themselves from setbacks and work their way out of poverty. By adopting a strategy to expand financial inclusion, Nigeria embraced a powerful tool to expand opportunity for all.
And you are not alone. Today, your perspective on financial inclusion is shared by governments, economists, business people, and development experts around the whole world. Also, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals are marked by a broad recognition of financial inclusion for combatting poverty, hunger, promoting health, gender equality, economic growth, and more. Even from a macroeconomic viewpoint, a recent IMF study found that financial inclusion contributes to financial stability, to GDP growth, and income inequality reduction.
Nigeria’s 2012 financial inclusion strategy set an ambitious target of reaching 80 percent of adults by 2020. Progress has been notable: financial inclusion more than doubled between 2008 and 2016, and today almost half of adults participate in the formal financial sector. But the EFInA report also shows a recent drop in accounts has happened and progress overall has stalled. In addition, women’s financial inclusion remains lower than men by 12 percentage points. If you look at the banked population, the gap is 16 percentage points. And regional differences are significant—only a quarter of Nigerians in the north have accounts, compared with three-quarters in the southwest.
Nigeria’s leaders are taking strong action to address these gaps. I am particularly pleased that steps are being taken to rethink and re-energize your national financial inclusion strategy.
That is very positive as we know that countries with financial inclusion strategies make faster progress than others that do not have them. But what makes a good strategy?
- It must be flexible and open to new insights, data coming up, and changing needs.
- It has to be based on reliable and transparent data, in particular on the demand side or focusing on client needs.
- The private sector—and not only the financial sector—must be actively involved if solutions are to be sustainable.
- And it has to be able to be implemented! With effective coordination among all partners. With a practical action plan, a sequence of set steps, dedicated staff, and clear responsibilities for all the stakeholders.
- Certainly not least, a national strategy requires very high-level political leadership. This is crucial. Without it, progress will be slow. The most successful strategies I have seen are those that have had the highest leadership backing them.
And I am happy to say with my meetings yesterday with the vice president, he expressed his full support to this endeavor.
As Nigeria begins the process of revising its national strategy, I would like to emphasize the opportunities that new technologies offer to expand access to unserved populations. At the moment, financial access is predominantly available in urban areas but 62 percent of your population is rural–where very little access is available.
Utilizing technology and expanding mobile money is one of the most promising tools to address this gap. It allows users to access their accounts remotely using a mobile phone. Currently Nigeria has 88 million unique mobile phone subscribers—more than half of all adults. This contrasts to 27 million bank customers. Just think of the powerful platform mobile phones offer for advancing financial inclusion!
Mobile money is not just a technology strain, it is about development impact.
- A 2016 MIT study found that mobile money in one country lifted 10 percent of the extreme poor out of poverty. The consequences were particularly positive among low-income women.
- We also know that mobile technology reduces transaction costs, making insurance, for example, more affordable for low-income groups. In Ghana, a million customers have obtained health, accident, and life insurance provided by a mobile operator collaborating with a microinsurance company. This was definitely not possible before.
- Mobile money can also allow smallholder farmers to pay for their seeds and other inputs, to get insurance, and receive credit. Moreover text messages can be sent to the farmers with information on weather, agricultural extension services, market prices, etc., thus improving their farming practices.
- Credit for consumers and small businesses can also become available through mobile financial services, using their data as a tool to assess track records and measure credit-worthiness. Nigeria’s strategy calls for 40 percent of the population to have access to credit by 2020, but today the rate is 2 percent. So innovation will be needed.
The second point I’d like to discuss is closely related to mobile money and that is about expanding finance through agent networks. Typically, agents are local shopkeepers who work on behalf of financial service providers mostly using technology such as mobile phones or small card readers to provide basic financial services such as cash-in, cash-out, payments and money transfers. Agents are far cheaper than bank branches or ATMs to operate, especially in rural areas, and they are usually trusted by the local community. They can also be used to deliver government social payments more efficiently.
Today we have about 42,000 active access points in Nigeria but we probably need five times this number to bridge the financial inclusion gap. We are talking about 200,000. Post office location additions would be a small part of it. So it is very important, reaching 200,000 access points.
A large scale deployment of agents is the most cost effective and scalable way for Nigeria to expand access rapidly. Ghana, for example, now has 107,000 agents actively providing financial services to almost 63 percent of a population of 28 million.
In my travels I’ve seen how agent networks operate in many countries. Success requires several ingredients: conducive regulations; the right business model so agents can be sustainable; customer-centric products designed to encourage active usage; and reliable connectivity.
A number of countries, for example, have found that mobile network operators have the kind of agent networks that enable economies of scale. They can also have valuable expertise in serving low-income customers, understanding their needs and handling very large volumes of small e-payments.
The combination of a strong agent network and mobile money could have a tremendous impact on financial inclusion and on overall economic development of Nigeria.
So from the regulatory angle, what steps can you take?
First, global experience shows that allowing mobile network operators to provide mobile money services can be a game changer. Currently only 2 percent of Nigerian adults have a mobile money account. At the same time, regulations disallow mobile operators from offering financial services. Looking again at Ghana, one of the key ingredients for their success was the regulatory change made in 2015 that opened up mobile money to mobile operators.
A decade of experience throughout the world has shown us how to develop regulatory frameworks that give a significant role for mobile network operators while respecting the stability and the integrity of the financial sector, and protecting customers and the market structure.
Second, regulators need to take into account how difficult it is for the agent network business to work for all parties. Policymakers set the rules, but it is the private sector that has to make the business work. A test-and-learn approach is needed to promote innovative business models. Not every detail of the relationship between providers and agents needs to be pre-determined in a regulatory framework. Doing so can limit financial viability and scalability, therefore not allowing people to access financial services.
The steps I’ve just described have the potential to make a world of difference for financial inclusion and overall development in Nigeria.
Especially if you prioritize development of an inclusive retail payment system that can serve as a basis to distribute the rest of the financial services—that means credit, insurance, savings, etc.
From Pakistan, Brazil, Tanzania, and beyond, many countries around the globe have followed a similar path, strengthening strategies, opening up markets to mobile operators, and building strong agent networks. The process is complex but there are many examples of success that can provide you with invaluable guidance. You already know what you have to gain—inclusive growth, greater economic equality, improved lives for millions of households. I really look forward to supporting you as you create your own success story and your path to inclusive growth. | https://www.unsgsa.org/speeches/creating-nigerias-success-story-mobile-money-agents-and-way-forward-financial-inclusion |
This program uses more than 130 unique activities, including engaging experiments to teach life science concepts to students in Levels 1-3.
Level 1-3: Identify whether a given thing is living or non-living and characteristics of what makes it so.
Level 1-3: Identify the basic internal and external body parts and where they are located on the body - ankle, bones, brain, chest, elbow, eyes, feet etc.
Level 1-3: Learn how to name plants, the parts of a plant, the plant's needs and it's life cycle.
This Level 1-3 unit focuses on understanding the difference between producers and consumers. It helps students identify whether common plants and animals are producers or consumers.
Level 1-3: Understand the principle of environmental change, understand the sources of environmental change. Students are taught the concepts of recycling and renewable resources.
Level 1-3: Identify the names of common animals. Understand the characteristics of birds, fish, insects and mammals, basic characteristics of common and exotic animals and practice the ability to sort animals based on their characteristics. | https://learnwithesa.com/curriculum/program/4/37 |
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In Morocco, Minister of State FCT Says African Women Must Unite, Tackle MarginalizationFeatured, Latest News, News Sunday, November 24th, 2019
(AFRICAN EXAMINER) – The Minister of state for Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Dr Ramatu Tijjani Aliyu has called on women in Africa to come together and tackle marginalization facing them in all spheres of life on the continent.
The minister made call while attending African Women Conference held recently in Marakesh, Morocco.
She however expressed delight that despite the challenges, many women who are holding key offices in Africa, have excelled in position of authorities and leadership that they have occupied.
During the conference, the minister, who is also the President of the Council of African Political Parties, was a chairperson of one of the panels that discussed the importance of women inclusion in all governance in Africa and proposed means through which more women can be supported to take up political leadership.
At the end of her session, panelists suggested the following solutions to issues affecting women in the continent:
“Aside the Affirmative Action principle, processes should be explored making it constitutionally mandatory on governments of African countries to set aside certain percentage of the membership of their Cabinets for women. This could be for a specific period of time to enable the gender balance philosophy become internalized in the body politic of African nations.
“The constitutions of political parties in African countries should enforce the principle of Affirmative Action by putting in place institutional mechanisms at various levels of its organs that will set aside a percentage of elective positions for women. This would ensure that women have favourable access to nomination processes that will enable them contest elections into all elective offices.
“Reduction in the cost of nomination forms as a measure to encourage greater women involvement is salutary. However, more needs to be done.
“The Electoral Authorities in African nations should enact stringent guidelines that will sanction political parties that do not meet their party guidelines with regard to their noncompliance with relevant provisions enhancing access of women to elective offices through a women gender friendly nomination process.
“Education of the girl child should be pursued with greater vigour. Cultural barriers and stereotypes which adversely hinder access of the girl child to functional education, at all levels of the educational rung, should be tackled with vehement vigour.
“Knowledge is key to effective women participation in the political process, especially in a post-colonial Africa whose economy is becoming increasingly knowledge driven. Women must show compelling intellectual capacity to provide visionary leadership that will help African nations defeat poverty, create wealth, create jobs and enhance prosperity.
“Civil Society Organizations and faith-based institutions should pursue with greater vigour, a vigorous advocacy campaign in African countries that will seek to change the perception among Africans, especially the males, who regard the role of the women in society as essentially limited to domestication. This will help unleash the women from such stereotypes and embolden their resolute participation in elective processes.
“Access to funds needed to mobilize support during campaigns should be liberalized. Electioneering Campaigns are expensive in every sense. Women are usually worse hit as most of them do not have enough financial capability to withstand the rigours of campaigns.
“Access to special financial grants and other forms of institutional support for women running for various elective offices should be put in place by African countries.”
The conference was organize by an Abuja based women group, Helpline Foundation for the Needy, in collaboration with other women group to provide a platform for African women from the formal and non-formal sectors of the economy to deliberate on and adopt action plans that will deliver rapid growth and development in Africa.
The highpoint of the Marakesh summit was presentation of distinguish awards to the FCT minister of state, Dr Ramatu Tijjani Aliyu and other distinguished African Women. | https://www.africanexaminer.com/in-morocco-minister-of-state-fct-says-african-women-must-unite-tackle-marginalization/ |
Underfunding still hampers social protection programs
Investing in disability-inclusive social protection programs is essential to address the various risks, poverty, inequalities and exclusion that are often associated with disability.
In order to preserve the situation, in recent years the government has introduced targeted social protection programs.
However, a Development Initiative report found that social development was among the least funded sectors, reflecting the lower priority given to social protection.
Underfunding of social development has directly contributed to funding gaps that have affected the implementation of social protection programs over the years. Allocations to social development as a share of the national budget have continued to decline despite the steady increase in the national budget.
The report indicates that the allocation to the social development budget as a share of the national budget decreased from 0.7% in the 2016/17 financial year to 0.4% in the 2020/21 financial year.
“The volume of funding allocated to the implementation of social sector programs fluctuated over the five-year period between FY 2016/17 and FY 2020/21. The social protection budget allocated to local governments implementing the decentralized functions of the Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development represented on average 3% of the total social protection allocation. This is quite small compared to the share allocated to national/central government,” the report states.
Moses Obbo Owori, Principal Analyst at Development Initiatives, says: “This means that only a very small proportion of those who are meant to benefit are reached, leaving a large majority of Uganda’s population living in poverty and vulnerability unattended.
With Covid-19, limited government funding and coverage under existing social protection programs is likely to be further hampered. Shocks affecting the capacity to mobilize domestic revenue can only further limit the government’s ability to finance social protection.
The report indicates that many social programs in Uganda are poorly funded, which is often exacerbated by the central government’s inability to disburse approved budget funds to different institutions, creating gaps that affect the implementation of social protection programs. .
Gap in the Social Assistance Grant for Empowerment (SAGE) budget: Uganda is implementing the SAGE program aimed at enabling older people to access basic services and start income generating activities for their livelihood.
According to the Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development, for the financial year 2022/23, the total budget required to fund the SAGE program is Shs 182.775 billion, but only Shs 120.7 billion is expected to be available, leaving a financing gap of Shs. 63.75 billion. . This will significantly affect beneficiary verification, registration, enrollment and payments, resulting in an accumulation of beneficiary payment arrears. In addition, arrears of 270,203 beneficiaries were not paid in FY 2020/21 due to insufficient resources and were not budgeted by MoFPED as committed in FY 2022/23 .
“Therefore, the government should streamline budget allocation within the ministry and allocate resources to fill the funding gap of Shs63.5b, with priority given to payment of arrears to SAGE beneficiaries, said Julius Mukunda, Director Executive of the Civil Society Budget Advocacy Group.
Development Initiative notes that most social protection schemes under the social development agenda are inadequate and do not reach many of the poorest and most vulnerable people in the country. The approved budget for the 2020/21 financial year did not include any allocation for local government social protection activities.
Budget allocation trend (approved budget for last five years, FY2016/17 to FY2020/21) calculated figures indicate that in 2016/17 national budget Shs 194.476 million, local government 7.640 million, 2017/18 national 177,806 local government Shs7.640 million, 2018/19, 218,215, local government 7.640 million, 2019/20, local government Shs7,640 221,349, national budget 2020/21 Shs 187,406 local government was nil.
The allocation of funds to the social protection program for vulnerable groups represents the largest share of the social development sector budget. This share fluctuated from 51% (in the financial year 2016/17) to 35% (in the financial year 2019/20) to 42% (in the financial year 2020/21). The fluctuation in the allocation of funds to social protection programs appears to be caused by reduced or zero allocations to certain social protection activities in certain fiscal years
Budget share of the protection of vulnerable groups,
Allocation of social protection to vulnerable groups FY 2016/17-FY 2020/21
The main social protection programs run by the MGLSD include cash transfers to vulnerable groups, pensions for the elderly, and grants for youth, women, and people with disabilities. The SAGE program for various vulnerable groups is centrally coordinated and managed by the Social Protection Expansion Program Unit28 of the MGLSD.
Other social protection programs originally run by the MGLSD include the Youth Livelihood Program (YLP) and the Uganda Women’s Entrepreneurship Program.
In 2018, the Ugandan government decided that from the financial year 2019/20, the subsidy for the elderly would be extended to all 135 districts in the country from the 61 districts covered so far.
The Development Initiatives Report which was funded with UK Aid from the UK Government and was developed with support from the Inclusive Futures Consortium. It reveals that currently Ugandan districts are covered by the program with 379,801 beneficiaries (218,205 women and 161,596 men) receiving a monthly cash transfer of Shs 25,000.
An evaluation of the implementation of this grant by the National Council for the Disabled reveals that the grant was marred by several challenges, including corruption, misuse by beneficiaries and the lack of a monitoring system. clear, over-reliance on subsidies, limited accessibility and complex requirements to access the subsidy, among others.
Uganda’s institutional frameworks for social protection present various challenges and gaps.
There is poor coordination between institutions, leading to duplication of roles.
“There is also evidence of confusion between MGLSD and local governments over which activities should be implemented. There is also evidence of the lack of clear demarcation of social protection roles between central government ministries, departments and agencies when it comes to implementing social protection programmes,” the report reveals.
Adding, “For example, it is common to find the community mobilization function dispersed across various ministries, departments and agencies, leading to duplication of effort and potential waste of resources.”
There are only two options to fill the current financing gaps in social protection. First, the government can increase the funding allocation to the sector from domestic funding using tax revenue.
Owori said the government should prioritize increasing social welfare allocations from oil revenues and other taxes once the economy fully recovers and oil production begins. This is achievable in the medium and long term.
But the second option is also problematic given the possibility of a continued decline in donor funding over the medium to long term. Many donor countries are already looking inward given the negative economic impact of the pandemic and now the war in Ukraine.
On the policy front, the report stresses that social protection legal and policy frameworks must focus on all vulnerable groups of people, including people with disabilities and children, not just older people.
Develop social protection policies sensitive to the informal sector or amend existing policies to cover it. There should be a policy for assessing and determining vulnerable populations, especially for people with disabilities.
“This will allow the government to plan for additional costs to be included for any assistance grants such as cash assistance, concessions or in-kind support,” the report recommends.
The report finds that gaps in the implementation of key social protection programs could point to gaps in monitoring, supervision and coordination between institutions.
In their joint analysis, the International Growth Center (IGC) and the Economic Policy Research Center (EPRC) said on May 25 at the Ministry of Finance and Bank of Uganda Policy Workshop ( BoU) on high commodity prices, that providing cash transfers to poor households may be the most effective way to alleviate price pressures. Mobile money provides a cheap delivery method for the government.
During the presentation of the document, the Director of Research at the Economic Policy Center (EPRC), Dr Ibrahim Kasirye, said that the administration of cash transfer programs must ensure that the poorest households receive the transfers – targeting and administration.
“Poor households have suffered the greatest reduction in consumption and have the least capacity to absorb price increases. Focus on reforms that are already on the government’s agenda, avoid introducing distortions,” said IGC/EPRC. | https://www.ipse-eu.org/underfunding-still-hampers-social-protection-programs/ |
Unified communications technologies are an essential part of any organization’s digital transformation strategy. And, as is the case in any large-scale implementation, organizations need assistance from an expert.
This is where a trusted partner with a proven track record is indispensable. Your team enables an organization to minimize its deployment headaches during transformation and increase delivery speed by helping conduct thorough analysis and planning.
Here are four steps that channel partners need to take to ensure a successful UC deployment and see to it that your customers realize the full benefits of digital transformation.
1. Get on the same page. Digital transformation can mean different things to different organizations. Your first challenge is to make sure you clearly understand what digital transformation means in this particular customer’s case and that you agree on the best way to achieve it. Begin by identifying the goal.. Ask your customer what it is looking to accomplish in its digital transformation. What parts of the business is it seeking to transform? Is it aiming to improve the experience of its customers? Enhance internal operations? Elevate performance management? All of the above? Equipped with this information, you will have a better understanding of the ways that unified communications can contribute to the customer’s digital transformation strategy.
2. Do your homework. Next up, you need to help your customer investigate the myriad technologies in the market, including collaboration tools, social media, voice, video and web chat. As a channel partner, you will really distinguish yourself by guiding your customers through the complex UC solution landscape and steering them toward selections that best suit their environment and best accomplish their goals. As a savvy partner, you should do your homework. Study other companies in your customer’s industry to learn what technologies are working best and where the industry is having the most success.
3. Walk the line. Every UC implementation involves distinct groups. There is the leadership team that’s driving the digital transformation, the operational folks on the ground who are enabling it, and their users who deliver the transformation experience to customers. As a channel partner, you need to be aligned with all camps. You need to embrace the vision of the CEO or CMO who is leading the charge. And you also need to work seamlessly with the people on the frontlines who are tasked with deploying the technologies, reworking the business processes and training the users . This is sometimes a fine line to walk and your success depends on striking the right balance. Miss the priorities of any of these camps and your job will grow exponentially more difficult.
4. Stay engaged. Finally, you should be able to measure the return on the investment of the c new technologies with the customer. Companies often implement technology on some vague promise of transformation. They go to an industry conference and hear some other company talk about its success and assume they will magically get the same return simply by greenlighting more technology. But your business is not magic. To ensure the success of your customer, you must put in the work. You must stay engaged long after the initial implementation is complete and help your customer conduct regular operational reviews to measure the implementation’s impact on the business and find areas where you can improve it.
The good news for channel partners is that a digital transformation is long-term initiative that takes place in increments. If you can help a company successfully reshape one part of its business, you then have the proof point you need to go to other stakeholders in the business and repeat the process in other sectors of the organization. Research firm Gartner estimates that only about 30 percent of digital transformation initiatives achieve the desired results. Perform well as a channel partner and you will have new customers beating a path to your door.
About Walter Monasterio
With over 15 years of experience in the industry, Walter has expertise in building global channel programs across various segments of information technology including unified communications, cloud computing and infrastructure. In his role at IR, Walter is responsible for driving North American channel and service provider revenue targets and management of the channel team. He works with all segments of channel partners and service providers to increase adoption of IR’s solution. He’s also responsible for developing channel plans and contributes to go-to-market strategies with a focus on the three strategic platforms, Microsoft, Cisco and Avaya. | http://www.channelfutures.com/var-guy/4-habits-successful-uc-partners |
The Government set out its definition of British values in the 2011 Prevent Strategy, and these values have been reiterated in 2014. At Willerby Carr Lane Primary School these values are reinforced regularly and in the following ways.
Children have many opportunities for their voices to be heard. We have a school council which meets regularly to discuss issues raised in class. Council members for each year group are voted in by their class. Children have held debates within school, and between schools, have interviewed their local MP and have visited the House of Commons.
The importance of Laws, whether they be those that govern the class, the school, or the country, are consistently reinforced throughout regular school days, as well as when dealing with behaviour and through school assemblies. Pupils are taught the value and reasons behind laws, that they govern and protect us, the responsibilities that this involves and the consequences when laws are broken. Visits from authorities such as the Police and Fire Service help reinforce this message. We also have a visit from a local solicitor as part of our Year 6 curriculum on ‘Freedom and Justice’. The children exhibit excellent behaviour and respect in school.
Within school, pupils are actively encouraged to make choices, knowing that they are in a safe and supportive environment. As a school we educate and provide boundaries for young pupils to make choices safely, through provision of a safe environment and empowering education. Pupils are encouraged to know, understand and exercise their rights and personal freedoms and advised how to exercise these safely, for example through our e-Safety and PSHE lessons. Assemblies are planned to reinforce understanding of equality, diversity, liberty, rights, social and emotional learning, caring and tolerance.
We make use of our local heritage in teaching children about William Wilberforce and the abolition of the slave trade as well as pioneering women such as Amy Johnson. Our Remembrance assemblies are attended by representatives from the Royal British Legion and the local Army Cadet Force and include a re- dedication to our own school memorial installed in 2014. Whether it be through choice of learning challenge, of how they record, of participation in our numerous extra-curricular clubs and opportunities, pupils are given the freedom to make choices.
Mutual respect for all is at the heart of our values. Children learn that their behaviours have an effect on their own rights and those of others. All members of the school community treat each other with respect.
Willerby Carr Lane Primary School is situated in an area which is not greatly culturally diverse, therefore we place a great emphasis on promoting diversity with the children. Assemblies are regularly planned to address this issue either directly or through the inclusion of stories and celebrations from a variety of faiths and cultures. Our RE and PSHE teaching reinforce this. Members of different faiths or religions are encouraged to share their knowledge to enhance learning within classes and the school. Children visit places of worship that are important to different faiths.
Children demonstrate understanding and respect for other faiths when, for example, on residential trips they help their friend to wake up in the night to pray.
At Willerby Carr Lane Primary we will actively challenge pupils, staff or parents expressing opinions contrary to fundamental British Values, including ‘extremist’ and discriminatory views.
We also actively promote fundamental British values through ensuring pupils’ Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural (SMSC) development. Our Spiritual Corner provides cues to encourage spiritual reflection. Through our strong links with Kirima Primary School in Uganda the pupils learn about the diversity of children’s lives and are eager to support with charitable donations. Our weekly ‘Good Sam’ collection culminates in the children delivering Christmas presents to the elderly in our community and in inviting them in for a ‘Christmas morning’ with us. | https://willerbycarrlaneprimary.org.uk/british-values/ |
A few months ago, I posted this photo online with the blurb "Super productive! Some makes for the month!". Seemed innocuous enough, a straight forward little pat on my back. I was productive, I kept creative, and I wanted to share that success with others.
To my surprise, a conversation erupted as a result of this photo, regarding the concept of quality vs. quantity. Let me stress I didn't take the comments personally, nor do I believe they were meant to be taken so, but it sparked an interesting conversation that I wanted to discuss here, which touched on the idea that the production of multiple pieces (and how many is too many was never defined) somehow suggests, on the face of it, a lack of quality... that somehow over production is perceived as an actual thing!
Design and aesthetics of finished work, however, are a different beast all together. And I cannot say, with any certainty, to which the above conversation was directed. And, let's be real honest here.... quality is still more a matter of preference than irrefutable, universal fact. I have purchased handcrafted pieces that have kinks in the wire, the curves are a little wonky, or the weaves are not compressed. Why? Because those pieces tell me a story, which is more important than their perfection, or my perception of perfection.
So let's talk about the implied idea above that there's such a thing as over-production, that producing too many things in some predetermined time frame can somehow be damaging to, not only the quality, but the artistry or creativity.
While we can (and should) consider ourselves designers, artists or creatives, we are also, in many instances, business owners striving to support ourselves with our craft. And here's the thing: we shouldn't judge productivity as haste. As business owners, we have responsibilities to our families, our customers and our audience and, as such, we make certain demands on our time, including a consistent production of work. One of the most important things I've learned as a business owner is this: productivity is the key to any successful venture. Producing 50 pieces a month no more suggests a "rush" in our work than producing 5 pieces a month suggests care in the work.
I know, I know. Talking about money feels icky to many artists. There's this idea that artists should somehow sacrifice their livelihood for their craft... the whole "starving artist" ideology that serves (seriously) no one at all. So, words like "productivity" rub folks the wrong way. I get it.
And you don't have to sacrifice quality or artistry to meet those productivity goals you've set for yourself. You simply have to know how to save time (your most important resource) where you can, how to batch processes and streamline work flow. That someone can complete a piece two hours faster than someone else should never imply the work is somehow less. Of course we should never sacrifice quality, or cut corners to meet deadlines. But neither should we assume quality is lacking due to the speed of production.
So, quality vs quantity? The two are neither mutually exclusive nor inclusive of one another. It's for the artist and their customer to decide. | https://www.nicolehannajewelry.com/blog/quality-vs-quantity-and-why-its-not-so-black-and-white |
The Melbourne Declaration sets out aspirational goals for educating young Australians a decade ago. Despite fine intent, children’s educational outcomes have not improved significantly since that time.
This paper, Achieving our Educational Goals: A Declaration for System Transformation, comes as the Melbourne Declaration is under review.
Introduction:
Australia’s future success depends on the ability of the education system to support every child and young person to realise their full learning potential, and to thrive in a competitive and innovative economy and a socially cohesive society.
The central tenets of “equity” and “excellence” in the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians (Melbourne Declaration), coupled with a vision of students becoming “successful learners, confident and creative individuals, and active and informed citizens”, are more crucial than ever (MCEETYA, 2008, p.8).
Australia is facing unprecedented social, economic and environmental challenges, driven by accelerating globalisation and technological advancements (OECD, 2018). For Australia to continue to maintain a prosperous society, and adapt and contribute to a changing world, our children and young people must be equipped with the right knowledge, skills and capabilities. If we continue on our current education trajectory, there is a risk that young people in Australia will not be adequately prepared for the future – and too many learners will miss out on the educational opportunities that they need.
Research by the Mitchell Institute identified that a concerning number of children and young people do not fulfil their potential and miss out on opportunities as they traverse the various stages of education (Lamb, Jackson, Walstab & Huo, 2015). Australian students’ academic performance on key international assessments reveal large social gaps which have not declined (Thomson, De Bortoli & Underwood, 2017). Results on national assessments show that the equity gaps between the most and least advantaged students continue to grow (Goss, Sonnemann, Chisholm & Nelson, 2016).
The vision and aspirations of the Melbourne Declaration, as important as they are, have not been realised. To date, efforts towards education system improvement have not delivered the desired results. And the opportunities offered and outcomes achieved by Australia’s education system are far from fairly or evenly distributed (Lamb & Huo, 2017; O’Connell, Fox & Cole, 2016). This is not a shortcoming of the Melbourne Declaration and its vision, but rather a failure by Australia’s education systems to take appropriate actions. | https://apo.org.au/node/252616 |
Position:
Lead Umbilical Package Engineer
Location
Suresnes/Sutton
Status:
Resident
Starts :
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ASAP
Duration : 6 Months
OBJET
DESCRIPTION OF ROLE
Overview:
Our client are now seeking a dedicated and driven individual to join our Installation Methods Discipline at our Global Projects Centre (GPC) – Sutton, London or Suresnes, Paris. The Lead Subsea Umbilical Package Engineer has responsibility for the delivery of the Umbilical & Flying Lead packages within the targets of HSEQ, Quality, Cost, Schedule, and Engineering.
Specific Key Responsibilities and Activities:
Interface with internal functions, Umbilical & Flying Lead subcontractor, LLI Delivery Team and client to ensure delivery of products.
Coordinate of reel maintenance and transportation.
Monitor delivery of UTAs from Supplier
Coordinate umbilical and control package meeting, support interface between engineering and SCM for completion of umbilical manufacturing.
Coordinate SCM, engineering and operations for contracting HLVs and transportation of umbilicals to Brazil, including transpooling.
Lead the Transpooling and loadout operations in Europe.
Support interfacing with Supplier for delivery ready to install of Flying leads.
Define with the Package Manager along with Project Functions as required the physical limits of their respective Package and associated HSES, Quality and Schedule Targets.
Prepare an Execution Plan and a Convergence Plan, working with Project Planner. Follow budget and control schedule.
Undertake regular progress reviews with engineering team, SCM, suppliers, logistics, fabricator and highlight areas of concerns to management. Support readiness reviews.
Identify and ensure management of changes. Prepare and follow-up project changes, variation orders through Onshore Technical Change process, contract variation procedures and support the Contracts team.
Coordinate and follow up the execution of all Engineering scopes interfacing with Supply Chain, Fabrication and Operations.
Take ownership, manage the risks and schedule associated to their work package scope of work.
Ensure all interface aspects are addressed in a timely and appropriate manner in sufficient detail to ensure smooth progress of the work and link with the Interface Manager.
Highlight:
- To Package Manager any areas of concern and seek guidance in case of conflicts related to internal interfaces.
- To Project Engineering Manager any technical area of concern and seek arbitration in case of conflicts related to internal interfaces.
Follow the engineering work executed by the associated Technical Lead and report to the Project Engineering Manager.
Engage in design reviews, development of CTRs, RACI matrix, interfaces, MDRs, action tracking, PPM at suppliers, fabricators, audits, convergence plan and management. Ensure compliance with the Project Management process.
Participate in the engineering, procurement, fabrication follow-up as well as PPM, FAT, SIT, offshore operations and readiness reviews as required. Ensure all relevant lessons learned are captured and communicated to the project, and performed in accordance with best practice, mitigate risk, promote continuous improvement, safety, integrity, and compliance.
Represent the project and Subsea 7 in meetings with project partners, clients, sub-contractors, and 3rd parties, in a technical capacity and provides knowledge of the assigned package.
Key Skills and Experience:
Minimum Senior Package Engineer with 10 years practical industrial experience in Subsea EPCI Consultancy.
Umbilical & Flying Leads: Notable package management of Umbilical and Flying Leads. Subsea Control System Hardware Knowledge is essential as is a proven track record within previous and current employment.
Willing and able to travel onshore and offshore. Good understanding of HSE policies, procedures. Package Leads are expected to be safety leaders.
Demonstrable ability towards budget awareness.
Excellent communication, collaboration skills, both written and verbal. Competent with up-to-date computer applications including MS Word, Excel and Mathcad.
Ability to:
- Solve complex technical problems and be originator of CLIENT issued TQ’s/DVR’s.
- Prioritise and organise work.
- Work independently or as a team member depending on project needs.
- Interface with multidisciplinary team to deliver to strict deadlines whilst complying with the company policies and engineering processes.
- Prioritise own and others’ workload, manage time accordingly and inform team members where constraints will affect the package.
Proven Knowledge of Umbilical & Flying Leads transportation and Installation Vessels along with experience of either offshore support or within fabrication yards.
Degree qualified, preferably in Mechanical Engineering or equivalent and membership to a relevant professional body.
AUTHORITY/DIMENSIONS:
Package Lead reports to the respective Package Manager on the Project alongside the GPC Installation Methods Discipline Manager.
KEY RELATIONSHIP/STAKEHOLDERS:
EXTERNAL
- Subcontractors and suppliers for engineering and procurement activity.
- Clients for Technical Reviews, follow-up of suppliers.
- Relevant professional bodies and institution of learnings
INTERNAL
- Project Management team.
- Project partners
- Project functions - Project Engineering, HSEQ, SCM, Quality, Fabrication Project Controls and Operations Managers.
Offshore Managers and Site Supervisors.
Competentia is an Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability or protected veteran status, or other status protected by law or regulation.
Competentia, participates in E-Verify as required by law.
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If you have any questions about our service, please contact us today. We'll help you understand our services and everything we can offer you. | https://www.competentia.com/job/29437/lead-umbilical-package-engineer-suresnes-hauts-de-seine/ |
- Sumayya Allen.
I am a full-time student of Environmental Studies at Emory University, married and raising three kids. My interest in sustainable agriculture developed into a passion after I spent time working on an organic agricultural cooperative on a Pueblo reservation in New Mexico. I have come to recognize that growing good clean food in urban areas can be a viable solution to both reducing urban poverty and food insecurity. I am excited at any opportunity to learn more about the science and art of sustainable urban agriculture, and I am committed to a life of service through applying my knowledge and expertise to growing healthy soil, food, and communities.
- Sydney Armistead.
I am participating in the Urban Ag Training program because I want to become a larger part of the sustainable agriculture movement. There were not many opportunities in the sustainable food/agriculture industry when I graduated from the University of Georgia with a degree in Horticulture. My love for cooking has motivated me to learn more about where my food comes from and the techniques that are practiced in growing good, local, and fair food. Through this program, I hope to learn more about urban farming so I can educate others and become an advocate for eating local and fair food.
- Seanna Berry. I am new to Atlanta, currently studying community food systems and land use at Georgia Tech. Four years ago, I left my 9-5 office job in Boston to learn what it takes to grow food organically. I spent the last few years traveling all over the country working on farms and in nurseries, from the mountains of Vermont and Alaska to tropical Hawaii and Florida. I love growing food, and I also love living in cities. I see a lot of opportunity in the way we shape our cities and utilize our resources to better include agriculture and incorporate it into city planning. Local farmer’s markets, CSAs, farm to school programs, and community gardens are such an amazing way to strengthen our connections to one another, develop the local economy, and reconnect to nature. I am grateful to be part of this Georgia Organics program and the Atlanta movement to increase the amount of fresh, local, and affordable food for the community.
- Rashonda Clay-Douthit. I have worked in the mental health field as a therapist for 15 years and have been interested in gardening nearly as long. While researching the use of gardening as a therapeutic treatment modality, I was told about permaculture by a fellow therapist. After reading more about it, I realized that the “symbiotic” relationship between humans and nature is something that I am passionate about. For almost 4 years, I was a Program Director at a residential program for teen mothers and their children who are in state custody. Working with this population significantly contributed to my interest in teaching the concepts of sustainability, food security, healthy living and self-sufficiency to vulnerable and disenfranchised populations. I strongly believe that encouraging and supporting gardening with at-risk youth benefits them on many levels. In addition to teaching them how to grow their own food, it increases their environmental awareness and develops a knowledge base that could result in future employment opportunities. Of course, there is also the therapeutic benefit and “healing” that many people experience when caring for a garden. Ultimately, I would like to start a self-sustaining non profit or socially conscious for profit business that somehow integrates my clinical background and interest/training in Urban Agriculture.
- Kate Dorrough. I work for Kaiser Permanente’s Educational Theatre Program as a full-time puppeteer. Our goal as a company is to teach kids in the metro-Atlanta area, and as far as Colbert, GA about good nutrition and exercise. I have been inspired by my present career to work with underserved students, and provide opportunities that will offer them healthy, active-living experiences. I believe this program would offer me the opportunity to harness the tools to develop a foundation for students to understand how food can be grown in an ethical manner; how they can support themselves through gardening, and harvest some tasty vegetables!
- Jessica Echols. My experience with agriculture started at a young age, gardening with my grandfather. I can remember experimenting with new varieties of vegetables and checking to see how they fared. As an adult living in the city, I have made it a priority to continue those practices. I have an eight-year-old garden whose footprint grows every year. I am so excited to learn more about farming from the people that know the most, local organic farmers. What they do is so important. Growing good food has become my biggest passion. I believe that living your best life depends on access to healthy foods. Our food is one of the most important the building blocks for our lives. I want to do everything I can to help everyone gain access to organic, healthy whole foods.
- Bassey Etuk. I was born and raised in Atlanta, Ga. A season ago I started volunteering at the Umoja Garden at the Hunger Coalition behind Carver High School and it quickly became a passion of mine. Growing is something I really enjoy and hopefully I can help the Umoja garden help end the food drought for the Caver Homes Community!
- Dary Goodrich. I am the Chocolate Products Manager for Equal Exchange, a pioneer of fair trade coffee in the US. In my job I engage directly with co-operatives of small-scale cacao growers in Latin America. The more I’ve worked with our farmer partners internationally, the more I’ve wanted to get some hands-on farming experience of my own. The GO Urban Agriculture Program is a great way to get my hands dirty while learning what it means to be an urban farmer in the US. Though there are a lot of differences between growing cacao in the Dominican Republic and growing tomatoes in Atlanta, the program has taught me that there are many more similarities than differences. It’s also easy to see that small-scale farming, though hard work, can be a great tool for building community no matter where you are.
- Jim Hake. The idea of organic farming, especially in an urban environment to increase the availability of good tasting and healthier food choices, really excites me. I have some growing experience from helping on my Grandfather’s farm when I was younger in. This program with Georgia Organics will provide many educational opportunities for me to learn about growing organic. My goal is to transition a couple acres of land into an organic farm and be able provide a great variety of good food to many. For now I am happy to volunteer my time and work with the terrific farms in the program.
- Holly Jeane Griesser. I started growing my own vegetables about five years ago in self-watering containers on my patio. Two years ago we built some raised beds in our back yard, but we soon learned the house shaded too much of the yard and the vegetables did not grow very well in the raised beds. A new community garden opened near my neighborhood last spring. My husband and I signed up for a plot and grew various vegetables organically in a 250 sq ft plot. Our first season brought about mixed success (the eggplant and hot peppers did great! The beans…not so much). Having our organic garden plot over the past year led me to read more on organic gardening and about sustainably grown local food systems in general. I am so grateful this past year led me to find out more about Georgia Organics and I am honored to be participating in the Urban Agriculture Training Program this year. Over the past several decades many of us have lost sight of where our food comes from beyond the local supermarket. I want to work with local farmers and the local community to bring that knowledge back to people and I look forward to helping enhance access to fresh, local and sustainably grown fruits & vegetables in our community.
- Dana Jewel Harris. In 2008, I launched The NEXT Steps Youth Entrepreneur Program to teach at-risk youth how to identify and successfully utilize resources “within their own backyards” that can enhance their future development activities. Today, we manage Atwood Community Gardens – a 3.5 acre S.T.E.M-based urban agriculture training center and outdoor event facility. NEXT Steps utilizes transferable skills within the urban agriculture industry to introduce at risk youth to career pathways in science, technology, engineering and math (S.T.E.M.), strategic business planning, special event coordination, investigative research and discovery, community service, environmental stewardship, and social entrepreneurism. Atwood Community Gardens is located at 779 Atwood Street SW, Atlanta, GA 30310 – in the heart of West End Atlanta (near the Atlanta University Center, Morehouse & Spelman Colleges).
- Androniki Lagos. For the past 5 years I have been part of a small team promoting the brand and mission of Divine Chocolate, a company co-owned by smallholder cocoa farmers in Ghana. The farmers who co-own Divine have shown me how their lives were transformed by dignified trading relationships and through access to tools to understand the global market of which they are an integral part. I moved to Atlanta in 2010 and was struck by the ubiquitous plots of vacant, underutilized or decaying land in the heart of the city. Urban agriculture seemed the most obvious remedy, getting straight to the cross-section of poverty, unemployment and health issues. Food cultivation is an indispensable skill from which urban Atlantans can benefit for generations to come. Atlanta’s urban farming community is ever impressive and I hope to contribute to the movement through the establishment of additional small farms and greenhouses in the city limits. I am an avid and indiscriminate lover of food, especially fresh vegetables. I believe it is an absolute human right to know and grow one’s own food.
- Jenna Mobley. I grew up in an intentional community in Alabama called Common Ground Community where I experienced a connection with the land we lived on through growing and raising food. As I grew up and moved away from the community, my goal became to give children in urban environments a similar experience and understanding of connectedness that I had grown up with. For the past three years, I have been worked on the garden program at Springdale Park Elementary School teaching grades kindergarten through fifth grade to nurture their land in order to nourish their bodies.
- Terri Miller. I am originally from Ohio but have happily called Atlanta my home for the past 9 years. I am interested in Urban Agriculture for a number of reasons. I have my Master of Public Health and work as a Health Educator/Program Coordinator currently within the field of Injury Prevention but, I would love to one day work on food security and environmental health issues. I feel that our current commodity based food system is not healthy for us or the environment and that we will need to continue to see a grass roots reorganization of our priorities to allow people the opportunity for fresh, local food. Gardening is also a favorite pastime and I enjoy the fact that no matter how much you know or how “good” you get at growing, there is always something more to learn or something different to try.
- Amy Price. I enjoy eating good food. I think that’s the reason that I’m interested in farming. There’s so much satisfaction that comes from planting a seed, watching it grow, and then cooking up something delicious. I didn’t grow up farming but through my work in environmental education, I found organic farming. I currently teach gardening skills to adults with developmental disabilities at the Frazer Center and coordinate an acre farm at Camp Twin Lakes. Before moving to Atlanta, I was farming in Rwanda. I want to learn skills to allow me to have a stronger background in Urban Farming to teach the adults where I work.
- Rick Starry. I work as an IT Project Manager and much of my life is centered around an abstract world of data. This urban agriculture program has helped to keep me grounded. Most of my adult life I have tried to be keenly aware of where items I consume originate from, whether its material items or food. I was raised as a child in NH with a great deal of respect for the earth/nature. As I became more aware of the source of so much of my food, I became more concerned about the devastating impact of modern day agriculture on the earth. As a result of this awareness, my own food choices changed significantly. And I also realized in dealing with such a large scale problem, that it’s not always an individual that can make a difference, but a collective group of individuals with a new vision. A part of that vision is local urban agriculture and growing more food in smaller spaces. This is the future. I recently received a permaculture certification, and will continue to integrate this knowledge with my urban agriculture training, and share this knowledge with neighbors and communities throughout our great city of Atlanta. | https://georgiaorganics.org/for-farmers/urban-agriculture-training-program/2012-urban-agriculture-training-program-participants/ |
Designed by Dr. Lippold Haken and manufactured by Haken Audio, the Continuum Fingerboard is a musical instrument that allows unprecedented realtime performance control. With a greater pitch range than a traditional 88 note Midi keyboard, the Continuum offers realtime continuous control in three dimensions for every finger that is placed on the playing surface.
Included internally is a custom designed user programmable synthesizer, specifically programmed to take advantage of the subtle and dramatic expressive musical possibilities of the Continuum.
The Continuum is available in full-size (nearly 8 octaves) and half-size (nearly 4 octaves) versions.
About ContinuuCon
ContinuuCon 2016 and 2017 took place in Asheville, NC. They the first ever Haken Continuum conferences, and celebrated this uniquely expressive musical instrument with concerts, workshops, lectures and more.
We are very proud to announce that ContinuuCon 2018 will take place in Paris, at IRCAM! | http://www.continuucon.com/about/ |
In the field of pathological diagnosis, it is useful to detect a specific cell(s) or tissue from a specimen of a sampled tissue section and quantify the expression level of a substance associated with a lesion on the specific cell(s) or tissue, and methods utilizing immunohistochemistry have been examined for this purpose.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely known as a histological (histochemical) technique for detecting an antigen in a tissue sample using an antibody. This immunohistochemistry is sometimes referred to as “immunostaining” or the like (hereinafter, the term “immunohistochemical staining” may also be used for immunohistochemistry) because it involves a color-developing operation in order to visualize an antigen-antibody reaction that is intrinsically invisible. Due to this characteristic feature of visualizing the location of an antigen-antibody reaction, immunohistochemistry is widely used in the fields of medicine and life chemistry for the purpose of detecting the location of a biological substance in a tissue sample.
In IHC, as a method of visualizing the location of an antigen-antibody reaction, a staining method that can be observed in a bright field is widely used and, specifically, a technique using a substrate that is converted into a pigmentary substance by an enzyme is commonly used. For example, in clinical scenes, it is widely performed to stain and thus visualize an antibody bound to an antigen of interest in a tissue sample using peroxidase (POD) and diaminobenzidine (DAB) and to detect the expression amount of the specific antigen by bright-field observation through the thus visualized antibody. This bright-field observation is advantageous in that, as compared to the below-described method using a light-emitting substance, more detailed information on a target molecule can be obtained by comprehensively judging the information obtained in an analog manner such as staining color. As a method of distinguishing cytoma and specifying the position of the cytoma in a specimen using such immunostaining, an immunostaining technology which uses a marker specifically expressed in cells as a target has been generally employed.
As a method of evaluating the expression level of a biological substance of interest in a tissue section with high accuracy using immunohistochemistry, there is known a method which comprises performing immunostaining with a fluorescent substance-containing nanoparticle, detecting the thus generated fluorescent bright dots and then evaluating the expression level of a biological substance (Patent Document 1). In this method, the brightness distribution corresponding to the biological substance of interest can be measured by the use of the fluorescent substance-containing nanoparticle; however, it is difficult to specify the positional relationship between a specific tissue or cell in a tissue section and the biological substance of interest and thus to measure the brightness distribution by selecting the biological substance of interest expressed on the specific tissue or cell.
In addition, a method of simultaneously performing bright-field observable staining by an enzyme antibody method (DAB staining that uses an enzyme reaction) and fluorescent dye staining by a fluorescent antibody method (staining that uses a fluorescent dye) on a single tissue section has been reported (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2). In this method, although a biological substance of interest is quantified using a fluorescent dye, since a sufficient fluorescence intensity cannot be obtained at those spots where the biological substance is expressed in a small amount, it is difficult to quantify the biological substance of interest in some cases. For instance, in an example in which Ki-67-positive cells were stained by an enzyme antibody method and cytokeratin was fluorescently stained by a fluorescent antibody method, it is reported that there were cases where fluorescence observation of cytokeratin was difficult due to inadequate amount of fluorescence (Non-patent Document 2).
As a method of quantifying a protein by multiple fluorescent staining, there has also been proposed a method that comprises staining a protein of interest to be quantified and a reference protein with different fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies, measuring the total fluorescence intensities of the respective proteins and then quantifying the protein of interest based on the ratio of the thus measured total fluorescence intensities (Patent Document 2).
As described above, with regard to a method of detecting a specific tissue or cell in a sampled tissue section and quantifying a biological substance of interest that is expressed on the specific tissue or cell, there is a demand for a method of more accurately specifying both the expression position (s) and the expression amount.
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Amount Per Serving:
Beta-Carotene 10,000 IU
(as pro-Vitamin A 6 mg)
Vitamin C (from Calcium Ascorbate) 300 mg
Vitamin D (as Ergocalciferol) 400 IU
Vitamin E (as d-alpha Tocopheryl Succinate) 200 IU
Vitamin K (as Phytonadione) 80 mcg
Thiamine (from Thiamine HCl) (Vit. B-1) 25 mg
Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2) 25 mg
Niacin (as Niacinamide) 50 mg
Vitamin B-6 (from Pyridoxine HCl) 50 mg
Folic Acid 800 mcg
Vitamin B-12 (as Cyanocobalamin) 200 mcg
Biotin 300 mcg
Pantothenic Acid (from D-Calcium Pantothenate) 50 mg
Calcium (from Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Ascorbate, Calcium Citrate) 500 mg
Iron (from Ferrochel® Ferrous Bisglycinate) 18 mg
Iodine (from Kelp) 225 mcg
Magnesium (from Magnesium Oxide, Magnesium Citrate, AAC*) 250 mg
Zinc (from Amino Acid Chelate) 20 mg
Selenium (from L-Selenomethionine) 100 mcg
Copper (from Amino Acid Chelate) 1 mg
Manganese (from Amino Acid Chelate) 10 mg
Chromium (from Chelavite® AAC*) 100 mcg
Molybdenum (from Amino Acid Chelate) 50 mcg
Potassium (from Potassium Chloride) 25 mg
Spirulina Algae (Hawaiian) 250 mg
Dong Quai Extract (4:1) (Root) 100 mg
Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) 100 mg
(4:1 Extract) (Root)
Betaine HCl 100 mg
Multi-Enzyme Blend 100 mg
Wild Yam Root Extract (6% Diosgenin) 50 mg
Royal Jelly (Freeze-Dried) (6% HDA) 50 mg
Silica (from Silicon Dioxide) 50 mg
Soy Isoflavones (min. 40%) 30 mg
(Genestein, Daidzein and Glycitein)
Choline (from Choline Bitartrate) 25 mg
Inositol 25 mg
PABA 25 mg
Ipriflavone 25 mg
Boron (from Amino Acid Chelate) 1 mg
Chasteberry (Vitex Extract) 50 mg
AAC* = Amino Acid Chelate
Other ingredients: Cellulose (capsule), Cellulose, Stearic Acid (vegetable source) and Magnesium Stearate (vegetable source).
SUGGESTED USAGE: Take 2 vcaps twice daily, preferably with meals.
WARNING: Accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children under 6. Keep this product out of reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, call a doctor or Poison Control Center immediately.
Store in a cool, dry place
Natural color variations may occur in this product.
Contains no sugar, salt, starch, yeast, wheat, gluten, milk, egg, shellfish or preservatives.
• Comprehensive Formula for Pre-Menopausal Women
• With Ferrochel® Iron
Formulated with dong quai, royal jelly, ipriflavone, chasteberry and other special herbs and nutrients. Protocol For Life Balance™ Ortho Multi™ for Women provides nutritional support not just for general health, but where it counts for women, especially bone and hormonal health. * All other women's multiples are now obsolete with the introduction of our new Ortho Multi™ for Women.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. | https://shop.progressyourhealth.com/products/ortho-multi-women-120-caps |
There’s an old adage that says:
“If you put a cat and a bunch of bones in the same room, the bones will heal.”
While that obviously can’t happen, there is a lot to be said for the therapeutic power of a cat’s purr.
One of my first jobs as a teen was in a combination Veterinary Hospital/Boarding Kennel in the Lansing, Michigan area. I had a variety of pets while growing up, and I was exposed to the pets of my friends and relatives as well. But it was due to my experiences working with Dr. Sally Walshaw V.M.D. that my own perspective of the connection between people and animals was brought to a higher level.
There were three doctors in this practice. However, Dr. Walshaw’s sensitivity to the connection between her clients and their pets went way above and beyond anything I saw with the other veterinarians of my experience, opening my eyes to how relationships with animals could have long term positive impacts on the health and well-being of both people and their furry family members.
Dr. Walshaw, and others, have spent decades studying the animal/human bond and its benefits.
Companions
Studies have been done for over a decade on the effects that companion animals can have on the residents of nursing homes and children in hospitals with chronic or terminal illnesses.
In the early 2000s the faculty of Michigan State University began to work with community groups in the area to form the Human Animal Bond Initiative. The goal was to study the interactions between people and animals, so that they could better understand and gauge the ways that animals enrich people’s lives.
This group, which included staff from the colleges of Nursing, Human Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Social Science and Agriculture, as well as medical nurses, veterinarians, physical therapists and experts in cultural fields, were convinced through their own personal experiences that the animal/human connection was valid. Without scientific data to back it up however it was going to be difficult to get a green light to take animals into medical facilities to benefit the patients.
So they began the task of observing, and scientifically documenting what they found with the goal of educating, and working with others in the community to develop services where animals could be used in health promotion. Projects were underway that studied the effects of companion animals on residents of nursing homes, and children who had chronic diseases.
As a parent, I can only imagine the stress and distress in families with chronically and terminally ill children,” said Dr. Sally Walshaw, an associate professor of small animal clinical sciences and a national expert in the human-animal bond. “A pet can bring a smile to a child’s face, and there is nothing more valuable to a parent than even a moment of happiness for the child.” (1)
Animals in therapy
Therapy animals that were brought into health care facilities brought multiple benefits along with them, including pain management and improved moods of the patients, as well as a reduction in stress for both the patients and the care givers.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder showed an increase in positive social behaviors, and in pediatric cancer studies, therapy animals were a component in the patient’s long term motivation to be optimistic, and to want to get better.
Therapy dogs have also been shown to help in elderly care facilities to enable the residents to feel more comfortable getting up and moving around more as well as encouraging them to socialize.
While a happy smile and a calmer, less distressed, patient are desirable outcomes, is that all there is to the whole human/animal connection?
Not At All: Pet ownership also has many benefits.
Further studies have shown that there are many benefits to people spending time with animals.
Dog owners are more likely to get out and take a walk than people who do not have a dog, and children with dogs spend more time doing moderate to vigorous physical activity than children without dogs.
Having a dog can also help people to interact more. I can’t recall how many times when walking one of our dogs, I have had neighbors and even complete strangers come up and want to pet the dog. This is especially true if they have children with them who want to pet the cute doggy. This leads to conversation and a chance to socialize and get to know each other better.
Proof of the benefits
Studies have also found that:
- Pet owners are less likely to suffer from depression than those without pets.
- People with pets have lower blood pressure in stressful situations.
- One study found that when people with borderline hypertension adopted dogs from a shelter, their blood pressure declined significantly within five months.
Studies with prison inmates found that interaction with dogs had positive long term effects.
- Playing with a dog or cat can elevate levels of serotonin and dopamine, which can help you to relax.
- Pet owners have lower triglyceride and cholesterol levels.
- Heart attack patients with dogs survive longer than those without.
- Pet owners over age 65 make 30 percent fewer visits to their doctors than those without pets.
- A cat’s purr is therapeutic, lowering blood pressure and relieving stress.
- Cats create purr vibrations within a range of 20 and 140 Hz (hertz).These vibrations are believed to be able to assist in healing.
In addition to these scientifically documented benefits to owning a pet, there are other reasons that are just as compelling.
- Unlike people, Pets don’t judge, they accept you the way you are.
- They can provide a loving presence when you’ve had a hard day.
- They need care, and can provide a sense of responsibility, especially for children.
But we do not reap all of the benefits. Cats, dogs, horses, and other domestic animals are social creatures that need love and a sense of belonging also.
Animals need love
Animals need the affection their owners can give them, and while dogs are usually more obvious in their efforts to get your attention, greeting you at the door with their tails wagging, cats crave your nurturing as well.
Anyone who thinks that animals do not have personalities or feelings is quite mistaken. Our dog Pixie knew when we would be coming home from school, and would watch for us at the window. It was as if she could tell time, she was that accurate. Our cat Smokey would lie on the back of the sofa nuzzling our heads when we would be reading or watching TV. One of our other cats, Antony, would get in bed with me and want to be cuddled at night. Our current cat Toby will jump up into my lap, climbing up until he has his front paws curved over my shoulder. He will then proceed to snuggle his face into my neck. It is the most endearing behavior I have ever witnessed, and is proof to me that he loves us.
There are always exceptions, people who don’t like being around animals and animals that reject human companionship. Sadly some people are allergic to animals and can’t be around them, but my experience has been that if it is possible to do so, it is usually beneficial to have an animal in your home.
Animals do need care, and a certain amount of time and financial resources will be needed to care for them properly. If feel that you can’t afford to keep a pet, or that you don’t have adequate time to be able to give an animal a good home, you can always get your furry friend fix by volunteering to help with therapy animals, or at a local shelter. It’s rewarding work, and those pets need love too.
Resources:
- http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2001/human-animal-bond-to-be-studied-at-msu-b/
- https://petpartners.org/learn/benefits-human-animal-bond/
- http://visual.ly/healing-power-cat-purrs
- http://www.helpguide.org/articles/emotional-health/the-health-benefits-of-pets.htm
Denise Mastrocola
Denise is a Michigander turned Pennsylvanian, who has been writing stories since Elementary School. Denise won an award at the annual Lansing Youth Talent Show, when she was in 10th grade, for a short story entitled Procrastination is Fatal, but didn’t decide on writing as a career until she was 28 years old. While homeschooling her older children she spent 4 years working through a course from The Institute of Children’s Literature. Through the years Denise’s children have had a variety of health issues, many of which have been linked to various sensitives; having spent more than 20 years researching and trying different things Denise has a boots on the ground view on healthier living. Denise currently writes for 2 blogs and has several books in different stages of completion. She is planning to break ground in e publishing, and hopes to have her first Historical Fantasy book which is set during the renaissance, “Lisa, My Lisa?” ready by the first of the year. | https://ldsblogs.com/33764/human-animal-connection |
The Society of IT Management performance monitor website provides a picture of services that respond best to public demand. The website shows the number of web visits and those visits which failed for a range of top services, including, planning, housing, social care, highways and schools.
This paper from the University of Birmingham and Birmingham City Council warns that adult social care system is “fundamentally broken” and “unfit for purpose”. It calls for a radical shakeup for service provision.
Read more on TURNING THE WELFARE STATE UPSIDE DOWN? DEVELOPING A NEW SOCIAL CARE OFFER…
As more people access council websites through mobiles a survey shows that visitor satisfaction is falling.
The survey by the Society of IT Management shows that the percentage of visits from mobile devices averaged 27.4% for the first five months of 2013, with January recording the highest numbers to data at 28.8%. It appears that the higher the number of total visits, the higher the percentage from mobile devices -in January severe weather led to high levels of council website visits overall.
Read more on COUNCIL WEBSITES NOT MEETING NEEDS OF MOBILE USERS…
ICT professionals must take a lead in pursuing the digital agenda, as well as running their legacy estates. Failure to do this will mean that others will decide the future direction of ICT in their organisation.
Read more on IT PROFESSIONALS WARNED ABOUT DANGER OF NEGLECTING THE DIGITAL AGENDA…
With public service organisations under huge pressure to do more things more quickly and at less cost, Agile methodologies cannot be ignored says Socitm in its new guide.
Planting the Flag: pocket guide 6 – Agile is the final guide in the Socitm series covering strategic capabilities required for public service reform. The five other capabilities are leadership, governance, shared services, strategic commissioning, and organisational change.
This report from ResPublica argues that the Church must become an enabling institution focussed on holistic, interpersonal and local social action. Local government and churches should work together to fight deep-seated poverty and social dysfunction.
Read more on HOLISTIC MISSION: SOCIAL ACTION AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND…
The latest cuts in local government budgets announced by the Chancellor have intensified the search for innovative ways to deal with the new situation. One way to address this is to spin-out a competitive local government service-line, creating a new venture which can be either publicly or privately owned.
KPMG has produced a Guide to Local Government Spin-outs for councils grappling with the challenge of improving the financial value of the services they deliver. It offers practical steps for exploring and creating alternative delivery models.
This briefing from the Society for IT Management shows how councils can take advantage of digital and mobile technologies in response to the challenges of austerity.
The Better connected 2013 research examined councils’ use of social media, email alerts, customer accounts and other digital tools for citizen engagement and service delivery. Key findings and lessons from this research are set out in the briefing.
The challenges for councils in sharing ICT services are set out in the latest Society of IT Management briefing which describes the recent experiences of the Aylesbury Vale and Dacorum partnership, and that of the councils involved in East Kent Services.
This briefing from the Society of IT Management looks at where the public sector is with flexible working, the direction it is moving and the barriers to further development.
Some 97% of UK public sector organisations have already adopted the practice in some form. However, the march of flexible working is not all forwards. IT Trends 2012-13 shows that while there has been a strong increase in adoption of flexible working in the revenues and benefits function and some in education, four other services show a significant decline with others appearing to be static. | http://www.publicnet.co.uk/category/abstracts/page/4/ |
It is well established that the modern global food system is highly unsustainable, distorted by industrialisation and corporate consolidation, with negative repercussions on the environment and biodiversity as well as human health. Innovative approaches are necessary to push food systems to be more sustainable, equitable, and healthy for all people regardless of income and wealth. In the Cape Town area, the food system is failing to adequately nourish the poor, while climate change poses increasing challenges to the region’s agricultural system. Conceptualising food systems as complex adaptive social ecological systems and utilising the Multilevel Perspective (MLP) framework, this thesis looks at the burgeoning economy in neglected and underutilised species (NUS) in the Cape Town area as a potential innovation that could make the local food system more socially and ecologically resilient. Though at present NUS are only marginally included in the local food system and policy debates, they are increasingly appearing in the food service industry, driven by international gastronomic trends. They hold potential as climate resilient, nutritionally dense, and socially and culturally significant foods in the region, but also carry ecological and social risks. This thesis critically examines the fledgling NUS economy in the Cape Town area, using participant observation and semistructured interviews to unpack its primary motivations and challenges, and ultimately contributes towards a better understanding of the NUS economy as it develops locally. This research shows that the main risks associated with NUS are negative ecological repercussions, privatisation of the NUS economy, and the reproduction and further entrenchment of unequal power dynamics in the region. In order to mitigate these risks and actualise the related benefits associated with NUS, engagement with the ecological, social, and political context of NUS needs to be significantly deepened. This is particularly true for those working in food service, who appear to be driving the NUS economy, and will require education around sustainability and TEK as well as a foregrounding of power-awareness. | https://etd.uwc.ac.za/handle/11394/7917 |
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|Title:||Novel integrated circuit pressed ceramic package antenna||Authors:||Xue, Yang||Keywords:||DRNTU::Engineering::Electrical and electronic engineering::Antennas, wave guides, microwaves, radar, radio||Issue Date:||2004||Abstract:||Integrated Circuit Package Antenna (ICPA) has attracted great attention because of their enormous potential in the wireless communication area. It has the advantages of low profile, compact size and lightweight. It is most suitable for portable communication devices, such as hand phone, personal data assistant (PDA), bluetooth products, wireless modem for notebook computer and etc.||URI:||http://hdl.handle.net/10356/3810||Rights:||Nanyang Technological University||Fulltext Permission:||restricted||Fulltext Availability:||With Fulltext|
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October 8, 2018 - By M G Rana, MD.
No one told me that my panic attacks and fibromyalgia could stop my body from functioning. I had not been told that the pain from one would overlap with the other and, seemingly, short circuit my brain. I hadn’t realized anyone could be in that much pain until it happened.
For me, fibromyalgia also means anxiety and panic attacks. I don’t talk about them a lot as I don’t want to worry my loved ones. When they start, I feel hot and my chest feels tight. From there it escalates into a full-on head-spinning, heart-pounding, chest-squashing nightmare. I sweat, hyperventilate, shake and sometimes cry uncontrollably.
All this time I’m thinking, “I can’t breathe,” which is ironic because I’m actually breathing more and faster than is normal. It’s terrifying and it brings with it a huge black cloud of dread that just sits in my abdomen for reasons unknown to me.
Do you ever get a sudden, intense rush of fear? Have you ever experienced a sudden sweating in your hands, numbness radiating across your chest, and a feeling like something really bad is about to happen? If so, you may have experienced a panic attack. Panic attacks are basically what the name suggests.
They’re intense episodes of panic that come on suddenly and result in uncontrollable anxiety. They also lead to physical symptoms like sweaty palms, a pounding heart rate, and light-headedness. A lot of people suffer from one every now and then, but if you’re experiencing them frequently, then the odds are good that you have panic disorder, which causes recurrent and frequent panic attacks.
We don’t know what causes panic disorder, but there are a few things that definitely seem to make it worse like smoking, drug use, and chronic stress. And some researchers have suggested that the cause could be our “flight or fight response.” Basically, when you’re in danger, your body pumps out adrenaline and prepare to either fight or run. But when you have a panic attack, your body triggers this response for no real reason and you struggle with the effects.
Panic disorder can be debilitating and have a major impact on your life. It can make you afraid of every-day situations like going to work; strain your relationships; and cause you to avoid things that might trigger symptoms. When you add this to FMS and ME/CFS, which are debilitating on their own, the problems can compound each other.
Sometimes, symptoms are mild and don’t require treatment you just learn to deal with them. Other times, though, when more severe, they may be an overlapping condition such as panic disorder. If that’s the case you with, you’ll need proper diagnosis and treatment in order to stop being held captive by anxiety.
One of the worst things about panic attacks is that a lot of anxiety actually comes from the attacks themselves. A panic attack is an intensely frightening experience. And the physical symptoms can be similar to a heart attack or other life-threatening condition.
So, you may even feel like you’re about to die in the middle of an attack. So, it’s easy to see how these attacks form a kind of feedback loop. You have an attack because you have anxiety, then you worry that you’re going to experience another attack, which increases that anxiety and makes you more likely to have another one. And when you have fibromyalgia, a condition that naturally leads to anxiety and stress, it can be even worse.
The primary symptoms of panic disorder are quite different from those of FMS and ME/CFS, so the conditions are generally easy to tell apart. Panic disorder can cause multiple physiological symptoms along with psychological ones. The conditions do have some similar symptoms, however, including gastrointestinal problems.
Also, some doctors say many of their patients with FMS and ME/CFS show signs of cognitive distortion and irrational beliefs. Learning about these symptoms may help you deal with multiple conditions.
One of the thoughts you need to try to fight when you have anxiety is the belief that your physical symptoms are not anxiety at all, and are instead the result of some underlying health condition. This method of thinking can create more anxiety, which makes it much harder to treat and may cause more physical symptoms. Take my anxiety test to learn more about your anxiety.
Fibromyalgia is one of many conditions that cause this type of thinking. People feel pain, and they convince themselves that they don’t have anxiety, and instead may be suffering from multiple sclerosis or some other condition that is causing their physical symptoms, thus justifying their anxiety. The reality is that even fibromyalgia may be caused by anxiety.
Fibromyalgia is actually regarded as a symptom of some anxiety disorders, as well as other psychiatric disorders like depression.
There are a few antidepressant medications that doctors use to treat panic disorder. These drugs work by helping to balance the level of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and plays an important role in regulating our moods.
When your serotonin levels are low, you’re more likely to experience depression and anxiety. In addition, doctors can prescribe something called beta blockers. These drugs stop adrenaline from reaching the receptors in your brain and are good for stopping a panic attack quickly if you feel like you have one coming on. | https://fibromyalgiaresources.com/panic-disorder-in-fibromyalgia/ |
Turkey is done when it reaches 185 degrees Fahrenheit (85 degrees Celsius). If you didn’t have a pop-up timer, you could use a meat thermometer to figure out the temperature of the meat. But the pop-up timer, which often comes with a turkey that you buy at the grocery store, can be more fun because it is binary — there’s no trouble reading a pop-up timer because the answer is either “Yes” or “No”!
A pop-up timer found in a turkey or chicken normally has four parts:
•The outer case (typically white or light blue)
•The little stick that pops up (typically red)
•A spring
•A blob of soft metal similar to solder
On the left is a pop-up timer before cooking, and on the right is the same timer after it has popped up.
The soft metal (shown in gray in the diagram) is solid at room temperature and turns to a liquid (melts) at about 185 degrees Fahrenheit (85 degrees Celsius). When the metal turns to a liquid, it frees the end of the red stick that had been trapped in the metal. The spring pops the red stick up and you know the turkey is done! | https://therandyreport.com/how-pop-up-turkey-timers-work/ |
Course Grant is Being Developed in:
NU 114
Other Courses Taught:
NU116I02, NU112CCA, NU110LLD, NU110I04, NU112LL1, NU112CCA, NU115I03
PN106LLA, , PN105LLB, PN107LLC
Faculty Initiative Grant project:
Undergraduate students are challenged with the fundamental transition from high school learning to college critical thinking. Evidence-based research demonstrates that integration of technology improves student learning outcomes. Socrative Interactive Response System with use of smart phones provides polling, instant feedback, formative and summative data analysis. This project will examine whether Socrative technology reinforces student engagement, motivation, and collaborative learning.
How will this project benefit Student Success?
This project will add to the body of innovative higher education strategies. Expand on interactive technological methods, and collaborative activities that facilitate student learning. That serves to enhance the teaching critical thinking experience, improve student learning outcomes thereby, promote retention.
Education:
Doctor of Nursing Practice, St John Fisher College, Rochester, NY (2014)
Family Nurse Practitioner, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, N Y (2014)
BS, Nursing, Minor: Management, D’Youville College, Buffalo NY (1984)
Time at Trocaire:
One year
Teaching Philosophy:
My teaching philosophy is to facilitate collaborative learning through classroom engagement, motivation, and technology to help nursing students succeed as well, develop essential underpinnings; and to promote health and wellness through health education strategies that integrates culturally competent point-of-care services. Additionally, guide nursing students toward sustained high-quality evidence-based health care delivery.
Research/Academic Interests:
National Conference Research Poster Presentation, Practitioner Education: Impact on Women’s Health Services Under the Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2014).
Awards/Achievements:
Buffalo Black Achievers Award (2014)
Nursing Practice Award (New York State Nurses Association, 2013)
Thiem Foundation Scholar Award, Rochester, NY (2010-2013)
Achievements:
Research panelist participant – Topic: To demystify the research process, with a particular focus on genetics and genomics research. UB Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Buffalo NY (April 2018)
Co-authored published article: Privacy and Health Law. (The Journal of Nurse Practitioner Association, 2014)
Public Health Practice Focus Group Delegate (2013-2017) New York State Nurses Association
AFL-CIO Delegate (2013-2017) New York State Nurses Association.
Sigma Theta Tau Honor society (2010 – present)
Certificate of Appreciation (Erie County Department of Health, 2010)-During H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic, partnered in prevention strategies to vaccinate residents of Erie County
Participated in the largest Hepatitis A mass vaccination effort of over 10,000 people in New York State (2008)
Hobbies/Interests outside of work:
Wedding planning, horseback riding, vacationing throughout the nation, including world travels. | https://trocaire.edu/2019-faculty-initiative-grant-spotlight-dr-teresa-edgerton/ |
Q:
solving modulo equation where the mod is also a variable?
Is there a possible way to solve an equation like this?
it has only 1 variable, but it is in both sides.
Constraint: n must be an integer
20-3n = 0 mod (10n+7)
one solution would be n=1,
Can there be multiple solutions other than that?
A:
Let $m = 10 n + 7$. Note that $m$ and $10$ are coprime, so $10$ is invertible mod $m$, and $n \equiv - 7 \cdot 10^{-1} \bmod m$. Then your equation says
$$ 20 + 3 \cdot 7 \cdot 10^{-1} \equiv 0 \bmod m$$
and multiplying by $10$,
$$ 200 + 3 \cdot 7 = 221 \equiv 0 \bmod m$$
so $m$ must be a divisor of $221$. There are four positive possibilities: $m = 1, 13, 17$, or $221$, of which only $17$ is of the form $10n+7$ (corresponding to $n=1$), and four negative possibilities:
$m=-1, -13, -17, -221$, of which only $-13$ is of the form $10n+7$ (corresponding to $n=-2$).
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High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Title: Axion Dark Matter: What is it and Why Now?
(Submitted on 4 May 2021)
Abstract: The axion has emerged in recent years as a leading particle candidate to provide the mysterious dark matter in the cosmos, as we review here for a general scientific audience. We describe first the historical roots of the axion in the Standard Model of particle physics and the problem of charge-parity invariance of the strong nuclear force. We then discuss how the axion emerges as a dark matter candidate, and how it is produced in the early Universe. The symmetry properties of the axion dictate the form of its interactions with ordinary matter. Astrophysical considerations restrict the particle mass and interaction strengths to a limited range, which facilitates the planning of experiments to detect the axion. A companion review discusses the exciting prospect that the axion could indeed be detected in the near term in the laboratory.
Submission historyFrom: John Ellis [view email]
[v1] Tue, 4 May 2021 10:40:53 GMT (5960kb,D)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact. | https://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/abs/2105.01406 |
Excavation work aims to date planned village
A NEW season of talks and visits for Harptree History Society began yesterday, with a presentation on the major English Heritage study aimed at increasing people's understanding of the historic environment of the Mendip Hills.
The three-year research project is being achieved through a multi-disciplinary approach involving various teams within English Heritage, including architectural investigation, archaeological survey and investigation, and aerial survey.
The results of the study will increase people's knowledge of the history of the Harptrees and, over the next year, may even contribute to discovering the origins of East Harptree.
Chairman Lesley Ross said: "There are several features which make East Harptree so fascinating historically: the layout of the village is indicative of it being planned, but the Norman castle (Richmont Castle) and church do not obviously relate to the layout of the streets and there is no knowledge as to when or by whom it was planned."
Elaine Jamieson, along with Barry Jones, an architectural historian, gave an introduction to the project and detailed some of the highlights to date.
Elaine, who is leading the work in East Harptree and has carried out a survey of the site of Richmont Castle, made particular reference to some of the work already done in the Harptrees.
This included the results of their surveys of the castle, the church and Haydon's field, and at Pitchers Enclosure, an Iron Age site above West Harptree.
The study of Haydon's field, which is in the centre of the village, is said to be leading to interesting new evidence about the early history of East Harptree.
An earthwork survey of the field, carried out by the history society, records signs of several buildings, indicating this part of the village was formerly occupied.
Last month, English Heritage held a geophysical training week for local history groups in this field.
On the basis of these surveys, a specialist team of archaeologists, with local help, is planning to excavate trenches and trial pits in the field and village next spring, which they hope will be able to date when the planned village was laid out and discover what was there before it.
Lesley said: "We are a very friendly group and everyone is welcome.
"With so much research work being carried out in the village over the next year, this would be an excellent time for anyone interested in learning more to get involved – either by joining the committee, the research group, for which no experience is needed, or helping out occasionally."
The society meets at 7.30pm on the last Wednesday of the month at West Harptree Memorial Hall.
New members and visitors are welcome and entry is £1 for members and £2.50 for non-members, including refreshments.
For further details, call Lesley on 01761 221758 or Andrew Sandon on 01761 221941.
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July is one of the hottest months of the year for NAMI NC and not just because of the summer temperature. In 2008, July was designated as the Bebe Moore Campbell National Minority Mental Health Awareness Month(MMHAM) by the U.S. House of Representatives. Though important all year round, we are focusing throughout this month to make mental health for minorities, including Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC), a hot topic!
On Thursday, July 8, at 1 p.m. ET: NAMI CEO Daniel H. Gillison, Jr., will take part in a virtual symposium “Erase the Stigma Not Her Name: The State of Mental Health in Communities of Color*” featuring national mental health thought leaders, health experts and advocates to discuss the state of mental health in communities of color. To attend, register here.
MMHAM is a great time to announce NAMI NC’s new support group for Spanish speakers (see item below)! As of 2018, the Census Bureau estimated that there were almost 60 million Latinos/Hispanics living in the United States (about 18% of the overall population). Approximately 10,000,000 within this community report having a mental health condition, yet, only 20% of Latinos who experience symptoms of a psychological disorder talk to a doctor about their symptoms, and only 10% contact a mental health professional. This is an incredible number of people in the U.S. not receiving much needed treatment.
Within the Latinx community, there are a variety of barriers that restrict access to mental health treatment. From a language barrier to insurance availability to a lack of cultural understanding from a medical professional, many Latinos will not seek out the treatment they may need.
More information about mental health in the Latinx community and resources to find help can be found here.
*In partnership with NAMI, NAMI Urban LA, American Psychiatric Association, Hurdle, Affinity, Hillcrest Children and Family Center and other mental health organizations. | https://namiwilmington.org/julys-focus-on-minority-mental-health/ |
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