content
stringlengths 0
1.88M
| url
stringlengths 0
5.28k
|
|---|---|
For a few weeks I’ve been idly wondering why I’ve been unable to get alpine to take advantage of the syntax-highlighted goodness of vim, when viewing attached patches. Having just won another small victory against my own ignorance, I thought it best to share.
Like any sensible mail client, alpine chooses viewers for attached files using lookups of the system mailcap files,
/etc/mailcap and
~/.mailcap. Enabling plain-text viewing in vim should be as simple as assigning
vim to the appropriate type(s) in
~/.mailcap (and, for some types, unchecking the alpine
Show Plain Text Internally preference).
However, attempts to open plain-text files (in this case specifically
text/x-patch) in the multi-talented
vim editor failed: alpine simply returned a “finished” status, as if viewing had been successful. My suspicion was confirmed when I redirected vim’s ouptut (hidden by alpine) to a file:
Vim: Warning: Output is not to a terminal Vim: Warning: Input is not from a terminal
The latter message was well known to me; it’s usually triggered by my forgetting to affix the “stdin hyphen” whilst piping input to vim.
The problem is that both vim and alpine require control of the terminal to function; vim does not simply return beautifully ANSI-escaped coloured text for later display. Attempts to somehow force alpine to relinquish control of the terminal, or for vim to take it, failed until I discovered the secret amongst mailcap’s flags, as described by the manual:
copiousoutput This flag should be given whenever the interpreter is capable of producing more than a few lines of output on stdout, and does no interaction with the user. [...]
I’d seen this, but for some reason had always assumed ‘copiousoutput’ to be some sort of magic external pager, with no connection to the mailcap system. Reading on, the solution was clear:
needsterminal If this flag is given, the named interpreter needs to interact with the user on a terminal. [...]
So, a few amendments to
~/.mailcap later:
Text/X-Patch; /usr/bin/vim -R -- '%s'; needsterminal
and alpine had gained magical powers to invoke terminal-based viewers. There’s more to this; in particular the ‘
edit=‘ and ‘
compose=‘ fields, not to mention print support. But that’s enough to get basic viewing in vim. | https://blog.inf.ed.ac.uk/gdutton/tag/mailcap/ |
The return of the contents a lost wallet did not turn out to be a happy occasion for one woman who received an unwanted bit of advice from the alleged thief.
Two days after losing her wallet while running errands with her baby, a California woman got an envelope in the mail containing her drivers license and credit cards. The package also contained a note, Inside Edition reported.
“Shop less, enjoy more, don’t keep too much cash on your wallet, keep your wallet safe,” the sassy note said.
“I had started reading this letter and thought, ‘You have got to be kidding me,'” Rachel Maestri said. “It really creeps me out that someone did something so personal” in returning the items.
The end of the note was a bit more direct, saying “P.S. Do your own nails. Stop splurging your money & SAVE.”
The package was postmarked just two hours after the wallet was stolen, but the Louis Vuitton wallet – a gift from Maestri’s mother- was not returned, Inside Edition reported. A Target gift card and $350 cash was also not returned because, as the note said, “My sister really needed the money so she is keeping it.”
Maestri was surprised at “somebody who’s stealing thousands of dollars worth of stuff to tell me that I’m too materialistic.” She added that she felt “violated to have someone act like they know me.”
Watch the story in the video below. | https://www.bizpacreview.com/2016/03/04/woman-is-returned-creepy-advice-letter-in-place-of-stolen-cash-after-losing-wallet-313064/ |
The harp plays in the background. Students light candles and walk across the stage, finally accepted into this prestigious group: the Spanish Honor Society. Each and every student that walked across the stage worked hard for their position – dedicating years to learning and exploring the Spanish language, completing the application, and preparing themselves for a year of commitment to this society. Spanish Honor Society is headed by Señora Reder, and now Señora Friloux, who is in her first year at Wakefield.
This year, Spanish Honor Society is taking a stronger role in the school. With a focus on service, the Society has conducted various fundraisers, including a piñata raffle and selling bracelets. The club is raising money to buy instruments for students in Venezuela who can’t afford them. This is a charity very close to Sofia Navas-Sharry ‘14’s heart, the president of the club. Sofia visited Venezuela this past summer and saw first hand the dire situation the students faced. Along with raising money for this charity, the club also gives out scholarships to club members at the end of the year.
Along with increased service, the club has also required a more strict form of dedication. Sofia describes this requirement, saying, “Each club member must earn ten ‘points’ each semester, points can be earned through attending meetings or participating in club-sponsored events.” While students may complain about this requirement, Sofia explains that “signing up for the club is not just something a student can put on their college applications; it means actual dedication and work.”
Madeline is hungry for Life - and not just the cereal. | https://whschief.com/1784/features/alive-and-revived-spanish-honor-society/ |
Serum, Plasma , tissue homogenates,Cell culture supernates,Other biological fluids.
Intended Use
Human IL 22 Ab ELISA Kit
allows for the in vitro quantitative determination of IL 22 Ab , concentrations in serum, Plasma , tissue homogenates and Cell culture supernates and Other biological fluids.
Storage
For 5-7days:Store the whole kit at 4℃
For a Long time :Store the Substrate at 4℃, other reagent should store at -20℃.
Product Categories/Family
Immunology
Product Description
specifical
Intended Uses: This ADM ELISA kit is intended Laboratory for research use only and is not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.The Stop Solution changes the color from blue to yellow and the intensity of the color is measured at 450 nm using a spectrophotometer. In order to measure the concentration of ADM in the sample, this ADM ELISA Kit includes a set of calibration standards. The calibration standards are assayed at the same time as the samples and allow the operator to produce a standard curve of Optical Density versus ADM concentration. The concentration of ADM in the samples is then determined by comparing the O.D. of the samples to the standard curve. Principle of the Assay: This ADM enzyme linked immunosorbent assay applies a technique called a quantitative sandwich immunoassay. The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with a monoclonal antibody specific for ADM. Standards or samples are then added to the microtiter plate wells and ADM if present, will bind to the antibody pre-coated wells. In order to quantitatively determine the amount of ADM present in the sample, a standardized preparation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated polyclonal antibody, specific for ADM are added to each well to "sandwich" the ADM immobilized on the plate. The microtiter plate undergoes incubation, and then the wells are thoroughly washed to remove all unbound components. Next, A and B substrate solution is added to each well. The enzyme (HRP) and substrate are allowed to react over a short incubation period.Only those wells that contain ADM and enzyme-conjugated antibody will exhibit a change in colour. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of a sulphuric acid solution and the colour change is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm. | https://www.biobool.com/elisa_kit/2613.html |
Piano Accompaniment Book.
Set on Grade Six of the ABRSM Double Bass Exams from 2008-2015.
Availability date:
String Festival Solos - Double Bass Piano Acc. - Double Bass Piano Acc. Volume Vol 2
EL95109
String Festival Solos are economical collections of transcriptions by Samuel Applebaum. In two volumes for each instrument, the solos are in progressive order of difficulty. Each volume contains nine pieces -- all classic titles in the Applebaum teaching repertoire. Some of these have been hard to find. Volume I progresses from Level 1 to Level 2, Volume II progresses from Level 2 to Level 3. The solos are useful for teaching technique, dynamics, phrasing, and overall musicianship. String Festival Solos are excellent for recitals, auditions and performances for assemblies, concerts or festivals. Contains: Two Austrian Folk Tunes (Kohler) * Rigaudon (Lee) * First Sonatina (Drew) * Minuet (Pleyel) * March (Clarke) * Second Sonatina (Drew) * The Strange Man (Schumann) * Two Classical Pieces (Reinagle) * Adagio and Allegro (Galliard). | https://www.forsyths.co.uk/music/stringed-instrument-strings-sheet-music/double-bass-sheet-music/70027-string-festival-solos-double-bass-piano-acc-029156188707.html |
Job description :
Roles of a chief of staff
1. Serving as strategic advisor and counsel to leader.
2. Assuming day-to-day responsibility for projects and tasks
3. Creating and maintaining cross-departmental relationships to enable leadership success.
Responsibilities:
1. Strategic Partner - A chief of staff is always there for the leader she works with. She is a trusted adviser who can be called on at any moment to provide support. This work includes: Internal and external communications
Operational support:
Interacting with Board of Directors
2. Expands a Teams Bandwidth and Resources - The right chief of staff has the skill and experience to integrate themselves into an organization quickly and assess issues that serve as barriers to a team or organization operating at maximum effectiveness. By taking on day-to-day tasks, an effective Chief of Staff is building a level of trust with her leader and enabling her boss to focus on larger strategic organizational initiatives. These daily tasks may include:
Team management
- Meeting preparation
- Strategic lead on high-profile projects
- Hiring of key personnel
3. Relationship Builder - A chief of staff must be well connected with those reporting into a leader and others across the organization to influence outcomes. This cross-functional perspective not only helps garner support for the leadership team, but also fosters long-term partnerships that are critical to organizational success.
Direct Support of the MD or CEO
- Setting a leaders strategic priorities: Helping a leader identify the areas where they must direct their focus and identifying metrics for success. Revisiting regularly and evaluating progress.
- Strategically managing a leaders time: working with assistant, looking at long term travel calendar, evaluating opportunities and determining fit with priorities.
- Meeting preparation and follow up: reviewing upcoming meetings for the week to ensure the leader has all of the information needed to be as productive as possible and sending out agendas or documents to meeting attendees as necessary.
- Reviewing Internal and External Communications: drafting company newsletters, reports, pitch decks, speeches or presentations for the MD or CEO.
- Monitoring information flow: Sometimes acting as a gatekeeper, ensuring a MD or CEOs involvement in a project or decision-making process at the right moment.
Meeting & Event Preparation
- Managing the meeting cadence for the board of directors and leadership team, ensuring materials are sent in advance, time is well spent, and objectives are achieved.
- Planning and leading company retreats, stepbacks, and other special events.
Project Management
- Overseeing large, often cross-functional organization-wide projects or initiatives.
- Bring together multiple stakeholders and help drive decisions.
- Researching, benchmarking, analyzing data, and making recommendations.
- Creating systems and processes to streamline operations.
Strategic Planning
- Leading annual strategic planning for the company.
- Creating & updating dashboards for reviewing key performance indicators.
Position Experience and Qualification:
- Post Graduation in business management from tier 1 business school with atleast 1-2 years of relevant of work experience.
Prior experience serving defence services is highly preferred.
This job opening was posted long time back. It may not be active. Nor was it removed by the recruiter. Please use your discretion. | https://www.iimjobs.com/j/chief-of-staff-defence-services-background-18-21-yrs-874978.html?ref=kp |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This disclosure generally relates to techniques for controlling thermal energy transfer through materials, and deals more particularly with a thermal barrier coating and method of making the coating.
Managing the flow of thermal energy through materials is important in a wide range of industries. Thermal energy flows through a material in the form of thermal quanta known as phonons. The flow of phonons through a material may be reduced by the use of insulation which presents a resistance to the phonon flow, resulting in a thermal differential or temperature gradient. However, the use of insulation to control thermal energy transfer may have limitations in some applications. For example, in the aerospace industry, the use of insulation to reduce thermal energy transfer may add undesired weight to a vehicle or may result in parts that are too large or thick to meet application requirements.
Phonon flow through a material may also be reduced by providing the material with a reflective surface which reflects heat from the material before it can be absorbed. However, reliance on highly reflective surfaces to control thermal energy transfer may also be problematic in some applications, because of the need to maintain the reflective surface polished and/or mirror-like, which can add to operating costs.
More recently, it has been discovered that layered, two dimensional arrays of small metal particles can interfere with the flow of phonons, thereby reducing the flow of heat through these layers in a direction substantially normal to the layers. However, the use of layered two dimensional arrays of small metal particles to reduce heat flow through phenomena known as phonon interference has been largely limited to laboratory experimentation. Known layered two dimensional arrays may be time consuming and costly to produce, and may result in a surface that may not be sufficiently durable for high performance applications, such as those found in the aerospace industry.
Accordingly, there is a need for a coating that may be used as a thermal barrier to manage the flow of heat through a material using phonon interference, and which is durable and robust. There is also a need for a method of making the coating and applying it to a substrate which is both relatively economical and may be used to cover relatively large areas of a substrate surface.
The disclosed embodiments provide a thermal barrier coating that blocks or reduces the flow of heat using a composite structure comprising nano-scale materials having high and low thermal conductivities arranged in thin films or as an array of small particles held in a matrix. In one embodiment, the composite structure comprises a quasi-regular 3-D array of metal nano-spheres having a relatively high thermal conductivity embedded in a glassy enamel matrix having a relatively low thermal conductivity. Heat waves traveling through the coating encounter the discontinuities in thermal conductivity and are partially reflected at the internal interfaces between the matrix material and the nano-particles. The summation of partial reflections from a multitude of interfaces at the discontinuities results in an aggregate, substantially reflective material. In some cases, these internal reflections can be caused to interfere with each other on a quantum level. This interference results in a highly directional scattering property that acts to strongly limit the forward flow of heat, giving the material a very low thermal conductivity. In effect, the disclosed coating is internally "shiny" in the thermal energy band. When properly sized, the coating may exhibit as little as 2% of the thermal conductivity of the same matrix and nano-particles materials mixed together in a bulk alloy. Since the disclosed thermal barrier coating does not depend on surface properties to manage heat flow, it may be embedded inside or between elements or substrates.
The disclosed thermal barrier coating is light weight and relatively economical to apply over large areas of a substrate. The coating may be tailored to reduce thermal energy transport over a relatively wide range of temperatures, yet is highly durable and is suitable for use in high performance applications, such as those in the aerospace industry. In some applications, use of the disclosed thermal barrier coating may reduce the need for relatively expensive materials such as titanium that may be designed to withstand higher temperatures. In other applications, the coating may also be tailored for lower temperature applications suitable for use on composites such as graphite/epoxy composite materials. The disclosed thermal barrier coating produces phonon interference from any direction of thermal energy flow, in contrast to prior techniques where layered 2-D arrays may reject only tuned phonon frequencies perpendicular to those layers.
According to one disclosed embodiment, a coating is provided which is adapted to be applied to a substrate for managing the flow of heat traveling through the substrate. The coating comprises an array of metal nano-particles held in a glassy matrix material. The array may be a substantially quasi-regular 3-D. The nano-particles may comprise a metal and may be spherical in shape. The spacing of the nano-particles in the array may be substantially constant, and the molecular mass of the nano-particles is substantially greater than that of the matrix material. In one embodiment, the ratio of the molecular mass of the nano-particles particle materials to the molecular mass of the matrix material is greater than approximately 10. In other words, the metal spheres are made of heavy material such as tungsten, and the matrix is made of light material such as silicon. Other material choices may be made without loss of generality.
According to another disclosed embodiment, a coating is provided which is adapted to be applied to a substrate for managing the flow of heat traveling through the substrate. The coating comprises an array of nano-particles held in a matrix where the nano-particles have a thermal conductivity substantially greater than that of the matrix. The matrix may a glassy compound comprising one of fused quartz, soda lime glass, boro-silicate glass and alumino-silica glass. The glass matrix may be in the form of a ceramic such as aluminum oxynitride. The size of the nano-particles is substantially similar to the wavelength of the phonons transporting heat through the coating at a preselected temperature.
According to a further embodiment, a thermal barrier coating is provided. The coating comprises at least two layers each including an array of metal nano-particles held in a glassy matrix material. The layers have characteristics respectively tailored to reduce thermal transport in at least two ranges of temperatures. The characteristics may include at least one of the spacing between the nano-particles, the ratio of the masses of the nano-particles to the glassy matrix material, and the ratio of the elastic constants of the nano-particles to the glassy matrix material. The thermal barrier coating may further comprise a third layer including an array of metal nano-particles held in a glassy matrix material wherein the third layer has characteristics tailored to reduce thermal transport in a third temperature range different than the first and second temperature ranges.
According to still another embodiment, a thermal barrier coating is provided for an aircraft part. The coating comprises a glassy matrix, and a plurality of metal nano-particles held in the matrix. The nano-particles are arranged in a 3-D array and are spaced apart at substantially constant distances substantially equal to the wavelength of phonons transporting thermal energy through the coating.
According to a further embodiment, a method is provided of making a thermal barrier coating. The method comprises applying a glassy compound to metal nano-particles, and fusing the glassy compound into a glass matrix holding the nano-particles. The coating may be formed by spraying a glassy powder or coating with a sol-gel silica compound on the nano-particles. The method further comprises assembling the nano-particles into a quasi-regular 3-D array.
According to still another disclosed embodiment, a method is provided of forming a thermal barrier coating on a substrate. The method comprises coating metal nano-particles with a glassy compound and self assembling the coated nano-particles into a quasi-regular 3-D array. The method also includes applying the assembled nano-particles to the substrate and fusing the glassy compound coatings into a substantially homogeneous matrix.
an array of metal nano-particles held in a glassy matrix material.
Clause 1. A coating adapted to be applied to a substrate for managing the flow of heat traveling through the substrate, comprising:
Clause 2. The coating of clause 1, wherein the array is a three dimensional array.
Clause 3. The coating of clause 1, wherein the array is substantially quasi-regular.
Clause 4. The coating of clause 1, wherein the nano-particles are generally spherical.
Tungsten, and
Cobalt.
Clause 5. The coating of clause 1, wherein the nano-particles include one of:
fused quartz,
soda lime glass,
boro-silicate glass,
alumino-silica glass.
Clause 6. The coating of clause 1, wherein the glassy matrix material includes one of:
2
the fused quartz includes amorphous SiO,
2
2
2
3
the soda lime glass includes SiO, NaO
CaO, AlO, MgO,
2
3
2
2
the boro-silicate glass includes BO, NaO
KO, CaO, and
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
the boro-silicate glass includes SiO, BO, AlO, NaO, MgO, and CaO.
the alumino-silica glass includes SiO, NaO
CaO, AlO, MgO,
Clause 7. The coating of clause 6, wherein:
Clause 8. The coating of clause 1, wherein the glassy matrix material is a ceramic.
Clause 9. The coating of clause 8, wherein the ceramic is aluminum oxynitride.
Clause 10. The coating of clause 1, wherein the spacing between the nano-particles in the array is generally constant.
Clause 11. The coating of clause 1, wherein the atomic mass of the nano-particles is substantially greater than that of the matrix material.
Clause 12. The coating of clause 11, wherein the ratio of the atomic mass of the nano-particles to the mass of the matrix material is greater than approximately 10.
Clause 13. The coating of clause 1 wherein the elastic constant of the nano-particles is substantially greater than that of the matrix material.
Clause 14. The coating of clause 1, wherein the glassy matrix material is a glass enamel.
an array of nano-particles held in a matrix material, wherein the nano-particles have a thermal conductivity substantially greater than that of the matrix material.
Clause 15. A coating adapted to be applied to a substrate for managing the flow of heat traveling through the substrate, comprising:
Clause 16. The coating of clause 15, wherein the array is a substantially regular three dimensional array.
Clause 17. The coating of clause 15 wherein the matrix material is a glassy material.
Clause 18. The coating of clause 15, wherein the nano-particles are generally in the shape of spheres.
Tungsten, and
Cobalt.
Clause 19. The coating of clause 15, wherein the nano-particles are selected from the group consisting of:
fused quartz,
soda lime glass,
boro-silicate glass,
alumino-silica glass.
Clause 20. The coating of clause 17, wherein the glassy material includes one of:
2
the fused quartz includes amorphous SiO,
2
2
2
3
the soda lime glass includes SiO, NaO
CaO, AlO, MgO,
2
3
2
2
the boro-silicate glass includes BO, NaO
KO, CaO, and
2
2
2
3
the alumino-silica glass includes SiO, NaO
CaO, AlO, MgO,
2
2
3
2
3
2
the boro-silicate glass includes SiO, BO, AlO, NaO, MgO, and CaO.
Clause 21. The coating of clause 20, wherein:
Clause 22. The coating of clause 17, wherein the glassy material is a ceramic.
Clause 23. The coating of clause 22, wherein the ceramic is aluminum oxynitride.
Clause 24. The coating of clause 15 wherein the spacing between the nano-particles in the array is generally constant.
Clause 25. The coating of clause 15 wherein the ratio of the atomic mass of the nano-particles to the atomic mass of the matrix material is greater than approximately 10.
Clause 26. The coating of clause 15 wherein the elastic constant of the nano-particles is substantially greater than that of the matrix material.
Clause 27. The coating of clause 17, wherein the glassy material is a glass enamel.
Clause 28. The coating of clause 13, wherein the distance between the nano-particles in the array is substantially equal to the wavelength of phonons transporting the heat through the coating.
at least two layers each including an array of metal nano-particles held in a glass matrix, wherein the layers have characteristics respectively tailored to reduce thermal transport in two ranges of temperatures.
Clause 29. A thermal barrier coating, comprising:
the spacing between the nano-particles in each of the of the arrays,
the ratio of the masses of the nano-particles to the glass matrix in each of the arrays, and
the ratio of the elastic constant of the nano-particles to the glass matrix in each of the arrays.
Clause 30. The thermal barrier coating of clause 29, wherein the characteristics include at least one of:
Clause 31. The thermal barrier coating of clause 29, further comprising a third layer including an array of metal nano-particles held in a glass matrix, wherein the third layer has characteristics tailored to reduce thermal transport in a third temperature range different than the first and second temperature ranges.
each of the arrays is a is a three dimensional array and is quasi-regular, and
the nano-particles in each of the arrays are generally spherical.
Clause 32. The thermal barrier coating of clause 29, wherein:
fused quartz,
soda lime glass,
boro-silicate glass, and
alumino-silica glass.
Clause 33. The thermal barrier coating of clause 29, wherein the glass matrix in each of the layers includes one of:
a glassy enamel matrix; and
a plurality of metal nano-particles held in the matrix, the nano-particles being arranged in a 3-D array and spaced apart at substantially constant distances substantially equal to the wavelength of phonons transporting thermal energy through the coating.
Clause 34. A thermal barrier coating for an aircraft part, comprising:
applying a glassy compound to metal nano-particles; and
fusing the glassy compound into a glass matrix holding the nano-particles.
Clause 35. A method of making a thermal barrier coating, comprising:
spraying a glassy powder onto the nano-particles, and
applying a sol-gel of a glassy powder onto the nano-particles.
Clause 36. The method of clause 35, wherein applying the glassy compound performed by one of:
arranging the nano-particles into a quasi-regular 3-D array.
Clause 37. The method of clause 35, further comprising:
selecting the range of temperatures over which the coating is designed to act as a thermal barrier, and
selecting the size of the metal nano-particles based on the selected temperature range.
Clause 38. The method of clause 35, further comprising:
Clause 39. The method of clause 35, wherein fusing the glassy compound is performed by heating the glassy compound on the coated nano-particles to the melting temperature of the glassy compound.
Clause 40. The method of clause 39, wherein heating the glassy compound is performed by a laser.
assembling the nano-particles into a quasi-regular 3-D array.
Clause 41. The method of clause 35, further comprising:
Clause 42. A thermal barrier coating made by the method of clause 35.
coating metal nano-particles with a glassy compound;
self-assembling the coated nano-particles into a quasi-regular 3-D array;
applying the assembled nano-particles to the substrate; and,
fusing the glassy compound coatings into a substantially homogeneous matrix.
Clause 43. A method of forming a thermal barrier coating on a substrate, comprising:
Clause 44. The method of clause 43, wherein the fusing is performed by heating the coated nano-particles to at least the melting point of the glassy compound.
forming a slurry by adding mixing a solvent with the coated nano-particles, and
evaporating the solvent from the slurry.
Clause 45. The method of clause 43, wherein the self assembling is performed by:
Clause 46. The method of clause 45, wherein applying the assembled nano-particles to the substrate is performed by applying the slurry to the substrate.
selecting a range of temperatures within which the coating is to reduce the transport of thermal energy; and
selecting characteristics of the nano-particles and the glassy compound based in the selected temperature range.
Clause 47. The method of clause 43, further comprising:
substantially matching the spacing of the nano-particles in the 3-D array with the wavelength of phonons transporting thermal energy into the coating.
Clause 48. The method of clause 45, further comprising:
applying a coating on the substrate, including assembling a 3-D array of metal particles in a matrix.
Clause 49. A method for managing the flow of heat traveling through a substrate, comprising:
at least partially blocking the flow of heat traveling through the substrate by using the metal particles to reflect thermal phonons passing through the coating.
Clause 50. The method of clause 49, further comprising:
using the metal particles to reflect thermal phonons passing through the coating in substantially any direction.
Clause 51. The method of clause 49, further comprising:
selecting metal particles and a matrix that have substantially different thermal conductivities and cause reflection of the phonons traveling through the coating.
Clause 52. The method of clause 49, further comprising:
Clause 53. The method of clause 52, wherein selecting the metal particles includes selecting a size for the metal particles that is based on a temperature range within which the travel of the heat is to be controlled.
Clause 54. The method of clause 52, wherein selecting the matrix includes substantially matching the coefficient of thermal expansion of the matrix to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate.
Clause 55. The method of clause 49, wherein assembling the metal particles in the 3-D array includes coating the metal particles with a glassy compound and melting the coating into a substantially homogeneous matrix.
applying a mixture of the metal particles and a matrix material on the substrate, and
fusing the matrix material into a substantially homogeneous matrix holding the metal particles in the 3-D array.
Clause 56. The method of clause 49, wherein assembling the metal particles into the 3-D array includes:
Clause 57. The method of clause 56, wherein fusing the matrix material is performed by heating the mixture to at least the melting point of the matrix material.
Clause 58. The method of clause 49, wherein assembling the metal particles into the 3-D array includes spacing the particles apart from each other at distances that result in interference between phonons carrying heat through the coating.
fused quartz,
soda lime glass,
boro-silicate glass, and
alumino-silica glass.
a glassy compound matrix selected from the group consisting of -
a quasi-regular 3-D array of spherically shaped metal nano-particles held in the matrix and selected from the group consisting of Tungsten and Cobalt, the metal nano-particles having a thermal conductivity substantially greater than that of the matrix and being spaced apart from each other a distance substantially equal to the wavelength of phonons transporting thermal energy through the matrix.
Clause 59. A thermal barrier coating for an aerospace vehicle component, comprising:
selecting a temperature range within which the thermal barrier is to reduce the thermal energy transported to the component;
selecting metal nano-particles for use in the coating, including selecting a material for the nano-particles and selecting the size for the nano-particles based on the selected temperature range;
selecting a glassy compound matrix material in which the nano-particle may be held based on the thermal conductivity of the material selected for use as the nano-particles;
forming a glassy compound shell around the nano-particles by spraying a glassy compound powder onto the nano-particles;
forming a slurry by mixing a solvent with the coated nano-particles;
applying the slurry to the surface of the component;
self-assembling the coated nano-particles into a quasi-regular 3-D array, including evaporating the solvent from the slurry; and,
Clause 60. A method of forming a thermal barrier on a component of an aerospace vehicle, comprising:
forming a substantially homogeneous matrix for supporting the 3-D array of nano-particles and bonding the matrix to the surface of the component by fusing the glassy compound shells together, including heating the glassy compound to at least its melting point.
Further, the current disclsoure comrpises embodiments according to the following clauses:
The disclosed embodiments satisfy the need for a low cost, durable, high performance thermal barrier coating useful in a wide range of applications for controlling the transport of thermal energy through a substrate.
FIG. 1
is an illustration of a sectional view of a substrate having a thermal barrier coating thereon according to the disclosed embodiments.
FIG. 2
is an illustration of a side view of an aircraft engine mounting arrangement including a heat shield having the thermal barrier coating applied thereto.
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
is an illustration similar to but showing the use of the thermal barrier coating to reduce the escape of thermal energy from a substrate.
FIG. 4
is an illustration of a sectional view showing the thermal barrier coating sandwiched between two substrates.
FIG. 5
FIG. 4
is an illustration similar to but showing two thermal barrier coatings sandwiched between three substrates for controlling the transport of thermal energy within two separate temperature ranges.
FIG. 6
is an illustration of a sectional view of a substrate having three, stacked thermal barrier coatings thereon for respectively controlling thermal energy transport in three differing temperature ranges.
FIG. 7
is an illustration of a perspective view of the thermal barrier coating in which metal nano-particles are arranged in a quasi-regular 3-D array.
FIG. 8
is an illustration of a plan view of coated nano-particles arranged in array prior to being fused into a substantially homogeneous glass enamel.
FIG. 9
is an illustration of a diagram useful in explaining the reduction of thermal energy transport by phonon interference.
FIG. 10
is an illustration of a sectional view of a substrate having a thermal barrier coating thereon, wherein the coating comprises layers of differently sized nano-particles for controlling thermal energy transport in three different temperature ranges.
FIG. 11
is an illustration of a flow diagram of a method of optimizing and applying the thermal barrier coating.
FIG. 12
is an illustration of a flow diagram of a method of managing the flow of heat traveling through a substrate.
FIG. 13
is an illustration of a flow diagram of aircraft production and service methodology.
FIG. 14
is an illustration of a block diagram of an aircraft.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
H
T
L
T.
Referring to , the disclosed embodiments relate to a thermal barrier coating 30 that may be applied to a substrate 34 in order to control the transport of heat 36, also referred to herein as thermal energy, from an area of a higher temperature to an area of a lower temperature In the example shown in , the thermal barrier coating 30 is designed to reduce the amount of heat 36 that reaches the substrate 34. As will be discussed below in more detail, the thermal barrier coating 30 may be a relatively thin, durable layer or layers of materials that reduce the transport of thermal energy 36 in the form of thermal quanta known as phonons by interfering with the phonon flow through the coating 30, thus forming a barrier that substantially reduces the thermal energy 36 transferred to the substrate 34. Phonons are quasi-particles characterized by quantization of the modes of lattice vibrations of periodic, elastic crystal structures of solids. Phonons may be viewed as wave packets having particle-like properties.
FIG. 2
The disclosed thermal barrier coating 30 has a wide range of applications in various industries, such as, without limitation, the aerospace industry. For example, illustrates an aerospace application of the coating 30. A jet engine 38 is mounted on an aircraft wing 40 by a pylon 42. A metal heat shield 44 protects the pylon 42 against overheating caused by hot exhaust gases exiting the engine 38 at 46. The thermal barrier coating 30 may be applied to the exterior surfaces of the heat shield 44 in order to reduce the amount of thermal energy reaching the heat shield 44. As a result of the thermal barrier provided by the coating 30, the heat shield 44 may be formed of lighter weight and/or less expensive materials that may not be capable of withstanding direct exposure to the hot exhaust temperatures produced by the engine 38. For example, and without limitation, in the absence of the thermal barrier coating 30, it may be necessary to employ a heat shield 44 made of titanium in order to withstand the hot exhaust gases from the engine 38. However, with the use of the thermal barrier coating 30, the heat shield 44 may be made of a less expensive and/or lighter material such as aluminum or a composite.
Other typical examples of aerospace applications of the coating 30 include, but are not limited to components located near an APU (auxiliary power unit), hot hydraulic components, engine nacelles, titanium nozzle surfaces, turbine blades and the walls of a combustion chamber, to name only a few. The thermal barrier coating 30 may be used in other industries, such as to maintain cryogenic cables (not shown) within a double walled vacuum system (not shown). The application of the coating 30 may reduce the need to maintain the vacuum, providing much lower cost of fabrication and operation.
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
FIG. 3
t
t
illustrates another example in which a thermal barrier coating 30 having a thickness is used to limit the amount of thermal energy (heat) 36 that escapes from a substrate 34 to which the coating 30 is applied. In this example, the direction of the thermal energy transport is the opposite of that shown in the example of . In addition to reducing the flow of thermal energy 36 through the thickness of the coating 30, the coating 30 is also effective in reducing the transport of thermal energy in the in-plane direction shown by the arrow 36a in within the coating 30, and as well as in other directions.
FIG. 4
FIGS. 1 and 3
Referring to , the thermal barrier coating 30 may be used as an inner layer 35 that is sandwiched between two substrates 34, 34a, rather than as only a surface coating as shown in. The substrates 34, 34a contacting the thermal barrier coating 30 may be any of various materials, including but not limited to metals and composites.
FIG. 5
r1
r2
T, T·
More than one thermal barrier coating 30 may be used to control the transport of thermal energy through one or more substrates 34. For example, as shown in , two thermal barrier coatings 30, 30' are respectively sandwiched between two outer substrates 34, 34b and a middle substrate 34a. Depending on the application, the two thermal barrier coatings 30, 30' may be substantially the same, or may have differing materials and/or characteristics that respectively are useful in controlling thermal energy transport in two different temperature ranges
FIG. 6
r1
r2
r3
T, T, T.
illustrates another embodiment of the thermal barrier coating 30. In this example, the coating 30 comprises three stacked layers 30a, 30b, 30c which may respectively employ differing materials and/or have differing characteristics which result in the layers 30a, 30b, 30c respectively controlling thermal energy transport through the coating 30 within different temperature ranges
FIGS. 7 and 8
D
,
Referring now to , the coating 30 comprises a quasi-regular 3-D (three-dimensional) array of individual nano-size particles 60 that are embedded and held in a matrix 66, which may comprise a silica-based compound. As used herein, "3-D array" and "quasi-regular 3-D array" mean a 3-D array in which the nano-particles 60 are generally arranged in a 3-D array and are spaced apart at generally constant distances but wherein some irregularities may exist, such as, without limitation, gaps, inter-particle spacings that are not constant, missing nano-particles 60, etc.
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
D
D
λ
shows coated nano-particles 58 in an intermediate stage of fabrication in which the individual nano-particles 60 have been coated with a layer of a glassy (silica-based) compound that form shells 62 around the nano-particles 60. The metal nano-particles 60 may comprise a metal such as Tungsten or Cobalt and may be spherical in shape, however other metals and geometric shapes may be possible. The size of the nano-particles 60, and the spacing () between them in the array 56 is dependent upon the wavelength of the phonons 64, which in turn may be determined by the temperature or range of temperatures in which the thermal barrier coating 30 is designed to be effective. The mean free path of phonons passing into the coating 30 is used to define the spacing nano-particle spacing spacing in the array. The mean free path of a particle is the average distance it travels between successive impacts.
λ
The materials that are selected for the supporting matrix 66 should exhibit phonon mean free path lengths at least as long as the phonon wavelength in order to prevent phonon scattering from material dislocations. The ratio of the atomic masses between the material used for the matrix 66 and for the nano-particles 60 should be as high as practical, and the mechanical compliance of the material of the matrix 66 may be optimized in order to achieve a large phonon capture ratio for the coating 30. In one practical embodiment, the ratio of the atomic masses of the nano-particles 60 and the matrix 66 is at least approximately 10.
t
The coating 30 may have a thickness that is sufficient to provide tolerance for dislocations or errors in the self-assembly process. The compounds useful as the matrix 66 may be selected such that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the coating 30 is substantially matched to that of the substrate 34 to which it applied. The performance of the coating 30 may depend on the ratio of atomic masses, ratio of thermal conductivities, elastic constants and the geometry of the composite structure. The greater the difference between the two atomic masses in the super lattice, the more the super lattice acts as a phonon mirror, reflecting heat as long as a significant elastic constant difference exists between the matrix 66 and the nano-particles 60.
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
As used herein, "glass", "glassy", "glass compound", "glass compound" and "silica-based compound" refer to compounds containing silica. In one embodiment, the matrix 66 may comprise a glassy compound such as, without limitation, a ceramic, a fused quartz, soda lime glass, boro-silicate glass, alumino-silica glass, to name only a few. The fused quartz may include amorphous SiO, and the soda lime glass may include SiO, NaO, CaO, AlO and MgO. The boro-silicate glass may include BO, NaO, KO and CaO. The alumino-silica glass may include SiO, NaO, CaO, AlO and MgO. The boro-silicate glass may include SiO, BO, AlO, NaO, MgO and CaO. Fused quartz and fused silica are types of glass containing primarily silica in amorphous form. Soda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glass and is commonly used for window glass and glass containers.
Well known and proven glass engineering techniques may be used to formulate a glassy enamel for use as the matrix 66. Suitable ceramics may comprise oxides, non-oxides and composites. Typical ceramics include aluminum oxinitride, silica glass fibers, and silica aerogel. These three types of ceramics may have an operating maximum safe working temperature of approximately 1150°F to 1200°F. A matrix 66 comprising a silica-based compound of the type mention mentioned above may be in the form of glass frit. When melted through the application of heat, the glass frit fuses into a vitreous, low-cost, durable enamel coating that exhibits good adhesion properties and bonds readily with surface metal oxides. The enamel coating may also have desirable quantum properties, and may be useful to over approximately 1400°F.
FIG. 9
FIG. 8
H
T
L
T
illustrates a portion of an embedded 3-D array 56 of nano-particles 60 following a manufacturing step in which the exterior shells 62 () have been fused into a substantially homogeneous glassy matrix 66. The flow of ballistic phonons 64 through the coating 30 is interrupted as the phonons 64 travel from hotter regions to cooler regions within the coating 30. This interruption is caused by a multitude of interfaces 65 between the host matrix 66 and the nano-particles 60 which respectively have significantly different thermal conductivities.
λ
D
FIG. 8
The phonons 64 encountering the nano-particles 60 are partially reflected as shown by the arrows 70. If the spacing of the nano-particles 60 is close to the wavelength of the phonons 64, the reflections 70 may interfere with each other. These interferences sum to produce an aggregate thermal reflection which reduces the thermal energy flow through the coating 30 and lowers its effective thermal conductivity. The difference in thermal conductivities of the matrix 66 and the particles 60 which result in interfering reflections 70 of the phonons 64 may be dependent on the mass ratio, effective matrix spring constant, phonon dispersion and scattering in the matrix over short path lengths, and relative period ordering of the nano-particles 60. It should be noted here that the 3-D spatial arrangement of the nano-particles 60, including the distance () selected for their spacing, results in the desired internal reflection of the phonons 64 regardless of the direction of flow of the phonons 64 through the coating 30.
FIG. 10
FIG. 6
FIG. 9
illustrates additional details of a multi-layer coating 30, similar to that described previously in connection with . In this example, each of the layers 30a, 30b and 30c comprises a quasi-regular 3-D array of nano-particles 60a, 60b and 60c embedded in a glassy matrix 66 () wherein each layer 30a. 30b, 30c is separately "tuned" to a particular band gap that reduces thermal energy transport in a particular temperature range. Tuning of the layers 30a, 30b, 30c may include selecting combinations parameters of the 3-D array structure such as the period, particle size, mass ratio, elastic constant, scattering density, etc. For example, and without limitation, in one practical embodiment, in the case of the top layer 30a, a 10 to 20nm period or spacing of the nano-particles 60 may be required to tune the layer for reducing thermal energy transport in the temperature range of approximately 1000°F to 500°F. The middle layer 30b may require a nano-particle period of approximately 20nm to 50nm in order to tune it for a temperature range of approximately 500°F to 200°F, while the lowest layer 30c may require a nano-particle period of approximately 50nm to 100nm in order to tune it for a temperature range of approximately 250°F to 100°F.
FIG. 11
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
D
Attention is now directed to which illustrates the overall steps of one embodiment of a method managing heat traveling through a substrate 34 using a thermal barrier coating 30, as well as a method of making the coating 30. Beginning at step 72, one or more temperatures or ranges of temperatures for a given application are selected. These selected temperatures are those in which the thermal barrier coating 30 is designed to manage thermal energy traveling through the substrate 34. Based on the temperatures selected at step 72, a matrix material is selected at step 74 and a nano-particle material is selected at step 76. The selections of the matrix material and nano-particle material in steps 74 and 76 are based at least in part on the temperature ranges that are selected at step 72. The matrix material and nano-particle material are selected in steps 74 and 76 such that they have substantially different thermal conductivities. The size of the metal nano-particles 60 is selected such that the resulting spacing () between the metal nano-particles 60 substantially matches the wavelength of phonons 64 carrying the heat through the substrate 34. The matrix material may be selected such that it has a coefficient of thermal expansion that substantially matches that of the substrate 34. Next, at 78, the selected nano-particles 60 are coated with the matrix material using any of various processes, including but not limited to spraying the matrix material onto the nano-particles 60. Next, at 80, a slurry may be formed by placing the coated nano-particles 58 () in a solvent or gel (not shown) that causes the coated nano-particles 58 to self-assemble into a quasi-regular 3-D array. At step 82, the slurry is applied to the substrate 34 by any suitable technique, such as spraying the substrate 34 with the slurry or by dipping the substrate 34 in the slurry.
At step 84, the solvent or gel is evaporated from the slurry on the substrate 34, causing the coated nano-particles 58 to self-assemble into a quasi-regular 3-D array. As an alternative to self-assembly of the coated nano-particles 58 into the 3-D array by the solution technique described above, self-assembly may be achieved by electrostatically assisted dry deposition. Finally, at step 86, the shells 62 around the nano-particles 60 are fused together to form a substantially homogeneous matrix 66 by sintering the coated nano-particles 58. The sintering and fusion of the matrix material shells 62 may be may caused either by heating the coated nano-particles 58 in an oven to melt and fuse the glassy frit-like shells 62, or by using a laser to melt the shells 62 into an enamel surface that bonds to the substrate 34. The use of a laser to fuse the shells 62 allows lower processing temperatures which may permit the thermal barrier coating to be applied to composite structures (not shown), such as graphite/epoxy composites. The coating 30 may be applied to the substrate 34 by dipping, spraying or other suitable techniques.
FIG. 12
FIG. 11
illustrates the steps of a method of managing the flow of heat traveling through a substrate using the thermal barrier coating 30 produced by the method previously described in connection with . Beginning at step 87, the temperature or range of temperatures is selected in which the thermal barrier coating 30 is to be effective. At 89, the material used for the metal particles 60 and the matrix 66 are selected. These two materials are selected so that they have a substantial difference in their thermal conductivities. At step 91, the size and spacing between the metal particles 60 in the 3-D array are selected such that they will intercept phonons 64 flowing through the coating 30 from substantially any direction. As previously mentioned, the spacing between the particles 60 is selected to be substantially equal the wavelength of the phonons at the selected range of temperatures so that the phonon reflections interfere. The coating 30 is formed on the substrate 34 at step 93, according the method of making and applying the coating 30 previously described. At 95, the particles 60 are used to internally reflect the phonons 64 flowing through the coating 30 from substantially any direction, thereby reducing the transport of thermal energy though the substrate 34.
FIGS. 13 and 14
Figure 13
Figure 14
Embodiments of the disclosure may find use in a variety of potential applications, particularly in the transportation industry, including for example, aerospace, marine and automotive applications. Thus, referring now to , embodiments of the disclosure may be used in the context of an aircraft manufacturing and service method 90 as shown in and an aircraft 92 as shown in . Aircraft applications of the disclosed embodiments may include, for example, a wide variety of structural and non-structural parts and components that may require protection from high temperatures. During pre-production, exemplary method 90 may include specification and design 94 of the aircraft 92 and material procurement 96. During production, component and subassembly manufacturing 98 and system integration 100 of the aircraft 92 takes place. Thereafter, the aircraft 92 may go through certification and delivery 102 in order to be placed in service 104. While in service by a customer, the aircraft 92 is scheduled for routine maintenance and service 106 (which may also include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, and so on).
Each of the processes of method 90 may be performed or carried out by a system integrator, a third party, and/or an operator (e.g., a customer). For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may include without limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include without limitation any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, leasing company, military entity, service organization, and so on.
FIG. 14
As shown in , the aircraft 92 produced by exemplary method 90 may include an airframe 108 with a plurality of systems 110 and an interior 112. Examples of high-level systems 110 include one or more of a propulsion system 114, an electrical system 116, a hydraulic system 118, and an environmental system 120. Any number of other systems may be included. The disclosed coating may be applied to parts and components used in the interior 112, in the airframe 108 or in any of the systems 110. Although an aerospace example is shown, the principles of the disclosure may be applied to a wide range of other industries, including but not limited to the marine and automotive industries as well as to energy systems and energy distribution.
Systems and methods embodied herein may be employed during any one or more of the stages of the production and service method 90. For example, parts, structures and components corresponding to production process 198 may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to parts, structures and components produced while the aircraft 92 is in service. Also, one or more apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized during the production stages 98 and 100, for example, by substantially expediting assembly of or reducing the cost of an aircraft 92. Similarly, one or more of apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized while the aircraft 92 is in service, for example and without limitation, to maintenance and service 106.
Although the embodiments of this disclosure have been described with respect to certain exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the specific embodiments are for purposes of illustration and not limitation, as other variations will occur to those of skill in the art. | |
Computer architecture research at UW CSE encompasses the structure, organization, implementation, and overall performance of the simple constructing blocks of computer system systems. In earlier units, you learned about how laptop or computer memory shops data, in specific how numbers are represented in a computer system memory word (normally, 32 or 64 bits) hardware elements that execute logic functions the use of these components to design larger hardware components that perform arithmetic computations, in distinct addition and multiplication and the use of these larger elements to style additional elements that carry out subtraction and division.
Design Validation tests the computer system as a entire to see if it works in all scenarios and all timings. However there are people today who never know how to use them and that’s why I’ve prepared this introduction to computer system basics. You can rely on Avast no cost antivirus for safeguarding your laptop against pc viruses and malware. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): This is the embedded programming language of the central processing unit. It really is a channel through which information flows within a network from 1 computer to a different.
Queries are significant in a database, they are concerns to the database that help us to get the information and facts we want. Books for Spring/Summer 2016 offerings of this course are obtainable in the following BCIT on line bookstores. D A Patterson & J L Hennessy, Computer system Organization and Design and style: the hardware/application interface, Morgan-Kaufmann (Fifth edition) 2013.
Microarchitecture: Otherwise recognized as pc organization, this variety of architecture defines the data paths, data processing and storage components, as nicely as how they should be implemented in the ISA. Benchmarking requires all these components into account by measuring the time a pc takes to run by way of a series of test programs. The standard measurement when referring to power consumption in Computer Architecture is MIPS/W (millions of directions per second per watt).
Assignments: There will be two programming assignments, which (in total) will contribute 25% of the all round mark for this course. D A Patterson & J L Hennessy, Pc Organization and Design and style: the hardware/computer software interface, Morgan-Kaufmann (Fourth edition) 2009. No certificates, statements of accomplishment, or other credentials will be awarded in connection with this course. Emphasizes the two most significant subjects in architecture currently: memory hierarchy and parallelism in all its forms. Laptop organization and functions also affect energy consumption and processor expense. | https://www.smtsa.net/departament-darquitectura-de-computadors.html |
More information about Haiti is available on the Haiti Page and from other Department of State publications and other sources listed at the end of this fact sheet.
When Haiti is more prosperous, secure, and firmly rooted in democracy, Haitians and Americans benefit. U.S. policy toward this close neighbor is designed to foster the institutions and infrastructure necessary to achieve strong democratic foundations and meaningful poverty reduction through sustainable development. The United States provides substantial humanitarian assistance so the most vulnerable Haitians can better meet their basic needs in health and nutrition. Another pillar of U.S.-Haiti bilateral cooperation is assistance for long-term development and institution building. Priority areas include support for economic growth and poverty reduction, improved healthcare and food security, promoting respect for human rights, building stronger democratic institutions, and strengthening the Haitian National Police (HNP) so that Haiti can provide its own security and be a stronger partner against international crime. Because poverty reduction and tackling chronic unemployment require job creation, the United States helps facilitate bilateral trade and investment with Haiti. The large Haitian diaspora in the United States is a potentially powerful ally in the effort to expand business opportunities and build on the many links that unite Haitians and Americans.
Progress has been made in the ten years since the January 2010 earthquake that left much of the country devastated. With U.S. and international support, Haiti has achieved significant improvements in basic health indicators, including the critical milestone of zero laboratory-confirmed cases of cholera in Haiti for the past nine months. More than 27,000 jobs have been created via programs to improve private sector competitiveness, and almost 14,000 jobs have been created at the Caracol Industrial Park, thanks in part to Haiti’s growing export apparel sector and trade preference programs for Haitian-made textiles and apparel.
Nonetheless, Haiti continues to face many challenges. Recurring political and civil unrest since July 2018 and protracted violent protests since mid-September 2019 have severely exacerbated Haiti’s dire economic challenges: unemployment is high and rising; inflation has reached 20 percent; the currency has depreciated 30 percent in the last two years; fuel shortages are recurring; foreign reserves are dangerously low; local and international businesses are shuttering and laying off workers; about two-thirds of the population live in poverty, and one-third face crisis- or emergency-level food insecurity.
Following Article IV consultations with the Government of Haiti in December 2019, the International Monetary Fund lowered its prediction for economic growth to -1.2 percent for FY 2019. On December 16, in response to the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Haiti and requests for international assistance from the Government of Haiti and United Nations partners, the U.S. Ambassador to Haiti declared a disaster due to the complex emergency in Haiti. In response, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance is providing one million dollars through the UN World Food Programme (WFP) to support the transportation of humanitarian commodities and staff for immediate relief efforts. Additionally, in November, USAID’s Office of Food for Peace (FFP) authorized the distribution of 2,000 metric tons of emergency food commodities through WFP to address the food needs of vulnerable households. In addition, in fiscal year 2019, FFP provided $20 million to support food assistance and resilience-building activities to mitigate and recover from shocks. While humanitarian assistance will help alleviate some urgent needs, it will not, and cannot, address the root causes of the current economic and political paralysis in Haiti.
Haiti’s transition to a strong democracy is important to the United States. Strong democratic institutions, in particular the holding of regular free and fair elections, can help guarantee Haiti’s democratic traditions and ensure a voice for the Haitian people in their governance. Currently, Haiti has a democratically elected president who took office on February 7, 2017; however, October 2019 local and parliamentary elections did not take place as scheduled. Parliament is expected to lapse in early January 2020, and, absent a political accord, the president will rule by decree. A commitment to democracy and the rule of law ensures that human rights and fundamental freedoms are better protected. The stability and predictability that come with these institutions are essential for Haiti to achieve sustained economic growth and attract needed foreign investment.
The exacerbation of Haiti’s humanitarian crisis has also led to an uptick in the outward flow of Haitians from Haiti, a number of whom attempt to migrate illegally to the United States. These irregular migrant flows, frequently over dangerous land and sea routes, are often facilitated through illegal smuggling networks, and many result in the loss of money, possessions, and life. The United States and the Government of Haiti strongly discourage Haitians from undertaking dangerous journeys, by both land and sea, to the United States. In 2016, in an effort to dissuade illegal migration attempts to the United States, the Department of Homeland Security resumed regular removals of Haitians who enter the United States illegally. The United States is also committed to apprehending and prosecuting the human smugglers who profit by organizing and carrying out illegal sea voyages and land movements. In addition to deterring illegal migration and preserving life, the United States works to address the root causes of illegal migration from Haiti by helping to create more economic opportunity for Haitians in their own country.
U.S. Assistance to Haiti
Since the earthquake, the United States has made available over $5.1 billion for assistance to Haiti to support life-saving post-disaster relief as well as longer-term recovery, reconstruction, and development programs. Even before the earthquake, Haiti was among the least developed nations and faced chronic challenges to meaningful poverty reduction. Against this background, the country’s reconstruction and development will continue for many years. U.S. security and rule of law assistance in Haiti is grounded in supporting the Haitian National Police (HNP) to achieve its development goals to improve the force’s capacity and grow its ranks in order to better serve and protect the Haitian people. Since the 2010 earthquake, U.S. assistance to the police school and HNP leadership has helped increase the HNP force to more than 15,300 officers at the end of 2019 and has helped enhance the capacity of the HNP’s special units.
Highlights of results of U.S. assistance to Haiti following the 2010 earthquake include:
- With U.S. assistance, almost 14,000 jobs have been created, largely in the apparel industry at the Caracol Industrial Park (in partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank, the Haitian government, and the private sector) in Haiti’s north.
- S. assistance has helped create over 27,000 jobs since 2011 through our Local Enterprise and Value Chain Enhancement (LEVE) and Leveraging Effective Application of Direct Investments (LEAD) projects.
- In the agricultural sector, U.S. assistance has helped 70,000 farmers increase crop yields. The U.S. government has also introduced improved seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, and other technologies to more than 118,000 farmers through food security programs.
- The Haitian National Police is stronger, and U.S. assistance has helped increase the HNP to more than 15,300 officers.
- More Haitians have access to police services following the construction of new police commissariats built in areas not previously serviced by the police.
- S. assistance has contributed to measured improvements in basic health indicators, including child nutrition and mortality, improved access to maternal healthcare, and the containment of the spread of HIV/AIDS.
- S. assistance has helped increase access to basic healthcare in 164 clinics across the country.In 2019 alone, more than 73,000 children were fully vaccinated, 24,500 births were attended by skilled providers, and over 40,000 women accessed antenatal care.
- The U.S. government funded the construction of a 10-megawatt power plant in northern This power plant provides 24/7 electricity to the Caracol Industrial Park and to five communes surrounding the park. To date, more than 14,000 households, businesses, and government institutions have been properly connected with meters to the power grid.
- Under the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDs Relief (PEPFAR), U.S. government interventions have helped maintain the HIV prevalence rate at 2 percent for the past decade. Currently, PEPFAR supports more than 90,000 orphans and vulnerable children in Haiti.
For more information on the strategy and budget, please visit: https://2017-2021.state.gov/haiti-reports/.
Bilateral Economic Relations
Since 2011, the Government of Haiti has emphasized encouraging foreign investment and developing private-led, market-based economic growth. President Moïse campaigned on a platform of economic development, innovation, energy reform, and universal education. The Haitian government encourages the inflow of new capital and technological innovations and has articulated a commitment to improve the business environment and attract foreign investors. However, recurring fuel shortages and the Haitian government’s unilateral actions to stop payment on and cancel contracts with independent power producers have begun to discourage investment. U.S. companies considering investing in Haiti’s energy sector have expressed concern about the Haitian government’s lack of adherence to its contractual obligations.
Haiti’s Center of Investment Facilitation aims to facilitate and promote investment in the local economy by reducing administrative delays, streamlining the creation of enterprises, and facilitating the provision of inducements. Nevertheless, overall costs to start and operate a new business in Haiti remain high, and access to credit as well as structures for investor protection are still insufficient. The United States and Haiti have a bilateral agreement on investment guarantees that permits the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation to offer programs in Haiti.
The United States is Haiti’s largest trading partner. A number of U.S. firms maintain operations in Haiti, including commercial banks, airlines, oil and agribusiness companies, and U.S.-owned assembly plants. Opportunities for U.S. businesses in Haiti include: light manufacturing, in particular textile and clothing production; the development and trade of raw and processed agricultural products; medical supplies and equipment; building and modernizing Haiti’s infrastructure; developing tourism and allied sectors such as arts and crafts; business process outsourcing; and improving capacity in waste disposal, transportation, energy, telecommunications, and export assembly operations.
Grinding poverty remains a challenge for the Haitian people, the government, and the international donor community. Three-quarters of the population lives on approximately $2.41 per day; the poorest live in extreme poverty, surviving on only $1.23 per day. Remittances to Haiti amount to over $2.5 billion per year, equivalent to nearly one-third of GDP in 2018; however, a large percentage of these funds are used for consumption of imported goods and basic household support (e.g., education, health, nutrition). Meaningful poverty reduction in Haiti will depend on job creation through economic activity and foreign investment. Toward that end, the United States promotes needed reforms in Haiti to make it easier and more predictable for businesses to operate and to create the kind of stable environment needed for investors.
Additional information on business opportunities in Haiti can be found at www.export.gov , under the subheadings of Market Intelligence and Country Commercial Guides.
U.S. Trade Preferences for Haiti
Both Haitian and American importers and exporters can benefit under the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act – the successor program of the Caribbean Basin Initiative – that provides for duty-free export of many Haitian products assembled from U.S. components or materials. The 2008 Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership Encouragement (HOPE II) Act and the 2010 Haiti Economic Lift Program (HELP legislation) provide duty-free preferences for certain light-manufacturing products produced in Haiti, in particular apparel products. The Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 extended trade benefits provided to Haiti in the HOPE and HELP Acts through September 2025. Haitian apparel factories eligible for duty-free entry into the United States under HOPE II and HELP must comply with international core labor standards and Haitian labor law. The HOPE and HELP Acts have been instrumental in the redevelopment of Haiti’s apparel industry which accounts for over 90 percent of national export earnings and provides over 50,000 jobs (2019).
Haiti’s Membership in International Organizations
Haiti and the United States are partners in promoting core values such as democracy, respect for human rights, and economic development both in the region and around the world. Both nations belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the United Nations (UN), Organization of American States (OAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), and World Trade Organization (WTO). The United States works closely with the OAS, UN, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and individual countries to advance its policy goals in Haiti.
Bilateral Representation
Principal U.S. embassy officials are listed in the Department’s Key Officers List.
Haiti maintains an embassy in the United States at 2311 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel. 202-332-4090).
More information about Haiti is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here: | https://2017-2021.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-haiti/index.html |
Science behind flying….
Flying has become very common in modern life. More than 25000 airplanes land at London airport in a single day! But do you have any6 idea how these heavy things with hundreds on board fly in air? I guess most of us do not know. Well I would like to throw some light on this issue. It is all based on mathematical relationship of how things move in fluids. Fluids are all things that can flow – air,water etc. Our atmosphere is made of all kinds of gases. These are all fluids. Similarly our oceans and seas are also fluid. Just following basic principles governing the movement of objects through the fluid, it is easy to travel through the fluids. The branch of Physics that deals with such calculations is called Fluid Dynamics.
Even a small object with very less weight does not fly. So, how does a heavy airplane fly? Well anything can fly if it follow 4 basic forces of movement through fluids. Have you seen a bird fly? Just pay attention how it flies. The 4 forces are lift, weight, thrust and drag. The forces work in pairs. Lift tries to take the object(Plane/ Bird) up and weight pulls it down. So, if a thing has to fly the lift force should be greater than the weight. Engineers have worked their way through this and made the lifting power of airplanes greater than the force of weight. The other pair of forces is the thrust and drag. Thrust pulls the object (Plane/ Bird) forward while drag pulls it back. The propellers of the plane, and the wings of the bird create thrust, while drag is the force of friction that pulls back. So the science of flying is easy, Isn’t it? | http://bottleville.co.uk/science-behind-flying/ |
A survivor of the Our Lady of Angels school fire in Chicago on Dec. 1, 1958 in which 92 children and three nuns perished and another 100 persons were injured, Mason, on this, his fourth session as a leader, dedicates music to those lost souls and people associated with the tragedy. This cathartic music stems from various areas: improvised jazz, folk, and ethnic themes or rhythms, and desperate, hopeful and sorrowful emotions. Mason's flute work has a dour quality; it is not at all bright or pretty, but rather lurks under a pure tonal center, and this is perhaps the intent, to illustrate the circumstances of this unfortunate event by remembering it in remorse-riddled timbres. Mason also plays electric keyboards in one-minute prelude setups for four of the pieces. The procession-like "A Touch of Rain" segues to "Courage of the Heart" as a soured flute and Ernest Dawkins' much more tonally in-synch alto sax lead the way. "Kingdom Come" is awash in Eno-type ambiance, leading to spirit dances "The Light, the Heat" and "Firefight," the latter piece with Scott Ashley's electric guitar evoking Irish jig or reel inferences. A spacy "Deep Atmosphere" is a prelude for the 5/4 unison dance between Mason's flute and Steve Berry's trombone during "Youth of a New Day." A swelling synth "Fire Dance" introduces the standout track "Brotherhood," replete with Scottish uilleann bagpipe drones from Sean Ryan which buoy a 5/4 to 6/8 dancing framework. In this composition, Mason's flute is more in tune and hopeful. The rest of the pieces stand alone. "Flame Front" is a 12/8 flute-trombone workout jam; "The Healing" is a ballad which finds Mason and guitarist Ashley in a reflective mood; and the seemingly highlife-influenced title cut and tranquil, optimistic finale "Children's Song" note vegetation and signs of new life growing from where the ashes lay some 40 years ago. An admitted primitivist, Mason's highly personalized music has raw edges. This was an important project to him, and to others who experienced the repercussions of the second most significant Chicago fire to date. | https://www.allmusic.com/album/angels-of-fire-mw0000433407 |
[unreadable] [unreadable] Hemodynamic-based brain-mapping techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are widely used for clinical and basic neuroscience research. However, the exact relationship between neural activity and the hemodynamic response with regard to spatial extent and amplitude is not yet clear. A few studies have examined this issue with the most widely used fMRI technique, which is based on blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) image contrast. However, the BOLD effect has a complex mechanism that depends on alterations in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMR02), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral blood volume (CBV) in response to increased neuronal activity. More importantly, the spatial specificity of the conventional BOLD signal is hampered by contributions from large draining vessels, which can be a few centimeters from neuronally active sites. Further, BOLD contrast depends on vascular dimensions and geometry, as well as imaging techniques (e.g., gradient-echo, spin-echo) and experimental parameters (e.g., static magnetic field strength, echo time). Thus, a correlation between neural activity and the BOLD effect found in one experimental condition cannot be easily generalized to other conditions. Therefore, we propose to determine (i) the spatial correspondence between neural activity and tissue-specific CBF-based fMRI devoid of large vascular contributions and (ii) the quantitative relationship between neural activity and CBF, which is independent of magnetic field strength and imaging parameters. We will investigate these issues using the well-established cat orientation column model, which has been extensively investigated with single-unit recording, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography, and optical imaging, and which has already been implemented in the PI's laboratory. Since individual orientation columns are separated by a) 1- 1.4 mm, it is an ideal model for our proposed studies.
| |
International lineage with variants of biological significance E484K, Q677H, F888L and a similar suite of deletions to B.1.1.7.
This webpage is generated using publically available sequence data from GISAID, shared by international sequencing efforts.
Table 1 | Summary of B.1.525 data
|Statistic||Information|
|Countries reported||2|
|Countries with sequences||42|
|Sequence count||1767|
|Countries||United States of America 376, United Kingdom 310, Germany 280, Denmark 120, Italy 109, Nigeria 97, France 72, Slovenia 43, Norway 41, Netherlands 40, Spain 37, Belgium 36, India 29, Switzerland 19, Ireland 18, Turkey 17, Togo 16, Canada 12, Japan 11, Cote d'Ivoire 10, Austria 10, Poland 9, Australia 8, Bangladesh 7, Ghana 6, Rwanda 5, Finland 4, Portugal 4, Singapore 3, Malaysia 2, Guadeloupe 2, South Korea 2, Luxembourg 2, Jordan 2, Indonesia 1, Sweden 1, Mayotte 1, Cameroon 1, Angola 1, Brazil 1, Thailand 1, Kenya 1|
|First detected||Multiple|
|Earliest sample date||2020-12-11|
|Defining SNPs||aa:orf1ab:L4715F
|
aa:S:Q52R
aa:S:E484K
aa:S:Q677H
aa:S:F888L
aa:E:L21F
aa:E:I82T
del:11288:9
del:21765:6
del:28278:3
Figure 1 | Cumulative sequence count over time B.1.525
Bars show the number of new sequences on GISAID over time, binned by epi-week. The line shows the cumulative number of sequences over time.
Figure 2 | Date of earliest_B.1.525 detected
Schematic map showing the date of the first sequence sample date in each country containing the lineage. Darker countries have earlier first sample dates.
Figure 3 | Map of B.1.525 sequence counts
Map showing the logged number of sequences of the variant in each country. Countries with more sequences are shown in darker colours.
Figure 4 | Sequence count per country B.1.525
The number of sequences of the lineage recorded in each country. The height of the bar is the logged number and the numbers above the bar are the raw counts.
Figure 5 | Frequency B.1.525 in sequences produced since first new variant reported per country
The overall frequency of the lineage, defined as the number of sequences assigned the lineage divided by the total number of sequences from that country in the time since the variant was first sequenced in that country.
Figure 6 | B.1.525 count per continent
Seven day rolling average of sequence counts per continent. Please note that recent declines may be due to delay in reporting rather than reflecting a change in the underlying virus population.
Figure 7 | Rolling average B.1.525 frequency per continent
Seven day rolling average of frequency of sequences of the lineage of interest. Frequency is calculated by dividing the number of sequences of the lineage of interest by the total sequences for each continent for each day.
Table 3 | Raw data for figures.
|Country||Earliest sequence||Number of variant sequences||Total sequences since first variant sequence|
|Italy||2021-02-03||109||14029|
|United States Of America||2020-12-30||376||194218|
|Finland||2021-01-15||4||1198|
|Belgium||2021-01-30||36||9550|
|India||2021-02-20||29||1165|
|Switzerland||2021-01-22||19||11670|
|Australia||2021-01-06||8||565|
|Ivory Coast||2021-02-08||10||34|
|United Kingdom||2020-12-15||310||226311|
|Germany||2021-01-25||280||54182|
|Slovenia||2021-01-26||43||6014|
|Netherlands||2021-01-27||40||12275|
|Togo||2021-01-25||16||52|
|Canada||2021-01-13||12||1307|
|Bangladesh||2021-03-11||7||217|
|Ireland||2021-02-02||18||6641|
|France||2021-01-06||72||14340|
|Denmark||2021-01-11||120||16095|
|Nigeria||2020-12-20||97||318|
|Portugal||2021-03-05||4||640|
|Malaysia||2021-01-31||2||66|
|Turkey||2021-02-20||17||1412|
|Indonesia||2021-01-20||1||389|
|Spain||2021-01-25||37||8628|
|Sweden||2021-02-28||1||7513|
|Norway||2021-01-22||41||3976|
|Japan||2021-01-15||11||5336|
|Poland||2021-02-24||9||4054|
|Guadeloupe||2021-03-03||2||16|
|Austria||2021-01-28||10||1180|
|Rwanda||2021-01-22||5||30|
|Mayotte||2021-01-29||1||89|
|Ghana||2021-01-06||6||160|
|Cameroon||2021-02-03||1||5|
|Singapore||2021-01-31||3||446|
|Angola||2020-12-11||1||184|
|South Korea||2021-02-02||2||1686|
|Luxembourg||2021-02-20||2||1585|
|Brazil||2021-02-15||1||748|
|Thailand||2021-03-01||1||65|
|Jordan||2021-01-07||2||23|
|Kenya||2021-03-08||1||128|
Data source and processing
The data on this page is recent as of 2021-04-08, 07:39 GMT. All SARS-CoV-2 sequences were downloaded from GISAID and genomes were de-duplicated based on GISAID sequence name – note that the publically available metadata may not fully allow us to de-duplicate by patient. Full data processing pipeline found here. The sequences were then assigned lineages with pangolin 2.3.8, pangoLEARN version 2021-04-01.
Acknowledgements
Created by: Áine O'Toole and Verity Hill, Rambaut Group, University of Edinburgh. Flight volume data from Kamran Khan, Isaac Bogoch, Alexander Watts, Oliver Pybus, Moritz Kraemer. Sequences sourced from GISAID, full acknowledgements table here.
We have a pre-print up on virological here describing this web tracker. | https://cov-lineages.org/global_report_B.1.525.html |
Hormonal Harmony HB-5 - Is spinach good for glaucoma?
by sherly sylvia (2021-04-25)
A new study on glaucoma and green leafy vegetables
A recent study published in January 2016 in JAMA Ophthalmology, examined the relationship between dietary nitrate consumption, derived primarily from green leafy vegetables, and primary open-angle glaucoma. The researchers were interested in dietary nitrate intake because it is an important source of nitric oxide, which can be beneficial for blood circulation and potentially for glaucoma.
The study used data from two studies that collectively included more than 100,000 people. Researchers assessed the association between dietary nitrate intake (reported by participants) and whether these study participants were diagnosed with glaucoma during the 25-year study.
The study looked at four food groups:
• Leafy greens (iceberg lettuce, romaine lettuce, kale, mustard orchard, cooked spinach, raw spinach)
• Cruciferous vegetables (kale, mustard orchard, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts)
• Root vegetables (beets, potatoes, onions, carrots, sweet potatoes, sweet potatoes) and
• Tomato-based foods (tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato juice)
The study found that, compared to the group with the lowest dietary nitrate intake (approximately 80 milligrams / day), the group with the highest dietary intake (240 milligrams / day) was associated with a 21 percent lower risk of glaucoma and a 44 percent lower risk of a type of glaucoma in which early visual field loss near the center of vision is more common.
What the glaucoma study doesn't reveal
While this research is certainly exciting, it unfortunately does not provide information on whether dietary nitrate intake, in the form of green leafy vegetables, helps if one already has glaucoma.
Other Diet, Glaucoma, and Eye Health Studies
The good news is that this is not the only study that has identified the importance of green leafy vegetables in lowering the risk of a glaucoma diagnosis. As part of a large study (Osteoporotic Fracture Study), women who ate at least one serving per month of collard greens and kale had a 69 percent lower risk of glaucoma compared to women who ate less than one serving per month. Other foods that seemed protective of the glaucoma diagnosis included carrots and canned or dried peaches.
This group of researchers also completed a follow-up study that examined food consumption and glaucoma risk among African American women. Women who ate more than 1 serving per week compared to less than 1 serving per month of sprouts and kale (kale) lowered their chances of diagnosing glaucoma by 57 percent.
Other foods that were protective included increased consumption of fruit or fruit juices, fresh oranges, and fresh peaches. Intake of foods with higher amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C, and carotenoids was also considered protective of glaucoma diagnosis in older African-American women. However, once again, this research does not answer the question of whether eating green leafy vegetables helps someone who already has a diagnosis of glaucoma.
Well-balanced diet of green vegetables and fruits
Although we don't have complete answers, eating your veggies likely has very few drawbacks, and is important to your overall health and well-being. Overdoing any item in the diet (for example, eating a diet high in arugula only) may actually exceed the recommended daily limits for nitrate intake. Therefore, a good recommendation is to simply eat a variety of green and other colored fruits and vegetables for a well-balanced diet.
So, eat those green leafy greens, and be aware that even vegetables in the low nitrate group contain nutrients that are important to your health.
Vegetables classified by nitrate content:
• Very high: Celery, watercress, chervil, lettuce, red beets, spinach and arugula. Other leafy vegetables with high nitrate concentrations include butter lettuce, mixed greens, and kale.
• High: Celery, Chinese cabbage, endive, fennel, kohlrabi, leek and parsley.
• Moderate: Cabbage, dill, turnip and green cabbage or desavoy.
• Low: Broccoli, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, pumpkin, and chicory.
• Very low: Artichoke, asparagus, lima beans, eggplant, garlic, onion, green beans, mushrooms, peas, bell peppers, potatoes, squash, sweet potato, and tomato.
Have you been trying everything to lose weight but nothing seems to be working? Are you thinking about giving up? Then hold your thought while we tell you how you can lose pound after pound with the help of Hormonal Harmony HB-5. Losing weight can be tricky. Even though we are made to believe that it is just about what we eat and how much we work out, that is not entirely true. Our bodies work in strange ways, we don’t understand these ways and therefore we fail at demanding goals such as weight loss. We don’t realize that hormones coursing through our body have a greater role to play in weight loss than we realize. If hormones are not balanced, no matter how hard you try, you cannot lose weight. | https://journals.library.oregonstate.edu/index.php/OURJ/comment/view/3256/0/132852 |
The Chihuahuan Desert is a unique region with high biodiversity. There is a high degree endemism of freshwater biota, but relatively few studies have been focused on zooplankton. Bdelloid rotifers are one component of these ecosystems and often dominate very temporary habitats. Bdelloids are usually assumed to be cosmopolitan species due to their potentially high dispersal rates. Distribution records of the bdelloid Philodina megalotrocha extend from North America to New Zealand. However, little is known about its ecology or genetics. The aims of this study are to: (1) determine whether the distribution of P. megalotrocha in the Chihuahuan Desert is associated with ecological characteristics of habitats, (2) investigate whether P. megalotrocha is a truly a cosmopolitan species and not a complex of cryptic species, and (3) determine patterns of gene flow among populations of P. megalotrocha with respect to their geographical distribution. Redundancy Analysis was applied to investigate relationships between rotifer species and 30 environmental factors. To determine the extent of genetic differentiation among geographically isolated populations, cox1 sequences were used to construct phylogenetic hypotheses using Neighbor Joining, Maximum Parsimony, and Bayesian Analysis. The first 4 canonical axes in the Redundancy Analysis explained only 7.6% of the variance in the species data. Although environmental factors did not explain much variation in the distribution of rotifers among ecological habitats, this analysis indicated that P. megalotrocha is associated with the Cattail Falls Spring Pools (Big Bend National Park), presence of macrophytes, elevation, and to some degree with flowing waters and the summer season. High levels of genetic variation among populations of P. megalotrocha were found in cox1 sequences (ranging from 0% to 19.7%). Levels of sequence divergence among some P. megalotrocha Chihuahuan Desert populations were equivalent to or greater than those of other well-defined bdelloid species. P. megalotrocha was monophyletic in two of three analyses and contained at least five independent clades. Haplotype diversity was 0.98, with 22 haplotypes identified from 28 sequences. This may indicate that P. megalotrocha populations in the Chihuahuan Desert are, in fact, members of a complex of cryptic species. This study is the first to provide a detailed ecological survey of P. megalotrocha in a large geographic area. Further, this is the first analysis of phylogenetic relationships within P. megalotrocha populations using a molecular approach. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that morphological taxonomy in this group underestimates genetic diversity as has been recently found other bdelloid species.
Subject Area
Ecology|Genetics
Recommended Citation
Hamdan, Lina Kamel, "Ecology and genetics of Philodina megalotrocha (Rotifera, Bdelloidea) from Chihuahuan Desert populations" (2010). ETD Collection for University of Texas, El Paso. AAI1477791. | https://scholarworks.utep.edu/dissertations/AAI1477791/ |
Changing Seasons clearly explains the fascinating changes that take place in nature every year. This vibrant book takes an in-depth look at why there are four seasons, the patterns that appear in each season, and how these changes affect both plants and animals, including people! This book provides fascinating information on - Why leaves change color in autumn - Migration and hibernation - How plants and animals survive in winter - How and why plants... | https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/changing-seasons-natures-changes_bobbie-kalman_kelley-macaulay/2533324/ |
Q:
Non-deterministic particle system
This question is in the spirit of Norton's dome, an example of an apparently non-deterministic system in Newtonian mechanics. Under certain restrictions, the Picard–Lindelöf theorem guarantees the existence and uniqueness of solutions to differential equations with initial conditions. However, Norton's dome does not satisfy these restrictions. The ball may sit on top of the dome for an arbitrary period of time before sliding down in a particular trajectory, without violating Newton's laws of motion.
Is there a plausible example of a system of interacting point-particles such that the equations of a point-particle are continuous but not Lipschitz continuous, and therefore fail to have a unique solution?
A:
I do not know if it is "plausible" (I do not think so), however a trivial model can be constructed for the one-dimensional case with continuous forces depending on velocities, for $c>0$ constant:
$$F_{12}(v_1,v_2) = c\sqrt{|v_1-v_2|} \quad\mbox{and}\quad F_{21}(v_1,v_2) = -c\sqrt{|v_1-v_2|}$$
The system of these two particles does not admit a unique solution if initial conditions of the form $x_1(0)=y_1$, $x_2(0)= y_2$ and $v_1(0)=v_2(0) = V$ are given.
| |
Sitting in meetings as a manager for B.C. Systems, Paul Redchurch would doodle on his notepad.
“If I saw a blank piece of paper I’d just draw on it,” he said. “Sometimes I’d hand a sketch of the speaker to him at the end of the meeting.”
When he retired in 1995, a colleague gave him a collection of computer punch cards Redchurch had drawn on. “I’d just tossed them away, but he’d saved some and put them into a scrapbook.”
Redchurch started seriously drawing and painting after he retired. But it’s taken until this year to host a solo show.
His watercolour and acrylic paintings of birds and landscapes, as well as pen-and-ink sketches of British towns, are on display at Goward House in Saanich for the month of October. And while most artists would be looking forward to the profits, Redchurch, 71, intends to give them away.
“Life’s not all about me. I’ve been a very fortunate person and I want to give; hopefully make someone else’s life better.”
Revenue from sales, minus a gallery fee, will be donated to the Victoria Human Exchange Society, a charity Redchurch favours.
Thirty years ago he organized Oak Bay’s Knights of Columbus chapter and in 2003 the volunteer group helped the Victoria Human Exchange Society set up McGivney House, a transition home in Vic West for men.
Redchurch didn’t take his first art course until after he retired, and even then he signed up only to find out what tools and supplies he’d need in order to draw. “Art is a personal thing and I didn’t want to be tainted by someone saying ‘you can’t do this, you have to do it this way.’”
He is likely best known in Oak Bay as the founder of Garagellenium. He suggested the idea to Millennium celebration organizers more than a decade ago and organized it once the idea was accepted. “I knew a lot of people like garage sales, and if done properly, they can make a lot of money,” he said.
The event proved so popular he ran it for another seven years before current organizer Graham Lamb took over.
Redchurch immigrated to Canada from England with his family when he was 17. They arrived in Halifax and took the train across the country, ending up in Victoria, where he’s lived all his life.
Sitting in his studio, a back bedroom in his Monterey Avenue home, he points to a prairie landscape he recently finished. “It looked like that, except covered in snow,” he said, recalling his view from the train window.
A Sharing of Life’s Gifts shows at Goward House, 2495 Arbutus Rd., until Oct. 31. For more information about Victoria Human Exchange Society, go to www.humanx.org. | https://www.vicnews.com/community/solo-art-show-proceeds-go-to-charity/ |
The Republic of Moldova has vast renewable energy potential that remains largely untapped. Greater use of renewables would reduce costly fuel imports and boost the country’s economic development.
Disponibil în limba Română / Available in Romanian
Renewables Readiness Assessment: Republic of Moldova identifies key actions to accelerate renewable energy deployment and to cement the existing foundations of the sector. The report, based on multi-stakeholder consultations, presents options to strengthen the policy, regulatory and financing framework for renewables. It recommends actions to strengthen national targets, boost the flexibility of existing grid infrastructure, improve the bankability of renewable energy projects, further develop the bioenergy sector and enhance the capacity of local banks.
Among the key recommendations:
A Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) identifies the actions needed to overcome a country’s barriers to renewable energy deployment, with IRENA providing technical support and expertise to facilitate consultations among different national stakeholders. While the process helps to shape appropriate policy and regulatory choices, each country determines which renewable energy sources and technologies are relevant and consistent. | https://irena.org/publications/2019/Feb/Renewables-Readiness-Assessment-Republic-of-Moldova |
Traitsys Technologies Pvt Ltd success depends on effective and well-executed training programs. Our goal is to train you to become more self-sufficient, more productive, and a greater asset to your operations. Customized training helps in better meeting of an organization's skill set requirements. It also plays a significant role in enabling companies to extract greater Return on Investment on IT investment due to inherent advantages such as optimization of resources.
The .NET Framework is a development and execution environment that allows different programming languages and libraries to work together seamlessly to create Windows-based applications that are easier to build, manage, deploy, and integrate with other networked systems.
Built on Web service standards, .NET enables both new and existing personal and business applications to connect with software and services across platforms, applications, and programming languages. These connections give users access to key information, whenever and wherever you need it.
Microsoft .NET connected software makes the "real-time" enterprise real by enabling information to flow freely throughout the organization, accessible to business partners, and delivering value to customers. With .NET-connected software, users can increase the value of existing systems and seamlessly extend those systems to partners, suppliers, and customers. | http://bangalore.click.in/best-net-training-with-100-placement-in-koramangala-c72-v17077179 |
The future fusion reactor fuel will be a mixture of deuterium and tritium. Deuterium is produced using traditional separation technology. Tritium must be produced by means of a nuclear reaction between neutrons and lithium atoms within the reactor breeder which, in this study, is supposed to be a ceramic lithiated material. The tritium produced in the breeder needs a proper extraction process to reach the required purity level. A conceptual modified version of the tritium recovery plant for the considered ceramic breeder, working with two membrane reactors, each acting as a reaction/separation unit, is studied in this work. The first considered membrane unit is a catalytic ceramic membrane reactor to remove, via oxidation, the hydrogen isotopes from the purge gas (He). The second one is a tritiated water-gas shift reaction. In the latter process unit, the effect of selective hydrogen permeation on the conversion is studied. A detailed description of the experimental equipment, of the material used and some experimental results are presented. © 1995. | https://rdm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/membrane-integrated-system-in-the-fusion-reactor-fuel-cycle |
Job Responsibilities:
• Design and develop high-volume, low-latency applications for mission-critical systems, delivering high-availability and performance;
• Contribute in all phases of the development lifecycle concept, design, build, deploy, test, release to app stores and support;
• Diagnose performance issues, fix bugs including crashes and anrs to increase the functionality of the application;
• Write well designed, testable, efficient code;
• Ensure designs are in compliance with specifications;
• Prepare and produce releases of software components;
• Support continuous improvement by investigating alternatives and technologies and presenting these for architectural review;
• Collaborate with team members product managers, developers, designers to brainstorm about new features and functionalities.
Educational Requirements:
• B.Sc in Computer Science and Engineering from any reputed public or private university.
Additional Requirements:
• Experience required at least 2+ years in Flutter;
• Experience required at least 2 years in Android Native;
• Proficient in Java & Kotlin programming;
• Knowledge and experience in flutter framework and dart programming;
• Knowledge about flutter application lifecycle and state management;
• Hands on experience in using restful APIs;
• Strong knowledge of Software development life cycle;
• Strong knowledge of Android SDK;
• Firebase & other 3rd party service integration;
• Familiarity with RESTful APIs to connect android applications to back-end services;
• Strong knowledge of Android UI design principles, patterns, and best practices;
• Experience with offline storage, threading, and performance tuning;
• Understanding of Google’s Android design principles and interface guidelines;
• Familiarity with Room Database;
• Familiarity with Firebase (Remote config, Cloud Messaging, Analytics) & AWS Deployment;
• Must have at least 2 apps on playstore or appstore
Workplace: Work at office
Joining Date: Immediately
Salary: Negotiable
Compensation & Other Benefits:
• As per the company's policies
The Application Process:
• Telephone Round;
• Interview with the Tech Team & Talent Acquisition Team;
• An assignment/test to complete (if required);
• Job offer.
NB: Only shortlisted candidates will be communicated in the recruitment process.
Tell us your needs and we’ll get back to you. | https://riseuplabs.com/jobs/flutter-app-developer/ |
Purposeful verbs communicate clear expectations. The use of clear, actionable verbs within standards and indicators is necessary to ensure that they communicate the intended expectation for student learning (Landgon, 1999). Taxonomies of Learning, such as Webb’s Depth of Knowledge (Webb, 1997) and Bloom’s Taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001), help categorize verbs into levels of cognitive difficulty, which can help standards writers ensure high levels of thinking.
Instructional strategies and learning opportunities are used to teach content area standards. They are not included in the content area standards. Content area standards highlight the knowledge and skills that instructional experiences are designed to teach, rather than describe the experience itself. Descriptions of how the learning experiences are designed are part of the curriculum and instructional decisions, which are made at the local level.
Content area standards create expectations for consistent assessment of student learning. In some cases, inconsistent measurement of a content area standard might result from language that describes degrees of performance (e.g., students begin to, or creatively perform a task) or how often students perform a skill (occasionally).
When no consistent baseline for performance is established, teachers do not share a common understanding of what “creatively” looks like or how often “frequently” represents. Such language is more appropriate for rubrics that describe multiple levels of performance. In cases when a skill is developed over multiple grade levels, content area standards should identify the prerequisite knowledge and skills that students need to learn before they can advance to a more complex skill. | https://www.education.ne.gov/contentareastandards/high-quality-content-standards/measurable/ |
You can tell a lot about a field by how researchers motivate their results in papers and talks. Pure mathematics often gives little or no motivation starting a paper or talk with something like "Let λ be an inaccessible cardinal…" In economics, even in theoretical papers, considerable time is spent in coming up with stories to justify a given model. More discussion is spent in economics talks about the model than the particular proofs and results that derive from that model.
In theoretical computer science and in particular computational complexity we straddle between these two worlds. Our goal is to understand the power of efficient computation so we have complexity classes like NC, P, P/poly, BPP and BQP that try to approximate real-world models of computation. We have classes like NP, #P and PSPACE that capture a large number of interesting problems that we would like to solve. We have models like Probabilistically Checkable Proof Systems (PCPs) whose parameters help us understand the limitations of approximation. We have combinatorial tools like expanders and extractors that have wide applications in many areas of complexity and beyond.
But all these classes, models and tools have very nice theoretical properties as well. We tend to focus more on the theoretical foundations judging papers more for their theorems and the difficulty of the proofs than the importance of the underlying problem. In the end we reduce the amount of motivation in the paper often to a single sentence of the introduction and a theory audience only rarely questions the importance of a model during a talk.
Once we deemphasize the motivation of a model, then others, in an attempt to find open problems, look at variations of the model. Often these variations are motivated solely by the importance of the original model, even if the variations have little relevance with the original motivation of the model. Researcher then consider variations on the variations deviating quite far from the original model and its motivations.
Other computer scientists often complain, rightly or wrongly, that theoretical computer science and computational complexity have lost touch with real computational issues. We must be careful to not focus too much on presentations that don't express or don't even have some reasonable motivation beyond the difficulty of the proofs.
In fairness, exploring variations of a model can give us insight into what it is about the original model that gives it the properties it has. In some cases, this improves our understanding of why a particular notion captures a computational phenomenon -- or helps convince us that the old notion is no longer sufficient.
For example, in cryptography, there is a phenomenon called "chosen ciphertext attack," in which an adversary can pick ciphertexts of her choice, submit them to a decryption oracle, and then see the results. This sounds freaky, but in fact several real-world protocols provide openings for attacks of this sort; perhaps you don't get to see the entire decryption, but you may learn, say, whether a consistency check on the resulting plaintext failed. There are at least two variant formalizations here, and work investigating relations between these formalizations. This sort of work is valuable for establishing what the "right" formalization might be, even though it requires looking at seemingly small variations of a model.
Computer science is about systems and theory. It is not necessary that systems research has to give profound proofs of correctness or impossibility. Nor it is necessary that theoretical research gets always motivated by some applied application. A while ago you had this discussion of why not all faculty members are not able to teach all first year courses. Just a remark that question is not irrelevant to this one.
Systems research and evolution has its own rules well-respected within the community. Theoretical research is not the servant of systems (which doesn't care much about heory anyways). Computation has its applied part and as well its own autonomous existence, independent to the existence of related hardware or software. Goedel or even 100 years ago Hilbert or some of his predecessors they had more or less concrete questions regarding computation (or something close to that). Since no real world machines existed these questions were not important or even legitimate? Theoretical computer science has to make up its mind. If most theoreticians believe that funding is the primary reason for research then perhaps we should all go to industry and those who studied engineering to dig out their licences and start making real money.
Theoretical computer science has to make up its mind. If most theoreticians believe that funding is the primary reason for research then perhaps we should all go to industry and those who studied engineering to dig out their licences and start making real money.
I totally agree with this sentence, and in fact with the whole comment.
People confuse (or even define) "applications" with "new ways of getting money".
Why is something I can sell, practical or applied? For instance, car manufacturing would surely count as "applied" by most people, while I claim it is unpractical, and has no real contribution to humanity.
Understanding black holes is much more "practical": it contributes to our understanding of the world, which is much more valuable than car selling.
This is untrue. Motivation for models and problems can come from many different sources, and one of the major ones is that the result has applications. These applications are simply a way to project the model back to the real world - math is essentially a field of abstraction, and after making an abstraction and thinking about abstract concepts, there's nothing wrong with making them concrete. If a result of mine has applications in disease control, does that mean I should stop doing TOC and go work for a private firm?
This not withstanding, as far as computer science is concerned, ways to learn about black holes are certainly an application (in physics, or scientific computing).
I am not claiming that all "applications" are wrong. I'm claiming that some applications are actually "not practical" even if they formally conform to what most people would view as a "projection of the model back to the real world".
For instance, 'applying' your model in disease control is certainly "practical" (though one could argue that it is not the purpose of TCS to contribute to such an important effort; and if this is your main purpose, then you should not move to a private firm, of course, but maybe to the faculty of medicine, for instance).
On the other hand, progress in TCS that relates to Electronic Commerce does not seem to be very "practical": although it might have "concrete projection in the real world", it serves a marginal purpose of some firms to make more money.
I would say that to understand the evolution of starts, or of the nature of computation (for instance P!=NP), is more "practical" (though it is not what you meant by "a projection in the real world").
hence do not need to justify it.
not the case in the real world.
You are wrong. Scientific research is about revealing the truth. If you are doing research for the money, or try to motivate your research by "applications for getting more money", I would say that this is a perfectly valid purpose if you are working on research in some private firm or by your own (either as a hobby or a job). But that's not the case in the real world of research, i.e., most research institutions and universities.
One evidence of your mistake is the existence of pure-science, humanities, social-sciences and arts departments in most universities. This is the real world of research. What you were referring to is a marginal market-oriented sub-culture, which is not the concern of real science.
The only reason that such large sums of money are pumped into research is because of past benefits and hope for future benefits.
What "large sums of money" are you talking about, and where does one get them? NSF funding for all of theoretical computer science is about $5m/year, a rounding error on a rounding error.
Anonymous, exactly what parts of Computer Science would you insist should move to other departments (if bioinformatics now needs to be part of the faculty of medicine)?
Theoreticians who contrive "motivations" often sound pathetic. I recently heard a talk about coding by someone who obviously doesn't care about why and how people code, but only wanted to work on some "open problems" in coding. The math was nice, but the attempts to sound relevant to something that actually happens in the real world were laughable.
So you should make up your mind: are you doing theory, or are you doing something useful? Faking it makes theory look ridiculous.
So you should make up your mind: are you doing theory, or are you doing something useful?
This is a false dichotomy. There are many results which are 100% theory and incredibly useful (RSA comes to mind).
Not every result has to be applicable, that is why we call it theory, but practice is a rich source of inspiration (again RSA comes to mind) and we would be the poorer if we chose to ignore this muse.
That is the poor world of research. The real world of research is physics, biology, economics, medicine, computer science, etc. These are not curiosity driven disciplines, but practice driven. The amount of funding for them far dwarfs that of the humanities in all developed countries, with the exception of the USA, which lately seems bent in destroying its hard won scientific advantage.
"... USA, which lately seems bent in destroying its hard won scientific advantage."
I don't think it can be emphasized how true this last statement it. Some good students (where I am, outside US) refuse to apply to any schools in the US, because of the Iraq war, politics, etc. Instead, they will only apply to schools in Canada.
There are many motivations for being a vegetarian. Some people do it for health reasons. Some find the killing of animals immoral. Some think it is better for the environment. Some do it for religious reasons. Strangely, I hear very few arguments among vegetarians that the reason that they practice vegetarianism is the right one.
There are many motivations for scientific research, and specifically for theoretical computer science. Reasons include plain old curiosity, the desire to improve technology, the intellectual challenge, and probably many others. I find it odd and rather depressing that people feel the need to argue why their reason for doing TCS research is the right one.
I find it odd and rather depressing that people feel the need to argue why their reason for doing TCS research is the right one.
that analogy is slightly misleading michael. it is impossible to steer clear of such discussion, if we are to resolve how to entice more new grad students and researchers into TCS (remember that they have a far weaker understanding of these issues). i agree we can definitely do it in a non holier-than-thou manner.
Well, we should be careful that our notions of "what happens in the real world" are not too limited by assuming that the real world will always be the way our little corner of it has been in recent years.
Ideas that have gone from theory to practice in our lifetimes, while by no means the norm, are not rare. It is not hard to find contemporary nay-sayers who derided things like garbage-collection and software model checking as "unrealistic" or "irrelevant".
Any ideas that have informed practice that we can trace back to STOC/FOCS?
Indeed, as someone who works in the overlap of theory and practice I often run into systems people who get irritated by the slightest degree of abstraction, even of those details that in all probability are truly irrelevant.
That is the poor world of research. The real world of research is physics, biology, economics, medicine, computer science, etc.
Let me understand what you are saying: "poor" is the antinomy of "real". So for you "reality" is "richness".
I think it is now clear that you define "real world research" as a "research that gets a lot of money". This is of course a senseless definition, and so there is not much left here to argue.
Bill, I hope you were being sarcastic. While possibly true, this is the worst motivation for doing something and I think that is part of what the original post was getting at.
In general, whether you as a researcher care about theory, practice, or something else, it is worth asking yourself periodically why you are working on the problem you are working on.
Some good students (where I am, outside US) refuse to apply to any schools in the US, because of the Iraq war, politics, etc. Instead, they will only apply to schools in Canada.
The whole discussion is somewhat fruitless, since some people here oddly define "real world", "practical" and "applied" as "new ways of getting money". Could someone say what is "practical" about electronic commerce, for instance?
Of course they are free to practice anything they like. But why would anyone listen for 50 minutes to an exposition of the finer points of vegetarianism?
Even more importantly, why should taxpayers subsidize an in-depth research of vegetarianism?
So for you "reality" is "richness".
The other way around. There is money because they are real. When a science becomes mature enough to make predictions and hence able to make an impact in the real world, money follows. That is the power of science, not abstract truth alone. Here is a simple example: right now there are three pencils on top of my desk. That is god's honest truth. Does that make it science? Of course not, because it is irrelevant. Good science seeks truth in the context of relevance.
There is money because they are real.
This sentence is false. It is not justified in any way. Destiny's Child make a lot of money. Are they better than Mozart?
Criterions for "good" science are not measured by the money it gets.
Or else, we would all become engineers, working on new arms.
It is not justified in any way. Destiny's Child make a lot of money. Are they better than Mozart?
There you go again using the reverse implication of "richer is better", and then applying it outside the domain in which it was proposed, namely, funding of science.
No one is proposing we measure quality of science using grant allocation. This is just a strawman of your own creation that you keep coming back to.
I claim there is a correlation between relevance (loosely defined) and quality of science and a correlation between relevant science and funding.
To give an example, topology is relevant because experience tell us that over centuries many of these "purely abstract" math results are fundamental blocks in the edifice of science. Trying to parse the intentionally obscure meanings of Kierkegaard, on the other hands, sits on the outside edge good science. In the hard sciences his writings would have merited a "reject, please rewrite and resubmit" while in philosophy it becomes the subject of PhD thesis to try to parse Soren's musings... go figure!
You also failed to address the point that abstract pursuit of truth alone is not science, as illustrated by the pencils on the desk example.
No. There is no such correlation, just as my "Destiny's child" example illustrates (in a different domain).
Indeed, when considering public opinion (which is close to "public funding of research"), there is an approximate reverse correlation between popularity and quality.
Your use of the word "relevance" is meaningless. You have not explained what counts as "relevant" and to what purpose.
For example, the flight to the moon is a great technological achievement, yet it is by no means a great scientific achievement. It counts by most people as something that is "practical" or "applied" -- and indeed it was funded heavily, and many scientists contributed to this project.
Yet, the proof of Fermat's last theorem by A. Wiles is a far greater scientific achievement, though it is not "practical" and much less funded.
First, in order to do science you have to follow certain rules of scientific research. So the pursuit of truth alone is not science, but it a necessary condition for it.
Second, your pencil example just illustrates my point: Both the existence of the pencils on your desk and the correctness of Fermat's last theorem (assuming the consistency of the mathematical axioms) via the proof of Wiles indeed constitute truthful statements.
The fact that there are pencils on your desk is highly practical: you can use these pencils. While the proof of Wiles is not.
Still, you would agree with me that even if you reached the conclusion of the existence of your pencils by scientific methods - it is not a good science, while what Wiles did is. Wiles' proof is deeper while not practical. Acknowledging the existence of your pencils, or flying to the moon are both practical, but most people would agree are not "deep", and they have no scientific merits in themselves.
I hope I answered your questions and arguments.
Destiny's Child make a lot of money. Are they better than Mozart?
No, but they're hotter than Mozart, and therein lies the real motivation for theoretical computer science-- it's the sexiest kind of CS.
"there is an approximate reverse correlation between popularity and quality."
This kind of arrogance will not bring TCS very far. Research on cancer is very popular, because people care about curing it. If TCS is not relevant to anything that people care about, then TCS has a problem getting people's money. Telling people that they don't know what "good" research is will not help TCS get more of their money.
A correlation that holds in science may or may not need hold in other fields, so your example is irrelevant.
Wiles proof is both practical (in the topology-like sense described above) and very much funded. Where exactly do you think the salary for Wiles and his grants came from? Research in the US, particularly in theoretical areas is by far and large funded by the government.
First, in order to do science you have to follow certain rules of scientific research.
I can follow all the rules you want: double blind trials, peer review publication and so on, and none of that will make the statement on pencils a good scientific fact.
The complete opposite is the case. Nobody cares that I have three pencils in my desk. It has no relevance to anyone but me. The truths discovered in the process of solving Fermat's last theorem will live forever and eventually form the basis of a breakthough in quantum physics or computer science or economics or crypto. They will also be the foundation of other breakthroughs within mathematics. That is why the proof of Fermat's last theorem is good and relevant science and the three-pencils-on-desk preprint is not.
Telling people that they don't know what "good" research is will not help TCS get more of their money.
We are talking here about what is the truth (though I'm not claiming of course to hold the key for it), not about good tactics to get more money. This is the point I made above. Let us not forget that funding is just a mean not the end in itself.
It is an illustration. It does not constitute a proof or a statement, but a logical analogy. Hence, as such, it is a perfectly valid one.
I do not think this is true. Wiles' work was not heavily funded.
and eventually form the basis of a breakthough in quantum physics or computer science or economics or crypto.
These are just speculations and hopes.
Indeed. Though it is a practical statement (even if it applies only to you), it does not constitute good science, since it is too concrete -- and not abstract; This illustrates that the criterion for good science is not usability or practical applications, but something else, which relates to truth of some higher level of abstraction and validity.
which relates to truth of some higher level of abstraction and validity.
Science values abstraction in as much as it produces results of great generality and hence great applicability and hence great relevance.
Bourbaki on the other hand proposed the pursue of abstraction for abstraction's sake and that lead nowhere.
The main reason that society lets mathematicians and other theoreticians have their jobs is because someone needs to teach undergraduates. For most theoretical computer scientists, the only real contribution (and damage) they make to society throughout their career is in teaching generation after generation of engineers.
For most theoretical computer scientists, the only real contribution (and damage) they make to society throughout their career is in teaching generation after generation of engineers.
That is equally true of 95% of applied scientists, or are you under the delusion that your "applied" results are about to change the world?
The impact of most science in the real world is second hand and, with very few exceptions, a single scientist contribution is to science what a single brick is to the great wall of China.
Yes she/he probably is. On the other hand I don't agree with you being so harsh at her. I find it kind of refreshing hearing not only that the scientific method itself is not science but more importantly that "place this button here" or "move the cable around, it may work" is science:)) Perhaps the least "dangerous" way is to educate people by transforming them into monkeys that program. A banana on one hand the keyboard on the other. It's indeed refreshing being critisized by people who have trouble delaing with concepts as abstract as addition modn.
On consulting my BibTex database, here are some of the more interesting research justifications that I find.
Religion and Government being the Subject Matter of the Book, 'tis ea\sy to gue\ss what Sort of Men are like to decry it; but let tho\se who are angry with it and find fault with it an\swer it; in the mean time the Crape Gown and the Long Robe are both defied to prove that there are any Tenets in the Whole Treati\se, half so dangerous or de\structive to the Peace and Welfare of human Society, as tho\se Doctrines and Maxims are, which have of late years been broached by time\serving Churchmen and Mercenary Lawyers; for which they justly de\serve the hatred and contempt of all mankind. Nothing more needs be \said to any Reader, than to de\sire he will deliberately read the Book twice over, before he condemn or commend it.
Most of the people end up doing applied "research" because they are not good enough to do theory. The choice can be made very early or very late depending upon level of incompetence. Surely, any one who did badly in most of the undergraduate math courses would not end up doing a phd in Math. Similarly somebody who dropped out trying to do a phd in complexity would not do theory all through his life. There are exceptions but they are very few. How many so called researchers in bioinformatics are good enough to prove PCP theorem or for that matter publish even one good paper in theory.
You, my friend, are an idiot. If you honestly think that theory research is somehow "harder" than other areas and that (for example) people in bioinformatics cannot publish a serious paper in focs/stoc/.. you should have a huge ego check.
Read some of the papers in ML, bioinformatics, etc. Just because you can prove the PCP theorem doesn't mean that you can produce deep results in other fields or match the level of excellence achieved by those researchers.
It's comments like these that make me feel ashamed of being a theoretician (though I keep telling myself that such egomaniacs are found in all fields).
"I love the phrase refuse to apply, as if anyone forces them to. They don't do anyone a favor, you know...."
I guess they think they are doing themselves a favor, by not directly or indirectly supporting an evil government.
Let me conclude my argument, and come back to the orignal post by Lance.
1. Practicality or applicability is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for a scientific research.
2. On the other hand truthfulness and abstractness is a necessary condition for a scientific research (though not a sufficient one, as you pointed out).
By this we can conclude that one should not seek, or even settle for, motivations for his research in the realm of practical applications (e.g., disease control).
they seem to think they can separate themselves from and ignore the political atmosphere that may ultimately destroy their field. If the US economy sinks because of the war, the sinking dollar, etc, then government support for TCS, math will be the first to go.
Sorry guy, you should work on your paranoia.
It seems surprising given the volume of responses here, but this little flame war has barely generated any heat ... and it certainly hasn't generated (or shed) any light whatsoever.
Words are like leaves; and where they most abound much fruit of sense is rarely found.
Less preach more Work. Let us then be off.
"That is equally true of 95% of applied scientists, or are you under the delusion that your "applied" results are about to change the world?"
My results did not change the world, but they were implemented in commercial software (and I didn't even defend my phd yet).
Actually, I think you mean just the opposite. Most of the simplest models, Turing machines, circuits, Ave-case complexity model, etc. are difficult to prove theorems about. At least the big ones. We look at variants (restrictions) of the models in order to prove theorems about them. Wouldn't you agree?
Here is a BibTeX entry relating to the concluding years of the Vietnam War. The situation for fundamental research then was grim---so grim that US physics never really recovered---but the over all situation for US science over the next thirty years was pretty good, thanks largely to the confluence of VLSI, sensors, and Arpanet. Add these together and you get modern mechatronics, which provided the main engine for the US economy in the decades 1970-2000.
The points being: (1) all that has been said on this thread has been said before. (2) there is present grounds for substantial optimism in today's confluence of quantum physics, nanotechnology, and bioinformatics; this confluence is at least as powerful as the 1970s confluence of VLSI, sensors, and networks, and with diligence, it will provide at least as powerful an engine for the US and global economy.
VIII-43 Barber, re AGILE program in Rechtin years: "This was indeed an area where ARPA and many other [agencies] were limited by ideas, not funds, and tried unsuccessfuly to compensate for the former with a generous application of the latter." Notes: (advanced sensors abolished as an ARPA office in 1973).
Quote -1: IX-38 "Director Lukasik "The urgent drives out the important. ... This is one of the reasons why so much of the money that ARPA put into the Vietnam War was not a good use of ARPA resources. Because there was very little of a fundamental nature that was done, because we were working on the *urgent*, not the important."
Quote 0: Barber X-1 "At most, about one-third of ARPA's lifetime can be said to be 'normal'. Most of the time it functioned in the midst of considerable bureaucratic stress. Outright abolition was widely discussed in 1959 and apparently quite seriously considered at the Secretary's level a decade later."
Quote 1: IX-13 Director Lukasic: "I really believe that the reason why you can't leave certain defense science up to the NSF, is that the NSF is going to pick its priorities on the basis of science and it may turn out that ... the defense [problem] is ninth on that list, and it may be a first rank [problem] for defense. ... [Basic research] can be mission-relevant basic research, and that's the essential point.
Quote 2: VII-28,29 During Director Herzfeld's tenure "The ARPA review figures show graduate student-research assistants in materials fields increasing from approximately 1100 in 1961-2 to 2000 in 1965-66, an 82 percent increase. ARPA-supported graduate students alone accounted for some 600 of the addition." However, under Vietnam funding pressure, the IDL program was cut from 27.3 million in 1967 to 4.4 million in 1968 ... the program never recovered.
Quote 3: VIII-59 Under Director Rechtin "Materials science now concentrates ... on reducing materials science to practice by demonstrating novel devices and new techniques." IDL's rechristened as Materials Research Laboratories (MRL's).
Interestingly, this is the only internal history of ARPA/DARPA ever published. It was widely perceived as negative, and was therefore suppressed (historians have to order xerox copies via the Freedom of Information Act), but with the advantage of hindsight we can see that ARPA/DARPA was doing a tremendous number of things right.
Applicability, broadly defined**, is a necessary condition for good scientific research.
** applicable as in having impact on the real world or impact in other areas of science.
For example, Wiles' proof of FLT which you quoted as an example of "having no applications" directly lead to the resolution of Taniyama-Shimura conjecture. How's that for an application?
So have mine yet I do not walk around with the false assumption that what I do with my systems hat on is somehow much more relevant to what I do with my theory hat on: both are minor contributions in a very large scientific effort.
Let's face it, the Googles and Akamais out there that have made a significant impact on the real world are the exception, not the rule. Quite interestingly one of those comes from the systems side (Google), the other from the theory side (Akamai).
Anyhow, this has gone for long enough, so I'm signing out.
I am talking about practical applications in (what you call, somewhat naively) the "real world".
Such practical applications are neither necessary nor sufficient for a good scientific research.
Great! So you have made an impact on the market.
However, as I tried to point out earlier, it says nothing about your contribution to science (as, again, having practical applications is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for contributing to science).
I enjoyed the comments on this post.
I am currently an nth year grad student, and I have never really sat down with my advisors and talked about "what is good research", indeed we don't really talk about it very much at all even among the students. | https://blog.computationalcomplexity.org/2006/12/motivation.html |
---
abstract: 'The nonorthogonality of coherent states is a fundamental property which prevents them from being perfectly and deterministically discriminated. To circumvent this problem, we present an experimentally feasible protocol for the probabilistic orthogonalisation of a pair of coherent states, independent of their amplitude and phase. In contrast to unambiguous state discrimination, successful operation of our protocol is heralded without measuring the states, such that they remain suitable for further manipulation. As such, the resulting orthogonalised state may be used for further processing. Indeed, these states are close approximations of the discrete-variable superposition state $\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\ket{0}\pm\ket{1}\right)$. This feature, coupled with the non-destructive nature of the operation, is especially useful when considering superpositions of coherent states: such states are mapped to the (weakly squeezed) vacuum or single photon Fock state, depending on the phase of the superposition. Thus this operation may find utility in hybrid continuous-discrete quantum information processing protocols.'
author:
- Regina Kruse
- Christine Silberhorn
- 'Tim J. Bartley'
bibliography:
- 'phot-repl-state-discrimination.bib'
title: 'Heralded orthogonalisation of coherent states and their conversion to discrete-variable superpositions'
---
One of the fundamental properties of coherent states is that they are over complete, [i.e.]{} each coherent state shares some non-zero overlap with every other. In the context of state discrimination, this non-zero overlap manifests as errors when one wishes to distinguish two such states. One option to try and discriminate between the two states is by a direct measurement (DM). However, as the two states share a finite overlap, we cannot obtain a result with absolute certainty. The limits of the DM approach are determined by a minimal error, the so-called Helstrom bound [@helstrom_quantum_1976; @kennedy_near-optimum_1972; @dolinar_optimum_1973; @wittmann_demonstration_2008; @sych_practical_2016; @muller_robust_2015]. These errors can be overcome using established unambiguous state discrimination protocols [@ivanovic_how_1987]. The original proposals considered schemes in which nonorthogonal states were first orthogonalised, and then measured with a suitable detection scheme . However, for a valid implementation, these steps must be combined [@dusek_unambiguous_2000; @clarke_experimental_2001; @roa_quantum-state_2002; @barnett_comparison_2003-1; @van_loock_implementing_2006; @sedlak_unambiguous_2007; @jimenez_experimental_2007; @roa_conclusive_2010; @roa_dissonance_2011; @nakahira_optimal_2012; @li_assisted_2012; @roa_quantum_2014], such that orthogonalisation is post-selected on the appropriate measurement outcome, non-destructive [@bergou_extracting_2013; @solis-prosser_experimental_2016] or otherwise. Yet, in some cases it may be necessary to orthogalise the input states without a post-selected measurement.
In this paper, we develop a practical scheme for heralded, non-destructive state orthogonalisation of continuous-variable states, namely weak coherent states of opposite phase. This protocol describes the probabilistic transformation of non-orthogonal to orthogonal states, heralded by a predetermined detection event, without destroying the input state. In general, we show how to practically implement the original scheme by Ivanovic and Dieks [@ivanovic_how_1987; @dieks_overlap_1988] that aims to transform two non-orthogonal coherent states of the set $\{\ket{\alpha},\ket{-\alpha}\}$ via an operator $\hat{O}$ onto two orthogonal states $\{\ket{\Psi^+},\ket{\Psi^-}\}$, such that $|\bra{\alpha}-\alpha\rangle|>0 \rightarrow |\bra{\alpha}\hat{O}^\dagger \hat{O}\ket{-\alpha}|=|\bra{\Psi^+}\Psi^-\rangle|=0$. As this procedure is coherent, it may also be used on superposition states $\ket{\Phi_\mathrm{Sup}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\ket{\alpha}+e^{i\phi}\ket{-\alpha}\right)$ that are considered the continuous variable equivalent of a qubit [@cochrane_macroscopically_1999; @jeong_efficient_2002; @ralph_quantum_2003; @lund_fault-tolerant_2008]. After transformation with our scheme, the new basis states of the superposition are orthogonal and therefore can be mapped onto the basis states of a discrete variable system. Thus, our scheme finds application as a continuous- to discrete-variable qubit converter.
This paper comprises two sections. We first present the scheme and its application in a state discrimination scenario. The optimal parameters to discriminate the states are found, and we discuss how iterative application of the operation can improve the success probability. In the second section, we look in more detail at the resulting states following this operation. It turns out that these states become extremely good approximations of discrete-variable superposition states. From this, we show how our scheme acts on superpositions of coherent states and returns (weakly squeezed) vacuum and single photon Fock states, depending on the phase of the superposition.
![(Colour online) Photon replacement scheme for state discrimination. A coherent state from the set $\{\ket{\alpha},\ket{-\alpha}\}$ is incident on one input mode of a beam splitter of predetermined transmissivity $T$. Incident on the other input mode is an ancilla photon. For suitably chosen transmissivity $T$, dependent on $|\alpha|$, a projective measurement of a particular photon number $\ket{m}\bra{m}$ on one output mode transforms the initial set onto the orthogonal set of $\{\ket{\Psi^+},\ket{\Psi^-}\}$ on the other output mode.[]{data-label="fig:replacement_scheme"}](photon-replacement-protocol.pdf){width="0.65\columnwidth"}
Heralding non-orthogonal states
===============================
To implement our scheme, we utilise the “quantum catalysis” (or “photon replacement”) technique [@lvovsky_quantum-optical_2002; @sanaka_filtering_2006; @bartley_multiphoton_2012], as depicted in Fig. \[fig:replacement\_scheme\]. An input state from the non-orthogonal set $\{\ket{\alpha},\ket{-\alpha}\}$ is incident on mode $a$ of a beam splitter, simultaneously with an ancilla photon in mode $b$. Dependent on the amplitude of the coherent states $|\alpha|$, we pick the transmissivity of the beam splitter $T\left(|\alpha|\right)$ such that, given a particular outcome of a photon number measurement $\ket{m}\!\bra{m}$ on one output mode of the beam splitter, the input state is projected on either $\ket{\Psi^+}$ or $\ket{\Psi^-}$, depending on the sign of the incident coherent state. The transformation coefficients of an $n$-photon Fock state for this replacement operation are then given via $$\begin{aligned}
\ket{\Psi_\mathrm{out}}&=\sqrt{\frac{m!(n+k-m)!}{n!k!}}\sum_{j=0}^{k} \binom{n}{m-j} \binom{k}{j} (-1)^j \\
&\times\sqrt{T}^{n-m+2j}\sqrt{1-T}^{m+k-2j} \ket{n+k-m}_c\otimes \ket{m}_d\, ,
\end{aligned}$$ with, in general, $k$ ancilla and $m$ herald photons for the success event. The transformation of the incident coherent states can then be calculated with the photon number basis representation $\ket{\alpha}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}e^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}}\frac{\alpha^n}{\sqrt{n!}}\ket{n}$.
As an example, let us consider the case sketched in Fig. \[fig:replacement\_scheme\]. At the replacement stage, we define a success event such that one photon is heralded in mode $d$, i.e. $\ket{m}\bra{m}=\ket{1}\bra{1}$. The final output state $\ket{\Psi^\pm}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\ket{\Psi^\pm}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\exp\left(-\frac{|\alpha|^2}{2}\right)\exp\left(\pm\alpha\sqrt{T}\hat{c}^\dagger\right) \\
&\times\left(\pm\alpha(1-T)\hat{c}^\dagger-\sqrt{T}\right)\ket{0}_c\otimes\ket{1}_d
\end{aligned}$$ where $\sqrt{\mathcal{N}}$ is the normalisation after the non-unitary transformation and the probability of this event happening is given by $\mathcal{N}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n^2(\mathrm{repl.})$ with $c_n(\mathrm{repl.})=e^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}}\frac{\alpha^n}{\sqrt{n!}}\sqrt{T}^{n-1}[T-n(1-T)]$ as the state coefficients in the photon number basis. A more detailed discussion about the output states can be found in [e.g.]{} [@lvovsky_quantum-optical_2002; @sanaka_filtering_2006; @bartley_multiphoton_2012].
![(Color online) Overlap after the first replacement stage. Figure (a) shows the overlap after the replacement stage (red) for a fixed amplitude $|\alpha|=0.5$ depending on the beam splitter transmissivity $T$. In figure (b) the overlap after replacement (red) is plotted dependent on $|\alpha|$ for a fixed transmissivity. For comparison the initial overlap is given in grey. In figure (c), we consider both the coherent state amplitude $|\alpha|$ and beam splitter transmissivity $T$ as parameters for the replacement. In green we sketch the line of zero overlap, indicating the optimal beam splitter transmissivity $T(|\alpha|)$ for each $|\alpha|$. Figure (d) depicts the success probability for the first stage of a state discrimination protocol in red compared to the IDP bound in black. For details, see text.[]{data-label="fig:1st_replacement"}](overlap_1st_stage_success.pdf){width="1.\columnwidth"}
Writing the output state of the replacement stage in this form illustrates how the state orthogonalisation is possible with this protocol. Calculating the overlap $|\bra{\Psi^+}\Psi^-\rangle|$ and setting it to zero yields a quadratic equation with (at least) one real valued solution due to the different signs of $\alpha$ (a closed-form expression for $T\left(|\alpha|\right)$ is given in the Appendix).
This behaviour is shown in Fig. \[fig:1st\_replacement\] (a). In red, we plot the overlap $$\nonumber
\begin{aligned}
|\bra{\Psi^+}\Psi^-\rangle| &= e^{-(T+1)|\alpha|^2}\\
&\times\left[(1-T)^2T|\alpha|^4-(1-3T)(1-T)|\alpha|^2+T\right]
\end{aligned}
\label{eq:overlap}$$ after the replacement stage versus the beam splitter transmissivity $T$. From a transmissivity of $T=0$, we start with an overlap of one, as the beam splitter acts as a mirror and the ancilla photon exits the replacement stage in each case. Increasing the transmissivity, we find that the overlap decreases drastically, before it reaches zero at $T(|\alpha|=0.5)=0.13$. This situation fulfils the aim of the protocol; it is the required beam splitter transmissivity to distinguish states $\ket{+\alpha},~\ket{-\alpha}$ for $|\alpha|=0.5$. Although the shape of the overlap curve is quite steep at this point, this does not pose an unsurmountable experimental challenge since the transmissivity of a beam splitter may be finely controlled. Going further to $T=1$, the overlap increases to the initial overlap of $|\bra{-\alpha}\alpha\rangle|=0.6$ as the initial states are directly transmitted. In Fig. \[fig:1st\_replacement\] (b), we consider the overlap after replacement for $T(|\alpha|=0.5)=0.13$ in red. Compared to the initial overlap $|\bra{-\alpha}\alpha\rangle|$ sketched in grey, the overlap of the replaced state drops off faster for small amplitudes $|\alpha|$, before it reaches zero at $|\alpha|=0.5$.
In Fig. \[fig:1st\_replacement\](c), we consider the full parameter space for the replacement. We calculate and plot the overlap after replacement depending on the coherent state amplitude $|\alpha|$ and the beam splitter transmissivity $T$. For high amplitudes and splitter transmissivities, we find a large region where the overlap is very small. However, only for the combination of coherent state amplitudes and transmissivities that are represented by the green line the overlap becomes zero. Since this is the goal of the state discrimination, this curve defines the appropriate beam splitter transmissivity $T(|\alpha|)$ for any given $|\alpha|$ in the protocol. The corresponding probability of success, i.e. the probability of detecting a desired heralding event is plotted in Fig. \[fig:1st\_replacement\](d). For each amplitude $|\alpha|$, we calculated the optimal transmissivity $T(|\alpha|)$, where $|\bra{\Psi^+}\Psi^-\rangle|=0$. Further details are provided in the Appendix. From the photon number coefficients $c_n(\mathrm{repl.})$, we have then determined the success probability shown in red. Comparing the success probability to the IDP bound (black) from unambiguous state discrimination for small $|\alpha|$, we find that we already operate close to the optimum predicted for probabilistic discrimination protocols. However, for larger amplitudes we are still some way from optimal operation.
It is instructive to ask the nature of the state once it has undergone a successful discrimination operation. In fig. \[fig:WigDisc\] we plot the Wigner function of the state $\ket{\psi^+}$ when $\alpha=0.5$ and $T=0.13$, the parameters required to discriminate the state from $\ket{\psi^-}$. This state has a fidelity of $>$98% with the state $\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\ket{0}-\ket{1}\right)$. Similarly, the state $\ket{\psi^-}$, for which $\alpha=-1/2$ for the same $T$, shares $>$98% fidelity with the state $\tfrac{1}{/\sqrt{2}}\left(\ket{0}+\ket{1}\right)$. Thus the discrimination operation heralds the generation of the state $\ket{\alpha}\Rightarrow \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\ket{0}-\ket{1}\right)$ and $\ket{-\alpha}\Rightarrow \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\ket{0}+\ket{1}\right)$ with high fidelity. Note that with additional displacement operations, this high fidelity can be achieved for a range of values of $\alpha$.
![(Color online) Wigner function of transformed state $\ket{\psi^+}$. This state has a fidelity $>$98% with the discrete-variable superposition state $\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\ket{0}-\ket{1}\right)$ []{data-label="fig:WigDisc"}](WigDisc.png){width="0.75\columnwidth"}
We these transformations in mind, we consider the transformations of superpositions of coherent states as inputs. The coherent superposition state $\ket{\alpha}+\ket{-\alpha}$, with amplitude $|\alpha|=0.5$, transforms into the state $\ket{\psi^+}+\ket{\psi^-}$, the Wigner function of which is shown Fig. \[fig:WigCSS\] (a). This state has a fidelity of 96% with the vacuum state $\ket{0}$, but $>$99% fidelity with the squeezed vacuum state (squeezed by ). Similarly the state $\ket{\alpha}-\ket{-\alpha}$ transforms to the state $\ket{\psi^+}-\ket{\psi^-}$, shown in Fig. \[fig:WigCSS\], which exhibits $>$99.9% fidelity to the single photon Fock state.
![(Color online) Wigner functions of (a) transformed state $\ket{\alpha}+\ket{-\alpha}\Rightarrow\ket{\psi^+}-\ket{\psi^-}$ and (b) transformed state $\ket{\alpha}+\ket{-\alpha}\Rightarrow\ket{\psi^+}+\ket{\psi^-}$. These states have $>99\%$ fidelity to the weakly squeezed vacuum and single-photon Fock states, respectively.[]{data-label="fig:WigCSS"}](WigCSS.png){width="0.95\columnwidth"}
Iterative operation
===================
In contrast to conventional protocols, we have the advantage that our protocol does not destroy the input state, even in case of failure. We can therefore further operate on the state to try to obtain non-orthogonal states. With the information we gain from the heralding event, we can feed forward to subsequent stages. However, due to the large number of possible detection events ($\ket{0}\bra{0},\ket{1}\bra{1},\ket{2}\bra{2}$...) the output states that condition the adaptation of the protocol span a large space. In this paper, we restrict ourselves to a few specific examples and will not exhaust the full parameter space of cascading multiple stages with multiple failure modes.
In particular as sketched in Fig. \[fig:cascading\](a), we only consider two detection events as valid and discard the rest. Let us start with a known $|\alpha|$ at the first replacement stage. Here, we consider heralding on one photon as success and measuring vacuum as failure. Other events, such as detecting 2, 3 or more photons are consequently discarded and the protocol aborted. The failure state from heralding on vacuum is known and we can already prepare the second stage to reattempt to obtain orthogonal states. That is, we can determine the success and failure event of the second stage and adjust the splitter transmissivity accordingly. Going one step further, we then also know the state after the second failure event and can adjust the third stage etc.
![(Color online) Cascading of replacement stages. Figure (a) shows the cascading strategy. We consider only one success and one failure heralding event. In any other case, we abort the protocol. In figure (b), we depict the probability of success for three different cascading protocols with $|\alpha|=1.0$. The unadapted protocol (lilac) considers just repeating the first stage with modified transmissivity. The only considered failure mode is vacuum. In grey, we show the success probabilities for a protocol with adapted success events. In this case, only the vacuum is considered as failure mode. The probabilities presented in green are calculated from a protocol that both adapts the success and failure mode to the most likely event at each stage. In all cases, detection outcomes apart from the success and selected failure mode are discarded.[]{data-label="fig:cascading"}](success_cascading.pdf){width=".9\columnwidth"}
In Fig. \[fig:cascading\] (b), we consider three of these cascading protocols to optimise the success probability for a given amplitude $|\alpha|=1.0$. A simple example is the repetition of the first replacement stage, [i.e.]{} using one photon as an ancilla and heralding on one photon for success. As the single failure event, we consider measuring vacuum in mode $d$. However, this simple protocol does not give the highest success probability. We can improve it by adapting the success event to the stage number such that we herald on increasing photon number. This means, in stage one we herald on $\ket{1}\bra{1}$, in stage two on $\ket{2}\bra{2}$ and so on. This approach conserves the photon number between initial and output state if we consider measuring vacuum as the single failure mode [^1]. While this protocol gives higher success probability as sketched in grey, it is still possible to improve. In green, we have sketched the success probabilities when also adapting the failure mode from vacuum to measuring one photon less than required for the success event. This is the most likely failure event at any given stage of the protocol. As the success probabilities for the higher stage numbers scale with the failure probabilities in the previous ones, choosing a more likely failure event will increase the overall success efficiency.
However, in each of the depicted protocols in Fig. \[fig:cascading\] we do not reach the IDP bound in black. Extrapolating the success probabilities, we assume that the considered cases do not reach the optimal success probability of state discrimination, even in the limit of many stages. However, we have not considered the possibility of other failure modes due to the large parameter space. When considering those, we are likely to improve the overall success probability, however it remains to be seen whether a generalisation of this particular protocol indeed reaches the appropriate bound [@dieks_overlap_1988].
We also note some interesting behaviour of the overlap between the output states behaves in the cases where we detect a failure event. In general, when a state discrimination protocol fails, the overlap after the failure event will be higher than before [@ivanovic_how_1987; @chefles_quantum_2000]. In the case of optimal success probability (IDP), a failure will project the two initial states onto the same output state and consequently prohibit any further attempts to distinguish [@dieks_overlap_1988; @peres_how_1988]. In our case, we have more than one failure mode for which we may consider the overlap after replacement.
![(Color online) Overlap of the photon-replaced states when detecting a failure event. In both figures we have plotted the initial overlap between the two stages in grey. Figure (a) shows the overlap after the first stage for the two most likely failure events, i.e. detecting vacuum in purple and heralding on two photons in red. After a vacuum event in the first stage, we also consider the overlap for different failure modes in the second stage in figure (b). For details, see text.[]{data-label="fig:fail_overlap"}](fail_overlap.pdf){width="1.\columnwidth"}
In Fig. \[fig:fail\_overlap\], we plot the overlap for different failure events in the first and second stage compared to the initial overlap. Let us consider the overlap after the first stage in Fig. \[fig:fail\_overlap\](a). For comparison, the initial overlap (grey) between the states $\bra{-\alpha}\alpha\rangle$ is depicted dependent on $|\alpha|$. In case of measuring vacuum (shown in purple), the overlap after the replacement increases as expected. Especially in the case of low coherent state amplitudes $|\alpha|\lesssim 0.2$, where the success probability is close to the IDP limit, the overlap after the transformation approaches unity. This behaviour prohibits further distinguishing of the states, as expected.
The interesting case occurs when we detect more photons than necessary for the success event, i.e. more than one in the first stage. Then, for small coherent state amplitudes the overlap *decreases* compared to the initial states. This is atypical for state discrimination protocols and we attribute this effect to the presence of many failure modes where the overlap after failure can be “distributed” among them. To verify that this is not only true for this special case in the first stage, we also compare the overlap after the second replacement stage in Fig. \[fig:fail\_overlap\](b). In this case, both the vacuum case (pink) and single photon herald case (purple) show an increase in overlap compared to the initial state (grey). However, when detecting a higher photon number than required for the success event (here: three photons (red)) the protocol behaves atypically and the overlap decreases.
Conclusion
==========
In conclusion, we have proposed and discussed a scheme for practical heralded state discrimination. We have shown that for each coherent state amplitude $|\alpha|$ we can find a beam splitter transmissivity $T(|\alpha|)$ such that $\{\ket{\alpha},\ket{-\alpha}\}$ is probabilistically mapped onto an orthogonal set $\{\ket{\Psi^+},\ket{\Psi^-}\}$. We have discussed the success probability of such a scheme for cascaded replacement stages and have observed that the overlap after replacement behaves differently to USD for certain failure modes. From these transformations, we have shown that one can construct a heralded coherent converter from continuous-variable coherent states to disccrete-variable superposition states, and from coherent state superpositions to eigenstates of the photon number basis with reasonably high fidelities. This makes this operation a potentially valuable tool in hybrid quantum information processing.
**Acknowledgements**
The authors thank D. Sych for discussions. R.K. received financial support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the QCUMbER project Grant number 665148. T.J.B. acknowledges financial support from the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) under SFB/TRR 142.
Appendix
========
Analytical results for first replacement stage
----------------------------------------------
In the main text, we have claimed that we find at least one real valued solution for the beam splitter transmissivity to set the overlap in equation to zero. While for our case we find three real valued solutions only one is bounded between zero and one. This is the branch that we consider to implement the physical transmissivities $$\nonumber
\begin{aligned}
T(\alpha)&=\frac{1}{12|\alpha|^4}\left(4|\alpha|^2(3+2|\alpha|^2)-\frac{4(-2)^{1/3}|\alpha|^4(6+|\alpha|^4)}{\left[|\alpha|^6[27-2|\alpha|^2(9+|\alpha|^4)]+3\sqrt{3}\sqrt{-|\alpha|^{12}\{5+4|\alpha|^2(9+|\alpha|^2+|\alpha|^4)\}}\right]^{1/3}}\right.\\
&+\left.2(-2)^{2/3}\left[|\alpha|^6[27-2|\alpha|^2(9+|\alpha|^4)]+3\sqrt{3}\sqrt{-|\alpha|^{12}\{5+4|\alpha|^2(9+|\alpha|^2+|\alpha|^4)\}}\right]^{1/3}\right)\, .
\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, we give a formula to calculate the success probability for the first replacement stage $$\nonumber
P_\mathrm{success}=e^{-(1-T(\alpha))|\alpha|^2} \left[T(\alpha)+(1-T(\alpha))(1-3T(\alpha))|\alpha|^2+(1-T(\alpha))^2T(\alpha) |\alpha|^4\right]\, .$$
[^1]: Strictly speaking, the mean photon number of the input state is changed by the non-unitary operation. However, this approach conserves photon number with respect to the total number of input ancilla photons and output (heralding) measured photons.
| |
The invention relates to an anti-aging and anti-oxidation natural nucleic acid compound. The chemical structural formula of the compound is as follows: a non-bridging oxygen on a phosphoric acid skeleton is replaced with sulfur. When the compound and food are used for feeding nematodes together, the service life of the nematodes can be obviously prolonged, the oxidation resistance of the nematodes can be obviously improved, and the compound can be used for treating or preventing aging and treating or preventing oxidative stress related diseases. The anti-aging and anti-oxidation natural nucleic acid compound is simple in extraction and purification process, can be massively obtained in a short time, is relatively stable, has good antioxidant and anti-aging effects, remarkably prolongs the life, improves the activity and enhances the resistance of nematodes to external acute oxidative stress after feeding the nematodes, can be used as a medicine for treating and preventing the oxidative damage related diseases, can also be applied to health-care products and has a good application prospect. | |
SpaceX launched another batch of Starlink satellites early on Sunday morning and, in doing so, came close to a substantial rocket reuse milestone. The first stage of the Falcon 9 rocket that lofted this payload toward orbit, Booster no. 1051, was making its ninth flight. It successfully landed on the Of Course I Still Love You droneship.
As this is the first Falcon 9 rocket to launch nine missions, it raises the prospect of a first stage making a tenth flight in the near future, probably within a month or two. Reaching ten flights would accomplish one of the main goals set by SpaceX with the Falcon 9 rocket, after optimizing the vehicle for reuse about three years ago.
The company debuted its "Block 5" version of the Falcon 9 rocket in May 2018, and since then this vehicle has flown 55 missions, all of which have successfully delivered their payloads to orbit. More importantly, the changes SpaceX engineers incorporated into this new rocket to ensure its robustness for reuse, such as strengthening its "Octaweb" engine bay, have largely been validated.
“For those that know rockets, this is a ridiculously hard thing,” SpaceX founder Elon Musk said during a teleconference with reporters in 2018 to discuss the Block 5 upgrades. “It has taken us since, man, since 2002. Sixteen years of extreme effort and many, many iterations, and thousands of small but important development changes to get to where we think this is even possible.” He paused for a second, and then added, “Crazy hard.”
At the time, Musk set two primary goals for the Falcon 9 rocket's first stage. He wanted to fly each vehicle 10 times before needing significant maintenance. And he hoped to reach the point at which a Falcon 9 rocket could be turned around and re-flown within 24 hours.
SpaceX appears to have made good progress toward the first goal. Although the company has not disclosed how much maintenance it does to Falcon 9 first stages between launches, or how often a Merlin engine is replaced, the cores have proven to be reliable and robust. Numerous Falcon 9 first stages have now flown more than five times.
The company remains a ways from a 24-hour turnaround. Although it has trimmed the initial inspection and refurbishment time between flights from around six months to the current record of 27 days, it seems probable that SpaceX will not reach its 24-hour turnaround goal with the Falcon 9. Most likely, the company will take what it has learned from flying and reusing the Falcon 9, and transfer this aspiration for ultra-rapid reuse to the Starship vehicle SpaceX is currently developing in South Texas.
This ability to rapidly reuse the Falcon 9 rocket has allowed SpaceX to achieve a high cadence of launches in recent months with a fleet of fewer than 10 active boosters. So far in 2021, the company is averaging a launch every nine days, a remarkable cadence for a large orbital rocket. Another Falcon 9 launch may come as soon as this weekend.
SpaceX's need to put thousands of Starlink Internet satellites into orbit—Sunday's flight was the 21st launch of operational Starlink satellites—is driving the company's manifest. Six of the company's eight launches so far in 2021 have carried 60 Starlink satellites each.
Astronomers have raised concerns about the effect of these satellites on the night sky, and satellite experts worry about collisions between so many vehicles in low-Earth orbit. However there can be no doubt that the engineering required to get so many satellites into orbit so quickly is impressive. Musk noted on Twitter this weekend that SpaceX delivered twice as much payload into orbit in 2020 than the rest of the world combined and may lap the world three or even four times in 2021. | https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/03/after-sundays-launch-spacex-is-on-the-cusp-of-a-historic-reuse-milestone/?utm_source=nl&utm_brand=ars&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_mailing=ARS_Rocket_031821&utm_medium=email&bxid=5d89233bfc942d4788849d55&cndid=&hasha=633d70f95a01b825d98cd52514760722&hashb=2b502c2d7fa7a6fce9ed9dfc56bb5e8ece2ea1d2&hashc=822208c8dc5800b95e3b293b74ff780ad72d63adf4c1f390094c8de032822c59&esrc=&utm_term=ARS_RocketReport |
Watch a replay of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket taking off from pad 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center with the BulgariaSat 1 communications satellite, as viewed from the press viewing site around three miles away.
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket is set for liftoff from Cape Canaveral on Thursday evening, heading due east over the Atlantic Ocean to deliver the BulgariaSat 1 communications satellite into orbit 35 minutes later.
One of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket boosters made its second trip into space Friday, lofting a Bulgarian television broadcasting satellite from launch pad 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, then landing on a platform in the Atlantic Ocean. Liftoff occurred at 3:10 p.m. EDT (1910 GMT).
The launch of a commercial Bulgarian television broadcast satellite from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida is set for Monday after SpaceX ran through a mock countdown Thursday and test-fired a previously-flown Falcon 9 rocket’s Merlin main engines.
A U.S.-built, Bulgarian-owned broadcast satellite will launch in mid-June from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard a previously-used SpaceX Falcon 9 booster that first flew in January, officials said Friday.
The first stage of a Falcon 9 rocket launched Saturday has returned to port in Southern California after landing on a floating platform in the Pacific Ocean, ready for refurbishment and potential reuse on a future mission.
Check out more imagery of Saturday’s liftoff of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, including pictures from remote cameras at the launch pad and new video released by the U.S. Air Force. | https://spaceflightnow.com/tag/iridium-next-mission-1/ |
What does high-quality care mean in the ever-changing medical environment?
Successful coordination
Lower costs
Accountable patient outcomes
Centricity Universal Viewer is a modern, user-friendly imaging interface that provides an intuitive workflow and boosts efficiency in diagnosis and treatment.
Read the web brochure to gain valuable insights into how this unified diagnostic viewer allows you to focus on what’s most important: patient care delivery.
Embrace the power of technology! | https://healthcare.report/centricity-1 |
The aim of this study is to examine the existence of herding behavior in the cryptocurrency market under uncertainty by employing cross-sectional absolute deviation (CSAD) of returns, ordinary least squares (OLS), generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) methods and Time-Varying Markov-Switching (TV-MS) model for both overall sample and sub-periods which was determined based on the results of Quandt-Andrews and Bai-Perron breakpoint tests. We utilized the daily data of the 14 leading cryptocurrencies in terms of closing price, market cap and transaction volume. We also used dummy variables to analyze whether or not an asymmetric behavior occurred during the “up and down” market periods. Our results for the overall sample refer to an anti-herding behavior in each model. However, the results of the TV-MS model for the 3rd sub-period (2/28/2017−1/16/2018) imply the existence of a herding behavior in the low volatility regime, an anti-herding behavior occurred during the high volatility regime and the effect of uncertainty was significant on the anti-herding behavior. Finally, our results suggest that there was no significant asymmetric behavior during the “up and down” market periods.
|Original language||English|
|Article number||101284|
|Journal||Research in International Business and Finance|
|Volume||54|
|Early online date||20 Jun 2020|
|DOIs|
|Publication status||E-pub ahead of print - 20 Jun 2020|
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
The authors would like to thank the Editor and the referee for their comments that improved the paper.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. | https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/uncertainty-and-herding-behavior-evidence-from-cryptocurrencies |
Situated Learning is generally understood as a context-dependent approach to translator and interpreter training under which learners are exposed to real-life and/or highly simulated collaborative work environments and tasks, both inside and outside the classroom. Ultimately, Situated Learning seeks to enhance learners’ capacity to think and act like professionals. This book sets out to gauge the extent to which different factors influence the implementation of Situated Learning models in various teaching and learning contexts. It presents an understanding of Situated Learning that goes beyond previous interpretations of this notion, traditionally dominated by the discussion of pedagogical practices in authentic, i.e. real-world, or semi-authentic professional settings. This wider remit of Situated Learning encompasses previously underrepresented contextual factors pertaining to translation traditions, historical trends, community beliefs and customs, socio-economic constraints, market conditions, institutional practices, budgetary issues, or resource availability. The pedagogical considerations of these key aspects make this book particularly useful for both novice and seasoned teachers of translation and interpreting with an interest in informed practical advice on how to implement the principles of Situated Learning in collaborative teaching and learning environments that seek to promote translators’ and/or interpreters’ professional competence. This book was originally published as a special issue of The Interpreter and Translator Trainer.
Table of Contents
1. Situated learning in translator and interpreter training: bridging research and good practice 2. Situated learning in translation research training: academic research as a reflection of practice 3. On the margins of the profession: the work placement as a site for the literary translator trainee’s legitimate peripheral participation 4. T&I field training for undergraduate students: a case study of Korean undergraduate students’ peripheral participation into the community and their furthered understanding of the role of interpreters/translators 5. Situated learning and situated knowledge: gender, translating audiovisual adverts and professional responsibility 6. A collaborative multimodal working environment for the development of instrumental and professional competences of student translators: an innovative teaching experience 7. Enhancing the learning experience of interpreting students outside the classroom: A study of the benefits of situated learning at the Scottish Parliament 8. Linking classroom exercises to real-life practice: a case of situated simultaneous interpreting learning 9. A blended learning environment based on the principles of deliberate practice for the acquisition of interpreting skills
View More
Editor(s)
Biography
Maria González-Davies is an Associate Professor in the Foreign Languages and Education Department at the Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and Head of its Research Group CILCEAL (Intercultural and Interlinguistic Competence). She is the author of Multiple Voices in the Translation Classroom (2004), and co-author of Medical Translation Step by Step (2007), amongst other publications.
Vanessa Enríquez Raído is a Senior Lecturer in Translation Studies at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She specializes in translation technologies and translator education, and is the author of Translation and Web Searching (2014). Her excellence in translator training and information literacy for translators has resulted in two teaching awards and one research excellence award from the University of Auckland.
Reviews
"This publication is a much needed contribution to translator training literature; not only does it shed light on the importance of contextualising and situating the acquisition of translator and interpreter competences, it also showcases transferable practices for the training of would-be translators and interpreters in the 21st century." | https://www.routledge.com/Situated-Learning-in-Translator-and-Interpreter-Training-Bridging-research/Gonzalez-Davies-Raido/p/book/9780367891466 |
CN: Were you a long term or short term transitioner, and why?
I transitioned for exactly 4 months. I knew from the beginning I wouldn’t transition for a long time. I applaud ladies who can transition for 12 months or more.
CN: When did you BC? What was your initial reaction to your natural hair?
I self BC’d (with a little help from Hubby) on August 9, 2009 and it was love at first site.
CN: How did family and friends react to the new you? What was your response to them?
My family and friends all had positive reactions to the “new me.” I got a lot of “It looks good on you, You have the face for it.” (I still get that..SMH) Of course my natural friends loved it!
CN: What was your transition routine?
I washed my hair once a week and tried to choose a style that would last for 7 days. I started out using Pantene Relaxed and Natural Shampoo and Conditioner but later moved on to Aubrey Organics Shampoo and Conditioner and Organix Shampoo and Conditioner. Because I always wore a curly style, I used Infusium 23 Leave In and coconut oil to set my hair.
CN: What was your staple hair style during the transition?
I tried a lot of curly styles during my transition. The first few months two strand twist on perm rods was my staple style and the last few months consisted of roller sets.
Satin covered sponge rollers were my best friend during the last few months of my transition.
CN: Why did you choose to go natural?
There were several factors to my decision to going natural but the main reason was post partum shedding. My hair was shedding really bad after I had my son…hair everywhere, even in my son’s diaper. I lost my edges down to the scalp around the front and sides. It didnt really bother me initially because my stylist was really good at hiding it but when the back started to break off, I knew I had to do something different. I thought about it for a few months. It wasn’t until I went to visit my best friend that my decision was made. When I saw her hair, I said, “I’m doing it.” She was like, “Huh?” Those were my first words to her. LOL! I told her I was going natural. That was April 2009.
I know you hear this all of the time but I wish I had done it sooner. I LOVE MY NATURAL HAIR!!!
Thanks Nikki for all you do for the Natural Hair Community!! | https://www.curlynikki.com/2010/02/saundra-l-story-of-transition.html |
Life. Art. Love. Pain. Nothing in Troels' life is small or easy. He dreams, thinks, and feels in capital letters. He's approaching 30, with very little to show for it besides a substantial talent for writing, and perhaps an even greater one for making chaos out of life. Born in a country where living is easy and success is mandatory, he dreams of escape. When Troels was 13 his mother fell ill with cancer. Troels spent his teenage years and early twenties with the imminent threat of her death looming above him. But just like his life, Troels' writing is chaos - incoherent fragments from a talented yet bewildered young man.
His successful, well-meaning friends take action and make him sign a contract. He is to finish his book "Traveling with Mr T" within one year. But his do-gooder friends have not considered the implications of Troels' literary idol being Hunter S. Thompson. A man who lived like he wrote, on the edge - and beyond.
Troels zealously throws himself at his work. The book is an autobiography about the young Troel's travels around the World to wrangle free from the force of his mother's illness. He hunts for happiness and release, surrounded by pain. His travel companion is the fearless Mr T, Troels' alter ego, a mix between Hunter S. Thompson and himself. His writing depicts portrait of a young man with a heavy load to carry. A lonely childhood spent in the shadow of his mother's impending death. Through his writing he can be seen, heard, and express himself. Here, the pain can be released.
But Mr T is taking power over Troels who sees pain and drunkenness as the keys to writing. The project that was supposed to help Troels find direction in his life, is leading him off track.
One Christmas, he feels the loss and despair stronger than ever. Eventually though, the anguish allows him to write about the most important thing, also the hardest - his mother's death. Out of the darkness grows the beginning of the book.
Then comes the sober awakening in the shape of a young woman; Louise. Troels falls in love for the first time. But like an undertow Mr T is dragging him back out again. A struggle between Louise and Mr T begins, between love and art, between peace and pain, between IKEA and the murky bars of Phuket. Can they co-exist?
This is a story about being human - tiny and big in one. About having no limits, yet being totally stuck. About dreams and identity, of letting go and being found. It is a story about going to the edge - and finding one's way back.
THE FILM
The filmic approach playfully balances on the edge between documentary and fiction, thereby both underlining and adding to the theme of the film. The two directors have filmed Troels for 4 years, capturing all his ups and downs, the defining moments, both the hilarious and the sad. This material will be combined with Troels' video diary where we get even closer, and animation that will bring life to Troels' text and inner universe in a compelling and humoristic way. The animation is done by the artist Carl Krull whose very distinctive style matches Troels' story and personality, combining darkness and humor, the grotesque and the beautiful. It will be subtly integrated into the filmed material, at times taking over completely. The story of Troels and the visual approach melt together.
The narrative is a coming-of-age story of a young man and an artist. The extensive material with an honest, raw authenticity of it, as well as fictional layers and strict narrative plot, makes for a film that touches not only upon the turbulent artist-life, but also upon the universals of necessity, identity and choice - being a human surrounded and dependent on other people, whether or not we want to.
PRODUCTION FACTS
Directed by: Andreas M. Dalsgaard & Simon Lereng Wilmont
Produced by: Signe Byrge Sørensen & Anne Köhncke
Editor: Janus Billeskov Jansen
Music composed by: Peder & Asger
Sound design: Reda El-Kheloufi
Supported by New Danish Screen, consultant Jakob Høgel. | http://www.finalcutforreal.dk/traveling-with-mr-t |
Flumazenil Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Flumazenil Pregnancy Warnings
Animal studies showed no teratogenicity when given during organogenesis at up to 600 times the human exposure, however embryocidal effects (increased pre- and post-implantation losses) were seen in one animal model at 200 times the maximum recommended human exposure (the non-effect dose in this model was 60 times the human exposure). There are no controlled data in human pregnancy.
AU TGA pregnancy category B3: Drugs which have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage, the significance of which is considered uncertain in humans.
US FDA pregnancy category C: Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus.
| |
12:00 - 1:30
The Velvet Underground were one of the most innovative and uncompromising rock bands, mixing poetic taboo-breaking lyrics, experimental drones and electric distortion, and compelling catchy crunchy rock'n'roll. Singer-songwriter-leader Lou Reed, co-founder John Cale, and early singer Nico all went on to establish notable solo careers. Richie Unterberger, author of White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day, discusses their career in a program featuring audiovisual material from their 1966-1970 heyday, some of which was revived by a 1972 concert in which Reed, Cale, and Nico reunited in Paris.
This virtual program is offered as a one-time event only by agreement with the presenter. THIS PROGRAM WILL NOT BE RECORDED. Presented by the Art, Music & Recreation Center of the San Francisco Public Library.
Author Readings & Lectures
Engage with your favorite writers and discover your next read.
Dance & Music
Enjoy performances, talks and workshops that celebrate movement and the musical arts. | https://sfpl.org/events/2022/06/21/presentation-velvet-underground |
2-4 p.m.
GEOINT 101A: Function and Mission, USGIF and The Intelligence & Security Academy
USGIF
Room 149B
During this fast-paced course we will provide an overview of the function and mission of GEOINT as it is practiced today. A wide variety of example imagery, geospatial data, videos, and analytic outputs will be used to illustrate key points.
Introduction to Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) Analysis Tools
Exelis
Room 147B
This workshop presents the core skills needed for understanding how to create real-world products from shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral information, focusing on modules applied to urban mapping, wildfire mitigation, flooding, and disaster relief/humanitarian response. This course is designed for analysts with minimal spectral data experience.
The World in 3D: Point Cloud Technology
Naval Postgraduate School
Room 145B
This course illustrates the technologies used to obtain 3D point clouds and 3D measurements at high spatial resolution. The training reviews technologies such as LiDAR, 3D models derived from electro-optical systems, and synthetic aperture radar. It also reviews the technologies for display, analysis, and exploitation of such data.
Deep Learning on GPUs: A Breakthrough in Image Classification
NVIDIA
Room 149A
This session introduces deep learning in the broader context of machine learning and the factors driving its success as well as the key phases and considerations of developing and deploying deep learning systems on graphics processing units (GPUs). In addition, learn how to leverage popular open-source, deep learning toolkits.
Advances in Geospatial Mapping Technologies to Serve Defense and Homeland Security
Woolpert
Room 145A
This training provides a dynamic forum to address current advances in aerial geospatial sensor technology and data processing as it relates to the geospatial intelligence and defense communities. Among the topics presented are traditional and mobile LiDAR technologies, imaging sensors, and unmanned aerial systems.
The Geographic Approach and Spatial Literacy Workshop
Esri
Room 304
Through interactive group discussion and example scenarios, participants gain an understanding of how spatial analyses and the geographic approach are used in many different disciples around the world such as health, law enforcement, market analysis, defense, natural resources, planning, and more.
The Devil’s in the Data: Commercial, Combat, and Policy Applications for Spatiotemporal Big Data
Northrop Grumman
Room 147A
This interactive session outlines some of the major developments in data-driven and spatial analytics from the past 10 years, including lessons learned from the Iraq and Afghanistan battlefields. This seminar draws from on-the-ground experience in combat zones, law enforcement, and commercial analytics. | http://geoint2015.com/agenda/EduTraining/Wednesday_Afternoon |
According to a Wellbeing of Women survey in 2016, menopause can be so severe that it results in women leaving their jobs; with one in four considering it.
In collaboration with Britain’s Financial Services Skills Commission (FSSC), Standard Chartered Bank, on 19 May, announced its intention to research how menopause transition affects women working in financial services and their progression to senior roles.
According to the UK government’s statistics, menopausal women are the fastest growing workforce demographic. Approximately 13% of the UK workforce is women over 50, based on the Office of National Statistics’s (ONS) numbers.
That’s more than 130,000 women in the financial services having to go through the biological process, which can last up to eight years, at any one point of their careers. And, more often than not, it coincides with the point at which they have the opportunity to attain a critical senior management role.
“Menopause is,” Tanuj Kapilashrami, Group Head of Human Resources at Standard Chartered, shared, “a significant topic that currently isn’t considered a workplace issue. However, it’s an area of wellbeing that needs attention.”
Kapilashrami’s concerns hold true because, according to a Wellbeing of Women survey in 2016, menopause can be so severe that it results in women leaving their jobs; with one in four considering to do so.
She thus opined that this research will prove beneficial to fully understand the impact of menopause on the talent pipeline, and to deal with this challenge as an industry.
Claire Tunley, Chief Executive at the Financial Services Skills Commission, said: “For too long menopause has been a taboo subject with many women suffering in silence.
“The research announced today will start to break this trend and shine a light on the challenges women experiencing menopause face in the workplace, so the industry is better prepared to support and retain skilled employees and further strengthen the talent pipeline for the long term.”
The research will approach menopause transition from five angles:
- To what extent is menopause transition a problem for women in the talent pipeline within financial services (and women who have left the workforce), and if so, what is the nature and scale of the problem in the UK financial services sector?
- How do the symptoms of menopause transition, attitudes of workers experiencing menopause transition, and the attitudes of employers, impact on women’s economic participation (relative to men of the same age)?
- How can women employees experiencing the menopause transition be better supported? What best practice from organisations (if any) exists? Is there a recommended framework financial services should adopt to remove barriers and enable progression?
- Can the economic costs of the menopause transition on women’s economic participation be quantified?
- What is the mental health and wellbeing impact for individuals impacted by the menopause transition?
With the Fawcett Society’s charge, UK’s leading charity campaigning for gender equality and women’s rights, research findings will be released come autumn.
Photo/Unsplash
Human Resources Online is on Telegram! Follow us @humanresourcesonline or click here for all the latest weekly HR and manpower news from around the region. | https://humanresourcesonline.net/standard-chartered-aims-to-highlight-how-menopausal-transitions-impact-senior-female-leadership-careers |
Improved digital holographic reconstruction algorithm for depth error reduction and elimination of out-of-focus particles.
The digital holography has immense potential related to many applications of science and engineering. It has many advantages compared to conventional holography i.e. characterization of online dynamic phenomena and imaging in small scale microscopic systems. However, its primary limitation is the size of sensors and number of sensors compared to the conventional holographic plate. The critical issue of digital holography is the numerical reconstruction procedure. The present study proposes a new reconstruction algorithm known as 'Within Depth Intensity Averaging (WDIA)'. The effectiveness of the WDIA algorithm is demonstrated using both experiment and simulation for single particle, 2D and 3D distribution of particles. The 3D distribution of particles is experimentally simulated by using gelatin film on the glass slide. The particle images from digital holography compare well with that of microscopic images demonstrating the success of the proposed algorithm compared to the existing reconstruction procedure. The depth error significantly reduces (maximum 100%) and particles of any size can be characterized by the WDIA reconstruction algorithm contrary to the existing reconstruction algorithm available in literature. The effect of particle number density, particle size and sample volume depth on reconstruction effectiveness using the WDIA algorithm has been investigated and compared with the literature demonstrating its superiority in performance.
| |
For the Wilhelminenhof campus of the HTW Berlin University of Applied Sciences, planned by Andrea Haas-Wohlfarth from Planwerkstatt Berlin, Union Freiraummobiliar produced seating groups comprising high-backed benches with compatible tables and elliptical tables with wave-shaped benches. The double- and single-sided benches with backrests and the Noma table type are located directly on the Spree. The straight lines of the high-backed benches with their parallel wooden slats contrast with the steel and glass fronts of the adjacent canteen. In addition, the high backrests counteract the draught between the Spree and the university buildings. | https://www.detail-online.com/article/seating-for-the-htw-berlin-by-union-freiraummobiliar-32512/ |
Q:
High input impedance devices - induced noise sensitive
I am currently reading about 4-20mA current loops and the reason we use them .As stated there , using voltage to transmit signals we get voltage drops over long cables due to cable resistance. We can use high input impedance devices to circumvent signal loss , however these devices are sensitive to noise.
So my question is why high impedance input devices are sensitive to noise and low are not?
I have read other topics on this subject but none of this could explain it clearly.
Please give me some explanation.
Thank you in advance
A:
I like to give simplistic answers first. Then if more technical or details are needed, they can come later.
- - - Imagine that a powerful external source of energy (magnetic, electromagnetic, nearby radio transmitter, whatever) had the ability to induce a current of 100uA (micro-amps) onto your signal leads. If you have a high input impedance, say 100 K ohms, the induced voltage (noise) would be 10 volts (ohms law). - - - If you had a low input inpedance (250 ohms common in 4-20mA system), the 100uA would result in .025 volts (25mV noise) impressed upon your signal.
Further, 100uA is only 2.5% of your lowest signal of 4mA in 4-20mA system.
A:
This is what the article says: -
By using current signals and low impedance data acquisition devices,
industrial applications benefit from better noise immunity and longer
transmission cable lengths.
The article also says, in relation to devices that produce voltage signals, that: -
These devices are sensitive to the noise induced by nearby motors,
conveyor belts, and radio transmissions.
Basically it's true but there are some caveats. Consider the noise induced by motors and for this, I reckon induction motors are a likely culprit. They produce magnetic fields that can induce an interfering voltage in a cable whatever the signalling type is.
When voltage signalling is used, the interfering voltage is additive to the signal just like batteries in series are additive. This adds an error.
When current signalling is used AND, providing the induced voltage is not several volts, the current flowing in the cable (due to the signal) remains exactly that current and no voltage interference is seen at the receiving end - this is because of the high-compliance of the 4-20mA current source: -
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Hopefully you can see that for a high-compliance current source, interfering voltages that arise in series with the current loop have little effect.
Where does this start to go wrong: -
If the interference is large enough to cause the current loop
transmitter to fall-out of high compliant sinking or sourcing of
current
When the frequency is high and the current source/sink is unable to provide a high-compliance.
(1) The compliant current source may need a few volts across it to maintain performance and if the series voltage causes the minimum voltage to drop-below this point there will be glitching introduced onto the signal.
(2) At high frequencies, the compliance will change from theoretically infinite resistance to more like a small value capacitor (due to the transistors and chips in the device). This will allow high frequency interferers to circulate a current through the 100 ohm receiver (R1).
If low frequency signalling is used (with appropriate low-pass filtering at the receive end) HF interference can largely be avoided and it is advised to use screened/shielded twisted pair cable.
High energy E-field interference (as opposed to magnetic interference) tends to be seen as a voltage in parallel with the two wires and this also directly impinges on R1 so shielding and filtering is needed.
| |
Abu Dhabi: A new agreement has been signed to provide free healthcare access to victims of human trafficking and domestic violence in Abu Dhabi.
The National Health Insurance Company – Daman has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Abu Dhabi Centre for Sheltering and Humanitarian Care - Ewaa, an affiliate of the Department of Community Development in Abu Dhabi, to provide healthcare for beneficiaries staying at Ewaa’s shelters.
As part of the two entities’ shared commitment, Daman will provide free full healthcare coverage to victims under the care of Ewaa.
Sarah Shuhail, director-general of Ewaa, said: “This MoU is the culmination of our long-standing partnership with Daman, which has driven a major impact on transforming beneficiaries from victims to empowered individuals in their communities. Over the past years, we have witnessed how Daman augments the centre’s values, which helps us ensure that our beneficiaries have the best levels of empowerment and privacy.”
Role in rehab
She added: “The centre’s strategic goals are based on establishing a network of complimentary services that includes local, federal, regional, and international partners to provide integrated and sustainable services that meet the highest levels of care and empowerment to victims of human trafficking and domestic violence. Due to the nature of the centre’s work and the cases it receives, the provision of healthcare - in which Daman plays a vital role - is a very important factor during a victim’s psychological and social rehabilitation process.”
Daman CEO Hamad Al Mehyas said: “Signing this MoU reflects our efforts towards providing quality healthcare coverage at the highest standards for our members across the country. The agreement is in line with our commitment as a socially responsible company to support the national efforts to ensure healthcare accessibility for all. We are proud with our relationship with Ewaa, which began in 2014, and the work we did together to support the most vulnerable in our society. As part of this partnership, we will continue supporting all victims in line with our shared objective to be a source of positive contribution to a cohesive society that embraces all its members.”
This MoU falls under Daman’s corporate social responsibility initiatives, which previously included an initiative to provide enhanced insurance plans to frontline heroes from the medical community and a partnership to support the community with the Authority of Social Contribution – Ma’an at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.
This year, Daman committed to supporting the World Early Childhood Development Movement (WED) led by Abu Dhabi Early Childhood Authority. The health insurer social efforts has seen it being listed as one of the most parent-friendly workplaces in Abu Dhabi and is on LinkedIn’s ranking of one of the most employee-empowering companies in the UAE. | https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/now-free-health-cover-for-victims-of-trafficking-domestic-violence-sheltering-at-uae-centre-1.89527840 |
The $17 billion proposed Department of Education (DOE) Capital Plan for fiscal years 2020-2024 contains $8.76 billion to fund 57,000 new K-12 seats and additional pre-K and 3-K capacity. This plan follows an extraordinary level of investment by New York City in the last 12 years to build new school facilities. As of September 2018, $9.1 billion has been spent since 2005 to construct more than 98,000 seats. Despite this enormous expense, crowding has not been eliminated; growing enrollment and policy choices have offset new seats. City officials cannot continue to expect the City can build its way to a solution; making real progress will require implementing operational strategies that alter the use of space and redirect students to facilities with capacity.
School crowding is not a problem in every area of the city. As of the 2016-2017 school year, there is a citywide surplus of 55,000 seats in DOE school buildings. The problem is most acute in Queens, which has a shortage of 21,500 seats; the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Manhattan have a surplus, and Staten Island has a modest shortage of 1,000 seats.
High schools (20,000 seats) and middle schools (34,000) generally have excess capacity. However, the City lacks sufficient seats in elementary schools. Citywide there are 10,400 fewer seats than there are students in elementary schools, and 57 percent of elementary schools exceed their capacity.
These problems persist despite the major investments in capacity made in recent capital plans. Since 2005, the NYC School Construction Authority (SCA) has implemented three capital plans totaling $40.4 billion. About one-third, $13.8 billion, was committed for new seats. Through September 2018, $9.1 billion of the $13.8 billion has constructed 98,302 seats–approximately 9 percent of total enrollment. However, many districts that were near or over capacity a decade ago are still suffering from crowding.
New capacity has been offset by continued enrollment growth as well as policy choices that reduce space available for classroom use. The universal pre-kindergarten program presented a new demand on school space; the push for smaller schools co-located in a single building resulted in significant space allocated to duplicative administration functions in each building; and the decision to eliminate Transportable Classroom Units (TCUs) increased reported utilization in many facilities.
The cumulative impact of these policy choices on available classroom capacity is significant. If the City remains committed to these choices and enrollment growth continues, reducing school crowding will require implementing operational strategies, not just continued construction.
Operational strategies should be directed at three goals:
- Improving the efficiency of space usage within buildings,
- Reducing intake in crowded buildings, and
- Shifting enrollment to underutilized buildings.
At the middle and high school level, crowding can be fully addressed by capping enrollment at crowded buildings, implementing grade truncations or extensions, and using space efficiently within buildings.
At the elementary level, more aggressive school rezonings that alter “catchment zones” for enrollment are necessary. Historically, DOE has pursued rezonings only when needed to accommodate the opening of a new building; however, in recent years DOE has begun pursuing rezonings with the goal of balancing enrollment across buildings, as well as rezonings that cross district lines to shift students from crowded districts into schools in districts with available space. In half of the city’s 32 community school districts, there is sufficient elementary school capacity within the district, and overcrowding in specific schools can be addressed in large part by rezoning within those districts. Furthermore, several of these districts are adjacent to districts without enough elementary school capacity and could potentially absorb students from those crowded districts. DOE should continue and increase its rezoning efforts.
In addition to rezonings, DOE can increase utilization of available space by reconsidering the grades and programs served in its buildings. First, programs that attract many out-of-zone applicants, such as bilingual schools and gifted and talented programs, should be sited in underutilized buildings to attract enrollment away from crowded schools. Second, grade extensions and truncations should be considered. This would entail changing the grades at a particular school building, such as by shifting fifth grade students to a middle school building with surplus capacity. This would impact the existing application and enrollment structures and may need to be explored one neighborhood at a time.
With growing public school enrollment and rising construction costs, continued emphasis on new construction to address crowding is not a sustainable solution. The proposed five-year capital plan should be revised to focus on elementary schools, where crowding is highest, and to limit new capacity to those neighborhoods where operational strategies are not sufficient to address crowding. | https://cbcny.org/advocacy/testimony-new-department-education-five-year-capital-plan |
Introducing Codier - Front-end Coding Challenges and Creations
Around two years ago, I was starting the final year of my degree in Digital Design and had to come up with an idea for my dissertation/major project. At the time, I had a year's experience as a front-end developer, and one of my biggest passions and hobbies was coding.
I spent a lot of my time on sites like CodePen, creating pens and occasionally using them as blog material on my personal site. The only blocker I had to creating more content was my inability to come up with ideas for things to build.
Scattered around the internet are coding challenges, often just posted on Twitter by big name developers - discovering these challenges gave me the idea to create a platform where front-end developers could go to get inspiration for things to build, as well as share their code creations with a community.
I began developing Codier as a university project, and once I began to show people outside of that environment, it was clear to me that there was a genuine interest in this idea. Shortly after graduating I begun discussions with my employer, Clock, about how they could help me make Codier happen for real.
Clock agreed to help support my side project financially (hosting etc.) and through them, I managed to convince two incredible Software Engineers, Bala Clark and Jack Burgess to help rebuild Codier. They would handle all of the stuff behind the scenes, and I would do the design and front-end. The rebuild was necessary as what I had built at university was more of a prototype and not suitable for use.
Together, we narrowed down the idea to what Codier is today:
- Challenges: User submitted coding challenges.
- Creations: User submitted code creations.
- Profiles: A page hosting all of a user's challenges and creations.
Challenges
Challenges on Codier can be anything that the challenger wants them to be; if it's a Pure CSS Checkbox challenge, the user that creates the challenge can specify that in the rules of the challenge. They can also add a template to get creators started - templates can be the basic HTML structure for a challenge or even just a framework like React.
'Make a superhero logo!' Challenge on Codier
Once a challenge has been posted, any signed up user is able to post a solution to it. The solutions to the challenge are listed directly under the challenge's title and description. Solutions are created through Codier's editor and can be as basic or complex as the user feels.
Creations
Solution to 'Material design card' challenge
The editor has been built to feel familiar to users; people that have used similar online editors like CodePen and JSFiddle should have no problems using the Codier editor. It is also customisable in many ways; users can set the editor to be dark themed, move and hide panes, change editor font family and size and much more.
Users of VS Code will be pleased to know that Codier uses Monaco Editor to handle code input. Monaco has some incredible features that make our editor feel more like a native IDE such as code suggestions, autocompletion and search and replace.
Creations can be upvoted and commented on, both features help us decide which to feature as popular; if a creation is a solution to a challenge, upvotes will decide its ranking. Users can also, name, describe and tag their creations to help boost their rankings in search results.
Profiles
Signed up users have a unique profile page to host their content on; Profiles display all of a user's challenges and creations. If user's wish to, they can also add a bio, location and website to their profile.
Final words
Codier is a lot more than just a platform for people to find challenges. We believe it is a great place for learning, and also as a source of inspiration.
I would urge you all to give challenges on Codier a go, you might surprise yourself with how fun it can be! Alternatively, if you're an old hat and don't need any practice, give Codier's editor a shot the next time you need to quickly demo some code.
I would love to hear your comments on Codier, and if you have any suggestions for new features or improvements to the current ones, please let me know! | https://hashnode.com/post/introducing-codier-front-end-coding-challenges-and-creations-cjkdvz59o013au6s1mi9f6hay |
Every now and then, I get the question, "Do you still get conscious about your stitch marks?"
In 2011, I decided to transition my blog into what it is today - Style Surgery - to document how I've used my passion for fashion as a means to motivate myself towards having a better perception of myself. Ironic, isn't it? Given that the industry gets criticized a lot for highlighting perfection. But the way I saw my passion was different.
I used fashion to help me see what was good about me. You see, when you dress up, you highlight your assets; you look the positive and build on that. You find the things that work for you, and the things that don't. But mostly, for me, it was about realizing that you're different from everyone else and that's okay. Despite trends, everyone has their own thing going on when it comes to personal style. And then, I began to see more clearly that the value of uniqueness we hold high in fashion, should be applied to how one perceives oneself, too. You are unique, and you are you.
To answer the question, I still do. I get conscious sometimes. My stitch mark is now a keloid (you'll see it in some of the photos here) and there's not a lot of treatments that can be done to give completely satisfying results - at least not a lot that won't break the bank. I have days when I'm okay with it, and then days when I look back at the fear. It remains to be a daily battle, but one I'm determined to get past completely.
I have a keloid too! And its not very "hideable" thats why I still get conscious! But you're right, it's all about accepting that we are unique and loving ourself more. | https://www.stylesurgeryblog.com/2014/02/love-yourself-more.html |
Another month has gone by and that means it’s time to announce our June book club selection. Before I make the big announcement though I want to take a moment to thank our current book club members.
Last month I asked everyone to spread the word a bit about the book club. We’ve been around for over 2 years now and we have built such a solid group of readers. Way back in the day, if my memory serves me right, we kicked off our very first book club with 5 people (and that’s including Colleen and myself!).
Over time we’ve had a few people come and go. Some people have hopped on one call and others have been on whenever they could make it. But the one thing that has been the same no matter who is on the call, is that we would not still be here if it wasn’t for you! I think each and every person who has been to one of our book club meetings is a personal friend or colleague of someone who has already been a part of the book club.
Each addition to the book club has only been positive and we can’t help but thank you for inviting those you know!
A Community of Readers
One area of the book club I want to really reinforce is that we are a community. Each and everyone of your who has been to book club is welcomed into the group like a friend. One quick story I want to share is a perfect example of the friendship and community we share.
This past month, one of our members was really enjoying The Glass Castle. She was reading as much as she could but knew that one of our other members would be slightly nudging her along to finish the book. So she kept on reading and put off calling our other member until she finished the book so they could talk about it.
Now mind you, we are not a judgmental group at all! We know the time and commitment it takes to read a book. But nonetheless, Member 1 wanted to finish her reading and as soon as she did, she called her friend to share her thoughts. You’ll never guess this but that was exactly when her friend also finished this month’s book. Let’s just say, the connection we have is stronger than you think.
Of course once we were on the meeting together they both had to share their sides of the story. It was so great to hear the connection this book club has brought others. Thanks you for sharing that great story with us ladies!
As always, feel free to invite anyone who would enjoy a great conversation with friends about books, life, and more! Join our Facebook group for continued conversation about the current book and other reading and writing related topics: Your Literary Prose Book Club.
June 2022 Book Club Selection
Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood
by Trevor Noah
Comedian and late-night host Trevor Noah was born in apartheid South Africa, to a white Swiss father and a black Xhosa mother. At this time he was born it was illegal for him to be born a mixed-race baby. In this book he shares the stories he remembers growing up in this difficult time.
Join us June 20 at 7 PM Eastern to discuss this book and to be the first to hear next month’s selection. For more information join our Facebook group: Your Literary Prose Book Club or join the Facebook event. | https://yourliteraryprose.com/blog/your-literary-prose-june-book-club/ |
By Lauren Starnes, Ed.D., author of Big Conversations with Little Children: Addressing Questions, Worries, and Fears
To work with young children means to always expect the unexpected question at the unexpected time. As young children’s world becomes increasingly saturated by media, it is inevitable that they will overhear adult topics and have questions about them. How can you and your teaching staff be prepared for such questions?
First, remember that when young children ask big questions or make statements about adult topics, this is a measure of trust. The child is trusting you to be a safe place and to have an answer to a question that has elicited curiosity or anxiety. When children make such statements, always affirm that you welcome their questions.
Child: I saw kids died at that school. Did kids die?
Teacher: Thank you for trusting me with that question. You can always talk to me.
Second, respond with open-ended questions of your own. You may ask where children heard a specific word, what they mean by the question, or what they already know or think. This allows you to gauge children’s background knowledge and give you more information about what exactly they’re asking.
Teacher: What kids are you talking about? Can you tell me more about what you are asking?
Child: I saw on TV. Somebody shooted [sic] kids at a school. The TV said kids died and got shooted [sic]. Did they die, Mr. Hawk?
Third, answer the question in simple, matter-of-fact, and age-appropriate language. Do not provide detail. Keep your answers simple, to the point, and broad.
Teacher: Yes, what you saw on TV is true. Some kids did die that day.
Fourth, ask about children’s emotions. As an educator addressed with big questions, answer simply and then turn your focus to being an emotional support. Help children label how they’re feeling and suggest age-appropriate ways to navigate these emotions. Also reiterate to the child the safety and support that was or is present.
Teacher: While a sad thing happened, I need you to know that there were lots of helpers that day. There are still a lot of helpers helping. How does this make you feel?
Child: I’m sad for the kids.
Teacher: I am sad for the kids too. Would you like a hug? It also might make us feel better to go dance to some music to dance our feelings out. How does that sound?
Lastly, partner with families. Share with families what was asked, what your response was, how children identified their feelings, and what you suggested. When available, provide resources so families can continue the conversation.
Teacher: Dad, may I speak with you in the hallway a brief moment? [once away from children:] Today, Ava asked me a question about children being shot at a school. She said she saw something on TV and wanted to know if it was true that children died. I affirmed her question, let her know she could always speak with me, and then I did answer her simply that yes, children did die. I then turned the conversation to her feelings and reminded her that while this was a sad event that there were lots of helpers supporting the community. She wanted a hug and then we put on some upbeat music and danced. She has not brought this back up. I wanted you and your family to be aware that she asked this today. I do have a resource available if you would like a copy in case she asks more questions at home.
These steps are difficult to implement without practice. As a staff, consider doing some guided role play. Have one staff member act as a child and have another act as a teacher who gets surprised by a big question.
Focus intently on how to ask clarifying questions before answering, how to give high-level general responses (even if the response is saying I don’t know why that happened), and then focusing on children’s emotions. Practice leaving ample think-time for children to respond and honoring a pause in the conversation.
Consider family topics that may surface, such as miscarriage, new baby, or divorce, and more worldly topics, such as gun violence, natural disasters, and family structure. Talk openly as a staff about how you will manage your own emotions when addressing big questions and when to involve other members of the school community as partners.
For more information, check out my book Big Conversations with Little Children.
Early childhood education expert Dr. Lauren Starnes has completed doctoral studies in both child development and educational leadership. She currently holds the position of Chief Academic Officer of Goddard Schools, where she is responsible for the development, implementation, and evaluation of the curriculum, educational programming, assessment, and accreditation achievement for the nearly 600 Goddard Schools across the US. Previously, she was the vice president of early childhood education for Primrose School Franchising Company, where she supported curriculum development, implementation, and evaluation. She also served as the company’s executive director of professional development, leading and facilitating instructor-led and eLearning professional development for all stakeholders in the over 420 Primrose Schools. Prior to that she led the early childhood education department for a private education company, authoring their proprietary early childhood curriculum and leading professional development creation and delivery. Lauren has worked at every level of early childhood education. While she began her formal career teaching at the university level, she has prior experience teaching within preschools, consulting and serving as a support professional for children with autism, and serving as an embedded instructional coach for preschool teachers. She has worked as a school principal for multiple schools and remains actively involved as a voice for early childhood education in various professional associations. When not working, Lauren enjoys spending time with her family, traveling, and cheering on her two sons in sports. She lives in Marietta, Georgia, near Atlanta.
Lauren is the author of Big Conversations with Little Children.
We welcome your comments and suggestions. Share your comments, stories, and ideas below, or contact us. All comments will be approved before posting, and are subject to our comment and privacy policies.
© 2022 by Free Spirit Publishing. All rights reserved. The views expressed in this post represent the opinion of the author and not necessarily Free Spirit Publishing. | https://freespiritpublishingblog.com/2022/07/11/how-to-prepare-for-unexpected-questions-from-young-children/ |
A Sustainability Demonstration Project
Dancing Rabbit is an ecovillage and intentional community set amid the hills and prairies of rural northeastern Missouri. Our goal is to live ecologically sustainable and socially rewarding lives, and to share the skills and ideas behind that lifestyle.
Daily life is dynamic and different for each person who lives here. From the everyday needs of food and shelter to the more complex questions of culture and social change, life here in the village is exciting and ever adapting.
We’re excited to have new members join Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage, and are interested in individuals, families, or communities who want to live sustainably. Here, you can have the benefits of small town life and intentional community living, in the company of other progressive individuals supporting each other in living an ecological life.
We are housed in a variety of living arrangements, eat a variety of foods, and work on varied projects. Our society is flexible enough to include egalitarian and co-housing communities, and individual households. We may have different approaches to some issues, but the common desire for environmental sustainability underlies all key decisions at Dancing Rabbit.
Although Dancing Rabbit strives for some level of self-sufficiency and economic independence, we do not sequester ourselves from mainstream America. Rather, outreach and education are integral to our goals. We vigorously promote ourselves as a viable example of sustainable living, and spread our ideas and discoveries through visitor programs, workshops, academic and other publications, speaking engagements, and the like.
Residents of Dancing Rabbit agree to follow ecological covenants and sustainability guidelines. We build our homes using alternative techniques such as straw bale and cob, and green building methods, powering them with renewable energy from the sun and wind. Vehicles at DR are owned cooperatively and powered by electricity and biodiesel. Overall, we eat an ever-increasing amount of local, organic, and in-season foods including many home-grown vegetables.
We strive to be good stewards of our land, with much of our acreage reserved as wildlife habitat. In the grasslands we are reintroducing native prairie plants to help revitalize our region’s biodiversity. We’ve planted over 10,000 trees in an effort to restore our land to its precolonial ecology, to stabilize the riparian zone, and to provide a sustainable source of wood for our community in years to come.
Dancing Rabbit is committed to working in the following ways to make itself a sustainable system.
We will look holistically at the issues of sustainability to create a sustainable culture that takes into account all impacts of its actions and acts to preserve the Earth for the future. At Dancing Rabbit we strive to rely only upon renewable resources, and to use them at a rate less than their replacement. We try to understand and minimize our negative impact on global ecological systems. Attempting to preserve and rebuild healthy ecosystems and have a positive impact on biodiversity. At Dancing Rabbit we will try to create a closed resource loop where byproducts are reintegrated as useful resources, thus attempting to minimize waste products, especially those toxic or radioactive. Also we will try to avoid exploiting people and other cultures. | https://ecovillage.org/user/dancingrabbit/ |
Lake nutrient budgets and hydrology are being altered by human activities and climate change, yet little is known of how fertilization and hydrologic mechanisms interact to structure assemblages of primary producers. Here, we present sediment records from a large shallow lake in Southwest China to separate the relative importance of nutrients and hydrological fluctuation in regulating the abundance and composition of primary producers during the twentieth century, with a focus on their differential effects on diatoms and cyanobacteria. Shifts in sedimentary particle-size distribution were consistent with the documented events of hydrological regulation during ~ 1953–1971 and subsequent changes in water level associated with severe droughts. Nutrient enrichment since ~ 1965 resulted in a significant increase in the abundance of total phototrophs (pheophytin a, β-carotene) as inferred from pigment analyses, with stronger responses of cyanobacteria (echinenone, zeaxanthin) over siliceous algae (diatoxanthin). Fossil diatom assemblages revealed a pronounced replacement of benthic taxa by eutrophic and planktonic species (e.g., Fragilaria crotonensis) since ~ 1973, but we observed a significant increase of small benthic Fragilaria sensu lato taxa following ~ 2005, which generally corresponded with a moderate increase in fossil pigments. Although eutrophication was the paramount predictor of changes in phototrophs during the last century, variation in lake hydrology due to climate and water management also modulated phototroph abundances and, more recently, diatom assemblages. Specifically, our sediment evidence suggests that hydrological fluctuation has overridden fertilization by nutrients in structuring diatom composition, leading to a heterogeneous response of cyanobacteria and diatoms to external forcing of this shallow lake.
Documents
- Hydrological fluctuations modulate phototrophic responses to nutrient fertilization in a large and shallow lake of Southwest China | https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/hydrological-fluctuations-modulate-phototrophic-responses-to-nutrient-fertilization-in-a-large-and-shallow-lake-of-southwest-china(be761246-f550-4b55-bcf9-2bac1b7e3a28).html |
Zonal plant communities are the best climatic indicators because they thrive under specific climatic conditions. However, palaeoclimatic estimates based on mere comparisons of local fossil plant assemblages, even if assessed by multivariate methods, may be misleading, if the taphonomical bias is neglected. The fossil record expresses only limited parts of the vegetation of a given period. The example of the Lower Miocene section at Bílina, North Bohemian Basin, shows how quickly the composition of the plant megafossil record changes as a result of different environmental factors and sedimentary settings. These changes can imitate climatic oscillation because swamp, fluvial and upland facies represented within this site have different vegetation-palaeoclimatic aspects. On the other hand, if one compares two assemblages originating from the same sedimentary and environmental setting (preferably mesophytic conditions), the resulting palaeoclimatic changes can be estimated more safely. Two local assemblages from the Oligocene volcanic area of the České středohoří Mts in North Bohemia are of mesophytic character. Both are embedded in diatomites deposited in crater-maar lakes. The assemblage of Suletice (20–29 Ma), with prevailing thermophilous elements, indicates more warm-temperate conditions, whereas the assemblage of Bechlejovice (27 Ma), composed mostly of deciduous broad-leaved trees and shrubs, corresponds to a temperate climate. Thus, together, these two floral assemblages suggest that a climatic oscillation occurred within Late Oligocene time in Central Europe.
- © The Geological Society of London 2000
INDIVIDUALS
Log in using your username and password
PURCHASE SHORT-TERM ACCESS
Pay Per Article - You may access this article (from the computer you are currently using) for 1 day for US$30.00
Pay per Volume - You may access this volume (from the computer you are currently using) for 7 days for US$200.00.
Regain Access - You can regain access to a recent Pay per Article purchase if your access period has not yet expired. | http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/181/1/89 |
By Sabah Alnasseri
This edited quantity brings jointly international views on twenty-first century Arab revolutions to theoretically and methodologically hyperlink those modern uprisings to resistance and protest activities all over the world, peculiarly within the Americas. of their analyses of those changes, the foreign individuals interact in an exploration of numerous subject matters equivalent to social events and cultures of resistance, geopolitical economics, civic advantage, identification development, human rights, and international monetary and political impression. what's the ancient value of those revolutions? What are the consequences past the center East? and the way are struggles in different areas of the realm being stimulated by means of those occasions? those heretofore mostly unanswered questions are addressed during this assortment, built from displays at a 2013 foreign convention at the “Arab Revolutions and past” at York collage, Toronto, Canada.
Read Online or Download Arab Revolutions and Beyond: The Middle East and Reverberations in the Americas PDF
Best war & peace books
Healing the Wounds: Essays on the Reconstruction of Societies after War (Onati International Series in Law and Society)
In fresh many years the area has skilled the increase of so-called 'low depth conflicts'. in contrast to traditional wars those very bloody armed conflicts are not any longer the affair of country governments and their armies. of their position look police-like armed devices, defense prone and mystery providers, teams and enterprises of spiritual, political and social enthusiasts able to inn to violence, 'militias', bands of mercenaries, or simply gangs of thugs, led via the condottiere of the twenty first century, which includes militant charismatics, defense force 'generals', 'drug barons', and 'warlords' of varied types.
Legitimacy and the Use of Armed Force: Stability Missions in the Post-Cold War Era (Contemporary Security Studies)
This e-book examines the concept that of legitimacy because it can be utilized to provide an explanation for the good fortune, or failure, of key balance operations because the finish of the chilly battle. within the luck of balance operations, legitimacy is vital. so that it will be successful, the intervening strength needs to create a feeling of legitimacy of the project one of the a number of constituencies interested by and serious about the enterprise.
Whose peace? : local ownership and United Nations peacekeeping
This paintings examines neighborhood possession in UN peacekeeping and the way nationwide and overseas actors engage and percentage accountability in fragile post-conflict contexts summary: This paintings examines neighborhood possession in UN peacekeeping and the way nationwide and overseas actors have interaction and percentage accountability in fragile post-conflict contexts
- Media, War and Postmodernity
- EU Effectiveness and Unity in Multilateral Negotiations: More than the Sum of its Parts?
- The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations
- Education and Peace
- On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process
Extra resources for Arab Revolutions and Beyond: The Middle East and Reverberations in the Americas
Example text
Most left-wing and critical writing either evades the question of change in the degree of imperial control or assumes none. Indeed, some, like the vast swathes of the left that supported the US-led intervention in Kosovo, not only assume that the US government remains largely in control of events in the Middle East, but also that it should (Achcar 2011). And if some see US influence slipping, they attribute it to imperial overstretch under the Bush Jr administration, something that can and likely will be rectified by the more cautious and calculating Obama administration.
Secularism, colonialism, and post-colonial and neoliberal governmentality are in the agenda of the discussion, following data from the field of the relevant anthropological analysis and other field reports. So far, indications from this literature convince us about the return of emotions and ethics to the public sphere, the use of religious ethics and habitus, past and present, shaping both personhood and citizenship in the MENA region. We will try to change the dominant orientalist narrative, still functioning that people here were incapable to adopt and copy Western secularism and democracy.
And the military hawks were closely allied to what Mearsheimer and Walt called the Israel Lobby (2006 but see also Mayer 2008). Essentially since the mid-1970s, while US foreign economic policy would henceforth be focused on contriving one stratagem after another to keep the dollar’s status as the world’s currency, its military policies would be increasingly driven by a cabal which had avowedly taken leave of the ‘reality-based’ community. From the Hubris of ‘Empire’… If US policy in the Middle East is driven by oil and Israel, the two transmissions are of qualitatively different sorts. | http://bjj.balancestudios.net/read/arab-revolutions-and-beyond-the-middle-east-and-reverberations-in-the-americas |
Beer-infused prawn delight
THERE are times when we forget that alcohol can be used in cooking besides drinking them as it is, or mixed with other liquids in a drink.
Alcohol is used in many different types of cuisine to add flavour, as well as to help preserve food, not only in Western cooking or baking but in Asian cooking as well.
Alcoholic liquids such as beer, stout, brandy and all sorts of wine from the fermentation of various plant-based produce have been used for generations to cook meats and seafood, by stewing, braising, roasting, stir-frying, and steaming.
For example, in Chinese and Japanese cooking for example, wine is used in marinating and seasoning the food. Beer can be added into batter for deep frying chicken, or fish for fish and chips.
Today’s recipe uses beer as I had a few cans in my fridge leftover from entertaining guests at my home.
I had searched the Internet for a simple recipe using beer and found one for spicy beer shrimps.
Since there are members in my family who prefer non-spicy food, I decided to modify the recipe.
Instead of chilli sauce and cayenne pepper, I used tomato sauce and cherry tomatoes instead, and the result was satisfying.
The beer gave a fragrant aroma to the dish when served immediately. It also blended well with the tomato and prawns to give the dish a twist to the otherwise ‘regular’ flavour of prawns cooked in tomato sauce. | |
Brand marketing is the process of introducing, explaining and reinforcing the products and ideas of your business to your customer base. For small businesses, effective branding strategies are the difference between sinking or swimming in an increasingly crowded market, enabling a company to differentiate the benefits and opportunities their business offers as opposed to a competitor.
Properly addressing and implementing these brand-focused marketing strategies will imprint motivation in potential customers, encouraging them not only to initially try a product or service, but to remain loyal and vocal about it over time. A branding agency is an excellent place to start this process, as they will be able to provide the definitions, game plan and tools a business needs for an effective marketing effort.
A brand marketing review of your business is a good idea and may be as simple as a detailed discussion, or it may involve some or all of the processes outlined on this page. | http://contentmarketingcoach.us/brand-marketing/ |
Superhero movies are always the same. Powerless, struggling characters are in trouble and only the superhero has the ability to save them. The protagonist defeats the villain, saves the helpless characters and maintains good in the world.
In reality, this is not where the movie ends. Our superheroes are the white saviors, and though they may not wear capes, they do envision it to be their duty to spread their culture and wisdom to the rest of the world.
The white savior complex is a term encapsulating the cultural practice of Western people traveling to foreign areas with the notion that they can and will save entire communities from all problems, even those unfamiliar to Westerners themselves.There might be good intentions behind such endeavors, but we must ask ourselves: at what cost are we doing this, and for whose benefit? Promoting which stereotypes? Playing into what narrative?
The satirical Instagram account @barbiesavior documents a Barbie doll on “voluntourism” missions in Africa, posing with children in run-down classrooms and posting photos with captions like, “This little one’s greatest joy in all her life is sitting on my lap and drinking Coca Cola!” or “It’s so sad that they don’t have enough trained teachers here. I’m not trained either, but I’m from the West.”
The story often goes something like this: “We want to travel to far-off, dreamily exoticized lands and bring the light of truth to the people there,” Anne Theriault writes in a HuffPost article. “Like the missionaries, we assume that we will bring wonderful, life-changing revelations to these people. We imagine ourselves standing before a crowd of dark-skinned women, their mouths little round Os of amazement.”
We are incredibly privileged to have access to higher education and the range of opportunities our community provides, but it is easy, as a result, to cultivate a false sense of superiority and self-righteousness from these experiences. This creates an underlying mentality that there is less suffering and less oppression as a whole, and as a result, any one of us can help those that are oppressed. Theriault warns of the consequences of this perspective: “When we take a closer look at these statements, however, their core message becomes clear: our culture is better. We are more enlightened, more rational, and more civilized. Other cultures should strive harder to be more like us.”
The concept of the “white man’s burden” as justification for Western imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th century is mirrored in many of our foreign policies and actions today. The idea of the Western savior figure is reinforced through media, from classic novels and films (To Kill a Mockingbird, Lincoln, the Indiana Jones series), to foreign policy, which perpetuates the sense of a more superior and accomplished West that furthers the assumption that we are more qualified to aid those who are considered less capable.
2015 CNN Hero of the Year Maggie Doyne exemplifies this theme’s pervasion into volunteer work. Although building a school, women’s center and children’s home in Nepal is extremely commendable, her photos easily provide a visual and perpetuate the stereotype for the “white savior”: a lone, Western figure surrounded by darker-skinned, beaming children. Immediately, the children are reduced to an exhibition-like representation of oppression, helpless and dependent upon the volunteer.
A side-effect to the age of viral TED Talks and social media activism is what Nigerian-American writer Teju Cole calls the “banality of sentimentality,” claiming that society’s normalization of sentimental acts causes those same actions.
This perception results in the belief that “the world is nothing but a problem to be solved by enthusiasm,” Cole said in a tweet. The issue with the drive behind actions guided under the myth, Cole writes, is that it does not come from a desire for justice but from the need to have “a big emotional experience that validates privilege.”
Before we educate others, we must educate ourselves. We cannot rely on our background in living in our “model” society and use it as the standard for the rest of the world. We must consider if people in other societies truly want to be “saved,” and if so, how best we can constructively help.
“There is much more to good work than making a difference,” Cole writes. “There is the principle of first do no harm. There is the idea that those who are being helped ought to be consulted over the matters that concern them.”
Uninformed but well-meaning actions easily backfire and cause more harm than good. In 2013, the radical feminist group FEMEN, originally created in protest of the Ukrainian sex industry, organized International Topless Jihad Day, a topless protest in front of mosques “on behalf of Muslim women.” Activists inflamed Muslim stereotypes with slogans scrawled in pen on their chests, reducing women and their experience to their headscarf and clothing–an image of oppression to many Westerners.
Many Muslim women struck back, forming a Facebook group called “Muslim Women Against FEMEN” with pictures of them holding signs that read “I’m a Muslim feminist…FEMEN does not speak for Muslims or feminists,” “Nudity does not liberate me and I do not need saving” and “I don’t appreciate being used to reinforce Western imperialism. You don’t represent me.”
Intended to empower Muslim women, the protest only marginalized them. Even something small as texting 90099 to donate $10 to the Red Cross should be done with what Cole calls “awareness of what else is involved. If we are going to interfere in the lives of others, a little due diligence is a minimum requirement.”
Falling into the savior mindset reinforces a cycle of superiority. The image of non-Western oppression promotes “voluntourism,” which in turn furthers the perception of inferiority. As a result, these acts become more about ourselves and our privilege than those we really are trying to help. Instead of perpetuating this superiority myth, we must really understand the ramifications of our actions; instead of raising ourselves on a pedestal, we must empower and amplify the voices of others.
There are atrocious acts occurring internationally that do need attention, and humanitarian aid is absolutely essential and should be encouraged, but we must redefine our own role in providing aid beyond simply mirroring our own culture. The emphasis on continuous and sustainable actions and results ought to be a major prerequisite of non-white savior work.
Domestically, Robert Egger demonstrates this work through L.A. Kitchen, a social enterprise committed to reducing local food waste, combating unemployment and aiding seniors in poverty. The culinary training program offers foster care youth and parolees a means to support themselves, which in turn combats issues of homelessness and recidivism, while fulfilling its main goal of feeding the food-insecure elderly. This leads to positive effects such as a decreased dependency on medical care and a reduced financial burden on society.
Egger brings an energy that breaks through pre-existing notions that low-income seniors can’t be well-fed or that parolees won’t make good employees. His favorite moments, he says, are when these transformations occur, when “someone who’s like fifty, [is] excited because this is the first paycheck they’ve ever gotten in their life.”
He doesn’t establish himself as a savior figure. Instead, he works among the community and creates opportunities for disadvantaged people to reinvent themselves and the status quo. Egger understands that problems cannot be solved with enthusiasm alone and stresses the importance of “marrying a social mission with proven, business-driven strategies,” fortifying L.A. Kitchen’s sustainability by seeking the advice of restaurant founders, legal advisors and community leaders.
“I just think that everyone and everything has value,” Egger said. “I would like to see my project redefine the world of elders, parolees, foster youth [and] culinary experts in American society.”
Egger is able to work with his community to challenge the traditional narrative of what is accessible to whom. We should take this concept to heart when we do volunteer abroad and challenge the savior, “superhero” structure by empowering others to wear their own capes–or better yet, not wear one at all. | https://www.hwpanorama.com/features/2018/8/11/the-struggle-is-real-the-west-and-the-white-savior-complex |
Came across an article by an American commentator comparing driver fatalities in differing vehicles. He based the article on the records from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) to compile and organize the statistics for crash deaths and the vehicles, but they are not current, covering model-year automobiles up to 2008.
The auto safety agency ran the stats on all vehicles with 100,000 registrations or more between 2006 and 2009, counting only the deaths of the driver (not passengers) in their statistics. In the end, the IIHS calculated a ratio of “driver death per million registered vehicles.”
Now, before reading further, note that these are figures for America, not Thailand, and there can be differences in manufacturing design for similar models that were purchased or manufactured here. Some of the models were also not sold in Thailand so I have omitted them.
Number 10 on the list was the Chevy Colorado Extended Cab. The majority of deaths (54 per million) were the result of crashes involving no other vehicle.
Number 8 was the Hyundai Tiburon, and there are a few of these kicking around here. Tiburon from model years 2005 through 2008 led to 96 fatalities per million registrations. Some 63 deaths per million registrations involved single-vehicle crashes for drivers of the two-door Tiburon.
Number 5 was the Nissan Titan 2WD extended cab pickup from models years 2005 through 2008. For every million registrations of the vehicle, 111 drivers met their deaths behind the wheel of a Titan, with a wide majority (77 per million registrations) occurring in single-vehicle crashes.
Number 3 was the Chevy Aveo four door. The IIHS determined there were 119 driver deaths per million car registrations, split evenly between multiple-vehicle crashes and single-vehicle accidents. The study also showed that smaller cars were the most dangerous for drivers, with the exception of poorly designed pickups. SUVs composed the safest class of all.
Number 1 in the IIHS list was the two-door Nissan 350Z from model year 2005 to 2008. 143 deaths per million registrations were recorded for the Nissan 350Z drivers during the study period, with 90 deaths per million registrations occurring in single-vehicle crashes.
Although these figures are not totally relevant, what the statistics do show is that in an accidents you are better off in large vehicles (especially SUV’s) rather than small cars. With our surge in small eco-car sales in the past two years, will we see an increased number of deaths in accidents? My gut feeling is yes. | https://www.pattayamail.com/automania/are-you-driving-a-deadly-vehicle-33446 |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://hdl.handle.net/2440/89613
|Citations|
|Scopus||Web of Science®||Altmetric|
|
|
?
|
|
?
|Type:||Conference paper|
|Title:||Ionospheric propagation effects for UHE neutrino detection with the lunar Cherenkov technique|
|Author:||McFadden, R.|
Ekers, R.
Bray, J.
|Citation:||Proceedings of the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2011, 2011, vol.4, pp.284-287|
|Publisher:||Institute of High Energy Physics|
|Issue Date:||2011|
|ISBN:||9781634391382|
|Conference Name:||32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC) (11 Aug 2011 - 18 Aug 2011 : Beijing, China)|
|Statement of|
Responsibility:
|Rebecca Mcfadden, Ron Ekers, Justin Bray|
|Abstract:||Lunar Cherenkov experiments aim to detect nanosecond pulses of Cherenkov emission produced during UHE cosmic ray or neutrino interactions in the lunar regolith. Pulses from these interactions are dispersed, and therefore reduced in amplitude, during propagation through the Earth’s ionosphere. Pulse dispersion must therefore be corrected to maximise the received signal to noise ratio and subsequent chances of detection. The pulse dispersion characteristic may also provide a powerful signature to determine the lunar origin of a pulse and discriminate against pulses of terrestrial radio frequency interference (RFI). This characteristic is parameterised by the instantaneous Total Electron Content (TEC) of the ionosphere and therefore an accurate knowledge of the ionospheric TEC provides an experimental advantage for the detection and identification of lunar Cherenkov pulses. We present a new method to calibrate the dispersive effect of the ionosphere on lunar Cherenkov pulses using lunar Faraday rotation measurements combined with geomagnetic field models.|
|Keywords:||UHE Neutrino Detection; Lunar Cherenkov Technique; Detectors - telescopes; Ionosphere; Lunar Polarisation|
|Rights:||Copyright status unknown|
|DOI:||10.7529/ICRC2011/V04/1322|
|Appears in Collections:||Aurora harvest 2|
Physics publications
Files in This Item:
There are no files associated with this item.
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/89613 |
Saturday, April 8, 2017
Joseph Cornell
He was one of the first artists to bring this art form into the realm of Fine Art. His found-object assemblages can now be seen in museums.
“Joseph Cornell (December 24, 1903 – December 29, 1972) was an American artist and sculptor, one of the pioneers and most celebrated exponents of assemblage. Influenced by the Surrealists, he was also an avant-gardeexperimental filmmaker. He was largely self-taught in his artistic efforts, and improvised his own original style incorporating cast-off and discarded artifacts. He lived most of his life in relative physical isolation, cared for his parents and his disabled brother at home, but remained aware of and in contact with other contemporary artists.”
Cornell's signature art form is the shadow box.
Like looking through a window into Cornell's own private, magical world, the shadow boxes invite the viewer to take a peek into his imagination.
Joseph Cornell: Medici Slot-Machine 1942
Cornell based all of his assemblage work around found objects, elevating "junk" to the level of "art". He carefully curated his shadowboxes to create interesting compositions of objects set in a three-dimensional space.
Although he was never officially part of the Surrealist movement and came to dismiss the Surrealist label in relation to his own work, Surrealism was a major influence on Cornell, inspiring his many unexpected juxtapositions.
A wonderful example of the many shadow boxes Joseph Cornell created in his lifetime, this box combines whimsical found objects including a wooden bird, a ball, bingo chips, stamps, and newspaper.
You can see why I am so drawn to Cornell and his art. It speaks to me on many levels:
• I love the simplicity and strength of the work• the birds and nature motifs
• the use of papers and found objects
• the use of quiet colors
• that he lived a very quiet, solitary life...the shy hermit, the devoted family caretaker
• that he was self-taught, the artistic innocent
I received this book for Christmas and keep it on my workbench for inspiration.
I just ordered this book and I am excited to read about the life of Joseph Cornell.
Did I mention...his work was also featured on The Simpson's?
Are there any artists, living or not, with whom you feel a certain kinship?
Let's be grateful to those creatives who went before us and left things of beauty to inspire us to delve into new realms of thinking and making.
With a little luck, and persistent practice, perhaps we can be that inspiration for the next generation of artists!
| |
The Debate Over a Narrative Essay
You’ll find five key ingredients into a exceptional storyline composition. It really is greatly like working with a story bit of producing. The ideal method to master to compose a story essay is always to find a good instance.
a Narrative Essay – the Story
The Way to Write a Screenplay
Choose how you’re getting to write your story and produce a summary. A third person omniscient narrator could possibly be an creature or a object, or it could be a abstract instance which doesn’t refer to it self. Every type of essay demands special structure and sort of composing.
It’s a passion I like to talk with the entire world. Lots of people wish to compose a family group story. There are infinite stories to tell, therefore choose the one that can do the work best for the idea of one’s story.
Using a Narrative Essay
Since this content of narratives composition can differ as it has to perform distinct institutions, we’ve settled to produce you with examples from the event you confront a matter. They serve broad array of uses. It is such an open kind of composing that it brings all sorts of people.
Your ideal narration informative article is just a few clicks away. Even though story telling supplies amusement, its main objective is to coach. Usually, the expression story is identical to narrative.
It will be likely to compose an autobiography once you feel you’ve got some thing to say. Similarly to the exposition, this section of the story is static instead of energetic, and is known good essay ideas
as the epilogue. The moment youave generated your outline and therefore are prepared to create, keep in mind that you’re narrating, you’re telling a story in article format.
Don’t forget that sometimes taking a rest from writing might provide you with the capability to track down things which might be re worded to generate the own story. When you present a belief in a body paragraph you then will need to establish whether or not you will need to elaborate on such an notion or go towards the second strategy. In the event you attempt to retell the plot to some friend, it is going to require you a few minutes and also plenty of hand-waving.
Thus, let us take a peek on how best to begin a storyline composition. Our expert individual essay authors will likely be very happy to aid you and also will supply you with the most best. Imitation essays are experiments by which the author brings from the important thesis and outline of a specific paper, after which writes a composition in their own style.
Character Characters are a valuable component of a narrative essay. They are going to never leave your side.
Whenever your readers reach exactly the last sentence, they need to know that they’ve been informed, entertained, fearful, or fooled. Probably one of the most frequently made mistakes in storyline essays would be using another individual storyline. It ought to become acknowledged that story essays are focused on a particular point that’s expressed in the opening sentence of the key paragraph.
The Argument About a Narrative Essay
In order to be certain that your work is very good, you wish to review. 1 thing to stay in mind about narrative documents is that they ought to stick to your chronological arrangement of functions. You should alwayss let the reader determine just how to feel about the link between the functions.
Precisely the exact same goes with producing. It’s far better to explain things on your voice set of direct your reader to a outside source. Word selection is vital because that is what’s going to hold or lose your reader’s interest rates.
The Best Way to Compose a Novel
You may like to spell out the very last outcomes of the story in the beginning to receive your reader’s interest rate. When you examine a storyline composition example, you are going to observe this orgasm is close to the conclusion of the informative article and indicates a reversal of hub, a lesson learned or some thing like this . Within this way, readers are going to have the ability to see and listen to your person.
The Best Way to Write an Effective Cover Letter
A narrative may additionally clarify or supply a account of a specific event, individual, or even place. Your decision may not incorporate any fresh details which weren’t cited on from the article, but it will function to furnish your audience having a feeling of expertise you gained from the experience. If you’re going through a challenging time focusing on just how to compose your own narrative article, you ought not believe as a collapse you have obtained good business.
The Secret to a Narrative Essay
It’s vital to furnish the info which can assist the reader to know your own story. In the debut, you want to hook up a reader and make sure they are see the remainder of one’s essay. Do not forget to make use of vibrant specifics to reveal your readers the complete setup.
Article Writing Guidelines – How To Write a Book
By doing so, you instantly grab the audience’ interest and they’re planning to to want to read. You will need to provide an exhaustive introduction to engage the reader. The best way to compose the story pick an interest you’re acquainted with.
The Basics of a Narrative Essay
Every time you’re asked to share with a story you’re predicted to consider of new, brand new thoughts. If you discover that there is some thing which simply will not fit in case you get to the climactic portion of your narrative, lower it out. A well-written story always comprises tons of information that’ll aid the reader to comprehend writer’s experience.
It’s a start, a middle. Whether you can find alterations needed, create the required improvements. There are scores of time periods to pick from, which range between historic Egypt throughout life to get a samurai in Japan to modern American background ( such as wars, westward expansion, and lots of waves of immigration ).
Getting the Best a Narrative Essay
The Way to Compose A Personal Essay
Rather than attempting to cover the full subject you should opt for an area which you are confident together and also you’ve got sufficient wisdom and advice to compose a narrative essay relating to any of it. You may consistently find from your author to supply extra specifics or ask information regarding the arrangement’s advancement. What’s more, you ought to be somewhat distinct with all the details which you utilize. | http://tylerfuneralhome.com/the-most-popular-narrative-essay-2/ |
Unit 4: Assessing Student Writing in History/Social Studies
Unit 4 will examine how the CCSS-aligned assessments related to the lesson activities in Units 2 and 3 can be used to guide instruction.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR UNIT 4
Throughout and upon completion of Unit 4, participants
will be able to:
- Examine formative and summative assessments
that measure history/social studies content
knowledge and the CA CCSS for ELA/Literacy.
- Apply rubrics to analyze student writing and consider the
implications for revising instruction.
With the increased emphasis on social studies for the early grades, spearheaded by national and state standards, we think it is an optimum time to consider assessment as an integral part of the curriculum rather than as an "add-on" or "afterthought." Our recent classroom observations suggest that assessment can be a natural and ongoing part of the curricular process, assessment is "doable" even in the early grades, the process sets the tone so that social studies is valued by students, and assessment establishes clear expectations for student learning." | https://www.mydigitalchalkboard.org/portal/default/Content/Viewer/Content?action=2&scId=507082&sciId=15530 |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To identify the size of a construction work sheet even in case of folding the sheet small by coloring sewing thread, eyelets and belt-like members of the sheet with ropes sewn thereto into such colors as to identify the size of the sheet.
SOLUTION: The cross direction end parts 2, 3 of a construction work sheet 1 are folded. Ropes 6 of equal length to the length of the construction work sheet 1 are wrapped with belt-like members 7 and inserted into folded parts 4, 5. The overlapped part of the folded part 4 (5) and belt-like member 7 are sewn together in two places 10, 11 so as to form two straight lines along a longitudinal direction. Seams 10, 11 are sewn with threads 12, 13 of different colors. A plurality of eyelets 15 are fitted at specified spaces between the seams 10, 11. The colors of two sewing threads 12, 13 are shown corresponding to the width and length of the construction work sheet 1 so as to be able to identify the size of the sheet 1 even in the folded state of the sheet 1. The size of the sheet 1 can also be identified by coloring the eyelets 15 and the belt-like members 7.
COPYRIGHT: (C)1998,JPO | |
Here’s the second post in my 3-part series featuring surprisingly easy ways to strengthen gratitude.
Variety is good for enlivening our gratitude practice by keeping it from becoming rote.
Savoring an Everyday Moment
I’ve been thinking about gratitude a lot, how it’s linked to joy, resilience and well-being. And how it’s so easy for gratitude to get lost in the everyday routines of our lives. The familiarity of our routines causes us to lose sight of the miracle of our lives.
One easy and accessible way to strengthen gratitude is to intentionally focus on everyday moments; to slow down, pay close attention and identify what we are grateful for in those moments.
Here’s how:
Choose one of your daily routines. Think about it, or write about it, in detail. Then ask yourself, “What makes this moment possible? What am I truly grateful for right now?”
I gave myself 12 minutes to write responses to those questions. I visualized each step of my morning routine, stopping to write about what I’m grateful for that related to each of those steps.
There was so much in each small piece of that routine! I filled up two pages of things and people I’m grateful for, and I ran out of time. Yet the time I had was enough. Doing this reminded me that even the most ordinary of days can be filled with gratitude. Bringing those things into awareness brought other feelings too. Joy. Hope. Connection. Inspiration.
I finished the exercise feeling better than I had when I began it.
It wasn’t that all feelings of annoyance, worry or frustration disappeared. But they kind of faded into the background, put into a different perspective by the gratitude I had uncovered.
How to Fit Gratitude Into Your Busy Day
As you can see from my example, I didn’t need a whole lot of time to move into a more grateful frame of mind, and I didn’t need to write an entire essay to get there. In fact, I could have simply focused on thinking about what I’m grateful for, or I could have spoken about those things into my voice memo app.
So, it doesn’t need to take a lot of time and you can be creative about how you fit it in.
You can set aside time especially for your gratitude practice, which is what I did. Or you can use “found time,” like the 15 minutes you’re on hold with your health insurance company, or the time you spend waiting for a friend to join you for lunch.
Sit or stand quietly. Think, write or speak. Notice the feelings that come up and the thoughts that emerge. Notice where in your body you feel gratitude, and what it feels like.
Let Me Know
How did that go for you? Leave a comment below, or comment on social media. If you do that, please include #deepgratitude to help us find your post! | https://keystochange.net/one-way-to-savor-an-everyday-moment/ |
Abstract: High Energy Density Laboratory Plasma (HEDLP) science is one of the few areas in physics where the US, compared to the rest of the world, has a significant lead. In general, HEDLP has great breadth encompassing high energy density hydrodynamics, radiation-dominated dynamics and material properties, magnetized high energy density plasma physics, nonlinear optics of plasmas, relativistic high energy density plasma physics and warm dense matter physics. Specific to fusion this entails Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and several alternative concepts known collectively as Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) or Magneto-Inertial Fusion (MIF). MIF concepts are basically a mixture of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and ICF, where the ICF fuel can now be less dense and compressed less due to the insulating effects of the applied magnetic field. A very brief history of the Controlled Thermonuclear Research program at Los Alamos is presented to illustrate how the more modern concepts for fusion came about, and how our recent work in laser-accelerated electrons and ions is poised to further bring about important changes and additions to these concepts. Our work has focused on a small subset of HEDLP, namely ultra-high intensity laser matter interactions, which have been producing high energy particles for over 10 years, and now the technology is reaching a maturity where the physics can be controlled and applied to the aforementioned problems, as well as a host of others from hadron cancer therapy to illicit nuclear material detection. These interactions create Megagauss magnetic fields and Megaamp current beams of MeV kinetic energy. The extremes (temperatures, pressures and field strengths) of the field have led some to brand it the X-games of physics. In all seriousness, eXtreme hype aside, HEDLP science has a bright future, with the potential to be the next technological and economic driver of the 21st century.
| |
The film begins with a man in a kitchen. It’s the scene of a revolution, he says, where men and women are renegotiating the human power balance.
When you don’t get much time to sit and read, a good documentary can be the greatest thing.
I found one that really pulls it all together. And it’s over 25 years old!
Dr. Gwynne Dyer is another new name to me. He’s getting up there these days but still maintains an active publishing and speaking career. He even has a Twitter.
He’s a journalist and historian who’s taken his education and experience and synthesized a unique perspective. He uses it to spell out the origins of Patriarchy.
He explains why it first emerged and how it’s become an outdated handicap.
Filmed in 1992, the backdrop of the inaugural festivities of President Bill Clinton provides its starting example of The State. Militarized, hierarchical.
Then he takes us all the way back to the cave times. Hunter-gatherer societies were different depending on their circumstances. Some were warlike boys’ clubs, but others were egalitarian.
Dr. Dyer tells us that, before agriculture, there is little evidence of one sex being considered superior. Then with the advent of farming – “probably invented by a woman” – men suddenly lost their role.
A Men’s Revolution
During the village time, the members of the village discussed things and came to a consensus of how things would be. But women oversaw the homestead.
Fertility goddesses reigned supreme. Hunting was no longer necessary, and men took a back seat. He tells us archeologists find 100 female fertility figures for every one male figure from this period.
But perhaps most gut-wrenching of all was that, at the birth of the concept of Wealth, a man’s property was passed to his sister’s child when he died, not his own.
You might not know who a child’s father is, but you always know who the mother is.
Dr. Dyer tells us about “the makings of a revolution, ….so old it’s not in the history books.” Men took over and spent thousands of years taming the power of female sexuality.
As agricultural villages coalesced into nation-states, a full quarter of the early Mesopotamian laws were restricting what women could do.
Huda Lutfi taught history at the American University of Cairo in 1992. She had many amazing things to say in this film. She was studying women in Medieval Islam, which meant reading between the lines.
Women in Medieval Islam are invisible. They wrote nothing and left no records. She says she knows what they were doing by what the scholars wanted them to stop doing.
Why Would Our Men Do This to Us?
Why did men, who basically cared about their mothers and wives and sisters and daughters, cooperate in such a scheme?
As civilization became bigger and more complex, tyranny was the only way to keep everyone together. Ruling by terror was the only way to communicate to the masses.
Needing to Defend Their Country Gave Men Status Again
Dr. Dyer shows us how the great pharaohs’ tombs are surrounded by hundreds of other graves belonging to servants and slaves. “Absolute power corrupts absolutely. Welcome to civilization.”
These men who stepped up to fight other aggressive men offered men in general a much-needed status boost.
“Sure,” says Dr. Dyer, “you’ll have to obey us but you’ll have control over your women. And your property will go to your sons when you die.”
And Patriarchal religions tied it all together, the Universe a perfect hierarchy with God at the top. Then man, then woman.
Why Push Women Down?
The tyranny necessary to create and defend a nation is fueled by soldiers. If women have freedom, the birth rate drops because babies are a lot of work. And women develop other interests.
Reducing women so our only place in society is childbearing is how you get enough soldiers to win.
“Men Were Never Oppressed.”
Dr. Dyer tells us how global mass communication is chipping away at “the old ways.” Global culture is, by its very nature, more cooperative. More feminine, I suppose, if only by virtue of women participating at all.
One thing that hits me that Dr. Dyer doesn’t really dwell on is, “men were never oppressed.” When women have freedom we don’t use it to lock men away. A woman-lead society is a more equal society.
I believe part of this is because of innate differences in perspective. The interconnectedness of people can be a brutal force in your life when you make people with your body.
And when that body and the world remind you of this possibility incessantly.
A record number of women were elected to Congress in 1992. One of them was Elizabeth Furse from Oregon. She tells the story of taking the group picture on the steps, she was at the top, in the back.
Just in time, two white men stepped in front of her. “There’s no me, it’s almost like I’m not there.”
Above the pageantry of the 1992 inaugural parades, Dr. Dyer tells us that Patriarchy is slowly collapsing.
“After 5,000 years, Patriarchy is not just in our institutions, it’s in our heads. But it is not in our genes.
“The problem is not ‘human nature,’ it’s that mass societies are still trapped inside the ancient machine they built thousands of years ago, to deal with the problems of thousands of years ago.
“The machine called Patriarchy was the only way to run an early mass society. It was refined into both a killing machine and a breeding machine as the early mass civilizations started fighting one another. And we conquered the whole planet with it.
“But now, our weapons have become so destructive that we can no longer afford to fight major wars. And we don’t actually have to live in patriarchal dictatorships anymore. Mass communication means that we can be democratic.
“Patriarchy no longer makes sense as an institution.”
As a white man and military historian, he has no axe to grind here. I think this makes his words that much more insightful.
He leaves us in the kitchen where we began, saying men and women are renegotiating the most fundamental human partnership. He offers this as reason for hope.
He doesn’t specify what partnership he means but, as he shares a bite with a little girl in the final shot, the meaning is clear.
Reproduction and raising the next generation is both the biggest burden and the biggest opportunity we have to impact the future. In modern times, women have asserted our rightful place of power in the system.
We don’t want to enslave men. We want our reproductive capacity to not be weaponized against us.
Dr. Dyer’s hopeful tone stands out to me because many of us are good at pointing out where Patriarchy fails us, but so few have an inkling where we are going from here.
He leans into snark a few times, making his own feelings clear: Patriarchy is on the way out, and everyone will benefit. Just as a natural result of the evolution of society.
This information should be everywhere. It should be in children’s books and kitchen conversations.
Understanding our past will enable us to consciously create a better future. So few of us have any real understanding of the causes or the effects of the societal structure we live in. We tend to take it for granted (or even claim it doesn’t exist!)
We can’t afford to go stumbling into the future without a strong understanding of ourselves.
Watch the movie, it’s less than an hour long. It explains everything. | https://brazenshe.com/2019/07/11/why-do-men-run-the-world/ |
Dr. Tom Aufderheide is a Professor of Emergency Medicine with Tenure and Associate Chair of Research Affairs and Director of the NIH-funded Resuscitation Research Center in the Department of Emergency Medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin. He is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher in the field of emergency cardiac care, whose scholarly achievements include numerous state-of-the-art research studies and over 100 peer-reviewed publications, including two papers in the New England Journal of Medicine, that have had a significant effect on the practice of emergency medicine, particularly prehospital identification and treatment of the ischemic patient with the use of prehospital 12-lead electrocardiography and predictive instruments. He has served as principal and co-principal investigator on many important national studies, including the Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) Trial, which doubled survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and will provide the objective data on which to base national healthcare policy for the next decade.
Dr. Aufderheide is one of a handful of nationally recognized researchers actively engaged and NIH-supported in the complex area of out-of-hospital cardiac resuscitation research that is likely to significantly change national and international CPR education, training, and clinical practice, including the multi-site Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) that has both cardiac and trauma clinical trial arms. He also is funded by NIH-NINDS for the NETT Network (Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials), which will promote and conduct clinical trials in neurologic emergencies. | https://www.mcw.edu/find-a-doctor/aufderheide-tom-p-md |
Last year, on October 8, 2021, President Biden issued a proclamation on Indigenous Peoples’ Day, recognizing the holiday federally for the first time. Indigenous Peoples’ Day honors and celebrates the sovereignty and vibrant and diverse cultures, contributions, and lifeways of Indigenous Peoples. In the United States, that means honoring the American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians on whose lands this country was built, and to whom we owe so much. In his presidential proclamation, President Biden states, “On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, our Nation celebrates the invaluable contributions and resilience of Indigenous peoples, recognizes their inherent sovereignty, and commits to honoring the Federal Government’s trust and treaty obligations to Tribal Nations.”
At NIRS, we celebrate and champion our Indigenous allies in our shared work towards a nuclear-free, carbon-free, just, and safe energy future for all, and towards remediation and clean-up of the radioactive violence perpetrated by governmental and industrial nuclear activities from weapons testing, uranium extraction, energy development, and land theft. We also support calls for the return of lands illegally stolen from our Indigenous relatives, adherence to and enforcement of our treaties with Indigenous nations – which are the highest law of the land under our Constitution – and reparations for the US’s historical and ongoing violations and abuses. Those measures are the necessary preconditions for our country to make itself worthy of the mutual trust and respect to which federal, state, and local government observances of Indigenous People’s Day aspire, and to thereby begin to build a just, equitable, healthy, and sustainable relationship with our Indigenous relatives as good neighbors and fellow travelers in the lands, waters, and air of Turtle Island.
Every community has a right to clean air, water, and economic opportunity. It is time for truly just and equitable policies addressing the twin crises of nuclear waste and climate change that ends our reliance on nuclear and heals all communities that bear the burdens of dirty energy.
Take action today
Support Indigenous downwinders and uranium workers by writing to your Members of Congress in support of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act.
Downwinders of US atomic bomb blasts in the Pacific and on the US mainland, including those who continue to bear the impacts of the Trinity Test, as well uranium miners, drillers, and workers involved in ‘clean up’ after the blasts, have suffered for decades due to US Cold War activities, but many of these communities have not been compensated for their medical expenses. Only some downwinders received health compensation through the 1990 Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA). Uranium miners, workers, and cleanup workers also deserve compensation for their sacrifices.
RECA expires in July 2022. It must be renewed, extended until 2045, and expanded to cover the medical expenses of all atomic blast downwinders and workers before it expires.
Take action! Tell your U.S. Representative and Senators to co-sponsor and support RECA, and say “thank you” to those who are already supporting and sponsoring the bill. | https://www.nirs.org/indigenous-peoples-day-2022/ |
Q:
Multiplying two matrices in R
I have 2 matrices.
The first one:
[1,2,3]
and the second one:
[3,1,2
2,1,3
3,2,1]
I'm looking for a way to multiply them.
The result is supposed to be: [11, 13, 10]
In R, mat1%*%mat2 don't work.
A:
You need the transpose of the second matrix to get the result you wanted:
> v1 <- c(1,2,3)
> v2 <- matrix(c(3,1,2,2,1,3,3,2,1), ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE)
> v1 %*% t(v2)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 11 13 10
Or potentially quicker (see ?crossprod) if the real problem is larger:
> tcrossprod(v1, v2)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 11 13 10
A:
mat1%%mat2 Actuall y works , this gives [ 16 9 11 ]
but you want mat1 %% t(mat2). This means transpose of second matrix, then u can get [11 13 10 ]
Rcode:
mat1 = matrix(c(1,2,3),nrow=1,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)
mat2 = matrix(c(3,1,2,2,1,3,3,2,1), nrow=3,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)
print(mat1)
print(mat2 )
#matrix Multiplication
print(mat1 %*% mat2 )
# matrix multiply with second matrix with transpose
# Note of using function t()
print(mat1 %*% t(mat2 ))
| |
There are many factors related to Infertility but factors relating only to female infertility are:
1.1 General factors
- Significant liver or kidney disease inherited from parents.
- Thrombophilia (a natural inclination or tendency to develop thrombosis (blood clots) due to an abnormality in the system of
coagulation (blood clotting)
1.2 Hypothalamic-pituitary factors
- Hypothalamic dysfunction (in the brain.)
1.3 Ovarian factors
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome – PCOS ——-(Polycystic ovarian disease PCOD) is an endocrine disorder that affects approximately 10% of all women. It occurs in amongst all races and nationalities, is the most common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, and is a leading cause of infertility.The principal symptoms are weight problems, lack of regular ovulation and/or menstruation, and excessive amounts or effects of androgenic (masculinizing) hormones.The symptoms and severity of the syndrome vary greatly between women.While the causes are unknown, insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity are all strongly correlated with PCOS.
- Anovulation is the absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a postmenarchal, premenopausal woman).
- Diminished ovarian reserve – Impaired ovarian reserve (poor ovarian reserve) is a condition of low fertility characterized by low numbers of remaining oocytes in the ovaries. Quality of the eggs (oocytes) may also be impaired.
- Premature menopause – Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), also known as primary ovarian insufficiency, is the loss of function of the ovaries before age 40. A commonly cited triad for the diagnosis is amenorrhea, hypergonadotropinism, and hypoestrogenism.
- Menopause in women cannot be defined simply as the permanent “stopping of the monthly periods”, because in reality what is happening to the uterus is quite secondary to the process. For medical reasons, the uterus is sometimes surgically removed (hysterectomy) in a younger woman, and after this her periods will cease permanently, and the woman will technically be infertile. But, as long as at least one of her ovaries is still functioning, the woman will not have entered menopause.This is because even without the uterus, ovulation and the release of the sequence of reproductive hormones will continue to cycle on until the time of menopause is reached.
- Ovarian cancer
1.4 Tubal (ectopic)/peritoneal factors
- Endometriosis is a common medical condition characterized by growth beyond or outside the uterus of tissue resembling endometrium, the tissue that normally lines the uterus.
- Affecting an estimated 89 million women of reproductive age (those who have yet to become pregnant) around the world, endometriosis occurs in one in every five women. However, endometriosis can occur
very rarely in postmenopausal women. An estimated 2% – 4% of endometriosis cases are diagnosed in the postmenopausal period.
- In endometriosis, the endometrium (from endo, “inside”, and metra, “womb”) is found to be growing outside the uterus, most commonly in the pelvis.
- Pelvic adhesions – Pelvic adhesions cause many problems for millions of women. From obstructed tubes associated with infertility, to pelvic tenderness, and painful intercourse, to chronic pelvic pain. Curiously, adhesions can be very extensive, yet relatively silent.They may remain silent indefinitely or long after the causative event, become symptomatic.The causes of adhesions are multiple but basically the tissue irritation that produces the adhesive process arises from an inflammatory event, or from trauma (i.e. post surgical).
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, usually due to chlamydia) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
- Tubal occlusion is a voluntary surgical procedure for permanently terminating a woman’s fertility.Tubal occlusion can be done by minilaparatomy or laparoscopy. It blocks the fallopian tubes (tying and cutting, rings, clips or electrocautery) and sperm are prevented from reaching the ova and causing fertilization.
- Tubal dysfunctions fallopian tube obstruction or epithelial dysfunction that impairs zygote motility; pelvic lesions are structural abnormalities that can impede fertilization or implantation.
1.5 Uterine factors
- Uterine malformations is the result of an abnormal development of the Mullerian duct(s) during embryogenesis. Symptoms range from amenorrhea, infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and pain, to normal functioning depending on the nature of the defect.
- Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during your childbearing years. Also called fibromyomas, leiomyomas or myomas, uterine fibroids aren’t associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and almost never develop into cancer.
- Asherman’s Syndrome is the formation of intrauterine adhesions, which typically result from scars that develop after uterine surgery.
1.6 Cervical factors
- Cervical stenosis is a condition in which the spinal canal is too small for the spinal cord and nerve roots. This can cause damage to the spinal cord, a condition called myelopathy, or pinch nerves as they exit the spinal canal (radiculopathy). Occasionally, damage to the spinal cord and nerve roots may occur, resulting in a condition called myeloradiculopathy.
- Antisperm antibodies – In some instances, a woman’s
cervical mucus can also develop antibodies to her partner’s sperm. It is believed that antisperm antibodies in the cervical mucus may account for as much as 40% of unexplained infertility in couples.
- Non-receptive cervical mucus can make it hard for the sperm to penetrate. In such cases intrauterine insemination (IUI) is recommended. Sperms In this procedure after special preparation (washing and concentration) is injected directly in the uterine cavity through a thin catheter.
1.7 Vaginal factors
- Vaginismus is a condition which affects a woman’s ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration, including sexual penetration, insertion of tampons, and the penetration involved in gyneacological examinations.This is the result of a conditioned reflex of the pubococcygeus muscle, which is sometimes referred to as the ‘PC muscle’.The reflex causes the muscles in the vagina to tense suddenly, which makes any kind of vaginal penetration including sexual penetration – either painful or impossible.
- A vaginismic woman does not consciously control the spasm.The vaginismic reflex can be compared to the response of the eye shutting when an object comes towards it.The severity of vaginismus and the pain during penetration, including sexual penetration, varies from woman to woman.
- Vaginal obstruction – Uterovaginal obstruction includes disorders of vaginal development such as a transverse vaginal septum or complete vaginal agenesis, which may be associated with other developmental anomalies (eg, Rokitansky-Küster-Maier-Hauser syndrome). Duplication anomalies of the uterovaginal tract often involve 1 tract that is decompressed and 1 that is obstructed. In these patients, abdominal and back pain occurs despite their having a cyclic menstrual period. One must always consider other non-congenital conditions, such as malignancies of the upper or lower genital tract, in the differential diagnosis.
1.8 Genetic factors
- Various intersexed conditions such as androgen insensitivity syndrome
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) – also referred to as androgen resistance syndrome – is a set of disorders of sexual differentiation caused by mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor.The nature of the resulting problem varies according to the structure and sensitivity of the abnormal receptor. Most forms of AIS involve variable degrees of undervirilization and/or infertility in XY persons of either gender. A person with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) has a female external appearance despite a 46XY karyotype and undescended testes, a condition termed “testicular feminization” in the past. | https://blog.edtreatmentindia.com/female-urology/worries-of-her-mind |
Within the SCORE project we identified many important starting points to strengthen Europe’s competitiveness. For further competitiveness of the European Transport Manufacturing Industry, various essential areas were identified during the course of this project.
The Chinese enormous demand for transport components, solutions and systems constitutes the biggest and therefore most important market for most industry segments. China, a country that used to be a major importer of transport systems and components, is now following a more competitive approach with Chinese companies focusing on and supplying mainly the domestic market and to a lesser extent – but still increasingly – also offering its competitive products internationally. In the rail rolling stock industry, for instance, Chinese companies are already the biggest supplier of high-speed trains (with around two-thirds of deliveries). This has been achieved solely by serving the substantial domestic demand and not by accessing international markets. Also in the automotive market Chinese companies are already the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer.Even though protectionism, and hence reduced market access to major markets of interest, was perceived as a likely risk at the expert survey, the upcoming Chinese competition was the top ranked risk in the project’s expert survey.
Despite various expert analyses and multiple discussions between the SCORE consortium and industrial experts, there was no real agreement about the set-up of appropriate counter-measures against protectionist tendencies Europe is facing at the moment. Some experts are in clear favour of trade liberation, free markets and the resulting need to strive for global technological leadership of European companies. Other experts recommend e.g. a change in EU trade policy connecting the licensing of Chinese external industrial investments into Europe (FDI) with the broadening/liberalisation of market access for European manufacturers. Although there is no agreement about protecting Europe’s intellectual property and competences, the liberalisation of the Chinese market is encouraged by all stakeholders of the SCORE project.
During the course of the project many advanced manufacturing and enabling technologies were discussed and assessed in various aspects. The European transport manufacturing industry seems in general optimistic about technology developments; emerging technologies are largely perceived as opportunities for future competitiveness, not as risk.
Key manufacturing technologies were considered in detail at the workshop at the Trough-Life-Engineering Services conference, where one of the main objectives was to identify those potential technologies that are either innovative or disruptive in nature and how the industry is currently planning their activities around these developments.
Automation - Automation of driving capabilities for the transport sector starting from advanced driver assistance systems to fully autonomous vehicles and systems will radically disrupt customer behaviour and have tremendous requirements on the industry sectors. Certainly, this technology will substantially shape the future of mobility.
Electrification - Alternative propulsion technologies are one of the top priorities to achieve a sustainable mobility system for the future.
Digitalisation -Digital innovations are by far the most rapid developing technology enabling new structures for the manufacturing value chain by the implementation of cyber-physical systems, disrupting well-established business models that offer new opportunities for existing and new competitors and enable sophisticated service innovations throughout the whole lifecycle.
As these key technology trends (and many others) shape the future of the European transport manufacturing industries, effective regulatory frameworks need to keep up with the rapid development and innovation speed. Potential barriers might be e.g. the prevailing privacy protection instruments in the European Union that are strongest in global comparison. | http://transport-scoreboard.eu/policies/recommendations/ |
Dubai’s real estate sector registered a slowdown in rents and sales prices during the third quarter of the year, marking further stabilisation in the market, according to Asteco’s Q3 2014 report. Average apartment and villa rental rates dropped by two per cent and three per cent respectively compared to second quarter figures. Although apartment rents in the popular Palm Jumeirah rose three per cent, rates in Downtown Dubai and Jumeirah Lakes Towers (JLT) remained flat quarter-on-quarter, with Dubai Marina recording a two per cent drop. “The popular Dubai Marina, which has suffered from long-term construction and traffic congestion woes, saw a two per cent decline since Q2 2014, as tenants look to relocate to more accessible areas,” said John Stevens, managing director, Asteco. However, year-on-year rental growth remained high, with most areas posting double-digit increases. While localities such as Palm Jumeirah and Sheikh Zayed Road saw average apartment rates rise by 21 per cent in Q3 2014 compared to Q3 2013, the rise was higher in Jumeirah Lakes Towers (42 per cent) and Dubai Marina (36 per cent). Affordable communities such as Discovery Gardens and International City saw quarter-on-quarter values down seven per cent, although year-on-year rates were up 23 per cent and 40 per cent respectively. This implies that many tenants are still likely to be subject to rental increases as per the RERA rent index, potentially leading to further relocations to the Northern Emirates, the report said. “However, it is anticipated that this trend will start to slow down as occupancy levels in the city’s more affordable communities stabilise,” it added. In the villa segment, rents in Springs were down by eight per cent quarter-on-quarter and dropped five per cent in Arabian Ranches and Mirdif in Q3. “These rent reductions came as a result of previous growth, combined with a significant amount of new supply entering the market in new communities such as Jumeirah Village and Dubailand, attracting many tenants away from established communities that appeared overpriced,” the report said. A three-bedroom villa in Arabian Ranches is renting for up to Dhs260,000 per annum, while the same in Jumeirah Village is available for Dhs145-180,000. However, year-on-year rental increases remained high at Jumeirah (35 per cent), Springs (14 per cent) and Arabian Ranches (13 per cent).
SALES VALUES DROP Q-ON-Q
In terms of sales, average prices fell one per cent and four per cent for apartments and villas respectively in Q3, compared to Q2 2014. Apartment prices dropped eight per cent in Dubai Marina, five per cent in Palm Jumeirah and two per cent in Downtown Dubai. “For the first time since 2012 we have seen both residential rental rates and sales prices decline as a result of a natural adjustment to ongoing new supply entering the market,” said Stevens. “The impact of mortgage cap and higher transaction fees is also making it more expensive for prospective buyers to get onto the Dubai property ladder.” However, on a year-on-year basis, sales values registered strong growth at 31 per cent and 17 per cent for apartments and villas respectively in the third quarter of 2014. In terms of apartment sales, Jumeirah Lakes Towers (JLT) and Downtown Dubai saw the highest increases at 37 per cent and 35 per cent respectively, with units priced at up to Dhs1,500 and Dhs3,000 per square foot respectively. Meanwhile villas within the Al Furjan development, located on the Mohammed bin Zayed corridor, and on Palm Jumeirah, recorded 38 per cent and 55 per cent year-on-year growth respectively. With 27 new projects announced at Cityscape, Asteco anticipates sales prices may soften further in Q4 2014 as new supply enters the market. “It’s a wait-and-see scenario on the part of buyers right now, and we believe that sales prices may soften further with more new supply on the way,” said Stevens. “In the short term, a price reduction will be beneficial for the market as it will assist in unlocking demand from the middle income segments of the population.” The report added that with the overall economy and market fundamentals appearing “solid”, a continuous inflow of new demand implied that the correction is more of a natural supply / demand adjustment cycle, rather than a market depression as witnessed in 2008.
Via SyndiGate.info
© Motivate Publishing. All rights reserved. | https://www.albawaba.com/business/could-trend-be-reversing-dubai-rents-fall-first-time-2012-613983 |
Raise an assertion if two items are not equal up to desired precision.
Note
It is recommended to use one of assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal_nulp or assert_array_max_ulp instead of this function for more consistent floating point comparisons.
The test is equivalent to abs(desired-actual) < 0.5 * 10**(-decimal).
Given two objects (numbers or ndarrays), check that all elements of these objects are almost equal. An exception is raised at conflicting values. For ndarrays this delegates to assert_array_almost_equal
Parameters :
actual : array_like
The object to check.
desired : array_like
The expected object.
decimal : int, optional
Desired precision, default is 7.
err_msg : str, optional
The error message to be printed in case of failure.
verbose : bool, optional
If True, the conflicting values are appended to the error message.
Raises :
AssertionError
If actual and desired are not equal up to specified precision.
See also
- assert_allclose
- Compare two array_like objects for equality with desired relative and/or absolute precision. | https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.8.0/reference/generated/numpy.testing.assert_almost_equal.html |
Objectives: Guidelines for hepatitis C (HCV) strongly recommend antiviral treatment for patients with more severe liver disease given their increased risk of developing cirrhosis and other liver-related complications. Despite the proven benefits of therapy, 70%–88% of patients chronically infected with HCV do not undergo treatment. The goal of this paper is to describe patterns of treatment initiation among patients with both mild and severe disease and to assess the factors that are associated with treatment initiation and completion.
Methods: Subjects completed previously validated questionnaires to ascertain sociodemographic characteristics, choice predisposition, and clinical characteristics prior to meeting with the hepatologist to discuss treatment initiation and were followed for 12 months. We examined the association between patient characteristics and treatment patterns controlling for liver disease severity.
Results: Of the 148 eligible subjects entered into our study, 55 (37%) initiated treatment during the 12-month follow-up period. Of the 86 subjects with severe liver disease, 43 (50%) initiated treatment. Financial barriers and geographic access to care were the most common reasons for treatment deferral. Of the 55 patients initiating treatment, 24 (44%) discontinued treatment, with intolerance of side effects being the most common reason for discontinuation. After adjusting for liver disease severity, patient choice predisposition (prior to discussion with their provider) was strongly associated with initiation of treatment, while sociodemographic characteristics were not.
Conclusion: Treatment initiation did align with current recommendations (patients with severe disease were more likely to initiate treatment), however, rates of treatment initiation and completion were low. Patient choice predisposition is the strongest predictor of treatment initiation, independent of disease severity. Improving individualized treatment outcomes for patients with chronic HCV requires efforts at identifying patients’ choice predisposition, and improving access for those wishing to initiate therapy. | https://www.dovepress.com/patterns-and-predictors-of-treatment-initiation-and-completion-in-pati-peer-reviewed-article-PPA |
ISBN:
978-81-8487-423-5 Publication Year: Reprint 2020
Pages: 404 Binding: Paper Back
PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL TAXONOMY portrays the scientific quest regarding nomenclature, identification, interrelationship of different groups of animals along with different aspects of taxonomy from Linnaeus to present day Aspects related with biodiversity, information retrieval, collection and preservation of animals along with recent trends in animal taxonomy and biosystematics which culminates the description of one of the most interesting phenomenon of zoology.
Each chapter contains logically organized, easy to understand contents that provides the reader important aspects of animal taxonomy. It is a complete manual for all biologists especially for those interested in understanding the basic concepts of taxonomy and conservation and management of biodiversity.
It would be useful for undergraduate and post graduate students of zoology as well as for those aspiring for competitive examination.
Historical Resume of Taxonomy / Basic Concepts of Animal Taxonomy / Types of Classification / Zoological Nomenclature / Microtaxonomy and Macrotaxonomy / Phylogenetic Systematics / Phylogenetic Trees / Molecular Phylogeny / Evolutionary Taxonomy / Numerical Taxonomy / Population Taxonomy / Taxonomic Characters / The Species Concept / Zoological Types / Taxonomic Categories / Meristic and Non-Meristic Data Analysis / Biodiversity Assessment / Taxonomic Keys / Taxonomic Publications / Collections and Preservation of Natural History Specimens / Information Retrieval / Recent Trends in Taxonomy / Significance of Taxonomy and Biosytematics / Bibliography / Author Index / Genus Index / Subject Index. | http://www.narosa.com/print.asp?catgcode=978-81-8487-423-5 |
Automatically remove your image background. Try it now!
https://remove-image-background.com
Explain the 4 requirements of a gene for phylogenetic studies and give an example of a gene or genes that meet all these criteria
Be present in all organisms of interest
Not laterally transferred between species
Well conserved but still have changes
Sufficiently large to provide enough information
rRNAs meet these criteria (16S and 23S commonly used)
Differentiate between a cladogram and a dichotomous key and applications of each
Cladogram
: a chart that shows relationships between organisms (that they share a common ancestor)
Dichotomous key
: organized set of mutually exclusive characteristics of organisms that can be used to determine which organism and unknown is
Define taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms
Give two reasons why organisms are arranged in taxonomic groups
Classification
: puts organisms into groups based on degree of relatedness
Nomenclature
: provides universal names for organisms
Identification
: provides a reference for identifying organisms
List the three domains; give the characteristics of each, and the kinds of organisms found in each
Bacteria
: prokaryotic, peptidoglycan in cell walls
Archaea
: prokaryotic, no peptidoglycan in cell walls, extremophiles
Eukarya
: eukaryotic, cell wall varies (animalia, fungi, plantae, protista)
Define binomial nomenclature, explain the importance of scientific names and give examples of bacterial names
Genus + specific epithet
Used worldwide, identical no matter where you are
Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus
Give the order of taxonomic groups from the most general to the most specific (current taxonomic hierarchy)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
List the 4 eukarya kingdoms, list characteristics used to differentiate among them, and give examples from each
Animalia
: multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls (sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates)
Plantae
: multicellular, cellulose cell walls, usually photoautotrophic (algae, mosses, ferns, confiers, flowering plants)
Fungi
: chemoheterotrophic, unicellular OR multicellular, cell walls of chitin, develop from spores
Protistsa
: catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms (slime molds, algae, protozoa)
Define: genus, species (bacterial species), strain, clone
Genus
: Set of closely related species
species
: population of cells with similar characteristics
Clone
: population of cells derived from a single cell
Strain
: genetically different cells within a clone
List and discuss the methods of classifying and identifying microorganisms
Morphological characteristics
differential staining
biochemical tests
serology (antiserum+bacterium)
phage typing (using viruses)
DNA base composition
DNA fingerprinting (gel electrophoresis)
rRNA sequencing
Describe the basis of chemical tests, serology, and phage typing
Chemical tests
: determines enzymatic activites, tests for presence or absence of a specific enzyme, selective and differential media
Serology
: combines known antiserum with unknown bacteria (slide agglutination, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - contains enzyme substrate, and Western blot - uses antibodies)
Phage typing
: uses viruses to identify bacteria (viruses are hyper specific)
Automatically remove your image background. Try it now! | https://freezingblue.com/flashcards/180931/preview/mbioch10 |
Yesterday 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, known as the birthplace of hip-hop, was renamed Hip Hop Blvd. Hip-Hop was on the up and up throughout the Bronx, 1520 was a starting point where Clive Campbell, later known as DJ Kool Herc, threw parties in the community room.
On August 11, 1973, Herc spun the turntables at a back-to-school, birthday party for his sister in the recreation center and Theodore Puccio, credited as the first MC, helped MC the party. Months of practice prepared Herc to give birth to Hip Hop with a few legendary faces in the place; Coke La Rock, Grandmaster Caz, leader of the Cold Crush Brothers, Grandmaster Flash, Busy Bee, Afrika Bambaataa, Sheri Sher, Mean Gene, Red Alert, and KRS-One.
Yesterday was the first Global Hip Hop Day with pioneers and current artists alike present for the inaugural celebration. | https://thebeatgulfcoast.iheart.com/content/2017-06-09-because-of-the-internet-globalhiphopday/ |
Pages
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
A Draw-Through Technique, With a Spaceship
In today’s tutorial you will learn how to polish your knowledge of perspective with a simple but very useful technique widely used by concept artists and professionals in the entertainment industry. Let’s get started!
Step 1
Even without special equipment and measurements, we can easily repeat a quadrilateral towards a vanishing point. Let’s start off with a basic scenario that will evolve a little as we proceed.
Assuming you know the basics of one, two, and three-point perspectives, we’ll begin with a rectangle drawn in one-point perspective – aiming to repeat it towards the vanishing point.
Step 2
Draw a cross using the corners to establish the center of the rectangle.
Step 3
Using this center point, we now know where the center of the x-axis would be (green), but more importantly the center of the y-axis (yellow).
Step 4
Starting from the lower left corner we can strike a line through the center of the y-axis we just established, stopping at the vanishing point line (black). Starting from the upper left corner would work the same, as long as the line passes through the middle.
Step 5
Can you see what just happened? We successfully found the corner of the next rectangle. Draw a line directly downwards to finish the rectangle off, like in the example below. This technique is extremely useful and could be used in one-point perspective drawing things such as walls, floor tiles, cabinets, etc.
Step 6
As long as we have the corner, we can repeat this technique as much as we like, eventually ending up very small near the vanishing point. There are obviously digital transform tools and such to achieve this effect much quicker but this makes for another check-box in your skills list, especially when working on paper.
Step 7
Let’s try that technique with a second vanishing point (two-point perspective). As you can see in the example below, there’s a purple vanishing point (to the right) and a black vanishing point (off the image, to the left).
Step 8
Again, if we find the center of the y-axis (yellow), we can use that information to strike a line from a corner through it to reveal where the next shape’s opposite corner would be. Any combination of corners and center lines work but only for their individual sides, so try it out for yourself!
Step 9
If we continue the black lines, we can use the purple vanishing point to see when the purple lines at the bottom collide with the black vanishing point’s line. This gives us the information to map out what these repeating shapes look like on the other side.
Step 10
Now let’s jump to a three-point perspective. The rule for joining the corners of the vertical lines (red) still applies, as the center line (yellow) can still be drawn with an initial cross (faded blue).
Step 11
As demonstrated, this technique can be used to repeat geometry very effectively and in large scales, accurately as well. Just don’t get your axes all mixed up! If it helps, then by all means visually differentiate the separate axes like the example below.
Step 12
Now that we’ve learned that simple technique, we’ll use it to draw a spaceship This is just to show accuracy though, so don’t judge the design. (If the accuracy doesn’t impress you however, that’s clearly because I’m doing it strictly to show off the design) So, let’s pick a thumbnail and get drawing! I think design two has some nice clear forms.
Step 13
To make things easier, the perspective lines will be drawn as a consistent reference. In the example, I’ve drawn some thin lines with the Brush Tool (B) on a New Layer (Ctrl+Shift+N or Cmd+Shift+N) and used the Transform Tool (Ctrl+T or Cmd+T) to lift a corner up, mimicking the existing yet rough perspective in the drawing. The lines can be kept straight while drawing by holding down Shift.
Step 14
The same is done for the second vanishing point and both opacities are lowered in the Layers Palette (F7) giving us a clearer view of our own line art.
Step 15
The sketch is still too apparent and would interfere heavily with my weak and precious drawing to come. Use the Hue/Saturation (Ctrl+U or Cmd+U) window to slide the Lightness values higher.
Step 16
The canvas feels quite limited so let’s use the Crop Tool (C) to extend the canvas space. In the example below I’ve dragged across the entire image with Left-click and then dragged the center-bottom control point lower, pressing Enter to perform the crop.
Step 17
Let’s drag the perspective lines down with the Move Tool (V) and draw on top of those. We can keep the rough sketch above as a visual reference. If you’ve got multiple layers to handle like in the example, you can hold Ctrl or Cmd and Left-click the layers you want to highlight to move.
Step 18
When drawing complex shapes, it is often crucial knowing where on the ground it is for reference. We’re essentially mapping out a lot of the actual spaceship’s virtual form, not just simply the lines we can see.
Let’s dot in the height of the ship’s nose and neck. By following the axis, we can see the spatial relationships of the dots. I’ve added a third vanishing point as well as some colours to differentiate the three axis.
Step 19
Let’s focus on establishing the points in the example labeled ‘A’ and ‘B’. We can estimate ‘A’ judging from the sketch above, but what will be challenge is finding out where to dot in ‘B’. This is where we’ll use the new technique we just learned.
Step 20
Let’s extend a line from ‘A’ to show the blue axis associated with it (blue line). Then we’ll pick a point from the noise that’s of equal height to ‘A’ and extend a line from it to show its brown axis (brown line). Now we have another corner and a perfect square.
Step 21
This square is touching the center line, now all we need to do is repeat this square towards the brown vanishing point once to reveal where the symmetrical equivalent to point ‘A’ would be. Does this feel familiar? Let’s make a cross using the four corners.
Step 22
We have the middle point we need (circled red).
Step 23
Now strike a line from a corner through that middle point until it touches the same brown vanishing point line as ‘A’, as shown in the example. When it touches, we can repeat the square shape and thus, we have B.
Step 24
We can draw in the shape of the fuselage because we have the three points. Very nice.
Step 25
Yes. Very nice, moving on…
Step 26
Let’s do a similar process for the upper tip of the wings now. I’ve flipped the canvas in the example because I find it more convenient to strike lines in that direction. You can do this by choosing Image > Rotate Canvas > Flip Canvas Horizontally.
Step 27
We’ll extend the lower left corner upwards along the blue axis towards the vanishing point, then along the brown axis until it hits the center line. Now we have a square once again. Remember, it is very important that the heights of the corners are symmetrically consistent, otherwise the new point on the other side of the center line will be miscalculated.
Step 28
The same simple steps as before – make a cross with two lines using the four corners, like in the example below. Make sure it’s fairly accurate.
Step 29
Now we have a center point, we’ll run a line through it along the brown axis to find the mid-point, which in the example, is on the center line.
Step 30
From the lower left corner, we can draw a line through that mid-point we just revealed until it hits the brown line at the back of the spaceship. Using that point we can extend a line from it along the blue axis until it hits the brown axis of the original corner again.
Step 31
With the three main points that we established on Step 24, we can run a line on the blue axis from each point until it hits the back of the spaceship (brown line). The point representing the upper tip of the fuselage stops when it collides with the height (green axis).
Step 32
The back of the spaceship isn’t as wide as the front, so we’ll place a point it where it looks ideal, then begin the technique to reveal the point on the other side of the center line.
Step 33
A little quicker this time. Find the center point. Find the mid-point on the side.
Step 34
Run a line through it.
Step 35
Now we have the upper points for both outer ends of the wings, we can join them together.
Step 36
Then the back-end points to the fuselage.
Step 37
There’s some small air intakes on the wings which will be trickier but will follow the same rules. The points just need to be drawn one by one, starting with ‘A’. We have to make sure the boxes for each point are in line with the center line.
For points ‘A’ to ‘D’, we’ll extend a line along the blue axis until it hits the brown line. ‘E’ is a different height so we can’t just run a line along the wing like the others. Instead we’ll draw a line along the brown axis straight towards the center line.
Things are about to get pretty messy, so I’d highly recommend either using layers for your guides or erasing them after you’re done with it.
Step 38
From the 5 points we just established, we can dot-to-dot them together.
Step 39
Then using the same technique, we can establish the points for the wings, too.
Step 40
And the large air intakes under the wings
Step 41
We’ve already dotted in the point for the tip of the nose, now it’s just a case of joining them. We could place dots around the first curve and match them perfectly on the other side of the center line using the same technique as before, but you’re getting pretty good at that now
Step 42
It’s getting a little too messy now. Let’s grab all the scruffy guide lines and lighten them. Select the layer with the scruffy lines and click the Create New Fill Or Adjustment Layer icon, then choose Levels.
Step 43
In the Output Levels section, slide the black triangle to the right to lighten the darker values until it’s light enough to draw a cleaner revision over the top. If the result isn’t being previewed as you make the change, you may have the Preview option unchecked or you may have accidently made a selection prior to this step. Use Ctrl+D or Cmd+D to deselect the current selection.
Step 44
With the old lines in, we can trace over it on a new layer with some nice, clean line art. If it suits your purpose though, you can leave the underlying line art in, maybe lower the opacity a little for a rough blueprint-esque look.
Step 45
You may have noticed, I erased the box guide lines earlier for the air intakes and elevons as the images would otherwise have been extremely cluttered, like this!
Step 46
Thank Photoshop for layers.
Step 47
As you can imagine, with this clean sketch you can take it further to more polished levels. It’s often very useful to have a clean line-art, working great with tasks such as vector tracing and shading with selection tools.
Conclusion
Be it for a design, illustration or just for leisure, you can use this new technique to assist you with your work. If you were trying to communicate designs quickly it wouldn’t be realistic to try and incorporate this technique perfectly every time. But I hope that learning this may improve your overall work flow where you need it
I hope you’ve learned something in this tutorial – feel free to comment any questions or share your own samples!
| |
- Sandeels comprise a quarter of North Sea fish biomass and are vital prey for a number of marine mammals and birds. However, in recent decades there have been significant declines in sandeel abundance and energy value. These declines have been linked to climate change, however, it is unclear what the relative influence of changes in food and temperature is. Here we examine the role of these factors on different aspects of the sandeel lifecycle and determine how robust sandeels are to expected climate warming. First, we review the evidence for climate impacts on sandeels and discuss the implications for higher trophic levels with particular reference to seabirds. Evidence summarised demonstrates that sandeels are a critical food source for many seabirds, and that declines in sandeel populations have negatively impacted seabird breeding populations. Lack of existing quantitative understanding of the influence of food and temperature on sandeels demonstrates the need for a new mathematical model to predict the outcome of climate warming on sandeel stocks. Second, we model changes in spawning and hatch dates off the Scottish east coast, which have been proposed as a contributor to the long-term decline in sandeel energy content. Results indicate that spawning and hatch dates do not explain this decline. Instead, the timing of both lifecycle events is relatively fixed and is governed by predictable environmental cues. Moreover, given the weak temperature effect on spawning and hatching, future temperature rises appear unlikely to significantly affect hatch date. The central part of this thesis is the development and use of a new dynamic energy budget model to unravel the influence of food and temperature on sandeel abundance and energy content. An important application of the model was the examination of mortality rates between 2001 and 2007, a period of pronounced stock decline off the Scottish east coast. The model was driven by food and temperature. Support was found for the hypothesis that overwinter starvation mortality contributed towards a recent decline in sandeels in northern UK waters. Highest over-winter mortality rates were recorded for juveniles and not individuals aged 1 or over due to the effect of weight-specific metabolism. However, a sensitivity analysis of the model suggests that mortality rates are more sensitive to changes in copepod abundance in the build up to overwintering rather than temperature during overwintering. We suggest that food-driven size-selective starvation mortality may have contributed to the stock decline off the Scottish east coast. We therefore conclude that indirect food web effects of climate change are likely to be greater than direct physiological effects on sandeels. | https://stax.strath.ac.uk/concern/theses/kw52j8156 |
How We Serve
EIS officers protect the public’s health by serving CDC, other public health agencies and partners.
While working in their assignments and deployments, they
- Conduct or participate in field investigations
- Design, conduct, and interpret epidemiological analyses
- Evaluate public health surveillance systems
- Give public health talks about their work
- Give oral presentations to scientific audiences
- Write scientific manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals
- Write concise public health updates communicating timely information
- Write abstracts
- Communicate complex scientific concepts to lay audiences
Fun Facts
-
- Active officers deploy more than 200 times in any given year to support field investigations for public health threats within the U.S. and around the world. Learn more about deployment during Ebola here pdf icon[727 KB, 1 Page, 508].
- Approximately 85% of EIS graduates enter the public health workforce.
Service Highlights
EIS officers have responded to a multitude of major health threats since 1951, including
- Investigating biological warfare during the Korean war
- Participating in the worldwide smallpox eradication campaign in the 1960s and 1970s
- Discovering the microbes that cause Legionnaires’ disease, Lassa fever, and AIDS
- Investigating and responding to outbreaks and incidents related to Anthrax, SARS, and flu subtypes H1N1 and H5N1
- Providing disaster relief following Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Katrina, and 9/11
- Providing on-the-ground response to Ebola and Zika virus outbreaks. | https://www.cdc.gov/eis/what-eis-officers-do/how-we-serve.html |
Shenzhen American International School is delighted to welcome you and any of your friends to our semi-annual Exhibition of Learning to be held on Thursday 17th December from 5pm – 7pm. The Exhibition is an opportunity for our students to present their learning and understanding through demonstration and conversation.
Through events such as the Exhibition, students at SAIS develop a deeper understanding of academic content. This is because they have to talk and explain their work to others outside of the classroom, not just to the teacher who is traditionally the only adult who gives feedback to students. SAIS students also develop rich communication skills through these events.
As in past years, you will be able to visit each classroom and learn from the students themselves what they have been studying and learning this first semester.
Come and share in the excitement of our students work and listen and learn from the students themselves!
We look forward to seeing you on December 17th from 5:00 to 7:00pm. | http://www.szsais.org.cn/?p=9222 |
After a decades-long campaign by Indigenous Australians, visitors to the Northern Territory’s red centre are no longer able to climb Uluru. Considered to be a sacred site by its traditional owners — the Anangu people — the iconic monolith is now closed to the thousands of tourists who flock to the rock each year. The permanent closure has been a long time coming. Citing the spiritual significance of the site, the board of the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park voted unanimously to end the climb back in 2017. Speaking to the BBC, one Anangu man described Uluru as a "very sacred place . . . like our church”.
Safety concerns also played a part in the decision to ban climbers from scaling the 348m red sandstone rock. The walk can prove dangerous, with dozens of people dying since the 1950s. Indeed, a Japanese tourist died making the ascent last year. Others succumbed to the extreme temperatures, which can reach close to 50°C in summer.
For Anangu National Park leader, Tjiangu Thomas, the closure conjured mixed emotions. "Part of me is very happy that Anangu's voices are heard and respected,” he told Australia’s 9News. “Also a little bit of sadness knowing that some of my traditional elders are no longer here with us to see the fruits of all their hard work." | https://www.worldhalffull.com/post/uluru-closed-to-climbers |
Earners have developed the financial, organizational, and communication skills to effectively execute diverse administrative roles. They are competent in business-critical skills; persuasively communicating their ideas to others, creating and using financial statements to manage organizational activities, using CRM systems to promote potent customer interactions, and using project management systems to structure and execute the varied range of projects that are vital to an organization's growth.
- Type Learning
- Level Advanced
- Time Months
- Cost Paid
Skills
- Active Listening
- Budgets
- Business Accounting
- CRM
- Effective Writing
- Financial Accounting
- Financial Ratios
- Financial Statements
- Fundamentals Of Human Resources
- Meeting Facilitation
- Organizational Communication
- Project Management
- Public Relations
- Public Speaking
- Sarbanes-Oxley
- Storytelling
- Strategic Communications
Earning Criteria
-
Completed the following courses: Business Communications and Finance for the Business Professional as well as at least two electives. Met all requirements for an Administrative Professionals Specialization. Earned at least 6.5 UCSC units.
-
Several of the courses in the Administrative Professionals Specialization qualify for professional credit toward certification organizations, including HRCI® and SHRM. | https://www.credly.com/org/ucsc-silicon-valley-extension/badge/administrative-professionals-specialization.1 |
It’s National Sleep Awareness Month and this week — March 14-20th — is Sleep Awareness Week. This may, or may not, come as a shock to you, but everyone needs sleep. I know, crazy, right? Sleep is one of the most important sources of recovery for our minds and bodies. I’m neither a scientist nor am I a medical professional so I won’t start throwing too many facts and figures at you. According to the Sleep Foundation, “adults need between seven and nine hours of sleep and children need even more.” I don’t know about you, but I can’t remember the last time I got a solid seven to eight hours of sleep. But by not sleeping enough hours my body doesn’t get the full recharge it needs. We stress the need for a fully charged phone or pair of blue-tooth headphones so why don’t we make sure to do the same for our bodies? A lack of sleep can seriously impair our ability to concentrate, our mood, motor skills, and energy levels.
I struggle with insomnia, and I have since early childhood. Falling and staying asleep are two of the more difficult things that I have done in my life. When I was really young, maybe three or four years old, my mom had to install a baby gate in my bedroom doorway because when I couldn’t sleep, I would wander the house in the middle of the night. Not that that stopped me because I quickly learned that I could use my garbage pail as a stepping stool over the gate. haha!
Throughout high school and college, I was that kid falling asleep as the teacher spoke and only waking up to hear the sound of the bell or the squeal of the chairs along the tile floor, signaling that class was done. My insomnia has its good and bad periods, and during this last year, I have identified five tools that help me fall asleep and get my body and mind the quality rest that it needs.
One of my biggest struggles at night is falling asleep. I am one of those people who love falling asleep with the television running or with my cell phone right next to my bed, but all of our devices give off blue-light which can severely affect our body, especially our brains, ability to switch off for the night and rest. For years, I did that, and even now I still forget and try to fall asleep to the sounds of a movie of tv show. But it doesn’t work, really. Those are the nights that I end up waking up and falling asleep repeatedly and I feel drained the following morning, which makes it hard to get through the day.
As quarantine dragged on, my pre-bedtime habits worsened and I would end up sleeping only four or five hours a night. But, I’ve had to make changes to my routine in order to get more sleep and feel more refreshed the following day! Throughout the week, I am going to share some of those with you here and I can’t wait to answer any questions you might have for me. | https://stephanie-katherine.com/2021/03/15/national-sleep-awareness-week/ |
Chapter 5: The Role of the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in Protecting Civilians
Zambakari, C., Kang, T. K., & Sanders, R. A. (2018). The Role of the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in Protecting Civilians. In S. C. Roach & D. K. Hudson (Eds.), The Challenge of Governance in South Sudan: Corruption, Peacebuilding, and Foreign Intervention (1 ed.). London, New York: Routledge.
36 Pages Posted: 26 Feb 2018 Last revised: 31 Dec 2018
Date Written: June 22, 2018
Abstract
The protection of civilians (PoC) mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), was established in 2011, coinciding with the country's independence. Since then, the public discourse on UNMISS has called into question the capacity of the mission to fully meet the expectations created by this mandate in practice. In this chapter we explore this issue by investigating the following questions: 1) how can the discrepancy between UNMISS and its mandate be understood within the context of international law? 2) what does the quantitative data available on incidents requiring civilian protection indicate regarding who were the actors involved, the frequency and distribution of events, and the extent of documented fatalities?; 3) what does the public discourse (media accounts, academic publications, as well as UN and third-party investigations) reveal about UNMISS and its PoC mandate? To answer these questions, we first present the international legal context in which the mission operates, and identify key areas of concern. We then analyze incidents that took place in the national capital, Juba, as well as the state capitals of Malakal and Bor, to highlight the challenges facing UNMISS in protecting civilians in South Sudan. We make use of data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), concentrating on incidents that occurred in South Sudan between 2011 and 2016. This data is then traced to the public discourse that exists on UNMISS and its mandate. We find that there remain contradictions between the actions of the peacekeeping force and the mandate of UNMISS, the public expectations of the institution, as well as the resources and personnel provided to support its activities. We conclude by proposing that a path forward be created that involves robust and citizen-centered peacekeeping. | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3128701 |
This article describes the theory and practice of narrative mediation as a primary resource in the engagement and resolution of communal cultural violence by military and development advisors operating in under-governed conflict zone. The praxis adopts the narrative therapy practice of Michael White and the narrative mediation model of Winslade & Monk to create an approach to engage rural, tribal communities caught in cycles of violence as perpetrators, victims and bystanders. Because the praxis is employed cross-culturally in sociocentric communities, I have added elements of conflict story discovery and joint mediation therapy to the existing model of deconstruction, externalization and restorying – thus creating a reformulated model. The employment of this narrative therapy and mediation approach was done through my practical field application during 20 years of violent, intra-state conflict in Sudan, Niger, Iraq and Colombia. The implications of continuing narrative mediation as a primary resource would serve to advance the larger praxis of conflict resolution in cultural and ethnic violence.
|Article||
|
A Reformulated Model of Narrative Mediation of Emerging Culture Conflict
|Journal||International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, Issue 2 2014|
|Keywords||narrative mediation, ethnic and cultural conflict, psychoanalysis of communal violence, peacekeeping|
|Authors||Patrick J Christian|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|Article||
|
Responsibility and Peace Activism: Lessons from the Balkans
|Journal||International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, Issue 2 2014|
|Keywords||Responsibility, peace activism, non-violence, conflict, dynamical systems, Balkans, Levinas|
|Authors||Borislava Manojlovic|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|
|
Background: The notion of responsibility for peace in this article is examined through the analysis of stories told by seven peace activists that have chosen to promote peace in the midst of the violent 1990s conflicts in the Balkans by resisting or rejecting violence. Purpose: This study aims to explore what it means to perform responsible action (i.e. why certain individuals choose peace in the midst of conflict, despite danger and risk for themselves), and what makes their peace activities successful. Methodology: The research is based on seven in-depth semi-structured interviews. By means of dynamical systems theory and Levinas’ concept of responsibility, this study traces the positive attractor dynamics within individual narratives of these peace activists, which includes actions or thinking that produce peaceful outcomes in conflict systems. Findings: The findings suggest that inquiry and openness towards the Other rooted in care and responsibility can serve as a positive attractor in a conflict system. Successful peace activities are enabled through learning from past mistakes and creation of inclusive and diverse spaces for interaction in which historical narratives can be expanded and non-violent strategies can be embraced. Originality/value: This study contributes to the body of knowledge on how change leading to peaceful outcomes can be introduced in conflict systems through peace activism and how we can deal with the current and future violent conflicts more constructively. It also helps to bridge the gap between practice of and research on conflict resolution by giving voice to the practitioners and eliciting lessons from the ground.
|Article||
|
No Career Ladder for Mediators
A Failure of the Field
|Journal||International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, Issue 1 2014|
|Keywords||mediator career, new mediators, career ladder, access to field, practice cases|
|Authors||David Matz|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|
|
As a field, mediation has excellent training and education and excellent service delivery. But it has no career path from the completion of education to a case flow practice. There is no apprenticeship process, there is no way to gain experience with significant cases, there is no structure for serious supervision, there is no way to establish a reputation for professional competence. The result is the loss of many talented, particularly young, mediators. One major cause is a failure to attract cases valued at more than small claims level and less than, say, $100,000. The field needs to focus on this gap in its professional process.
|Article||
|
Success and Failure in ADR
A Dialogue between Partners
|Journal||International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, Issue 1 2014|
|Keywords||collaborative, adjudicatory, pedagogy, interdisciplinary, diversity|
|Authors||Lela P. Love and Joseph B. Stulberg|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|
|
Love and Stulberg critically discuss policy, scholarly, and practice developments in four areas of program development in the area historically referenced as alternative dispute resolution (ADR): the range of process options; the impact of court procedures on ADR program development and practice; the nature of ADR scholarship and training; and the general public's receptiveness to or rejection of the normative principles that structure ADR collaborative processes. Their concluding remarks suggest that the promise of ADR, particularly of the mediation process, remains inspiring to many, even if its effective implementation remains uneven.
|Article||
|
Success in Conflict Intervention Is What We Make of It but Significance Is the Goal
|Journal||International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, Issue 1 2014|
|Keywords||conflict intervention research, measure of success, measure of significance, third party impact, mediation|
|Authors||Brian Polkinghorn and Abraham (Avi) Mozes-Carmel|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|
|
This article examines two issues relating to why and how we measure and derive any meaning of ‘success’ regarding the effective intervention into conflict episodes. The first issue focuses on who we say we are in relation to what we do as interveners and researchers who occupy an eclectic and clustered field of study and practice. We argue the field itself impacts the framing of success and as such we should resist the urge to fuse the field into tightly bound conceptual frameworks or through any unifying theories and remain – at least for now – a wide open and diverse conglomerate so as to focus our attention on the fission of unique ideas. The second issue argues that there is no one universal or ‘normal’ framework or method relating to how we measure success in conflict intervention. Therefore we argue that the measure of success is not the true aim of conflict intervention research, but rather gaining an understanding of the significance and impact the process and intervener have on the parties.
|Article||
|
Transformative Mediation
A Self-Assessment
|Journal||International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, Issue 1 2014|
|Keywords||relational approach to mediation, transformative mediation, ideology and mediation, Institute for the Study of Conflict Transformation, USPS REDRESS Mediation Program|
|Authors||Joseph Folger and Robert A. Baruch Bush|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|
|
Transformative mediation is an approach to third party intervention that has been implemented in a range of dispute settings over the past twenty years. This article offers an explanation of what led us to develop the transformative model of mediation, and an assessment of the body of work related to both the theory and practice of transformative mediation. Specifically, we offer an assessment of: how well the relational premises of the model have been articulated, whether transformative practice remained aligned with its underlying premises, what the impact of practice has been, and what effect this approach to conflict intervention has had on the discourse of the conflict field in general.
|Article||
|
Lessons from the Frontiers of Failure
Second-Order Social Learning and Conflict Resolution
|Journal||International Journal of Conflict Engagement and Resolution, Issue 1 2014|
|Keywords||conflict resolution, social learning, intractability, failure, adaptation|
|Authors||Oliver Ramsbotham|
|AbstractAuthor's information|
|
|
From the beginning, second order social learning has been at the heart of conflict resolution. Learning from failure was seen by the founders of the field to be essential for individuals and social groups if they were to adapt and survive in a constantly changing environment. This article traces the origins of this concept within the field and then applies it to the field itself. How well has conflict resolution responded to failure during its 60 year development? Where are the ‘frontiers of failure’ today? The article ends with an example of adaptation to failure drawn from my own work on what can be done in the communicative sphere when, so far, conflict resolution does not work. | https://www.elevenjournals.com/zoek?search_journal_code=22119965&search_text=%5C%22Working+time%5C%22&search_year=2014 |
dance anywhere® goes to school encourages classrooms to participate in dance anywhere and to explore resources supporting their dance while also following the moment of dance with a reflection: a poem, drawing, painting or interview that gives personal context to the larger group experience.
dance anywhere® goes to school encourages teachers to connect their dance to existing curriculum.
Finding the many cultural and historical ties that dance can bring to an inquiry and to share those connections with a larger audience who might be willing to dance in the same way.
For a classroom or for an entire school to consider an interval of dance is a radical celebration that validates a different sort of learning. It builds community, supports physical activity, and invites creativity while learning patterns of movement.
Although dance anywhere is a global moment of dance, one day of each year, its simplicity could be folded into any school day. Sometimes, by starting with one day the inclination to dance can become a contagious daily ritual.
post performance: written spoken drawn or painted? | https://www.danceanywhere.org/goes2school |
Experiment:
Room: 1.570 Tel.: 64849
A better understanding of material properties allows us to manipulate them and create new compounds with better electronic, mechanic and optical properties. However such an understanding requires the knowledge of the detailed structure of the materials, because without this knowledge one is as lost as in unknown territory without a map. With X-ray diffraction structural parameters of crystalline materials can be determined with high precision. In this experiment the basic principles of X-ray diffraction are developed. For this purpose in the first part of the experiment the properties of X-rays and their absorption characteristics are investigated with an X-ray apparatus. In the second part the structural properties and parameters of single crystals are determined with X-ray diffraction.
Key words:
Generation and absorption of X-rays, crystalline structure, lattice, reciprocal lattice, Bragg reflection, Laue equations, X-ray tubes, counter tube, Compton effect, x-ray fluorescence.
Institute: 3.PI
Room: 6.516
Tel.: 65383
E-Mail: matthew.joliffe (at) pi3.uni-stuttgart.de
Experiment:
Room: 1.572 Tel.: 64848
Institute: ITP3
Room: 5.349
Tel.: 65205
E-Mail: rukmani.bai (at) itp3.uni-stuttgart.de
Experiment:
Room: 1.909 Tel.: 64871
Quantum Analogs is an acoustical experiment designed to explain wave mechanics. The basis of the experiment is the analogy between the mathematical description of an electron in a potential (Schrödinger equation) und the behavior of ordinary sound waves in air (Helmholtz equation). The major advantage of acoustical experiments hereby is that sound-phenomena appear on an accessible time and length scale for humans. The experimental setup allows to investigate acoustical analogies with one- and three-dimensional quantum mechanical systems. Acoustical analogues to the hydrogen atom and hydrogen molecule and the dispersion in one-dimensional acoustical semiconductors are examined.
Key words:
Schrödinger equation, hydrogen atom, hydrogen molecule, Bragg condition, band gap, reciprocal space, dispersion relation, Brillouin zone, reduced zone scheme
Institute: MPI-IS
Room:
Tel.:
E-Mail: gardi (at) is.mpg.de
Experiment:
Room: 1.519 Tel.: 64813
Today nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most important spectroscopic methods in physics, chemistry, biology and medicine. It provides information about the electronic environment of single atoms and their interactions with neighbouring atoms. This information allows the analysis of the structure and dynamic of the sample. The measuring principle of cw- and pulsed NMR is shown with a simple spectrometer. The characteristic values T1 (spin-lattice relaxation time) and T2 (spin-spin relaxation time) are determined for selected samples.
Key words:
classical and quantum mechanical description of nuclear magnetic resonance, pulse-NMR (rotating coordinate system, FID, spin echo, pulse sequences), measurement of T1 and T2 (spin-spin relaxation, spin-lattice relaxation)
Institute: 3.PI
Room: 6.549
Tel.: 65283
E-Mail: v.vorobyov (at) pi3.uni-stuttgart.de
Experiment:
Room: 1.921 Tel.: 64876
Noise ultimately determines the sensitivity limit in all physical measurements. There is no measuring system that is free of statistical fluctuations. In measurements of current and voltage this fluctuations originate from the finite size of the elementary electric charge (shot noise) or the thermal motion of the charge carriers (thermal noise). An exact noise analysis thus allows the precise measurement of the elementary electric charge e- and the Boltzmann constant kB. Therefore in this experiment noise itself is the investigated signal.
Institute: FMQ
Room:
Tel.:
E-Mail: skalavi (at) fmq.uni-stuttgart.de
Experiment:
Room: 1.934 Tel.: 64862
Optical pumping allows to probe atomic phenomena such as resonant light absorption, nuclear spin energy levels, Zeemann splitting and Rabi oscillations. The fundamental idea of optical pumping is to use polarized light to create an energy population distribution that is different from the Boltzmann distribution at a given temperature. In the experimental setup gaseous Rubidium is pumped, which has a hydrogen-like electronic configuration but consists of two isotopes with different nuclear spins leading to manifold lines.
Institute: 5.PI
Room: 4.108
Tel.: 64967
E-Mail: kng (at) pi5.physik.uni-stuttgart.de
Experiment:
Room: 1.543 Tel.: 64867
In this students’ lab a simple He-Ne-Laser is aligned for different output mirrors.The stability ranges for different resonator arrangements and the laser gain are determined. Also the axial development of the laser beam is visualized by a CCD camera and will be measured. By different frequency selective optical elements inside the resonator the laser is operated at different wavelength. The output wavelength is thereby determined by a CCD spectrometer. The axial modes of a He-Ne-Laser will be examined with a Fabry-Pérot-Interferometer. Key words Laser conditions, laser types, 2-,3-,4- level laser, stimulated and spontaneous emission, absorption, line broadening mechanism, laser modes, free spectral range, finesse, axial and transversal modes, Fabry-Pérot-Interferometer.
Institute: 5.PI
Room:
Tel.: +4971168564890
E-Mail: anasuri (at) pi5.physik.uni-stuttgart.de
Experiment:
Room: 1.939 Tel.: 64864
In a measurement, the demanded information is often given in a time-dependent voltage signal, in the so called time domain. With an oscilloscope, you can record these signals. However, the desired information is often coded in frequency, so one is only interested in particular frequencies. With the aid of a spectrum analyser, the desired signals can be visualized in the frequency domain. Using examples of simple physical experiments (acoustic resonator, coupled oscillator, fluxgate magnetometer), the experiment demonstrates the versatile possibilities of Fourier methods. Where the oscilloscope just detects noise, you can detect signals in the Fourier space, which differ in amplitude by a factor of 10.000. Aside, a spectrum analyser is excellently qualified for analysing amplitude- or frequency-modulated signals or for the characterisation of nonlinearities. | https://www.f08.uni-stuttgart.de/en/physics/students/teaching/lab_courses/apl/experiments/ |
Decreasing in-hospital mortality for oesophageal variceal hemorrhage in the USA.
To date, no study has analyzed nationwide trends of in-hospital mortality related to oesophageal variceal hemorrhage in the USA. The aim of this study was to analyze trends of in-hospital mortality related to oesophageal variceal bleeding over the past two decades using a large national database. In addition, our aim was to study patient demographics and to identify risk factors for in-hospital mortality based on administrative data routinely collected in this population. The nationwide inpatient sample database was used from 1988 to 2004. Patients with an International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, Clinical Modification discharge diagnosis of oesophageal variceal bleeding were included. Patient demographics, hospital, and admission characteristics were collected. t-test and Poisson regression analysis were used to evaluate trends. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between mortality and patient/hospital characteristics. From 1988 to 2004, crude in-hospital mortality decreased from 18 to 11.5%, whereas the age-adjusted in-hospital mortality rate decreased 45.4% from 1289 per 100,000 to 704 per 100,000 (P<0.01). Mortality was consistently higher for males and for African-Americans over the study period. For the 2001 dataset, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, African-American race, age, large hospital size, urban location, teaching hospitals, and hospitals located in the northeast were independent risk factors for increased mortality. The in-hospital mortality of patients with oesophageal variceal bleeding has decreased over the past two decades and is likely due to the advances made in the acute management of variceal bleeding as well as improved resuscitative methods. Male sex, African-American race, age, large hospital size, urban location, teaching hospitals, and hospitals located in the northeast are independent risk factors for increased in-hospital mortality.
| |
Volume 71 "Disease Evolution: Models, Concepts, and Data Analyses"
TITLE: "Disease Evolution: Models, Concepts, and Data Analyses"
Infections by microparasites (bacteria, viruses, protozoa and single celled fungi) are the primary source of human mortality in the underdeveloped world. And, despite all of the improvement in public health, hygiene, nutrition, living conditions and medical intervention over the past century, infections continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world as well. Indeed, if we include people compromised by age, cancers and other diseases with immune-suppressing effects and/or treatments, coronary artery, diabetes, and other noncontagious and degenerative diseases, bacterial infections (often acquired in hospitals) may well be the major immediate cause of death even in overdeveloped countries.
Traditionally, the study of infectious diseases and their prevention and treatment has been the purview of epidemiologists, microbiologists, immunologists and clinicians - people who generally have little background in or appreciation for mathematics beyond statistics, if that. While the importance of quantitative reasoning for studies of the epidemiology of infectious diseases has been recognized for some time, this has been less so for investigations of the course of infections and their treatment within individual patients. For the most part, protocols for preventing the spread of infections in hospitals and communities and for the treatment of individual patients are based on qualitative considerations, experience and intuition, with money being the primary quantitative element in their design and implementation.
During the past two decades, studies of the epidemiology, evolution and withinhost biology of infectious diseases and the development of methods for their prevention and treatment have been increasingly infiltrated by quantitative methods beyond statistics. A number of applied and not-so-applied mathematicians, mathematically trained and oriented epidemiologists, microbiologists, immunologists, ecologists, population and evolutionary biologists and even real doctors have been using mathematical and numerical models (computer simulations) to study the epidemiology, evolution and within-host dynamics of infectious diseases and to develop and evaluate protocols for their prevention and treatment. This collection is an impressive sampling of the nature and diversity of this epidemic of mathematical and numerical modelling for the studies of infectious diseases. It illustrates some of the delicious problems and opportunities for mathematicians and mathematical biologists that infectious diseases pose - problems that have the virtues of being important to human health and well-being and, at the same time, being challenging and intriguing even from the precious heights of academe.
For generality, tractability and the aesthetic appeal of closed-form mathematical analysis, traditional models of the epidemiology and evolution of infectious diseases have been deterministic and give little or no consideration to the spatial, temporal and other heterogeneities of human and other host communities and those of the microbes that infect them. In recent years, increasing numbers of modelers have been confronting these inconveniences and the unfortunate finiteness of the real world and exploring how they affect the inferences about the epidemiology and evolution of infectious diseases drawn from simpler models. Three of the chapters in this collection illustrate this trend. Mike Boots and his collaborators consider the effects of the spatial structure of host populations on the evolution of the virulence of the microparasites that infect them. The two chapters by Wayne Getz and his cohorts examine, in a pedagogically useful as well as scholarly way, the consequences of spatial structure and stochastic processes on the spread of infectious diseases. Their chapters illustrate the utility of modelling to understanding the ascent and spread of emerging and reemerging diseases like SARS and tuberculosis, predicting their emergence and evaluating methods to control their dissemination.
In a commentary with a title that should appeal to this audience, "In Theory", Sidney Brenner referred to molecular biology as the "great leveler" and suggested that for many it has made thinking unnecessary, a position I do not challenge. On the other side, the ease with which data and particularly those on the nucleotide sequences of DNA can be and have been gathered has also provided an opportunity for the quantitative study of evolutionary history through phylogenies. God is no longer the only one who can make a tree. Phylogenies generated from DNA sequence data - molecular phylogenies - have been the largest growth industry in the evolution business for the past decade. And, the development (if not always the application) of methods for generating, analyzing and interpreting these trees is an activity that requires serious thinking. The chapter by Charleston and Galvani is a fine example of this thinking applied to ascertaining the evolutionary relationship between interacting organisms like parasites and their hosts. "Co-phylogenetic" methods of the sort they are developing are of practical as well as academic interest. They can be used to determine the origins (original hosts) of newly emerging infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and in that way better understand the conditions responsible for their emergence.
A prominent approach to drawing inferences about the nature and direction of evolution of parasites and their virulence has been to study their ecology (population dynamics and demography) within individual hosts or communities of hosts. In this perspective, the fitness of the microparasites is proportional to their reproductive number, R0 - the number of secondary infections in a largely (or better yet, wholly) uninfected population of cells or tissues in an infected host or among individuals in a community of hosts. While this ecological approach to evolutionary inferences is explicit about nature and functional form of the selection pressures responsible for evolution, it does not consider the genetic basis of the variability upon which that selection is operating. In different ways and with different foci, two chapters consider ways to meld the ecological approach to the study of the evolution of microparasites and their virulence with those of population and quantitative genetics in situations where the nature of inheritance is explicit but where the ecological basis of selection is not. In their chapter, Troy Day and Sylvain Gandon consider how to apply classy population genetic approaches, like the Price equation, to studies of the evolution of microparasites and their virulence in communities of hosts. In his chapter, John Kelly uses a combination of ecological and population genetic methods to explore the contribution of tissue heterogeneity to the evolution of viruses in within infected hosts.
The contribution of the heterogeneity of the within-host habitat to the population and evolutionary dynamics of microparasites is also the focus of three other chapters in this collection. While modelers as well as experimentalists have the convenience of separately studying microparasite ecology and evolution within infected host and in communities of hosts, in the real world microbes have no choice but to deal with both of these elements of their ecology and evolution. Although their models focus primarily on the within-host population and evolutionary dynamics of viruses and the contribution of within-host heterogeneity to that evolution, in their chapter Robert Holt and Michael Barfield consider how the within-host biology of microparasites contributes to their evolution in communities of hosts. In the chapter by Zhilan Feng and Libin Rong, the within-host heterogeneity of concern is comprised of the selective environments imposed by treatment with multiple drugs that act at different stages in the microparasite replication cycle. Using an age-structured model, they consider the treatment of HIV/AIDS with reversetranscriptase - and protease - inhibitors, and how this treatment contributes to the evolution of resistance and rates of viral replication. Antimicrobial chemotherapy, heterogeneity and resistance are also the subjects of the chapter by David Smith and his collaborators. In their case, the drugs are antibacterial (antibiotics) rather than antiviral; the heterogeneity is both spatial and in the extent to which the drugs are employed; and the focus is the epidemiology and evolution of resistance in communities of hosts rather than in individual treated patients.
Investigators studying the evolution of infectious disease are almost invariably adaptationists; they assume that selection in the host, parasite or both populations is responsible for the virulence of the parasite and for maintaining genetic diversity in the parasite population. In their article on the serological diversity of the rhinoviruses responsible for the common cold, William Koppelman and Frederick Adler consider the neutral, null hypothesis alternative - that the 100 or so serotypes of Rhinoviruses responsible for colds are consequences of a high mutation rate and genetic drift rather than immune-mediated selection. Rhinoviruses and the cross-immunity they engender are also stage center in the chapter by Alun L. Lloyd and Dominik Wodarz, but the focus of their investigation of these ubiquitous and annoying, albeit rarely lethal, viruses is chemotherapy and the contribution of the host immune response to the evolution of resistance to the antiviral drugs employed.
This collection can be and I believe should be seen as a testimony to the work of Roy Anderson and Robert May. While they are not the discoverers of infectious diseases (at least I don't think they are) or even the first to use mathematical models to investigate them, their research more than that of any other investigators has been responsible for the renaissance (epidemic) in the use of models for studying infectious diseases and their control. The research reported in almost all of the chapters in this volume have antecedents in Anderson and May's work. While there is no formal dedication to them in the front matter of this volume, that dedication is where it really counts. The contributions of either Robert May and/or Roy Anderson are acknowledged at least once in every chapter and now, appropriately, in this Preface.
Document last modified on August 31, 2006. | http://archive.dimacs.rutgers.edu/Volumes/Vol71.html |
Hunters and Gatherers celebrates the art of the found object and the art of assemblage. Each artist has gathered material from various sources such as urban settings or their own studios, finding and collecting large amounts of disparate parts made of wood, iron, ceramics, paper and then bringing them together to create a new sense of sculptural identity. The urge to collect objects that “catch one’s eye” for their simple intrinsic value and beauty and then transforming the objects by re-assembling them is at the heart of the exhibition. Long before our forebears became an agricultural society, we had to hunt, forage and gather for food and shelter. The idea of collecting is buried deep into our DNA. In the contemporary realm of art making, these ten artists are not interested in representing the world as it exists but rearranging material in a way that they want to see it exist. In their work, an interesting vibration and cumulative look at form and figure that transcends time and space takes place. For example, in the works selected, one can see a recurring theme of a circle within a square. In addition, the dichotomy of insertion and the idea of stacking and building is strongly represented. Finally, the work has the uncanny ability to no longer reveal the original use or intention of the object, but to reveal a transformed talismanic sense of being.
Charlie Coolidge creates treasure troves of trash that pile together and whose original ingredients attempt an advancement of content through their pairings. Conjuring Stonehenge, Coolidge’s urban decay is caught between worlds as it refers to the use of a place through reference and physical evidence.
Lois Harada manipulates discarded paper into delicate compositions of cut paper forms inspired by flora and fauna. The paper works are gathered onto panels, following the tradition of collecting and reassembling found natural materials for display in cabinets of curiosity or vivarium.
Susan Hardy’s modular work is comprised of deconstructed tea bags. Squares of delicate dyed tea paper are held together with a transparent glue made from cornstarch and syrup creating a quilted diary of consumption and contemplation.
Lynne Harlow creates minimal installations that intervene with architecture and space in a dynamic play between light and form. Working with scraps from her studio for this particular work in the exhibition, she creates subtle shifts in perception of object, line and shape.
Kirsten Hassenfeld creates mixed media sculptures made from buttons, jar lids, blueware ceramic bowls and other found objects. Originally taking their name from handmade wooden functional objects, Hassenfeld’s treens are symmetric forms that hang in groups. They become reminiscent of any number of household accoutrements including wind chimes, hanging bells, and finials.
Tayo Heuser presents a knotted tapestry which exists as proof of a personal performance. For three months Heuser carried a piece of cotton twine around with her and each time she had a negative thought, she tied a knot. Every day is represented by a separate piece of twine.
Scott Lapham exhibits unaltered sea forms that are conglomerations of debris and detritus preserved in epoxy resin. The exquisite natural collections seem to have been compiled by the shore creatures into nests of wonder.
Nick Sayers’ spherical objects are born from an interest in nature and geometry. Using found and collected utilitarian structures such as measuring tapes and bike reflectors, Sayers creates curious clusters that beg to be deciphered for their constructed ingenuity and simplicity.
Daniel Stupar’s mixed media assemblage references sacred architecture and ceremonial objects and their mounded or dome-like structure. Supreme symmetry unifies the otherwise disparate objects that now exist as one.
John Udvardy is a modernist sculptor whose assembled structures have their roots in Cubist sensibilities surrounding painting and collage. The varied yet elegant work weaves poetic tales of work and leisure in stunning masses of materials including wood, stone, fired clay, nails, paint stirrers and canvas. | https://www.cadetompkinsprojects.com/hunters-and-gatherers/ |
A group of researchers has identified a new potential treatment method that could prevent several kinds of aggressive tumor from growing.
The study, published in Science, details how disrupting a pathway used by cancerous cells to proliferate could be the key to inhibiting the growth and survival of tumors.
“Identification of genetic markers that predict cancer cell vulnerabilities and new drugs to exploit such vulnerabilities is a focal point of cancer research today,” says senior author Lee Zou, associate scientific director of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center.
Cancer cells survive by avoiding the natural processes of aging and death that normal cells undergo.
In normal cells, repetitive DNA sequences called telomeres regulate these processes. Telomeres are found at the end of chromosomes, protecting them and ensuring that cells do not lose genetic information when dividing.
Over time, telomeres erode and shorten. Once telomeres have been eroded down to a critically short length, a signal is sent which tells the cell to stop dividing, protecting the genetic information while simultaneously cutting short the cell’s lifespan.
Cancer cells attempt to promote cellular mortality by lengthening telomeres. There are two major pathways of telomere elongation and in most cases, an enzyme called telomerase extends telomeres.
The other pathway is referred to as the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. In this pathway, telomeres are lengthened via recombination with DNA sequences from other chromosomes.
This new study represents the first time that a therapy has been identified specifically for treating the ALT pathway.
“Cancer cells must rely on either the telomerase enzyme or the ALT pathway to bypass the normal processes of cell aging and death,” explains Zou. “Our findings may provide a new direction for the treatment of ALT-positive cancers – which include osteosarcoma, glioblastoma and certain pancreatic tumors.”
For the study, a team was led by Rachel Flynn, assistant professor of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM).
The team set out to examine how certain key proteins act and are expressed in cancer cells using the ALT pathway. They identified a protein called ATR specializing in the regulation of DNA repair and recombination as being crucial to regulating the ALT pathway.
Known ATR inhibitors, VE-821 and AZ20, were then found by the team to selectively destroy certain tumor cells from the panels of cancer cell lines. Eliminating these tumor cells suppressed their ability to elongate their telomeres via recombination and ultimately led to the death of the cancer cells.
“This study suggests that inhibiting ATR may be a novel and important strategy in treating cancers that rely on the ALT pathway, including up to 60% of osteosarcomas and 40-60% percent of glioblastomas,” says Flynn.
Being able to specifically target a single protein with modes of therapy can be extremely beneficial, as Flynn goes on to explain:
“Such targeted treatments would only affect cancer cells and have little effect on the surrounding healthy tissue, potentially minimizing the harsh and debilitating side effects experienced with traditional cancer therapies.”
Clinical trials of telomerase inhibitors are underway, but up to 10% of tumors would not respond to this type of drug on account of using the ALT pathway. Flynn explains, however, that testing tumors to identify which pathway they use is not routine practice.
“If VE-821 or other ATR inhibitors are clinically successful, it would support such testing and may lead to more personalized and targeted therapeutic regimens for several cancers refractory to traditional chemotherapeutics.”
The authors conclude by writing that their findings offer an unexplored direction for future preclinical and clinical studies.
Last year, Medical News Today reported on a study finding that the genes behind longer telomeres are associated with an increased risk of brain cancer. | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288092 |
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel benzofuran-pyrazole derivatives as anticancer agents.
This study deals with design and synthesis of novel benzofuran-pyrazole hybrids as anticancer agents. Eight compounds were chosen by National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA to evaluate their in vitro antiproliferative activity at 10(-5)M in full NCI 60 cell panel. The preliminary screening of the tested compounds showed promising broad-spectrum anticancer activity. Compound 4c was further assayed for five dose molar ranges in full NCI 60 cell panel and exhibited remarkable growth inhibitory activity pattern against Leukemia CCRF-CEM, MOLT-4, Lung Cancer HOP-92, Colon Cancer HCC-2998, CNS Cancer SNB-75, Melanoma SK-MEL-2, Ovarian Cancer IGROV1, Renal Cancer 786-0, RXF 393, Breast Cancer HS 578T and T-47D (GI50: 1.00-2.71μM). Moreover, enzyme assays were carried out to investigate the possible antiproliferative mechanism of action of compound 4c. The results revealed that compound 4c has good c-Src inhibitory activity at 10μM. In addition, molecular docking studies showed that 4c could bind to the ATP Src pocket sites. Fulfilling the Lipinskiís rule of five in addition to its ADME profile and the biological results, all strongly suggest that 4c is a promising Src kinase inhibitor.
| |
SAN FRANCISCO (KRON) – More businesses in San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin counties will partially reopen Monday as they move forward into Phase 2 of California’s four-stage reopening plan amid the coronavirus pandemic.
Here’s where all Bay Area counties stand when it comes to reopening:
Begins Phase 2 Monday
– Marin County
– San Francisco County
– San Mateo County
Begins Phase 2 “Soon”
– Alameda County
– Contra Costa County
No Date Set
– Santa Clara County
Already in Phase 2
– Napa County
– Solano County
– Sonoma County
Counties that are in Phase 2 of the state’s reopening plan allow most retail operations and businesses to partially reopen only for curbside or storefront pickup.
In San Francisco, guidelines for retail businesses and associated manufacturers and warehouses were released by Mayor London Breed.
The guidelines include social distancing protocol that must be posted and distributed, as well as a written health and safety plan.
“Allowing retail to operate storefront pickup is a great step for our small businesses, which have been struggling since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic,” said Mayor Breed. “Businesses that will be allowed to open next week won’t be able to operate like they used to but this hopefully offers a measure of support. We will be monitoring our key COVID-19 indicators carefully, and will be ready to quickly make any adjustments as needed to respond to a spike in cases, or an increase in hospitalizations.”
Retail stores in enclosed indoor shopping centers will remain closed.
In addition to retail stores, certain manufacturers, warehouses, and logistical businesses will be allowed to open.
Businesses that manufacture the goods sold at retail stores and have no more than 50 personnel on site in the facility at any time will be allowed to operate. Businesses that provide warehousing and logistical support to the retail stores covered above and have no more than 50 personnel on site in the facility at any time will also be allowed to operate. They will also need to abide by State guidelines for safety during this pandemic.
Businesses can request that the street parking outside the entrance to their store be converted to a temporary loading zone to help encourage physical distancing and reduce crowding. That application information is available online, along with the guidelines for retail businesses.
Officials are reminding everyone that the current health order remains in place – expiring May 31 – that encourages people to stay indoors for essential needs and certain permitted activities, and Monday’s changes are an easing of restrictions.
Social distancing continues to be strongly encouraged.
Latest Stories: | https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/phase-2-reopening-3-more-bay-area-counties-relax-coronavirus-restrictions/ |
---
abstract: 'Every smooth closed curve can be represented by a suitable Fourier sum. We show that the ensemble of curves generated by randomly chosen Fourier coefficients with amplitudes inversely proportional to spatial frequency (with a smooth exponential cutoff), can be accurately mapped on the physical ensemble of worm-like polymer loops. We find that measures of correlation on the scale of the entire loop yield a larger persistence length than that calculated from the tangent-tangent correlation function at small length scales. The conjecture that physical loops exhibit additional rigidity on scales comparable to the entire loop due to the contribution of twist rigidity, can be tested experimentally by determining the persistence length from the local curvature and comparing it with that obtained by measuring the radius of gyration of dsDNA plasmids. The topological properties of the ensemble randomly generated worm-like loops are shown to be similar to that of other polymer models.'
author:
- 'S.M. Rapaport$^{\dag}$, Y. Rabin$^{\dag}$ and A. Yu. Grosberg$^{\ddag}$'
title: 'Worm-like Polymer Loops and Fourier Knots'
---
Classical polymer theories, from Debye to Flory to De Gennes [@DeGennes] and beyond, make extensive use of the analogy between conformation of a chain molecule and a Brownian random walk (BRW). In mathematically idealized form, such a random walk is thought of as a Wiener trajectory $\vec{r}(\tau)$ generated by the measure $P\left\{ \vec{r}(\tau)\right\} \propto\exp\left[
-\mathrm{const} {\displaystyle\int} \left(
\partial\vec{r}/\partial\tau\right) ^{2}d\tau\right]$, where $\tau$ is a parameter running along the trajectory. The BRW model brings powerful mathematical techniques, such as the diffusion equation, to bear on polymers but, however fruitful, this method has its limitations. For example, it is fundamentally unable to reproduce the fact of finite extensibility of polymer chains stretched by a strong force[@MarcoSiggiaBustamante]. Another field in which the Wiener trajectory model fails miserably is the study of polymers with knots. Indeed, simulations of discrete polymer models, or random polygons with $N$ steps, show [@N01; @N02; @N03], that the probability of trivial knot configuration decays exponentially with $N$ as $P_{0}(N)\sim\exp\left( -N/N^{\ast}\right) $, where $N^{\ast}$ defines the crossover from an unknotted to a knotted regime. It was argued that Wiener trajectory polymer models can not be used to calculate this probability [@grosberg], since they correspond to the limit $N\rightarrow\infty$, $l\rightarrow0$ ($l$ is a step length); $Nl^{2}=\mathrm{const}$, in which the probability of a trivial knot vanishes. Notice that the contour length of Wiener trajectory diverges, $Nl\rightarrow\infty$, so it is not surprising that these models do not exhibit finite extensibility. A better continuum model of polymers which can handle the constraints imposed both by finite extensibility and by the presence of knots, and can describe the elastic response of such objects, is that of a worm-like chain. However, while the statistical physics of linear worm-like polymers is well understood, little is known about the conformations and the topology of worm-like loops (WLL). Our goal in this article is to work out a method allowing computational generation of an ensemble of smoothly curved conformations of such polymers and to carry out the statistical analysis of their geometric and topological properties.
The conformations of worm-like polymers are generated by the measure $P\left\{ \vec{r}(s)\right\} \propto\exp\left[
-\mathrm{const} {\displaystyle\int} \left(
\partial^{2}\vec{r}/\partial s^{2}\right) ^{2}ds\right]$, subject to the constraint of non-extensibility, $\left\vert
\partial\vec{r}/\partial s\right\vert =1$. That simply means that conformations are Boltzmann weighted by the bending energy proportional to the squared curvature. In more general elastic models [@RabinPanyukov], the three generalized curvatures describing the object could be treated as independent Gaussian variables. However, this is true only for linear (with open ends) filaments and attempts to generalize these methods to the case of closed loop failed because the loop closure conditions introduce a non-local coupling between the curvatures that makes the problem practically intractable (except for the case of small fluctuations of a planar ring in which this coupling can be explicitly taken into account [@ring]). One natural way to generate the conformations of a closed loop is to expand each component $r^{i}\left( \tau\right) $ in a Fourier series: $$r^{i}\left( \tau\right) =\sum\limits_{n=1}\left[
A_{n}^{i}\cos\left( \frac{2\pi n\tau}{T}\right)
+B_{n}^{i}\sin\left( \frac{2\pi n\tau} {T}\right) \right] \ .
\label{eq:fourier}$$ Here, $\tau$ is a parameter along the curve $\mathbf{r}(\tau)$ ($0\leq\tau\leq T$) and the summation goes up to some cutoff frequency $n_{\max}$ (if the series converges sufficiently rapidly, the cutoff can be replaced by infinity). Any conformation of a sufficiently smooth closed loop can be fully described by the set of Fourier coefficients $\left\{ A_{n}^{i},
B_{n}^{i}\right\} $, giving rise to the concept of Fourier knots introduced in [@Trautwein; @Kauffman]. Notice that a Fourier knot is a much more general concept than the more traditional Lissajou knot, for which only one frequency is present for each coordinate direction.
Using the above prescription one can generate an ensemble of loops of different shapes by taking the Fourier coefficients from some random distribution. However, even though all the loops have the same period $T$, their contour lengths $L_{T}=\int_{0}^{T}d\tau^{\prime}\left\vert
d\mathbf{r/}d\tau^{\prime}\right\vert $ are different for each realization of the Fourier coefficients. Even more importantly, since, in general, $\left\vert \partial\vec{r}/\partial\tau\right\vert \neq1$, loops generated by (\[eq:fourier\]) do not obey the inextensibility condition and can not be used to model worm-like polymers. In order to generate an ensemble of different conformations of an inextensible loop of some well-defined contour length, one has to transform to a representation in which trajectories are parametrized by the arclength $s$ $$s\left( \tau\right) =\int_{0}^{\tau}d\tau^{\prime}\left\vert
d\mathbf{r/} d\tau^{\prime}\right\vert
,\quad\text{with\quad}\left\vert \partial\vec {r}/\partial
s\right\vert =1\label{eq:s}$$ and then bring all the generated conformations to the same contour length by a suitable affine transformation of all lengths and coordinates (this transformation does not affect the topology since the latter is independent of the parametrization). Thus, we can replace $L_{T}=s(T)$ by any standard length $L$, provided that we rescale all lengths using the affine transformation: $\mathbf{r}\rightarrow\mathbf{r}L/L_{T}$. Therefore, in three steps (generation of random coefficients and Fourier summation (\[eq:fourier\]), reparametrization (\[eq:s\]), and affine transformation $s\rightarrow
sL/L_{T}$), of which the latter two couple all Fourier harmonics together in a complex way, we obtain a statistical ensemble of smoothly bent conformations of an inextensible loop of length $L$. Let us now check if this ensemble is representative of physical conformations of a worm-like loop which possesses some characteristic bending and (possibly) twist rigidities.
The first step is to recognize that on length scales much larger than some microscopic cutoff, the conformations of a worm-like polymer are well represented by those of a BRW. For the latter, the amplitudes of the Fourier components can be readily shown to be of the form $\left\{ A_{n}^{i} ,B_{n}^{i}\right\}
_{BRW}=\lambda/n$ for $n\leq n_{\max}$ and zero otherwise, where $\lambda$ is a random number (say, uniformly distributed between $-1$ and $1$; the choice of another symmetric interval is equivalent to rescaling the contour length, see below). As will be demonstrated in the following, short scale behavior characteristic of WLL can be obtained by replacing the abrupt cutoff $n_{\max}$ by Fourier coefficients that decrease smoothly with a characteristic decay frequency $n_{0}$, $$\left\{ A_{n}^{i},B_{n}^{i}\right\} _{WLL}=\lambda
e^{-n/n_{0}}/n, \label{WLC coeff}$$ (notice that the WLL and the BRW expressions for the coefficients coincide for $n\ll n_{0}$).
The next step is to notice that the conformations of linear worm-like polymer are governed by the persistence length, which marks the cross-over between straight line conformations at small length scales and random walk type behavior at large length scales [@DeGennes]. We expect that on small scales, the conformations of linear worm-like polymers and WLL are quite similar and that for the latter this cross-over is represented in Fourier space in terms of $n_{0}$. Of course, the analogy is meaningful only as long as $n_{0}\gg1$, when there is a sufficiently broad range of length scales between the persistence length and the contour length of the knot. The characteristic property of the worm-like chain model is exponential decay (as $\exp(-s/l_{1})$) of the tangent-tangent correlation function, which defines the persistence length $l_{1}$; similarly, for WLL, on length scales sufficiently small compared to the entire loop, one expects that $\left\langle \left\langle t(s)\cdot t(0)\right\rangle
\right\rangle \simeq\exp(-s/l_{1})$, where $\left\langle
\left\langle {}\right\rangle \right\rangle $ denotes averaging both over the contour of a given loop and over the ensemble of loops. This expectation is confirmed in Figure \[fig:correlations\]a, where the logarithm of the correlation function is plotted against the dimensionless arclength $s/l_{1}$. The choice $l_{1}=0.43/n_{0}$ allows us to superimpose data for different values of $n_{0}$ in the range $30\leq n_{0}\leq270$ (the small shift of the exponent is the result of the finite discretization of the contour length $s$).
At first sight, analogy with worm-like chain models of linear polymers suggests that on length scales much larger than $l_{1}$ the conformations of the loops are those of BRW with step size (Kuhn length) given by twice the persistence length, $2l_{1}$. However, this analogy is open to question because the large scale behavior of a loop is strongly affected by the loop closure constraint and it is not clear, a’priori, whether the same persistence length controls both the small and the large scale behavior. We therefore decided to apply our method to generate a representative ensemble of configurations of WLL and use it to compute the tangent-tangent correlation function and the mean squared distance between two well-separated points $s$ and $s^{\prime}$ ($\left\vert s-s^{\prime}\right\vert \gg l_{1}$) along the contour.
A simple estimate shows that on length scales much larger than the persistence length, the tangent-tangent correlation function of a WLL approaches a constant negative value $\left\langle
\left\langle t(s)\cdot t(0)\right\rangle \right\rangle
\simeq-2l_{2}/L$ where $l_{2}$ is, in general,different from $l_{1}$ (the negative value of the correlation follows from the fact that the tangent has to turn back on itself in order to come back to its initial direction upon traversing the contour of the loop). In Fig. \[fig:correlations\]b this correlation function is plotted in the interval $0.1<s<0.5$ (here and in the following we take $L=1$) for different values of $n_{0}$. Upon averaging the correlation functions over the oscillations, all the results for different values of $n_{0}$ can be collapsed to a single horizontal line by dividing them by $l_{2}=0.575/n_{0}$. We therefore establish that unlike the case of linear worm-like chains in which only a single persistence length exists, WLL have at least two distinct persistence lengths, with $l_{1}/l_{2}\simeq3/4$.
We now proceed to compute the mean squared distance between two points on the loop separated by a contour distance $s$, $\left\langle \langle R^{2}\left( s\right) \rangle\right\rangle
=(1/L)\left\langle \int_{0}^{L}\left\vert \mathbf{r}\left(
s^{\prime}+s\right) -\mathbf{r}\left( s^{\prime}\right)
\right\vert ^{2}ds^{\prime} \right\rangle $. Since we expect WLL to behave like BRW on scales much larger than some persistence length $l_{3}$, the probability distribution of $R^{2}(s)$ can be easily written down assuming that both $s\gg l_{3}$ and $L-s\gg
l_{3}$. Apart from a normalization factor, this probability is equal to the product of two Gaussian functions: $\exp\left[
-R^{2}/(2s\ell_{3})\right] \exp\left[ -R^{2}/(2(L-s)\ell
_{3})\right] $. Averaging with this distribution yields the well known relation (see, e.g., [@RedBook]), $\left\langle
R^{2}\left( s\right) \right\rangle _{\mathrm{BRW}}=2l_{3}s\left(
1-s/L\right) .$ This result indicates that the plot of $\left.
\langle\langle R^{2}(s)\rangle \rangle\right/ l_{3}L$ against $\sigma=s/L$ is universal, i.e., it is the unit height parabola $4\sigma\left( 1-\sigma\right)$, independent of either persistence length $l_{3}$ or total contour length $L$. Figure \[fig:correlations\]c shows that the data averaged over $1000$ different configurations collapse quite accurately on the expected parabolic master curve. Furthermore, by looking at our computational data for $\left\langle \left\langle R^{2}\left(
s=L/2\right) \right\rangle \right\rangle $ averaged over all pairs of diametrically opposite points on the loop ($s=L/2=0.5$) we were able to relate the persistence length to the cutoff $n_{0}$. Within the accuracy of our simulation $l_{3}$ coincides with $l_{2}$ (see Fig. \[fig:persistence\_lengths\]).
The conclusion that local and global statistical properties of worm-like loops are characterized by two different persistence lengths, $l_{1}$ and $l_{2}(=l_{3}),$ respectively, is a new result of this work. Although analytical theory of worm-like loops does not exist at present, we can offer some tentative considerations about the origin of the two persistence lengths, based on the study of small fluctuations of elastic rings [@ring]. For rings of zero linking number that possess both bending and twist persistence lengths, it was shown that while on small scales writhe fluctuations depend only on the bending persistence length (on such scales the ring is essentially straight and bending and twist decouple), both bending and twist persistence lengths contribute to the writhe on larger scales, for which the global geometry of the closed ring becomes important. Extrapolating this result to the case of a strongly fluctuating loop considered in this work, suggests that while $l_{1}$ represents the pure bending contribution to the persistence length, $l_{2}$ contains both the bending and the twist contributions and is therefore larger than $l_{1}$ [@Mezard].
We now turn to the topological properties of WLL and examine the dependence of the trivial knot probability $P_{0}$ on the cutoff frequency $n_{0}$. Since $n_{0}$ determines the Kuhn length defined as either $2l_{1}$ or the $2l_{2}$, we can bring our knotting probability data to a form comparable to that for discrete polymer models, where trivial knot probability depends on the number of segments $N$. In our case, we generate Fourier knots as completely smooth curves, but we can define the number of effective segments as the ratio of the contour length to the Kuhn length. For long random–walk-like polymers, this definition coincides with the standard one accepted in polymer physics for the Kuhn segments [@RedBook] but there remains an ambiguity associated with the choice of $N_{1}=L/2l_{1}$ or $N_{2}=L/2l_{2}$. In order to resolve this ambiguity we will measure the probability to obtain a trivial knot as a function of the cutoff frequency $n_{0}.$
To address the topology of the loops computationally, we employ the knot analysis routine due to R. Lua [@lua] which identifies knots by computing the Alexander polynomial invariant $\Delta(t)$ at one value of argument, $t=-1$, and Vassiliev invariants of degrees two, $v_{2}$, and three, $v_{3}$. This set of invariants is widely considered as powerful enough for reliable identification of the trivial knot for all lengths achievable in practical computations. The details of this topological routine are described in [@lua].
The data on the trivial knot probability are shown in Figure \[fig:trivial\_knot\_probability\]. As this figure indicates, the trivial knot probability fits well to the exponential $$P_{0}\left( n_{0}\right) \sim\exp\left[ -n_{0}/242\right] \ .
\label{eq:exponential_fit}$$ Notice that since this relation involves only the cutoff on the Fourier series, formula (\[eq:exponential\_fit\]) can be re-interpreted in purely mathematical form, not involving any references to polymers, or, for that matter, to any physics. While there is no fundamental understanding of the origin of this large cutoff ($n_{0}^{\ast}=242$) at present, our formulation hints at the existence of a hitherto unexplored connection between Fourier analysis and topology of space curves and will hopefully stimulate new work on this fundamental problem.
In summary, we have shown that the choice of random Fourier coefficients with amplitudes that decay with frequency as $n^{-1}\exp(-n/n_{0})$, generates a statistical ensemble of Fourier knots whose local properties coincide with those of worm-like polymers with persistence length that scales as $1/n_{0}$. We found that even though WLL behave on large scales as BRW as expected, the effective step size of this BRW is larger than that calculated from the local persistence length of the loop. This new prediction can be directly tested by experiments on double stranded DNA loops that can monitor both local (persistence length) and global (e.g., radius of gyration) properties of the polymers (see, e.g., [@AFM1; @AFM2; @SFM]). We also demonstrated that similar to discrete models of polymers or random polygons, our Fourier knots exhibit exponential decay of the unknotting probability with the number of *effectively* straight segments, or, equivalently, with the maximal spatial frequency included in Fourier expansion. The characteristic cross-over determined by this exponential decay represents a large number, which, although in the same ballpark as for other known models, remains an unexplained puzzle.
We acknowledge Ronald Lua’s help in the use of his computational knot analysis routine. The work of AG was supported in part by the MRSEC Program of the National Science Foundation under Award Number DMR-0212302. This research was supported in part by a grant from the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation. YR would like to acknowledge the hospitality of Institute for Mathematics and its Applications of the University of Minnesota.
[99]{}
P.-G. De Gennes, *Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics* (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1979.
C. Bustamante, J. F. Marko, E. D. Siggia, and S. Smith, *Science* **265**, 1599 (1994).
K. Koniaris and M. Muthukumar, Phys. Rev. Lett. **66**, 2211-2214 (1991).
T. Deguchi, and K. Tsurusaki, *Phys. Rev. E.* **55**, 6245-6248 (1997).
N.T. Moore, R. Lua, A.Y. Grosberg, *Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci.* **101**, 13431 (2004).
A. Yu. Grosberg, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **85**, 3858-3861 (2000).
S. Panyukov and Y. Rabin, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **85**, 2404 (2000); *Phys. Rev. E* **62**, 7135 (2000).
S. Panyukov and Y. Rabin, *Phys. Rev. E* **64**, 011909 (2001).
A.Trautwein, *Harmonic Knots* Ph. D. Thesis, University of Iowa, 1995; Web Page: http://www2.carthage.edu/trautwn/
L.H. Kauffman, Chapter 19 in: *Ideal knots*, A.Stasiak, V.Katrich, L.H.Kaufman - Editors (World Scientific, Singapore, 1998).
A. Yu. Grosberg and A. R. Khokhlov, *Statistical Physics of Macromolecules* (AIP Press, NY, 1994).
R. Lua, A. Borovinskiy and A. Yu. Grosberg, *Polymer* **45**, 717 (2004).
This effect is expected only for worm-like loops; for linear worm-like chains it can be shown that twist degrees of freedom can be integrated over and that the spatial conformations of the polymer depend on the bending rigidity only: C. Bouchiat and M. Mezard, *Eur. Phys. J.* E **2**, 377 (2000).
Y.L. Lyubchenko and L.S. Shlyakhtenko, *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **94**, 496 (1997).
A. Scipioni et al., *Chemistry & Biology* **9**, 1315 (2002)
M. Bussiek, N. Mücke and J. Langowski, *Nucleic Acids Research* **31**, e137 (2003).
| |
The Black Cranes, Ghana’s weight lifting team arrived in Australia to participate in the 2017 common wealth weight-lifting Championship taking place in Carrara Sport and Leisure center ,Carrara ,Gold Coast Australia.
The competition started yesterday and the only female among the team, Ruth BAFFOE (Group A) will compete in the 53 Kg that will be the snatch and also the Clean and Jerk
Scheduled to take place 2:00 pm Australia time Tuesday and 4:00 am Ghana time Tuesday .
David Akwei 63 Kg Male category will be first to compete for Ghana Group B the event time is 9:00 Am Australia Gold Coast time / 11:00 Pm Ghana time . He will also compete in the Snatch and the Clean and Jerk .
Other athletes to compete after Ruth BAFFOE and David Akwei
are ….
Christian Amoah – Athlete
Osafo Richmond – Athlete
Osei Forrester Christopher – Athlete
The objective of the snatch is to lift the barbell from the ground to overhead in one continuous motion.
The clean and jerk is a composite of two weight-lifting movements, most often performed with a barbell: the clean and the
jerk .
During the clean, the lifter moves the barbell from the floor to a racked position across the deltoids, without resting fully on the clavicles. | http://ghanamansports.com/2017/09/04/weight-lifting-ghana-team-black-cranes-arrive-australia-2017-common-wealth-championship/ |
For booking enquiries, please contact:
Book a place now on one of our face to face or online training courses. Untick the ‘Available for booking now?’ box to see more.
This interactive course will explore a range of strategies and activities designed to support learners during the formative stages of the writing process. These will include teacher modelling, collaborative writing and activities which help learners revise and refine their writing.
This 2.5-day residential programme, developed with the Institute of Directors (IoD), explores the role of the governance professional, how they can become an authoritative voice on governance, while providing effective support for the Chair and the wider board. In addition to the residential element, participants can complete an optional strengths profiling diagnostic in advance, and participate in action learning sets following the completion of the programme. IoD Associate membership is also included as part of the programme fee.
This interactive course aims to help teachers plan and deliver holistic learning activities that connect English to the learner's vocational area. All of the activities use the vocational area as the starting point.
The workshop focusses on two key areas: how to use the vocational area as the foundation for all English teaching and learning activities; and how to ensure that, as far as possible, activities are holistic and representative of what learners might find themselves undertaking in the workplace.
Research tells us that some mathematical topics can be difficult to visualise and consider conceptually. Modelling mathematics aids understanding and helps scaffold learners into better reasoning and problem solving skills.
This course explores Concrete, Abstract and Pictorial (CAP) representations that support deep learning and a better understanding of algebraic skills, geometric connections and number work, including conversions. It is helpful for maths study and for everyday life and work.
The Chief Examiner highlights that there appears to be little understanding of the relationship between equation and graph, between graphs, parallel lines, or finding an equation from a straight-line graph. Linear and quadratic graphs are important as they represent connections between variables.
This interactive course will explore activities that you can use with learners to develop their understanding and solve linear graphs, recognise and interpret graphical quadratic equations and solve everyday contexts represented by graphs.
The regional governors inductions aim to help support new college governors gain a better understanding of their role and the further education sector. These events are delivered by the Association of Colleges and are free to attend.
Post 16 learners often have low self-esteem and resilience when it comes to their reading skills. Many feel that this is an area in which they have already 'failed'. Teachers also frequently experience a gap between learners' decoding and comprehension skills.
This course is the second of two to focus on reading skills for post-16 learners. It will
help teachers to explore, try out and evaluate some reading approaches which encourage problem-solving and resilient reading behaviours.
The Essential Digital Skills (EDS) professional development programme supports the delivery of EDS based on the national standards.
How to teach EDS' sessions focus on focusing on developing skills, knowledge and confidence to teach competencies within the standards. The sessions will explore approaches for delivery that could be implemented with learner groups, including how they could be delivered through online/blended delivery. Time will be allocated to sharing ideas, challenges, and practice.
This course explores ways of using phonics to identify and plan for the needs of learners. You will reflect on common errors learners on FS and GCSE English courses make and be guided to explore phonics strategies for improvement.
It will be beneficial for teachers who have a basic knowledge of the key terminology and concepts involved in phonics and the principles and practices underpinning them.
This course is a series of online networking and development events for FE College Chairs, CEOs/Principals, and Governance Professionals to generate the sharing of innovative and creative thinking in order to assist them in their roles during these challenging and unprecedented times.
College Chairs can also join the Chairs' Development Network group on LinkedIn.
Quantitative data is pervasive in society. Technology allows representations of data to be easily produced in various forms without considering the most appropriate representation. Guidance on the advantages and disadvantages of different representations is often superficial.
This interactive course will present different ways to represent data and how interpreting graphs has an important role to play. All the graphical displays in the GCSE specification will be covered, and participants will have a chance to discuss the merits of alternative representations in a variety of contexts
Join us while we share our development journey around initial assessment.
We rely on our learners with inclusion needs (SEND) and their circles of support to inform our initial assessment of the softer skills. We then use the results to set targets and support our learners to plot their progress and then share their achievements via their progress reviews.
The sessions will provide an opportunity for our Centre for Excellence in SEND to share our effective practice of how we work with employers, our community including our parent/carers to help us give the best opportunities for our SEND learners. But even more importantly, it's an opportunity for you to share what you are doing well.
In these sessions held monthly, we will look at emerging current themes, share effective approaches and ask ourselves 'how might we' to shape ideas together.
The Essential Digital Skills (EDS) programme is a blended programme to support the delivery of the new qualifications based on the national standards for Essential Digital Skills.
The thirty-minute lunch time sessions, will demonstrate the key features of a range of digital teaching tools, to support you to teach Essential Digital Skills. | https://booking.etfoundation.co.uk/course/search?pagechange=1&offset=75&pagechange=1 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
TECHNICAL FIELD
This application is a National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/KR2019/014992 filed on Nov. 6, 2019, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0135442 filed on Nov. 6, 2018 and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0140606 filed on Nov. 6, 2019, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The present disclosure relates to a novel compound and an organic light emitting device comprising the same.
BACKGROUND
RELATED ARTS
In general, an organic light emitting phenomenon refers to a phenomenon where electric energy is converted into light energy by using an organic material. The organic light emitting device using the organic light emitting phenomenon has characteristics such as a wide viewing angle, an excellent contrast, a fast response time, an excellent luminance, driving voltage and response speed, and thus many studies are being conducted thereon.
The organic light emitting device generally has a structure which comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic material layer interposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic material layer frequently has a multilayered structure that comprises different materials in order to enhance efficiency and stability of the organic light emitting device, and for example, the organic material layer may be formed of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer and the like. In the structure of the organic light emitting device, if a voltage is applied between two electrodes, the holes are injected from an anode into the organic material layer and the electrons are injected from the cathode into the organic material layer, and when the injected holes and electrons meet each other, an exciton is formed, and light is emitted when the exciton falls to a ground state again.
There is a continuing need for the development of new materials for the organic materials used in the organic light emitting devices as described above.
(Patent Literature 0001) Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2000-0051826
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Technical Problem
Technical Solution
Advantageous Effects
It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a novel compound and an organic light emitting device comprising the same.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1:
in Chemical Formula 1,
Y is O or S,
X is each independently N or CH, and at least one of X is N,
1
5-60
Aris a substituted or unsubstituted Cheteroaryl containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S,
2
6-60
5-60
Aris a substituted or unsubstituted Caryl; or a substituted or unsubstituted Cheteroaryl containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S,
n is an integer of 0 to 4, and
6-60
5-60
R is hydrogen; a substituted or unsubstituted Caryl; or a substituted or unsubstituted Cheteroaryl containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an organic light emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode that is provided opposite to the first electrode; and one or more organic material layers that are provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein one or more layers of the organic material layers include a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
The above-mentioned compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 can be used as a material of an organic material layer of an organic light emitting device, and can improve the efficiency, achieve low driving voltage and/or improve lifetime characteristics in the organic light emitting device. In particular, the compound represented by the Chemical Formula 1 may be used as a hole injection material, hole transport material, hole injection and transport material, light emitting material, electron transport material, or electron injection material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Intermediate Compound R-4
Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Intermediate Compound Sub 1-2
Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Intermediate Compound Sub 2-2
Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Intermediate Compound Sub 3-2
Synthesis Example 5: Synthesis of Intermediate Compound Sub 4-2
Synthesis Example 6: Synthesis of Intermediate Compound Sub 5-2
Preparation Example 1: Preparation of Compound 1
Preparation Example 2: Preparation of Compound 2
Preparation Example 3: Preparation of Compound 3
Preparation Example 4: Preparation of Compound 4
Preparation Example 5: Preparation of Compound 5
Preparation Example 6: Preparation of Compound 6
Preparation Example 7: Preparation of Compound 7
Preparation Example 8: Preparation of Compound 8
Preparation Example 9: Preparation of Compound 9
Preparation Example 10: Preparation of Compound 10
Preparation Example 11: Preparation of Compound 11
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail to facilitate understanding of the invention.
The present disclosure provides the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
As used herein, the notation
means a bond linked to another substituent group.
As used herein, the term “substituted or unsubstituted” means being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium; a halogen group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a hydroxy group; a carbonyl group; an ester group; an imide group; an amino group; a phosphine oxide group; an alkoxy group; an aryloxy group; an alkylthioxy group; an arylthioxy group; an alkylsulfoxy group; an arylsulfoxy group; a silyl group; a boron group; an alkyl group; a cycloalkyl group; an alkenyl group; an aryl group; an aralkyl group; an aralkenyl group; an alkylaryl group; an alkylamine group; an aralkylamine group; a heteroarylamine group; an arylamine group; an arylphosphine group; and a heterocyclic group containing at least one of N, O and S atoms, or being unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent to which two or more substituents of the above-exemplified substituents are connected. For example, “a substituent in which two or more substituents are connected” may be a biphenyl group. Namely, a biphenyl group may be an aryl group, or it may also be interpreted as a substituent in which two phenyl groups are connected.
In the present disclosure, the carbon number of a carbonyl group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 40. Specifically, the carbonyl group may be a compound having the following structural formulas, but is not limited thereto:
In the present disclosure, an ester group may have a structure in which oxygen of the ester group may be substituted by a straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms. Specifically, the ester group may be a compound having the following structural formulas, but is not limited thereto:
In the present disclosure, the carbon number of an imide group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 25. Specifically, the imide group may be a compound having the following structural formulas, but is not limited thereto:
In the present disclosure, a silyl group specifically includes a trimethylsilyl group, a triethylsilyl group, a t-butyldimethylsilyl group, a vinyldimethylsilyl group, a propyldimethylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, a diphenylsilyl group, a phenylsilyl group and the like, but is not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, a boron group specifically includes a trimethylboron group, a triethylboron group, a t-butyldimethylboron group, a triphenylboron group, and a phenylboron group, but is not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, examples of a halogen group include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
In the present disclosure, the alkyl group may be straight-chain or branched-chain, and the carbon number thereof is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 40. According to one embodiment, the carbon number of the alkyl group is 1 to 20. According to another embodiment, the carbon number of the alkyl group is 1 to 10. According to another embodiment, the carbon number of the alkyl group is 1 to 0. Specific examples of the alkyl group include methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, 1-methyl-butyl, 1-ethyl-butyl, pentyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, heptyl, n-heptyl, 1 methylhexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, octyl, n-octyl, tert-octyl, 1-methylheptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylpentyl, n-nonyl, 2,2-dimethylheptyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, isohexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, the alkenyl group may be straight-chain or branched-chain, and the carbon number thereof is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 40. According to one embodiment, the carbon number of the alkenyl group is 2 to 20. According to another embodiment, the carbon number of the alkenyl group is 2 to 10. According to still another embodiment, the carbon number of the alkenyl group is 2 to 6. Specific examples thereof include vinyl, 1-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, allyl, 1-phenylvinyl-1-yl, 2-phenylvinyl-1-yl, 2,2-diphenylvinyl-1-yl, 2-phenyl-2-(naphthyl-1-yl)vinyl-1-yl, 2,2-bis(diphenyl-1-yl)vinyl-1-yl, a stilbenyl group, a styrenyl group, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, a cycloalkyl group is not particularly limited, but the carbon number thereof is preferably 3 to 60. According to one embodiment, the carbon number of the cycloalkyl group is 3 to 30. According to another embodiment, the carbon number of the cycloalkyl group is 3 to 20. According to still another embodiment, the carbon number of the cycloalkyl group is 3 to 6. Specific examples thereof include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 3-methylcyclopentyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 3-methylcyclohexyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexyl, 3,4,5-trimethylcyclohexyl, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, an aryl group is not particularly limited, but the carbon number thereof is preferably 6 to 60, and it may be a monocyclic aryl group or a polycyclic aryl group. According to one embodiment, the carbon number of the aryl group is 6 to 30. According to one embodiment, the carbon number of the aryl group is 6 to 20. The aryl group may be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group or the like as the monocyclic aryl group, but is not limited thereto. The polycyclic aryl group includes a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a perylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, or the like, but is not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, the fluorenyl group may be substituted, and two substituents may be linked with each other to form a spiro structure. In the case where the fluorenyl group is substituted,
and the like can be formed. However, the structure is not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, a heterocyclic group is a heterocyclic group containing one or more of O, N, Si and S as a heteroatom, and the carbon number thereof is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 60. Examples of the heterocyclic group include a thiophene group, a furan group, a pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a thiazole group, an oxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazole group, a pyridyl group, a bipyridyl group, a pyrimidyl group, a triazine group, an acridyl group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a quinazoline group, a quinoxalinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a pyridopyrimidinyl group, a pyridopyrazinyl group, a pyrazinopyrazinyl group, an isoquinoline group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoimidazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzofuranyl group, a phenanthroline group, a thiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a phenothiazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
In the present disclosure, the aryl group in the aralkyl group, the aralkenyl group, the alkylaryl group, the arylamine group and the arylsilyl group is the same as the aforementioned examples of the aryl group. In the present disclosure, the alkyl group in the aralkyl group, the alkylaryl group and the alkylamine group is the same as the aforementioned examples of the alkyl group. In the present disclosure, the heterocyclic group in the heteroarylamine can be applied to the aforementioned description of the heteroaryl group. In the present disclosure, the alkenyl group in the aralkenyl group is the same as the aforementioned examples of the alkenyl group.
In the present disclosure, the aforementioned description of the aryl group may be applied except that the arylene is a divalent group. In the present disclosure, the aforementioned description of the heterocyclic group can be applied except that the heteroarylene is a divalent group. In the present disclosure, the aforementioned description of the aryl group or cycloalkyl group can be applied except that the hydrocarbon ring is not a monovalent group but formed by combining two substituent groups. In the present disclosure, the aforementioned description of the heterocyclic group can be applied, except that the heterocyclic group is not a monovalent group but formed by combining two substituent groups.
Preferably, the Chemical Formulas 1 may be any one selected among the compounds represented by the following Chemical Formulas 1-1 to 1-4:
in Chemical Formulas 1-1 to 1-4,
1
2
X, Y, n, R, Arand Arare the same as defined above.
1
Preferably, Armay be any one selected from the group consisting of:
2
Preferably, Armay be phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl, and more preferably phenyl.
Preferably, n may be 0 to 2.
6-30
Also preferably, R may be a substituted or unsubstituted Caryl, more preferably phenyl.
Preferably, all of X may be N.
For example, the compound may be selected from the group consisting of the following compounds:
Meanwhile, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 can be prepared by the preparation method as shown in the following Reaction Scheme 1.
In Reaction Scheme 1, the definitions of the substituents are the same as described above, and the preparation method may be further embodied in Preparation Examples described hereinafter.
In addition, the present disclosure provides an organic light emitting device comprising the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. In one example, the present disclosure provides an organic light emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode that is provided opposite to the first electrode; and one or more organic material layers that are provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein one or more layers of the organic material layers include the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
The organic material layer of the organic light emitting device of the present disclosure may have a single-layer structure, or it may have a m delay r d structure in which two or more organic material layers are stacked. For example, the organic light emitting device of the present disclosure may have a structure comprising a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer and the like as the organic material layer. However, the structure of the organic light emitting device is not limited thereto, and it may include a smaller number of organic material layers.
Further, the organic material layer may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a layer for simultaneously performing hole injection and transport, wherein the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the layer for simultaneously performing hole injection and transport may include the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
Further, the organic material layer may include a light emitting layer, wherein the light emitting layer may include the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. In this case, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be used as a host material in the light emitting layer.
Further, the organic material layer may include two or more types of hosts. When the light emitting layer includes two or more types of hosts, at least one of the hosts may be the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
Further, the organic material layer may include an electron transport layer, or an electron injection layer, wherein the electron transport layer, or the electron injection layer includes the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
Further, the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, or a layer for simultaneously performing electron transport and electron injection may include the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
Further, the organic material layer may include a light emitting layer and an electron transport layer, wherein the electron transport layer may include the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.
Further, the organic light emitting device according to the present disclosure may be a normal type organic light emitting device in which an anode, one or more organic material layers, and a cathode are sequentially stacked on a substrate. Further, the organic light emitting device according to the present disclosure may be an inverted type organic light emitting device in which a cathode, one or more organic material layers, and an anode are sequentially stacked on a substrate.
FIG. 1
1
2
3
4
depicts an example of an organic light emitting device comprising a substrate , an anode , a light emitting layer , and a cathode . In such a structure, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be included in the light emitting layer.
FIG. 2
1
2
5
6
7
3
8
9
4
depicts an example of an organic light emitting device comprising a substrate , an anode , a hole injection layer , a hole transport layer , an electron blocking layer , a light emitting layer , an electron transport layer , an electron injection layer , and a cathode . In such a structure, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be included in at least one of the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the electron blocking layer, the light emitting layer, the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer, and preferably, it may be included in the light emitting layer.
The organic light emitting device according to the present disclosure may be manufactured by materials and methods known in the art, except that at least one of the organic material layers includes the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. Further, when the organic light emitting device includes a plurality of organic material layers, the organic material layers may be formed of the same material or different materials.
For example, the organic light emitting device according to the present disclosure can be manufactured by sequentially stacking a first electrode, an organic material layer and a second electrode on a substrate. In this case, the organic light emitting device may be manufactured by depositing a metal, metal oxides having conductivity, or an alloy thereof on the substrate using a PVD (physical vapor deposition) method such as a sputtering method or an e-beam evaporation method to form an anode, forming organic material layers including the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the light emitting layer and the electron transport layer thereon, and then depositing a material that can be used as the cathode thereon. In addition to such a method, the organic light emitting device may be manufactured by sequentially depositing a cathode material, an organic material layer and an anode material on a substrate.
Further, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be formed into an organic layer by a solution coating method as well as a vacuum deposition method at the time of manufacturing an organic light emitting device. Herein, the solution coating method means a spin coating, a dip coating, a doctor blading, an inkjet printing, a screen printing, a spray method, a roll coating, or the like, but is not limited thereto.
In addition to such a method, the organic light emitting device may be manufactured by sequentially depositing a cathode material, an organic material layer and an anode material on a substrate (International Publication WO2003/012890). However, the manufacturing method is not limited thereto.
As an example, the first electrode is an anode, and the second electrode is a cathode, or alternatively, the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode.
2
As the anode material, generally, a material having a large work function is preferably used so that holes can be smoothly injected into the organic material layer. Specific examples of the anode material include metals such as vanadium, chrome, copper, zinc, and gold, or an alloy thereof; metal oxides such as zinc oxides, indium oxides, indium tin oxides (ITO), and indium zinc oxides (IZO); a combination of metals and oxides, such as ZnO:Al or SnO:Sb; conductive compounds such as poly(3-methylthiophene), poly[3,4-(ethylene-1,2-dioxy)thiophene](PEDOT), polypyrrole, and polyaniline, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
2
As the cathode material, generally, a material having a small work function is preferably used so that electrons can be easily injected into the organic material layer. Specific examples of the cathode material include metals such as magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, indium, yttrium, lithium, gadolinium, aluminum, silver, tin, and lead, or an alloy thereof; a multilayered structure material such as LiF/Al or LiO/Al, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The hole injection layer is a layer for injecting holes from the electrode, and the hole injection material is preferably a compound which has a capability of transporting the holes, thus has a hole injecting effect in the anode and an excellent hole injecting effect to the light emitting layer or the light emitting material, prevents excitons produced in the light emitting layer from moving to a hole injection layer or the electron injection material, and further is excellent in the ability to form a thin film. It is preferable that a HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole injection material is between the work function of the anode material and a HOMO of a peripheral organic material layer. Specific examples of the hole injection material include metal porphyrine, oligothiophene, an arylamine-based organic material, a hexanitrilehexaazatriphenylene-based organic material, a quinacridone-based organic material, a perylene-based organic material, anthraquinone, polyaniline and polythiophene-based conductive polymer, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The hole transport layer is a layer that receives holes from a hole injection layer and transports the holes to the light emitting layer. The hole transport layer is suitably a material having large mobility to the holes, which may receive holes from the anode or the hole injection layer and transfer the holes to the light emitting layer. Specific examples thereof include an arylamine-based organic material, a conductive polymer, a block copolymer in which a conjugate portion and a non-conjugate portion are present together, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The electron blocking layer is formed on the hole transport layer, preferably provided in contact with the light emitting layer, and severs to adjust the hole mobility, prevent excessive movement of electrons and increase the probability of hole-electron coupling, thereby improving the efficiency of the organic light emitting device. The electron blocking layer includes an electron blocking material, and as such electron blocking material, a material having a stable structure in which electrons may not flow out of the light emitting layer is suitable. Specific examples thereof may include an arylamine-based organic material or the like, but are not limited thereto.
3
The light emitting material is preferably a material which may receive holes and electrons transported from a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer, respectively, and combine the holes and the electrons to emit light in a visible ray region, and has good quantum efficiency to fluorescence or phosphorescence. Specific examples of the light emitting material include an 8-hydroxy-quinoline aluminum complex (Alq); a carbazole-based compound; a dimerized styryl compound; BAlq; a 10-hydroxybenzoquinoline-metal compound; a benzoxazole, benzthiazole and benzimidazole-based compound; a poly(p-phenylenevinylene)(PPV)-based polymer; a Spiro compound; polyfluorene, lubrene, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The light emitting layer may include a host material and a dopant material. The host material may be a fused aromatic ring derivative, a heterocycle-containing compound or the like. Specific examples of the fused aromatic ring derivatives include anthracene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, pentacene derivatives, phenanthrene compounds, fluoranthene compounds, and the like. Examples of the heterocyclic-containing compounds include carbazole derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, ladder-type furan compounds, pyrimidine derivatives, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of the dopant material include an aromatic amine derivative, a styrylamine compound, a boron complex, a fluoranthene compound, a metal complex, and the like. Specifically, the aromatic amine derivative is a substituted or unsubstituted fused aromatic ring derivative having an arylamino group, and examples thereof include pyrene, anthracene, chrysene, periflanthene and the like, which have an arylamino group. The styrylamine compound is a compound where at least one arylvinyl group is substituted in substituted or unsubstituted arylamine, in which one or two or more substituent groups selected from the group consisting of an aryl group, a silyl group, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, and an arylamino group are substituted or unsubstituted. Specific examples thereof include styrylamine, styryldiamine, styryltriamine, styryltetramine, and the like, but are not limited thereto. Further, the metal complex includes an iridium complex, a platinum complex, and the like, but is not limited thereto.
The electron transport layer is a layer which receives electrons from an electron injection layer and transports the electrons to a light emitting layer, and an electron transport material is suitably a material which may receive electrons well from a cathode and transfer the electrons to a light emitting layer, and has a large mobility for electrons. Specific examples of the electron transport material include: an Al complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline; a complex including Alga; an organic radical compound; a hydroxyflavone-metal complex, and the like, but are not limited thereto. The electron transport layer may be used with any desired cathode material, as used according to the related art. In particular, appropriate examples of the cathode material are a typical material which has a low work function, followed by an aluminum layer or a silver layer. Specific examples thereof include cesium, barium, calcium, ytterbium, and samarium, in each case followed by an aluminum layer or a silver layer.
The electron injection layer is a layer which injects electrons from an electrode, and is preferably a compound which has a capability of transporting electrons, has an effect of injecting electrons from a cathode and an excellent effect of injecting electrons into a light emitting layer or a light emitting material, prevents excitons produced from the light emitting layer from moving to a hole injection layer, and is also excellent in the ability to form a thin film. Specific examples of the electron injection layer include fluorenone, anthraquinodimethane, diphenoquinone, thiopyran dioxide, oxazole, oxadiazole, triazole, imidazole, perylenetetracarboxylic acid, fluorenylidene methane, anthrone, and the like, and derivatives thereof, a metal complex compound, a nitrogen-containing 5-membered ring derivative, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of the metal complex compound include 8-hydroxyquinolinato lithium, bis(8-hydroxyquinolinato)zinc, bis(8-hydroxyquinolinato)copper, bis(8-hydroxyquinolinato)manganese, tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, tris(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)gallium, bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium, bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)zinc, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)chlorogallium, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)(o-cresolato)gallium, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)(1-naphtholato)aluminum, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)(2-naphtholato)gallium, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The organic light emitting device according to the present disclosure may be a front side emission type, a back side emission type, or a double side emission type according to the used material.
In addition, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be included in an organic solar cell or an organic transistor in addition to an organic light emitting device.
The preparation of the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and the organic light emitting device containing the same will be described in detail in the following examples. However, these examples are presented for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
2
3
3
4
+
1-Bromo-4-fluoro-3-iodobenzene (50 g, 166.6 mmol) and (5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid (31.1 g, 166.6 mmol) were dissolved in 800 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF). Sodium carbonate (NaCO) 2M solution (250 mL) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) [Pd(PPh)] (3.8 g, 3 mol %) were added thereto, and refluxed for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction temperature was cooled to room temperature, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with water and toluene. The toluene layer was separated, dried over magnesium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure, and the resulting mixture was recrystallized three times using chloroform and ethanol to obtain Compound R-1 (27.5 g, yield: 51%; MS: [M+H]=314).
+
Compound R-1 (25.0 g, 150 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (300 ml), and then cooled to 0° C. Boron tribromide (7.9 ml, 83.2 mmol) was slowly added dropwise and then stirred for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was washed three times with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography to obtain Compound R-2 (23.7 g, yield: 99%; MS: [M+H]=300).
+
Compound R-2 (20.0 g, 66.4 mmol) was dissolved in distilled dimethylformamide (DMF) (200 ml). This was cooled to 0° C., and sodium hydride (1.8 g, 72.9 mmol) was slowly added dropwise thereto. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes and then stirred at 100° C. for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction, the reaction temperature was cooled to room temperature, and 100 ml of ethanol was slowly added thereto. The resulting mixture was distilled under reduced pressure, and recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to obtain Compound R-3 (15.2 g, yield: 81%; MS: [M+H]=280).
3
+
Compound R-3 (15.0 g, 53.3 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (150 ml), and the temperature was lowered to −78° C. 1.7 M tert-butyllithium (t-BuLi) (31.8 ml, 53.3 mmol) was slowly added thereto. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour, and then triisopropylborate (B(OiPr)) (14.2 ml, 107.0 mmol) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours while gradually raising the temperature to room temperature. 2N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (100 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed sequentially with water and ethyl ether, and dried under vacuum. After drying, it was dispersed in ethyl ether, stirred for two hours, then filtered and dried to prepare Compound R-4. (12.2 g, yield: 93%; MS: [M+H]=247)
+
R-4 (20 g, 81.3 mmol) and 4-bromodibenzo[b,d]furan (20 g, 81.3 mmol) were added to 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (33.7 g, 243.9 mmol) was dissolved in 34 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (2.8 g, 2.4 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 598 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to give a white solid compound Sub 1-1 (19.4 g, 65%, MS: [M+H]=369.1).
+
Sub 1-1 (15 g, 40.8 mmol) and bis(pinacolato)diboron (20.7 g, 81.5 mmol) were added to 300 ml of dioxane under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium acetate (11.8 g, 122.3 mmol) was added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then palladium dibenzylidene acetone palladium (0.7 g, 1.2 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.7 g, 2.4 mmol) were added. After the reaction for 5 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then the organic layer was subjected to filtration treatment to remove a salt, and then the filtered organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 188 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethanol to prepare a white solid compound Sub 1-2 (12.2 g, 65%, MS: [M+H]=461.2).
+
R-4 (20 g, 81.3 mmol) and 3-bromodibenzo[b,d]furan (20 g, 81.3 mmol) were added to 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (33.7 g, 243.9 mmol) was dissolved in 34 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (2.8 g, 2.4 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 598 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound Sub 2-1 (18 g, 60%, MS: [M+H]=369.1).
+
Sub 2-1 (15 g, 28.2 mmol) and bis(pinacolato)diboron (14.4 g, 56.5 mmol) were added to 300 ml of dioxane under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium acetate (8.1 g, 84.7 mmol) was added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then palladium dibenzylideneacetonepalladium (0.5 g, 0.8 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.5 g, 1.7 mmol) were added. After the reaction for 5 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer was subjected to filtration treatment to remove a salt, and then the filtered organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 130 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a yellow solid compound Sub 2-2 (7.5 g, 58%, MS: [M+H]=461.2).
+
R-4 (20 g, 81.3 mmol) and 2-bromodibenzo[b,d]furan (20 g, 81.3 mmol) was added to tetrahydrofuran 400 ml under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium acetate (33.7 g, 243.9 mmol) was added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (2.8 g, 2.4 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 598 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a while solid compound Sub 3-1 (15.3 g, 51%, MS: [M+H]=369.1).
+
Sub 3-1 (15 g, 37.5 mmol) and bis(pinacolato)diboron (19.1 g, 75 mmol) were added to 300 ml of dioxane under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium acetate (10.8 g, 112.5 mmol) was added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then palladium dibenzylidene acetone palladium (0.6 g, 1.1 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.6 g, 2.3 mmol) were added. After the reaction for 7 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer was subjected to filtration treatment to remove a salt, and then the filtered organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 173 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound Sub 3-2 (10.4 g, 60%, MS: [M+H]=461.2).
+
R-4 (20 g, 81.3 mmol) and 1-bromodibenzo[b,d]furan (20 g, 81.3 mmol) was added to tetrahydrofuran 400 ml under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium acetate (33.7 g, 243.9 mmol) was added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (2.8 g, 2.4 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 598 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a while solid compound Sub 4-1 (22.4 g, 75%, MS: [M+H]=369.1).
+
Sub 4-1 (15 g, 30 mmol) and bis(pinacolato)diboron (15.3 g, 60 mmol) were added to 300 ml of dioxane under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium acetate (8.7 g, 90 mmol) was added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then palladium dibenzylidene acetone palladium (0.5 g, 0.9 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.5 g, 1.8 mmol) were added thereto. After the reaction for 6 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer was subjected to filtration treatment to remove a salt, and then the filtered organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 138 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethanol to prepare a white solid compound Sub 4-2 (9.5 g, 69%, MS: [M+H]=461.2).
+
R-4 (20 g, 81.3 mmol) and 4-bromodibenzo[b,d]thiophene (21.3 g, 81.3 mmol) were added to 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (33.7 g, 243.9 mmol) was dissolved in 34 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (2.8 g, 2.4 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 624 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a yellow solid compound Sub 5-1 (17.5 g, 56%, MS: [M+H]=385).
+
Sub 5-1 (15 g, 25 mmol) and bis(pinacolato)diboron (12.7 g, 50 mmol) were added to 300 ml of dioxane under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, Potassium acetate (7.2 g, 75 mmol) was added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then palladium dibenzylidene acetone palladium (0.4 g, 0.8 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) were added thereto. After the reaction for 5 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then the organic layer was subjected to filtration treatment to remove a salt, and then the filtered organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 120 ml of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethanol to prepare a white solid compound Sub 5-2 (6.5 g, 54%, MS: [M+H]=479.2).
+
Sub 1-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-4-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 1 (10.4 g, 73%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
+
Sub 2-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-4-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 2 (8.1 g, 57%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
+
Sub 3-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-4-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 3 (10.4 g, 73%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
+
Sub 4-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-4-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 4 (7.3 g, 51%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
+
Sub 5-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-4-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) was added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 292 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a yellow solid compound 5 (10.8 g, 74%, MS: [M+H]=672.2).
+
Sub 5-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-(4-chloro-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (9.4 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 324 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a yellow solid compound 6 (11.8 g, 73%, MS: [M+H]=747.2).
+
Sub 5-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 4-(4-chloro-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (9.4 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a yellow solid compound 7 (10.8 g, 76%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
+
Sub 5-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 9-(4-chloro-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (7.7 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 291 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 8 (8.9 g, 61%, MS: [M+H]=671.2).
+
Sub 1-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-3-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 9 (11.2 g, 79%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
+
Sub 1-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-2-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 10 (7.3 g, 51%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
+
Sub 1-2 (10 g, 21.7 mmol) and 2-chloro-1-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (7.8 g, 21.7 mmol) were added to 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then, potassium carbonate (9 g, 65.2 mmol) was dissolved in 9 ml of water, added thereto and sufficiently stirred, and then tetrakistriphenyl-phosphinopalladium (0.8 g, 0.7 mmol) was added. After the reaction for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the organic layer and the aqueous layer were separated, and the organic layer was distilled. This was added again to 285 mL of chloroform, dissolved and washed twice with water. The organic layer was then separated, anhydrous magnesium sulfate was added, stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The concentrated compound was recrystallized from chloroform and ethyl acetate to prepare a white solid compound 11 (8.1 g, 57%, MS: [M+H]=656.2).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
1
2
3
4
depicts an example of an organic light emitting device comprising a substrate , an anode , a light emitting layer , and a cathode .
FIG. 2
1
2
5
6
7
3
8
9
4
depicts an example of an organic light emitting device comprising a substrate , an anode , a hole injection layer , a hole transport layer , an electron blocking layer , a light emitting layer , an electron transport layer , an electron injection layer and a cathode .
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES
Example 1
Experimental Examples 2 to 11
Comparative Experimental Examples 1 to 5
A glass substrate on which ITO (indium tin oxide) was coated as a thin film to a thickness of 1300 Å was put into distilled water in which a detergent was dissolved, and ultrasonically cleaned. At this time, a product manufactured by Fischer Co. was used as the detergent, and as the distilled water, distilled water filtered twice using a filter manufactured by Millipore Co. was used. After the ITO was cleaned for 30 minutes, ultrasonic cleaning was repeated twice using distilled water for 10 minutes. After the cleaning with distilled water was completed, the substrate was ultrasonically cleaned with solvents of isopropyl alcohol, acetone and methanol, dried, and then transferred to a plasma cleaner. In addition, the substrate was cleaned for 5 minutes using oxygen plasma and then transferred to a vacuum depositor.
On the transparent ITO electrode thus prepared, the following HI-1 was thermally vacuum deposited to a thickness of 50 Å to form a hole injection layer. The following compound HT-1 was thermally vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to a thickness of 250 Å to form a hole transport layer, and the following compound HT-2 was vacuum-deposited on the HT-1 deposited layer to a thickness of 50 Å to form an electron blocking layer. The compound 1 prepared in the previous Preparation Example 1, the following compound YGH-1, and a phosphorescent dopant YGD-1 were co-deposited in a weight ratio of 44:44:12 on the HT-2 deposited layer to form a light emitting layer with a thickness of 400 Å. The following compound ET-1 was vacuum-deposited on the light emitting layer to a thickness of 250 Å to form an electron transport layer, and the following compound ET-2 and Li were vacuum-deposited in a weight ratio of 98:2 on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer with a thickness of 100 Å. Aluminum was deposited on the electron injection layer to a thickness of 1000 Å to form a cathode.
−7
−8
In the above-mentioned process, the vapor deposition rate of the organic material was maintained at 0.4 to 0.7 Å/sec, the deposition rate of aluminum was maintained at 2 Å/sec, and the degree of vacuum during the deposition was maintained at 1×10to 5×10torr.
An organic light emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 1 below were used instead of Compound 1 of Preparation Example 1 in Experimental Example 1.
An organic light emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 1 below were used instead of Compound 1 of Preparation Example 1 in Experimental Example 1. The compounds of CE1 to CE5 shown in Table 1 are as follows.
2
2
95
For the organic light emitting devices manufactured in Experimental Examples and Comparative Experimental Examples, the voltage and efficiency were measured at a current density of 10 mA/cmand the lifetime was measured at a current density of 50 mA/cm. The results are shown in Table 1 below. In this case, LTmeans the time required for the luminance to be reduced to 95% of the initial luminance.
TABLE 1
Efficiency
Color
Lifetime (h)
Voltage (V)
(Cd/A)
coordinate
(LT<sub>95 </sub>at
Compound
(@10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>)
(@10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>)
(x, y)
50 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>)
Experimental
Compound 1
4.0
85
0.45, 0.53
210
Example 1
Experimental
Compound 2
4.1
83
0.46, 0.53
200
Example 2
Experimental
Compound 3
4.2
84
0.46, 0.53
145
Example 3
Experimental
Compound 4
4.1
83
0.46, 0.54
159
Example 4
Experimental
Compound 5
4.1
82
0.46, 0.53
242
Example 5
Experimental
Compound 6
4.2
81
0.46, 0.54
188
Example 6
Experimental
Compound 7
4.4
83
0.46, 0.54
195
Example 7
Experimental
Compound 8
4.4
80
0.46, 0.54
219
Example 8
Experimental
Compound 9
4.2
84
0.46, 0.54
240
Example 9
Experimental
Compound 10
4.3
82
0.46, 0.54
135
Example 10
Experimental
Compound 11
3.9
83
0.46, 0.53
215
Example 11
Comparative
CE1
4.0
79
0.46, 0.54
98
Experimental
Example 1
Comparative
CE2
4.2
77
0.46, 0.55
95
Experimental
Example 2
Comparative
CE3
4.1
81
0.45, 0.54
15
Experimental
Example 3
Comparative
CE4
7.2
34
0.47, 0.59
5
Experimental
Example 4
Comparative
CE5
4.5
81
0.45, 0.55
100
Experimental
Example 5
As shown in Table 1, it was confirmed that when the compound of the present disclosure was used as an organic light emitting layer material, it exhibited excellent characteristics in terms of efficiency and lifetime as compared with Comparative Experimental Examples.
2
7
This is considered to result from increased electrical stability due to bonding at positions and of the dibenzofuran group and substitutions by dibenzofuran group or dibenzothiophene group regarding binding of triazine and dibenzofuran substituents.
[DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS]
1: substrate
2: anode
3: light emitting layer
4: cathode
5: hole injection layer
6: hole transport layer
7: electron blocking layer
8: electron transport layer
9: electron injection layer | |
The Water Policy Staff has a research opportunity available for an individual who has interest and experience in water-related issues who will be trained on projects to identify and research key surface water and groundwater issues; organize, track and evaluate national water data and information; and communicate information to educate program partners and inform water resource management strategies at the national, regional and local level. The participant will gain experience and insight into how national environmental water programs are managed, how environmental policies and regulations are developed, and how federal programs coordinate and work with other federal, state, local and tribal partners. Training opportunities include:
- Collaborate with research staff to develop outreach information and materials for EPA’s National Tribal Water Program including developing OW’s website and communication information for tribes.
- Partner with research staff to help organize and plan meetings, conferences and training for the National Tribal Water Program.
- Research and prepare materials in support of tribal water program assessments.
- Help develop an online resource and reference center of documents, approaches, processes and information that OW managers and staff can use to better develop program actions as they move forward for Senior management review and/or public comment.
- Help organize, track and summarize a large variety of OW actions (e.g. program guidance, policies, rules, reports, and other program documents) for weekly and monthly review and reporting.
- Conduct background analysis and help prepare materials to disseminate information to state, local, tribal and federal water management partners on high priority and emerging issues through, for example, web and social media; newsletters and fact sheets; workshops and reports.
This program, administered by ORAU through its contract with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to manage the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), was established through an interagency agreement between DOE and EPA. The initial appointment is for one year, but may be renewed upon recommendation of EPA and is contingent on the availability of funds. The participant will receive a monthly stipend commensurate with educational level and experience. Proof of health insurance is required for participation in this program. The appointment is full-time in the Washington, DC area. Participants do not become employees of EPA, DOE or the program administrator, and there are no employment-related benefits.
Qualifications
Applicant should have received a master's degree within five years of the desired starting date with educational and/or work experience in one or more of the following areas: environmental, biological or earth science; quantitative environmental analysis; science communications.
The applicant should possess a demonstrated interest in water topics and environmental protection and be able to conduct both broad and detailed environmental research; have strong writing and editing skills; and have the ability to build consensus and communicate environmental issues and information to both technical and non-technical audiences. Experience in working with tribal communities is desired, but not a requirement for this internship. | https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/15143 |
Universe Diagram. Tour the universe from the Big Bang to planet Earth in this SPACE.com infographic series. The far left depicts the earliest moment we can now probe, when a period of "inflation" produced a burst of exponential growth in the universe. (Size is depicted by the vertical extent of the grid in this graphic.) Diagram of evolution of the (observable part) of the universe from the Big Bang (left), the CMB-reference afterglow, to the present.
The temperature rises as we go backwards in time towards the Big Bang and physical processes happen more rapidly. The Hubble Diagram and the Expanding Universe. Mandalas have been made since ancient times.
Our universe is vast and getting larger every day, but humanity's understanding of the cosmos is growing too.
The Hubble Diagram and the Expanding Universe.
The observable Universe (the teardrop-shaped image at the center of the diagram) is only a drop in the bucket compared to the vast expanse of the actual Universe. Now, you have only one task left: you must make a Hubble diagram, pulling together your data to learn something about the universe. Although astronomy is a complex science, these basic terms can be understood by virtually anyone. | https://www.mikros.us/2020/07/universe-diagram.html |
The Top Listed Turkish Dishes
I am Ajishma . I am presenting you an article about some delicious Turkish dishes.
Turkey is well known for its kebabs, this popular meal is only the beginning of Turkish cuisine. The rich and varied cuisine of the European destination is largely due to its landscape. A rich and varied table is made possible by the fertile plains and plateaus left behind by now-extinct volcanoes, as well as by the snow-capped mountains and swift-moving rivers.
This includes foods made with olive oil from the Mediterranean Coast, filling pastries from central Anatolia, subdued spicy flavors from the east and southeast, and those are just the beginning. Traditional Turkish dishes rely more on flavorful fresh ingredients that have been carefully rolled, kneaded, molded, and cooked to perfection with care, devotion, and passion.
Beyond the standard kebab, these popular Turkish dishes include:
Saksuka.
The great majority of vegetable dishes in Turkish cuisine are zeytinyagli yemegi, or foods cooked in olive oil .Most of them have veggies in them, such artichokes, green beans, and of course eggplants..
Sasuka is one of the best eggplant dishes. Here, cubes of green flesh with silky purple skin are cooked with tomatoes, garlic, zucchini, and various levels of chilli depending on where in Turkey the meal is created.
Kisir.
Kisir is a salad comprised of tomatoes, garlic, parsley, mint, and fine bulgur wheat. There are several variations from all around Turkey, but the Antakya variety has pul biber and nar eksisi (sour pomegranate molasses) (hot red chili flakes). The southerners enjoy the heat.
Mercimek kofte
Known as belluh by residents of Diyarbakir, mercimek kofte is a delectable vegetarian dish. They are offered in convenient bite-sized portions and are made from red lentils, fine bulgur, salt, finely chopped onion, scallions, tomato, hot red pepper paste, and crushed cilantro. Simply place one of these tasty morsels on a lettuce leaf, splash some lemon juice on top, and roll it up to enjoy.
Perde pilav
Perde pilav, also known as curtain rice, is a rice-based meal made in the town of Siirt that is baked in an oven and served hot.
Perde pilav is typically served at weddings and is prepared with chicken, currants, almonds, pine nuts, and butter. Salt, oregano, and pepper are also added to the dish.
The rice represents fertility, and the currants are for upcoming offspring. The design of the dish is said to reflect the construction of a new home.
Manti
Small dough squares with a variety of fillings called manti are created in Kayseri, where they are the most popular.
There is a teaspoon of mince in this central Anatolian variation, while cheese is used in other places. When the water is boiling, the manti are added, then topped with yoghurt and pul biber (chili flakes).
According to legend, a skilled Turkish housewife can make them so tiny that 40 can fit on a single spoon.
Testi kebab
The clay jug is first filled with the meat, tomatoes, bell pepper, garlic, and a knob of butter. The jug is then put in a wood-burning oven after having its opening sealed with a potato slice that has been peeled and coated in aluminum foil.
Once the food is prepared, the cook must use a small hammer and hold the alfoil-covered top in one hand while cracking open the container. The secret is to shoot at the thin line that circles the vessel's body three-quarters of the way up.
Gozleme
Gozleme are flat, salty pockets that are frequently filled with salty white cheese, spinach, or minced beef. Typically called as sac boregi, they are fried pastries that are served on heated convex metal plates.
Even though it's frequently regarded as a dish from the village, rolling out the paper-thin dough without ripping it requires skillful handling. The Turkish word gozleme, which means "eye," is thought to have originated from the black spots that appear when the pastry cooks and absorbs the oil on the sac.
Su boregi
The high plateaus of central Anatolia are famous for its savory pastry known as borek, which is produced by layering sheets of a fine filo-like dough known as yufka.
Numerous types of it are grown all across Turkey and Central and Eastern Europe. It was introduced to Turkey by nomadic herders hundreds of years ago.
The most widely accessible borek is called Su boregi, which translates to "water borek" and is flavored with white cheese, butter, olive oil, and salt.
Simit
Simit is a round bread that is prevalent to the cuisines of the Middle East and the former Ottoman Empire. It is often covered in sesame seeds, though less frequently poppy, flax, or sunflower seeds. Regional variations can be seen in simit's size, crunch, chewiness, and other features.
Simit is typically eaten plain or with tea, fruit preserves, cheese, or ayran for breakfast. It is customary to simit with tea. Simit, also known as "Bokegh" in Armenian, is a customary holiday bread.
Lahmacun
The Arabic word lahm-i acinli is where lahmacun gets its name.
It is a type of pastry made from ajin, or paste, and lahm, which is Arabic for beef. The paste is formed of low-fat mince blended with tomato paste, garlic, and spices and spread on a thin ring of pita dough. It can be made more spicy upon request.
Turkish people have been consuming this dish for more than 300 years, along with fresh parsley and a squeeze of lemon juice.
Baklava
The inhabitants of Gaziantep, also known as Antep, in Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region are aware that the best baklava is created in a dimly lit space with a steady temperature that is ideal for stacking the 40 sheets of tissue-like pastry that make up this national dish of Turkey.
Butter is first applied to each sheet, and then powdered pistachios are sprinkled on top every few layers. The dough is then baked until brown after a honeyed syrup is poured over the filling.
Different variations are as delicious and go by titles like "twisted turban," "nightingale's nest," "saray," or "palace baklava." You can eat baklava plain or with kaymak, Turkey's version of clotted cream.
Piyaz
The piyaz salad, a dish from the Turkish city of Antalya that is among the most well-known, has beans as one of its secret ingredients.
Instead of being ordinary butter beans, they are a tiny variety known as candir, after the province in inner India where they are farmed.
Tahini that has been slightly diluted with water, lemon juice, vinegar, salt, garlic, flat-leaf parsley, and olive oil is blended with candir, which are delicate and flavorful.
In the truly traditional recipe, a soft boiled egg is roughly chopped and added in right before serving.
Conclusion
In addition to Chinese and French cuisines, Turkish food is one of the few widely consumed cuisines in the globe. Undoubtedly, the long history of the Turks and the large number of migrations they have made throughout history to the present have contributed to the richness of Turkish culture. As a result of their movement to various regions and contact with other civilizations, Turks have a rich culinary tradition that has been synthesized. | https://discover.hubpages.com/food/The-Top-Listed-Turkish-Dishes |
Job Description: Our customers and colleagues are at the very heart of what we do. To achieve this, we employ exceptional people who are engaged and rewarded for the value they bring to the organisation and who can demonstrate our leading behaviours – Be bold in what you do, be flexible and agile, and make a positive difference.
We are currently looking to recruit a Health, Safety, Security & Environmental Coordinator for the SIG Group to provide advice, guidance and support to the Group HSSE management functions, enabling them to manage and deliver their key responsibilities.
What does the role involve?As Group Health, Safety, Security & Environmental Coordinator, you will manage and maintain a Group wide third-party database for any incidents, working with a third-party provider and OpCo Heads of HSSE to develop and implement a Group Audit platform and actions library, whilst managing the Group’s central repository for HSSE Standards and Policies and developing a KPI database and reporting programme for the Group HSSE Director.The role holder will review and analyse incident reports, providing information and advice to Heads of HSSE on standard of reporting, common issues clusters and trends in addition to conducting Group Assurance checks of branches and delivering verbal and physical reports to the Management Teams.The Group HSSE Coordinator will directly support SIG Poland and the Head of HSSE in Poland. Whilst the role is based at home in either the UK or Poland, there will be a requirement for occasional travel within the SIG European businesses.
The successful candidate will require:Fluency in written and verbal English and PolishA recognised H&S qualification or be prepared to work towards such a qualificationAn interest in and experience of providing health and safety supportExcellent communication skills with the confidence and gravitas to communicate with the Senior Management teamFlexibility, adaptability, initiative and open-minded, allowing you to be receptive to new ideas, enabling you to develop the role within the businessThe ability to produce clear and concise reports and present them in meetingsGood all-round IT skills, competent in the use of Excel spreadsheets and PowerPoint presentationsProven experience of being a team player and supporting colleagues
In return we offer:Competitive salary with annual pay award and staff recognition schemesGreat work life balance, with sociable working hours. 25 days holiday + 8 bank holidays. Company closed during Christmas period.A great pension, with SIG contributing up to 7.5% and up to 4x life insurance Money saving with retail discounts via colleague portalCycle to Work scheme Share Incentive Scheme
SIG is committed to creating a fair and inclusive environment where employees feel safe, proud and valued. We encourage ways of working that treat everyone fairly and with respect, and we look to create opportunities to improve the diversity of our workforce across all areas of the business. | https://h2people.com/health-safety-security-environmental-coordinator/ |
Terms and Conditions
Please be advised that Point101 actively and assertively enforces its copyright and intellectual property rights to the fullest extent of the law. Please see the terms and conditions that follow.
The terms and conditions that follow (the “Terms and Conditions”) govern your use of the Site and/or the purchase of works of art, products and/or services (“Artwork, Products and/or Services”) from the Site. These Terms and Conditions contain all of the terms that govern the relationship between you and Point101 and any variation must be explicitly agreed by us in writing. By accessing, browsing, or using the material and information on the Site, or purchasing Artwork, Products and/or Services from the Site, you (the "User") verify that you understand and signify these Terms and Conditions to be the legal equivalent of a signed written contract and that you accept such Terms and Conditions and agree to be legally bound by them. If you do not agree with these Terms and Conditions then you are not granted permission to access or use the Site and/or purchase Artwork, Products and/or Services from the Site; if this is the case you should exit the Site at once.
Logos, Design and Content
The entire content of the Site, including the logos, images, photographs, text, layout of the Site and any Software developed in relation to it, is Copyright © 2004-2018 Point101. All rights reserved. Removal of or alteration of the copyright notice on any material on the Site is prohibited. Other restrictions may also apply. Copyright and other proprietary rights in the materials and information may be held by individuals and/or 3rd parties other than Point101. Point101 strictly prohibits the copying, use of, display, publication, distribution, alteration, or exploitation for commercial or other purposes of any protected Material on the Site.
Permission for such use is granted on a case-by-case basis at the sole discretion of Point101 and/or its licensors. A usage fee may be involved depending on the scope, nature and purpose of the proposed use.
Intellectual Property and Artwork
Copyright and Intellectual Property Rights remain with the artist (or other Copyright owner) even after you buy the Original Artwork or Limited Edition Print. Purchase of any Artwork or Products from Point101 does not grant you any right other than that of ownership of the Artwork or Products. All material and information contained in the Site is protected by law, including but not limited to United Kingdom copyright law. The creator of the Artwork (the "Artist") reserves all rights protected under the United Kingdom Copyright law in all Artwork purchased by the Customer. The sale of any particular Artwork does not include assignment, transfer or license to Customer of the right to copy, modify or create derivative works of any Artwork, unless such right is specifically granted in writing by the Artist. Copyright in the Artwork is owned by the associated Artist. The Artworks are also protected by moral rights. The Artist asserts his / her moral right to be identified as the author of his / her Artwork at any point.
Conditions on the sale of Artwork, Products and/or Services
Acknowledgement and Settlement
All orders placed by Users from the Site for the purchase of Artwork, Products and/or Services shall be regarded to constitute an action by the User (the “Customer”) to enter into a contract on these Terms and Conditions, this action shall be accepted by Point101 by shipping the order to the Customer. All Point101's prices are in UK Pounds (£). Payment is specified on the Site Order Page for each Artwork, Product and/or Service selected by the Customer. We will debit payment for your order only when we are able to dispatch your items.
Delivery and Taxes / Duties
All delivery costs, or other expenses of any kind or nature, including but not limited to sales tax, customs duties, artist resale royalties, export or import charges (collectively “Shipping and/or Other Expenses”), is due in full by an acceptable credit card at the time of shipment. On receipt of the Purchase Price and any applicable delivery and/or other expenses, Point101 will organise delivery of the Artwork and/or Product to the Customer by common carrier (“Courier”) at the address specified on the Site Order Page. The Courier, Artist and/or Point101 will pack and insure the Artwork and/or Product for the full purchase price and will name Point101 as the insured party. If a customer has opted to pick up their purchases, the sale will be as is and Point101 shall not be bound by the terms of this paragraph. Goods shipped outside the EC (and occasionally inside the EC) may incur duties or border taxes. Please note that payment of any taxes levied are the responsibility of the customer, we advise you to ring your local advice bureau for more information.
Cancellations, Returns and Damage
A Customer may cancel an order at any time prior to the Artwork and/or Product being dispatched - except where we have already framed or packed the Artwork and/or Product or started customisation. We must receive notice of an order cancellation within 7 days of the date of delivery of the goods. As soon as we receive your notice to cancel an order we will issue you with a refund if it has not yet been dispatched and the conditions above are met.
14 Day Peace of Mind.
Point101 is happy to supply a full refund within 14 days in the unlikely event there is any obvious physical problem with your print which is directly a result of a technical problem at our end. However we are not responsible for any oversight on your part in relation to poor quality, pixelisation or low inherent resolution. Be aware that you should check the preview online before you order to make sure you're happy with how it looks. Please note that delivery costs are non-refundable.
3 Meldola Yard, London, E9 5NW, UK
Product Specification, Corrections and Availability
All Artwork and/or Products displayed on the Site are offered on a first-come, first-serve basis. There may be an instance where a user purchases goods that are no longer available. Although this is unlikely Point101 does not guarantee the availability for the purchase of any Artwork and/or other Product displayed on the Site. While we endeavor to keep information up to date, but we cannot gurantee the accuracy of the colour, text, graphics, or descriptions contained on the Site. It is important to note that there may be minor inaccurancies in dimensions and specifications. Colours of Artwork, Products, mounts and frames may appear different on certain monitors and screens.
Breech of terms and Conditions
If the Terms and Conditions herein are not complied with then Point101 may hold the Customer liable for some or all costs of collection, handling charges, commissions, and any legal fees and expenses attributable to the Customer’s breach of these Terms and Conditions.
Disclaimer of Warranty and Liability
This Site and all information contained within it are provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. You acknowledge, by your use of the Site, that your use of the Site is at your sole risk, that you assume full responsibility for all costs associated with all necessary servicing or repairs of any equipment you use in connection with your use of our site, and that Point101 shall not be liable for any damages of any kind related to your use of this site. Point101 shall not be liable for any personal loss or damage, which may arise from the use of any of the information contained in the Site. Point101 shall no be liable for any special, indirect or incidental damages, including but not limited to lost revenues which may result from the reliance of purchase of Arwork, Products and/or Services from this Site. Some users may find certain Content, Artwork and/or Products unsuitable for children, it is the responsibility of the parents to provide guidance in these circumstances.
Customer and User Privacy and Data Protection
All and any information provided by you to Blink Red will be treated in strict confidence with respect to privacy and according to the terms and conditions of the Data Protection Act.
Acknowledgement of Indemnity
You agree to indemnify Point101 and keep Point101 indemnified against any damages, claims, liabilities, losses and expenses arising out of any misuse of the Site or information therein.
Links to Other Sites
Point101 may provide links to other websites, goods and/or services. Point101 is not responsible for the content of any 3rd party websites which may be accessed via our Site and disclaim responsibility for the accuracy of information or quality of products. Point101 does not control or endorse other websites, galleries, events, Products and/or Services unless expressly stated
Governing Law
These terms and your use of this website are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales and any disputes will be decided only by the Courts of England and Wales.
Point101 reserves the right to restrict your access to the Site in the event that you violate these Terms and Conditions. | https://www.point101.com/tandcs |
"and the Dagda touched his harp"
The harp has a significant place in Irish Mythology. It is depicted as a powerful manipulator of emotions and bodily states, endowed with the ability to make those who hear it laugh or cry uncontrollably, and it also has the power to induce sleep.
These properties of the harp are illustrated in the episode of the harp of the Dagda, which appears in the Lebor Gabala, or the Book of Invasions, which was recorded in a text called The book of Leinster, was written in the early 12th century, as a recording of pre-Christian oral stories.
Lugh Samildanach, one of the early kings of the Tuatha De Dannan (Irish fairies) also shows his skill as a harper in the Lebor Gabala, he utilises all of the three magical strains to impress the court with his skill, where the Dagda uses the mirth-strain, the sorrow-strain and the sleep strain later in the narrative to punish the Formorians for stealing his harp. Another notable mythological harper is Aengus Og, a handsome youth and son of the Dagda, whose golden stringed harp of silver has the power to attract birds and wild animals, and also the power to attract and bespell maidens.
The harper, as well as the harp, figures highly in Irish myth. In the Lebor Gabala the Dagda goes right to the enemy's camp to rescue his harper Uaithne and his magic harp.
In another of the Irish myths, the Ulster Cycle, the army of Connacht takes their harpers with them to battle. The tables are turned on Aengus Og when a beautiful lady harper comes to him in his dreams for a year and causes him to pine and waste away for the love of her, until his father, the Dagda, ascertains the cause of his malady and tells him who the lady is and where she can be found. | http://www.geocities.ws/irish_harps/myth.htm |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.