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INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
Nutritional intake as a pivotal element contributing to human health and well-being is of great importance and its role in childhood and adolescence is more prominent and of greater concern. Nutritional intake has a special direct effect on children\'s health due to their physical and mental growth as well as cognitive development. Furthermore, it has long-term effects on general health status through formation of life-long eating behaviors in children.\[[@ref1][@ref2]\] Food intake patterns and overweight are associated with different immediate complications and major long-term consequences including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer, dental caries, asthma, and some other psychological disorders like depression.\[[@ref3][@ref4][@ref5]\] Thus, quality of children\'s and adolescents' diet has become a major concern for researchers. In recent decades, there have been considerable efforts following changes in diet and types of consumed foods leading substitution of fast foods with salutary traditional meals. However, the majorities of children do not meet recommended standards of dietary guidelines and are devoid of healthy dietary habits.\[[@ref2][@ref6]\] In addition, dietary quality would be exacerbated when children grow up by not only lower consumption of fruits, vegetables, and milk, but also higher consumption of soft drinks.\[[@ref7][@ref8]\]
In recent years, health organizations have implemented a variety of interventions to promote healthy eating behaviors of young population, yet they have had limited impact, which might be attributable to insufficient understanding of dietary habits and necessary interventions implemented in accordance with children ages.\[[@ref2][@ref9]\] As Shepherd *et al*. indicated in their study, dietary influences vary with age, and not all interventions are suitable for all age groups.\[[@ref3]\] Yet, to date, relatively little research has examined nutritional knowledge, practice and attitudes of Iranian young population and related differences between different age groups and genders in many aspects of this field have not clearly been defined. On the other hand, more than 27% of the Iranian population are between 10 and 19 years of old,\[[@ref10]\] which prioritize promotion of dietary healthy programs aiming healthier society development. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate dietary program and nutritional knowledge of a representative sample of primary school and junior high school students in Isfahan province, beside evaluation of their food intake status in comparison to recommendations, underscoring probable existent differences and imbalances regarding age, gender and living area.
METHODS {#sec1-2}
=======
Settings {#sec2-1}
--------
This survey was a cross-sectional study conducted between September 2009 and March 2010 on 4700 primary and junior high school pupils of Isfahan province, which is one of the largest provinces of Iran.
Study design and sampling {#sec2-2}
-------------------------
Sample size comprised 4700 students, which included 2867 and 1833 primary school and high junior school students, respectively. Nutritional practice score was applied for sample size calculation while level of confidence and drop-out rate were 95% and 2%, respectively. Bunches of multistage cluster sampling were proportionally selected in accordance with the student population of different towns in Isfahan province as well as the total number of the student population at each educational level. In addition, the proportion of urban population to rural one was considered in every town whilst male to female ratio was considered to be equal. Inclusion criteria comprised students residing in Isfahan province and were studying at either primary school or junior high school. Exclusion criteria included either refusal announcement or discontent expression for being a subject. Under missing analysis was implemented for incomplete questionnaires.
Data collection tools {#sec2-3}
---------------------
Questionnaire-based method was implemented for data collection through trained questioners and participating students and parents. Two various questionnaires were used included standard and researcher-designed questionnaire. All questionnaires were coded. Former questionnaire was used to determine average daily consumption in every seven food groups, whereas the latter one was applied for evaluation of nutritional knowledge and practice in the respective groups. All of the 24 questions, in the standard questionnaire, were answered by mothers on a holiday and 2 nonholiday days. The standard questionnaire consisted of a variety of multiple-choice, open-ended and yes/no questions. Serving size and details of consumed foods were provided by subjects as far as possible. Questioners' guidance was available for mothers within the period they were completing the questionnaire at home. Afterward, amounts of food ingredients were calculated and prepared in standard tables regarding available routinely used recipes.
On the other hand, researcher-designed questionnaire consisted of 39 questions, which concerned about demographic nutritional knowledge and nutritional practice in 10, 19, and 10 questions respectively. All 39 questions were answered by students within 20 min (determined according to the pilot study).
Final score was calculated in base of the percentage for each individual whilst practice evaluation section had the main portion of the total score. Total scores being above 75 out of 100 were mentioned to be favorable while scores being between 50% and 74% or lower than 50% were reported as medium and poor nutritional practice, respectively.
Validity of the questionnaire was checked and obtained by consulting a number of experts, and the Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient was calculated to obtain reliability. Reliability analysis yielded Cronbach\'s alpha value of 0.70 for knowledge and practice scales. In order to make, necessary modifications pilot study questionnaires were distributed among 30 students of primary school and junior high school. Students' knowledge and awareness were assessed with regard to 5 main aspects including healthy eating, main food groups, main meals, minerals, and vitamins, as well as nutritional habits. Nutritional practice was evaluated by inquiry about food choices and daily consumption of food materials.
Ethical considerations {#sec2-4}
----------------------
The study protocol was approved by Ethic Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Participation in this study was voluntary. All information was anonymously collected, and the outcomes were used for research purposes.
Data analysis {#sec2-5}
-------------
Data extracted from questionnaires were analyzed in accordance with gender, living area (urban or rural), and educational level (primary or junior high school). Independent *t*-test was applied for comparison of mean scores of the above-mentioned groups, who completed nutritional knowledge and practice evaluation. Qualitative variables were compared using Chi-square test and finally all data were analyzed by ACCESS 2010 and (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS {#sec1-3}
=======
Total sample size comprised of 4700 participants, standard questionnaire and researcher-designed one reached 3673 and 4691, respectively, due to missing data and uncompleted returned questionnaires. Eighty-four percent (3923 students) of the understudied population were from urban areas while the rest 16% (768 cases) settled in rural regions. The ratio of males to females in sample groups from both urban and rural areas was equal. Almost 70% of cases were elementary school pupils, and the rest were students of junior high schools. Baseline characteristic data are demonstrated in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}.
######
Distribution of students in terms of gender and living area
Nutritional knowledge and practice evaluation {#sec2-6}
---------------------------------------------
In general, 4691 filled questionnaires were collected from 4700 pupils. Data extracted from all filled questionnaires went under statistical analysis and missing analysis. As previously mentioned, students' knowledge score was analyzed in 3 steps comprising gender, age, and living area. Total mean scores were calculated for 5 distinct aspects of nutritional knowledge and were compared. Average total knowledge score for healthy eating was 48.95 ± 11.4, which was shown to be significantly different between males and females. As shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} female students' awareness regarding healthy eating tended to be higher than their male counterparts (*P* \< 0.001). In comparison, students from urban areas seemed to have a higher awareness about healthy eating (*P* \< 0.001). Likewise, junior high school students had significantly higher knowledge score on this issue than younger ones (*P* \< 0.001). Detailed analyzed data regarding students' knowledge about healthy eating is shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
######
Comparison of nutritional knowledge and practice score of students in terms of gender, living area, and educational level
The same results were obtained with regard to main food groups and nutritional habits awareness status. Indeed, males and females did not show any difference except for food meals. To elaborate, urban pupils had a higher level of knowledge in all aspects except for minerals and vitamins and food meals. Whole data of knowledge evaluation in all 5 mentioned aspects are summarized in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
For both sections of nutritional practice part distinct mean scores were calculated and compared. Total average score for participants' food choices and consumption of different food groups was 85.8 ± 10.9, while male participants gained higher mean score than girl students. Likewise, urban students were shown to be superior to rural ones in this regard. Primary school students had significantly higher practice score for this aspect in comparison with their junior high school counterparts. Moreover, students' mean score for daily consumption of food materials and groups was 55.4 ± 14.6 out of 100. Mean score of girls tended to be higher than boys, whereas this score was not affected by living area. Finally, primary school pupils had a higher practice score for this part than junior high school ones. All mentioned differences were statistically meaningful, and related data are reported in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
Food frequency evaluation {#sec2-7}
-------------------------
Almost 77% of 24-h recall food frequency distributed questionnaires were analyzable. Indeed, 1813 of them were filled by males and the rest (1860 questionnaire) were filled by female counterparts. [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"} presents average amounts of daily consumption of food materials based on a defined unit of food groups. Average amount of daily consumption for bread and cereal group was 7.4 ± 2.1 units. Average amount of daily intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat, fats, sugar were 2.1 ± 1.2, 1.0 ± 0.7, 0.8 ± 0.6, 3.5 ± 1.2, 6.2 ± 2.4, 1.3 ± 1.1, respectively. Females had significantly higher daily consumption of fruits and vegetables, while males had higher consumption of bread and cereals, fats, and meat products. Neither dairy consumption of products nor daily consumption of sugar differed between girls and boys. Mean units of consumed foods and *P* values are summarized in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}. While daily consumption of vegetables and meat were significantly higher in urban areas, no significant differences were found in daily consumption of other foods between urban and rural parts. In addition, milk and dairy group was the only one, which elementary school students had a higher intake than their junior high school counterparts \[[Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}\].
######
Comparison of average daily intake of distinct food groups among students in terms of gender, living area, and educational level
Prevalence distribution for eating meals showed that 0.8% of students did not eat a breakfast meal at all while regular consumption of this meal was significantly higher in primary school children. On the other hand, gender and living area did not statistically affect aforesaid meal. Details regarding consumption of 3 main meals and before noon, afternoon, and after dinner snack are shown in [Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}. In fact, the prevalence of people who did not eat lunch meal, afternoon snack, dinner and after dinner snack was 0.1%, 2.9%, 0.1%, and 16.1%, respectively. In comparison to males, females had higher consumption of each meal except for breakfast and dinner. Lunch consumption was the only criterion, which was not affected by educational level. Indeed, Compared to junior high school participants, elementary school pupils had significantly higher frequency in consumption of other meals In addition, afternoon snack was more frequently consumed by urban students; still, frequency consumption of other meals did not affect by living area.
######
Comparison of prevalence distribution of consumption of meals among students in terms of gender, living area, and educational level
Carbohydrates were found to meet 64.1% of daily energy requirements in both female and male adolescent groups. Proteins and fats were the source of 12% and 23.8% of daily energy respectively, while they did not differ significantly between males and females (*P* = 0.698).
DISCUSSION {#sec1-4}
==========
According to our findings mean values of nutritional knowledge score were lower than half of the total score, so it was not favorable in both female and male students as a whole. The most information of the students was recognized in the scope of nutritional habits whereas the poorest awareness was found in the scope of food groups, minerals, and vitamins. Compared to males, females were most aware in almost all aspects of nutritional knowledge evaluation, and this finding is corroborated in a number of previous surveys.\[[@ref11][@ref12][@ref13][@ref14]\] Older pupils had higher levels of nutritional knowledge, which was mostly attributable to increased understanding of students when they were more trained and educated. Nevertheless, as with the previous studies, association between age and nutritional awareness was less consistent.\[[@ref15]\] Some studies have reported a direct correlation between age and nutritional awareness, whereas this correlation was inconstant with some other studies.\[[@ref12][@ref13]\] Since rural students were considerably less aware of nutritional information more efforts, should be concentrated on educational program in rural areas. Nonetheless, higher awareness does not necessarily results in more favorable nutritional practice and behavior.\[[@ref12][@ref13]\] For example, while females had higher levels of nutritional knowledge, they showed weaker nutritional attitudes regarding daily consumption of food meals and food groups in comparison with males. On one hand, it seems that some other influencing variables such as body image psychological issues, food preferences, family dietary pattern, environmental factors influencing on children and adolescents' nutritional behavior are accountable for this discrepancy.\[[@ref16][@ref17]\] On the other hand, scientists implies that less favorable attitude of adolescent girls may be due to their inclination to lose weight and remain slim which affects their food choices and amount of daily intake, causing weaker behaviors regarding daily food consumption despite of enough knowledge and awareness in this field.\[[@ref10]\] Still, some female students had stronger performance, which is in accordance with the concept that conscious individuals pursue standard eating recommendations more often and less aware people overrule recommended patterns of eating for daily consumption of food groups.\[[@ref15]\] This study also demonstrated that compared with junior high school students, primary school children were so susceptible to be influenced by family food pattern and parents' recommendations. In fact, younger children\'s food intake was more a reflection of parental choices and functions rather than their own knowledge-based behavior while adolescents and teenagers make more independent food choices. The level of control over food choices is higher in older children whereas in the case of preference for unhealthy foods, younger children have limited opportunity to choose, and parents encourage their children for healthy eating.\[[@ref18][@ref19][@ref20]\]
The results of this research demonstrated that males in primary school had higher intakes of meat, carbohydrates, and fats, but fruit, and vegetable intakes were significantly higher in female primary school students. Indeed, daily carbohydrate and protein intakes were appropriate, whilst the portion of fat was notably high, which was in accordance with the previous studies.\[[@ref21][@ref22]\] However, consumption of some macro-nutrients in adolescents did not meet standard recommendations. In fact, the bread and cereals group met standard recommendation of FDA, whereas fat and oils, sugar intakes were higher than recommended daily amounts. Both males and females had low consumption of fruits, though its consumption was considerably lower in males. In general, this research and similar ones demonstrated that male participants had significantly lower consumption of vegetables and fruits and higher intakes of carbohydrates, fats, and meats in comparison to their female counterparts.\[[@ref23]\] Both males and females showed acceptable status for meal consumption except for venial individuals who missed main meals in spite of the fact that female participants showed a higher intake of meals, especially between-meal snacks.
CONCLUSIONS {#sec1-5}
===========
This study indicates that adolescents had an imbalanced diet, which was not only considerably low in several essential food materials, but also high in some nutrients; however, they had acceptable nutritional knowledge.
Thus, necessity of developing nutritional interventions and education strategies aiming promotion of healthy eating habits in children is indispensable.
Authors would like to gratefully acknowledge not only the students who participated in the survey, their teachers and parents, but also the supportive staff of educational department and its ancillary staff in Isfahan Province for their kind collaboration in designing and implementation of the study.
**Source of Support:** This research was funded by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
**Conflict of Interest:** None declared.
| |
International Opportunities for Area Protection Solutions
In June of this year HSD took the initiative to stimulate cooperation with other European regions that are strong in safety and security. Aim is to jointly enhance the cooperation between public and private parties, academia and R&D organisations and stimulate innovation and economic growth. First steps have been made, connecting to security regions in France, Denmark, Finland and Germany. During the SRIE2016 in The Hague this cooperation was invigorated. As part of this cooperation the French partner clusters SAFE and SCS are looking to identify providers of existing solutions or Research & Technology (RT) projects addressing one or several of the needs listed below. SAFE and SCS have placed a call for expression of interest - Rail station security.
1 – Verification of passengers’ possession of a valid ticket ahead of boarding the train with the aim of tackling fraud;
2 - Detection of concealed weapons, explosives and other dangerous materials on individuals and in luggage at the entrance to public sites and/or at the entrance to the platforms with the aim of preventing malicious acts;
3 - General indoor surveillance of a public site (such as train station, airport and other buildings accessible to general public) for detection of suspicious and antisocial behaviour, aggressions, crowd movement and acts of vandalism with the aim of ensuring global security;
4 - Perimeter surveillance of restricted areas (perimeter fence and tracks) against unauthorised intrusion with the aim of ensuring global security;
5 - Real time surveillance of the carriage interior for detection of suspicious behaviour, aggression and acts of vandalisms with the aim of ensuring global security;
6 - Increasing the overall sense of safety;
7 - User involvement in the overall process of increasing safety & security.
This call is launched in the framework of a study on all-inclusive solutions for ensuring safety and security of regional train stations. Its implementation could result in a pre-commercial procurement (PCP) between a local public authority and a private consortium.
How to Apply?
Should you consider your solutions to be in the scope of this call, you are kindly invited to summarise and present them on 3 slides. Please contact [email protected] and hand in the application before the 22nd of December 2016. After examination, the most suitable solutions will be presented to the authority in charge of ensuring the safety and security of regional train stations with the objective of having them tested under real conditions. The economic aspects of the proposed solutions will be examined with a particular attention.
HSD's Vision on Integrated Area Protection
Currently, in most cases, security measures are aimed at protecting a single building or premises (fences, buffer zones, guards). By adopting an integrated approach for all objects in an area, using modern technology and by innovating the security processes, the desired security level could be achieved more efficiently, with less inconvenience to residents in the area. To facilitate innovations in this field, HSD will foster an innovation environment for comprehensive area protection where companies, knowledge institutions and security services can test new solutions in practice .This ‘living lab’ will primarily be used as an experimental facility in the programme ‘security innovation in the international zone’. By developing the concept of integrated area protection in more depth and by experimenting ‘real time’, a tangible contribution is made to reducing the vulnerability of sensitive areas and to improving response in the event of emergencies. | https://securitydelta.nl/news/overview/international-opportunities-area-protection-solutions |
Research purpose: The main purpose of this study was to examine the discriminant and convergent validity of two personality measures that measure the big five personality factors: the longer Basic Traits Inventory (BTI) and the shorter Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI).
Motivation for the study: Researchers have indicated a need for shorter personality measures, such as the TIPI, to assess personality dimensions. This study assessed the validity of the shorter measure in comparison with the BTI, which is considered cross-culturally valid in the South African context.
Research approach, design and method: This study used a quantitative research design. Both personality measures were administered manually to a convenience sample of student participants (n = 662), and data were analysed through factor analysis utilising oblique rotation for all items.
Main findings: The main findings indicate that, although the construct validity of both measures was satisfactory, the TIPI yielded unsatisfactory reliability.
Practical/managerial implications: The BTI is a more reliable measure than the TIPI, which should only be used when time is limited.
Contribution/value-add: In addition to providing insight into how the length of an assessment impacts on the reliability of a measure, this study further reinforces the use of the basic traits inventory as a measure that reliably measures personality in South Africa. | https://sajip.co.za/index.php/sajip/article/view/1005 |
Duration: 01. Junly 2014 – 30. June 2016.
Institution: Institut za fiziku, Zagreb, Croatia
Project team: Iva Šrut Rakić, Vesna Mikšić Trontl, Ivo Pletikosić (Princeton University USA), Tonica Valla (Brookhaven national Laboratory USA), Maria Asensio (SOLEIL Synchrotron, Paris, France)
Abstract
A strained graphene offers a valuable avenue for the manipulation in altering its electronic structure. Graphene can withstand rather large elastic deformation and it appears that within the elastic response there is a range of different modifications in graphene’s electronic structure. This is a basis of what is called “strain engineering”. Recent theoretical calculations suggest that uniaxial strain or shear deformations can induce opening of the electron band gap, anisotropic modification of the Fermi velocity and consequently alter the transport properties. However, there is still no consensus on the mechanical conditions required to obtain a particular electronic modification.
In this project we propose a systematic study of structural and electronic properties of periodically rippled graphene. We have already demonstrated that graphene conforms to the stepped (vicinal) iridium surface – Ir(332) creating periodic structure at nanometer scale. It is aim of this project to experimentally explore the dependence of the electronic structure of graphene with respect to periodicity of the graphene corrugation, orientation of the graphene with respect to the shear deformation (zig-zag with respect to armchair direction). By intercalation of different elements we will try to alter the graphene substrate interaction with the aim to control the structure of the underlying surface and consequently valence band structure of graphene.
We shall investigate structural properties of graphene on Ir(332) by Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The focus in the investigation of electronic properties will be on the ARPES study of anisotropic distortion of the Dirac cone, relation with the direction of the graphene modulation, spin-orbit interaction and on the possibility to induce electron band gap. | http://perstagra.ifs.hr/project/ |
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Over the past few decades, the rapid development of ultrafast lasers, such as femtosecond lasers and picosecond lasers, has opened up new avenues for material processing due to their unique features such as ultrashort pulse width and extremely high peak intensity. These techniques have become a common tool for micro- and nanoprocessing of a variety of materials and are now widely used for both fundamental researches and practical applications. This book is composed of 12 chapters covering relevant topics of ultrafast laser processing, including laser itself and novel beam manipulation methods for processing, fundamentals of ultrafast laser processing, nanomaterial synthesis, surface micro- and nanostructuring, micromachining, two-photon photopolymerization, internal modification/fabrication of transparent materials, applications to photonic devices and microchips for biological analysis, industrial applications, and so on. Each chapter is written by world-leading scientists in the related field so as to give comprehensive reviews in the field of ultrafast laser micro- and nanoprocessing.
Femtosecond Laser 3D Micromachining for Microfluidic and Optofluidic Applications
A Book
by Koji Sugioka,Ya Cheng
- Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
- Release : 2013-09-24
- Pages : 129
- ISBN : 1447155416
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Femtosecond lasers opened up new avenue in materials processing due to its unique features of ultrashort pulse width and extremely high peak intensity. One of the most important features of femtosecond laser processing is that strong absorption can be induced even by materials which are transparent to the femtosecond laser beam due to nonlinear multiphoton absorption. The multiphoton absorption allows us to perform not only surface but also three-dimensionally internal microfabrication of transparent materials such as glass. This capability makes it possible to directly fabricate three-dimensional microfluidics, micromechanics, microelectronics and microoptics embedded in the glass. Further, these microcomponents can be easily integrated in a single glass microchip by the simple procedure using the femtosecond laser. Thus, the femtosecond laser processing provides some advantages over conventional methods such as traditional semiconductor processing or soft lithography for fabrication of microfluidic, optofludic and lab-on-a-chip devices and thereby many researches on this topic are currently being carried out. This book presents a comprehensive review on the state of the art and future prospects of femtosecond laser processing for fabrication of microfluidics and optofludics including principle of femtosecond laser processing, detailed fabrication procedures of each microcomponent and practical applications to biochemical analysis.
Handbook Of Manufacturing
A Book
by Wang Lihui,Huang Yong,Liang Steven Y
- Publisher : World Scientific
- Release : 2019-10-08
- Pages : 740
- ISBN : 9813271035
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Handbook of Manufacturing provides a comprehensive overview of fundamental knowledge on manufacturing, covering various processes, manufacturing-related metrology and quality assessment and control, and manufacturing systems. Many modern processes such as additive manufacturing, micro- and nano-manufacturing, and biomedical manufacturing are also covered in this handbook. The handbook will help prepare readers for future exploration of manufacturing research as well as practical engineering applications.
Simulation and Experiments of Material-Oriented Ultra-Precision Machining
A Book
by Junjie Zhang,Bing Guo,Jianguo Zhang
- Publisher : Springer
- Release : 2018-12-31
- Pages : 305
- ISBN : 9811333351
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Ultra-precision machining is a promising solution for achieving excellent machined surface quality and sophisticated micro/nano-structures that influence the applications of components and devices. Further, given the ultrathin layer of material removed, it is a highly coupled process between cutting tool and material. In this book, scientists in the fields of mechanical engineering and materials science from China, Ukraine, Japan, Singapore present their latest research findings regarding the simulation and experiment of material-oriented ultra-precision machining. Covering various machining methods (cutting, grinding, polishing, ion beam and laser machining) and materials (metal, semiconductor and hard-brittle ceramics), it mainly focuses on the evaluation of the fundamental mechanisms and their implementation in processing optimization for different materials. It is of significant theoretical and practical value for guiding the fabrication of ultra-smooth and functional surfaces using ultra-precision machining.
Advances in Micro and Nano Manufacturing and Surface Engineering
Proceedings of AIMTDR 2018
by M. S. Shunmugam,M. Kanthababu
- Publisher : Springer Nature
- Release : 2019-11-30
- Pages : 740
- ISBN : 9813294256
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
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Micro and Precision Manufacturing
A Book
by Kapil Gupta
- Publisher : Springer
- Release : 2017-10-15
- Pages : 195
- ISBN : 3319688014
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
This book provides details on various micro and precision manufacturing and finishing operations performed by conventional and advanced processes, including micro-manufacturing of micro-tools and precision finishing of engineered components. It describes the process mechanism, principles and parameters while performing micro-fabrication and precision finishing operations. The text provides the readers with knowledge of micro and precision manufacturing and encourages them to explore the future venues in this field.
Laser Processing and Chemistry
A Book
by Dieter Bäuerle
- Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
- Release : 2011-09-02
- Pages : 851
- ISBN : 9783642176135
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Laser Processing and Chemistry gives an overview of the fundamentals and applications of laser-matter interactions, in particular with regard to laser material processing. Special attention is given to laser-induced physical and chemical processes at gas-solid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid interfaces. Starting with the background physics, the book proceeds to examine applications of laser techniques in micro-machining, and the patterning, coating, and modification of material surfaces. This fourth edition has been revised and enlarged to cover new topics such as 3D microfabrication, advances in nanotechnology, ultrafast laser technology and laser chemical processing (LCP). Graduate students, physicists, chemists, engineers, and manufacturers alike will find this book an invaluable reference work on laser processing.
Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials
A Book
by Anonim
- Publisher : Elsevier
- Release : 2020-01-09
- Pages : 4252
- ISBN : 0128131969
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials provides a comprehensive overview, covering research and development on all aspects of renewable, recyclable and sustainable materials. The use of renewable and sustainable materials in building construction, the automotive sector, energy, textiles and others can create markets for agricultural products and additional revenue streams for farmers, as well as significantly reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, manufacturing energy requirements, manufacturing costs and waste. This book provides researchers, students and professionals in materials science and engineering with tactics and information as they face increasingly complex challenges around the development, selection and use of construction and manufacturing materials. Covers a broad range of topics not available elsewhere in one resource Arranged thematically for ease of navigation Discusses key features on processing, use, application and the environmental benefits of renewable and sustainable materials Contains a special focus on sustainability that will lead to the reduction of carbon emissions and enhance protection of the natural environment with regard to sustainable materials
Advanced Manufacturing Technologies
Modern Machining, Advanced Joining, Sustainable Manufacturing
by Kapil Gupta
- Publisher : Springer
- Release : 2017-05-28
- Pages : 294
- ISBN : 3319560999
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
This book provides details and collective information on working principle, process mechanism, salient features, and unique applications of various advanced manufacturing techniques and processes belong. The book is divided in three sessions covering modern machining methods, advanced repair and joining techniques and, finally, sustainable manufacturing. The latest trends and research aspects of those fields are highlighted.
Micro-electrical Discharge Machining Processes
Technologies and Applications
by Golam Kibria,Muhammad P. Jahan,B. Bhattacharyya
- Publisher : Springer
- Release : 2018-12-15
- Pages : 314
- ISBN : 9811330743
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
This book offers a comprehensive collection of micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) processes, including hybrid processes. It discusses the theory behind each process and their applications in various technological as well as biomedical domains, and also presents a brief background to various micro EDM processes, current research challenges, and detailed case studies of micro-manufacturing miniaturized parts. The book serves as a valuable guide for students and researchers interested in micro EDM and other related processes.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Research and Innovations in Mechanical Engineering
ICRIME-2013
by Sehijpal Singh Khangura,Paramjit Singh,Harwinder Singh,Gurinder Singh Brar
- Publisher : Springer
- Release : 2014-05-05
- Pages : 682
- ISBN : 8132218590
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
This book comprises the proceedings of International Conference on Research and Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (ICRIME 2013) organized by Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana with support from AICTE, TEQIP, DST and PTU, Jalandhar. This international conference served as a premier forum for communication of new advances and research results in the fields of mechanical engineering. The proceedings reflect the conference’s emphasis on strong methodological approaches and focus on applications within the domain of mechanical engineering. The contents of this volume aim to highlight new theoretical and experimental findings in the fields of mechanical engineering and closely related fields, including interdisciplinary fields such as robotics and mechatronics.
Micro and Nanomachining Technology-Size, Model and Complex Mechanism
A Book
by Xuesong Han
- Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
- Release : 2014-01-27
- Pages : 280
- ISBN : 1608057690
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Recent advances in science and technology such as online monitoring techniques, coupling of various processing methods, surface characterization and measurement techniques have greatly promoted the development of ultraprecise machining technology. This precision now falls into the micrometer and nanometer range - hence the name micro & nanomachining technology (MNT). Machining is a complex phenomenon associated with a variety of different mechanical, physical, and chemical processes. Common principles defining control mechanisms such as O Jamie de geometry, Newton mechanics, Macroscopic Thermodynamics and Electromagnetics are not applicable to phenomena occurring at the nanometer scale whereas quantum effects, wave characteristics and the microscopic fluctuation become the dominant factors. A remarkable enhancement in computational capability through advanced computer hardware and high performance computation techniques (parallel computation) has enabled researchers to employ large scale parallel numerical simulations to investigate micro & nanomachining technologies and gain insights into related processes. Micro and Nanomachining Technology - Size, Model and Complex Mechanism introduces readers to the basics of micro & nanomachining (MNT) technology and covers some of the above techniques including molecular dynamics and finite element simulations, as well as complexity property and multiscale MNT methods. This book meets the growing need of Masters students or Ph.D. students studying nanotechnology, mechanical engineering or materials engineering, allowing them to understand the design and process issues associated with precision machine tools and the fabrication of precision components.
Microreaction Technology
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Microreaction Technology
by Wolfgang Ehrfeld
- Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
- Release : 2012-12-06
- Pages : 356
- ISBN : 3642720765
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Microreaction technology is the logically consistent application of microsystem techniques in chemical reaction and process engineering. Miniaturization in this field is the strategy of success and requires the development of small, inexpensive, independent and versatile chemical reaction units. Microreaction technology is at present regarded as one of the fastest evolving and most promising disciplines in chemical engineering, combinatorial synthesis and analysis, pharmaceutical drug development and molecular biotechnology. A broad range of microstructurable materials is a prerequisite for microreaction technology and the development of microreactors goes hand in hand with the availability of a number of modem, versatile microfabrication technologies. Today, it is possible to manufacture tbree dimensional microstructures, almost without any restrictions with regard to design and choice of suitable materials, for various chemical applications -just in time to support the development of functional units for microreactors, e. g. micromixers, micro heat exchangers, micro extractors, units for phase transfer, reaction cham bers, intelligent fluidic control elements and microanalysis systems. The advantages of microreactors, e. g. the use of novel process routes, the re duction of reaction byproducts, the improvement of 'time to market', the high flexibility for all applications requiring modular solutions, have had a strong im pact on concepts of sustainable development. Many of the leading companies and research institutes in the world have recognized the tremendous possibilities of microreactor concepts and of their economic potential, and have thus initiated worldwide research and development activities.
Advances in Ultrafast Optics
A Book
by Fei He,Derong Li,Wei Quan,Shufeng Wang,Zhiyi Wei,Heping Zeng
- Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
- Release : 2018-09-10
- Pages : 443
- ISBN : 3110382830
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Being the most active field in modern physics, Optical Physics has developed many new branches and interdisciplinary fields overlapping with various classical disciplines. This series summarizes the advancements of optical physics in the past twenty years in the following fields: High Field Laser Physics, Precision Laser Spectroscopy, Nonlinear Optics, Nanophotonics, Quantum Optics, Ultrafast Optics, Condensed Matter Optics, and Molecular Biophotonics.
Micromanufacturing Processes
A Book
by V.K. Jain
- Publisher : CRC Press
- Release : 2016-04-19
- Pages : 429
- ISBN : 143985291X
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Increased demand for and developments in micromanufacturing have created a need for a resource that covers both the science and technology of this rapidly growing area. With contributions from eminent professors and researchers actively engaged in teaching, research, and development, Micromanufacturing Processes details the basic principles, tools,
Advances in Materials Manufacturing Science and Technology XV
A Book
by Ru Peng Zhu,Ning He,Yu Can Fu,Chang Yong Yang
- Publisher : Trans Tech Publications Ltd
- Release : 2013-10-25
- Pages : 460
- ISBN : 3038262498
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
The papers in this special volume represent the latest development in the field of materials manufacturing technology, spanning from the fundamentals to new technology and applications. Especially, the papers cover the topics of advanced manufacturing technology and equipment, material forming science and technology, digital manufacturing system and management, modern design theory and methodology, and MEMS and ultra precision manufacturing. Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS).
Laser Material Processing
A Book
by William M. Steen,Jyotirmoy Mazumder
- Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
- Release : 2010-11-30
- Pages : 558
- ISBN : 9781849960625
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
The informal style of Laser Material Processing (4th Edition) will guide you smoothly from the basics of laser physics to the detailed treatment of all the major materials processing techniques for which lasers are now essential. • Helps you to understand how the laser works and to decide which laser is best for your purposes. • New chapters on laser physics, drilling, micro- and nanomanufacturing and biomedical laser processing reflect the changes in the field since the last edition, updating and completing the range of practical knowledge about the processes possible with lasers already familiar to established users of this well-known text. • Provides a firm grounding in the safety aspects of laser use. • Now with end-of-chapter exercises to help students assimilate information as they learn. • The authors’ lively presentation is supported by a number of original cartoons by Patrick Wright and Noel Ford which will bring a smile to your face and ease the learning process.
Hybrid Micro-Machining Processes
A Book
by Sumit Bhowmik,Divya Zindani
- Publisher : Springer
- Release : 2019-02-09
- Pages : 70
- ISBN : 3030130398
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
This book presents some of the recent hybrid micro-machining processes used to manufacture miniaturized products with micro level precision. The current developed technologies to manufacture the micro dimensioned products while meeting the desired precision level are described within the text. The authors especially highlight research that focuses on the development of new micro machining platforms while integrating the different technologies to manufacture the micro components in a high throughput and cost effective manner. | https://www.seecoalharbour.com/micro-and-nanoscale-laser-processing-of-hard-brittle-materials/ |
Turmeric has been used as a healing spice in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. A powerful anti-inflammatory superfood, turmeric powder is a staple ingredient in recipes ranging from sweet golden milk turmeric lattes to savory curries. Committed to delivering the most potent nutritional benefits possible, we source an organic Turmeric Powder that is specifically high in curcumin—the revered compound in turmeric that gives it its anti-inflammatory properties. | https://portcitygrocery.com/products/navitas-turmeric-powder |
At Wren Enfield, we will combine our ambition for students to achieve outstanding academic results with an emphasis on developing the skills to help them become accomplished life long learners.
A broad and balanced curriculum will help students to develop as independent thinkers and learners beyond the boundaries of traditional lessons. All of the traditional subjects you would expect to see in a school curriculum are represented at Wren. We also ensure our students all receive a good grounding in sports and in the arts. The importance of core skills and knowledge are recognised with substantial time being devoted to English, Maths and Science.
Learning also extends beyond the boundaries of the core curriculum, as incorporated into the timetable each week will be two hours of curriculum enrichment activities to extend learning and to give opportunity for students to focus on personal interests and strengths.
Wren will provide courses to meet the aptitudes and aspirations of all of our students. The Academy will have a three year Key Stage 4, with GCSE courses in most subjects beginning in Year 9. Throughout their time at the Academy, we ensure that those who require extra help are given it - be they academically gifted or with statements of educational need. We will have a wide ranging and carefully targeted intervention programme to ensure that all students are able to make the best progress they are capable of. The Wren curriculum will support students in achieving as highly as they can and will make sure they make the right choices for the college, university and career opportunities they wish to pursue.
A computerised tracking assessment system will be used by teachers to help evaluate and improve each student's progress. However, we also recognise the fundamental importance of effective marking and of giving students verbal and written feedback which will help them to improve. Parents will also receive regular feedback throughout the year and we encourage a continuing dialogue about each student's performance between Wren and home.
Our specialism in Design and the Built Environment will enhance teaching and learning across the curriculum and provide all young people with a range of exciting, thought-provoking and innovative opportunities to learn.
Curriculum Developments
We are very aware of the changes taking place to the secondary curriculum at present and in the years to come. These changes will affect both subject content and the ways in which subjects are taught and assessed. Some of the key issues we are encountering are:
- the move to a greater emphasis on the final examination at GCSE, with a related decrease in ongoing assessment exercises. This means that our students will need more practice in taking examinations and in memorising all of the learning they have encountered during each academic year.
- more curriculum content. We will have to amend subject programmes of study and adapt the way we teach to ensure that we cover the range of required curriculum content in depth. We will be working with students to ensure they develop the skills necessary to assimilate larger amounts of information.
- greater subject complexity. It is our job to make sure that teachers are properly trained to deliver the new GCSE programmes of study. Part of our work will be to ensure that all of our teachers are subject experts and able to impart their knowledge to students in an expert, clear and digestible way. | http://www.wrenacademyenfield.org/72/curriculum |
Sealant For Basement Floor Cracks - There are numerous approaches to help avoid moisture damage problems at a basement. The first guideline is no dirt basements. Although these are less prevalent in this day in age, it's good to point out this dirt floors not just hold a huge amount of moisture but can also give off a variety of gases. When building a basement, make certain that you've got a floor drain using a trap installed at the lowest point of the ground.
Without a floor drain, any water that's spilled inside cannot escape. Sump pumps are usually used where flood due to a high water table may be a problem. In addition, waterproof the outside of the base walls and install a perimeter drainage system. A frequently overlooked problem in bathrooms is moisture that comes out of humidity.
The easiest way to control humidity is to exhaust water vapor generated in the home to the outside. Signs of high humidity comprise condensation on walls, pipes or other surfaces as well a general awareness of moisture in the air, dampness, and smells. Many times, the humidity is going to be caused by exposing the basement to external air (open windows), using wet laundry hung to dry in the basement, keeping firewood in the basement, or a drier vent that exhausts indoors.
To decrease humidity, there are numerous things a homeowner can perform: install energy-efficient windows, insulate walls and cold water pipes, prefinished flooring if at all possible, run drier vents to exhaust straight outside and don't dry laundry or firewood on your basement. In hot, humid weather, maintain basement windows closed. Run the furnace fan continuously to circulate home air. The key to keeping basement humidity is to keep them well ventilated and keep extra moisture out of the basement. | http://dreamtree.us/2915-sealant-for-basement-floor-cracks/ |
Christi Friesen was born at a very young age, kidnapped and raised by lemmings. She escaped to California where she got married, had various wonderful kids, and amassed credit card bills. She is currently considering having a midlife crisis, unless there’s something good on television.
CF works in mixed media, combining polymer clay, glass, acrylic, found objects, gemstones and semi-precious stones, glass beads, pearls, precious metals, and pigments to make her unique sculptures and art jewelry. Her preference for polymer as her sculpting medium is a result of the versatility, durability, and unparalleled ease with which it can accommodate gems, pearls and stones. These are worked into the sculpture while the clay is uncured, thus allowing for a very organic design in which the stones are an integrated into the design. The medium is also colorfast and lightweight.
CF is an artist because she must be. Her goal is to amuse herself, and if others are also amused, so much the better. All her pieces are one-of-a-kind and although she may make pieces that are similar in theme or subject, no two will ever be alike. Where would the fun be in that? She is happy to consider commissioned work if the project interests her. | https://www.craftcast.com/teachers/christi-friesen |
The Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard (MRCT Center) is a research and policy center dedicated to promoting safe and ethical clinical trials, with a particular focus on multi-site, multi-national trials. The MRCT Center brings together collaborative, multi-disciplinary stakeholders from industry, academia, patient advocacy groups, non-profit organizations, and regulatory agencies to define emerging issues in global clinical trials and to create and implement ethical, actionable, and practical solutions.
Training is one of the core strengths of the MRCT Center and we use complementary approaches of online, in person, and in-country training resources. We are committed to building capacity for clinical research personnel, research ethics boards, regulators, patients, the public, and others to help ensure the ethical conduct of research and research integrity.
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION: EQUITY BY DESIGN
This six-part virtual training focuses on practical approaches to address diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) of underrepresented populations in clinical research. The course is intended to aid cancer centers in improving their ability to enroll and retain underrepresented participants in clinical research. Further, the course highlights responsibility, accountability, and sustainability for DEI in clinical research.
VIEW COURSE
INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF ICH E6 (R2)
This is an introductory course consisting of 10 modules that reflects the ICH Guideline E6(R2): Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. The content is particularly directed at governmental regulatory reviewers and inspectors and is also applicable to other stakeholders including investigators, study teams, ethics committee members, research organizations, and sponsors.
VIEW COURSE (View Chinese modules, here)
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF ETHICS
This is an introductory course consisting of 11 modules that will assist (1) clinical researchers as they write their study protocol to recognize and address common ethical challenges in clinical trials, and (2) ethics committee members as they review and analyze clinical trial protocols in an efficient and comprehensive manner.
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IRB HEALTH LITERACY TRAINING
This is an introductory health literacy training developed specifically for Human Research Protection Programs (HRPPs) and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). The course is intended to support IRB members and staff in learning about health literacy and reflecting on their roles in reviewing and approving clear, understandable participant-facing research communications. The training activities for individuals include a video, teach-back questions, and before-and-after exercises.
VIEW COURSE
To access the modules, please click the links above for further information and instructions. For any questions, please contact Carmen Aldinger ([email protected]). | https://cpd.partners.org/mrct/group/multi-regional-clinical-trials-center-mrct-center |
Tohonya-Kuriszlán Nature Trail (Jósvafő)
Follow the yellow blazes.
Route 1: Stations #1-13
Distance: approximately 4 km (2+ miles)
Duration: 2.5 – 3 hours
Route 2: Stations #13-20
Distance: approximately 6 km (3+ miles)
Duration: 3 – 3.5 hours
Routes 1 and 2 Combined: Stations #1-20
Distance 10 km (5+ miles)
Duration: approximately 6 hours
The Tohonya-Kuriszlán Nature Trail shows off Aggtelek National Park’s unique and scenic karst landscape and its inhabitants. We especially recommend this investigative walk to those who specifically desire to better acquaint themselves with the region’s traditional land use methods: livestock farming, arable farming, vineyards and orchards, fruit processing, forestry and the production of charcoal. The trail brings you face-to-face with Hungary’s only only state-owned and managed herd of 130 breeding hucul mares and foals. The entire nature trail consists of 20 stations. However, the route may be broken in two, or travelled as a continuous tour.
Please download these language various language guides to the stations making up the Tohonya-Kuriszlán Nature Trail (pdf): | http://www.anp.hu/en/tohonya-kuriszlan-tanosveny |
A dilated pupil allows more light into the eye. A constricted pupil closes to about two millimeters. Both sizes are normal for humans. Regardless of their size, both are controlled by two muscles. This article aims to educate people on the role of the pupil. They play an important role in vision. To learn more, read on. And to help you understand it better, learn how to control your pupil size.
It is round
In the Old Testament, Isaiah 40:22 mentions that the earth is round. Observing Earth from space, you will see that the earth appears round. In addition, water always maintains its horizontal orientation. Thus, if the earth is round, the sun would be in the same position and a circle in the sky would be the same size as a globe. So, how do we know that the earth is round? Let’s see some of the evidences that prove it.
It is black
The word “black” is derived from two different Latin words. Nigro is the name of a country in the northern part of Africa and niger is a variant of niger, which is also the root word of the English word “negro.” The French language uses the term noir to describe black. Originally, the term niger was also used for the color in most Romance languages. Today, however, niger is no longer used in English.
It is controlled by two muscles
Your elbow joint is a complex arrangement of muscles that work together to produce motion. Skeletal muscles are seldom independent, and most work in pairs. Whenever you move your arm, the muscle that produces the movement is called the agonist, while the muscle that relaxes is known as the antagonist. The two main skeletal muscles involved in elbow flexion and extension are the biceps brachii and triceps brachii.
It dilates in dim lighting
The pupil of the eye is a black spot at the center of the eye. In bright lighting, it’s normally about two millimeters in diameter; in dim light, it dilates to around eight millimeters. Your pupil is controlled by tiny muscles in the iris. The size of the pupil changes with light levels and emotional variables. When you’re in dim lighting, it dilates to about eight millimeters, and it returns to normal size. Having dilated pupils can be a sign of a number of different things, including a potentially serious condition.
It is controlled by norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that acts on target cells. It activates the noradrenergic receptors on cell surfaces, mobilizing the brain and body to take action. Norepinephrine levels are low during sleep, rising during wakefulness, and reaching their peak levels during stressful situations, such as a fight-or-flight response.
It is controlled by ciliary muscle
The ciliary body is responsible for producing clear fluid called aqueous humour. This fluid flows between the cornea and lens and contributes to the fullness of the eye. The ciliary body is located in the uvea, which is the disk-shaped tissue behind the iris. Its inner part is controlled by the ciliary muscle, which is a smooth muscle that contracts automatically when relaxed and functions in response to environmental stimuli. | https://jewishinphiladelphia.com/the-role-of-the-pupil/ |
Workshop: “From Innovation to Acceptance: Challenges and Potentials of a Sustainable Energy Transition”
This digital workshop on October 21, 4-6 pm (CET) focuses on the diffusion and acceptance process of sustainable technology innovations.
News from Jul 01, 2020
The shift to a sustainable energy system is closely linked to the diffusion of innovations. This process has multiple dimensions – socio-political, community-, and market-based – that must be considered holistically. Research shows the growing role of social acceptance and its potential as a constraining factor. Therefore, the social dimension has become equally as important as technological aspects for a successful sustainable energy transition.
The workshop organized by Dr. Maria Rosaria di Nucci (Environmental Policy Research Center FFU, FU Berlin) and Bettina Tacke (Unit for Sustainability and Energy Management, FU Berlin) aims to bring together key research findings from the acceptance and social science research on various energy systems and discusses potential solutions that arise from analyzing these similarities. We will examine best practices, identify obstacles and drivers, and finally analyze the conditions for a successful implementation.
Please find further information on the research workshop here. | https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/sites/spring-campus/_News/191118_CallforContributionInnovationAcceptance.html |
Generating data to inform development investment decisions.
This project was born out of the realization that neither the Afghan government nor the international donors investing in the country have the necessary information to make solid long-term development planification. Missing information problems arise at every stage of development projects: from a poor assessment of priority areas, to a lack of monitoring of activities, and a generally absent follow-up of projects.
If infrastructures are not properly maintained, the capital invested in them will melt down and public expenditures will constantly be at suboptimal levels. Without precise, reliable and updatable data, it has proven to be impossible to govern a territory and to ensure correct distribution on public services. Because of this missing information, major opportunities of good governance and accountability are systematically lost in Afghanistan. Without accurate data it is also very difficult to understand the real impact of public policies and development programs, thus breaking the learning cycle of any project.
VoxMapp offers a unique set of tools to face the above-mentioned problem, combining three factors in an optimal way: 1) easy-to-update data, 2) precise geographic location, and 3) extensive data associated with each GPS point.
We believe that the generated data can be useful for a multitude of actors in the following ways:
- Governments: to ensure public services and infrastructures are managed efficiently.
- Donors: to provide informed support, avoid overlapping and to optimize their contributions.
- NGOs and civil society: active participation through monitoring and feedback to the development of a thriving public space.
- Beneficiaries: participation in data updates through feedback and signaling how infrastructures cover their needs.
The project was first piloted in the district of Mahmood-Raqi, an area with the following worth-noting characteristics: large populations concentrated in urban settings as well as a more scattered rural population, some remote areas with very limited or no access to 3G services, and having received numerous waves of aid interventions. We then expanded the project to the rest of the province of Kapisa with support from the Special Inspector General for Afghan Reconstruction (SIGAR), and in close partnership with Integrity Watch Afghanistan (IWA).
We have collected data of over 8000 infrastructures in the province using the VoxMapp Baseline mobile app. The infrastructures include water pumps, electrical poles, sustaining walls, irrigation canals, bridges, hospitals, schools, mosques, markets, etc. Each infrastructure is associated with a rich batch of data containing information on: GPS coordinates, construction date, funding sources, management, basic characteristics, usage, maintenance, needs, conditions, photos. We have now a baseline dataset of the province of Kapisa, and intend to expand this to the rest of the country. Expanding this baseline to the rest of the country will allow, among other things, to generate precise trends of infrastructure use, maintenance and degradation, thus identifying areas at risk vs. areas relatively more well dotted. Further expansions of this project include a more regular and partly community-led update of each infrastructure to keep the data alive.
With this data we have generated the first map and centralized database of public infrastructures of Kapisa, with the ability of doing comparative analysis between infrastructure types in terms of usage, conditions and needs. Through our analysis we have identified information on population’s access to public services and areas requiring special attention (e.g. areas with an important population but poor access to hospitals or schools), and we have derived from our data the first population distribution map of the province. Our analysis also shows relevant trends in terms of expenditure and maintenance, with mosques in the district of Mahmood-Raqi having a maintenance budget eight times superior to those of schools. | http://voxmapp.com/mapping-public-infrastructures-in-kapisa-afghanistan/ |
Spotlight: Kathy Sheppard-Jones, Member of DEI Leadership Team
Dr. Kathy Sheppard-Jones is the Executive Director of the Human Development Institute at the University of Kentucky, which is Kentucky’s University Center on Disability. She is a valued member of the DEI Leadership Team and leads 280 interdisciplinary staff in promoting the inclusion, independence and contributions of people with disabilities and their families throughout the lifespan.Tell us about yourself.
I moved from Vermont to Kentucky because of horses. I got my undergraduate degree at the University of Vermont in animal science, so I came to the Bluegrass to be immersed in the horse culture. I am also a power wheelchair user, so when I came here, I was connected with assistive technology through the Kentucky Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. I was able to start driving my own vehicle, which was life changing for me. That kind of got me on a different career path.
I eventually went on to get my masters in rehabilitation counseling and eventually my PhD – both from UK. Eventually I got a temporary position with the Human Development Institute (HDI) right after I graduated, and that's where I’ve stayed ever since. It's been an amazing fit for me, and I just love being part of the university community.
I'd like to give a shout out for the Employee Education Program because that was like the first thing that I did when I started at UK. I thought it was such an incredible benefit to have. I think I was just always so excited about all of the things that UK had to offer and share, and I wanted to learn and always take in more.What does your day-to-day work look like at UK?
Before becoming the executive director at HDI, I was the training director for a number of years. In that role I did a lot of work with students. Now I have about eight different grant projects that I work across, but I feel that my main job is to make sure that our staff and our projects have what they need to carry out their goals and get their work done. Most of the efforts that we do require a lot of creative thinking, and I think we were pretty fortunate that we used a lot of technology before this last year, so we were able to make shifts pretty seamlessly.Can you tell me a little bit more about the Human Development Institute?
The fact that we aren’t really under any college means that we really partner with everyone. So, we're a little bit unusual in that. We fall under research but we also offer academic courses as well. We have a certificate in universal design, which we do in partnership with the College of Design, but we get students from across colleges who participate. The cool thing there is they make it apply in ways that they can bring it back to their own discipline and their own work.
We have a graduate certificate in developmental disabilities as well, and we've got 280 staff at HDI also looking across projects. We're like the tip of the glacier — you can only see a little bit, but we’re well-known in Kentucky and nationally.
We collaborate a lot, but that work really focuses on how we can apply what we're doing to the larger community in meaningful ways. Since disability is such an array of experiences for people, we do work that we feel builds inclusive communities for Kentucky, and that's really an honor.Tell us about your background with diversity, equity and inclusion.
I think the work we do at HDI is inherent to DEI work. HDI focuses on disability and equity. They're looking at issues of inclusion independence and contributions for people with disabilities across the lifespan. We've got roughly 60 different grants and contract-funded projects all around them. Disability spans across all of our demographic intersections, and people with disabilities have historically been disadvantaged across many aspects that we would consider to be part of having a good quality of life. Intersectionality plays such a big role in this because of the amplified effects of marginalization. When I was invited to participate on the leadership team, I jumped at that chance because I feel like so often, we think about disability more as an outcome as opposed to a part of who we are.
It's pretty fascinating in a way because there's not a lot of good data around higher education. There is [data] if you look at students who declare having a disability. But the communication around disability in higher education sometimes is more antagonistic, so if someone declares having a disability we may think, “Oh well, they must need something.” And that's not the way that it is, and I think we're just slowly seeing how things are changing in terms of recognizing and understanding.
We did some research looking at just diversity statements in higher education, and it's surprising how many don't include disability in their diversity statement. But even those who do, you can see in their action steps that disabilities fall off. So, we've got a ways to go. But it's quite remarkable to see where we are at this point in time.What are you passionate about in general?
I am very passionate about universal design. It started off in the realm of architecture and how we think about physical spaces, but it is so much more and it's just a way of thinking that's really practical. It makes places and spaces accessible, but it also is a way to think about learning, policies and resources and how we develop all of those things. And so, even from a systems level, if we consider broadly what it is we're trying to accomplish at the start, and make sure that we are being inclusive of all voices, we're recognizing that everyone interacts with the world in very different ways. And we all bring different shapes, sizes, experiences, needs and preferences.
In that sense, I think universal design attends to diversity from the beginning and gives us a strong platform to add to the work being done. It's a way to be thinking about diversity from the very outset whenever we're planning something so it’s not necessarily just retrofitting. It’s about being very intentional from the beginning and recognizing that our audiences are broad, and we may need to make sure that we're doing everything we can to reach the widest array of people possible. | https://uknow.uky.edu/blogs/vice-president-institutional-diversity-blog/spotlight-kathy-sheppard-jones-member-dei |
A fluid is any substance that takes the form of its container. This includes both liquids and gases, but we will focus on liquids in this study guide. Since fluids are amorphous (shapeless) and made of molecules that are allowed to move relative to each other, we cannot treat them the same as solids. Unlike solids, forces cannot be exerted on a single point of a fluid. Therefore, we must measure quantities such as force and energy in terms of their density. In the study of fluids, volume and mass density are more important quantities than mass.
Pressure: Measure of force per unit area. SI units: Pa
Pascal’s Law: The pressure on a fluid is distributed equally throughout the whole fluid.
Archimedes’ Principle: Describes the upward buoyant force on an object in a fluid. The buoyant force is proportional to the weight of the displaced volume of the fluid. SI units: N
Bernoulli’s Equation: Equation for the conservation of energy of fluids.
The pressure of a fluid represents the force exerted by the fluid’s molecules colliding with each other. Pressure can be measured in two ways. Absolute pressure is measured with 0 pressure being a vacuum. Gauge pressure is measured where 0 is the ambient air pressure at sea level.
A small force applied over a small surface on one end of a fluid's container will produce a large force on a large surface on the other end of the container - the pressure ratio is equal. This is known as Pascal's law and is the physical principle behind all hydraulic machinery. To the right is a diagram that illustrates this concept.
Image Credit: Lidingo, CC-BY-SA 3.0
If there is an object within the fluid, the fluid exerts a pressure on the object. | https://www.ck12.org/studyguides/physics/fluids-study-guide.html |
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Your Task:
Write a 4 paragraph response in which you evaluate the interactions between (or among) characters. In particular, find a specific place in the novel where there is a shift in power, great or small. How or why does it happen? Support your statement with specific and relevant details.
Remember that you are writing from the perspective of the world created by William Golding in the novel, not your own opinion.
You may want to focus on an incident of :
insult, hurt;
help, cooperation; or other moment of shift in power.
Your essay should take the following form:
Paragraph 1:
FUNNEL—Establish your criteria for analysis as you funnel your ideas from general to specific.
Start by stating, in general terms, an insightful observation which applies to a power shift in the novel in order to set context for your analysis. Then, introduce your work of literature, using the title, author, and genre: William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies. (Always italicize the title of a full length work of literature when you are at a keyboard.) Set the context for your discussion in a sentence or two. By the end of the paragraph, you will stretch your topic into a statement about the importance of what happens to the character(s) with respect to the observation about the power shift you have made in your introductory sentences: this is your thesis statement. Your ability to make this insightful connection is the real work of this essay. Your thesis statement is the insightful observation applied to the novel. This will be the last sentence(s) of your introduction. The statement you make about the importance of what happens to the character(s) is the specific focus of your analysis. This type of response calls for critical reading of the text, not just a summary of “what happens.”
Paragraph 2:
Begin your 1st body paragraph with a topic sentence that states the focus of your discussion. Follow with specific details that support your purpose. Develop a discussion with relevant ideas that illustrate your insightful connection from your example to your central idea. Rather than listing or identifying several examples from the text, choose one specific example where the character says, does,
is described, or reacts in a way that demonstrates your claim. You may cite a short quote or phrase from the text followed by the page number in parenthesis. Remember to blend into your own sentence(s) any quoted words from the text using the vocabulary of literary analysis. Do not include lengthy excerpts from the text. Your 2 body paragraphs should show a relationship such as cause/effect, evolution, development, or other comparable connection.
You may, at times, need to refer to what the story is about generally, but avoid long plot summary. Remember that you are writing for an informed reader, i.e., one who has read the text. Rather than just listing the events or action of the plot, you should analyze, evaluate, and examine the literature. By giving a direct example from the text, you are supporting your argument and making the case stronger in favor of your interpretation. Relate these details of development in your body paragraph to your thesis statement from paragraph 1, i.e., make an insightful connection
to your central idea. Use a literary element(s) as a tool of analysis in order to discuss how or why the shift in power occurs. Remember to conclude with a connector sentence relating your details of development to your thesis statement.
Paragraph 3: Your 2nd body paragraph should show a relationship to the details in body paragraph 1 such as cause/effect, evolution, or development all serving to support your thesis statement about the shift in power.
Paragraph 4: Conclusion. Make some statements about your central idea as you identified, interpreted, and analyzed it. You will restate in fresh, different words some of the important points you made in your introduction. Refer again to the importance of what happens to the characters in the literature with respect to applications you have been discussing. Emphasize the main idea of your thesis statement. You may refer again to some of your keywords that you have emphasized all along. Do not add new information that you have not already discussed.
Formatting Directions: In your English 9H folder in Google Drive, create a new document called “LOTF Shift in Power.” Use 12 font, Times New Roman, Double-Space. Begin with your name at the top of the page. | https://academiadirections.com/2022/11/23/your-taskwrite-a-4-paragraph-response-in-which-you-evaluate-the-interactions-b-2/ |
---
abstract: 'Artificial gauge fields are versatile tools that allow to influence the dynamics of ultracold atoms in Bose-Einstein condensates. Here we discuss a method of artificial gauge field generation stemming from the evanescent fields of the curved surface of an optical nanofibre. The exponential decay of the evanescent fields leads to large gradients in the generalized Rabi frequency and therefore to the presence of geometric vector and scalar potentials. By solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in the presence of the artificial gauge fields originating from the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode of the fibre, we show that vortex rings can be created in a controlled manner. We also calculate the magnetic fields resulting from the higher order HE$_{21}$, TE$_{01}$, and TM$_{01}$ modes and compare them to the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode.'
author:
- Rashi Sachdeva
- Thomas Busch
title: Creating superfluid vortex rings in artificial magnetic fields
---
Introduction
============
Ultracold atomic condensates have emerged as suitable and flexible systems to study a variety of effects relating to condensed matter physics [@lewenstein_adv_phys; @bloch_rmp]. These effects include many connected to the periodicity found in solid state systems by using gases trapped in optical lattices, but more recently also ones relating to the application of gauge fields.
Among them a particularly interesting one is the appearance of vortex structures in magnetic fields above a critical field strength, similar to the physics exhibited by type-II superconductor systems [@abrikosov]. However, atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are charge neutral, and hence real magnetic fields have no gauge-field like effects. Nevertheless, one can rely on methods that apply magnetic field to such neutral systems in an artificial manner. Many proposals to generate artificial gauge fields for BECs have been put forward in recent years, and several have been successfully implemented [@lewenstein_adv_phys; @gauge]. A conceptually convenient way is to rotate a BEC [@coddington], which mimics the Lorentz force experienced by a charged particle in a magnetic field, and shows the quantization of circulation in BECs by forming vortices and vortex lattices. Another way to generate artificial gauge fields is through Raman lasers [@spielman], which allow to generate highly stable artificial magnetic fields of large amplitude.
While vortex systems in BECs have been thoroughly studied, vortex rings, which are three dimensional structures with a closed loop core (i.e., a vortex line that loops back into itself) [@He_book], have been harder to experimentally create and control. Experimental observation of vortex rings has been achieved dynamically, in superfluid helium [@He_vortex_rings] as well as for BEC systems through the decay of dark solitons in two-component BECs [@BEC_VR1], direct density engineering [@BEC_VR2; @BEC_VR3], in the evolution of colliding symmetric defects [@BEC_VR4] and very recently in the time evolution of superfluid Fermi gases [@VR_zwierlein]. Theoretical proposals for the creation of vortex rings in a stationary state include interfering two component BECs [@BEC_VR5], using a spatially dependent Feshbach resonance [@BEC_VR6], and direct phase imprinting methods [@BEC_VR7]. For inhomogeneously trapped BECs, however, vortex ring structures are known to be unstable, which results in very short lifetimes and significant difficulties for experimental observation. The vortex rings either decay into elementary excitations by drifting towards the edge of the condensate [@BEC_VR5] or annihilate within the condensate bulk.
Motivated by the large interest in the study of vortex ring structures in BECs, we propose here a way to engineer artificial gauge fields for a BEC such that vortex rings form naturally. For this we study a system in which an atomic BEC is coupled to an optical nanofibre [@Vetsch] and show that the detailed control over the evanescent field outside the fibre allows to obtain control over the creation of stable vortex rings. In time-dependent gauge fields, this can also be used to study vortex ring dynamics in a controlled way.
Optical nanofibres have in recent years emerged as versatile tools for tailoring optical near field potentials that can interface with other quantum systems, as they offer controlled propagation of light inside and outside the fibre surface [@Yariv; @Nieddu; @Hakuta_qdots]. For this reason, experiments are currently carried out in many labs worldwide that explore the possibility of trapping and manipulating cold atomic gases using optical nanofibres [@Dowling; @FLKien1; @balykin2004; @sile1; @helical; @tara; @rauschenbeutel_2008njp; @sile2; @sile3]. Using two-color evanescent fields around nanofibres, an optical dipole trap for laser cooled atoms near to the fibre surface has already been realized [@Vetsch], which proves that tapered optical fibres are excellent candidates for realizing versatile light matter interfaces.
In this work, we consider the adiabatic motion of trapped Bose-Einstein condensed atoms around an optical nanofibre and show that the presence of the evanescent fields around the fibre realises interesting artificial gauge fields for the BEC system. Because of the large gradient in the generalized Rabi frequency, geometric vector and scalar potentials are created, which are related to Berry phases and have similar effects on the neutral atoms as the magnetic and electric fields have on charged systems [@Dalibard_RMP]. In particular we show that for the fundamental mode of the fibre the artificial magnetic field lines can go solely along the azimuthal direction and therefore allow for the creation of vortex rings. Similar studies to generate artificial gauge fields atop a flat surface, such as above a prism, have recently been presented as well [@Ev_AGF; @Ev_AGF2].
The manuscript is organized as follows. In Section \[Sec:Background\], we briefly discuss the background for our work by first reviewing the general model for the adiabatic motion of atoms in an external electromagnetic field and describing how an artificial vector potential is generated outside of a dielectric surface. We also review the explicit forms of the evanescent fields. In Section \[Sec:AGF\] we calculate the expressions for the effective magnetic field profiles resulting from the combination of different polarisations of fundamental HE$_{11}$ modes of the fibre and describe their effect on Bose-condensed atoms trapped around the fibre in Section \[Sec:GPE\_results\]. In Section \[Sec:HOM\] we discuss different magnetic field profiles that can be obtained from higher order modes, and in Section \[Sec:Summary\] we conclude.
Background {#Sec:Background}
==========
Adiabatic motion of atoms in evanescent fields {#Sec:AdiabaticMotion}
----------------------------------------------
Let us start by considering a two level atom at position $\mathbf{r}$, which interacts with an external laser field [@CCT:2011]. Within the rotating wave approximation its eigenstates are called dressed states and are given by $$\begin{aligned}
|\Psi_1(\mathbf{r})\rangle &=\left(\begin{array}{l}
\cos(\Phi(\mathbf{r})/2) \\
\sin(\Phi(\mathbf{r})/2)~e^{i\phi(z)}
\end{array} \right), \\
|\Psi_2(\mathbf{r})\rangle &=\left( \begin{array}{l}
-\sin(\Phi(\mathbf{r})/2)~e^{-i\phi(z)}\\
\phantom{-}\cos(\Phi(\mathbf{r})/2)
\end{array} \right) .\end{aligned}$$ Here $\phi(z)$ is the running phase of the optical field and $\Phi(\mathbf{r})=\text{arctan}(|\kappa(\mathbf{r})|/\Delta)$, where $$\kappa(\mathbf{r})=\mathbf{d}.\mathbf{E(r)}/\hbar$$ is the system’s Rabi frequency with $\mathbf{d}$ and $\mathbf{E(r)}$ being the atomic dipole moment and the electric field vector, respectively. The detuning of the light field from the resonance frequency $\omega_0$ is given by $\Delta=\omega_0-\omega$. The states are split in energy by $\epsilon_1(\mathbf{r})-\epsilon_2(\mathbf{r})=\hbar\Omega(\mathbf{r})$, where $\Omega(\mathbf{r})=\sqrt{\Delta^2+|\kappa(\mathbf{r})|^2}$ is the generalised Rabi frequency.
Assuming that the atom is initially prepared in state $|\Psi_1(\mathbf{r})\rangle $ and moves adiabatically in the external light field, its internal state will also adiabatically follow the dressed state. This leads to the appearance of a geometrical Berry phase, and hence a vector potential of the form $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{A}&=i\hbar\langle \Psi_1|\nabla\Psi_1\rangle,\\
&= \frac{\hbar}{2}~[\cos(\Phi(\mathbf{r}))-1]~\nabla\phi(\mathbf{r}).
\label{vecpot} \end{aligned}$$
This represents an artificial gauge potential which is geometric in nature, since it arises from the spatial variation of the dressed state. The system can therefore mimic the dynamics of a charged particle in the presence of magnetic field, given by $\mathbf{B}=\nabla\times \mathbf{A}$.
In the following, we will use the properties of evanescent fields outside of optical nanofibres to generate artificial magnetic fields for adiabatically moving ultracold atoms. We will show that these fields can have different profiles, depending on the mode characteristic of the light travelling through the fibre.
If we assume that the field travels freely along the fibre, we can choose $\phi(z)=k_0 nz$, with $k_0$ as the wave number and $n$ as the refractive index, and straightforwardly calculate the vector potential as $$\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r})=-\hat{z} \frac{\hbar k_0 n }{2}\left[1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\big(\frac{|\mathbf{d}\cdot\mathbf{E}|}{\hbar\Delta}\big)^2}}\right],
\label{vecpot2}$$ from which the artificial magnetic field follows as
()&=& .\
\[magfield\]Since we have evaluated this expression in cylindrical polar coordinates, one can immediately see that the resulting B-field has components pointing along the $\hat{\varphi}$ and the $\hat{r}$ direction. While evanescent field modes have inevitably an $r$ dependence, for modes of the nanofibre which have no azimuthal dependence (for example the ones with circular polarisation), only the magnetic $\hat{\varphi}$ component exists. This is the basis for the ability to generate vortex rings around the fibre.
As can be seen from Eq. , atoms interacting with fields that have large gradients are subject to stronger artificial gauge fields. Evanescent fields outside of optical nanofibres are known to have very large field gradients, and hence these systems are of experimental interest. Since the gradients also depend on the refractive index and the diameter of the fibre, as well as the parameters of the input light field, a large number of valuable control parameters exist with which the strength and spatial structure of the artificial magnetic fields can be changed.
Form of the evanescent fields {#Sec:Atomtrap}
------------------------------
Optical nanofibres can be thought of as consisting of an extremely thin cylindrical silica core and an infinite vacuum clad. They can be created by heating and pulling a standard commercial grade optical fibre so that its waist diameter reduces from a few hundred micrometers to a few hundred nanometers [@Yariv; @sile1; @mazur_2003]. Since the fibre diameter is smaller than the wavelength of the input light, a major fraction of power propagates outside the surface in the form of an evanescent field.
Trapping of atoms around the fibre can be achieved using a setup that relies on two evanescent fields [@balykin2004; @Dowling; @FLKien1; @helical; @tara; @Vetsch]. The first field is red-detuned with respect to atomic transition frequency and provides a potential that attracts atoms towards the fibre. The second field is blue-detuned with respect to atomic transition frequency, leading to a potential that repulses the atoms from the surface. Since both fields have different evanescent decay lengths, it is possible to create a potential minimum in the radial direction at a finite distance ($\sim 200$ nm) away from the fibre surface.
In this work we will explicitly consider the effects of light propagating in the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode of the nanofibre, where the frequency, the free space wave number and the wavelength are denoted by $\omega$, $k_0=\omega/c$ and $\lambda=2\pi/k_0$, respectively. To ensure that only this fundamental mode propagates in the fibre, the single mode condition $V=k_0a\sqrt{n_1^2-n_2^2}<V_c\approx 2.405$ needs to be fulfilled, where $a$ is the radius of the fibre and $n_1$ and $n_2$ are the refractive indices inside and outside of the fibre. This can be easily achieved for typical nanofibre diameters.
For a circularly polarised light field, the components of the electric field vector for the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode outside the fibre are given by $$\begin{aligned}
E_r&=iA[(1-s)K_0(qr)+(1+s)K_2(qr)]~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},\nn\\
E_\varphi &=-A[(1-s)K_0(qr)-(1+s)K_2(qr)]~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},\nn\\
E_z&=2A(q/\beta)K_1(qr)~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},
\label{ecircular}\end{aligned}$$ where $s$ is a dimensionless parameter given by $$s=\frac{1/h^2a^2+1/q^2a^2}{J_{1}'(ha)/ha ~J_{1}(ha)+K_{1}'(qa)/qa ~K_{1}(qa)}.
\label{sparameter}$$ The normalisation constant $A$ is defined as $$A=\frac{\beta}{2q}\frac{J_1(ha)/K_1(qa)}{\sqrt{2\pi a^2(n_1^2 N_1+n_2^2 N_2)}},
\label{Anorm}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
N_1=& \frac{\beta^2}{4h^2}\bigg[ (1-s)^2[J_0^2(ha)+J_1^2(ha)]\nn\\
& +(1+s)^2[J_2^2(ha)-J_1(ha)J_3(ha)]\bigg]\nn\\
& +\frac{1}{2}[J_1^2(ha)-J_0(ha)J_2(ha)], \nn\\
N_2=&\frac{J_1^2(ha)}{2K_1^2(qa)}\bigg\{ \frac{\beta^2}{4q^2}\bigg[ (1-s)^2[K_1^2(qa)-K_0^2(qa)]\nn\\
& -(1+s)^2[K_2^2(qa)-K_1(qa)K_3(qa)]\bigg]\nn\\
& -K_1^2(qa)+K_0(qa)K_2(qa) \bigg\}.\end{aligned}$$ In above expressions, $J_m(x)$ and $K_m(x)$ are Bessel functions of the first kind, and modified Bessel functions of the second kind, respectively, and $\beta$ is the longitudinal propagation constant for the fibre’s fundamental mode. The parameter $q=\sqrt{\beta^2-n_2^2k_{0}^{2}}$ characterizes the decay of the field outside the nanofibre and $h=\sqrt{n_1^2k_{0}^{2}-\beta^2}$.
When the input light field is linearly polarised, the components of the electric field vector of the evanescent field are given by $$\begin{aligned}
E_x=&\sqrt{2}A[(1-s)K_0(qr) ~\text{cos}~\varphi_0\nn\\
& +(1+s)K_2(qr)~\text{cos}(2\varphi-\varphi_0)]~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},\nn\\
E_y=&\sqrt{2}A[(1-s)K_0(qr)~\text{sin}~\varphi_0\nn\\
& +(1+s)K_2(qr)~\text{sin}(2\varphi-\varphi_0)]~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},\nn\\
E_z=&2\sqrt{2}iA(q/\beta)K_1(qr)~\text{cos}~(\varphi-\varphi_0)~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)}.
\label{elinear}\end{aligned}$$ Here the angle $\varphi_0$ determines the orientation of the polarization, with $\varphi_0=0$ and $\pi/2$ being aligned along the $x$ and $y$ axes, respectively. From these expressions one can see that for circularly polarised light fields, the atoms can be trapped in a cylindrical shell which surrounds the nanofibre. However, when either one or both of the input light fields (red and blue detuned) are linearly polarised, the trapping potential possesses minima at specific spatial points in the transverse plane of the optical fibre.
Artificial gauge fields for cold atoms trapped outside the nanofibre {#Sec:AGF}
=====================================================================
To calculate the gauge fields stemming from the evanescent fields, one can see from Eq. that smaller detunings lead to larger fields. However, smaller detunings also lead to higher scattering rates and therefore higher losses [@FLKien1]. To avoid the latter, detunings used for atom traps are usually chosen to be quite large (order of THz), to ensure low scattering rates, giving coherence times of $\sim 50$ ms and trap lifetimes of up to $\sim 100$ s [@Vetsch]. This, however, leads to unobservably small gauge fields.
To overcome this limitation, an alternative arrangement was recently suggested by M. Mochol and K. Sacha [@Ev_AGF], which does not depend explicitly on the detuning of the input light field. This scheme can be implemented for multilevel alkali-metal atoms such as $^{87}$Rb which are a commonly used species in cold atom experiments, and takes advantage of the (quasi) degeneracy of the electronic ground state level. In the dressed state picture dark and bright states exist, which are linear combinations of the degenerate ground states, and which have negligible contributions from the excited state. The required coupling uses two light fields, the first propagating inside the fibre, and the second propagating outside and parallel to the fibre surface. Both beams are assumed to have the same wavevector, $k_1\approx k_2=k_0$, and their respective Rabi frequencies are given by $\kappa_{1}(r,\varphi,z)$ and $\kappa_{2}(z)$. The values are chosen such that they can induce Raman transitions between two degenerate internal states of the atoms and we assume that the atoms follow adiabatically the coupled dressed state given by $$|D_1\rangle = \frac{|1\rangle+\xi |2\rangle}{\sqrt{1+|\xi|^2}}.$$ Here $$\begin{aligned}
\xi=&-\frac{\kappa_1^\ast}{\kappa_2^\ast}=-\frac{|\mathbf{d_1}\cdot\mathbf{E_1}|}{|\mathbf{d_2}\cdot\mathbf{E_2}|}\nn\\
=&-\tilde{s}(d_rE_r+d_{\varphi}E_{\varphi}+d_zE_z)e^{-ik_0(n_1+1)z}\end{aligned}$$ with $\mathbf{d_1}=d_{01}(d_r\hat{r}+d_{\varphi}\hat{\varphi}+d_z\hat{z})$, and $\mathbf{E_1}=E_{01}(E_r\hat{r}+E_{\varphi}\hat{\varphi}+E_z\hat{z})$, hence $\tilde{s}=d_{01}E_{01}/|\mathbf{d_2}\cdot\mathbf{E_2}|$. Using Eq. , one can determine the effective vector potential and hence the magnetic field as $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r})=&-\hat{z}\hbar k_0(n_1+1)\tilde{s}^2 \frac{|d_rE_r+d_{\varphi}E_{\varphi}+d_zE_z|^2}{1+\tilde{s}^2|d_rE_r+d_{\varphi}E_{\varphi}+d_zE_z|^2},\nn\\ \label{vecpotalt}\\
\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r})=&\frac{\hbar k_0 \tilde{s}^2(n_1+1)}{(1+\tilde{s}^2|d_rE_r+d_{\varphi}E_{\varphi}+d_zE_z|^2)^2}\nn\\
& \times\bigg[\hat{\varphi}~\frac{\partial}{\partial r}|d_rE_r+d_{\varphi}E_{\varphi}+d_zE_z|^2\nn\\
& -\hat{r}~\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}|d_rE_r+d_{\varphi}E_{\varphi}+d_zE_z|^2\bigg]\label{magfieldalt}. \end{aligned}$$ One can see that this expression is independent of the detuning and a significant magnetic field can be achieved by making the parameter $\tilde{s}$ at least of order unity or greater, which is experimentally achievable.
![Magnetic fields strength $B(x,y)$ stemming from a linearly polarised HE$_{11}$ mode in units of $B_0=\hbar k_0^{2}/2$. (a) $\hat{r}$ and (b) $\hat{\varphi}$ components for polarisation in the $x$ direction, (c) $\hat{r}$ and (d) $\hat{\varphi}$ components for polarisation along $y$ . The wavelength and power of the blue detuned light field are chosen as $\lambda_B=700$ nm and $P_B= 30$ mW, and the components of the dipole moment are $d_r=1, d_{\varphi}=0$ and $d_z=0$. Note that the axes in (c) and (d) are adjusted. \[LP\_Br\_Bphi\] ](LP_Br_Bphi.png){width="1.0\linewidth"}
Again we note that the expression for the magnetic field has components along the $\hat{r}$ and the $\hat{\varphi}$ directions and in Fig. \[LP\_Br\_Bphi\] we show the spatial distribution of the different components for a blue detuned light field that is linearly polarised along the $x$ ($\varphi_0=0$) and the $y$ ($\varphi_0=\pi/2$) direction (cf. Eq. ). As before, for circularly polarised fields no radial component exists.
For traps relying on two color light fields, the resulting magnetic field strength profiles in the transverse $xy$- plane for different combinations of the polarisations states of the input fields are shown in Fig. \[Bfield\_pol\]. They are based on the assumption that the two beams required for the trapping are propagating through the fibre in the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode and for each a second beam to overcome the dependence on the detuning is added. The trapping wavelengths and powers chosen are compatible with trapping Cs atoms in a deep optical potential outside the fibre, but this method for artificial magnetic fields can be used for many atomic species by appropriately adapting the trapping wavelengths and the nanofibre diameter.
![Magnetic field strength $B(x,y)$, in units of $B_0=\hbar k_0^{2}/2$, for atoms trapped outside a fibre of radius $a=200$ nm. The wavelength and power of blue and red detuned light fields are $\lambda_B=700$ nm, $P_B= 30$ mW, and $\lambda_R=1060$ nm, $P_R= 20$ mW. The components of the dipole moment are chosen to be $d_r=1, d_{\varphi}=0$ and $d_z=0$. The polarisations of the input light fields are (a) both circular, (b) red circular and blue linear along $x$, (c) red linear along $y$ and blue linear along $x$, (d) red linear along $y$ and blue linear along $y$. Note that the axes in (d) are adjusted. \[Bfield\_pol\] ](imagBfield.png){width="1.0\linewidth"}
One can see that when both of the input light fields are circularly polarised (Fig. \[Bfield\_pol\](a)), the resulting magnetic field is uniformly distributed around the fibre. However, when either one or both of the input light fields are linearly polarised, the azimuthal symmetry is broken and the magnetic field profiles become non-uniform around the fibre, as shown in Figs. \[Bfield\_pol\](b)-(d). This simple example already demonstrates that the magnetic field profiles outside the fibre can in principle be continuously and time-dependently tuned by controlling the polarisation state of the two input light fields. From now onwards, we will focus on the azimuthally symmetric situation and therefore consider both light fields to be circularly polarised modes as given by Eq. .
From Fig. \[Bfield\_pol\](a) it can also be seen that the magnetic field possess a maximum at a finite distance away from the fibre surface and decreases rapidly beyond that. The exact position and value of this maximum is a function of the parameter $\tilde{s}$ of the two input light fields and of the dipole moment components $d_r, d_{\varphi},d_z$. Shifting the maximum of the magnetic field away from the fibre to achieve a better overlap with an atomic cloud, however, requires a compromise with the maximum value of the magnetic field, which reduces with increasing distance from the fibre, see Fig. \[Baniso\]. The inset of this figure shows the magnitude, $B_\text{max}$, and the position, $r_\text{max}$, of the maximum of the magnetic field as a function of parameter $\tilde s$. One can see that with increasing values of $\tilde s$, the maximum moves further away from the fibre surface, but decreases in magnitude. In the next section we show what the effect of these artificial magnetic fields is on a typical BEC trapped around the nanofibre.
![Magnetic field $B(r)$ scaled in units of $B_0=\hbar k_0^{2}/2$ outside a fibre with radius $a=200$ nm for different values of the parameter $\tilde{s}$. Blue (with asterisk) curve: $\tilde{s}=0.3$ ; Red (with dots) curve: $\tilde{s}=1$. For both values the components of the dipole moment are chosen to be $d_r=1, d_{\varphi}=0$ and $d_z=0$. The inset (left axis) shows the change of the magnitude of the field maximum ($B_\text{max}/B_{0}$) as a function of $\tilde{s}$ (black dashed line). The right axis of the inset shows the location $r_\text{max}$ of maximum of the magnetic field (green solid line). The wavelengths and powers of the blue and red detuned light fields are the same as in Fig. \[Bfield\_pol\]. \[Baniso\] ](Baniso_rbya.png){width="1.0\linewidth"}
Bose Einstein condensates in artificial magnetic fields around the nanofibre {#Sec:GPE_results}
============================================================================
The fact that the trapping potentials and the artificial magnetic fields arising from the circularly polarised HE$_{11}$ modes are azimuthally symmetric allows us to restrict our calculations for the effects of the gauge fields on the BEC to the $xz$ plane, which significantly reduces the required numerical resources. Furthermore, to constrain the extent of the condensate in the $z$-direction, and since the exact shape of the trapping potential does not play a role in describing the physics, we will approximate it by a harmonic shape, choosing the harmonic potential in the radial direction to have a minimum at the same location as that of the two color trapping potential.
We use the total artificial magnetic field created by the red and blue detuned input light fields and, assuming that the condensate dynamics can be described within the mean field approximation, solve the time-independent Gross Pitaevskii equation given by $$-\frac{1}{2}\left(\nabla+i\mathbf{A}\right)^{2}~\psi +V_{\text{trap}}~\psi+g|\psi|^2~\psi=\mu\psi,
\label{gpe}$$ where $V_{\text{trap}}$ is the harmonic trapping potential. The interaction between the atoms is characterised by $g$ and $\mu$ is the chemical potential of the system. The ground state of this equation can be easily found using a fft/split-operator method in imaginary time and results for two different strengths of the artificial magnetic field are shown in Figs. \[vortices1\] and \[vortices2\].
The magnetic field strength in the radial direction away from the fibre for $\tilde s=0.7$ is shown in the upper part of Fig. \[vortices1\] and the lower part shows the density profile of the condensate on the left and right hand side of the fibre. The surface of the fibre is indicated in the middle of both plots. One can see that a single vortex appears on each side of the fibre, close to the position where the gauge field is maximal.
Calculating the circulation of the two vortices shows that they have equal and opposite values, which is due to the fact that the magnetic field lines circulate around the fibre in the azimuthal direction. They therefore act perpendicularly to the $xz$- plane on both sides, but in opposite directions, which results in a vortex on the left hand side of the fibre and an anti-vortex on the right hand side. Restoring the azimuthal symmetry, the two vortices become slices through a vortex ring that is created around the fibre. The specific geometry of a condensate trapped around a nanofibre therefore allows to create vortex rings in a deterministic manner.
Increasing the value of the parameter $\tilde s$ leads to a decrease of the magnitude of the artificial gauge field, but also to an increase in the width of the magnetic field profile. This increases the overlap with the trapped condensate and one can see in Fig. \[vortices2\] that this results in the generation of multiple vortex rings around the fibre. It is worth noting that these solutions are only stable in the presence of the gauge field, i.e. when light is propagating through the fibre. However, the field inside the fibre can be changed time-dependently and typical timescales required for changing the detuning, the power or the polarization of the input light fields are of the order of milli- to micro-seconds, which is a lot shorter than the typical life times of atomic BECs. It is worth noting that a particular interesting situation is the one where the fields are switched off after the vortex rings have formed. The topologically stable rings can then evolve freely inside the condensate, which would allow to study the dynamics of vortex ring interactions starting from a well-defined initial state. To account for all possible effects, which include oscillations along the vortex ring as well as reconnections, such work needs to be carried out in fully three-dimensional simulations [@James:17].
![(a) Magnetic field strength as a function of distance from the nanofibre surface. (b) Density profile for a BEC trapped in the harmonic potential on left and right side outside an optical nanofibre. The vortices visible are the result of the presence of the artificial magnetic field created by the evanescent field outside the fibre. The artificial magnetic field used in the calculations correspond to the laser parameters used in Fig. \[Bfield\_pol\] (a) with $\tilde{s}=0.7$ and $d_r=1, d_{\phi}=0, d_z=0$.[]{data-label="vortices1"}](1vortex_rbya.png){width="1.0\linewidth"}
![Same as Fig. \[vortices1\], but for $\tilde{s}=0.85$. One can see that the broader magnetic field distribution leads to the appearance of multiple vortices. []{data-label="vortices2"}](3vortex_rbya.png){width="01.0\linewidth"}
Artificial magnetic field due to evanescent fields from higher order modes {#Sec:HOM}
==========================================================================
So far we have focussed on the effects of the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode, which can be separated from the remaining optical modes by a proper cut-off condition. However, higher-order mode transmission in nanofibres has recently been achieved [@sile2], which has numerous applications, for example in engineering new trapping geometries for atoms based on the different evanescent field shapes [@helical; @tara; @rauschenbeutel_2008njp]. These higher order modes bring with them additional degrees of freedom, which allow for more flexible artificial magnetic field profiles and we show in Fig. \[HOM\] the respective profiles resulting from the three higher-order modes TE$_{01}$, TM$_{01}$ and HE$_{21}$, which are the ones closest to the fundamental mode HE$_{11}$. The explicit expressions for their evanescent fields are given in the Appendix. In order to allow the higher order modes to travel through the nanofibre, a larger fibre radius is required and we focus on a single, blue detuned input light field of wavelength $ \lambda_B=780$ nm and power $P_B=30$ mW for a fibre of radius $a=400$ nm. From Fig. \[HOM\] one can see that the magnitude is highest for the HE$_{11}$ mode and is decreased for the TE$_{01}$, TM$_{01}$ and HE$_{21}$ modes. At the same time, the width of these higher order modes increases, which is consistent with the fact that their evanescent fields have larger decay lengths. As before, these magnetic field profiles can also be tuned by changing the parameter $\tilde{s}$ and the dipole moment components $d_{r}$, $d_{\varphi}$ and $d_{z}$.
Furthermore, it is in principle possible to interfere different order modes and thereby engineer non-trivial evanescent field profiles [@helical; @tara], which in turn will lead to complex magnetic field geometries and potentially new structures inside the BEC. [@James:17].
![Magnetic fields $B(r)$, scaled in units of $B_0=\hbar k_0^{2}/2$, for the higher order modes HE$_{21}$ (red line with dots), TE$_{01}$ (green line with cross), TM$_{01}$ (black line with triangles), and compared to the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode (blue line with asterisk). The wavelength of blue detuned light field is $\lambda_B=780$ nm and dipole moment components are $d_r=1, d_{\phi}=1, d_z=1$ respectively, with parameter $\tilde s=5$. The fibre radius is chosen to $a=400$ nm. \[HOM\]](higher_rbya.png){width="1\linewidth"}
Summary and outlook {#Sec:Summary}
===================
In this work we have described the artificial magnetic fields stemming from the evanescent fields of an optical nanofibre and their effects on cold atoms trapped around such fibres. The strong gradient of the fields combined with the adiabatic motion of the atoms leads to a geometrical Berry phases that can be represented by vector and scalar potentials experienced by the atoms. We have shown that the vector potential can lead to a magnetic field that has components in the radial and the azimuthal direction, and that the component in the radial direction can be removed. If a Bose Einstein condensate is placed in such an evanescent field, the synthetic magnetic field can induce vorticity in the condensate, and due to the geometry of the setup, this can lead to the controlled formation of vortex rings.
While in this work we have only examined the stationary states inside the artificial magnetic field, it is of larger interest to also consider possible dynamical scenarios. As the magnetic field is purely based on optical fields, and since these can be changed in a time-dependent manner, the system presented above suggests itself for dynamical studies as well. Fast changes of the detuning, the power or the polarization of the input light fields would allow to study quenched systems, whereas a controlled reduction of the field strength would allow to ’unpin’ the vortex rings and study free vortex ring dynamics starting from a well defined initial state. In addition to this a large number of structures resulting from modes that do not have azimuthal symmetry exist and can be characterised. However, all of these studies will require a fully three-dimensional treatment and we are currently preparing for this.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
The authors are grateful to Y. Zhang, T. Hennessey, C. Madiah, F. Le Kien and T. Ray for fruitful discussions and suggestions. This work was supported by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University.
Higher order modes {#Appendix}
==================
In this Appendix we give the explicit expressions for the evanescent fields of the higher order modes used in Section \[Sec:HOM\].
HE$_{21}$ mode
--------------
The electric field components outside the fibre core for the HE$_{21}$ mode are given by $$\begin{aligned}
E_{r}&=iA_{21}[(1-u)K_1(qr)+(1+u)K_3(qr)]~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},\nn\\
E_{\varphi}&=-A_{21}[(1-u)K_1(qr)-(1+u)K_3(qr)]~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},\nn\\
E_{z}&=2A_{21}(q/\beta)K_2(qr)~e^{i(\omega t-\beta z)},\label{ecircular_HE21}\end{aligned}$$ where $u$ is the dimensionless parameter $$u=\frac{2(1/h^2a^2+1/q^2a^2)}{J_{2}'(ha)/ha ~J_{2}(ha)+K_{2}'(qa)/qa ~K_{2}(ha)}. \label{u_HE21}$$ The normalisation constant $A_{21}$ is defined as A=, \[A\_21\]where $$\begin{aligned}
R_1 &= \frac{\beta^2}{2h^2}\bigg[ (1-u)^2[J_1^2(ha)-J_0(ha)J_2(ha)]\nn\\
& +(1+u)^2[J_3^2(ha)-J_2(ha)J_4(ha)]\bigg]\nn\\
& +[J_2^2(ha)-J_1(ha)J_3(ha)], \nn\\
R_2 &=\frac{J_2^2(ha)}{K_2^2(qa)}\bigg\{ \frac{\beta^2}{2q^2}\bigg[ (1-u)^2[K_0(qa)K_2(qa)-K_1^2(qa)]\nn\\
& +(1+u)^2[K_2(qa)K_4(qa)-K_3^2(qa)]\bigg]\nn\\
& -K_2^2(qa)+K_1(qa)K_3(qa) \bigg\}.\end{aligned}$$
TE$_{01}$ mode
--------------
The electric field components outside the fibre core for the TE$_{01}$ mode are given by $$\begin{aligned}
E_{r}&=0,\nn\\
E_{\varphi}&=-\frac{i}{\sqrt{\pi}qa^2}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n_1^2P_1+n_2^2P_2}}K_{1}(qr),\nn\\
E_{z}&=0,\label{ecircular_TE01}\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
P_1&= \frac{1}{a^2h^2}\frac{K_0^2(qa)}{J_0^2(ha)} \left(J_1^{2}(ha)-J_0(ha)J_2(ha)\right), \nn\\
P_2 &= \frac{1}{a^2q^2} \left(K_0(qa)K_2(qa)-K_1^2(qa)\right).\end{aligned}$$
TM$_{01}$ mode
--------------
The electric field components outside the fibre core for the TM$_{01}$ mode are given by $$\begin{aligned}
E_{r}&=\frac{i\beta}{\sqrt{\pi}qa}\sqrt{n_1^2Q_1+n_2^2Q_2}K_1(qr),\nn\\
E_{\varphi}&=0,\nn\\
E_{z}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}a}\sqrt{n_1^2Q_1+n_2^2Q_2}K_0(qr),\label{ecircular_TM01}\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
Q_1&= \frac{K_0^2(qa)}{J_0^2(ha)}\left[J_0^2(ha)+\frac{n_1^2k_{0}^{2}}{h^2}J_1^2(ha)-\frac{\beta^2}{h^2}J_0(ha)J_2(ha)\right], \nn\\
Q_2 &= \frac{\beta^2}{q^2}K_0(qa)K_2(qa)-K_0^2(qa)-\frac{n_2^2k_{0}^{2}}{q^2}K_1^2(qa).\end{aligned}$$
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A primary focus and method for delivering instruction at the EACC is the utilization of Project-Based Learning (PBL). Through PBL students are presented with real-world problems that they may face in their chosen career pathway. Instructors present these real-world scenarios and minimal directions and then students utilize skills they have acquired through their program to find solutions. Many of our PBL projects have been developed with support from our business partners and help students apply higher order thinking skills that will be needed in the field.
Below we have provided sample PBL projects created by EACC instructors and utilized in their programs. Additionally, the EACC has developed its own training methods and vocabulary to help support instructor’s growth in the PBL process. Our EACC training manual can also be found below. | https://elkhart.k12.in.us/eacc/home/staff-resources/project-based-learning/ |
Thinking of a Career in Emergency Management?
- BY Nicole Pelette
An estimated 905,000 Rohingya refugees currently reside in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, over 700,000 of whom fled extreme violence in Myanmar in late 2017. They reside in refugee camps, which are among the most congested camps in the world, with limited access to basic services, including adequate sanitation, healthcare, livelihoods and education.
The refugees have put an immense strain on the Bangladeshi’s living in Cox’s Bazar, however, despite the challenges, the Bangladeshi communities were the first to respond when the Rohingya arrived and generously continue to host the refugees, and many of the local communities are now also in need of support.
NRC has been present in Bangladesh since 2016, working through partnerships with local NGO’s. We have since scaled up our presence in Bangladesh, obtaining legal registration in November 2018, allowing us to better respond to the Rohingya influx. Alongside our partners, we provide assistance to refugees and local communities through Education programming and Information, Counselling and Legal Assistance (ICLA) activities.
Our Ideal Candidate
Our ideal candidate is a female education professional in Bangladesh who is motivated to train and build the capacity of those in need and has experience working in a humanitarian context. She has a sense of adventure and is not afraid to work in a challenging context.
Key Task and Responsibilities:
Key Education and Skills Requirements: | https://indevjobs.org/jobs/education-officer-46 |
WORLD WAR I IN THE AIR
READ ABOUT IT!
Welcome to the The World War I in the Air Virtual Center. The first thing your group needs to do is read about the air warfare during World War I. After you read, you need to work together to complete the War in the Air Pages in your Lesson Chronicles.
War in the Air
ANALYZE IT!
The second thing we need to do is to analyze what you have learned. In this activity, you will be given several scenarios where you must determine what the conflict is and how the conflict could have been resolved with both sides having the most needs met. You will blog about your ideas and respond to others comments.
Conflicts of Self-Interests
Click on the icons below to read and blog about 6 different conflicts. Follow the directions in each blog.
PROVE IT!
You just learned about alliances before World War I. You analyzed the relationships between the major nations and determined whether they were friends or enemies. Now you need to show off what you know. Complete the Center Check by clicking on the Center Check Icon below and answering the questions.
CENTER COMPLETE!
You have completed the Assassination that Led to World War I Center. Click on the button below to go back to the Lesson 1 - The Causes of World War I Home Page. | https://www.aprilsmith.org/the-war-in-the-air.html |
After years of keeping his detectives at the headquarters, the Montreal PD has decided to reassign them to neighbourhood precincts in an effort to get closer to the population. Nadine Legrand and Patrick Bissonnette have to find their footing in their new work place: District 31.
At the heart of Victor Lessard is a troubled cop and an addictive, unpredictable mystery. The murders are strange and unsettling, the work of a deeply disturbed mind. And as Victor goes deeper into the mystery, untangling the clues, trying desperately (and in vain) to stop more murders from occurring, his own behaviour becomes more erratic.
TV Show Star Rating : 5.2 Read More
A team of Vancouver investigators, led by homicide detective Angie Flynn, sets out to uncover the motive of each puzzling murder by discovering the killer's connection to the victim. Viewers get a glimpse of the killer before and after the crime is committed.
TV Show Star Rating : 6.4 Read More
The series centers on the conflict between a group of rebels from the year 2077 who time-travel to Vancouver, BC, in 2012, and a police officer who accidentally accompanies them. In spite of being many years early, the rebel group decides to continue its violent campaign to stop corporations of the future from replacing governments, while the police officer endeavours to stop them without revealing to anyone that she and the rebels are from the future.
TV Show Star Rating : 7.5 Read More
An American anthology police detective series utilizing multiple timelines in which investigations seem to unearth personal and professional secrets of those involved, both within or outside the law.
TV Show Star Rating : 8.3 Read More
Baretta is an American detective television series which ran on ABC from 1975 to 1978. The show was a milder version of a successful 1973–74 ABC series, Toma, starring Tony Musante as chameleon-like, real-life New Jersey police officer David Toma. While popular, Toma received intense criticism at the time for its realistic and frequent depiction of police and criminal violence. When Musante left the series after a single season, the concept was retooled as Baretta, with Robert Blake in the title role.
TV Show Star Rating : 7 Read More
The story of the Miami Police Department's vice squad and its efforts to end drug trafficking and prostitution, centered on the unlikely partnership of Sonny Crockett and Ricardo Tubbs - who first meet when Tubbs is undercover in a drug cartel.
TV Show Star Rating : 7.3 Read More
Sexy New York detective and single mother Harlee Santos fell in with a tight-knit group of dirty cops, taking bribes and protection money that she uses to provide the best life for her honest, talented daughter. But when she's trapped by the FBI and forced to inform on her own "brothers," she'll have to walk the fine line between love, loyalty, honor and betrayal, and try to keep it together for her daughter's future.
TV Show Star Rating : 7.1 Read More
The story of an inner-city Los Angeles police precinct where some of the cops aren't above breaking the rules or working against their associates to both keep the streets safe and their self-interests intact.
TV Show Star Rating : 8.1 Read More
Ironside is a Universal television series that ran on NBC from September 14, 1967 to January 16, 1975. The show starred Raymond Burr as a paraplegic Chief of Detectives, Robert T. Ironside. The character debuted on March 28, 1967 in a TV movie. When broadcast in the United Kingdom the show was initially titled A Man Called Ironside. The show earned Burr six Emmy and two Golden Globe nominations.
A new television series having the same name, Ironside is currently under development and is scheduled to debut on October 2, 2013.
TV Show Star Rating : 7.3 Read More
Detective John Cardinal attempts to uncover the mystery of what happened to the missing 13-year-old girl whose body is discovered in the shaft-head of an abandoned mine. At the same time, he comes under investigation by his new partner, Lise Delorme, a tough investigator in her own right. | https://kodiapps.com/tv_shows-67593 |
Factors that Influence Social Protests and their Effect on Peace and Stability in Africa
Gamede, N. W.
URI:
http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1851
Date:
2021
Abstract:
The emergence of democratic governance in Africa in the aftermath of the Cold War in the 1990s has been marred by the rise and spread of violent social protests. These protests mostly result from the lack of quality basic services to the people that then deprive them of their freedom from fear and wants. As a form of political expression, social protests influence the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the public, and are particularly aimed at policy-makers in political leadership and/or organisations. For example, Africa has seen a huge resurgence of public protests that manifest in public demonstrations, petitions, boycotts, lobbying, and various online activities. Social protests in Africa are influenced by the lack of inclusive political leadership and the existence of uneven political institutions that foster the gap between the haves and have-nots. As a result, the African problems and conflicts have become intractable, and affect the achievement of peace and security. In Africa, social protests have intensified conflicts and civil wars, while on other continents, they have led to political leaders' addressing the issues that led to human rights violations. This means that social protests can foster a culture of peace and stability. There is scant literature that explains the factors that have led to the recurrence of protests in Africa. This presents a unique gap in the current literature that has not yet received academic attention. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the factors influencing social protests and their effect on peace and security in Africa. The research question the paper seeks to answer is: What factors could lead to the recurrence of social protests, and what are possible ways to address the threats that these social protests pose to peace and security in society?
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Journal articles published in the International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 06-08 October 2021, Virtual Conference
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Deep-ocean life
Some deep-sea species Below a depth of about 200 metres (about 660 feet) there is little light, and below 1000 metres (3300 feet) the water is completely black and very cold. Phytoplankton cannot survive here, and the amount of animal life is greatly reduced. Some scavenging deepwater animals feed on the dead plant and animal matter that rains down through the water from the surface waters above. Others, such as the hatchetfish, travel up towards the surface to feed, then return to the depths.
Bioluminescence
Despite the blackness of the water, there is still some light in the depths of the ocean. Some deepwater animals are able to produce light from their body tissues, which are sometimes concentrated into areas as special light-producing organs. This feature is known as bioluminescence. Fish, squid, jellyfish and even tiny deep-sea copepods all produce their own light. These lights may act as a lure to prey animals, or as a signal to others of the same species in the search for mates. They may also be used as search beams, or “flashed” on and off to confuse or temporarily blind an attacker.
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March 2nd. The National Hockey League's first league-wide Hockey Is For Everyone month comes to a close with San Jose's victory over Vancouver. The Pride Tape comes off, the copies of Soul on Ice are packed away, and somewhere, Gary Bettman pats himself on the back for a job well done.
That same night, Josh Ho-Sang makes his NHL debut against the Dallas Stars. Just two days earlier, the twenty-one year old was called up on an emergency basis from the Bridgeport Sound Tigers.
The forward had yet to prove himself in the big league, despite the hype surrounding him after being selected 28th overall by the Islanders in the 2014 draft. Citing attitude problems and a lack of maturity, Ho-Sang seemed to clash with the Islanders' management early on.
When he was 19 and still playing with the Niagara Ice Dogs of the Ontario Hockey League, he made headlines after he wasn't extended an invitation to the Canadian World Junior Camp, despite having 85 points on the season. The news, however, wasn't on his side. Ho-Sang called the snub “insulting,” while criticizing the role of Hockey Canada in developing players.
It's nothing teenage hockey players haven't said before.
Just last year, Patrik Laine touted his own skills prior to the draft, stating he knew he was good enough to go first overall. Reporters laughed, even praised Laine for knowing his own abilities and not underselling himself.
Josh Ho-Sang doesn't have a monopoly on outspoken confidence. Though, what he does have makes all the difference in how he's treated by the league, by the Islanders, and by the media.
Ho-Sang is black, Chinese, and Jewish. And hockey is the whitest major-league sport.
There's a Team-First Culture in hockey that sets it apart from other sports. Where other major leagues market their players, hockey markets the team. In some ways, it's a benefit – the trade deadline is much more interesting, and ultimately easier for fans to adjust to when the name on the back of the jersey is less relevant than the logo on the front of it.
But in a lot of ways, Team-First Culture is a detriment to the players themselves. Players who are too loud, too flashy, or too confident are often on the receiving end of coded criticism from the media, coaches, and even opposing players.
The brunt of this weight is shouldered by nonwhite players, who are expected to be the Model Minority – quiet, complacent, humble. When they fail to comply, the consequences have the potential to be career ruining. After all, if the team comes first, who wants to work with someone who shines the light on themselves?
Last year, this exact situation took front and center with then-Montreal Canadien PK Subban. Subban has spent most of his career in the wake of backlash against him, the vast majority of which is racially motivated. Former Habs coach Michel Therrien famously blamed a loss last February entirely on Subban, calling him “selfish” and point-blank called him out as an individual who lost the game for a team that otherwise worked hard.
PK Subban is an incredibly talented defenseman. The problem, apparently, is that he knows it.
This view of Subban, perpetuated by the media and the coaching staff, ultimately lead to the blockbuster trade of the summer that sent him to Nashville before his no-movement clause kicked in, in exchange for noted Team Player and aging defenseman, Shea Weber. Montreal lost a star player, but gained a white man who will give empty sound bites about “getting pucks in deep.” In their minds, they won.
Every nonwhite player in the league has a story like this, of a coaching staff that didn't like how they presented themselves, how they were aware of their own talent. Few white players, on the other hand, have the same problems.
Ho-Sang has already dealt with his fair share of coded critiques of his attitude. In 2014, he was late to training camp and immediately sent back to Ice Dogs in the OHL. The perceived maturity issues pushed back his development. If not for injuries to Ladd and Quine, Ho-Sang likely would not have seen NHL ice time this year.
Things like this happen in the league. In 2011, Tyler Seguin was scratched for one game by the Bruins after he missed a team breakfast. It happened again to Seguin in 2015 for being late to a practice with the Dallas Stars. Coaches demanding a level of maturity and responsibility from their players isn’t unreasonable.
But for Tyler Seguin, he sits one game in the press box, even as a repeat offender (granted, with different teams). Josh Ho-Sang gets stunted in his ability to grow as a player for nearly three years. If not for bad luck (or good luck, on his end), it could've been more.
The latest news around Ho-Sang is only further evidence in how the league fails both it's nonwhite players and fans.
Throughout his junior career, Ho-Sang has donned 66 on his back, a tribute to his favorite player, Mario Lemieux. Players do this all the time. Gordie Howe's number 9 is still in circulation. Aside from Gretzky's 99, no number is retired league-wide. Players often choose their number while they’re still kids, and those numbers usually have significance to how they decided they wanted to play hockey. Hero worship is a big one.
Unlike the many cases of this exact phenomena, Ho-Sang choosing to continue to wear 66 in the big league has caused an uproar among Pittsburgh fans. The reactions have ranged from elitist to extreme, all with an underlying racism.
Josh Ho-Sang can wear any number he likes, but 4 and 9 are regular hockey numbers. No. 66 is a vanity license plate. — Michael Farber (@MichaelFarber3) March 8, 2017
First Penguin to jump Josh Ho-Sang gets a lifetime achievement award from us #noonewears66 pic.twitter.com/vX8KRfo1UN — Barn Hockey Apparel™ (@BarnHockey) March 2, 2017
Fans have been wishing violence upon Ho-Sang for something as ultimately pointless as wearing a number – something universally regarded as a sign of respect.
Everything in Ho-Sang's career so far has built up to this. The claims of attitude problems, burying him in lower leagues for being too confident – these are actions directly caused by his race. The language surrounding him is far more intense than around white athletes who have committed the same or worse infractions and it isn't coincidence. The reaction to him wearing Lemieux's number being threats of violence is a reaction motivated by the fact that a confident black kid is wearing a white legend's number.
Most recently, the matter was supposed to be considered resolved when Lemieux came forward to say that he supports Ho-Sang wear his number because “it's just a number.” That's supposed to be the end of it. The white legend says okay and that means it's okay, even though Ho-Sang never needed Lemieux's approval to begin with, and still doesn’t change the violent, racist reaction he got in the first place. Lemieux’s indifference doesn’t make what Ho-Sang has dealt with thus far somehow okay.
The bigger problem is that it wasn't the end of it. Ho-Sang skated out onto Pittsburgh ice on Friday to a chorus of boos every time he touched the puck. For wearing a number on his back.
Right now should be the greatest time in Josh Ho-Sang's life. He's finally getting a long awaited chance to prove himself in the NHL and he's doing exactly what the Islanders had hoped he would back in 2014. And yet, he's surrounded by controversy for existing as a black man who would dare compare himself to Lemieux.
It doesn't bode well for his future. If we learned anything this summer, it's that performance means nothing if you're black and believe in yourself.
The league sets the tone for the fans. The Team-First mentality allows coaches and media to hide behind criticisms of players for being too focused on themselves when what they want to say is that the nonwhite players aren't assimilating to the whiteness of the locker room. That allows fans to perpetuate their hatred against these players free from guilt.
When the nonwhite players aren't safe in the league they give their life to, then neither are the nonwhite fans.
Here I thought Hockey Is For Everyone.
| |
I believe four things drive my teaching: respect, relationships, risk taking, and relatability. I will admit, I did not realize they all started with R’s until now.
Respect: Throughout my career, I have been blessed to have students hand me a compliment that means more to me than any others. “You don’t treat us like kids. You treat us as equals.” Those words mean more to me than any test score, any goal achieved, or even any personal accolade. Each year, the biggest message I always want my students to learn, and learn first, is that we are learners together. None of us can be successful without each other. A huge part of that equation is showing them that who they are is enough, that their strengths are valued, and their weaknesses are just opportunities for all of us to learn together. In my experience, “weaknesses” often turn out to be insecurities, and most of the time the battle is getting them to believe in the potential I know is within them. What is creativity and confidence if not the ability to think for yourself and feel respected enough to share and merge those ideas in with others? As a language arts teacher, I need them to see that I value the voices of my students, their views of the world, the way they interpret things, because all of it influences how they view and interpret the words of others. (IE: Authors, poets, etc.) While other subjects are more about the voices of historians, mathematicians, theorists, and scientists…my world revolves around the voices of my students and the value they bring to everyone in the classroom when they allow themselves to be vulnerable and they share that. The value of being heard.
Relationships: The best part of my job is getting to know students on a level deeper than just “student and teacher.” I want to know who they are, how they learn, what they believe in, what they think, what their dreams are, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. I want to know them as people and not just as little learning machines or data points on a spreadsheet. I teach 13 year olds, and I’m seeing more and more that they believe teachers are obstacles to get over, and they believe that teachers are just another figure in their life that doesn’t understand them. My job is to push through that and to give them their voice back, to show them that their voice matters, and assure them that I don’t just want to listen...I want to hear them. I attribute the success I’ve had in my career to the fact that I build relationships with students instead of just showing up to throw information at them each day.
Risk taking: I am also a big proponent for showing students that mistakes are ok and are welcome. I’ve made a ton of mistakes in my life, mistakes that were horrible at the time, but there isn’t one mistake that I haven’t learned from. I believe that sometimes students need to see that adults don’t expect them to be perfect, and that we…in turn…were not perfect ourselves at their age. At any age, for that matter. Learning to laugh at yourself is a rare skill, but it is a skill that I can model for them each and every day. Besides, in writing, mistakes often turn out to be some of the best stories and lessons.
Relatability: I teach writing all day long, a subject that is groaned about by young and old, and yet I use my love for it to teach others not only the importance of the craft…but why they should love it too. There’s a quote that I live by in my classroom each day, “Enthusiasm Ignites Greatness,” and I’ve found that the enthusiasm that a teacher has for a subject, when broken down and simplified, when you show your students your own struggle with the material, creates a love for that subject and a greater appreciation. Each year I get 120-ish students who absolutely hate to write. They want their voice heard and they want it appreciated, but they do not want to put those words down on paper. When they hear that I’m a writer, that I’ve been teaching it for over twenty years, the first response is to clam up and to not want to put words on paper. It is only when I express just how difficult it is, what my challenges are, how I’m great at it but it’s still scary, and share knowledge from published authors throughout history that the students start seeing that they aren’t alone in this struggle. I make it my point to write back to each and every student, no matter what the assignment is, and I tell them each day that I will be writing everything that they are writing in class. I model it, I own it, and I live it right with them. (Mistakes, failures, successes, and all!)
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2019-2020 | Janan Olsen
Ms. Janan Olsen
I strongly beleive in showing students sthat I care and believe in them and their abilites to succeed. Affirmation and encouragement go a long way in helping studnets to stay focused and on track in the learning process. Ultimately, my goal as a teacher is to equip my students with great writing and reading analysis skills and train them to be responsible and dependable citizens, giving back to our society and more than they recieve.
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2018-2019 | Holly Hall
Ms. Holly Hall
It is my belief that all students have tremendous talent and ability, but it is necessary to cultivate this talent through hard work. I am so grateful to work with amazing teachers and staff at Lanier Middle School who demonstrate every day that they too believe in the power of education to develop innate talents and help students grow into leaders of our future. I am thankful to get to work with dedicated professionals each day to help our students develop those talents and use them in the best possible way as they grow and learn.
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2017-2018 | Carrie Lather
Ms. Carrie Lather
I firmly believe that as long as students work hard they can accomplish anything they put their minds to. Sometimes it is easy to give up when you think something is too hard; to not try. Taking risks is worth it, trying pays off, and working hard get you far in life even if you fail along the way. I always strive to provde an environemnt that creates an atmosphere of trust and that motivates students to go beyond what they think they are able to accomplish.
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2016-2017 | Blake Baldwin
Mr. Blake Baldwin
My selection as Lanier's Teacher of the Year is a direct reflection of the impact my students and colleagues have had on me throhgout my career. My students have taught me their academic performace is not a byproduct of some "innovative" strategy; it is a reflection of their need for authentic teachers who tryly focus on their individuality. We are not molding great test takers; we are moding productive individuals. As such, I would hope my students remember their personal growth has always been my top priority. In my colleagues, I have seen the dedication to something greater than oneself at a level that transcends anything I ever imagined when I became an educator.
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2015-2016 | Catherine Proctor
Ms. Catherine Proctor
It is an absolute honor to represent Lanier Middle School as the Teachrer of the Year. Lanie ris a school dedicated to helong all student ssucceed. Lanier teachers are experts in collaboration and developing innovative strategies to need indicudual student needs. In my three years at Lanier, I ahve witnessed my students not only ocercome adversity, but excel in their studies. My students have learned to vecome role models and good citizens in addition to focusing on academic growth. I am blessed to be aprt of an teacher inand leaning community that allows me to thinkg outside of the box and do what is best for my students.
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2014-2015 | Lauren Pulley
Ms. Lauren Pulley
The great Bear Bryant once said " I am not miricle man. I guarantee nothing but hard work." I would hope that my colleagues, former students and parents would say that my greates contribution to education is my passion for inspiring my students to have fun, learn, and to always work hard. I am proud to teach in an environment where I can learn from the esperience and wisdon of my colleagues. It is their willingness to collaborate and encourage that motivates me to try and create an environment that my students can learn in every day. Every class I teach is diverse in numerous ways, and ther are multiple leveles of abilities. As such, I try to model patience and consideration as I work with the students, and I expect them to be patient and considerate of each other.
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2013-2014 | Joan McElroy
Ms. Joan McElroy
I am always looking for way to develop strategies and opportunities that are researched-based and data-driven in order to reach students' academic and personal needs while setting high experctations for each of them. By doing this, students are able to see their full potential in becoming lifelong learners because they have been engaged in a rigourus curriculum. This rigorous curriculum repects the person because it sends the message, " I know you can do this". Th student is guided along that path, but then is gradually released. Then is is not I who sees their potential, but they then see it in themselves.
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2012-2013 | Kinsey Edwards
Ms. Kinsey Edwards
Though I teach music, it is very important for my students to see that literacy, math, science and social studies have all contrubuted to the things that we learn about in orchestra. Studnets most certainly need to learn to perform on their instrument, but they also need to know how to use other curricula to take their music making a step further.
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2011-2012 | Janelle Wilson
Ms.Janelle Wilson
My biggest accomplishment in education is hearing my students say that they love science because of my classroom. If just one student becomes a scientist, astronaut, or engineer because of what happened in my classroom, I have changed the world. If I inspire students to believe in themselves, take chances, and explore the world around them, I am a suceess.
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2010-2011 | Ansley Bennett
Ms. Ansley Bennett
I have always wanted to be a teacher. My passion began more than 20 years ago when , even as a small child, I would practice "playing school" on myu younger siblings. My goal, even as a bossy six year old, was to live my dream.
I can still vividly feel the moment of my first day in my own classroom. The feeling was a crazy combination of utter excitement, mixed with a touch of fear and anxiety, and topped with an overwhelming sense of PEACE. Fice years later, I still know unequvocally that I amdoing somthing for a purpose grater than myself. You see, I am one of the lucky ones. I am truly living my DREAM.
When the first student walkks though my classroom door in the morning, I am instantly reminded that I am not here for fame of fortune, but rather to ompact each child. Th students are the reason that I come back to work each day. They are the reason that I smile. It is my mission for my students to love learning half as much as I truly love being their teacher.
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2009-2010 | Cyndi Smith
Ms. Cyndi Smith
Ms. Smith... There's a lot to say about her. She is such a fantasitc teacher! She gave me a plethoric amount of knowledge that I needed to succeed and obtain the grade I deserved. She taught me how to put specificity in my writing so I, as well as all other students, will be a better writer. I am privileged to have her as my teacher.
Lauren Pettit
Student
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2008-2009 | E'Wanna Ishii
Ms. E'Wanna Ishii
Ms. Ishii says her desire to become a teachers stems from her 7th grade teacher, Ms. Joiner. She admired Ms. Joiner's passion for the classroom. "She made everyone feel special, and she made learning fun." Through this teacher's influence, Ms. Ishii says she was inspired to chase afrte her own dreams of becoming a teacher. | https://www.gcpsk12.org/Domain/13158 |
What is a computer animator?
Computer animation involves the manipulation of still images to create the illusion of movement. An animator produces multiple images called frames. When sequenced together rapidly, these frames create an illusion of movement known as animation. A computer-animated image can be two or three dimensional.
This can include websites, online advertisements and video games. Animators can find full-time employment with movie or television production companies, with advertisers, web design firms, video game companies or with animation firms.
That's my paragraph, I think the first part is fine, but I'm wondering do I need to add the second part?
There are redundancies here. I'd do some sentence-combining to get rid of any repetition. | https://www.jiskha.com/questions/160449/okay-I-need-to-do-a-powerpoint-for-this-career-computer-animation-I-need-help |
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) recently funded, Marine Energy in the United States: An Overview of Opportunities, a summary report of the marine energy resource for wave, tidal currents, ocean currents, ocean thermal gradients, and river currents.
Summarizing the best available data on technically recoverable U.S. marine energy resources at the national, state, and regional levels, the study suggested that these plentiful, geographically diverse resources are well positioned to help satisfy the growing renewable energy demand and meaningfully contribute to the nation’s energy supply.
Focusing on the technical resource within the U.S. exclusive economic zone that can be harnessed for large-scale (megawatt- to gigawatt-scale) energy generation, the report found that even if only a small portion of the technical resource potential is captured, marine energy technologies would make significant contributions to meeting our nation’s energy needs.
Researchers calculated the total marine energy technical resource in the 50 states to be 2,300 TWh/yr, equivalent to roughly 57% of the 2019 U.S. electricity generation; add to that the additional 4,100 TWh/yr of ocean thermal resource from the U.S. Pacific and Caribbean territories and the scale and scope of marine energy’s potential comes into clear view.
For example, utilizing just one-tenth of the technically available marine energy resources in the 50 states would equate to 5.7% of our nation’s current electricity generation—enough energy to power 22-million homes (U.S. Energy Information Administration 2020).
Learn more about the WPTO Marine Energy Program and download the full report. | https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/articles/doe-funded-study-pinpoints-potential-lies-within-waves |
1. Switch off the TV (or any other visual or audio stimulation) 1hr before bed. Even if dosing off in front of the TV has become your norm it is much better to let the mind quieten down and unwind before bed. Audio visual stimulation just before bed can reduce the quality of sleep and increase the time it takes for the mind to switch off and for the body to fall asleep. Spending one hour before bed in quite can be one of the best changes you make.
2. Do not go to bed on an empty stomach. The worst thing you can do is go to bed hungry. This may result in intermittent waking and an overall poor quality of sleep. Aim for a meal a few hours before bed but avoid high carbohydrates and sugar foods that can lead to disruption in sleep.
3. Stretch. This is important especially if you are very physically active. Stretching is as important as any strength and fitness protocol but is a highly neglected part of individual fitness. A full body stretching routine will relax the muscles and joints and bring you one step closer to better sleep.
4. Open the windows to ventilate the air in the room. This will improve the quality of oxygen in your house/room and help you fall asleep faster as well as deeper.
5. Dim the lights in your bedroom before bed. Body’s syrcadian rhythm is a complex process that has evolved to work in synch with the natural day light. Lower the exposure to artificial light in order to bring the body into its more natural state. Dimmer, less harsh light will have a similar effect to switching off the TV before bed by encouraging the body to unwind naturally.
6. Aim for 6.5-7.5 hours. This has been shown to be the optimum number of hours to sleep. Having enough time to sleep is one of the most important and one of the hardest steps to take. Anticipate the day ahead and if it means setting an alarm to remind you to go to bed, do it.
7. Warm shower. For most of us a shower at the end of the day is a must. However having a warm shower helps to lower the body’s temperature upon exiting the warm water. Lowering body temperature has been shown to trigger that drowsy, sleepy sensation that will help you fall asleep faster.
8. Take deep breaths. Breathing patterns vary depending on our stress levels. Slower, fuller breaths help to relax the body, slow down the heart rate and return the system to a calmer more focused state. Once in bed, become aware of your breathing. Take full breaths: in through the nose and out through the mouth. Continue until you feel your heart rate slow and the body relax.
9. Meditate and reduce audiovisual stimulation. You do not have to be trained at meditating technique to let the mind quieten before bed. Start with deep breathing and try to empty the mind of all thought. Switching off TV, musics and putting away the book a few minutes before sleeping will help quieten the mind and promote better sleep. | https://epochfitness.co.uk/tips-better-sleep/ |
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This challenge invites you to create your own picture using just straight lines. Can you identify shapes with the same number of sides and decorate them in the same way?
What shapes can you make by folding an A4 piece of paper?
Using a loop of string stretched around three of your fingers, what
different triangles can you make? Draw them and sort them into
groups.
We have a box of cubes, triangular prisms, cones, cuboids,
cylinders and tetrahedrons. Which of the buildings would fall down
if we tried to make them?
Watch this "Notes on a Triangle" film. Can you recreate parts of the film using cut-out triangles?
You will need a long strip of paper for this task. Cut it into different lengths. How could you find out how long each piece is?
Sara and Will were sorting some pictures of shapes on cards. "I'll collect the circles," said Sara. "I'll take the red ones," answered Will. Can you see any cards they would both want?
Can you cut a regular hexagon into two pieces to make a
parallelogram? Try cutting it into three pieces to make a rhombus!
Have you noticed that triangles are used in manmade structures?
Perhaps there is a good reason for this? 'Test a Triangle' and see
how rigid triangles are.
Make a chair and table out of interlocking cubes, making sure that the chair fits under the table!
Can you describe a piece of paper clearly enough for your partner to know which piece it is?
Can you see which tile is the odd one out in this design? Using the
basic tile, can you make a repeating pattern to decorate our wall?
Try continuing these patterns made from triangles. Can you create your own repeating pattern?
Have a go at making a few of these shapes from paper in different sizes. What patterns can you create?
Can you visualise what shape this piece of paper will make when it is folded?
For this activity which explores capacity, you will need to collect some bottles and jars.
In this activity focusing on capacity, you will need a collection of different jars and bottles.
What shape is made when you fold using this crease pattern? Can you make a ring design?
You'll need a collection of cups for this activity.
This practical problem challenges you to make quadrilaterals with a loop of string. You'll need some friends to help!
Explore the triangles that can be made with seven sticks of the
same length.
Have you ever noticed the patterns in car wheel trims? These
questions will make you look at car wheels in a different way!
Can you make a rectangle with just 2 dominoes? What about 3, 4, 5,
6, 7...?
Use the lines on this figure to show how the square can be divided into 2 halves, 3 thirds, 6 sixths and 9 ninths.
Where can you put the mirror across the square so that you can still "see" the whole square? How many different positions are possible?
Ideas for practical ways of representing data such as Venn and
Carroll diagrams.
Make a cube out of straws and have a go at this practical
challenge.
In how many ways can you fit two of these yellow triangles
together? Can you predict the number of ways two blue triangles can
be fitted together?
Use the three triangles to fill these outline shapes. Perhaps you can create some of your own shapes for a friend to fill?
We can cut a small triangle off the corner of a square and then fit
the two pieces together. Can you work out how these shapes are made
from the two pieces?
Exploring and predicting folding, cutting and punching holes and
making spirals.
Here's a simple way to make a Tangram without any measuring or
ruling lines.
Using different numbers of sticks, how many different triangles are
you able to make? Can you make any rules about the numbers of
sticks that make the most triangles?
What happens to the area of a square if you double the length of
the sides? Try the same thing with rectangles, diamonds and other
shapes. How do the four smaller ones fit into the larger one?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of this junk?
Can you recreate this Indian screen pattern? Can you make up
similar patterns of your own?
Have a go at drawing these stars which use six points drawn around
a circle. Perhaps you can create your own designs?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of this telephone?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of Little Fung at the table?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of Little Ming playing the board game?
This practical problem challenges you to create shapes and patterns
with two different types of triangle. You could even try
overlapping them.
Looking at the picture of this Jomista Mat, can you decribe what
you see? Why not try and make one yourself?
Kimie and Sebastian were making sticks from interlocking cubes and lining them up. Can they make their lines the same length? Can they make any other lines?
Can you make the most extraordinary, the most amazing, the most
unusual patterns/designs from these triangles which are made in a
special way?
NRICH December 2006 advent calendar - a new tangram for each day in
the run-up to Christmas.
Kaia is sure that her father has worn a particular tie twice a week
in at least five of the last ten weeks, but her father disagrees.
Who do you think is right?
This problem invites you to build 3D shapes using two different
triangles. Can you make the shapes from the pictures?
If you'd like to know more about Primary Maths Masterclasses, this
is the package to read! Find out about current groups in your
region or how to set up your own.
Follow the diagrams to make this patchwork piece, based on an
octagon in a square.
Can you make the birds from the egg tangram? | http://nrich.maths.org/public/leg.php?code=-339&cl=1&cldcmpid=7009 |
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See reader questions & answers on this topic! - Help others by sharing your knowledge
Steve Willner <[email protected]> There are various forms of it, but basically it is a means of doing boundary calculations for the prevalence of intelligent life in the universe. It might take the form of saying that if there are: X stars in the Galaxy, of which Y % have planets, of which Z % can support life, on which A % intelligent life has arisen, with B representing the average duration of civilizations then you fool around with the numbers to figure out how close on average the nearest civilization is. There are various mathematical expressions for this formula (see below), and there are variations on how many terms the equations include. The problem, of course, is that some of the variables are easy to pick (e.g., stars in the Galaxy), some are under study (e.g., how many stars have terrestrial-like planets), and others are just flat-out wild guesses (e.g., duration of civilization, where we are currently running an experiment to test this here on Terra of Sol). One useful form says the number of detectable civilizations is: N = R * fp * ne * fl * fi * fc * L where R = "the average rate of star formation in the region in question", fp = "the fraction of stars that form planets" ne = "the average number of planets hospitable to life per star" fl = "the fraction of those planets where life actually emerges" fi = "the fraction of life-bearing planets where life evolves into intelligent beings" fc = "the fraction of planets with intelligent creatures capable of interstellar communication" L = "the length of time that such a civilization remains detectable". (If you want some definition of civilization other than detectability, just change your definition of fc and L accordingly.) Can we provide reasonable estimates for any of the above numbers? The "social/biological" quantities are at best speculative and aren't appropriate for this newsgroup anyway. (For arguments that they are quite small, see biologist Ernst Mayr's article in _Bioastronomy News_, Quarter 1995, <URL:http://planetary.org/tps/mayr.html>.) Even the "astronomical" numbers, though determinable in principle, have considerable uncertainty. Nevertheless, I will attempt to provide reasonable estimates. I'll take the "region in question" to be the Milky Way Galaxy and consider only cases "similar to" our solar system. For R, I'm going to use only stars with luminosities between half and double that of the Sun. Dimmer stars have a very small zone where Earth-like temperatures will be found, and more luminous stars have relatively short lifetimes. Near the Sun, there are about 4.5E-3 such stars in a cubic parsec. I'm only going to consider stars in the Galactic disk, which I take to have a scale height of 660 pc and scale length of between 5 and 8 kpc. (Stars outside the disk either have lower metallicity than the Sun or live in a very different environment and may have formed in a different way.) The Sun is about 8 kpc from the Galactic center, and thus in a region of lower than maximum star density. Putting everything together, there ought to be around 1.4E9 stars in the class defined. This represents about 1% of the total mass of the Galaxy. The age of the Sun is about 4.5E9 years, so the average rate of formation R is about 0.3 "solar like stars" per year. Planets are more problematic, since extrasolar planets cannot generally be detected, but it is thought that their formation is a natural and indeed inevitable part of star formation. For stars like the Sun, in fact, there is either observational evidence or clear theoretical justification for every stage of the planet formation process as it is currently understood. We might therefore be tempted to take fp=1 (for stars in the luminosity range defined), but we have to consider binary stars. A second star may disrupt planetary orbits or may somehow prevent planets forming in the first place. Because about 2/3 of the relevant stars are in binary systems, I'm going to take fp=1/3. Now we are pretty much out of the range of observation and into speculation. It seems reasonable to take ne=1 or even 1.5 on the basis of the Solar system (Earth and Mars), but a pessimist could surely take a smaller number. You can insert your own values for the probabilities, but if we arbitrarily set all of them equal to one N <= 0.1 L seems consistent with all known data. A more detailed discussion of interpretation of the Drake equation and the factors in it can be found in Issue 5 of SETIQuest.
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Maryland Debt Relief: Your Guide to State Laws and Managing Debt
Editorial Note: The content of this article is based on the author’s opinions and recommendations alone. It may not have been previewed, commissioned or otherwise endorsed by any of our network partners.
The state of Maryland, known for its blue crabs, historic Annapolis, the Baltimore Ravens football team and more than 7,700 miles of shoreline on the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, is home to more than 6 million people.
As of 2017, median household income in the state was estimated at $80,776, second only to the District of Columbia at $82,372 and much higher than the national median household income of $60,336. The unemployment rate in the state was 3.8% in March 2019, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which ranks the state at the 28th lowest for unemployment.
In spite of the high income and low unemployment levels in Maryland, the average per capita credit card debt in the state is $3,910. The state ranks as the second-highest in the country for student loan debt and the fourth-highest for credit card debt and for mortgage debt.
In this article we’ll look at debt collection rules, payday lending laws and Maryland debt relief options, as well as debt consolidation in Maryland. In addition, we’ll offer tips about how to tackle debt in Maryland.
- Debt in Maryland: At a glance
- Debt collection in Maryland
- Responding to collection letters
- Understanding your state’s statute of limitations
- Maryland debt relief programs
- Payday lending laws in Maryland
- Tips to tackle debt in Maryland
- Filing for bankruptcy in Maryland
Debt in Maryland: At a glance
|Maryland debt|
|Type||Per capita balance, 2018||Rank out of 50 states (1 is highest)||Change from 2017 (%)||U.S. per capita balance|
|Credit card debt||$3,910||4||3.4%||$3,220|
|Student loan debt||$6,740||2||7.7%||$5,390|
|Auto debt||$5,160||14||1%||$4,700|
|Mortgage debt*||$51,590||4||1.4%||$33,680|
|* First-lien debt only
|
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, March 2019
Debt collection in Maryland
If you find yourself with unpaid bills, including credit card debt, medical bills or past-due loan payments for your education, car or home, you could be receiving written notices and phone calls from debt collectors. Each state has different rules about the debt collection process, so it’s important to understand your rights and responsibilities in the context of those rules.
Debt collection: In Maryland, as in other states, your creditors are likely to charge a late payment fee when you miss a monthly payment. In some cases, your interest rate can be increased. Unpaid bills will also hurt your credit score. After several missed payments, the bills will be turned over to an internal collections department at the financial institution that issued the credit or to an outside collections agency working for them.
Sometimes creditors opt to sell your debt to an independent collections agency who will then attempt to have you pay them in order to clear your credit report. Eventually, if you don’t make arrangements to pay the balance, the creditor and/or the collection agency can seek a legal action against you.
Debt collection laws: The Fair Debt Collections Practices Act (FDCPA) is a federal law that established rules to regulate the conduct of third-party debt collectors. In Maryland, legislators passed a law to extend the regulations of the FDCPA to cover your original creditor in the state. In other words, if you didn’t pay a credit card bill, FDCPA regulations cover both the financial institution that originally issued you the credit card, as well as the debt collection agency that is now attempting to collect the debt.
Other provisions in Maryland regulate how much debt collectors can take from you to satisfy a judgment and what assets you are legally able to protect from creditors. These provisions can help you understand your position if you’re planning to negotiate with creditors.
- Your property: Maryland allows you to exempt up to $5,000 of equity in your home and your car. Your home equity is the value of your home minus the balance you owe on your mortgage. To determine your car’s equity, find out the current market value of your car and subtract the payoff balance. It’s possible that all of your car could be exempt, depending on its value.
- Your bank account. A balance of up to $6,000 in your bank account is protected from creditors.
- Your paycheck. If a judgment is upheld against you, a designated amount can be pulled from your paycheck until the debt is paid in full. In Maryland, 75% of your wages are protected from creditors after mandatory deductions for taxes and Social Security are taken. However, other deductions for insurance, a medical savings account and retirement contributions are considered part of your disposable income.
Responding to collection letters
If you receive a phone call from a creditor or a collection agency, federal law states that you must be sent a written notice within five days. The notice should include the amount you owe, the name of the financial institution or business to whom you owe the debt and what to do you if you think you don’t owe the debt.
Although it may tempting to ignore phone calls and letters about your debt, it’s best to address them as soon as possible. If you don’t owe the debt, you need to follow up immediately on the information you’ve been given about how to dispute the debt.
If you do owe the money, it’s best to pay the debt as soon as you can to avoid accumulating additional late fees and eventually damaging your credit. If you don’t have the money to pay the debt, you can ask the debt collector about a payment plan. Make sure you get the payment plan in writing.
If you are having difficulty getting the creditor to agree to a payment plan, you can contact Consumer Credit Counseling Services of Maryland (CCSMD), a nonprofit organization that may be able to help you with a debt management program. Call CCCSMD at 800-642-2227 or visit www.cccsmd.org.
Federal law, which in Maryland applies to both third-party collection agencies and your original creditors, controls debt collector activities. Debt collectors must make calls during reasonable hours, cannot contact you at work, and cannot accuse you of criminal activity or threaten violence. They also must respect your privacy and not advertise the fact that you owe a debt.
If you have a complaint about collections practices, contact the Maryland Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division The Consumer Protection hotline numbers are 410-528-8662 or toll-free at 888-743-0023.
Understanding your state’s statute of limitations
|Maryland Statute of Limitations on Debt|
|Mortgage debt||12 years on promissory notes|
|Medical debt||3 years|
|Credit card||3 years|
|Auto loan debt||4 years|
|State tax debt||7 years|
Each state has its own statute of limitations on how long creditors have to pursue an unpaid debt in court. For example, if you have an old medical bill in Maryland, the creditor cannot sue you once three years have passed since your last payment.
Keep in mind that even if the statute of limitations has passed for your particular type of debt, the creditor can still send you letters and call you to request repayment. The creditor just can’t get a court judgment against you once the statute of limitations has passed.
Just because the statute of limitations has passed, however, doesn’t mean they can no longer pursue for debts or that the debts will fall off your credit report. Unpaid debts will remain on your credit report for seven years regardless of the statute of limitations on that type of debt.
And that’s why it’s important to be cautious before making a payment on an old debt that is time-barred. A debt collector may try to convince you to establish a payment plan, but if you do make a payment, that will reset the clock on the statute of limitations and leave you open to a lawsuit for the debt. If you know that your debt is past the statute of limitations and a creditor continues to insist you start a repayment plan, you can seek legal help, write a “cease and desist” letter that requests the creditor to stop communicating with you, or seek the advice of a credit counselor.
Maryland debt relief programs
If you are having trouble managing your bills or have accumulated too much debt, there are organizations in Maryland that can help you review your options. Many of them will establish a debt management plan for you to get out of debt for a small fee and others can provide financial counseling and resources to file a complaint against a creditor, if necessary, often at no charge.
For example, the nonprofit Consumer Credit Counseling Services of Maryland provides debt repayment solutions, student loan counseling and general financial counseling. The Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation provides information about debt management services, how to check on whether a debt management provider is licensed and a place to file a complaint against a creditor or a predator lender. The U.S. Department of Justice also has a list of approved credit counselors that help consumers in Maryland.
For options available nationwide, check out one of these firms.
Payday lending laws in Maryland
Payday loans, which are short-term loans that are meant to be repaid with your next paycheck, are available in Maryland but with some restrictions. While Maryland does not have specific laws that make payday loans legal or illegal, lending restrictions in place do affect payday loans.
The state government mandates that any loan for an amount under $25,000 must meet the regulation for maximum interest rates. For example, on a loan for $2,000 or less, the maximum allowable interest rate is 2.75% per month or 33% annually on the first $1,000 and 2% per month or 24% annually on the rest of the loan. For loans larger than $2,000, the maximum allowable interest rate is also 2% per month or 24% on the full amount of the loan. Under Maryland, even a post-dated check can be considered a loan.
Payday loans can be a costly way to pay a bill and frequently result in a cycle of high-interest debt. Alternatives to payday loans include talking with your creditor to see if you can arrange a payment plan, meeting with a credit counselor, researching government assistance programs or taking out a small loan from a local bank or credit union at a lower interest rate, if you qualify.
Tips to tackle Maryland debt
Whether you’ve considered a payday loan, are generally concerned about managing your debt or simply would like the relief of living debt-free, there are multiple options to evaluate that could help you reduce or eliminate your debt. Debt consolidation in Maryland is one possibility.
Consolidate your debt
Debt consolidation offers the possibility of having just one creditor to pay each month and can often save you money on interest payments over time. In Maryland, the state government offers information about debt management plans, which nonprofit credit counselors can organize for you. These debt relief agencies can negotiate with creditors on your behalf, and, typically for a small fee, pay each of your creditors an agreed-upon amount each month out of your debt management payment until your debts are paid in full.
However, you need to carefully choose a debt relief organization because there are some predatory companies that could damage your finances. A debt management plan is best if you owe multiple creditors and have average or poor credit, but it can also initially lower your credit score until you finish the program.
An alternative to a debt management plan is to take out a personal loan. In Maryland, 30.7% of personal loans in 2018 were taken out for debt consolidation and 18.6% were used for credit card refinancing, according to a LendingTree study. A personal loan can be a good solution because you can group several debts into one payment at a fixed rate that is typically lower than a credit card interest rate. However, you will need to meet the lender’s qualifications for your credit and income. The interest rate depends in part on your credit, so be certain to compare a personal loan option with other choices. Additionally, if you miss a payment, this could hurt your credit as well.
Home equity line of credit or loan
If you’re a homeowner, you may be able to borrow the equity in your home to pay off other debts. A home equity line of credit or a home equity loan typically has a lower interest rate than other forms of debt except for your primary mortgage, but the amount you can borrow will be limited to the maximum percent of your home value that a lender allows. You’ll also need to qualify for the loan based on your credit profile, income and assets. While borrowing against your home can save money on interest, you are putting your home at risk if you can’t make the payments.
Refinance
Another way to tackle debt is to refinance your car loan or your mortgage. Depending on the amount you owe on your car or your home and your interest rate, you may be able to lower your payments on these two major expenses or shorten the loan term to eliminate these debts faster. If those payments are lower, you’ll have more disposable income to direct toward paying off other debt.
One more possibility, if you have enough equity in your home, is cash-out refinancing. In this case, you would increase your mortgage balance when you refinance and use the cash above your current loan balance to pay off other debts. But beware: Just like with the home equity loan option, you’re putting your home at risk if you can’t make your mortgage payments. You also run the risk of having a lower profit if you need to sell your home later. Borrowers typically need good credit and a strong financial profile to qualify for a cash-out refinance.
Use a balance transfer card
Another way to reduce your debt and accelerate repayment is a balance transfer credit card. Generally, a balance transfer credit card allows you to transfer the debt from a high-interest credit card to one with a low rate or even a 0% interest rate for a specific time period, typically 12 to 21 months.
While this can be a good option if you have one or two credit cards with a balance and a high interest rate, you may not be offered a credit limit high enough to consolidate all of your credit card debt. Typically, you’ll need very good credit to qualify for a balance transfer credit card. If you can pay off the balance in full before the interest rate resets, this can be a good way to reduce your debt. However, if you don’t repay it on time, you could end up paying a higher interest rate or even possibly a penalty, so read the offer carefully before applying.
Personal debt management plan
One more option for debt relief in Maryland is a do-it-yourself debt repayment plan. Start by contacting your creditors to see if you can work with them to restructure your debt. You can write a budget, create your own repayment plan and tackle each debt one at a time. Make sure you don’t take on new debt and that you pay at least the minimum on all debt while paying as much as possible to eliminate the balance on one debt at a time.
Filing for bankruptcy in Maryland
While bankruptcy is typically the last resort for consumers, in some cases this is the best scenario. If you can’t see a way out of repaying your debts or you are experiencing a medical issue or job loss that is severely affecting your ability to work your way out of debt, you may want to consider bankruptcy.
A LendingTree study found that while a bankruptcy stays on your credit report for at least seven years, that doesn’t mean you can’t improve your credit over time and regain access to a mortgage, car loan or credit card. In fact, the study found that 75% of people with a bankruptcy had a credit score of 640 or higher within five years, a number that generally makes people eligible for new credit.
The two most common types of bankruptcy are Chapter 7 and Chapter 13, each with different requirements. Chapter 7 bankruptcy requires you to sell your assets to pay your creditors, which then gives you a clean slate to rebuild your credit. Chapter 13 bankruptcy allows you to keep your assets, but you must undergo credit counseling and have a job so that you can make payments to your creditors.
While bankruptcy can help you eliminate debt, the long-term consequences to your credit can be damaging.
In Maryland, you can learn more about filing for bankruptcy from the federal bankruptcy court’s judicial district in the state. The Debtor Assistance Project provides a free one-on-one session with a volunteer bankruptcy attorney so you can discuss your individual circumstances before hiring an attorney.
The bottom line
Whether you’re having difficulty paying your debt now or feel you could be getting in over your head, there are resources available to Maryland residents that can provide some relief. Explore the options available to you and understand the rules about debt collection to make an informed decision about the best way to handle a debt crisis or to get on a path to financial freedom.
The information in this article is accurate as of the date of publishing. | https://poweredby.lendingtree.com/debt-relief/maryland/ |
The future-proof peat meadow polder ‘Lange Weide’, is unique bottom-up initiative and the largest submerged drainage project in the Netherlands.
Projects & Practice
Adjustments to water management and remedial measures help to preserve protected areas and conserve the landscape of the Western Langstraat.
Amstelland Natuurzuivel is a cooperative of farmers in the Amstelland region who set up a milk factory to produce regional dairy products for the Amsterdam area.
Developing a herd management tool to optimise efficiency and animal welfare on dairy farms.
An innovative concept to revitalise the city centre of an Austrian town by offering flexible rental options to pop up shops.
“My Farm, My Way” is a web platform that allows farmers to exchange ideas and innovative practices and get to learn from each other.
Implementing a result-based nature conservation measure for species and habitat protection as to allow more flexibility for farmers in choosing and implementing management activities suitable to their land.
Setting up an innovative enterprise in a historic building to strengthen the regional and local agricultural economy, while promoting employment and tourism.
De Putter is an example of how small communities that are facing a declining level of services can improve their livelihood and promote social cohesion.
Austria`s western Vorarlberg region used EAFRD funding to develop a support network to help its communities protect local wildlife and natural habitats. | https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/projects-practice/_en?f%5B0%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19736&f%5B1%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19751&f%5B2%5D=sm_enrd_eu_countries%3AAustria&f%5B3%5D=sm_enrd_eu_countries%3AThe%20Netherlands&f%5B4%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19760&f%5B5%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19754&f%5B6%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A20472&f%5B7%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19739&f%5B8%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19747&f%5B9%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19750&%3Bf%5B1%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19723 |
Newton's Laws, and dynamics as a whole, provide us with fundamental axioms for the study of classical mechanics. Once these foundations are laid, we can derive new concepts from the axioms, furthering our understanding of mechanics and allowing us to extend our study to new and more complex physical situations.
Perhaps the most significant concept derived in dynamics is that of work. The understanding of work greatly simplifies many physical situations. Work, in a sense, introduces a dynamic understanding to mechanics. It allows us to evaluate forces over distance and time, to give us a broader understanding not just of the forces acting on a given object, but about what happens to that object over the course of a given journey. In addition, the concept of work makes our complicated kinematics equations virtually obsolete. It makes calculations easier, and allows us to extend our study to other realms.
We will begin by defining work, both mathematically and conceptually. Once we have an understanding of work, we can apply it to a new concept, energy, the measure of change within a system, and establish the Work-Energy Theorem. We will also look at power, a practical concept that is derived from work. Finally, as we begin to explore more complex situations, we will examine work from a calculus standpoint, and examine variable forces. A good understanding of work is essential for further studies in physics. Work is not only a gateway to more advanced mechanics concepts, it is a concept used in all areas of physics.
Take a Study Break
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QUIZ: Are You a Hero, a Villain, or an Anti-Hero? | https://www.sparknotes.com/physics/workenergypower/workpower/summary/ |
A team of US-supported Chinese researchers have outlined strategies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and local air pollutants in preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and beyond.
With clean energy technologies and policies in
“This landmark study shows the effectiveness of international co-operation in promoting sustainable growth while reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and local air pollutants,” EPA Acting Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation Bill Wehrum said. “Our ongoing co-operation with national and local governments in
The partnership, to be formally launched in January at a ministerial conference in
With support from EPA, a Chinese research team has completed an in-depth analysis of co-benefits in support of the Beijing Olympic Air Quality Action Plan. These measures include expanded natural gas use, energy efficiency, and “green” transport, which include cleaner fuels for taxis and expanded public transport. | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/clean-air-strategy/ |
Excel, compete, unite!: The experience of an Aga Khan Academy student at the 2016 Jubilee Games
The 2016 Jubilee Games were held between 22–29 July in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and brought people from around the world together in a celebration of sport and fitness that transcended cultural, social and language barriers. Over 30 Aga Khan Academy students, staff and alumni attended this event. Kamil Sorathia, a first year Diploma Programme (DP1) student at the Aga Khan Academy Mombasa writes of his experience.
Excel, compete and unite! The motto of the 2016 Jubilee Games in Dubai perfectly sums up the spirit of the event, which remains one of my most memorable experiences yet. Starting from the vast diversity of the athletes, spectators and volunteers that attended this event from around the world, to the unity, camaraderie and support they displayed amongst themselves despite their differences, the Jubilee Games were absolutely magical.
Dubai was the perfect host city for the sporting talents of the Ismaili community to come together and compete. As Prince Rahim Aga Khan mentioned at the opening ceremony in the presence of His Excellency Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, United Arab Emirates’ Minister of Culture and Knowledge Development, “I can think of no better way than this and of no better place than Dubai to promote the notion of bringing young minds from diverse backgrounds and different environments together in the spirit of friendship and peace."
As a spectator, I particularly enjoyed witnessing the different athletes from around the world come together. Despite their differences in culture and tradition, sport was the tool that bridged all the barriers to bring a diverse community together. Athletes from over 28 countries passionately competed to win gold across 15 individual and team sports including football, volleyball, swimming and golf.
As a way of developing a better understanding of the other cultures, the Jubilee Games had a Global Village in which each country had a stall, as a way to showcase their cultures and traditions. They displayed their culture through clothing, language, food and several other forms. It opened my eyes to the diversity around the world and enriched my cultural understanding by hearing stories of people from those countries.
I was also fortunate to take part in a football training camp for five days organised by FC Barcelona. The FCBEscola was another opportunity for me to meet with footballers from different parts for the world and train together under the highest calibre coaches. In addition to learning more about sport and sportsmanship, it was incredible to realise how we were so different culturally yet through sport and the game of football we were able to come together and make friendships that will last a lifetime.
Staff members Imran Bandeali and Anthony Ndugu represented the Aga Khan Academies to interact and understand the level of athletic and coaching talent at the Jubilee Games and to see whether there were opportunities for collaboration between the Jubilee Games and Aga Khan Academies. Imran Bandeali commented in particular on the qualities that Team Tajikistan displayed. “Team Tajikistan proved that if you have the passion and interest to do something and if you work hard for it, nothing can restrict you. They overcame many challenges and they were exceptional in all the sports that they played.”
Imran also appreciated that Aga Khan Academy alumni, parents and staff were part of the almost 2,000 volunteers from all over the world who had put in countless hours, and it was only with their dedication, passion and enthusiasm that the Jubilee Games became a reality. His Excellency Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan also commented on the volunteers’ commitment to professionalism and excellence at the opening ceremony, saying, “In organising these games, you have clearly responded to the extraordinary leadership of His Highness the Aga Khan. These Jubilee Games speak eloquently to the wisdom, courage, global vision, humanitarian initiatives, and moral strength that have marked his 59 years of enlightened guidance and leadership as Imam of the Ismaili community.”
Being an Aga Khan Academy student, my experience was augmented. Our institution already provides us with a platform that makes us more pluralistic and understanding of other cultures. Through my education and experience at the Aga Khan Academy Mombasa, I was able to enhance my understanding and communication with other members at the Jubilee Games. The Aga Khan Academy instils great attributes in us that help us unite with others, and allows me to communicate with others from around the world with ease. His Highness the Aga Khan envisions a unified community, and through our all-rounded education at the Aga Khan Academy, this vision can become a reality. | http://www.agakhanacademies.org/mombasa/excel-compete-unite-experience-aga-khan-academy-student-2016-jubilee-games |
In recent years, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has increasingly scrutinized organizational conflicts of interest (COIs) with government contractors. If a COI is discovered that the contractor hadn't previously disclosed, it could delay the award while the COI is investigated — or worse, it could disqualify the contractor for the award. And in the Internet age, it's easier than ever for your competitors to investigate possible COIs and protest the awarded contract should they find such an issue.
Part 9.5 of the FAR covers conflicts of interest. From part 9.505:
"Each individual contracting situation should be examined on the basis of its particular facts and the nature of the proposed contract. The exercise of common sense, good judgment, and sound discretion is required in both the decision on whether a significant potential conflict exists and, if it does, the development of an appropriate means for resolving it. The two underlying principles are—
(a) Preventing the existence of conflicting roles that might bias a contractor's judgment; and
(b) Preventing unfair competitive advantage. In addition to the other situations described in this subpart, an unfair competitive advantage exists where a contractor competing for award of any Federal contract possesses—
- Proprietary information that was obtained from a Government official without proper authorization; or
- Source selection information (as defined in 2.101) that is relevant to the contract but is not available to all competitors, and such information as would assist that contractor in obtaining the contract."
Here are some examples of possible Conflicts of Interest:
- Competing for a management/services contract that might require the contracting company to evaluate its own or its competitors' products for use by the government
- Competing to supply products/services for which you have designed the specifications
- Access to other companies' proprietary information that has not been authorized for use in landing/performing the contract
- Access to other companies' proprietary information obtained by leveraging the contract in question, which might provide an unfair competitive advantage"
If a legitimate conflict of interests exists, it's probably in everyone's best interest for the contractor involved to withdraw from the contract. However, if you feel it's possible for your company to complete the contract without running afoul of a potential COI, there are avenues to pursue. It's important to be honest and up-front about COIs in your proposal. If it's informational in nature, go into detail about what restrictions will be placed on the information's use in the contract, and explain how an unfair competitive advantage has been avoided. | https://www.onvia.com/for-business/go-to-market-guidance/organizational-conflicts-interest |
A jacquard woven cotton dish towel featuring color block pattern with house designs and a "Home Is Wherever I'm With You" sentiment. Complements well with other pieces in collection to create a cohesive display.
- Dimensions: 20" x 26" | https://www.flowermilltarkio.com/product-page/primitives-by-kathy |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a term that involves the use of a computer to model and/or replicate intelligent behavior. Research in artificial intelligence mostly focuses on the analysis and development of algorithms that learn and/or perform intelligent behavior with minimal human intervention. Robotics involved in building robots whereas artificial intelligence involved in programming intelligence.
From one person in a small organisation to hundreds or thousands It is a choice for anyone wanting to fast-track their career or learns more about the realities of starting or managing a business. Business management is the act of organizing people to achieve the objectives of a business and desired goals. Business management includes all aspects of business operations and over regulating. It will allow you to find ways to utilize new ideas properly, the size of management range of managers in multinational companies.
Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation and it refers to devices that amplify light through that principle. These are used whenever a directed, sometimes very intense, beam of monochromatic (single wavelength) light is required. Lasers are used in surgical procedures such as LASIK eye surgery. In manufacturing, lasers are used for, engraving cutting, drilling and marking a broad range of materials. There are many applications for laser technology.
It was the study of computers and computational systems. Unlike the computer scientists, computer engineers and electrical engineers mostly deal with the software and software systems; this includes their theory, design, development, and application. Computer scientists compete for a very important support role, developing management computer code for technologies like deoxyribonucleic acid testing, mobile phones, and sequencing, magnetic resonance imaging, microprocessors, and robotic surgery.
Satellite is an object in space that orbits around a bigger object. Two kinds of satellites they are natural or artificial. Satellite industry is entering a new era where high-speed satellites are mostly becoming the norm. When asked about the world’s growing dependence on satellite connectivity, Vern Fotheringham is a bit circumspect. The industry was built on large amounts of capital being deployed to put benefit into orbit, often at the expense of innovation on the ground segment, he points to the speed of innovation by terrestrial wireless providers. Common types of satellites include military and civilian communication satellites, Earth observation satellites, weather satellites, navigation satellites and space telescopes.
Physics is the study of matter and its movement through the space and time of the universe. It's one of the fundamental sciences, and covers a huge range of subjects. The four fundamental concepts are classical mechanics, thermodynamics, electro magnetism, relativity. It is involved in medical diagnostics, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), x-rays and ultrasonic blood flow measurements. Medical therapy Physics also has many applications in study of life.
It is a creative discipline mainly concerned with atomic and molecular structure and its change through chemical reactions. Timeline of chemistry lists ideas, works, discoveries, inventions, and experiments that considerably modified humanity's understanding the Modern science called Chemistry. It plays an important and useful role towards the growth development and development of a number of industries. This includes industries like glass, paper, cement, textile, leather, dye etc.
Innovation mainly refers to both incremental and radical changes to products, processes or services. The frequent aim of innovation is to solve a problem. Innovation is a key topic in the study of economics, business, sociology, technology, and engineering. The energy industry must develop if it's to fulfil the dual challenges of rising energy demand and reducing emissions. Often renewable energies square measure developing quickly, it's probably to require decades to remodel the world’s energy systems from standard to renewable power generation. To balance the priorities of lower emissions and energy security, the worldwide power-generating Industry must embrace--and invest more--in technological innovation.
Aviation mainly deals with travel by air, specifically in a plane. The aviation industry is the business sector allocated to manufacturing and operating all types of aircraft. Aviation, or air transport, refers to the activities has led to many scientific and technological advances that have provided benefits to society on Earth in areas including health and medicine, transportation, consumer goods ,public safety, , energy and environment, information technology, and industrial productivity. Surrounding aircraft industry and the mechanical flight . Aircraft includes morph able wings, fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as airships and balloons , by overcoming the challenges of working in space.
Hospital Management is a resource for anyone with organisational responsibilities in a hospital secure to provide most effective patient care. Medical Management is also called as healthcare management and these strategies are selected to modify according to the consumer behaviour to improve the quality and outcome of healthcare delivery. Medical management proficiency they monitor the hospital confinement appropriateness of member care before, during, and after a hospital confinement, and when outpatient treatment is necessary, our medical management programs work to improve patient health and guard against unnecessary financial expenditures.
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Nanotechnology is known for having the probable to rocket up the efficiency of energy consumption, help us to solve health problems and clean the environment. It increases manufacturing production at reduced costs. Nano technology products will be lower cost, smaller, lighter but more functional and require negligible energy and few raw materials to manufacture, claim nanotech advocates. These are used in medicine, food, electronics, fuel cells, solar cells, maintain water quality etc...
Materials science is an interdisciplinary branch mainly concerned with properties of matter. The Materials scientists’ research about the connections between the underlying structure and its properties, its processing techniques and its behavior in applications Metallurgy is a field that mainly deals with the study of the physical and chemical behavior of metals and their alloys. The metal producing will involve the processing of Ores to extract the metal they contain. To obtain an exact metal we need Mining and Metallurgy.
Biomedical science mainly deals with the functioning of cells, organs and system in human body with a disease .It includes the knowledge and treatment of human diseases. Biomedical research is a wide research or arrangement extending from basic research to clinical research. Biomedical science traditionally grouped with specialism into three divisions; Physiological science, Life science, Medical physics or bioengineering.
Archaeology is the branch that study human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of architecture, artefacts, bio facts or Eco facts and cultural landscapes. Now a day many archaeologists is a lot different than the whip-snapping Indiana Jones, swashbuckling, indelibly imprinted in our minds. Archaeologists study human prehistory and history. It involves surveying, excavation and eventually analysis of data collected to learn more about the past. Archaeometry main aim is to systematize archaeological measurement.
The marketing concept is the ideology that concern must analyse the needs of their customers and then they have to make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition. There are 5 different marketing concepts that organizations adopt and execute. They are production concept, product concept, selling concept, marketing concept, social media marketing concept. Marketing is the department of management that tries to design strategies that will build profitable relationships with target customers. | https://innovator-summit.alliedacademies.com/call-for-abstracts |
Hello.
I'm John Picken.
Thank you for visiting the Shandwell website and blog which is devoted to the health and wellbeing of the working age population.
The demographic of this population is changing. It is getting older. The management of health risks needs to be more age specific and there has to be much greater emphasis on education, prevention and early diagnosis.
We all intuitively know that this makes sense but often struggle to understand the longer term benefits or are unwilling to wait for them to be realised. From my experience this is a wasted opportunity to make a significant difference.
Identifying health risks and investing in preventing them or reducing their impact through early intervention should be the core of any health and wellbeing strategy.
The objective of Shandwell is:
" To help stakeholders in the health and wellbeing of the working age population understand how to structure their resource effectively and make informed decisions on their strategy based on wholly independent advice and information."
I hope you find what you read here interesting and useful. If you have any comments or ideas, I’d be very pleased to hear from you.
Blog
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07/03/2018
Cognitive Health Check Launched
I'm one of the founders of the new service Cognitive Health Check which is seeing its first customers in its first clinic in Guildford. ...
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06/11/2017
Government Review Recommends Routine Monitoring of Employee Mental Health and Wellbeing
The output of Thriving at Work, a review of mental health and employers, commissioned by the Government and led by Lord Dennis Stevenson and Paul Farmer was published 26th October 2017. ...
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02/02/2017
DWP Fuller Working Lives Strategy
Supporting the health of older workers ...
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26/05/2016
Dame Carol Black visit to CANTAB Corporate Health
The need to measure cognition in the workplace ...
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18/05/2016
The Benefits of Measuring Cognitive Health
You can read my views in theHRDIRECTOR magazine ...
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22/04/2016
DWP Fuller Working Lives Programme
Age 50+ health case studies ... | http://www.shandwell.com/ |
Background: Despite the progress made in recent decades to reduce the number of child deaths globally, many new-borns continue to die preventable deaths from conditions such as neonatal infections, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. The umbilical cord remnants provide a good site for proliferation of infectious organisms which can lead to the death of new-born babies in their first month of life. Hence this study explored the new-born cord care practices of parturient women and the factors that contribute to such practices.
Method: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey of parturient women, who gave birth in the past one year. A Multi-stage sampling technique, was used to recruit respondents across selected communities. Ethical clearance was obtained, while informed consent was obtained from the study participants. A total of 400 volunteering respondents were consecutively recruited while a self-developed and validated questionnaire was used to collect data
Result:The major findings of the study were that a significant percentage (12.2%) of the respondents did not deliver their babies in any health facility. There were evidences of potentially harmful new-born cord care practices among the respondents such as application of herbs and tooth-pastes to new-born’s umbilical cord (12% and 5.2% respectively) and 8% applied hot balms to hasten cord separation. Fifteen percent of the respondents indicated that they noticed signs of infection on the baby’s cord while place of delivery influenced their new born cord care practices.
Conclusion: Therefore, there is need for public enlightenment programs specifically tailored for rural dwellers on good new-born cord care practices.
Keywords: New-born; cord care practices; parturient women; South Eastern Nigeria. | http://publichealthmy.org/ejournal/ojs2/index.php/ijphcs/article/view/975 |
The Professional Pricing Society (PPS) is recognized as the main association of pricing professionals in the world. Its mission is to stimulate the growth of this discipline through the dissemination of pricing knowledge in the business world. The idea is to create a forum where highly qualified professionals can exchange information on strategies, techniques and technologies of the pricing area.
The society portal (www.pricingsociety.com) contains the latest knowledge of the pricing area, which is available to be learned, adapted and implemented in organizations around the world. In fact, by realizing the strategic importance of pricing for profitability, companies and executives will certainly be more attentive to this issue. This will be achieved when companies doing business in Latin America begin to create pricing management positions, rethinking their approaches of how prices are determined and managed. Unlike a routine task with no added value, price setting and management are the most strategic activities of any company. Usually, concerning the topic, companies can already improve their margins.
In this context, besides being present in the PPS and actively participate in their annual conferences, QuantiZ is also the only company in Latin America with the recognition of PPS. Therefore, our culture includes constant updates on all matters relating to strategies, policies, technologies and best pricing practices.
With this partnership, we are seeking for synergies by combining technical expertise and experience in various projects conducted in two different regions (Latin America and Europe). We believe that we have a lot to learn from solutions developed in mature markets, such as European, as well as from the challenges and learnings in projects developed in countries with faster growing and dynamic economies, like Brazil and other countries in Latin America.
We are always combining knowledge and solutions of pricing strategies carried out in various sectors. In addition, we are always sharing our expertise through workshops, academic publications, seminars and other means, in order to raise the level of the projects delivered to our customers.
We hope that this partnership will bring mutual benefits and that the cooperation of companies will allow our projects to bring even more success to our customers.
“Team Steffenhagen Consulting was founded in 1998 as a “spin-off” of RWTH Aachen University, in Germany. The working method combines psychological factors with organizational development for a better price management by the companies.
FGV/SP is recognized as one of the leading educational institutions of the country and has a highly qualified teaching staff with some of the main references in their fields.
Our main partner, Frederico Zornig, works with FGV/SP by giving pricing courses offered in some MBA classes, GV-PEC (Continuing Education Program) and “In Companies”. This partnership was established through QuantiZ, which contributes to our approximation and association with the academic world.
We believe in the proximity to renowned educational institutions to expand and share knowledge in the pricing area, mainly trends, strategies and best practices. | http://www.quantiz.com.br/en/partnerships/ |
Liposomes are an established delivery system for therapeutics, but liposome production methods have suffered from issues relating to quality and scalability that must be overcome before liposomes can be widely employed in clinical applications. Microfluidics is a relatively new method of manufacturing liposomes with the potential to overcome the quality and scalability issues inherent in previous methods. The Perrie lab, from Aston University in the UK, took it upon themselves to investigate how the parameters of a microfluidic process can be adjusted to reliably control liposome size and how liposome characteristics can be maintained during high throughput manufacturing. Using a NanoAssemblr™ Benchtop, they validated that microfluidics is a viable high-throughput method for the scalable and highly reproducible manufacture of size-controlled liposomes and developed a statistical model to show that liposome characteristics can be predicted based on process control parameters.
The authors first investigated how liposome size can be controlled during the microfluidic manufacturing process. The convenient computer control on the NanoAssemblr Benchtop allowed them to easily adjust the total flow rate (TFR) between 0.5 mL/min and 2 mL/min and the flow rate ratio (FRR) of the aqueous:solvent phases between 1:1 and 5:1. They found that liposome size decreased as the FRR increased, but was unaffected by increasing the TFR. This showed that liposome size can be controlled by adjustments to the FRR during the manufacturing process. Liposome size, zeta potential, and polydispersity remained essentially unchanged when increasing the TFR. This indicated that microfluidics systems can manufacture liposomes at higher volumetric flow rates and production outputs, which is a key advantage that microfluidics has over other manufacturing methods. The effect that adjusting the FRR and TFR settings had on the lipid composition of liposomes prepared using microfluidics was also investigated. The authors recovered over 87% of the initial lipid amount for all formulations, which suggests that lipid content remains independent of flow rates and flow ratios in the NanoAssemblr Benchtop and confirms the suitability of microfluidics for producing small liposomes with consistent lipid compositions.
The authors also investigated how adjustments to the FRR and TFR settings during the microfluidic production of liposomes affected the in vitro transfection efficiency of plasmid lipoplexes. They made liposomes at different FRR and TFR, which were then complexed with a luciferase plasmid to create a lipoplex and used to transfect cells. They then assessed transfection efficiency by measuring luciferase activity against cells transfected with a Lipofectin™ control. While liposomes prepared at a aqueous:solvent FRR of 3:1 were found to give the highest transfection rate, changes in the TFR did not significantly alter transfection efficiency. The toxicity of these formulations was also tested to verify that transfection efficacy was independent of cell viability and toxicity and neither TFR nor FRR were shown to affect the cell viability. Liposomes produced using microfluidics on the NanoAssemblr Benchtop were found to be non-toxic and easy to manufacture through a robust and reproducible process, which are characteristics required in an ideal transfection vector.
Finally, the authors wanted to understand the mathematical relationship between the TFR and FRR used in the microfluidics process and the liposome size, polydispersity, and transfection efficacy to facilitate the development of an optimized liposome product. Response surface modeling in a design of experiments study confirmed the existence of a relationship between FRR and liposome size, polydispersity, and transfection efficacy while TFR only affected liposome size and production throughput. This indicated that adjusting FRR in the microfluidic mixer can be targeted to obtain desired liposome characteristics, whereas adjusting TFR mainly only changes production throughput. Multivariate data analysis was also used to confirm the significance of FRR in the microfluidics process for the formation of liposomes, indicating that FRR is the crucial parameter to optimize in a formulation to produce liposomes with a desired size, polydispersity, and transfection efficacy.
This paper confirms the advantages of microfluidics as a bottom-up liposome manufacturing method and reveals how statistical analysis can efficiently be used to model and predict liposome size, polydispersity, and transfection efficacy as a function of the process variables during microfluidic mixing. The authors anticipate microfluidics will become the method of choice for liposome manufacturing in the future and that statistical based process control and optimization tools will enhance the reproducibility in this process. The ability of statistical analysis to correlate the relationships between process parameters to predict their effects on liposome characteristics, will lead to a desired and robust product quality that, combined with the ability to rapidly make different formulations on the NanoAssemblr™, can then be used to synthesize and explore a vast range of liposome formulations.
***Note: Current NanoAssemblr® devices operate at higher TFR than the devices used in this study for increased throughput. Using these TFR values with current designs will not produce the same results.
Microfluidics has recently emerged as a new method of manufacturing liposomes, which allows for reproducible mixing in miliseconds on the nanoliter scale. Here we investigate microfluidics-based manufacturing of liposomes. The aim of these studies was to assess the parameters in a microfluidic process by varying the total flow rate (TFR) and the flow rate ratio (FRR) of the solvent and aqueous phases. Design of experiment and multivariate data analysis were used for increased process understanding and development of predictive and correlative models. High FRR lead to the bottom-up synthesis of liposomes, with a strong correlation with vesicle size, demonstrating the ability to in-process control liposomes size; the resulting liposome size correlated with the FRR in the microfluidics process, with liposomes of 50 nm being reproducibly manufactured. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of a high throughput manufacturing of liposomes using microfluidics with a four-fold increase in the volumetric flow rate, maintaining liposome characteristics. The efficacy of these liposomes was demonstrated in transfection studies and was modelled using predictive modeling. Mathematical modelling identified FRR as the key variable in the microfluidic process, with the highest impact on liposome size, polydispersity and transfection efficiency. This study demonstrates microfluidics as a robust and high-throughput method for the scalable and highly reproducible manufacture of size-controlled liposomes. Furthermore, the application of statistically based process control increases understanding and allows for the generation of a design-space for controlled particle characteristics. | https://www.precisionnanosystems.com/resources-and-community/resource-center/publications/detail/high-throughput-liposomes-microfluidics-publication |
Since the 1940's, the Snake River Canyon and surrounding shrubsteppe plateau in southwestern Idaho have been recognized as an important nesting area for birds of prey. The area supports one of the highest densities of cliff-nesting raptors in the world (U.S. Dep. Inter. 1979). During the 1970's, extensive research indicated that raptors nesting in the canyon were dependent on prey inhabiting the plateau. (benchlands) adjacent to the canyon. In 1980, the Secretary of Interior created the 195,469-ha Snake River Birds of Prey Area to protect both raptor nesting and foraging habitats. The area received permanent Federal protection on 4 August 1993 with the designation of the 196,225-ha Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA) (U.S. Dep. Inter. 1995).
Military activities in the NCA occur in the Orchard Training Area (OTA), a 56,022-ha tank training site operated by the Idaho Army National Guard (IDARNG) since the early 1950's. Currently, the area contains stationary ranges from which tanks and other weapons are fired, artillery firing points, an artillery impact area, tank tracking areas, target systems, and communications facilities. Training activities are heaviest during the late spring and summer. In 1986, IDARNG proposed an upgrade of its facilities in the OTA, including the construction of a sophisticated range complex for tank training.
In 1986, the effects of military use of the OTA on raptors, prey, vegetation, and soils were unknown. No studies had been conducted to determine the levels or significance of raptor use of the OTA relative to other portions of the NCA, and there were few studies of the effects of military training on wildlife elsewhere. In addition, wildfires had burned nearly one half of the NCA since 1980 (Kochert and Pellant 1986). destroying a significant portion of the area's native shrub communities. Burned areas are now dominated by non-native annual plants, including cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Russian thistle (Salsola iberica), and tumblemustard (Sisymbrium spp.), all of which senesce each summer and burn readily during the fire season (Yensen 1982). Wildfires are more frequent in areas dominated by these species, and they burn larger areas than under native conditions (Pellant 1990). This has led to landscape-level habitat conversions in the NCA.
In response to these concerns, a joint BLM-IDARNG research effort to assess the effects of habitat alterations on raptors in the NCA began in 1990. Five component studies were developed to address questions related to raptor distributions in the OTA; raptor use of the OTA in relation to military activities; raptor home range sizes; raptor nesting densities and reproductive success; and the habitat relationships, abundance, and reproduction of predominant prey species. Pilot efforts for each of the component studies were conducted in 1990, followed by 4 years of more intensive research.
This thesis was conducted in conjunction with a study designed to assess military and fire effects on raptor nesting densities and reproductive success throughout the NCA (U.S. Dep. Inter. 1991). My emphasis is on raptor nesting surveys north of the Snake River Canyon, conducted between 1991 and 1994, although I include earlier data from canyon-nesting ferruginous hawks in some analyses of fire effects. The thesis contains 3 chapters: Chapter I examines the effects of military activities on nesting bench land raptors; Chapter II evaluates methods used to assess raptor abundance and reproductive success on the bench lands: and Chapter III assesses the effects of fire-induced habitat conversions on ferruginous hawks throughout the NCA.
Recommended Citation
Lehman, Robert N., "Effects of Military Training and Wildfires on Shrubsteppe Raptors in Southwestern Idaho" (1996). Boise State University Theses and Dissertations. 676. | https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/676/ |
Satellite Soil Moisture Retrieval: Techniques and Applications offers readers a better understanding of the scientific underpinnings, development, and application of soil moisture retrieval techniques and their applications for environmental modeling and management, bringing together a collection of recent developments and rigorous applications of soil moisture retrieval techniques from optical and infrared datasets, such as the universal triangle method, vegetation indices based approaches, empirical models, and microwave techniques, particularly by utilizing earth observation datasets such as IRS III, MODIS, Landsat7, Landsat8, SMOS, AMSR-e, AMSR2 and the upcoming SMAP.
Through its coverage of a wide variety of soil moisture retrieval applications, including drought, flood, irrigation scheduling, weather forecasting, climate change, precipitation forecasting, and several others, this is the first book to promote synergistic and multidisciplinary activities among scientists and users working in the hydrometeorological sciences.
Dr. Srivastava is working in Hydrological Sciences, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on SMAP satellite soil moisture retrieval algorithm development, instrumentation and simulation for various applications, and affiliated with IESD, Banaras Hindu University as a faculty. He received his PhD degree from Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. He has published 100+ papers in peer-reviewed journals, published 4 books with reputed publishing houses and authored several book chapters and conference papers.
Dr. Petropoulos’ research work focuses on exploiting Earth Observation (EO) data alone or synergistically with land surface process models in deriving regional estimates of key state variables of the Earth's energy and water budget, including energy fluxes and soil surface moisture. He is also conducting research on the use of remote sensing technology in obtaining information about the land cover and if changes occurred from either anthropogenic activities (e.g. urbanization, mining activity) or natural hazards (mainly floods and fires). In this framework, he is researching and optimizing new image processing techniques to recently launched EO satellites, with a large part of his work focusing on the development and enhancement of EO-based operational products. As part of this research he is also conducting all-inclusive benchmarking studies to EO products or land surface models, including advanced sensitivity analysis techniques. | https://www.elsevier.com/books/satellite-soil-moisture-retrieval/srivastava/978-0-12-803388-3 |
In a previous article I suggested that the current demands on executive leadership have become so deep, broad, and complex that it is basically impossible for any one person to possess all of the competencies required of contemporary organizations and operating environments. As a result, I further suggested that we are probably better off focusing on a narrow set of competencies and traits that are essential to effective leadership. One of those—and possibly the most critical at this point—is change management. The reason for that is because contemporary environments are so dynamic that much of what a leader does on a day to day basis is to identify and manage initiatives, strategies, projects, etc. that all represent change of one kind or another. It is change management itself that ties most of a leader’s efforts together. This phenomenon has been in play for at least a few decades, but the rate of change and the volatility of change are qualitatively different and more challenging now than in the past. One key reason for this is that technology is an accelerant of change and a disruptor of the status quo. I will address that in detail in a subsequent post.
So, what are the implications of this reality for leaders and what do you do about it?
First, both individuals and organizations are inherently stressed by change itself. In other words, just the presence of change elicits reflexive stress responses from people individually and from organizations collectively. Because of that reality, it is important to limit the depth and breadth of change that anyone or any organization must absorb at one time. This can be really challenging for leaders who possess a bias for action. We often evaluate ourselves based on how much activity we are driving, how many strategies are in play, etc. While understandable, a much more productive approach in the current environment is to very carefully and purposefully prioritize initiatives or strategies based on the relative return on investment (not just monetary) and/or criticality of each initiative. Because there is a limit to what people and organizations can effectively absorb relative to change, both leaders and their organizations are better off if they engage in fewer distinct initiatives (changes) at a time, but get more value out of the ones they choose.
Second, because of the first point above, it is critical to realize that the success of virtually any initiative or project is as dependent on the extent to which it is viewed as a change management challenge, as are the actual strategies and resources connected to the execution of the project itself. As such, leaders must build a change management plan into the process of executing on the initiative or project or strategy.
Lastly, we frequently talk about “change management” as this thing that happens rather than a thing we do. Leaders must approach change management itself as a formal process with best practice steps and components in the same way they would address conflict resolution or budgeting or strategic planning, etc. It is beyond the scope of this article to present an entire change management process, but you can see an example here.
In short, it is extremely unlikely that leaders can be effective today without understanding that change management is core to just about everything they do and that because of that reality, leaders must be as purposeful about managing change as they are about executing on any strategy, project or initiative deemed critical to organizational success. | https://wallacekpond.com/2017/11/05/change-management-has-become-a-core-leadership-requirement-a-few-things-you-need-to-know/ |
The essence to find the true and deeper Self. Revealing and freeing for inner growth. To relieve the need to project anything other than what one truly is. Not to rely on external images and masks but to desire honest and meaningful connections to people. Frustration with shallow, empty and obligatory relationships is brought to an end by seeking the greater depth in the Self and other people.
- For those who rely on maintaining false or idealistic images of themselves to people so they will be liked and accepted, (i.e. insecurity).
- For the socialite who can only maintain superficial relationships.
- Helpful with all types of psychotherapy and counselling to get past protective facades to the inner riches.
- For those who wish to unmask their Soul and be true to themselves.
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information. | https://myhealthwarehouse.com.au/products/rabbit-orchid-15ml |
Little Black Book, by the French screenwriter Jean-Claude Carrière, tells the story of an odd relationship, or, more aptly, an extended encounter between a lawyer, Jean-Jacques, and a strange woman, Suzanne. It is playing at the Park Theatre until January 19.
It is a simple story, but one that is also, beneath the surface, a creative exploration of human temperament and the rules of attraction. Translated from the 2003 original by Solvène Tiffou and directed by Kate Fahy, it is undeniably French in its quirks and eccentricities, whilst still also distinctively human.
Little Black Book opens with the abrupt and unexpected arrival of the strange woman into Jean-Jacques’ life and explores the changing dynamics in their relationship that ensue. In a bizarre love triangle of sorts, the apartment plays a role in this tumultuous relationship. The Park90 theatre space, intimate and comfortable, feels more like an extension of the studio apartment set on which the production is staged, inviting the audience into the apartment whilst giving the production a freedom beyond the confines of the apartment’s walls.
The script does not seem to offer the depth necessary to sustain the simplistic nature of the production. Story-wise, Little Black Book is lacking in substance in that the characters’ respective lives, prior to their meeting, remain almost entirely unexplored, with the exception of Jean-Jacques’ sexual history. The initial mystery surrounding Suzanne’s arrival and intentions remains largely unresolved, resulting in a distancing between audience and characters. The lack of character development in the script proves problematic for Gerald Kyd (Jean-Jacques) and Jenny Rainsford (Suzanne) who both fervently tackle the superficial character roles, but both roles are seemingly without purpose.
Despite struggling to connect with its audience, the production does succeed in communicating a thought-provoking sub-script. The characters, though in many ways frustratingly undefined, are remarkably human in their respective behaviours and emotional temperament. Though it may seem that the progression and dynamics of their relationship make very little sense, there is a distinct familiarity in their absurd, unpredictable behaviour and tumultuous three-day relationship that makes the play an exaggerated but pleasing exploration of isolation, relationships and human desire, which, in reality, do often defy all logic.
Rainsford, as Suzanne, takes superb control of her character’s sense of entitlement and self-assured charm, with a volatile unpredictability that is both amusing and endearing. Kyd, though delivering a commendable performance, doesn’t achieve the same level of character communication that Rainsford does with her role, making Jean-Jacques more difficult to connect with than Suzanne, and perhaps less likeable. The lack of character depth in the script impedes both Rainsford and Kyd from assuming greater command of their roles, as neither succeed in fully engaging with the audience.
Little Black Book is curiously charming and appealing, but, in other ways, particularly in scripting, shallow and lacking in personality. These opposing underlying feelings seem to fuse into a frustratingly odd, whimsical and presumptuous production that reflects, rather artistically, the intricacies of human nature and the yearning for that which we do not have. | https://www.lampandowl.co.uk/author/brent-black/ |
03.02.2021: Local women’s organizations advocate for the establishment of reintegration services for women victims of domestic violence
During 2021, continuing the work from the past 2 years, the National Network to end Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, together with 6 women civil society organizations from the region, continues to work intensively on the establishment of services for reintegration of women victims of violence and domestic violence in local level.
Within the framework of the project “Institutionalization of quality services for rehabilitation and integration of victims of violence” funded by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA), the Network this year, through a sub-granting process is providing support to 8 local women’s organizations: Semper Bitola, ZGI Klea, Women’s Organization of the Municipality of Veles, Women’s Organization of the Municipality of Sveti Nikole, Women’s Action Radovish, Skaj Plus Strumica, Visija Kavadarci and Cortex Tetovo. These organizations will work in Bitola, Prilep, Veles, Sveti Nikole, Radovish, Strumica, Kavadarci and Tetovo.
The reintegration and rehabilitation of women who survived violence and left the violent environment is a key process for achieving their full empowerment and independence, as well as not getting back with abuser or re-entering into a violent relationship due to economic dependence. The establishment of local reintegration services prevents future violence against women and children, enabling them to step out of the role of victim and become active actors in all social processes.
Reintegration services include safe assisted housing, long-term financial support, economic empowerment and career counseling, psychosocial counseling and treatment, as well as advancing education and acquiring new skills. The key role of reintegration is confirmed in the new Law on Elimination and Protection from Violence against Women and Domestic Violence in Article 99, which declares the production of Program for reintegration of women victims of violence and domestic violence.
The activities that will be implemented locally in 8 cities throughout North Macedonia include: Assessment of the needs of women victims at the local level, creating local Reintegration Programs for women Victims, and advocacy with competent Institutions for allocation of funds and establishment of reintegration services. | http://www.glasprotivnasilstvo.org.mk/en/03-02-2021-local-women-s-organizations-advocate-for-the-establishment-of-reintegration-services-for-women-victims-of-domestic-violence/ |
Sensitive Habitat Inventory Mapping (SHIM) is intended as a standard for fish and aquatic habitat mapping in urban and rural watersheds in residential, commercial, agricultural, industrial and recreational land use areas in British Columbia. This method ensures the collection and mapping of reliable, high quality, current and spatially accurate information about local freshwater habitats and watercourses.
Streams and other freshwater watercourses are a critical component to the health, vitality and economies of the urban and rural landscapes of British Columbia. They not only contain the runoff for water downhill, but also provide critical habitats and corridors for fish and wildlife. In BC, small streams and watercourses provide critical spawning, rearing, overwintering and feeding habitats for both adult and juvenile salmonids. These environments are also home to many other species of fish, aquatic invertebrates, benthic organisms, wildlife and plants, all of which function as a part of the freshwater community and the entire ecosystem.
Conditions in and adjacent to streams are easily disturbed, and changes in land use can adversely affect the overall health and state of the streams and watercourses and the plants and animals within them. Human disturbance to freshwater watercourses often results from housing, industry and road development, and leads to the decline and alteration of: surface water runoff; stream channel stability; watershed based nutrient cycles; other organic/ inorganic constituents; riparian vegetation; in-stream vegetation; water temperature and flow regimes. These forms of disturbance can cause dramatic changes in the ecosystem biodiversity, population status and the form and function of watersheds and ecosystems.
Good land use planning and decision making requires accurate, precise and recent spatial habitat information. Accurately inventoried and delineated small urban streams, wetlands, watercourses, and riparian areas will help improve current land use planning processes and promote decisions made through greater understanding, improved planning practices, heightened protection and clearer priorities for fish and wildlife habitat restoration and enhancement.
The SHIM methods are intended to provide community, stewardship groups, individuals, regional districts and municipalities with an effective low cost approach to map and inventory local watercourses.
The principal objective of this method is to identify, inventory, and map all watercourses, their associated riparian habitats and important fisheries habitat features. These methods are also intended to inventory and map watercourses not currently identified or acknowledged in local/regional plans and maps. The Sensitive Habitat Inventory Mapping (SHIM) method is designed to provide the basis for accurately mapping baseline data that can be integrated into local mapping and planning initiatives. The mapping information collected is intended to augment and potentially enhance local land use planning maps and/or specific site or detailed planning surveys.
The mapping methods and tools presented here include field surveying and mapping techniques that will allow information to be incorporated into geographical information systems (GIS) using global positioning systems (GPS) for field collection. The mapping information collected will include survey data on sensitive habitats, features and attributes, riparian areas, fish presence and watershed imperviousness.
Assist in understanding urban water runoff patterns and help determine areas of impervious surfaces in urban watersheds.
Mason, B., and R. Knight. 2001. Sensitive Habitat Inventory and Mapping. Community Mapping Network, Vancouver, British Columbia. 315pp + viii. M. Johannes, Editor. | https://www.obwb.ca/overview-grants/wcqi/sensitive-habitat-inventory-and-mapping/ |
In this second edition of Radical Healing, Rudolph Ballentine, MD, presents a new vision for the future of healthcare and wellbeing; a vision that provides profound physical, emotional, and spiritual healing through the integration of holistic practices and modern medicine. He maps the differences and overlap of modern medicine with ancient ayurvedic practices, homeopathy, and traditional Chinese medicine, in an effort to redefine and empower the 21st-century approach to wellness.
The content in this book is drawn from Dr. Ballentine’s 40+ years of case-study experience, research, and medical practice, and offers:
- Comprehensive and inspiring case studies
- An extensive resource section
- Prevention and treatment methods for 100+ common ailments, disorders, and illnesses
Unlike the original version, this second edition of Radical Healing also includes:
- A new preface geared toward alternative medicine's growing audience
- Further insight into the spiritual core of the major holistic healing traditions
- A revised and expanded Self-Help Index for the prevention and treatment of more than 100 common ailments, disorders, and illnesses
- An up-to-date reference list to guide further study
- A General Index that now includes the Self-Help Index and Resources chapters
About the Author
Rudolph Ballentine, MD, is a pioneer of the holistic health movement and graduate of the Duke University School of Medicine. He is the director of the Center for Holistic Medicine, which offers integrative approaches to treatment such as psychotherapy, homeopathy, ayurveda, yoga, meditation, and applied kinesiology. Dr. Ballentine also served as the president of the Himalayan Institute for 12 years and as the director of its Combined Therapy Department for 18 years. He is the author of several books, including Diet & Nutrition.
Reviews
"Radical Healing is a stunning achievement. By integrating the major healing and wisdom traditions, Dr. Ballentine extends the horizons of our understanding of health, enabling us to achieve levels of well-being we might never have imagined. This book will be an instant classic."
- Deepak Chopra, MD; best-selling author and the founder of the Chopra Center for Wellbeing
"Radical Healing presents a wonderful blend of the world's most dynamic healing methods spiced with many practical keys for their personal application."
- David Frawley, author of Yoga and Ayurveda
"Radical Healing is a masterpiece. Rudolph Ballentine has given us a passionate, inspiring, profoundly insightful, and completely usable resource through which we can understand and appreciate the power in the classic healing traditions. The information in this book is priceless, and I love his stories of healings. Radical Healing will help you heal, too."
- Caroline Myss, PhD, author of Anatomy of the Spirit and Why People Don't Heal and How They Can
"Dr. Ballentine's original, vitally important guide for working with your emotions and your body is radical in its simplicity, clarity, and effectiveness. His book empowers you to become a partner in your own healing."
- Mona Lisa Schulz, MD, PhD, author of Awakening Intuition
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abstract: 'Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero, and let $X$ be a projective variety embedded into a projective space over $k$. For two natural numbers $r$ and $d$ let $C_{r,d}(X)$ be the Chow scheme parametrizing effective cycles of dimension $r$ and degree $d$ on the variety $X$. Choosing an $r$-cycle of minimal degree gives rise to a chain of embeddings of Chow schemes, whose colimit is the connective Chow monoid $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ of $r$-cycles on $X$. Let $BC_r^{\infty }(X)$ be the classifying motivic space of this monoid. In the paper we establish an isomorphism between the Chow group $CH_r(X)_0$ of degree $0$ dimension $r$ algebraic cycles modulo rational equivalence on $X$, and the group of sections of the Nisnevich sheaf of ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected components of the loop space of $BC_r^{\infty }(X)$ at ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$. Equivalently, $CH_r(X)_0$ is isomorphic to the group of sections of the stabilized motivic fundamental group $\Pi _1^{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}(BC_r^{\infty }(X))$ at ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$.'
author:
- Vladimir Guletskiĭ
date: 07 November 2015
title: '**${{\mathbb A}}^1$-connectivity on Chow monoids v.s. rational equivalence of algebraic cycles**'
---
= 5mm
\[theorem\][Lemma]{} \[theorem\][Corollary]{} \[theorem\][Proposition]{} \[theorem\][Remark]{} \[theorem\][Definition]{} \[theorem\][Conjecture]{} \[theorem\][Example]{} \[theorem\][Question]{} \[theorem\][Assumption]{} \[theorem\][Warning]{} \[theorem\][Fact]{} \[theorem\][Crucial Question]{}
Introduction {#intro}
============
Algebraic cycles are linear combinations of closed integral subschemes in algebraic varieties over a field. Two algebraic cycles $A$ and $B$ on a variety $X$ are said to be rationally equivalent if there exists an algebraic cycle $Z$ on $X\times {{\mathbb P}}^1$, such that, for two fundamental points $0$ and $\infty $ on ${{\mathbb P}}^1$, the cycle-theoretic fibres $Z(0)$ and $Z(\infty )$ coincide with $A$ and $B$ respectively. Rational equivalence is a fundamental notion in algebraic geometry, which substantially depends on the intersection multiplicities tacitly involved into the definition above. Intersection multiplicities are well controlled in cycles which are cascade intersections of cycles starting from codimension one. This is not always the case, of course. For example, if $X$ is a $K3$-surface, the Chow group of $0$-cycles modulo rational equivalence on $X$ is large, in the sense that it cannot be parametrized by an abelian variety over the ground field, [@Mumford]. On the other hand, its subgroup generated by divisorial intersections on $X$ is just ${{\mathbb Z}}$, see [@BeauvilleVoisin]. This example tells us that intersection multiplicities are geometrically manageable only for a small fraction of all algebraic cycles appearing in nature.
Another difficulty with algebraic cycles is that they are originally given in terms of groups, i.e. positive and negative multiplicities can appear in a cycle simultaneously. The use of negative numbers was questionable for mathematicians dealing with algebraic equations in sixteenth century. In modern terms, the concern can be expressed by saying that the completion of a monoid is a too formal construction. The problem might seem to be not that funny when passing to the completions of Chow monoids, i.e. gatherings of Chow varieties parametrizing effective cycles on projective varieties embedded into projective spaces. The Chow monoids themselves are geometrically given in terms of Cayley forms, whereas their completions are less visible.
These two things taken together have an effect that, in contrast to rational connectivity, rational equivalence is difficult to deform in a smooth projective family over a base, cf. [@KMM]. As a consequence, the deep conjectures on rational equivalence are hard to approach, and by now they are solved in a small number of cases (see, for example, [@Sur; @les; @zero-cycles]). The state of things would be possibly better if we could recode rational equivalence into more effective (i.e. positive) data, appropriate for deformation in smooth projective families over a nice base. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate whether the ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-homotopy type can help in finding such data.
More precisely, let $X$ be a projective variety over a field $k$, and fix an embedding of $X$ into the projective space ${{\mathbb P}}^m$. To avoid the troubles with representability of Chow sheaves in positive characteristic, we must assume that $k$ is of characteristic zero. Effective algebraic cycles of dimension $r$ and degree $d$ on $X$, considered with regard to the embedding $X\subset {{\mathbb P}}^m$, are represented by the Chow scheme $C_{r,d}(X)$ over $k$. Let $Z_0$ be an $r$-cycle of minimal degree $d_0$ on $X$. For example, if $r=0$ then $Z_0$ can be a point, and if $r=1$ then $Z_0$ can be a line on $X$. The cycle $Z_0$ gives rise to a chain of embeddings $C_{r,d}(X)\subset C_{r,d+d_0}(X)$, whose colimit $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ is the [*connective Chow monoid*]{} of effective $r$-cycles on $X$. Let $C_r^{\infty }(X)^+$ be the group completion of $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ in the category of set-valued simplicial sheaves on the smooth Nisnevich site over $k$. Let also $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ be the functor of ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-connected components and $\Pi _1^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ be the functor of the ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-fundamental group on simplicial Nisnevich sheaves, see [@MorelVoevodsky] or [@AsokMorel].
Now, consider the Chow group $CH_r(X)_0$ of degree zero $r$-cycles modulo rational equivalence on $X$, where the degree of cycle classes is given with regard to the embedding of $X$ into ${{\mathbb P}}^m$ over $k$. Any finitely generated field extension $K$ of the ground field $k$ is the function field $k(Y)$ of an irreducible variety $Y$ over $k$. For a simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr F}}$, let ${{\mathscr F}}(K)$ be the stalk of ${{\mathscr F}}$ at the generic point ${{\rm {Spec}}}(K)$ of the variety $Y$. In the paper we establish a canonical (up to a projective embedding) isomorphism $$CH_r(X_K)_0\simeq \Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r^{\infty }(X)^+)(K)\; ,$$ for an arbitrary finitely generated field extension $K$ over $k$ (Theorem \[main1\]).
Let, furthermore, $BC_r^{\infty }(X)$ be the motivic classifying space of the connective Chow monoid $C_r^{\infty }(X)$. We also prove that $$CH_r(X_K)_0\simeq
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(\Omega {{\it Ex}}BC_r^{\infty }(X))(K)
\; ,$$ where $\Omega $ is right adjoint to the simplicial suspension $\Sigma $ in the pointed category of simplicial Nisnevich sheaves, and ${{\it Ex}}$ is a fibrant replacement functor for simplicial Nisnevich sheaves (Corollary \[main2.5\]). Another reformulation of the main result is in terms of $S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1$-fundamental groups, where $S^1$ is the simplicial circle. Namely, $$CH_r(X_K)_0\simeq
\Pi _1^{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}
(BC_r^{\infty }(X))(K)\; ,$$ i.e. the Chow group of $r$-cycles of degree zero modulo rational equivalence on $X$ is isomorphic to the stalk at ${{\rm {Spec}}}(K)$ of the $S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1$-fundamental group of the motivic classifying space of the Chow monoid $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ (Corollary \[main3\]). The smashing by $S^1$ is a sort of stabilization, and not yet fully understood.
The use of the second isomorphism is that it encodes rational equivalence on $r$-cycles in terms of ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connectedness on the motivic space $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}\Omega {{\it Ex}}BC_r^{\infty }(X)$. The localization functor $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ is a transfinite machine, which can be described in terms of sectionwise fibrant replacement, the Godement resolution, homotopy limit of the corresponding cosimplicial simplicial sheaves and the Suslin-Voevodsky’s singularization functor. The quadruple operation $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}\Omega {{\it Ex}}B$ is a bigger machine recoding rational equivalence into ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connectivity, at some technical cost, of course.
The proof of the main result (Theorem \[main1\]) is basically a gathering of known facts in ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-homotopy theory of schemes and Chow sheaves, collected in the right way. The substantial arguments are Lemma \[Pi0&completion\] and the use of Proposition 6.2.6 from the paper [@AsokMorel] by Asok and Morel. In Section \[concommon\] we introduce the needed tools from simplicial sheaves on a small site and the functor $\Pi _0$. Section \[localization\] is devoted to the Bousfield localization of simplicial sheaves by an interval and to proving Lemma \[Pi0&completion\] which says that the group completion commutes with the localized $\Pi _0$. In Section \[Chowsheaves\] we pass to Nisnevich sheaves on schemes and recall the theory of Chow sheaves following [@SV-ChowSheaves]. The main results appear in Section \[rateq-ratcon\], where we prove the existence of the canonical (up to a projective embedding) isomorphisms between the Chow groups and the stalks of the corresponding motivic homotopy groups of $C_r^{\infty }(X)^+$ and $BC_r^{\infty }(X)$. In Appendix we collect the needed basics from homotopical algebra, in order to make the text more self-contained.
[Acknowledgements.]{} The paper is written in the framework of the EPSRC grant EP/I034017/1. The author is grateful to Aravind Asok for pointing out a drawback in the proof of Corollary \[main3\] in the first version of the paper, to Sergey Gorchinskiy for explaining how to remove the degree $1$ cycle assumption from the statement of Theorem \[main1\], and to both for their interest and useful comments via email and skype.
$\Pi _0$ and monoids in simplicial sheaves {#concommon}
==========================================
Let $\Delta $ be the simplex category, i.e. the category whose objects are finite sets $[n]=\{ 0,1,\dots ,n\} $, for all $n\in {{\mathbb N}}$, and morphisms $[m]\to [n]$ are order-preserving functions from $[m]$ to $[n]$. Let ${{\mathscr S}}$ be a cartesian monoidal category with a terminal object $*$. The category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ of simplicial objects in ${{\mathscr S}}$ is the category of contravariant functors from $\Delta $ to ${{\mathscr S}}$. Since $[0]$ is the terminal object in $\Delta $, the functor $\Gamma :{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}\to {{\mathscr S}}$, sending ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr X}}_0$, is the functor of global sections on simplicial objects in ${{\mathscr S}}$ considered as presheaves on $\Delta $. The functor $\Gamma $ admits left adjoint ${{\rm {Const}}}:{{\mathscr S}}\to {{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ sending an object ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$ to the constant presheaf on $\Delta $ determined by ${{\mathscr X}}$.
Assume, moreover, that ${{\mathscr S}}$ is cocomplete. For any object ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, let $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})$ be the coequalizer of the morphisms ${{\mathscr X}}_1 \rightrightarrows {{\mathscr X}}_0$ induced by the two morphisms from $\Delta [0]$ to $\Delta [1]$. This gives a functor $\Pi _0:{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}\to {{\mathscr S}}$ and the canonical epimorphism $\Psi :\Gamma \to \Pi _0$. If ${{\mathscr Y}}$ is an object in ${{\mathscr S}}$, and $f:{{\mathscr X}}\to {{\rm {Const}}}({{\mathscr Y}})$ is a morphism in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, the precompositions of $f_0:{{\mathscr X}}_0\to {{\mathscr Y}}$ with the two morphisms from ${{\mathscr X}}_1$ to ${{\mathscr X}}_0$ coincide. By universality of the coequalizer, we obtain the morphism $f':\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})\to {{\mathscr Y}}$. The correspondence $f\mapsto f'$ is one-to-one and natural in ${{\mathscr X}}$ and ${{\mathscr Y}}$. In other words, $\Pi _0$ is left adjoint to ${{\rm {Const}}}$. Since products in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ are objectwise, the functor $\Pi _0$ preserves finite products. Certainly, if ${{\mathscr C}}$ is the terminal category, then $\Pi _0$ is the usual functor of connected components on simplicial sets.
Let ${{\mathscr C}}$ be an essentially small category and let $\tau $ be a subcanonical topology on it. Assume also that ${{\mathscr C}}$ contains all finite products and let $*$ be the terminal object in it. Let ${{\mathscr P}}$ be the category of presheaves of sets on ${{\mathscr C}}$ and let ${{\mathscr S}}$ be the full subcategory of set valued sheaves on ${{\mathscr C}}$ in the topology $\tau $. Since $\tau $ is subcanonical, the Yoneda embedding $h:{{\mathscr C}}\to {{\mathscr P}}$, sending an object $X$ to the representable presheaf $h_X={{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr C}}}(-,X)$, and a morphism $f:X\to Y$ to the morphism of presheaves $h_f={{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr C}}}(-,f)$, takes its values in the category of sheaves ${{\mathscr S}}$. If $*$ is the terminal object in ${{\mathscr C}}$, then $h_*={{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr C}}}(-,*)$ is the terminal object in ${{\mathscr P}}$ and ${{\mathscr S}}$. Limits in ${{\mathscr S}}$ are limits in ${{\mathscr P}}$. In particular, we have objectwise finite products in ${{\mathscr S}}$ and the category ${{\mathscr S}}$ is Cartesian monoidal.
For a presheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$, let ${{\mathscr X}}^{{{\rm {a}}}}$ be the sheaf associated to ${{\mathscr X}}$ in $\tau $. Since ${{\mathscr P}}$ is complete, the sheafification of colimits in ${{\mathscr P}}$ shows that ${{\mathscr S}}$ is cocomplete too. In order to make a difference between $\Pi _0$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ and $\Pi _0$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr P}}$, we shall denote the latter functor by $\pi _0$, so that, for a simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$, one has $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})=\pi _0({{\mathscr X}})^{{{\rm {a}}}}$. As the coequalizer $\pi _0$ is sectionwise, $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})$ is the sheafififcation of the presheaf sending $U$ to $\pi _0({{\mathscr X}}(U))$.
Let ${{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\mathscr S\! ets}}$ be the category of simplicial sets. For a natural number $n$ let $\Delta [n]$ be the representable functor ${{\rm Hom}}_{\Delta }(-,[n])$. For any sheaf ${{\mathscr F}}$ on ${{\mathscr C}}$ let $\Delta _{{{\mathscr F}}}[n]$ be the simplicial sheaf defined by the formula $$(\Delta _{{{\mathscr F}}}[n])_m(U)=
{{\mathscr F}}(U)\times {{\rm Hom}}_{\Delta }([m],[n])\; ,$$ for any $U\in {{\rm Ob}}({{\mathscr C}})$ and any natural number $m$. This gives the full and faithful embeddings $\Delta _{?}[n]:{{\mathscr S}}\to {{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ and $\Delta _{{{\mathscr F}}}[?]:\Delta \to {{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. If ${{\mathscr F}}$ is $h_X$, for some object $X$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$, then we write $\Delta _X[n]$ instead of $\Delta _{{{\mathscr F}}}[n]$, and use $\Delta [n]$ instead of $\Delta _*[n]$. To simplify notation further, we shall identify ${{\mathscr C}}$ with its image in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ under the embedding $\Delta _{?}[0]$. For example, for any object $X$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$ it is the same as the corresponding simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}=\Delta _X[0]={{\rm {Const}}}(h_X)$, and the same on morphisms in ${{\mathscr C}}$. The cosimplicial object $\Delta [?]:\Delta \to {{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ determines the embedding of simplicial sets into ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, so that we may also identify ${{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\mathscr S\! ets}}$ with its image in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. This gives the structure of a simplicial category on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, such that, for any two simplicial sheaves ${{\mathscr X}}$ and ${{\mathscr Y}}$, $${{\bf {Hom}}}({{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}})=
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\mathscr X}}\times \Delta [?],{{\mathscr Y}})\; .$$ The corresponding (right) action of ${{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\mathscr S\! ets}}$ on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ is given by the formula $$({{\mathscr X}}\times K)_n(U)={{\mathscr X}}_n(U)\times K_n\; ,$$ for any simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$ and simplicial set $K$. For simplicity of notation, we shall write $\Delta [n]$ instead of $\Delta [n]$. Then $\Delta _X[n]$ is the product of $\Delta _X[0]$ and $\Delta [n]$.
Looking at ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ as a symmetric monoidal category with regard to the categorical product in it, one sees that it is closed symmetric monoidal. The internal Hom, bringing right adjoint to the Cartesian products, is given by the formula $${{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}({{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}})_n(U)=
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\mathscr X}}\times \Delta _U[n],{{\mathscr Y}})\; .$$
Throughout the paper we will be working with monoids in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. All monoids and groups will be commutative by default. If ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a monoid in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, let ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ be the group completion of ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. The terms of ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ are the sheaves associated with the sectionwise completions of the terms of ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\mathscr P}}$. One has a morphism from ${{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr X}}^+$, which is an epimorphism in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. When no confusion is possible, the termwise and section-wise completion of ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr P}}$ will be denoted by the same symbol ${{\mathscr X}}^+$.
Monoids form a subcategory in ${{\mathscr P}}$. The corresponding forgetful functor has left adjoint sending presheaves to free monoids with concatenation as monoidal operation. The notion of a cancellation monoid in ${{\mathscr P}}$ is standard and sectionwise. A free monoid in ${{\mathscr P}}$ is a cancellation monoid. As limits and colimits in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ are termwise, the functors $\Gamma $ and ${{\rm {Const}}}$ preserve monoids and groups and $\Gamma ({{\mathscr X}}^+)$ is the same as $\Gamma ({{\mathscr X}})^+$. Since $\Pi _0$ commutes with finite products, it follows that $\Pi _0$ also preserves monoids and groups.
The monoid of natural numbers ${{\mathbb N}}$ is a simplicial sheaf on ${{\mathscr C}}$. A pointed monoid in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ is a pair $({{\mathscr X}},\iota )$, where ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a monoid in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ and $\iota $ is a morphism of monoids from ${{\mathbb N}}$ to ${{\mathscr X}}$. A graded pointed monoid is a triple $({{\mathscr X}},\iota ,\sigma )$, where $({{\mathscr X}},\iota )$ is a pointed monoid and $\sigma $ is a morphism of monoids from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathbb N}}$, such that $\sigma \circ \iota ={{\rm {id}}}_{{{\mathbb N}}}$, see page 126 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. Notice that to define a morphism from ${{\mathbb N}}$ to ${{\mathscr X}}$ is equivalent to choose an element in ${{\mathscr X}}_0(*)$.
Let $({{\mathscr X}},\iota ,\sigma )$ be a pointed graded monoid in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Since $\sigma \circ \iota ={{\rm {id}}}_{{{\mathbb N}}}$, it follows that, for any natural $n$ and any object $U$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$, we have two maps $\iota _{U,n}:{{\mathbb N}}\to {{\mathscr X}}_n(U)$ and $\sigma _{U,n}:{{\mathscr X}}_n(U)\to {{\mathbb N}}$. It implies that ${{\mathscr X}}_n(U)$ is the coproduct of the sets $\sigma _{U,\, n}^{-1}(d)$, for all $d\geq 0$. The sets $\sigma _{U,\, n}^{-1}(d)$ give rise to the simplicial sheaf which we denote by ${{\mathscr X}}^d$. Then ${{\mathscr X}}$ is the coproduct of ${{\mathscr X}}^d$ for all $d\geq 0$. The addition of $\iota (1)$ in ${{\mathscr X}}$ induces morphisms of simplicial sheaves ${{\mathscr X}}^d\to {{\mathscr X}}^{d+1}$ for all $d\geq 0$. Let ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ be the colimit $${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }=
{{{\rm colim}\, }}({{\mathscr X}}^0\to {{\mathscr X}}^1\to {{\mathscr X}}^2\to \dots )$$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Equivalently, ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ is the coequalizer of the addition of $\iota (1)$ in ${{\mathscr X}}$ and the identity automorphism of ${{\mathscr X}}$.
Since now we shall assume that the topos ${{\mathscr S}}$ has enough points, and the category ${{\mathscr C}}$ is Noetherian. Since filtered colimits commute with finite products, ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ is the colimit taken in the category of simplicial presheaves, i.e. there is no need to take its sheafification. The commutativity of filtered colimits with finite products also yields the canonical isomorphism between the colimit of the obvious diagram composed by the objects ${{\mathscr X}}^d\times {{\mathscr X}}^{d'}$, for all $d,d'\geq 0$, and the product ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }\times {{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$. Since the colimit of that diagram is the colimit of its diagonal, this gives the canonical morphism from ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }\times {{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ to ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$. The latter defines the structure of a monoid on ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$, such that the canonical morphism $$\pi :{{\mathscr X}}=\coprod _{d\geq 0}{{\mathscr X}}^d\to {{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$$ is a homomorphism of monoids in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. We call ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ the [*connective*]{} monoid associated to the pointed graded monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$.
Notice that the category of simplicial sheaves is exhaustive. In particular, if all the morphisms ${{\mathscr X}}^d\to {{\mathscr X}}^{d+1}$ are monomorphisms, the transfinite compositions ${{\mathscr X}}^d\to {{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ are monomorphisms too. This happens if ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a termwise sectionwise cancelation monoid, in which case ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ is a termwise sectionwise cancelation monoid too.
The above homomorphisms $\pi $ and $\sigma $ give the homomorphism $(\pi ,\sigma )$ from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }\times {{\mathbb N}}$. Passing to completions we obtain the homomorphism $(\pi ^+,\sigma ^+)$ from ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ to $({{\mathscr X}}^{\infty })^+\times {{\mathbb Z}}$.
\[goraimysh\] Assume ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a sectionwise cancelation monoid. Then $$(\pi ^+,\sigma ^+):{{\mathscr X}}^+\to ({{\mathscr X}}^{\infty })^+\times {{\mathbb Z}}$$ is an isomorphism.
Since the site ${{\mathscr S}}$ has enough points, it suffices to prove the lemma sectionwise and termwise. Then, without loss of generality, we may assume that ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a set-theoretical pointed graded cancelation monoid. Clearly, $\iota ^+$ is an injection, $\pi ^+$ is a surjection, and $\pi ^+\iota ^+=0$. Since ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a cancelation monoid, ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ is the quotient-set of the set ${{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr X}}$ modulo an equivalence relation $$(x_1,x_2)\sim (x_1',x_2')\Leftrightarrow
x_1+x_2'=x_2+x_1'\; .$$ For any element $(x_1,x_2)$ in ${{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr X}}$ let $[x_1,x_2]$ be the corresponding equivalence class. Since ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a cancelation monoid, so is the monoid ${{\mathscr X}}^{\infty }$ too. If $\pi ^+[x_1,x_2]$ is zero, that is $[\pi (x_1),\pi (x_2)]=[0,0]$ in $({{\mathscr X}}^{\infty })^+$, it is equivalent to say that $\pi (x_1)=\pi (x_2)$. The latter equality means that there exists a positive integer $n$, such that $x_2=x_1+n\iota (1)$, i.e. $[x_1,x_2]=[0,n\iota (1)]$ in ${{\mathscr X}}^+$. The element $[0,n\iota (1)]$ sits in the image of $\iota ^+$.
Homotopy completion and localization of $\Pi _0$ {#localization}
================================================
All the above considerations were categorical. Let us now switch to homotopical algebra and consider the injective model structures on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Recall that a point $P$ of a topos ${{\mathscr T}}$ is an adjoint pair of functors, $P^*:{{\mathscr T}}\to {{\mathscr S\! ets}}$ and $P_*:{{\mathscr S\! ets}}\to {{\mathscr T}}$, such that $P^*$ is left adjoint to $P_*$ and preserves finite limits in ${{\mathscr T}}$. If ${{\mathscr X}}$ is an object of ${{\mathscr T}}$, then ${{\mathscr X}}_P=P^*(X)$ is the stalk of ${{\mathscr X}}$ at the point $P$. We will assume that the topos ${{\mathscr S}}$ has enough points. Recall that it means that there exists a set of points $P({{\mathscr S}})$ of the topos ${{\mathscr S}}$, such that a morphism $f:{{\mathscr X}}\to {{\mathscr Y}}$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$ is an isomorphism in ${{\mathscr S}}$ if and only if, for any point $P\in P({{\mathscr S}})$, the morphism $f_P:{{\mathscr X}}_P\to {{\mathscr Y}}_P$, induced on stalks, is an isomorphism in the category ${{\mathscr S\! ets}}$. Respectively, a morphism $f:{{\mathscr X}}\to {{\mathscr Y}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ is an isomorphism in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ if and only if, for each $P\in P({{\mathscr S}})$, the morphism $f_P:{{\mathscr X}}_P\to {{\mathscr Y}}_P$ is an isomorphism in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S\! ets}}$.
Now, a morphism $f:{{\mathscr X}}\to {{\mathscr Y}}$ in the category of simplicial sheaves ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ is a weak equivalence in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ if and only if for any point $P^*:{{\mathscr S}}\to {{\mathscr S\! ets}}$ of the topos ${{\mathscr S}}$ the induced morphism ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }P^*(f)$ on stalks is a weak equivalence of simplicial sets. Cofibrations are monomorphisms, and fibrations are defined by the right lifting property in the standard way, see Definition 1.2 on page 48 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. The pair $({{\mathscr S}},{{\mathscr M}})$ is then a model category of simplicial sheaves on ${{\mathscr C}}$ in $\tau $. Notice that the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$ is left proper, see Remark 1.5 on page 49 in loc.cit. One can also show that it is cellular. Let ${{\sf H}}$ be the homotopy category $Ho({{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}})$ of the category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ with regard to ${{\mathscr M}}$. For any two simplicial sheaves ${{\mathscr X}}$ and ${{\mathscr Y}}$ the set of morphisms from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr Y}}$ in ${{\sf H}}$ will be denoted by $[{{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}}]$.
The simplicial structure on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ is compatible with the model one, so that ${{\mathscr S}}$ is a simplicial model category. Since $$[{{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}}]\simeq \pi _0{{\bf {Hom}}}({{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}})$$ and $${{\bf {Hom}}}(\Delta _U[0],{{\mathscr X}})\simeq {{\mathscr X}}(U)\; ,$$ $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})$ is the sheafififcation of the presheaf $$\pi _0({{\mathscr X}}):U\mapsto \pi _0{{\bf {Hom}}}(\Delta _U[0],{{\mathscr X}})=
[\Delta _U[0],{{\mathscr X}}]=[{{\rm {Const}}}(h_U),{{\mathscr X}}]$$ on ${{\mathscr C}}$ in the topology $\tau $. The multiplication of simplicial sheaves and their morphisms by a simplicial set admits right adjoint, so that it commutes with colimits. In particular, $\Pi _0(\Delta _X[n])\simeq \Delta _X[0]$.
A pointed simplicial sheaf $({{\mathscr X}},x)$ is a pair consisting of a simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$ and a morphism $x$ from $*$ to ${{\mathscr X}}$. The definition of a morphism of pointed simplicial sheaves is obvious. Let ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_*$ be the category of pointed simplicial sheaves. The corresponding forgetful functor has the standard left adjoint sending ${{\mathscr X}}$ to the coproduct ${{\mathscr X}}_+$ of ${{\mathscr X}}$ and $*$. The model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$ induces the corresponding model structure on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_*$, such that the above adjunction is a Quillen adjunction. Having two pointed simplicial sheaves $({{\mathscr X}},x)$ and $({{\mathscr Y}},y)$, their wedge product $({{\mathscr X}},x)\vee ({{\mathscr Y}},y)$ is the coproduct in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_*$, and the smash product $({{\mathscr X}},x)\wedge ({{\mathscr Y}},y)$ is the contraction of the wedge product in $({{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr Y}},x\times y)$.
Let now $S^1$ be the simplical circle $\Delta [1]/\partial \Delta [1]$ pointed by the image of the boundary $\partial \Delta [1]$ in then quotient simplicial set, and let $S^1$ be its image in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_*$. Define the simplicial suspension endofunctor $\Sigma $ on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_*$ sending $({{\mathscr X}},x)$ to $S^1\wedge ({{\mathscr X}},x)$. Its left adjoint is the simplicial loop functor $\Omega $ sending $({{\mathscr X}},x)$ to ${{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}_*(S^1,({{\mathscr X}},x))$, where ${{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}_*(-,-)$ is the obvious internal Hom in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_*$.
Let ${{\mathscr X}}$ be a monoid in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. For any object $U$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$ and any positive integer $n$ let $N({{\mathscr X}}_n(U))$ be the nerve of ${{\mathscr X}}_n(U)$, and let $B{{\mathscr X}}$ be the diagonal of the bisimplicial sheaf ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\times {{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\to {{\mathscr S}}$ sending $[m]\times [n]$ to the sheaf $U\mapsto N({{\mathscr X}}_n(U))_m$. Then $(B{{\mathscr X}})_n$ is ${{\mathscr X}}_n^{\times n}$ for $n>0$ and, by convention, $(B{{\mathscr X}})_0$ is the terminal object $*$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$, see page 123 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. If ${{\mathscr C}}$ is a terminal category, then $B{{\mathscr X}}$ is the usual classifying space of a simplicial monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$ (that is, a monoid in the category of simplicial sets ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S\! ets}}$). Just as in topology, there exists a canonical morphism from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to $\Omega B({{\mathscr X}})$, which is a weak equivalence if ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a group, loc.cit.
Following Quillen, [@QuillenGroupCompletion], we will say that a simplicial monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$ is good if the morphism $B{{\mathscr X}}\to B{{\mathscr X}}^+$, induced by the canonical morphism from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr X}}^+$, is a weak equivalence in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S\! ets}}$. If $X$ is a set-theoretical monoid, then $X$ is good if the corresponding constant simplicial monoid ${{\mathscr X}}={{\rm {Const}}}(X)$ is good as a simplicial monoid. If $X$ is a free monoid in ${{\mathscr S\! ets}}$, then ${{\mathscr X}}={{\rm {Const}}}(X)$ is good in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S\! ets}}$, see Proposition Q.1 in loc.cit.
Recall that, for any point $P$ of the topos ${{\mathscr S}}$, the functor $P^*:{{\mathscr S}}\to {{\mathscr S\! ets}}$ preserves finite limits. It follows that, if ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a simplicial sheaf monoid, then the stalk $(B{{\mathscr X}})_P$ of the classifying space $B{{\mathscr X}}$ at $P$ is canonically isomorphic to the classifying space $B({{\mathscr X}}_P)$ of the stalk ${{\mathscr X}}_P$ of the simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$ at $P$. We will say that a simplicial sheaf monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$ is [*pointwise good*]{}, if the morphism $(B{{\mathscr X}})_P\to (B{{\mathscr X}}^+)_P$, is a weak equivalence of simplicial sets for each point $P$ in $P({{\mathscr S}})$. This is, of course, equivalent to saying that the morphism $B{{\mathscr X}}\to B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ is a weak equivalence in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, with regard to the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$.
Now, if ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a monoid in ${{\mathscr S}}$, we will say that ${{\mathscr X}}$ is [*pointwise free*]{} if ${{\mathscr X}}_P$ is a free monoid in ${{\mathscr S\! ets}}$ for each point $P$ in $P({{\mathscr S}})$. If ${{\mathscr X}}$ is pointwise free, it does not necessarily mean that ${{\mathscr X}}$ is a free monoid in the category ${{\mathscr S}}$. It is important, however, that if ${{\mathscr X}}_0$ is a pointwise free monoid in ${{\mathscr S}}$, the corresponding constant simplicial sheaf monoid ${{\mathscr X}}={{\rm {Const}}}({{\mathscr X}}_0)$ is pointwise good, which is a straightforward consequence of the first part of Proposition Q.1 in [@QuillenGroupCompletion].
Similarly, we will say that a monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$ is a [*pointwise cancellation*]{} monoid if ${{\mathscr X}}_P$ is a cancellation monoid in ${{\mathscr S\! ets}}$ for each point $P$ in $P({{\mathscr S}})$. If ${{\mathscr X}}_0$ is a pointwise cancellation monoid, then the simplicial sheaf monoid ${{\mathscr X}}={{\rm {Const}}}({{\mathscr X}}_0)$ is pointwise good by the second part of Quillen’s proposition above.
Let ${{\it Ex}}$ be the fibrant replacement functor ${{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}$, for the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$, constructed by taking the composition of the sectionwise fibrant replacement of simplicial sets, the Godement resolution and the homotopy limit of the corresponding cosimplicial simplicial sheaf, as in Section 2.1 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. Since ${{\it Ex}}$ preserves finite limits, it preserves monoids and groups. For the same reason, ${{\it Ex}}$ commutes with taking the classifying spaces of monoids and groups. The right derived functor of $\Omega $ can be computed by precomposing it with ${{\it Ex}}$. We will need the following variation of Lemma 1.2 on page 123 in [@MorelVoevodsky].
\[keylemma\] If ${{\mathscr X}}$ is pointwise good, there is a canonical isomorphism $${{\mathscr X}}^+\simeq \Omega {{\it Ex}}B({{\mathscr X}})$$ in the homotopy category ${{\sf H}}$.
Since ${{\mathscr X}}$ is pointwise good, the morphism from $B{{\mathscr X}}$ to $B{{\mathscr X}}^+$, induced by the canonical morphism from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr X}}^+$, is a weak equivalence in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Applying the right derived functor ${{\rm R}}\Omega $ to the weak equivalence $B{{\mathscr X}}\to B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ and reverting the corresponding isomorphism in ${{\sf H}}$, we obtain the canonical isomorphism from $\Omega {{\it Ex}}B({{\mathscr X}}^+)$ to $\Omega {{\it Ex}}B({{\mathscr X}})$, in the homotopy category ${{\sf H}}$. The composition of the canonical morphism $\Sigma {{\mathscr X}}^+\to B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ with the weak equivalence $B{{\mathscr X}}^+\to {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ corresponds to the morphism ${{\mathscr X}}^+\to \Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ under the adjunction between $\Sigma $ and $\Omega $. The latter morphism is the composition of the canonical morphism ${{\mathscr X}}^+\to \Omega B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ and the morphism $\Omega B{{\mathscr X}}^+\to \Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}^+$. The morphism ${{\mathscr X}}^+\to \Omega B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ is a weak equivalence because ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ is a group. Since any simplicial sheaf of groups ${{\mathscr G}}$ can be replaced, up to a weak equivalence, by a fibrant simplicial sheaf of groups, without loss of generality we may assume that ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ is fibrant (see, for example, Lemma 2.32 on page 83 in [@MorelVoevodsky]). Replacing the functor $B$ by the universal cocycle construction $\overline W$, we see that $B$ preserves, up to a weak equivalence, fibrant objects by Theorem 31 in [@JardineFieldsLectures]. Then the morphism $\Omega B{{\mathscr X}}^+\to \Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ is a weak equivalence too. Thus, we obtain an isomorphism from ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ to $\Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}^+$ in ${{\sf H}}$.
Next, let $A$ be an object of ${{\mathscr C}}$, and let ${{\mathscr A}}$ be the corresponding constant simplicial sheaf $\Delta _A[0]={{\rm {Const}}}(h_A)$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. As in Appendix below, let $$S=\{ {{\mathscr X}}\wedge {{\mathscr A}}\to {{\mathscr X}}\; |\; {{\mathscr X}}\in {{\rm dom}}(I)\cup {{\rm codom}}(I)\}$$ be the set of morphisms induced by the morphism from ${{\mathscr A}}$ to $*$, where ${{\rm dom}}(I)$ and ${{\rm codom}}(I)$ are the sets of domains and codomains of the generating cofibrations in ${{\mathscr M}}$ on ${{\mathscr S}}$. As ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ is left proper simplicial cellular model category, there exists the left Bousfield localization of ${{\mathscr M}}$ by $S$ in the sense of Hirschhorne, see [@Hirsch]. Denote the localized model structure by ${{\mathscr M}}_A$, and let $L_A$ be the corresponding $S$-localization functor, which is a fibrant approximation in ${{\mathscr M}}_A$ on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, see Section 4.3 in [@Hirsch], and the earlier work [@GoerssJardineLoc]. Let $$l:{{\rm {Id}}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}\to L_A$$ be the corresponding natural transformation. For any simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$ the morphism $l_{{{\mathscr X}}}:{{\mathscr X}}\to L_A({{\mathscr X}})$ is a weak cofibration and $L_A({{\mathscr X}})$ is $A$-local, i.e. fibrant in ${{\mathscr M}}_A$. The basics on localization functors see Section 4.3 in Hirschhorn’s book [@Hirsch] and Appendix below.
Let ${{\sf H}}_A$ be the homotopy category of simplicial sheaves converting weak equivalences in ${{\mathscr M}}_A$ into isomorphisms. As simplicial sheaves with respect to ${{\mathscr M}}$ form a simplicial closed cartesian monoidal model category, so is the category of simplicial sheaves with respect to ${{\mathscr M}}_A$. All simplicial sheaves are cofibrant, in ${{\mathscr M}}$ and in ${{\mathscr M}}_A$. It follows that the canonical functors from simplicial sheaves to ${{\sf H}}$ and ${{\sf H}}_A$ are monoidal. See Appendix for more details on all such things. For any two simplicial sheaves ${{\mathscr X}}$ and ${{\mathscr Y}}$ let $[{{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}}]_A$ be the set of morphisms from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr Y}}$ in ${{\sf H}}_A$.
Recall that an object $I$ of a category ${{\mathscr D}}$ with a terminal object $*$ is called an interval if there exists a morphism $$\mu :I\wedge I\to I$$ and two morphisms $i_0,i_1:*\rightrightarrows I$, such that $$\mu \circ ({{\rm {id}}}_I\wedge i_0)=i_0\circ p
\quad \hbox{and}\quad
\mu \circ ({{\rm {id}}}_I\wedge i_1)={{\rm {id}}}_I\; ,$$ where $p$ is the unique morphism from $I$ to $*$, and $i_0\coprod i_1:*\coprod *\to I$ is a monomorphism in ${{\mathscr D}}$, see [@MorelVoevodsky]. Certainly, the object $A$ is an interval in ${{\mathscr C}}$ if and only if the object ${{\mathscr A}}$ is an interval in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$.
Since now we shall assume that $A$ is an interval in ${{\mathscr C}}$. The monoidal multiplication by ${{\mathscr A}}$ is a natural cylinder functor on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. If $f,g:{{\mathscr X}}\rightrightarrows {{\mathscr Y}}$ are two morphisms from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\mathscr Y}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, a left $A$-homotopy from $f$ to $g$ is a morphism $H:{{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr A}}\to {{\mathscr Y}}$, such that $H\circ ({{\rm {id}}}_{{{\mathscr X}}}\times i_0)=f$ and $H\circ ({{\rm {id}}}_{{{\mathscr X}}}\times i_1)=g$. Since all simplicial sheaves are cofibrant in both model structures ${{\mathscr M}}$ and ${{\mathscr M}}_A$, $A$-homotopy is an equivalence relation on the set ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}})$, see [@Hovey], Proposition 1.2.5 (iii). Let ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}})_A$ be the set of equivalence classes modulo this equivalence relation. Whenever ${{\mathscr Y}}$ is $A$-local, the set $[{{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}}]_A$ is in the natural bijection with the set ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\mathscr X}},{{\mathscr Y}})_A$.
A point of a simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$ is, by definition, a morphism from the terminal simplicial sheaf to ${{\mathscr X}}$. Such morphisms can be identified with the set ${{\mathscr X}}_0(*)$. Two points on ${{\mathscr X}}$ are said to be $A$-path connected if and only if they are left homotopic with respect to ${{\mathscr A}}$.
Since $A$ is an interval, the $A$-localizing functor $L_A$ can be chosen to be more explicit than the construction given in [@Hirsch]. Following [@MorelVoevodsky], see page 88, we consider the cosimplicial sheaf $$\Delta _{A^{\bullet }}[0]:\Delta \to {{\mathscr S}}$$ sending $[n]$ to the $n$-product $$(\Delta _A[0])^n=\Delta _{A^n}[0]$$ and acting on morphisms as follows. For any morphism $f:[m]\to [n]$ define a morphism of sets $$f':\{ 1,\dots ,n\} \to \{ 0,1,\dots ,m+1\}$$ setting $$f'(i)=\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\min \{ l\in \{ 0,\dots ,m\} \; |\; f(l)\geq i\} \; , & \mbox{if this set is nonempty} \\
m+1 & \mbox{otherwise. }
\end{array}
\right.$$ If now ${{\rm {pr}}}_k:A^n\to A$ is the $k$-th projection and $p:A^n\to *$ the unique morphism to the terminal object, where $A^n$ is the $n$-fold product of $A$, then $${{\rm {pr}}}_k\circ \Delta _{A^{\bullet }}[0](f)=\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
{{\rm {pr}}}_{f'(k)}\; , & \mbox{if}\; f'(k)\in \{ 1,\dots ,m\} \\
i_0\circ p \; , & \mbox{if}\; f'(k)=m+1 \\
i_1\circ p\; , & \mbox{if}\; f'(k)=0\; .
\end{array}
\right.$$ For any ${{\mathscr X}}$ let ${{\it {Sing}}}_A({{\mathscr X}})$ be the Suslin-Voevodsky simplicial sheaf $$[n]\mapsto {{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}(\Delta _{A^n}[0],\Delta _{{{\mathscr X}}_n}[0])\; ,$$ where the internal ${{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}$ is taken in the category of sheaves ${{\mathscr S}}$. It is functorial in ${{\mathscr X}}$ and $p:A^n\to *$ induces the morphism $$s:{{\rm {Id}}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}\to {{\it {Sing}}}_A\; .$$
Notice that, although the virtue of $A$ to be an interval is not explicitly used in the Suslin-Voevodsky’s construction above, it is used in proving the numerous nice properties of the functor ${{\it {Sing}}}_A$, see [@MorelVoevodsky]. In particular, each morphism $s_{{{\mathscr X}}}$ from ${{\mathscr X}}$ to ${{\it {Sing}}}_A({{\mathscr X}})$ is an $A$-local weak equivalence, i.e. a weak equivalence with regard to the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}_A$, see Corollary 3.8 on page 89 in loc.cit.
As it is shown in [@MorelVoevodsky], there exists a sufficiently large ordinal $\omega $, such that $L_A$ can be taken to be the composition $$L_A=({{\it Ex}}\circ {{\it {Sing}}}_A)^{\omega }\circ {{\it Ex}}\; ,$$ where ${{\it Ex}}$ is the functor ${{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}$, i.e. the composition of the sectionwise fibrant replacement, the Godement resolution and the homotopy limit of the corresponding cosimplicial simplicial sheaf (see above). Such constructed localization functor $L_A$ is quite explicit, which gives a clearer picture of what are the functors $\pi _0^A$ and $\Pi _0^A$.
The canonical functor from ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ to ${{\sf H}}$ preserves products. In other words, if ${{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr Y}}$ is the product of two simplicial sheaves, the same object ${{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr Y}}$, with the homotopy classes of the same projections, is the product of ${{\mathscr X}}$ and ${{\mathscr Y}}$ in ${{\sf H}}$ and in ${{\sf H}}_A$ (see Appendix). The advantage of the above explicit $L_A$ is that it commutes with finite products, see Theorem 1.66 on pages 69 - 70 and the remark on page 87 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. Most likely, the general Hirschhorne’s construction (see Section 4.3 in [@Hirsch]) also enjoys this property, but we could not find the proof in the literature.
\[filin\] [The left derived to any localization functor $L_A$ from ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ to $A$-local objects in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ is left adjoint to the right derived of the forgetful functor in the opposite direction on the homotopy level, see Theorem 2.5 on page 71 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. This implies, in particular, that any two localizations $L_A$ and $L'_A$ are weak equivalent to each other. Therefore, in all considerations up to (pre-$A$-localized) weak equivalence in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ we may freely exchange the localization functor $L_A$ considered in [@Hirsch] by the concrete Suslin-Voevodsky’s one, and vice versa. ]{}
\[triton\] For any simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$ the canonical map $${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}(*,{{\mathscr X}})_A
\to
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}(*,L_A({{\mathscr X}}))_A$$ is surjective.
We know that the natural transformation $l:{{\rm {Id}}}\to L_A$ induces the epimorphism $\Pi _0\to \Pi _0^A$ by Corollary 3.22 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. The morphism $\Psi :\Gamma \to \Pi _0$ is an epimorphism too. This gives that the map $${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr S}}}(*,{{\mathscr X}}_0)
\to
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr S}}}(*,\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}}))
\to
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr S}}}(*,\Pi _0^A({{\mathscr X}}))$$ is surjective. By adjunction, ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr S}}}(*,{{\mathscr X}}_0)\simeq {{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}(*,{{\mathscr X}})$, and since $L_A({{\mathscr X}})$ is $A$-local, ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr S}}}(*,\Pi _0^A({{\mathscr X}}))$ is isomorphic to ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}(*,L_A({{\mathscr X}}))_A$.
Now, define the $A$-localized functor $\Pi ^A_0$ from ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ to ${{\mathscr S}}$ by setting $\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}})$ to be the sheaf associated to the presheaf $$U\mapsto [{{\rm {Const}}}(h_U),{{\mathscr X}}]_A\; .$$ Then $\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}})$ is canonically isomorphic to $\Pi _0(L_A({{\mathscr X}}))$, and the morphism $l$ induces the epimorphism $\Pi _0\to \Pi _0^A$, see Corollary 3.22 on page 94 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. As $L_A$ is monoidal, $$\begin{array}{rcl}
\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr Y}})
&=&
\Pi _0(L_A({{\mathscr X}}\times {{\mathscr Y}})) \\
&=&
\Pi _0(L_A({{\mathscr X}})\times L_A({{\mathscr Y}})) \\
&=&
\Pi _0(L_A({{\mathscr X}}))\times \Pi _0(L_A({{\mathscr Y}})) \\
&=&
\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}})\times \Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr Y}})\; .
\end{array}$$ This gives that $\Pi _0^A$ preserves monoids and groups.
\[bloha\] For any monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, one has a canonical isomorphism $$\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})^+\simeq \Pi _0({{\mathscr X}}^+)$$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$.
Since $\Gamma ({{\mathscr X}}^+)=\Gamma ({{\mathscr X}})^+$ and $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})^+$ are completions, one has the universal morphisms $\gamma $ from $\Gamma ({{\mathscr X}}^+)$ to $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})^+$ and $\delta $ from $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})^+$ to $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}}^+)$. Since $\Gamma ({{\mathscr X}})={{\mathscr X}}_0$, $\Gamma ({{\mathscr X}}^+)={{\mathscr X}}^+_0$ and $\gamma \circ \Gamma (\nu _{{{\mathscr X}}})=\nu _{\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})}\circ \Psi $, where $\nu $ stays for the corresponding canonical morphisms from the monoids to their completions, the two compositions ${{\mathscr X}}^+_1\rightrightarrows {{\mathscr X}}^+_0\stackrel{\gamma }{\to }\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})^+$ coincide, which gives the universal morphism $\varepsilon $ from $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}}^+)$ to $\Pi _0({{\mathscr X}})^+$. Since $\Psi $ is an epimorphism, and using the uniqueness of the appropriate universal morphisms, we show that $\delta $ and $\varepsilon $ are mutually inverse isomorphisms of groups in ${{\mathscr S}}$.
Let ${\it {CMon}}({{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}})$ be the category of commutative monoids in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Suppose that all cofibrations in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ are symmetrizable, see [@GorchinskiyGuletskii]. Then the simplicial model structure on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ gives rise to a simplicial model structure on ${\it {CMon}}({{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}})$, compatible with Bousfield localizations, see [@PavlovScholbach1], [@PavlovScholbach2], [@PavlovScholbach3], [@White1] and [@White2]. A morphism in ${\it {CMon}}({{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}})$ is a weak equivalence (respectively, fibration) if and only if it is a weak equivalence (respectively, fibration) in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, loc.cit. The classifying space functor $B$ is then a functor from the model category ${\it {CMon}}({{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}})$ to the model category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Lemma 2.35 on page 85 in [@MorelVoevodsky], and the universality of a left localization of a model structure (see part (b) of the Definition 3.1.1 on pp 47 - 48 of [@Hirsch]), being applied to the functor $B$, yield a (simplicial) weak equivalence $$(B\circ L_A)({{\mathscr X}})\simeq (L_{S^1\wedge A}\circ B)({{\mathscr X}})\; ,$$ for any commutative monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$.
\[Pi0&completion\] For any pointwise good commutative monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, one has a canonical isomorphism $$\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}})^+\simeq
\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}}^+)\; .$$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$.
Since ${{\mathscr X}}$ is pointwise good, one has the isomorphism $${{\mathscr X}}^+\simeq (\Omega \circ {{\it Ex}}\circ B)({{\mathscr X}})$$ in ${{\sf H}}$ by Lemma \[keylemma\], where $\Omega $ is the simplicial loop functor and ${{\it Ex}}$ is the (pre-$A$-localized) fibrant replacement for simplicial sheaves. Applying $L_A$ we get the isomorphism $$L_A({{\mathscr X}}^+)\simeq
L_A((\Omega \circ {{\it Ex}}\circ B)({{\mathscr X}}))\; .$$ By Theorem 2.34 on page 84 in [@MorelVoevodsky], $$L_A((\Omega \circ {{\it Ex}}\circ B)({{\mathscr X}}))\simeq
(\Omega \circ {{\it Ex}}\circ L_{S^1\wedge A})(B({{\mathscr X}}))\; .$$ Since $B\circ L_A\simeq L_{S^1\wedge A}\circ B$, we obtain the isomorphism $$L_A({{\mathscr X}}^+)\simeq (\Omega \circ {{\it Ex}}\circ B)(L_A({{\mathscr X}}))$$ in ${{\sf H}}$. Let $\Phi =\Phi _{Mon}$ be the functor constructed in Lemma 1.1 on page 123 in [@MorelVoevodsky], i.e. the cofibrant replacement functor in ${\it {CMon}}({{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}})$. Since the morphism $$\Phi (L_A({{\mathscr X}}))\to L_A({{\mathscr X}})$$ is a weak equivalence in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, we get the isomorphism $$L_A({{\mathscr X}}^+)\simeq (\Omega \circ {{\it Ex}}\circ B)(\Phi (L_A({{\mathscr X}})))$$ in ${{\sf H}}$. The monoid $\Phi (L_A({{\mathscr X}}))$ is termwise free. Therefore, $$(\Omega \circ {{\it Ex}}\circ B)(\Phi (L_A({{\mathscr X}})))\simeq
(\Phi (L_A({{\mathscr X}})))^+$$ by Lemma 1.2 on page 123 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. Applying $\Pi _0$ and using Lemma \[bloha\], we obtain the isomorphisms $$\begin{array}{rcl}
\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}}^+)
&=&
\Pi _0(L_A({{\mathscr X}}^+)) \\
&=&
\Pi _0((\Phi (L_A({{\mathscr X}})))^+) \\
&=&
\Pi _0(\Phi (L_A({{\mathscr X}})))^+ \\
&=&
\Pi _0(L_A({{\mathscr X}}))^+ \\
&=&
\Pi ^A_0({{\mathscr X}})^+ \\
\end{array}$$ in the category of sheaves ${{\mathscr S}}$.
Chow monoids in Nisnevich sheaves {#Chowsheaves}
=================================
Now we turn from homotopy algebra to algebraic geometry. Throughout all schemes will be separated by default. Let $k$ be a field, ${{\mathscr S\! m}}$ the category of smooth schemes of finite type over $k$, and let ${{\mathfrak N}}$ be the category of all noetherian schemes over $k$, not necessarily of finite type. We are going to specialize the abstract material of the previous sections to the case when ${{\mathscr C}}$ is ${{\mathscr S\! m}}$, the topology $\tau $ is the Nisnevich topology on ${{\mathscr C}}$, and $A$ is the affine line ${{\mathbb A}}^1$ over $k$.
The standard Yoneda construction gives the functor $h$ sending any scheme $X$ from ${{\mathfrak N}}$ to the functor ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathfrak N}}}(-,X)$, and the same on morphisms. This is a functor to the category of sheaves in étale topology, and so in the Nisnevich one, see [@SGA4-2], page 347, i.e. the Nisnevich topology is subcanonical. Composing $h$ with the constant functor ${{\rm {Const}}}=\Delta _?[0]$ from ${{\mathscr S}}$ to ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ we obtain the embedding of ${{\mathfrak N}}$ into ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. We identify the categories ${{\mathfrak N}}$ and ${{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\mathscr S\! ets}}$ with their images under the corresponding embeddings into ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$.
The scheme ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ is the terminal object in ${{\mathscr C}}$. The affine line ${{\mathbb A}}^1$ over $k$ is an interval in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ with two obvious morphisms $i_0$ and $i_1$ from ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ to ${{\mathbb A}}^1$. As above, the interval ${{\mathbb A}}^1$ gives the natural cylinder and the corresponding notion of left homotopy on morphisms in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. The set of points on a simplicial sheaf ${{\mathscr X}}$ is the set ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})$ of $k$-points on ${{\mathscr X}}$, and it coincides with the set ${{\mathscr X}}_0(k)$. The set of ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected components on $k$-points is the set ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$. If ${{\mathscr X}}$ is fibrant in ${{\mathscr M}}_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$, then ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ can be identified with $[{{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}}]_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$.
Let ${{\mathscr X}}$ be a monoid in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Its completion ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ is a group object, so that ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}}^+)$ is a group in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. The morphism ${{\mathscr X}}\to {{\mathscr X}}^+$ induces a map from ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})$ to ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}}^+)$. By the universality of group completion, there exists a unique map from ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})^+$ to ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}}^+)$ with the obvious commutativity.
\[muravei\] For a simplicial Nisnevich sheaf monoid ${{\mathscr X}}$, the canonical map from ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})^+$ to ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}}^+)$ is bijective, and, repspectively, the map from $({{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}})^+$ to ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}}^+)_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ is a surjection.
Since ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ is Henselian, the set ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}}^+)$ is the quotient of the Cartesian square ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})^2$. The set ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),{{\mathscr X}})^+$ is also the quotient of the same Cartesian square. The maps from ${{\rm Hom}}$-sets to the sets of ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected components are surjective.
Next, let $K$ be a field extension of the ground field $k$, and let ${{\mathscr S}}_K$ be the category of set valued Nisnevich sheaves on the category ${{\mathscr C}}_K$ of smooth schemes over $K$. Let ${{\mathscr M}}_K$ be the injective model structure on the category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_K$, obtained in the same way as the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$ for the category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ over ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$. Let $f:{{\rm {Spec}}}(K)\to {{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ be the morphism induced by the extension $k\subset K$, and let $f^*:{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}\to {{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_K$ be the scalar extension functor induced by sending schemes over $k$ to their fibred products with ${{\rm {Spec}}}(K)$ over ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$, and then using the fact that any sheaf is a colimit of representable ones. As the morphism $f$ is smooth, there are two standard adjunctions $$f_{\# } \dashv f^*\dashv f_*$$ for the functor $f^*$, see, for example, [@Morel2].
\[ext\] For any field extension $K$ of the ground field $k$, one can choose the localization functors $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ and $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1_K}$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ and ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_K$ respectively, to have a canonical isomorphism $$f^*L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}\simeq L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1_K}f^*\; .$$
Let ${{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}\!\!_K$ be the fibrant replacement in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_K$ obtained in the same way as ${{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}$ was constructed for ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, see page 70 in [@MorelVoevodsky]. Let also ${{\it {Sing}}}_K$ be the Suslin-Voevodsky endofunctor on ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_K$. Straightforward verifications show that $f^*{{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}\simeq {{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}\!\!_Kf^*$ and $f^*\circ {{\it {Sing}}}\simeq {{\it {Sing}}}_K\circ f^*$. Choose $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ (respectively, $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1_K}$) to be the transfinite compositions of the functors ${{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}$ and ${{\it {Sing}}}$ (respectively, ${{{\it Ex}^{{{\mathscr G}}}}}\!\!_K$ and ${{\it {Sing}}}_K$) in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ (respectively, in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}_K$).
We now need to refresh some things from [@SV-ChowSheaves]. For a scheme $X$ let ${{\mathscr C}}(X)$ be the free commutative monoid generated by points of $X$, and let ${{\mathscr Z}}(X)$ be the group completion of ${{\mathscr C}}(X)$. An algebraic cycle $\zeta $ is an element in ${{\mathscr Z}}(X)$. As such, $\zeta $ is a finite linear combination $\sum m_i\zeta _i$ of points $\zeta _i$ on $X$ with integral coefficients $m_i$. The cycle $\zeta $ is said to be effective if and only if $m_i\geq 0$ for all $i$. This is equivalent to say that $\zeta $ is an element of ${{\mathscr C}}(X)$.
The support ${{\rm Supp}}(\zeta )$ of $\zeta $ is the union of the Zariski closures of the points $\zeta _i$ with the induced reduced structures on them. The correspondence between points on $X$ and the reduced irreducible closed subschemes of $X$ allows to consider algebraic cycles as linear combinations $Z=\sum m_iZ_i$, where $Z_i$ is the Zariski closure of the point $\zeta _i$, for each $i$. Then ${{\rm Supp}}(Z)$ is the same thing as ${{\rm Supp}}(\zeta )$. The points $\zeta _i$, or the corresponding reduced closed subschemes $Z_i$, are prime cycles on $X$. The dimension of a point in $X$ is the dimension of its Zariski closure in $X$. Let then ${{\mathscr C}}_r(X)$ be the submonoid in ${{\mathscr C}}(X)$ generated by points of dimension $r$, and, respectively, let ${{\mathscr Z}}_r(X)$ be the subgroup in the abelian group ${{\mathscr Z}}(X)$ generated by points of dimension $r$ in $X$.
Let $S$ be a Noetherian scheme, let $k$ be a field, and let $$P:{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)\to S$$ be a $k$-point of $S$. Recall that a fat point of $S$ over $P$ is an ordered pair $(P_0,P_1)$ of two morphisms of schemes $$P_0:{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)\to {{\rm {Spec}}}(R)\quad \hbox{and}\quad P_1:{{\rm {Spec}}}(R)\to S\; ,$$ where $R$ is a discrete valuation ring with the residue field $k$, such that $$P_1\circ P_0=P\; ,$$ the image of $P_0$ is the closed point of ${{\rm {Spec}}}(R)$, and $P_1$ sends the generic point ${{\rm {Spec}}}(R_{(0)})$ into the generic point of $S$.
Let $X\to S$ be a scheme of finite type over $S$, and let $$Z\to X$$ be a closed subscheme in $X$. Let $R$ be a discrete valuation ring, $D={{\rm {Spec}}}(R)$, and let $$f:D\to S$$ be an arbitrary morphism of schemes from $D$ to $S$. Let also $$\eta ={{\rm {Spec}}}(R_{(0)})$$ be the generic point of $D$, $$X_D=X\times _SD\; ,\quad Z_D=Z\times _SD\quad \hbox{and}\quad
Z_{\eta }=Z\times _S\eta \; .$$ Then there exists a unique closed embedding $$Z'_D\to Z_D\; ,$$ such that its pull-back $Z'_{\eta }\to Z_{\eta }$, with respect to the morphism $Z_{\eta }\to Z_D$, is an isomorphism, and the composition $$Z'_D\to Z_D\to D$$ is a flat morphism of schemes, see Proposition 2.8.5 in [@EGAIV(2)].
In particular, we have such a “platification" if $(P_0,P_1)$ is a fat point over the $k$-point $P$ and $f=P_1$. Let then $X_P$ be the fibre of the morphism $X_D\to D$ over the point $P_0$, $$Z_P=Z_D\times _{X_D}X_P
\quad \hbox{and}\quad
Z'_P=Z'_D\times _{Z_D}Z_P\; .$$ Since the closed subscheme $Z'_D$ of $X_D$ is flat over $D$, one can define the pull-back $$(P_0,P_1)^*(Z)$$ of the closed subscheme $Z$ to the fibre $X_P$ of the morphism $X\to S$, with regard to the fat point $P$, as the cycle associated to the closed embedding $Z'_P\to X_P$ in the standard way (consult [@Fulton 1.5] for what “the standard way" means).
In particular, if $Z$ is a prime cycle on $X$, then we have the pull-back cycle $(P_0,P_1)^*(\zeta )$ on $X_P$. Extending by linearity we obtain a pull-back homomorphism $$(P_0,P_1)^*:{{\mathscr Z}}(X)\to {{\mathscr Z}}(X_P)\; .$$ Following [@SV-ChowSheaves], we say that an algebraic cycle $\zeta =\sum m_i\zeta _i$ on $X$ is a relative cycle on $X$ over $S$ if the images of the points $\zeta _i$ under the morphism $X\to S$ are the generic points of the scheme $S$, and, for any $k$-point $P$ on $S$, and for any two fat points extending $P$, the pull-backs of the cycle $Z=\bar \zeta $ to $X_P$, with regard to these two fat points, coincide, see Definition 3.1.3 in loc.cit.
Notice that any cycle, which is flat over $S$, is a relative cycle for free. But not any relative cycle on $X/S$ is flat. This is why we need the “platification" above.
Let ${{\mathscr C}}_r(X/S)$ be the abelian submonoid in ${{\mathscr C}}(X)$ generated by relative cycles of relative dimension $r$ over $S$. It is important that whenever $S$ is a regular Noetherian scheme and $X$ is of finite type over $S$, then ${{\mathscr C}}_r(X/S)$ is a free commutative monoid generated by closed integral subschemes in $X$ which are equidimensional of dimension $r$ over $S$, see Corollary 3.4.6 on page 40 in [@SV-ChowSheaves]. Let also $${{\mathscr Z}}_r(X/S)={{\mathscr C}}_r(X/S)^+$$ be the group completion of the monoid ${{\mathscr C}}_r(X/S)$.
Now, fix a Noetherian reduced scheme $T$, and let ${{\mathfrak N}}$ be the category of Noetherian schemes over $T$. Let $X\to T$ be a scheme of finite type over $T$. For any object $S\to T$ in ${{\mathfrak N}}$ let $${{\mathscr Z}}_r(X/T)(S)={{\mathscr Z}}_r(X\times _TS/S)\; .$$ If $f:S'\to S$ is a flat morphism of Noetherian schemes over $T$, the induced morphism ${{\rm {id}}}_X\times _Tf:X\times _TS'\to X\times _TS$ is also flat, and one has the standard flat pull-back homomorphism $$({{\rm {id}}}_X\times _Tf)^*:{{\mathscr Z}}_r(X\times _TS/S)\to
{{\mathscr Z}}_r(X\times _TS'/S')\; .$$ If $f$ is not flat, then the situation is more difficult.
However, if $T$ is a regular scheme, due to the Suslin-Voevodsky’s definition of relative cycles given above, the correct pull-back exists for any morphism $f$, see Proposition 3.3.15 in [@SV-ChowSheaves].
This all aggregates, when $T$ is a regular scheme, into the presheaf ${{\mathscr Z}}_r(X/T)$, which is nothing else but the sectionwise completion of the presheaf ${{\mathscr C}}_r(X/T)$ of relative effective cycles on the category ${{\mathfrak N}}$.
Since now we will assume that $T$ is regular of characteristic $0$. Let $X\to T$ be a projective scheme over $T$, and fix a closed embedding $$X\to {{\mathbb P}}^m_T$$ over $T$. If $Z$ is a relative equidimensional cycle on $X\times _TS/S$, its pullback $Z_P$ to the fibre $X_P$ of the morphism $X\times _TS\to S$ over a point $P$ on $S$ has its degree $\deg (Z_P)$, computed with regard to the induce embedding of $X\times _TS$ into ${{\mathbb P}}^m_S$ over $S$. Since $Z$ is a relative cycle, the degree $\deg (Z_P)$ is locally constant on $S$, see Proposition 4.4.8 in [@SV-ChowSheaves]. It follows that, if $S$ is connected, then $\deg (Z_P)$ does not depend on $P$, see Corollary 4.4.9 in loc.cit. Therefore, the degree of $Z$ over $S$ is correctly defined, and we may consider a subpresheaf $${{\mathscr C}}_{r,d}(X/T)\subset {{\mathscr C}}_r(X/T)\; ,$$ whose sections on $S$ are relative cycles of degree $d$ on $X\times _TS/S$.
The integer $d$ is non-negative, and there is only one cycle in the set ${{\mathscr C}}_{r,0}(X/T)(S)$, namely the cycle $0$ whose coefficients are all zeros. The grading by degrees gives the obvious structure of a graded monoid on the presheaf ${{\mathscr C}}_r(X/T)$ whose neutral element is the cycle $0$ sitting in ${{\mathscr C}}_{r,0}(X/T)(S)$.
It follows from the results in [@SV-ChowSheaves] (see also [@Kollar]) that the presheaves ${{\mathscr C}}_{r,d}(X/T)$ are representable by a scheme $$C_{r,d}(X/T)\; ,$$ the so-called [*Chow scheme*]{} of effective relative cycles of relative dimension $r$ and degree $d$ over $T$. This Chow scheme is projective over $T$, i.e. there exist a structural morphism from $C_{r,d}(X/T)$ to $T$, and a closed embedding of $C_{r,d}(X/T)$ into ${{\mathbb P}}^N_T$ over $T$, arising from the representability above.
Notice that the Chow sheaves are representable because $T$ is a regular scheme of characteristic zero. If $T$ would be of positive characteristic, then only $h$-representability takes place, see [@SV-ChowSheaves]. If $T$ is the spectrum of an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, then $C_{r,d}(X/T)$ is the classical Chow scheme of effective $r$-cycles of degree $d$ on $X$.
Since now we will assume that $T={{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$, where $k$ is a field of characteristic zero, and systematically drop the symbol $/T$ from the notation. According to our convention to identify schemes and the corresponding representable sheaves, we will write $C_{r,d}(X)$ instead of $h_{C_{r,d}(X)}$. Certainly, the latter sheaf $C_{r,d}(X)$ is isomorphic to, and should be identified with the sheaf ${{\mathscr C}}_{r,d}(X)$.
Let $$C_r(X)=\coprod _{d\geq 0}C_{r,d}(X)\; ,$$ where the coproduct is taken in the category ${{\mathscr S}}$, not in ${{\mathfrak N}}$. Such defined $C_r(X)$ is also a coproduct in ${{\mathscr P}}$. If we would consider the coproduct of all Chow schemes $C_{r,d}(X)$ in ${{\mathfrak N}}$ first, and then embed it into ${{\mathscr S}}$ by the Yoneda embedding, that would be a priori a different sheaf, as Yoneda embedding in general does not commute with coproducts. However, the canonical morphism from the above sheafification to this second sheaf is an isomorphism on the Henselizations of the local rings at points of varieties over $k$. Therefore, the two constructions are actually isomorphic in ${{\mathscr S}}$. This also gives that the coproduct of $C_{r,d}(X)$, for all $d\geq 0$, in ${{\mathfrak N}}$ represents ${{\mathscr C}}_r(X)$.
Identifying ${{\mathscr S}}$ with its image in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$ under the functor ${{\rm {Const}}}$, we consider $C_r(X)$ as the graded [*Chow monoid*]{} in the category of simplicial sheaves on the smooth Nisnevich site over ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$. The completion $C_r(X)^+$ of $C_r(X)$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$ is the sheafification of the completion of $C_r(X)$ as a presheaf. The latter is sectionwise.
Let ${{\mathscr O}}^h_{P,Y}$ be the Henselization of the local ring ${{\mathscr O}}_{P,Y}$ of a smooth algebraic scheme $Y$ over $k$ at a point $P\in Y$. Since ${{\mathscr O}}_{P,Y}$ is a regular Noetherian ring, the ring ${{\mathscr O}}_{P,Y}^h$ is regular and Noetherian too. As we mentioned above, the set $${{\mathscr C}}_r(X\times _{{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)}{{\rm {Spec}}}({{\mathscr O}}^h_{P,Y})/{{\rm {Spec}}}({{\mathscr O}}^h_{P,Y}))$$ is a free commutative monoid generated by closed integral subschemes in the scheme $X\times _{{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)}{{\rm {Spec}}}({{\mathscr O}}_{P,Y}^h)$, which are equidimensional of dimension $r$ over ${{\rm {Spec}}}({{\mathscr O}}_{P,Y}^h)$, by Corollary 3.4.6 in [@SV-ChowSheaves]. Then we see that the monoid $C_r(X)$ is pointwise free, and hence it is a pointwise cancellation monoid in the category ${{\mathscr S}}$. It follows also that the Chow monoid $C_r(X)$ is pointwise good in the category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, and the canonical morphism from $C_r(X)$ to $C_r(X)^+$ is a monomorphism.
Let $K$ be a finitely generated field extension of $k$. Since ${{\rm {Spec}}}(K)$ is Henselian, $C_r(X)^+(K)$ is the same as the group completion $(C_r(X)(K))^+$. On the other hand, the same group $C_r(X)^+(K)$ can be also identified with the group of morphisms from ${{\rm {Spec}}}(K)$ to $C_r(X)^+$, in the category of simplicial Nisnevich sheaves ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$.
Let $d_0$ be the minimal degree of positive $r$-cycles on $X$, where the degree is computed with regard to the fixed embedding of $X$ into ${{\mathbb P}}^m$. Choose and fix a positive $r$-cycle $Z_0$ with $\deg (Z_0)=d_0$. For any natural number $d$ the $d$-multiple $dZ_0$ is an effective dimension $r$ degree $dd_0$ cycle on $X$. This gives a morphism $\alpha $ from ${{\mathbb N}}$ to $C_r(X)$ sending $1$ to $Z_0$. Since $C_r(X)$ is the coproduct of $C_{r,dd_0}(X)$, for all $d\geq 0$, we also have the obvious morphism $f$ from $C_r(X)$ to ${{\mathbb N}}$, such that $f\circ \alpha ={{\rm {id}}}_{{{\mathbb N}}}$. In other words, $Z_0$ gives the structure of a pointed graded monoid on $C_r(X)$. Automatically, we obtain the connective Chow monoid $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ associated to $C_r(X)$. By Lemma \[goraimysh\], we also have the canonical isomorphism of group objects $$C_r(X)^+\simeq C_r^{\infty }(X)^+\times {{\mathbb Z}}$$ in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. The sheaf $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ can be also understood as the ind-scheme arising from the chain of Chow schemes $$C_{r,0}(X)\subset C_{r,d_0}(X)\subset C_{r,2d_0}(X)\subset \ldots \subset C_{r,dd_0}(X)
\subset \ldots$$ induced by the cycle $Z_0$ of degree $d_0$ on $X$.
As the category ${{\mathscr C}}$ is Noetherian, the category ${{\mathscr S}}$ is exhaustive. Since $C_r(X)$ is a pointwise cancellation monoid in ${{\mathscr S}}$, and the latter category is exhaustive, $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ is a pointwise cancellation monoid in ${{\mathscr S}}$ too. Then both monoids, $C_r(X)$ and $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ are pointwise good monoids in the category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Moreover, the canonical morphism from $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ to $C_r^{\infty }(X)^+$ is a monomorphism in ${{\mathscr S}}$ and in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$.
Rational equivalence as ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connectivity {#rateq-ratcon}
===========================================================
For any algebraic scheme $X$ over $k$ let $CH_r(X)$ be the Chow group of $r$-dimensional algebraic cycles modulo rational equivalence on $X$. In this section we prove our main theorem and deduce three corollaries, which give something close to the desired effective interpretation of Chow groups in terms of ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connectivity on loop spaces of classifying spaces of the Chow monoid $C_r^{\infty }(X)$. We leave it for the reader to decide which of the obtained three isomorphisms is more useful for understanding of Chow groups.
\[main1\] Let $X$ be a projective algebraic variety with a fixed embedding into a projective space over $k$. For any finitely generated field extension $K$ of the ground field $k$, there is a canonical isomorphism $$CH_r(X_K)\simeq
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X)^+)(K)\; .$$
Without loss of generality, we may assume that $d_0=1$. Consider the obvious commutative diagram $$\diagram
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}
({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),C_r(X)^+)_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}
\ar[r]^-{(l^+)_*} &
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}
({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)^+)_{{{\mathbb A}}^1} \\ \\
{{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}
({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),C_r(X))_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}}^+
\ar[uu]_-{\alpha } \ar[r]^-{(l_*)^+} &
{{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}
({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X))_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}}^+
\ar[uu]_-{\beta }
\enddiagram$$ where $l=l_{C_r(X)}$. Since $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)^+$ is ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-local, the group in the top right corner is canonically isomorphic to the group $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X)^+)(k)$. By the same reason, the group in the bottom right corner is canonically isomorphic to the group $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X))(k)^+$. Since ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ is Henselian, the latter group is nothing but the group $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X))^+(k)$. Then Lemma \[Pi0&completion\] gives that $\beta $ is an isomorphism.
Let $q_0:{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)\to C_r(X)$ and $q_1:{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)\to C_r(X)$ be two $k$-points on $C_r(X)$, and suppose $q_0$ is connected to $q_1$ by an ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path $H:{{\mathbb A}}^1\to L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)$ on $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)$. For any $d$ let $(C_r(X))_d$ be the coproduct $\coprod _{i=0}^dC_{r,i}(X)$. Then $(C_r(X))_d$ is canonically embedded into the coproduct $(C_r(X))_{d+1}$. Consider the chain of the embeddings $$(C_r(X))_0\subset \ldots \subset (C_r(X))_d\subset (C_r(X))_{d+1}
\subset \ldots$$ Applying Proposition 4.4.4 on page 77 in [@Hirsch] (see also Remark \[filin\] in Section \[localization\]) we see that $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)$ is canonically isomorphic to the colimit of the chain of the embeddings $$L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}((C_r(X))_0)\subset \ldots \subset
L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}((C_r(X))_d)\subset L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}((C_r(X))_{d+1})
\subset \ldots$$ Since ${{\mathbb A}}^1$ is a compact object in the category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$, it follows that the homotopy $H$ factorizes through $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}((C_r(X))_d)$, for some degree $d$. If $Z_0$ is a degree $1$ algebraic cycle of dimension $r$ on $X$, then $Z_0$ induces the corresponding embeddings $$C_{r,0}(X)\subset \ldots \subset C_{r,d}(C)\; .$$ This gives the epimorphism from the coproduct $(C_r(X))_d$ onto $C_{r,d}(X)$. Composing the homotopy $H:{{\mathbb A}}^1\to L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}((C_r(X))_d)$ with the induced morphism from $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}((C_r(X))_d)$ to $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_{r,d}(X))$, we obtain the homotopy $$H:{{\mathbb A}}^1\to L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_{r,d}(X))\; .$$ Since $X$ is proper and of finite type over $k$, Proposition 6.2.6 in [@AsokMorel] gives that the points $q_0$ and $q_1$ are ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-chain connected, and so ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected on $C_{r,d}(X)$. It means that the map $$l_*:{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),C_r(X))_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}
\to
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}
({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X))_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$$ is injective. Since $l_*$ is surjective by Lemma \[triton\], it is bijective. Then $(l^+)_*$ is an isomorphism as well.
Since $\beta $ and $(l^+)_*$ are isomorphisms, and $\alpha $ is an epimorphism by Lemma \[muravei\], we see that $\alpha $ is an isomorphism, and then all the maps in the commutative square above are isomorphisms.
Let now $A$ and $A'$ be two $r$-dimensional algebraic cycles on $X$. If $A$ is rationally equivalent to $A'$ on $X$, there exists an effective relative cycle $Z$ on the scheme $X\times _{{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)}{{\mathbb A}}^1/{{\mathbb A}}^1$ of relative dimension $r$, and an effective dimension $r$ algebraic cycle $B$ on $X$, such that $$Z(0)=A+B\quad \hbox{and}\quad Z(1)=A'+B$$ on $X$. Let $h_Z$ and $h_{B\times {{\mathbb A}}^1}$ be two regular morphisms from ${{\mathbb A}}^1$ to the Chow scheme $C_r(X)$ over ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ corresponding to the relative cycles $Z$ and $B\times {{\mathbb A}}^1$ on $X\times _{{{\rm {Spec}}}(k)}{{\mathbb A}}^1/{{\mathbb A}}^1$ respectively. Let $$h:{{\mathbb A}}^1\to C_r(X)\times C_r(X)$$ be the product of $h_Z$ and $h_{B\times {{\mathbb A}}^1}$ in the category ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Let $$H:{{\mathbb A}}^1\to C_r(X)\times C_r(X)\to C_r(X)^+\; ,$$ be the composition of $h$ and the morphism from $C_r(X)\times C_r(X)$ to the completion $C_r(X)^+$, in ${{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}$. Then $H_0=A$ and $H_1=A'$, where $H_0$ and $H_1$ are the precompositions of $H$ with $i_0$ and $i_1$ respectively. It means that the cycles $A$ and $A'$ are ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected on $C_r(X)^+$.
Vice versa, suppose we have a morphism $$H:{{\mathbb A}}^1\to C_r(X)^+$$ in ${{\mathscr S}}$, and let $H_0$ and $H_1$ be the compositions of $H$ with $i_0$ and $i_1$ respectively. Since ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ is Henselian, $H_0$ is represented by two morphisms $H_{0,1}$ and $H_{0,2}$ from ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ to $C_r(X)$. Similarly, $H_1$ is represented by two morphisms $H_{1,1}$ and $H_{1,2}$ from ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ to $C_r(X)$. Since $\alpha $ is an isomorphism and $H_0$ is ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected to $H_1$, it follows that there exist two morphisms $f$ and $G$ from ${{\rm {Spec}}}(k)$ to $C_r(X)$, such that $H_{0,1}+F$ is ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected to $H_{0,2}+G$ and $H_{1,1}+F$ is ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected to $H_{1,2}+G$ on $C_r(X)$. In terms of algebraic cycles on $X$, it means that the effective $r$-cycle $H_{0,1}+F$ is rationally equivalent to the effective $r$-cycle $H_{0,2}+G$, and, similarly, the cycle $H_{1,1}+F$ is rationally equivalent to $H_{1,2}+G$ on $C_r(X)$. Then the cycle $H_0=H_{0,1}-H_{0,2}$ is rationally equivalent to the cycle $H_1=H_{1,1}-H_{1,2}$ on $C_r(X)$.
Thus, the Chow group $CH_r(X)$ is isomorphic to ${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }{{\mathscr S}}}({{\rm {Spec}}}(k),C_r(X)^+)_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$, i.e. the group in the top left corner of the diagram above. Since, moreover, $(l^+)_*$ is an isomorphism, and the group in the top right corner is canonically isomorphic to $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X)^+)(k)$, we obtain the required isomorphism in case when $L$ is the ground field $k$.
To prove the theorem for an arbitrary finitely generated field extension $K$ of the ground field $k$, we observe that $f^*C_r(X)$ is $C_r(X_K)$, whence $$f^*L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)^+=
L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1_K}f^*C_r(X)^+=
L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1_K}C_r(X_K)^+$$ by Lemma \[ext\]. Therefore, $$\begin{array}{rcl}
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X)^+)(K)
&=&
\Pi _0(L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)^+)(K) \\
&=&
f^*\Pi _0(L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)^+)(K) \\
&=&
\Pi _0(f^*L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}C_r(X)^+)(K)\\
&=&
\Pi _0(L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1_K}C_r(X_K)^+)(K)\\
&=&
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1_K}(C_r(X_K)^+)(K) \\
&\simeq &
CH_r(X_K)_0\; .
\end{array}$$
[Lemma \[Pi0&completion\] provides that the monoidal completion in Theorem \[main1\] can be taken before or after computing the ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-connected component functor. Since the monoidal completion is sectionwise on stalks, we obtain the canonical isomorphisms $$\begin{array}{rcl}
CH_r(X)
&\simeq &
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X)^+)(k) \\
\end{array}$$ ]{}
The embedding $X{\hookrightarrow}{{\mathbb P}}^m$ gives the degree homomorphism from $CH_r(X)$ to ${{\mathbb Z}}$. Let $CH_r(X)_0$ be its kernel, i.e. the Chow group of degree $0$ cycles of dimension $r$ modulo rational equivalence on $X$. Then, $$CH_r(X)\simeq CH_r(X)_0\times {{\mathbb Z}}\; .$$ Let $Z_0$ be a positive $r$-cycle of minimal degree on $X$. As we have seen above, this gives the structure of a pointed graded cancellation monoid on $C_r(X)$, and $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ is a cancelation monoid too.
\[main2\] In terms above, $$CH_r(X_K)_0\simeq
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r^{\infty }(X)^+)(K)\; .$$
By Lemma \[goraimysh\], $$C_r(X)^+\simeq C_r^{\infty }(X)^+\times {{\mathbb Z}}$$ Since the functor $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ is monoidal and $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}({{\mathbb Z}})={{\mathbb Z}}$, we get the formula $$\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X)^+)\simeq
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r^{\infty }(X)^+)\times {{\mathbb Z}}\; .$$ Then apply Theorem \[main1\] and the isomorphism $CH_r(X)\simeq CH_r(X)_0\times {{\mathbb Z}}$.
[If $CH_r(X)_0\simeq \Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r^{\infty }(X))(k)^+=0$, it does not imply that the monoid $\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r^{\infty }(X))(k)$ vanishes, as this monoid is by no means a pointwise cancellation monoid. One of the reasons for that is that the Chow schemes $C_{r,d}(X)$ can have many components over $k$. ]{}
\[main2.5\] In terms above, $$CH_r(X_K)_0\simeq
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}
(\Omega {{\it Ex}}BC_r^{\infty }(X))(K)\; .$$
The Chow monoid $C_r^{\infty }(X)$ is pointwise good. Lemma \[keylemma\] gives an isomorphism $$C_r^{\infty }(X)^+\simeq \Omega {{\it Ex}}BC_r^{\infty }(X)$$ in ${{\sf H}}$, whence $$\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r^{\infty }(X)^+)\simeq
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(\Omega {{\it Ex}}BC_r^{\infty }(X))\; .$$ Corollary \[main2\] completes the proof.
Recall that, for a pointed simplicial Nisnevich sheaf $({{\mathscr X}},x)$, its motivic, i.e. ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-fundamental group $\Pi _1^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}({{\mathscr X}},x)$ is, by definition, the Nisnevich sheaf associated to the presheaf sending a smooth scheme $U$ to the set $[S^1\wedge U_+,({{\mathscr X}},x)]_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$, where the symbol $[-,-]_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$ stays now for the sets of morphisms in the pointed homotopy category ${{\sf H}}_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}$, see [@MorelVoevodsky] or [@AsokMorel]. Similarly, one can define, for a pointed simplicial Nisnevich sheaf $({{\mathscr X}},x)$, the fundamental group $\Pi _1^{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}({{\mathscr X}},x)$, where ${{\mathbb A}}^1$ is pointed at any $k$-rational point on it. This is the Nisnevich sheaf associated to the presheaf sending a smooth scheme $U$ to the set $$[S^1\wedge U_+,({{\mathscr X}},x)]_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}\; ,$$ where the symbol $[-,-]_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}$ stays for the sets of morphisms in the pointed homotopy category ${{\sf H}}_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}$.
\[onemorelemma\] Let ${{\mathscr X}}$ be a pointwise good simplicial sheaf monoid. Then, for a scheme $U$, $$\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}({{\mathscr X}}^+)(U)\simeq
\Pi _1^{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}(B{{\mathscr X}})(U)\; .$$
Since ${{\mathscr X}}$ is pointwise good, there is a isomorphism between ${{\mathscr X}}^+$ and $\Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}$ in the homotopy category ${{\sf H}}$, by Lemma \[keylemma\]. Since the classifying space $B{{\mathscr X}}$ is pointed connected, the canonical morphism $$L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}\Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}\to
\Omega {{\it Ex}}L_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}B{{\mathscr X}}$$ is a simplicial (i.e. pre-${{\mathbb A}}^1$-localized) weak equivalence and $$\Omega {{\it Ex}}L_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}B{{\mathscr X}}$$ is ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-local by Theorem 2.34 on page 84 in loc.cit. This allows us to make the following identifications: $$\begin{array}{rcl}
\Pi _0^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}({{\mathscr X}}^+)(U)
&\simeq &
[U,{{\mathscr X}}^+]_{{{\mathbb A}}^1} \\
&\simeq &
[U,\Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}]_{{{\mathbb A}}^1} \\
&\simeq &
[U,L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}\Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\mathscr X}}]_{{{\mathbb A}}^1} \\
&\simeq &
[U,\Omega {{\it Ex}}L_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}B{{\mathscr X}}]_{{{\mathbb A}}^1} \\
&\simeq &
[U,\Omega {{\it Ex}}L_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}B{{\mathscr X}}] \\
&\simeq &
[S^1\wedge U_+,L_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}B{{\mathscr X}}] \\
&\simeq &
[S^1\wedge U_+,B{{\mathscr X}}]_{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1} \\
&\simeq &
\Pi _1^{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}(B{{\mathscr X}})(U)\; .
\end{array}$$
\[main3\] In terms above, $$CH_r(X_K)_0\simeq
\Pi _1^{S^1\wedge {{\mathbb A}}^1}(BC_r^{\infty }(X))(K)\; .$$
This is a straightforward consequence of Corollary \[main2\] and Lemma \[onemorelemma\].
[Let $X$ be a nonsingular projective surface over $k$, where $k$ is algebraically closed of characteristic zero. Assume that $X$ is of general type and has no transcendental second cohomology group, i.e. the cycle class map from $CH^1(X)$ to the second Weil cohomology group $H^2(X)$ is surjective. In that case the irregularity of $X$ is zero. Bloch’s conjecture predicts that $CH_0(X)={{\mathbb Z}}$. In other words, any two closed points on $X$ are rationally equivalent to each other. Fixing a point on $X$ gives the Chow monoid $C_0^{\infty }(X)$, which is nothing else but the the infinite symmetric power ${{\rm {Sym}}}^{\infty }(X)$ of the smooth projective surface $X$. By Corollary \[main2.5\], Bloch’s conjecture holds for $X$ if and only if all $k$-points on the motivic space $L_{{{\mathbb A}}^1}\Omega {{\it Ex}}B{{\rm {Sym}}}^{\infty }(X)$ are ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-path connected. Bloch’s conjecture holds, for example, for the classical Godeaux surfaces, [@Sur; @les; @zero-cycles], and for the Catanese and Barlow surfaces, see [@Barlow2] and [@VoisinCataneseBarlowSurfaces]. ]{}
The above vision of Chow groups should be compared with the results of Friedlander, Lawson, Lima-Filho, Mazur and others, who considered topological (i.e. not motivic) homotopy completions of Chow monoids working over ${{\mathbb C}}$, see [@FriedlanderMazur] and [@Lima-Filho]. A nice survey of this topic, containing many useful references, is the article [@Lawson]. The topological homotopy completions of Chow monoids are helpful to understand algebraic cycles modulo algebraic equivalence relation, i.e. the groups $A_r(X)$ of algebraically trivial $r$-cycles cannot be catched by the topological methods. In contrast, the motivic, i.e. ${{\mathbb A}}^1$-homotopy completions of Chow monoids, considered above, can give the description of $A_r(X)$, working over an arbitrary ground field of characteristic zero, as the previous examples show. Theorem \[main1\] also suggests that the [*motivic Lawson homology*]{} groups can be defined by the formula $$L_rH^{{{\mathscr M}}}_n(X)=\Pi _{n-2r}^{{{\mathbb A}}^1}(C_r(X)^+)(k)\; .$$
Appendix: homotopical algebra
=============================
For the convenience of the reader, we collect here the needed extractions from homotopical algebra. Let first ${{\mathscr C}}$ be a symmetric monoidal category with product $\otimes $ and unit ${{\mathbbm 1}}$. The monoidal product $\otimes $ is called to be closed, and the category ${{\mathscr C}}$ is called closed symmetric monoidal, if the product $\otimes :{{\mathscr C}}\times {{\mathscr C}}\to {{\mathscr C}}$ is so-called adjunction of two variables, i.e. there is bifunctor ${{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}$ and two functorial in $X$, $Y$, $Z$ bijections $${{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr C}}}(X,{{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}(Y,Z))\simeq
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr C}}}(X\otimes Y,Z)\simeq
{{\rm Hom}}_{{{\mathscr C}}}(Y,{{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}(X,Z))\; .$$ If ${{\mathscr C}}$ has a model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$ in it, an adjunction of two variables on ${{\mathscr C}}$ is called Quillen adjunction of two variables, or Quillen bifunctor, if, for any two cofibrations $f:X\to Y$ and $f':X'\to Y'$ in ${{\mathscr M}}$ the push-out product $$f\square f':(X\otimes Y')\coprod _{X\otimes X'}
(Y\otimes X')\to Y\wedge Y'$$ is also a cofibration in ${{\mathscr M}}$, which is trivial if either $f$ and $f'$ is. The model category $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}})$ is called closed symmetric monoidal model category if $\otimes $ is a Quillen bifunctor and the following extra axiom holds. If $q:Q{{\mathbbm 1}}\to {{\mathbbm 1}}$ is a cofibrant replacement for the unit object ${{\mathbbm 1}}$, then the morphisms $q\wedge {{\rm {id}}}:Q{{\mathbbm 1}}\wedge X\to {{\mathbbm 1}}\wedge X$ and ${{\rm {id}}}\wedge q:X\wedge Q{{\mathbbm 1}}\to X\wedge {{\mathbbm 1}}$ are weak equivalences for all cofibrant objects $X$. If we consider the cartesian product ${{\mathscr M}}\times {{\mathscr M}}$ of the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$ as a model structure on the cartesian product ${{\mathscr C}}\times {{\mathscr C}}$, then $\otimes $ and ${{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}$ induce left derived functor $\otimes ^L$ from $Ho({{\mathscr C}}\times {{\mathscr C}})$ to $Ho({{\mathscr C}})$, and right derived functor $R{{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}$ from $Ho({{\mathscr C}}\times {{\mathscr C}})$ to $Ho({{\mathscr C}})$. It is well known that passing to localization commutes with products of categories, so that we have the equivalence between $Ho({{\mathscr C}}\times {{\mathscr C}})$ and $Ho({{\mathscr C}})\times Ho({{\mathscr C}})$. This gives the left derived functor $$\otimes ^L:Ho({{\mathscr C}})\times Ho({{\mathscr C}})\to Ho({{\mathscr C}})$$ and the right derived functor $$R{{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}:Ho({{\mathscr C}})\times Ho({{\mathscr C}})\to Ho({{\mathscr C}})\; .$$ As it was shown in [@Hovey], the left derived $\otimes ^L$ and the right derived $R{{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}$ give the structure of a closed symmetric monoidal category on the homotopy category $Ho ({{\mathscr C}})$. Since we assume that all objects in ${{\mathscr C}}$ are cofibrant in ${{\mathscr M}}$, it is easy to see that the canonical functor from ${{\mathscr C}}$ to $Ho ({{\mathscr C}})$ is monoidal.
An important particular case is when the symmetric monoidal product $\otimes $ is given by the categorical product in ${{\mathscr C}}$, i.e. when ${{\mathscr C}}$ is the cartesian symmetric monoidal category. Since $Ho({{\mathscr C}})$ admits products, and products in ${{\mathscr C}}$ are preserved in $Ho ({{\mathscr C}})$, for any three objects $X$, $Y$ and $Z$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$ one has the canonical isomorphism $$[X,Y]\times [X,Z]\simeq [X,Y\times Z]\; .$$
Let now ${{\mathscr C}}$ be a left proper cellular simplicial model category with model structure ${{\mathscr M}}=(W,C,F)$ in it, let $I$ and $J$ be the sets of, respectively, generating cofibrations and generating trivial cofibrations in ${{\mathscr C}}$, and let $S$ be a set of morphisms in ${{\mathscr C}}$. For simplicity we will also be assuming that all objects in ${{\mathscr C}}$ are cofibrant, which will always be the case in applications. An object $Z$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$ is called $S$-local if it is fibrant, in the sense of the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}$, and for any morphism $g:A\to B$ between cofibrant objects in $S$ the induced morphism from ${{\bf {Hom}}}(B,Z)$ to ${{\bf {Hom}}}(A,Z)$ is a weak equivalence in ${{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\mathscr S\! ets}}$. A morphism $f:X\to Y$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$ is an $S$-local equivalence if the induced morphism from ${{\bf {Hom}}}(Y,Z)$ to ${{\bf {Hom}}}(X,Z)$ is a weak equivalence in ${{{{\Delta \! }^{op}\, }\mathscr S\! ets}}$ for any $S$-local object $Z$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$. Then there exists a new left proper cellular model structure ${{\mathscr M}}_S=(W_S,C_S,F_S)$ on the same category ${{\mathscr C}}$, such that $C_S=C$, $W_S$ consists of $S$-local equivalences in ${{\mathscr C}}$, so contains $W$, and $F_S$ is standardly defined by the right lifting property and so is contained in $F$. The model structure ${{\mathscr M}}_S$ is again left proper and cellular with the same set of generating cofibrations $I$ and the new set of generating trivial cofibrations $J_S$. The model category $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}}_S)$ is called the (left) Bousfield localization of $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}}_S)$ with respect to $S$. This all can be found in [@Hirsch].
Notice that the identity adjunction on ${{\mathscr C}}$ is a Quillen adjunction and induces the derived adjunction $L{{\rm {Id}}}:Ho({{\mathscr C}})\dashv Ho({{\mathscr C}}_S):R{{\rm {Id}}}$, where $Ho({{\mathscr C}}_S)$ is the homotopy category of ${{\mathscr C}}$ with respect to the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}_S$. Since cofibrations remain the same and, according to our assumption, all objects are cofibrant, the functor $L{{\rm {Id}}}$ is the identity on objects and surjective on Hom-sets. To describe $R{{\rm {Id}}}$ we observe the following. Since $F_S$ is smaller than $F$, the fibre replacement functor in $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}})$ is different from the fibre replacement functor in $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}}_S)$. Taking into account that ${{\mathscr C}}$ is left proper and cellular, one can show that there exists a fibrant replacement ${{\rm {Id}}}_{{{\mathscr C}}}\to L_S$ in ${{\mathscr M}}_S$, such that, if $X$ is already fibrant in ${{\mathscr M}}$, then $L_S(X)$ can be more or less visibly constructed from $X$ and $S$, see Section 4.3 in [@Hirsch] (or less abstract presentation in [@DrorFarjoun]). The right derived functor $R{{\rm {Id}}}$, being the composition of $Ho(L_S)$ and the functor induced by the embedding of $S$-local, i.e. cofibrant in ${{\mathscr M}}_S$, objects into ${{\mathscr C}}$, identifies $Ho({{\mathscr C}}_S)$ with the full subcategory in $Ho({{\mathscr C}})$ generated by $S$-local objects of ${{\mathscr C}}$.
Since $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}})$ is a simplicial model category, then so is $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}}_S)$, see Theorem 4.1.1 (4) in [@Hirsch]. Suppose that ${{\mathscr C}}$ is, moreover, closed symmetric monoidal with product $\otimes $, and that the monoidal structure is compatible with the model one in the standard sense, i.e. ${{\mathscr C}}$ is a symmetric monoidal model category (see above). The new model category $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}}_S)$ is monoidal model, i.e. the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}_S$ is compatible with the existing monoidal product $\otimes $, if and only if for each $f$ in $S$ and any object $X$ in the union of the domains ${{\rm dom}}(I)$ and codomains ${{\rm codom}}(I)$ of generating cofibrations $I$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$ the product ${{\rm {id}}}_X\otimes f$ is in $W_S$.
This is exactly the case when the set $S$ is generated by a morphism $p:A\to {{\mathbbm 1}}$, where $A$ is an object in ${{\mathscr C}}$ and ${{\mathbbm 1}}$ is the unit object for the monoidal product $\otimes $, i.e. $$S=\{ X\wedge A\stackrel{{{\rm {id}}}_X\wedge p}{{\longrightarrow}}X\; |\; X\in {{\rm dom}}(I)\cup {{\rm codom}}(I)\} \; .$$ In that case the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}_S$ is compatible with the monoidal one, so that $({{\mathscr C}},{{\mathscr M}}_S)$ is a simplicial closed symmetric monoidal model category, which is left proper cellular.
Let us write ${{\mathscr M}}_A$ and $L_A$ instead of, respectively, ${{\mathscr M}}_A$ and $L_S$ when $S$ is generated by $A$ in the above sense. One of the fundamental properties of the localization functor $LA$ is that, for any two objects $X$ and $Y$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$, the object $L_A(X\times Y)$ is weak equivalent to the object $L_A(X)\times L_A(Y)$, in the sense of the model structure ${{\mathscr M}}_A$. The proof of this fact in topology is given on page 36 of the book [@DrorFarjoun], and it can be verbally transported to abstract setting. All we need is the Quillen adjunction in two variables in ${{\mathscr C}}$, and the fact saying that if $Y$ is $S$-local, then ${{\mathscr H\! }{\it om}}(X,Y)$ is $S$-local for any $X$ in ${{\mathscr C}}$, which is also the consequence of adjunction.
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[Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZL, England, UK]{}
[*E-mail address*]{}: [[email protected]]{}
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This invention relates to a method of treatment of metal matrix composites.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the manufacture of articles from precipitation hardenable high strength aluminium alloys, the final thermo-mechanical treatment involves solution treatment of the alloy followed by quenching and then natural or artificial ageing. This process results in hardening of the alloy.
Prior to the final thermo-mechanical treatment, the alloy can be hot or cold worked in a number of different ways, for example rolling, extruding or forging. This stage in the preparation of a material is referred to as the intermediate thermo-mechanical treatment.
It is known to prepare composites comprising a particulate or short fibre ceramic reinforcement in a matrix comprising a precipitation hardenable aluminium alloy. The conventional treatments for such composites have followed the same procedure as for the unreinforced alloys, i.e. solution treating the material and then artificially or naturally ageing it to precipitate the strengthening phase. We have now found that introduction of an additional step between the intermediate and final thermo-mechanical treatments leads to a surprising improvement in the properties of such composites.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention provides a treatment process for a composite comprising a matrix of a precipitation hardenable aluminium alloy and a particulate or short fibre ceramic reinforcement, which comprises a hot and/or cold working step and a subsequent solution treating step; characterised in that, after the hot and/or cold working step and before the solution treating step, a controlled heating step is applied in which the composite is raised from ambient temperature to a temperature of from 250 to 450° C., the rate of temperature increase being less than 1000° C. per hour, preferably less than 600° C. per hour, typically from 3 to 10° C. per hour. Very slow rates, for example 3 to 10° C. per hour, are satisfactory, but time-consuming.
The aluminium alloy which forms the matrix of the composite may be any alloy which undergoes precipitation hardening. Typical alloys include aluminium-copper-magnesium and aluminium-lithium-copper- magnesium alloys IADS 2124 and 8090. The reinforcement may be any particulate or short fibre ceramic, but is preferably silicon carbide, especially particulate silicon carbide. The weight ratio of matrix alloy to ceramic may vary widely, but is preferably from 2:1 to 9:1, especially from 3:1 to 6:1.
In the controlled heating step, the rate of temperature increase of the composite is less than 1000° C. per hour, preferably less than 600° C. per hour. In conventional treatments, the composite is placed directly in a hot heat-treatment furnace at the desired temperature. Under these conditions, the heating rate of the composite is extremely high, typically 600° C. per minute. In the process of the present invention, the composite is placed in the heat-treatment furnace which is preferably at ambient temperature but may be a little above, and the furnace temperature is increased at the desired rate. This slow heating is crucial to the success of the invention. Once the composite has reached the desired temperature in the range of from 250 to 450° C., it may be allowed to dwell for a period at that temperature, but this is not essential. The temperature may then be raised again, up to the solution treatment temperature. Alternatively, the composite may be cooled down, the subsequent heating to the solution treatment temperature being commenced from ambient.
The precipitation hardening step is conventional, and includes solution treatment of the composite followed by artificial or natural ageing. Solution treatment is the rapid heating of the alloy up to a temperature at which the alloy matrix forms a solid solution whilst avoiding localised melting; temperatures of at least 500° C. are generally suitable. Following this heating, the composite is quenched and subsequently aged, to enable precipitation and consequent hardening to occur. Natural ageing involves allowing the composite to stand at ambient temperature for a prolonged period, preferably for a minimum of at least 7 days. Artificial ageing involves heating the composite above ambient temperature, typically to a temperature of from 100 to 200. degree. C. for a shorter period of time, typically from 1 to 48 hours, followed by air quenching.
The hot and/or cold working step is also conventional. It may involve a number of different treatments, including rolling, extruding or forging, with or without intermediate annealing. It is following completion of this working that the controlled heating step characteristic of the present invention is applied. The benefits of the invention may be obtained irrespective of the details of the hot or cold working, but the benefits are particularly marked when the working step has been a hot rolling step.
If desired, material prepared using the process according to the invention may be subjected to a superplastic forming step. Most surprisingly, it has been found that the process according to the invention improves the superplasticity of the composites.
The process of the invention leads to composites with improved properties. For some samples, the ductility of the composites is greater than would have been predicted. For others, the strength is greater. In addition, the composites produced have very consistent properties. The design strength of a material used by engineers and designers is generally calculated using the standard deviation from the average strength of the material, see for example Military Handbook V, compiled by the Department of Defence, Washington D.C., published by Naval Publications and Forms Centre, Philadelphia, which gives details of the calculation of standard A and B values for a material using standard deviations. The standard deviation in strength of composites made by the process of the present invention is lower than that of composites made by conventional processes. This is a major advantage.
EXAMPLES
The following Examples illustrate the invention.
Example 1
The starting material for this Example was a hot isostatically pressed billet, commercially available from BP, prepared from blended powders of 2124 alloy and silicon carbide particles. The 2124 alloy had the nominal composition (wt %): Al base; 3.8/4.9 Cu; 1.2/1.8 Mg; 0.3/0.9 Mn; 0.2 max Si; 0.3 max Fe; 0.25 max Zn; 0.1 max Cr; 0.15 max Ti; 0.2 max Zr and Ti. The silicon carbide particles had a mean diameter of 3 microns. The weight ratio of alloy to silicon carbide was 80:20.
Working Step (1)
The pressed billet was hot forged to plate form and then hot rolled to 5 mm thickness with the material heated to 475° C. prior to each pass and with the rolls heating to approximately 100. degree. C. to avoid quenching the surface. In this and all other rolling practices described here, a reduction in thickness of 10% per pass was achieved.
This 5 mm sheet was then further worked in three different ways as follows:
Route a
Annealing at 300° C. for 24 hours; cold rolling to 3.1 mm thickness (a predetermined level above the onset of cracking); annealing at 300° C. for 24 hours; cold rolling down to 2 mm thickness.
Route b
Preliminary treatment (high temperature anneal or solution treatment) by placing in a cold furnace, raising temperature to 495. degree. C., holding for 1/2 hour, removing to cool naturally in air; cold rolling to 3.6 mm; repeat of preliminary treatment regime; cold rolling to 2 mm.
Route c
Hot rolling down to 2 mm, with material heated to 475° C. and rolls heated to approximately 100° C., with intermediate reheats of the material between passes.
Controlled Heating Step (2)
The 2 mm sheet was heated at a rate of 6° C. per hour to a temperature of 400° C., and cooled in air to ambient temperature.
Solution Treatment and Precipitation Hardening Step (3)
The 2 mm sheet was rapidly heated to a solution treatment temperature of 505° C., and held at this temperature for 1/2 hour to achieve thermal equilibrium. The sheet was then quenched in cold water. The quenched material was aged naturally at ambient temperature for 23 days.
The process according to the invention was carried out by operating steps (1), (2) and (3) above. Comparative data was obtained by operating steps (1) and (3) only. The results are given in the following Table 1. All measurements were made using conventional techniques and the figures are mean figures taken over a minimum of four measurements.
The results show that the introduction of the controlled heating step (2) leads, irrespective of method of working, to an increase in the strength of the material after precipitation hardening. Most surprisingly, the ductility of the material is also increased.
TABLE 1
_________________________________________________________________________ _
Ultimate Tensile
Elongation to
Proof Strength (MPa)
Modulus
Treatment Working Type
Strength (MPa)
break (%)
0.1%
0.2%
0.5%
Tensile (GPa)
_________________________________________________________________________ _
According to Invention
Route a
619 9.6 349
380 426
105.7
Comparative 610 8.9 344
374 422
100.2
According to Invention
Route b
627 8.3 422
439 466
101.4
Comparative 621 7.0 412
432 461
102.0
According to Invention
Route c
598 7.2 389
412 448
100.7
Comparative 567 5.5 355
384 424
98.6
_________________________________________________________________________ _
Example 2
The starting material for this Example was a billet of SiC- reinforced metal matrix composite similar to that of Example 1 except that the matrix alloy was aluminium-lithium alloy 8090. This alloy has the following composition (wt %):- Al base; 2.4% Li; 1.3 Cu; 0.8 Mg; 0. 12 Zr; 0.1 max Fe; 0.05 max Si.
A 2 mm sheet was prepared as in working step (1), using working route c, as described in Example 1. The sheet was then heated to a temperature of 540° C. at a rate of 5° C. every 5 minutes, followed by cold water quenching.
The resulting sheet was deformed by British Aerospace Military Aircraft Limited using a superplastic forming rig, into a rectangular box section at a strain rate of 5×10.sup.-4 sec.sup.-1 and using established techniques for 8090 alloy. A good box shape was formed without tearing. FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through the box.
In a comparative test, an identical sheet was prepared in the same way except that the slow heating prior to reaching the solution treatment temperature of 540° C. was replaced by a conventional rapid heating. An attempt to form the sheet into a box using a superplastic forming rig resulted in cavitation or tearing of the sheet before the box was completely formed. FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal section through the box. Comparison of FIGS. 1 and 2 clearly shows the benefit of the process according to the invention.
Example 3
This Example illustrates the effect of slow heat-up rates compared with a rapid conventional treatment. The material used was the material described in Example 1, Route C.
2 mm sheet was placed in a heat-treatment furnace at ambient temperature, and the temperature raised to 400° C. at a defined rate. The sheet was subsequently solution treated by heating to 505. degree. C., cold water quenched, and naturally aged for a period greater than 7 days. In a comparison experiment, a 2 mm sheet was placed directly in a hot furnace at 505° C., followed by quenching and ageing; under such conditions, the sample attains temperature at a rate of about 600° C. per minute.
The results are given in Table 2, and show that the slow heating step produces composites with a significantly greater proof strength than the conventional treatment.
TABLE 2
______________________________________
Treatment: Rate
Ultimate Tensile
Elongation to
Proof Strength
of Heating Strength (MPa)
Break (%) 0.2% (MPa)
______________________________________
According to
invention:
600° C./hour
560 7.2 368
60° C./hour
567 6.8 358
6° C./hour
562 7.3 365
Conventional:
560 7.2 344
about 600° C./
minute
______________________________________
Example 4
The general procedure described in Example 3 was repeated using a heating rate of 6° C./hour, with a large number of samples. The conventional treatment was also repeated with a large number of samples. The samples were prepared by hot extruding the billets to a rectangular section 32 mm×7 mm, the extrusion temperature being in the range 300-375° C. Statistical analysis of the results showed the ductility of 24 samples prepared according to the invention to be significantly greater than that of 16 conventionally prepared samples. Moreover, the standard deviation of the average proof strength was very significantly lower for samples according to the invention than for conventionally prepared samples. The results are given in Table 3, which shows the mean and standard deviations for each variable.
TABLE 3
______________________________________
Treatment: Rate
Ultimate Tensile
Elongation to
Proof Strength
of Heating Strength (MPa)
Break (%) 0.2% (MPa)
______________________________________
According to
615 .+-. 17 7.6 .+-. 1.1
419 .+-. 12
invention:
6° C./hour
Conventional:
611 .+-. 19 6.9 .+-. 0.9
417 .+-. 19
600° C./
minute
______________________________________
Example 5
The material used in this Example was that described in Example 2.
2 mm sheet was placed in a heat-treatment furnace at ambient temperature, and the temperature raised to 350° C. at a rate of 6. degree. C. per minute. The sheet was subsequently solution treated by heating to 540° C., cold water quenched, and artificially aged by heating at 150° C. for 1 hour. In a comparison experiment, a 2 mm sheet was placed directly in a hot furnace at 540° C., followed by quenching and artificial ageing.
The results are given in Table 4.
TABLE 4
______________________________________
Treatment: Rate
Ultimate Tensile
Elongation to
Proof Strength
of Heating Strength (MPa)
Break (%) 0.2% (MPa)
______________________________________
According to
523 4.1 423
invention:
6° C./minute
Conventional:
519 2.6 428
about 540° C./
minute
______________________________________ | |
South Africa: ‘Becoming Men’ – A Study of Black Masculinity
Studies about young black men in South African townships are not new, but many tend to associate young black men with gangs, crime and violence. What is new in this book is the focus on young black men who do not subscribe to stereotyped ideas of being a black township man.
These are young township men who are not engaging in risk-taking and other problematic behaviours often associated with them, such as belonging to criminal gangs and committing violent crimes as part of constructing their masculine identities.
Furthermore, these young black men put more emphasis on academic success and long-term career goals, despite lack of bursaries for some to pursue their studies beyond matric. Pursuing academic work was seen by this group as an investment in the future and as a possible means to breaking the cycle of poverty in their lives in the township.
Their narratives revealed positive signs of change, ambition and the aspiration to achieve certain career goals. This and a willingness to sacrifice alignment with dominant or popular positions in the present. They thus entertained non-hegemonic or alternative identity positions. | https://millhillmissionaries.com/south-africa-becoming-men-a-study-of-black-masculinity/ |
Subject Category:
Introduction: Changes in connectivity have been found surrounding epileptic foci during resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG). One manifestation of these changes is disorganization manifested by increased interconnectivity within a region. This abnormal interconnectivity indicates a decrease in efficiency, as efficient function within a system requires communication across brain regions. Surgical resection of seizure foci may attenuate these aberrant patterns of connectivity. Thus far, the relationship between postoperative changes in cognitive function and aberrant connectivity has not been established.
Methods: We obtained pre- and postoperative neuropsychological testing on 20 patients (10 right sided, 10 left) undergoing anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). In addition, we obtained preoperative resting MEG. We compared interconnectivity in the beta frequency band for the hippocampus to interconnectivity in other brain regions. In addition, we compared interconnectivity in the hippocampus to changes in cognitive function following surgery.
Results: Patients undergoing ATL showed increased phase locking in the beta frequency band within the hippocampus on preoperative MEG, relative to other regions (e.g., Broca’s and Wernicke’ areas, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the superior parietal lobule). There was no significant change in most cognitive measures. However, patients showed significant improvement in immediate, F(1,19) = 8.51, p = 0.007, and long-term verbal memory, F(1,19) = 5.68, p = 0.03. The improvement in verbal memory following ATL was positively correlated to the degree of aberrant connectivity in the hippocampus, r = 0.68, p = 0.04.
Conclusions: MTLE was associated with aberrant interconnectivity within the hippocampus. This aberrant interconnectivity was positively correlated with the degree of postoperative improvement in verbal memory following ATL. This suggests that resection of aberrant temporal lobe resulted in removal of inefficient cortical networks, which may have led to improvement in cognitive performance.
Patient Care: This may help predict which patients experience changes in verbal memory following anterior temporal lobectomy.
Learning Objectives: By the conclusion of this session, participants should be able to: 1) Describe the presence of aberrant hippocampal interconnectivity in patients with MTLE, and 2) Discuss the relationship between connectivity and postoperative memory performance.
References:
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Find answers to frequently asked questions. | https://www.cns.org/meetings/archived-abstracts-detail/congress-of-neurological-surgeons-2016-annual-meeting-19155 |
Information in computers is transmitted through semiconductors by the movement of electrons and stored in the direction of the electron spin in magnetic materials. To shrink devices while improving their...
May 22, 2022
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First Fully Integrated High-Power Laser on a Lithium Niobate Chip, Paving the Way for Quantum Network Applications
Research
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) in collaboration with industry partners at Freedom Photonics and HyperLight Corporation, have developed the first fully integrated high-power laser on a lithium...
April 10, 2022
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Their Goal: To Make Quantum Computing Networks Reliable and Practical
Technology
The researchers goal is to improve the scientific community’s knowledge on the types of physical systems needed to make quantum computing networks reliable and practical....
April 5, 2022
Magnetic Interactions Could Point To Miniaturizing Quantum Devices
Research
In new research from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, scientists have achieved efficient quantum coupling between two distant magnetic devices, which can host a certain type...
March 23, 2022
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Controlled for First Time, Quantum Phenomenon Could Suggest Avenues for Technology
Technology
University of Chicago scientists have been able to create a new kind of quantum object at will in the laboratory: “domain walls.” The discovery can help researchers better understand...
February 21, 2022
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QUNNECT Announces Sale of World’s 1st Commercial Quantum Memory
Industry
Qunnect, INC., a Quantum Networking company, announces the sale of the world's first commercial Quantum Memory to Brookhaven National Laboratory. Quantum Memories are critical components for enabling future quantum-secure networks,... | https://qubitreport.com/tag/quantum-devices/ |
Has any regular blogger—someone who’s posting a sizeable amount of content every day—written a great book (whether in terms of critical acclaim or public influence)? I realize that’s a completely old-media question (why, after all, should books be the criterion of anything?), but I’d still be interested to hear people’s answers.
Unfortunately there appears to be no way to leave a comment, or contact Suroweicki, so I’m not sure how he’s going to get answers.
Maybe none of those count as critical acclaim and public influence, I’m not sure. But those are the ones I can think of.
In general, publishers have thrown a lot of money at bloggers, but most of those efforts have not been successful.
Dr. Vino has two books. Steve Heimoff has two books (but I think of him as more of an Author–>blogger, not an author/blogger.
Seth Godin has written a few books that have sold well (Purple Cow, and others http://www.sethgodin.com/sg/books.asp), and he blogs daily at http://sethgodin.typepad.com/.
As Dr. Horowitz suggests, Godin’s approach seems more to do things and to use the blog to extend the message and grow community. But he also uses the community he has to test ideas (like the tribe project he ran last year).
Yes I think Surowiecki is thinking more along the lines of people who were pure bloggers first and then went on to write books. Godin, for instance, was an established book-writing guru before his blog, I believe.
And I think by “critical acclaim and influence,” or whatever, he’s thinking more in the terms that one would associate with, say, books The New Yorker would consider acclaimed and/or influential. In other words, someone more like Surowiecki (who of course broke into the business by way of online writing, but it wasn’t “blogging” back then).
Of course I don’t know for sure if that’s how he’s thinking about it. Obviously there’s a lot of subjectivity involved.
Those are some pretty good examples – I’d also offer “Crashing the Gates” by Markos Moulitsas (aka Kos) and Jerome Armstrong as something that wasn’t “great” but actually was pretty influential in influence, at least in some progressive political circles. Mainly though, blogging and book-production are both things that involve writing words, but that’s kind of where the similarity ends. Similarly, has any pop singer written a great symphony? Paul McCartney tried, I think, but I don’t know how interesting a question it is. | http://www.murketing.com/journal/?p=2327 |
The College has a vibrant research community engaged in cross disciplinary work. Brunel has recently joined Imperial College Health Partners and the College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences takes a lead role in that partnership.
How our research impacts society
The people behind our research
Applied respiratory research meeting the needs of respiratory-related healthcare
Brunel Older People’s Reference Group (BORG) is a database of local people aged over 50 who are interested in Brunel and the research that goes on here.
Focusing on allied health, nursing, social care and medicine, the centre supports ambitious plans to educate the health and care workforce, supporting the delivery of radically transformed integrated physical and mental health and care provision.
Understanding the biological, social, physiological aspects of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and producing knowledge to improve cardiovascular and metabolic health.
Fundamental and applied research into brain function using techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), eye-tracking, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), infrared thermography together with psychophysics and cognitive behavioural paradigms in health and disease.
Evolution and culture are the two most fundamental and powerful influences on human behaviour, and their effects are what we study at the Centre for Culture and Evolution.
Development of an enhanced awareness of bodies as sensors of crucial information about ourselves and our reality; Enhancing our performance as human beings, practitioners, researchers and educators.
Diverse research network focused on molecular, cellular, organismal and computational aspects of genome biology.
Inequalities in health and wellbeing in the UK and internationally; welfare, health and wellbeing; ageing studies; health economics.
Development and evaluation of theory- and evidence-based health behaviour change interventions, across communicable and non-communicable diseases; evidence synthesis of behaviour change interventions.
Our strategic focus is on economic evaluation and systematic reviews of a broad range of clinical and health service technologies by providing high-quality, applied, policy-relevant research, as well as developing and refining methods to increase the rigour and relevance of such studies.
The generation, promotion and integration of new, multi-disciplinary research that is particular to the British nuclear test veteran community, their genomic health and the impact of uncertainty on health more broadly.
Driving scientific innovation and discovery for diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular disease, inflammatory and immune disorders, microbial resistance, and cancer.
The Institute focuses on the social, community, and cultural aspects of pressing contemporary issues including migration and movement, social unrest, intersectional inequalities, and institutionalised poverty.
Our challenge-led work in health and wellbeing focuses on understanding the relationships between biological, social, natural, and built environments and health and wellbeing outcomes.
Three innovative spaces, which collectively support a thriving research culture in which staff and students work collaboratively to produce high-quality research on the topics of Learning, Expertise, Action, and Perception.
The group’s main research focus is on women’s health and developing four main organ-on-a-chip (OOC) models: the breast, vagina, ovary, and placenta.
The centre conducts interdisciplinary research to improve human health and performance through regular physical activity and exercise, and by limiting sedentary behaviour.
Predictive approaches in toxicology, including combined chemical exposures and development of new frameworks for non-animal approaches for predicting toxicity; Endocrine disruptor research with an emphasis on mechanisms of disease and test method development; Pollution monitoring, clean-up technologies and chemical analytics.
Data science/wearable technology and Rehabilitation; Haptic feedback, multi-sensory interfacing and Robotics in Health; Immersion and Engagement in Virtual Rehabilitation; TeleHealth/TeleRehab; Data: using AI and Machine learning to improve health.
Concepts of social justice and understanding of climate change, health and wellbeing, digitalisation, poverty, conflict, and inequality. Our focus is on a broad social justice agenda that is alert to and critical of inequalities. | https://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/College-of-Health-Medicine-and-Life-Sciences |
This section is from the book "Woodwork For Beginners", by Ira Samuel Griffith. Also available from Amazon: Woodwork For Beginners.
Drawings are, in general, of two kinds, pictorial and working. A pictorial drawing represents an object as it appears, while a working drawing represents the object as it really is, Fig. 4. The latter is of the utmost importance to the workman for it tells him concisely all about the object, - its size, shape, kind of material, etc.
Fig. 5 shows two views of a common wood spool. The front view is the view one would get by looking at the object from the front; the side view, the view one would get by looking at the side of the object; a top view, the view one would get by looking at the top of the object, the observer in each case being so far away from the object that the views show the real shape of the object and not its perspective. The side view will be found at the side of the front view and the top view will be found directly above the front view. An examination of Figs. 6 and 7 should enable one to fix the relationship of the views in mind. Fig. 6 represents an object within a "cage" where the views have been drawn upon transparent screens. Fig. 7 shows the cage as it opens out so as to bring all of the views in one plane, as they must be on drawing paper.
Fig. 6. Mechanical Drawing Cage.
Fig. 7. Cage Unfolded.
The various kinds of lines in a working drawing have different meanings. The very light lines of indefinite length are known as construction, extension, or projection lines. They are the first lines drawn. The heavy lines represent visible edges or outlines of the object. The broken or dotted lines represent hidden edges or outlines. Those lines having arrow barbs and numbers are known as dimension lines, and the barbs indicate the extreme limit of the measurement while the number indicates the amount. Lines through the middle of an object dividing it into two equal parts are known as center lines.
Section At AB.
Fig. 8. Drafting Conventions.
Fig. 8 shows how nails and screws may be represented. This illustration also shows two other conventions, the cross-section and the broken view. A cross-section represents an object as it would appear if cut, and is indicated by a shading, known as cross-hatching, as shown. A broken view is used when, for any reason it is not advisable or possible to represent the full view. Irregular lines indicate the missing part and the dimensions indicate the true size.
Small objects are drawn full size, that is, the object and drawing are of the same dimensions. A drawing issaidtobedrawntoscalewhenitspartsare similar in proportion to that of the object represents. There are various scales used, such as 1/4"=1' (1/4 inch=1 foot); 3"=1', known as a quarter scale; and on very small objects we may have such scales as 1/2"=1",etc Whatever the scale used, the figure on the drawing represents the size of the object's corresponding part.
Fig. 9. Drafting Tools.
Working drawings are best made with instruments. Fig.9 shows a set. The T-square is used in making horizontal lines, the lines being drawn from left to right The triangles are used in the making of vertical and oblique lines, the lines being drawn from the T-square.
Continue to: | https://chestofbooks.com/home-improvement/woodworking/Ira-S-Griffith/Woodwork-For-Beginners/2-Working-Drawings.html |
On the figure-ground relationship between the real and the irreal.
Though French existentialist philosopher, novelist, and political activist Jean-Paul Sartre remains best-known for shaping much of 20th-century sociology, political ideology, and critical theory, some of his most interesting work deals with the imagination. In The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination (public library), originally published in 1940, he examines the concepts of nothingness and freedom to argue that, contrary to popular conceptions of imagining as a kind of internal perception, the two stand in stark contrast — perception is incomplete (you only see one side of a chair, the rest obscured from that point of view) whereas the imaginary is complete (when you imagine a chair, it arrives whole, known from all directions). What enables the imagination is consciousness and the totality of our experience — everything we know, everything we’ve seen and heard and read, everything we’ve accumulated in the course of being fully awake to the world. The imagination, in other words, is a combinatorial phenomenon — something artists, designers, writers, and scientists understand.
From this point of view, we can finally grasp the connection of the irreal to the real. First of all, even if no image is produced at the moment, every apprehension of the real as a world tends of its own accord to end up with the production of irreal objects since it is always, in a sense, free nihilation of the world and this always from a particular point of view. So, if consciousness is free, the noematic correlate of its freedom should be the world that carries in itself its possibility of negation, at each moment and from each point of view, by means of an image, even while the image must as yet be constituted by a particular intention of consciousness. But, reciprocally, an image, being a negation of the world from a particular point of view, can appear only on the ground of the world and in connection with that ground. Of course, the appearance of the image requires that the particular perceptions be diluted in the syncretic wholeness world and that this whole withdraws. But it is precisely the withdrawal of the whole that constitutes it as ground, that ground on which the irreal form must stand out. So although, by means of the production of the irreal, consciousness can momentarily appear delivered from its ‘being-in-the-world’, on the contrary this ‘being-in-the-world’ is the necessary condition of imagination.
For a fine complement to , see this 1957 meditation on the role of intuition and the imagination in scientific discovery and creativity. | https://www.brainpickings.org/2012/06/21/sartre-on-imagination-the-imaginary/ |
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Tuesday
Getasew Ambelu Bayih
Randomized control trial to identify spatio-temporal factors determining pathogenic level of drinking water sources in Ethiopia
Ethiopian Water Resources Institute • Addis Ababa University
Getasew Ambelu has two years of service as a high school teacher and three years as an expert for water and sanitation at Water and Sewerage office in Gurage Zone of southwestern Ethiopia. Afterward he joined Addis Ababa University as Master's student in the field of Water Resources. After completion of the master's degree with distinction, he is currently a third year PhD candidate studying on Spatio-temporal pattern of water...
Shelby Buckley
How contextual factors affect latrine extraction and disposal behaviors
University of Colorado Boulder
Shelby is currently a Junior majoring in Environmental Engineering and minoring in Engineering Management at CU Boulder. She spent the summer of 2018 working as an undergraduate research assist, helping doctoral student James Harper conduct research looking into how human behavior affects fecal sludge management in rural, low-income communities. After graduation, Shelby hopes to pursue a master's degree in Environmental Engineering with a focus in Drinking Water, Wastewater, and Water...
Joshua Knight
Low Cost Well Siting Meter: Beta Testing Lessons and Next Steps, cheap wells for the majority world.
Global Hope Network International
Joshua Knight is the Program Engineer at Global Hope Network International (ghni.org), based in Denver, Colorado, with over 20 years of environmental engineering and 15 years of international development experience. His passion is collaborating on sustainable, community-driven Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Disaster Response projects. He is a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) with a Doctorate of Engineering (PhD, Civil Environmental) and a Wilderness First Responder who loves to work...
Vladimir Kozlow
WASHing Learning: predicting sustainability of Tanzania's rural handpumps using the Taarifa dataset
Stanford
Vladimir is a second-year Master’s student in Environmental Engineering and Science at Stanford University. Vladimir’s research focuses on the availability of Water Sanitation and Hygiene services in Sub-Saharan Africa’s rural communities and health care facilities. In particular, he is interested in analyzing the necessary and sufficient conditions to sustain WASH services over time in specific contexts. In his current research Vladimir applies Machine Learning techniques to identify correlations between environmental...
Evelyn Lundeen
Everest Base Camp Trail Toilet Project
Colorado School of Mines
Evelyn Lundeen is a senior undergraduate student majoring in environmental engineering at the Colorado School of Mines. She has a minor in humanitarian engineering and has worked on CSR projects in the oil and gas industry as well as this international sanitation project in Nepal.
Lori Robins
Improving sanitation through effective malodor control and inactivation of human noroviruses.
University of Washington Bothell
Lori Robins is an Associate Professor at the University of Washington Bothell. She received her Ph.D. in Bioorganic Chemistry from the University of California, Davis and was a Postdoctoral Researcher at Duke University where she studied lipid biosynthesis. Lori works with undergraduate students on research projects involved with odor control and sanitation of latrines in developing countries. Other projects with undergraduate students involve elucidating enzyme mechanisms.
Daniel Smith
What is chlorinated water worth when bundled with rental housing? Effective demand for point-of-collection chlorination in Dhaka
Stanford University
Daniel W. Smith is an environmental engineer and PhD Candidate at Stanford University in California, USA. He applies engineering and social science methods to study scaling up innovative water supply improvements in lower-income settings. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Civil & Environmental Engineering from Cornell University, USA; a master’s degree in Water, Sanitation, and Health Engineering from the University of Leeds, UK; and a master’s degree in Environmental Engineering...
Matthew Verosloff
Harnessing Biosensing for Pathogen Detection with Point of Use Diagnostics
Northwestern University
Matt Verosloff is a doctoral student at Northwestern University. His work focuses on utilizing next generation synthetic biology techniques to develop extremely user friendly, cheap, and field deployable point of use diagnostics. These assays sensitively test for the presence of pathogens and bacterial indicators of fecal contamination. The utility of these diagnostics has led to several multinational cross-disciplinary collaborations seeking to assess global water quality and develop novel tools and...
Rebecca Yoo
Rapid Assessment of Urban Water Quality - Piloting a scalable and replicable method in Cochabamba, Bolivia
Brown and Caldwell
Rebecca Yoo, Project Engineer (Brown and Caldwell), has a background in civil and environmental engineering with an emphasis on cross-cultural communication. While her current focus is in municipal wastewater treatment design, her experience includes water treatment and distribution design, water infrastructure investigations, and collaboration with consulting engineers, international aid organizations, governmental authorities, and academic researchers. As a part of the Brown Water Group, Rebecca's research contributed to the WHO Guidelines...
Wednesday
Niroj Bhattarai
Gender, Health, and Urban-Rural Influences on School Attendance in Nepal
Poverty Action Center • Colorado State University
Dr. Niroj Bhattarai received his undergraduate degree from Hiram College in Ohio and his PhD in Economics from Colorado State University. He is a Professor of Economics at Front Range Community College, and a founding member/Research Associate at the Poverty Action Center, Department of Economics, at Colorado State University. His research is primarily in the field of education and its role in development. Dr. Bhattarai and his students at FRCC,...
Todd Hanlin
A Community-Driven Approach to Water Security on Displaced Lands in Rural Guatemala
Engineers Without Borders Fort Collins Chapter and Trees • Water & People
Todd Hanlin has over 30 years of experience specializing in water resources and civil infrastructure development. Project experience includes a wide variety of water supply, irrigation, and small-systems. The first 15 years of his career were spent working predominantly in rural Wyoming on a wide variety of water resources and general civil infrastructural projects. This was followed by a decade of efforts working primarily on tribal infrastructure, irrigation, and water...
PHENG Kea
Roof harvesting- rainwater harvesting formalization in rural Cambodia
RainWater Cambodia
I have a strong background in water and sanitation and hygiene and rural development project. I hold a Master Degree of Business Administration in Cambodia and Executive Master in Development Study in The Graduate Institute – Geneva in Switzerland. With more than 11 years of experience relating to water, sanitation and hygiene program design and development. I have mutual experience in rainwater harvesting formalization in many areas in Cambodia as...
Megan Lindmark
Disinfection by-product formation in drinking water systems using a unique disinfection agent, trichloroisocyanuric acid
University of Iowa
Megan Lindmark is an Environmental Engineering PhD student in the University of Iowa’s Sustainable Water Development Program. Her research is focused on sustainable drinking water solutions for resource constrained communities. Currently she is working with EOS International to investigate and improve the long term public health benefits and effectiveness of chlorinators installed in EOS’ partner communities in rural Nicaragua.
Walter Thavarajah
Engineering a Bacterial Biosensing System for the Detection of Fluoride in Groundwater
Northwestern University
Walter Thavarajah is a doctoral student in the Chemical and Biological Engineering Department at Northwestern University. In collaboration with the Center for Water Research and the Center for Synthetic Biology, his research focuses on the engineering of biological systems to create a sensing platform for the detection of water contaminants. Walter is also interested in the development of low-cost diagnostic tools for use in resource-limited settings. He received a BS...
Tara Webster
Microbial dynamics in biosand filters receiving contrasting water sources
University of Colorado
Tara Webster is a microbial ecologist and environmental engineer. She is collaborating with Noah Fierer and Balaji Rajagopalan to improve our understanding of the microbial processes in biosand filters. Biosand filters hold great promise to provide clean drinking water in both developed and developing countries. Effective pathogen removal relies on the activity of a complex microbial community within the filter. However, little is known about the factors that shape microbial... | https://www.colorado.edu/washsymposium/2019-posters |
IDC analysts predict that the market recovered smartphones in 2020 will amount to 222,6 million pieces
A large number of smartphones, having been used, is returned to the producers, in particular, exchange programs for more modern models. In many cases these devices after a restore to a condition suitable for sale is recycled into the market. According to estimates IDC, in 2015, the marketplace for refurbished smartphones amounted to 81.3 million units. Verify that this number does not include second-hand devices sold on the secondary market, including, among other users directly.
The marketplace for refurbished smartphones is growing rapidly. According to analysts IDC, by 2020 its volume will reach 222,6 million. Given the previously mentioned increased in the past year, this means that the average annual increase is projected at 22.3 per cent. Moreover, in North America the growth will amount to 29.4%, while the rest of the world and 20.4%.
Source: IDC
Tags: | http://run-belay.ru/idc-analysts-predict-that-the-market-recovered-smartphones-in-2020-will-amount-to-2226-million-pieces.html |
Microwave lemon curd takes about 5 minutes to cook in the microwave. It’s super easy to make your own homemade lemon curd! Spread it on toast and scones or make large batches as gifts.
I am extremely lazy when it comes to making homemade jams and curds. I always say this will be the year I will do it and it still hasn’t happened. But then I came across recipes for microwave lemon curd.
Now this is something I can handle. It took about 10 minutes to get everything together. And then you cook it in the microwave at one minute intervals until it’s done. Mine was done at exactly 5 minutes.
This lemon curd is just lovely. It’s thick and spreadable, with just the right balance of tart and sweet. Now I need to make some scones to spread it on! I’ll definitely be making more homemade lemon curd this summer once I get some more lemons.
Tools I Used
Wooden Reamer* | Hand Grater* | Weck Jars*
*Some of the links contained in this post are affiliate links. Much like referral codes, this means I earn a small commission if you purchase a product I referred (at no extra charge to you).
Microwave Lemon Curd
Ingredients
- 1 cup white granulated sugar
- 3 large eggs
- 1 cup fresh lemon juice from about 3-4 large lemons
- zest of 3 lemons
- 1/2 cup unsalted butter melted
Instructions
- In a large microwave-safe bowl, whisk together sugar and eggs until smooth. Add in lemon juice, zest and butter and whisk until everything is combined.
- Cook in the microwave at full power at 1 minute intervals, stirring in between each minute, until lemon curd is thickened and can coat the back of the spoon. It should take about 5 minutes.
- Pour into sterile jars and allow the curd to cool in the fridge where it will thicken even more. Keep curd in the fridge for up to 3 weeks.
Notes
The nutrition information provided are only estimates based on an online nutritional calculator. I am not a certified nutritionist. Please consult a professional nutritionist or doctor for accurate information and any dietary restrictions and concerns you may have. | https://kirbiecravings.com/microwave-lemon-curd/ |
CDM regulations and what it means to our industry
What are CDM Regulations?
The HSE has announced that CDM Regulations will be enforced into the events and entertainment industry from 6th April 2015, although in practice this will be gradual with guidance and consultation.
The CDM Regulations were introduced into the construction industry in 2007 in a bid to limit fatalities and major injuries on work sites throughout the UK, over the past seven years it has been a great success and more than halved recorded incidents.
With the successful management of the 2012 Olympic Games and associated events by our industry and the appointment of the HSE to the position as regulatory authority for Temporary Demountable Structures it was felt a step forward to introduce the regulations to the events and entertainment industry by the HSE, possibly to protect them in their new role.
How will CDM Regulations affect Rock City?
Currently Rock City work to the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974, the Work at Height Act 2005 and similar regulations. We already demonstrate that we supply competent trained crew and that we provide all relevant safety information prior to working on site, we are however expanding our team that looks after our H&S and to cover the new legislation, so currently we are well placed and in good shape to comply to the new regulations.
What action is Rock City taking to insure a smooth progression and Client piece of mind?
The good news is that the HSE has stated that they will consult with our industry into putting the guidance together with our industries event experts having a practical input, we want to be part of that conversation, currently they are putting some guidance notes together that will come out shortly, a draft copy has already been written and circulated across the industry for comment, something that Rock City is taking an active part in.
We are/have:
- Taking an active part in discussions through various industry bodies such as the PSA, NOES and AIF forums, to make sure our thoughts are heard including feedback on the current draft.
- Investing in two more employees to go through a NEBOSH level three certificate in Health & Safety to join our safety team in the office and on site to make sure we comply with the new guidelines and to be able to advise others of the implications.
- Already accredited with an ISO 9001 standard and presently working towards an ISOH 9018 in Health & Safety, we want to make sure we have the structure to implement these changes and be able to advise others.
- Formed a safety advisory group within the crew to look at each aspect of construction we undertake on a day to day basis whilst building structures and events.
- Guaranteeing all our staff hold either CSCS Cards or SPA Cards as a means of identification and level of competence, this has got to be a must for any event in the future, our belief is that the HSE don’t want another registration card but just want to see competent personnel on site working safely both cards will satisfy this criteria.
- All our plant operators and the ones we train are NORS registered, so their history is guaranteed.
- Providing our clients with a team that can help decipher the regulations along with training of onsite personnel if required. (SPA passport & RTITB/ITSAR plant certificates NORS registered).
Our conclusion
There seems to be a lot of talk about the effects of introducing CMD Regulations into the industry, some say it’s going to cost money and put small events out of business, others say its unworkable and can’t be enforced, there are some that see it as a gravy train to catch but in reality it’s a step forward that the majority of event organisers and suppliers are doing already, we already share design, management and safety information prior to an event, and make sure our employees on the ground are trained and competent in the tasks that they are undertaking.
The HSE is listening and wants to make this work, this is going to be a slow work in progress with nothing enforced immediately, yes we all need to be competent and have provision and structure for sharing and passing on information concerning the construction, design and management of an event, but in our view it’s a step in the right direction and with our industries input and consultation achievable. | http://www.rockcitycrew.co.uk/cdm-regulations-and-what-it-means-to-our-industry/ |
---
abstract: 'We present precision Penning-trap mass measurements of neutron-rich calcium and potassium isotopes in the vicinity of neutron number $N=32$. Using the TITAN system the mass of $^{51}$K was measured for the first time, and the precision of the $^{51,52}$Ca mass values were improved significantly. The new mass values show a dramatic increase of the binding energy compared to those reported in the atomic mass evaluation. In particular, $^{52}$Ca is more bound by 1.74 MeV, and the behavior with neutron number deviates substantially from the tabulated values. An increased binding was predicted recently based on calculations that include three-nucleon (3N) forces. We present a comparison to improved calculations, which agree remarkably with the evolution of masses with neutron number, making neutron-rich calcium isotopes an exciting region to probe 3N forces at neutron-rich extremes.'
author:
- 'A.T. Gallant'
- 'J.C. Bale'
- 'T. Brunner'
- 'U. Chowdhury'
- 'S. Ettenauer'
- 'A. Lennarz'
- 'D. Robertson'
- 'V.V. Simon'
- 'A. Chaudhuri'
- 'J.D. Holt'
- 'A.A. Kwiatkowski'
- 'E. Mané'
- 'J. Menéndez'
- 'B.E. Schultz'
- 'M.C. Simon'
- 'C. Andreoiu'
- 'P. Delheij'
- 'M.R. Pearson'
- 'H. Savajols'
- 'A. Schwenk'
- 'J. Dilling'
title: 'New precision mass measurements of neutron-rich calcium and potassium isotopes and three-nucleon forces'
---
The neutron-rich calcium isotopes present a key region for understanding shell structures and their evolution to the neutron dripline. This includes the standard doubly-magic $^{48}$Ca at $N=28$ and new shell closures at $N=32$ and possibly at $N=34$. The calcium chain, with only valence neutrons, probes features of nuclear forces similar to the oxygen isotopes, which have been under intensive experimental and theoretical studies [@Thoenessen2012; @Otsuka2010]. While the oxygen isotopes have been explored even beyond the neutron dripline, $^{52}$Ca is the most neutron-rich nucleus where mass measurements and $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy have been done. Due to the extremely low production yields for $N>32$, only the neutron-rich, mid-shell titanium and chromium isotopes have been reached to $N=34$. This makes the semi-magic calcium chain in the vicinity of $N=32$ an important stepping stone towards the neutron dripline.
Phenomenological forces in the $pf$ shell, such as the KB3G [@Poves2001] and GXPF1 [@Honma2002] interactions, have been fit to $N \leqslant 32$ in the calcium isotopes, but they disagree markedly in their prediction for $^{54}$Ca and for a possible shell closure at $N=34$. In addition, it is well known that calculations based only on two-nucleon (NN) forces do not reproduce $^{48}$Ca as a doubly-magic nucleus when neutrons are added to a $^{40}$Ca core [@Caurier2005]. Motivated by these deficiencies, the impact of 3N forces was recently investigated in the oxygen and calcium isotopes within the shell model . It was shown that chiral 3N forces provide repulsive contributions to valence neutron-neutron interactions. As neutrons are added, these are key for shell structure and spectroscopy, and for the determination of the neutron dripline. For calcium, the $N=28$ magic number was reproduced successfully, with a high $2^{+}$ excitation energy, and in the vicinity of $N=32$, the calculations based on NN and 3N forces generally predicted an increase in the binding energy compared to experimental masses [@Holt2010].
Nuclear masses provide important information about the interplay of strong interactions within a nucleus and the resulting nuclear structure effects they elicit. The systematic study of masses has, for example, led to the discovery of the new magic number $N=16$ and has been key for understanding the island of inversion [@Thibault1975; @Sarazin2000; @Jurado2007]. Currently, Penning traps [@Blaum2006] provide the most precise mass spectrometers for stable and unstable nuclei and are in use at almost all rare isotope beam facilities [@Kluge2010].
In this Letter, we present the first precision mass measurements of $^{51,52}$Ca and $^{51}$K performed at TRIUMF’s Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear Science (TITAN) . This presents the first direct mass measurements to $N = 32$ in these nuclides, extending the measurements of a previous campaign [@Lapierre2012]. For the calcium isotopes, we compare the evolution of the new TITAN mass values with neutron number to microscopic calculations based on chiral NN and 3N forces.
The $^{51,52}$Ca isotopes were produced at TRIUMF’s Isotope Separator and ACcelerator (ISAC) facility by bombarding a high-power tantalum target with a 70 $\mu$A proton beam of 480 MeV energy, and a resonant laser ionization scheme [@TRILIS] was used to enhance the ionization of the beam. $^{51}$K was produced with 1.9 $\mu$A of protons on a UC$_{\textnormal{x}}$ target, and ionized using a surface source. The continuous ion beam was extracted from the target, mass separated with the ISAC dipole separator system, and delivered to the TITAN facility. TITAN uses the time-of-flight ion cyclotron-resonance (TOF-ICR) [@Konig1995] method on singly-charged and highly-charged [@Ettenauer2011] ions for precision mass measurements and is capable of accurate measurements in the parts-per-billion (ppb) precision range [@Brodeur2009]. The system consists of a helium-buffer-gas-filled radio-frequency quadrupole [@Brunner2012] for cooling and bunching, followed by, in this case bypassed, an electron beam ion trap charge breeder (EBIT) [@Lapierre2010], and a precision Penning trap [@Brodeur2012a], where the mass was determined.
[c c . d d ,]{} Isotope & Reference & & & &\
$^{51}$Ca & $^{58}$Ni & 0.87961718(42) & -36338.9(22.7) & -35863.3(93.8) & -475.6(96.5)\
$^{52}$Ca & $^{58}$Ni & 0.89691649(187) & -34260.0(101.0) & -32509.1(698.6) & -1751.0\
$^{52}$Ca & $^{52}$Cr & 1.00043782(158) & -34235.8(76.4) & [same]{} & -1726.7\
& & & -34244.6(61.0) & [same]{} & -1735.5(701.3)\
$^{51}$K & $^{51}$V & 1.00062561(28) & -22516.3(13.1) & -22002.0(503.0)\* & -514.3(503.2)\
In the precision Penning trap a homogenous 3.7 T magnetic field radially confines the injected ions, while an electric quadrupole field provides axial confinement. In order to determine an ion’s mass $m$, the cyclotron frequency $\nu_{c} = q B / (2 \pi m)$, where $q$ is the charge of the ion and $B$ is a homogeneous magnetic field, is determined from the minimum of the TOF-ICR measurement. Typical TOF-ICR resonances for $^{51}$K, $^{51}$Ca, and $^{52}$Ca are shown in Fig. \[fig:TOFresonance\_K51\]. To calibrate the magnetic field, measurements with a reference ion of well-known mass were taken before and after the frequency measurement of the ion of interest. To eliminate magnetic field fluctuations a linear interpolation of the reference frequency to the center time of the measurement of $\nu_{c}$ is performed, and a ratio of the frequencies $R = \nu_{c,ref} / \nu_{c}$ is taken. The atomic mass $m_{a}$ of interest can then be extracted from the average frequency ratio $\bar{R}$, $m_{a} = \bar{R} (m_{a,ref} - m_{e}) + m_{e}$ where $m_{e}$ is the mass of the electron.
To reduce systematic effects, such as those arising from field misalignments, incomplete trap compensation, etc., a reference with a similar mass was chosen [@Brodeur2012a]. For the measurements where a mass doublet was not formed a mass measurement of $^{41}$K relative to $^{58}$Ni was performed to investigate the mass-dependent shift. The mass of $^{41}$K was in agreement with Ref. [@Mount2010], constraining the mass-dependent shift to be below 3.5 ppb in the frequency ratio. We include this shift as a systematic uncertainty. Moreover, to exclude potential effects stemming from ion-ion interactions from simultaneously stored isobars, contaminants were eliminated from the trap by applying a dipolar field at the mass-dependent reduced cyclotron frequency $\nu_{+}$ for 20 ms prior to the quadrupole excitation. Dipole cleaning pushes the contaminants far from the precision confinement volume, greatly reducing any potential shifts due to their Coulomb interaction with the ion of interest. A quadrupole excitation time of $\approx 80$ ms was used for each of the mass measurements. In addition, a count class analysis [@Kellerbauer2003] was performed when the count rate was high enough to permit such an analysis. In cases where the rate was too low, the frequency ratio was determined twice: Once where only one ion was detected, and a second time where all detected ions were included. The ion-ion interaction systematic uncertainty was taken to be the difference between these two methods and was 100 ppb for $^{51}$K and 750 ppb for $^{52}$Ca.
In previous works, mass measurements for neutron-rich potassium and calcium isotopes were reported up to $^{50}$K and $^{52}$Ca [@Tu1990; @Audi2003], but with large uncertainties. While the half-lives in the vicinity of $N=32$ are generally long ($t_{1/2}
> 50$ ms), the production yields in this high $N/Z$ region have limited precision mass measurements until now. The mass of $^{51}$Ca, as tabulated in the atomic mass evaluation (AME2003) [@Audi2003], depends largely on three-neutron-transfer reactions from beams of $^{14}$C or $^{18}$O to a $^{48}$Ca target [@Mayer1980; @Benenson1985; @Brauner1985; @Catford1988]. Measurements bydifferent groups using the same reaction lead to differing results, calling into question the derived mass. Further problems with the reaction methods include potential $^{40}$Ca contamination in the target, disagreement on the number and excitation energies of observed states, and low statistics. In addition, two TOF measurements of the $^{51}$Ca mass [@Tu1990; @Seifert1994] are in agreement with each other, but disagree with the values derived from the three-neutron-transfer reactions. However, the uncertainties reported are $2$–$10$ times larger than those obtained from the reactions. All masses tabulated in the AME2003 disagree with the presented measurement by more than 1$\sigma$. More recently, a TOF mass measurement was completed at the GSI storage ring [@Matos]. This does not agree with any of the previous measurements and deviates by 1.3$\sigma$ from the value presented in this Letter. For $^{52}$Ca, the existing mass value is derived from a TOF measurement [@Tu1990] and a $\beta$-decay measurement to $^{52}$Sc [@Huck1985]. Neither measurement agrees with our precision mass. No experimental data exists for the mass of $^{51}$K.
Our new TITAN mass measurements for $^{51,52}$Ca and $^{51}$K are presented in Table \[tab:results\]. The mass of $^{51}$Ca deviates by 5$\sigma$ from the AME2003 and is more bound by 0.5 MeV. We find a similar increase in binding for $^{51}$K compared to the AME2003 extrapolation. For the most neutron-rich $^{52}$Ca isotope measured, the mass is more bound by 1.74 MeV compared to the present mass table. This dramatic increase in binding leads to a pronounced change of the derived two-neutron separation energy $S_{2n}$ in the vicinity of $N=32$, as shown in Fig. \[fig:S2n\]. The resulting behavior of $S_{2n}$ in the potassium and calcium isotopic chains with increasing neutron number is significantly flatter from $N=30$ to $N=32$. This also differs from the scandium isotopes, derived from previously measured mass excess with large uncertainties or from the AME2003 extrapolation. The increased binding for the potassium and calcium isotopes may indicate the development of a significant subshell gap at $N=32$, in line with the observed high $2^+$ excitation energy in $^{52}$Ca[@Huck1985].
Three-nucleon forces have been unambiguously established in light nuclei, but only recently explored in medium-mass nuclei [@Otsuka2010; @Holt2010; @Holt2011; @Roth2011; @Hagen2012]. These advances have been driven by chiral effective field theory, which provides a systematic expansion for NN, 3N and higher-body forces [@Epelbaum2008], combined with renormalization group methods to evolve nuclear forces to lower resolution [@Bogner2009].
We follow Ref. [@Holt2010] and calculate the two-body interactions among valence neutrons in the extended $pfg_{9/2}$ shell on top of a $^{40}$Ca core, taking into account valence-core interactions in 13 major shells based on a chiral N$^3$LO NN potential evolved to low-momentum. Chiral 3N forces are included at N$^2$LO, where the two shorter-range 3N couplings have been fit to the $^3$H binding energy and the $^4$He charge radius. For valence neutrons the dominant contribution is due to the long-range two-pion-exchange part of 3N forces [@Otsuka2010; @Holt2010]. In Ref. [@Holt2010], the normal-ordered one- and two-body parts of 3N forces were included to first order, and an increased binding in the vicinity of $N=32$ was predicted. Here, we improve the calculation by including the one- and two-body parts of 3N forces in 5 major shells to third order, on an equal footing as NN interactions. This takes into account the effect of 3N forces between nucleons occupying orbits above and below the valence space. For the single-particle energies (SPEs) in $^{41}$Ca, we study two cases: The SPEs obtained by solving the Dyson equation, where the self-energy is calculated consistently in many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) to third order; and empirical (emp) SPEs where the $pf$-orbit energies are taken from Ref. [@Honma2002] and the $g_{9/2}$ energy is set to $-1.0$ MeV.
In Fig. \[fig:theory\] we compare the theoretical results obtained from exact diagonalizations in the valence space to the TITAN and AME2003 values for the two-neutron separation energy and for the neutron pairing gap calculated from three-point binding-energy differences, $\Delta_n^{(3)}=(-1)^N [B(N+1,Z) +B(N-1,Z)-2B(N,Z)]/2$. The predicted $S_{2n}$ is very similar for both sets of SPEs and is in excellent agreement with the new TITAN mass values. For $^{51,52}$Ca, the difference between theory and experiment is only $\lesssim 200$ keV, but we emphasize that it will be important to also study the impact of the uncertainties in the leading 3N forces. The behavior with neutron number for $\Delta_n^{(3)}$ is also well reproduced, but the theoretical gaps are typically 500 keV larger. Finally, we note also the developments using nonempirical pairing functionals in this region [@Lesinski2011], which provide a bridge to global energy-density functional calculations.
In summary, the mass of $^{51}$K has been measured with the TITAN facility at TRIUMF for the first time, and the new precision masses of $^{51,52}$Ca show a dramatic increase in binding compared to the atomic mass evaluation. The most neutron-rich $^{52}$Ca is more bound by 1.74 MeV, a value similar in magnitude to the deuteron binding energy. An increased binding around $N=32$ was predicted recently in calculations based on chiral NN and 3N forces [@Holt2010]. The new TITAN results lead to a substantial change in the evolution of nuclear masses to neutron-rich extremes. The significantly flatter behavior of the two-neutron separation energy agrees remarkably well with improved theoretical calculations including 3N forces, making neutron-rich calcium isotopes an exciting region to probe 3N forces and to test their predictions towards the neutron dripline. These developments are of great interest also for astrophysics, as similar changes in heavier nuclei would have a dramatic impact on nucleosynthesis [@Arcones], and the same 3N forces provide important repulsive contributions in neutron-star matter [@Hebeler2010].
This work was supported by NSERC and the NRC Canada, the US DOE Grant DE-FC02-07ER41457 (UNEDF SciDAC Collaboration) and DE-FG02-96ER40963 (UT), the Helmholtz Alliance HA216/EMMI, and the DFG through Grant SFB 634. Part of the numerical calculations have been performed on Kraken at the NICS. A.T.G. acknowledges support from the NSERC CGS-D program, S.E. from the Vanier CGS program, T.B. from the Evangelisches Studienwerk e.V. Villigst, V.V.S from the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes, and A.L. from the DFG under Grant FR601/3-1.
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| |
Guidance notes for a full plan application
To complete a full plan application you will need to provide:
- contact details for applicant and agent
- location of the proposed building work
- details of the method of timber treatment against longhorn beetle if the work is in Sandhurst or Crowthorne
- information about the proposed work including the date you intend to start work and use of building
- details of method used to achieve compliance with means of escape requirements (such as Approved Document B, BS 9999, fire engineered approach)
- previous application numbers, if any (building regulations or planning)
- plans and relevant supporting details, for example specifications, calculations etc
- payment details for online payment
Plans
Your application should be submitted with a block plan (scale at least 1:1250) showing:
- size and position of the building, or the building as extended and its relationship to adjoining boundaries
- provision for the drainage of the building or extension
- location and type of all trees within 30m of the proposal
You will also need to provide plans, elevations and sections with detailed specifications of proposed and existing defining the proposed work, to a scale of at least 1:100 and 1:50.
You will need to prepare accurate plans that are to scale and include a full specification for the work you intend to undertake. Fire precautions should be shown on your plans if the project relates to a premises which is designated under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005).
You may also need to send us structural calculations for any specialist or non-standard structural work - a structural engineer may need to prepare this for you.
Other experts may also need to provide information about specialist areas not in the expertise of the main designer, for example energy efficiency (Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP), Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM). | https://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/building-control/getting-building-regulations-approval/making-full-plans-application/guidance-notes-full-plan |
Allianz Saudi Fransi (“Allianz”, “we”, “us” or “our”), a part of the Allianz Group and regulated by SAMA (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency) is a Saudi Arabian authorized insurance company providing insurance products and services
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6. Who will have access to personal data collected through our website?
We will ensure that your personal data is processed in a manner that is compatible with the purposes indicated above.
For the specified purposes, your personal data may be disclosed to the following parties who operate as third party data controllers upon obtaining non-objection letter from the regulator:
- Other Allianz Group companies;
- Authorized agents and third party service providers
For the stated purposes, we may also share your personal data upon obtaining non-objection letter from the regulator with the following parties who operate as data processors under our instruction:
- Other Allianz Group companies;
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- Facilitators, consultants or experts managing communications and Allianz sponsored events.
We do not share your personal data with non-affiliated third parties for their own marketing use without your permission.
Finally, we may share your personal data in the following instances with law enforcement agencies, government and regulatory bodies to meet applicable legal or regulatory obligations.
7. Where will collected personal data be processed?
Your personal data may be processed inside Saudi Arabia by the parties specified above, subject always to contractual restrictions regarding confidentiality and security in line with applicable local data protection laws and regulations. We will not disclose your personal data to parties who are not authorized to process them.
Whenever we transfer your personal data for processing by another Allianz Group company, we will do so on the basis of Approval and non –objection from the local regulator and on Allianz’ approved biding corporate rules known as the Allianz Privacy Standard (Allianz’ BCRs) which establish adequate protection for personal data and are legally binding on all relevant Allianz Group companies. Where Allianz’ BCRs do not apply, we will instead ensure that the transfer of your personal data receives an adequate level of protection.
8. What are your rights in respect of your personal data?
Where permitted by applicable law or regulation, you have the right to:
- Access your personal data held about you and to learn the origin of the data, the purposes and ends of the processing, the details of the data controller(s), the data processor(s) and the parties to whom the data may be disclosed;
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We have implemented reasonable technical and organizational measures to protect your personal data collected by Allianz via our website against unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction.
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All electric messages sent to and from us are protected by reasonable technical and organizational measures and may only be accessed in justified cases in line with applicable laws and regulations (e.g court order, suspicion of criminal conduct, violation of regulatory obligations) to specific persons in defined functions (e.g Local, Compliance, Risk). Every step of the process, as well as the search criteria used, are logged in an audit trail. All mails are disposed of after the applicable retention period has expired.
11. What should you consider when sending data over the Internet?
The Internet is generally not regarded as a secure environment, and information sent via the Internet, (such as to and from our website or via electronic message) may be accessed by unauthorized third parties, potentially leading to disclosures, changes in content or technical failures. Even if both sender and receiver are located in the same country, information sent via the Internet may be transmitted across international borders and be forwarded to a country with a lower data protection level than in your country of residence.
We do not accept responsibility or liability for the security of your information whilst in transit over the Internet to us. In order to protect your privacy, you may choose another means of communication with us, where you deem it appropriate.
12. How long is personal data retained for?
We will retain your personal data for ten years from the date the insurance relationship ends unless a longer retention period is required or as permitted by law.
13. How can you contact us?
If you have any queries about how we use your personal data, you can contact us by email or post as follows:
Allianz Saudi Fransi Cooperative Insurance Company
Data Protection Officer,
Allianz Saudi Fransi Head Quarter, Riyadh, Khorais Road, Khaleej Bridge
P.O. Box 3540 Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
14. How often is this Privacy Notice updated?
We regularly review this privacy notice. We will ensure the most recent version is available on our website. Allianz SF may periodically change, modify or otherwise revise the Privacy Notice without prior notification.
This privacy notice was last updated in Feb 2020. | https://www.allianzsf.com/en_GB/legal/privacy-policy.html |
Using a mixed methods research design, this study compared the athletic director’s perceptions of the present and preferred organizational cultures with the perceptions of the athletic department employees at Big State University. As the pace of change has accelerated in athletic departments, it has become more important for members of these organizations to develop a shared understanding of their present culture as well as the type of cultural attributes that they believe will help them become more successful in the future. This study used the Competing Values Framework as a theoretical construct and the OCAI survey to gather quantitative data. To supplement the quantitative findings, a series of focus group interviews were conducted in order to develop a richer understanding of the athletic department culture. Although data showed statistically significant differences in the athletic director’s perception of culture when compared to department employees, the differences were most pronounced in the present state, where they differed on both major scales of the CVF. Both the athletic director and employees agreed that inclusive people practices, as represented by the clan archetype, are important to their future success. By identifying the perceptual differences that exist, this study provides a potential methodology that can be utilized to help organizations better understand the present cultural pressures that guide decision making and help align future efforts. This unfreezing can be a critical first step in engaging the team in the management of the cultural forces that can inhibit needed future changes.
Heil, Ryan, "Exploring organizational culture in college athletics: Comparing the athletic director and employee perceptions of present and preferred cultures" (2018). All Dissertations. 2142. | https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2142/ |
- 학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의학과, 2015. 2. 서대헌.
- Abstract
- Atrophic acne scars result from dermal inflammation caused by acne. Accordingly, destruction of dermal tissue followed by imperfect wound healing results in prolonged periods of time during which acne scars remain noticeable. Laser-mediated skin resurfacing induces regeneration and remodeling of dermal matrix, and thereby lessens the severity of acne scar. While fractional laser treatment reduces the chances of a patient experiencing adverse effects related to treatment, the resulting efficacy is also reduced compared to that obtained with classical laser therapy. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains large amounts of growth factors which have the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy of laser treatment. Furthermore, the rapid skin barrier recovery induced by PRP can reduce the chances of a patient experiencing certain adverse effects associated with laser treatment.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PRP injections combined with fractional laser treatment for treating acne scars. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of this therapy was investigated using samples of human skin and an experimental cell model.
Twenty-five subjects with mild to moderate acne scars were treated with two sessions of fractional CO2 laser therapy given with and without co-administration of PRP at a four-week interval in a split-face manner. Normal saline was injected intradermally on the control side of each patients face. Objective and subjective assessments of treatment results were conducted at baseline, 1, 3, 7 days after each treatment, and 4 weeks after the final treatment. Skin biopsy specimens were obtained at baseline, 1, 3, and 7 days after the first treatment session for investigation of molecular profiles associated with acute skin changes produced by laser plus PRP treatment. Additionally, the biological effects of combined fractional CO2 laser/PRP on fibroblast were explored in a fibroblast cell line model. The time-dependent expression of collagen and various growth factors was evaluated by western blot.
Fractional CO2 laser treatment produced a significant improvement in acne scars
however, improvement on the PRP-treated side of the patients face was better than that on the control side. Evaluations based on the Investigators Global Assessment showed average improvements of 75% and 50% on the PRP-treated side and control side, respectively. Adverse effects such as erythema, swelling and oozing occurred with limited severity on the PRP-treated side. Scores on patient self-assessments of their satisfaction with treatment effectiveness were higher for the PRP plus laser treated side of their face. Patient skin biopsy specimens showed reactions to laser treatment. Compared with specimens of control skin, biopsy specimens of combined laser/PRP treated skin showed more compact and denser depositions of collagen in the papillary dermis. Expressions of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 proteins as well as transcription of TGFβ 1, TGFβ 3 and collagen I mRNA were more highly elevated on the PRP-treated side of the face compared to the control side. Mediators such as β-catenin and αSMA, which are associated with the TGFβ fibrogenetic signaling pathway, showed greater upregulation on the PRP-treated side compared to the control side. In a cell model, PRP administration increased expressions of p-Akt, TGFβ1, TGFβ3, β-catenin, collagen I and collagen III in both dose-dependent and time dependent manners. Inhibition of p-Akt by pretreatment of the PI3K/Akt pathway did not limit expression of TGFβ1, but limited expression of β-catenin.
Administration of PRP combination increased the efficacy of CO2 laser for treating acne scars and decreased the incidence of adverse effects. Elevated levels of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 after combined fractional CO2 laser/PRP therapy may be a mechanism for the improvement in acne scars. Our clinical data combined with the data from cell experiments suggest that TGFβ induced by PRP treatment resulted in increased expression of αSMA in fibroblasts and collagen production via activating β-catenin through stimulation of p-Akt. This molecular signaling pathway is suggested as a mechanism for the clinical efficacy of combined fractional CO2 laser/PRP treatment.
- Language
- English
- Files in This Item:
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Items in S-Space are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/122023 |
Completion of CFA Program exams can take minimum of 18 months, But on an average it takes about four years to qualify as a CFA Charter.
Exam Preparation Pattern
As per the latest survey successful candidates spends an average of 300 hours preparing for each level of exam. Preparation time may vary candidate to candidate depending upon prior education and experience.
For each level there are 18 study sessions, so for studying the material with a decent plan is to dedicate 15-20 hours per week, for 18 weeks.
And dedicate the last four to six weeks before the exam to review what you have already studied and practice with sample and mock tests of exam.
When should you take Your exam?
The Level I exam is offered twice per year, in June and December.
The Level II and III exams are offered once per year, in June.
Registration for the exams opens around 11 months before each exam; enroll early to take advantage of the fee schedule and to have enough time to concentrate and study for the exam. | http://www.r3m3mb3r.it/blog/06_2016/preparing-for-the-cfa-exam.html |
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) said that in order to demonstrate its dedication to consumer protection and market integrity, it has vigorously implemented 18 legal proceedings relating to cryptocurrencies in 2022.
In its 2022 enforcement report, the CFTC noted that it had fined 82 legal actions involving commodities assets, including cryptocurrency, more than $2.5 billion.
18 entities were indicted, accounting for more than 20% of the enforcement. Actions against Ooki DAO, Digitx Futures, Gemini exchange, Tether, and Mirror Trading International were mentioned in the report.
On September 22, after charging Ooki DAO and levying a $250,000 fine, the CFTC created a precedent. It was alleged that the DAO violated the Bank Secrecy Act by providing illicit leverage and margin trading services.
Additionally, the cryptocurrency exchange “Digitex Futures” was accused of manipulating its native token DGTX, issuing unregistered futures products, and not putting KYC and anti-money laundering procedures in place.
In 2017, the CFTC filed a lawsuit against the cryptocurrency exchange Gemini for allegedly spreading false information concerning the Futures Contracts’ susceptibility to market manipulation.
In addition, for making false claims regarding the U.S. dollar assets in its reserve, stablecoin issuer Tether was charged with a crime and fined $41 million.
For allegedly scamming investors of more than $1.7 billion in Bitcoin, South African-based Mirror Trading International (MIT) was charged.
Rostin Behnam, the chairman of the CFTC, stated that the agency was determined to aggressively pursue criminal prosecution of rogue actors in the cryptocurrency industry.
Mr. Behnam said:
“The FY 2022 enforcement report shows the CFTC continues to aggressively police new digital commodity asset markets with all of its available tools.”
Moreover, earlier in June, a number of cryptocurrency exchanges expressed their support for the CFTC taking the lead in overseeing the sector.
Related Reading | Binance Awarded Class 3 Registration By Cyprus Securities And Exchange Commission
In order to give the CFTC control over the regulation of digital commodities, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, the U.S. Senate Agriculture Committee proceeded to present a bill. | https://cryptoonus.com/cftc-vows-to-increase-scrutiny-of-cryptocurrency-markets-in-2022/ |
New Zealand used less energy generated from non-renewable sources last year.
Source: 1 NEWS
Electricity generation from non-renewable sources fell by 12 per cent in 2018, according to the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment's (MBIE) latest energy report.
This decrease was despite an increase in generation from coal to cope with outages at Pohokura gas field.
Electricity derived from renewable sources increased from 82 per cent in 2017 to 84 per cent.
“2018 was a significant year for the energy sector with a major shift in policy direction for the oil and gas industry and reduced production from the country’s largest gas field the most notable events," said Daniel Griffiths, MBIE spokesperson in a statement. | https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/kiwis-using-less-energy-non-renewable-sources |
The mission of the Johns Hopkins Science of Learning Institute (SLI) is to understand the nature of learning at all levels of scientific inquiry, from changes at the level of synapses to the nature of cognitive change over the life-span and the implications of these for education and learning in formal and informal settings. The science of learning project seeks to create an integrated understanding of how learning varies as a function of basic learner characteristics (e.g. over the life span, among the typically developing child, the challenged learner, the gifted student), how these characteristics interact with different environments and learning settings to produce variation in learning outcomes, and how interactions with intelligent artificial learning systems can enhance and optimize human learning. The Institute's work will focus on content domains including language, memory, attention, spatial and numeric understanding, and decision-making, and will consider questions such as:
Such questions can be explored using a wide range of approaches including, but not limited to, inquiry about the basic mechanisms of learning, understanding individual differences in learning, considering how insights on learning can be embodied in an applied science of learning, and improving learning by creating effective human-machine interactions. Insights can be gained using traditional techniques of neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, robotics, and educational intervention. However, the larger goal is to create new insights for the science of learning by cross-pollinating among these techniques and approaches.
Eligibility and Award Information:
We invite proposals on the science of learning for funding of up to $200K over 2 years. Principal Investigators (PIs) must be full-time faculty members at JHU who are eligible to serve as PIs in their division. We especially welcome proposals that include PIs and Co-PIs who are in the early stages of their careers. PIs who were funded in the first round (2013) are not eligible to apply.
Application Review Information:
Priority will be given to proposals that are strongest in meeting the following criteria, which will be explicitly evaluated in the review process:
Applicants who wish to discuss their project before applying are encouraged to contact Barbara Landau, Kelly Fisher, or members of the steering committee with the most relevant expertise.
Application Materials:
Proposals should include the following elements:
Application Deadline and Timeline for Review:
Applications are due March 21, 2014, and should be submitted via the Science of Learning Institute's grant application site, which will open for submissions starting March 8, 2014. Evaluation of proposals will be carried out by a team of internal evaluators who are experts in the science of learning.
Funding is expected to start on July 1, 2014. Funding after Year 1 will be contingent on acceptable progress as described in a progress report due two months prior to the start of Year 2.
Fast Facts: Science of Learning Institute Grant Funding in 2013:
Download This Call for Proposals:
You may download the PDF of this announcement.
Questions? Please Contact: | http://scienceoflearning.jhu.edu/research/funding-opportunities/research-proposals-science-of-learning-call-for-proposals |
Southern Gateway FAQs
The Southern Gateway project is a $666 million Texas Department Transportation (TxDOT) highway expansion project dedicated to developing long term transportation and operational improvements to the I-35 E southern gateway corridor approaching the City of Dallas in the TxDOT Dallas District.
- Texas Department of Transportation – Principal project owner
- Pegasus Link Constructors – Design-build contractor
Approximately $666 million, which reflects the value of the base scope design-build contract with Pegasus Link Constructors.
The project is partially funded through TxDOT’s Texas Clear Lanes initiative, which prioritizes voter-approved funding based on needed congestion relief projects in Texas’ metropolitan areas. For more information on the Texas Clear Lanes Initiative, please visit: www.texasclearlanes.com
Segment 1: I-35E from Colorado Boulevard to South of the I-35E/U.S. 67 split
- Full reconstruction of the existing eight general purpose lanes to 10 general purposes lanes
- Reconstruction of the existing single reversible HOV lane to two reversible non-tolled express lanes
- Full reconstruction of the discontinuous frontage roads and addition of new frontage roads
- Widening of the existing pavement to accommodate an additional general purpose lane in each direction for a total of six general purpose lanes
- Reconstruction of the existing two concurrent HOV lanes to one reversible non-tolled express lane
- Upgrades to roadway elements to current design criteria to improve traffic operations and safety
- Revised ramping to facilitate increased operations and local access
- Widened cross streets with increased traffic capacity to accommodate for pedestrian and bicycle accessibility
- Structural elements and accommodations for the City of Dallas’ planned deck plaza between Ewing and Marsalis Avenues
The HOV lanes within the project's limits along I-35E and U.S. 67 will close Spring 2018 along with entrance and exit points near Reunion Boulevard, Ledbetter Drive (Loop 12) and Kiest Boulevard. These closures will last the duration of The Southern Gateway Project. After project completion, the lanes will re-open as non-tolled reversible managed lanes with new entrance and exit locations along I-35E and U.S. 67. It will be available to both single occupancy and high occupancy vehicles.
Construction for the Southern Gateway Project will begin early 2018 and is estimated to be complete in 2021
The project provides multiple methods to stay informed about the project:
- Leave us a message on our project hotline: (214) 349-6493
- Submit a question or comment on our website: thesoutherngateway.org/submit-a-comment
- Send us an email: [email protected]
Please send an email to Adrienne Williams at [email protected]
Interstate 35E and U.S. Highway 67 are both major corridors to and from southern Dallas County and surrounding cities. It is imperative that traffic disruptions are kept to a minimum. Typical impacts might include lane closures along the mainlanes and frontage roads of the project corridor, as well as cross streets, which require detours onto small feeder roads just outside of the project area. All closures and traffic changes will also be listed on our lane closures page: www.thesoutherngate.org/laneclosures
If there is a police, fire or medical emergency, immediately call 911. If there is something of concern, or a non-emergency issue that needs to be addressed, please call our 24-hour hotline at (214) 349-6493 and leave a message with your information and someone will return your call promptly. You may also visit our “Connect with Us” section to utilize any of our communications tools. | https://thesoutherngateway.org/faqs/ |
Lost in Translation – A More "Loveable" China?
Communicating ideas across languages and cultures poses challenges for translators. The choices translators make have the power to shape how information is perceived, which can have a significant impact on international relations discourse.
Chinese President Xi Jinping’s speech this year at the Politburo’s 30th collective study session on strengthening Chinese capacity-building in international communications generated much interest in the English-language media. Western media outlets were quick to flag that China intended to soften its image. The BBC, for example, ran the headline “Xi Jinping calls for more ‘loveable’ image for Chinese in bid to make friends.” The story about China’s intention to change its diplomatic style was undoubtedly news-worthy in itself, but the word “loveable” is of particular interest in this context.
The word “loveable” has a cute and cuddly connotation in English, but did Xi genuinely want the rest of the world to see China in a cuddly and huggable light? If we look closely at the meaning of the original Chinese word, ke’ai, spoken by Xi, we may find an answer. It is true that ke expresses a meaning similar to the suffix “-able” in English, but the meaning of ai is not straightforward, although it is often considered an equivalent of “to love.” If we use a large language database, such as the one constructed by the Beijing Language and Culture University we can observe that, in more formal contexts, words that are typically paired with ke’ai include “motherland” (zuguo), “the people” (renmin), and “land” (tudi), while ke’ai and kejing (respectable, admirable), another word used in Xi’s articulation of the image of China, often go hand in hand. In fact, there isn’t really one English word that translates ke’ai. Its meaning overlaps with a range of English words, such as “likeable,” “admirable,” “appealing,” “approachable,” and “inspiring.” In a formal context, “beloved” is probably closer in meaning to ke’ai. There certainly isn’t a “cuddly” interpretation in Chinese when the word ke’ai is employed by Xi.
This linguistic contrast is further demonstrated through the way in which Chinese journalists understand and use the term ke’ai. On 8 November, National Journalists’ Day in China, the Chinese Association of Journalists asked ten journalists to recount the stories they wrote in response to Xi’s call. Under the heading Ke’ai de Zhongguo – “a likeable China” – two stories were included. One is about a herd of elephants wandering through China, as a way to show the Chinese people’s care for nature and the environment. The story was also picked up by the English media. For example, ABC News published “China’s wandering elephants are on their way home after a year-long journey.” The other story references a likeable, humorous, and devoted scientist who works on hybrid rice. By using ke’ai, Xi wants to showcase the “human side” of China which people can relate to and admire.
The “loveable” story exemplifies the type of difficulties involved in translation. Most words don’t have direct counterparts in another language, and a literal translation is unlikely to be accurate. Xi’s speech was mainly targeted at a Chinese audience, particularly the Chinese media. There are many words in the speech that are difficult to render into English without changing the original stance that is either implied or expressed by Xi.
The phrase “lost in translation” is not merely a cliché, but a reality translators and readers have to live with. In a political context, the word choices made by translators commit readers to a particular view which may not be intended in the original. The China Xi wants the rest of the world to see is captured through in the powerful yet easy-to-remember parallelism of ke’xin, ke’ai, and kejin (“trustworthy, likeable, respectable”). These three terms evoke intrinsic qualities that aim to inspire human feelings, and deeply relate to important human values. By using the literal translation of “loveable,” the BBC misrepresented and oversimplified Xi’s message, contributing to an ever-widening gulf between China and the West. When readers are unable to access information in its original language, translation becomes the sole means by which they form opinions of others. Translation can break or bridge relations between people. It consequently has an important stake in international relations.
On the other hand, one expression in Xi’s speech, now known in English as the “community of common destiny (for humankind)” (renlei mingyun gongtongti), is surprisingly easy to translate. Considered one of the defining concepts of Xi’s vision for global governance, the idea actually builds on the English word “community.” It requires no translation and is readily grasped by an English-speaking audience, but resonates little with the Chinese domestic audience.
However, the word gongtongti is not an indigenous Chinese concept. It is seldom used in everyday Chinese, unlike community in English. The Chinese language database mentioned earlier shows that gongtongti, which literally means “common entity,” was first used in the 1950s, mostly appearing as a translation of the English word “community” in academic writing. Between 1972 and 1992, the term appeared mostly in Chinese translations of the European Economic Community, before the latter became the European Union. But it was not until 2012, when Xi became the president of China, that the Chinese term for, “the community of common destiny for humankind” was first recorded in the database, with six occurrences that year. By 2017, the term had been voted one of the buzzwords of the year.
But the concept of “community” is still largely absent in contemporary Chinese, owing to the way Chinese society is structured. Community in English suggests that individuals come together as a group with shared interests and goals and lend mutual support to each other. It is a societal model based on a society of strangers. By contrast, Chinese society is grounded in relationships between individuals with pre-defined roles and mutual obligations.
Languages are closely intertwined with their cultures. Moving ideas across language barriers is difficult, and is made even harder when large cultural distances are involved. When it comes to external publicity and promotion – waixuan, often translated into English as “propaganda,” – the Chinese government chooses its words carefully and deliberately. While most Chinese leaders are not proficient in English, they understand the critical role language plays in diplomacy and are supported by a system that promotes this. There are think tanks that carefully consider how words are translated into foreign languages, and the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has a Department of Translation and Interpretation. Chinese diplomats are first and foremost language specialists who can navigate the twists and turns of translation. Sadly, this does not appear to be the case in the English-speaking world. The day of sinologist-cum-diplomat is fading. At a time when its role is ascending internationally, understanding China and its people is needed more than ever.
Dr Zhengdao Ye is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, The Australian National University.
This article is published under a Creative Commons License and may be republished with attribution. | https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/lost-translation-more-loveable-china/ |
Gdańsk’s architectural history of the twentieth century has so far been insufficiently researched. The few documents that survived the Second World War are unsorted and, for political as well as historical reasons, have been poorly examined. Yet noted German and Polish architects such as Fritz Höger, Paul Möbes, and Lech Kadłubowski have certainly left their marks on Gdańsk and the nearby seaside resort of Sopot. The curators locate one reason for neglecting the heritage of modern architecture in the official image of Gdańsk as an old Hanseatic city, an image that is embodied in the rebuilt historical city centre. “Unwanted Heritage” will explore the history of modernist architecture in Gdańsk from its very beginnings, document it in words, pictures and film, and analyse the present condition of the buildings. Many residents of Gdańsk find it difficult to conceive of modern architecture as being part of the local tradition. Their subjective attitudes towards this chapter of Gdańsk’s building history will be captured on audio and video recordings. A symposium will complement the exhibition.
Since such a reflection on modernism is not a local, but an international phenomenon, Büro Kopernikus encouraged cooperation between “Unwanted Heritage” and the project “Heimal_Moderne” in Leipzig.
“Heimat_Moderne” is a cross-disciplinary cultural project that also addresses questions of urban development. Why do people feel at home in the city they live in? Why do they relate to one architectural period more than to another? Leipzig’s “classical” modernism of the interwar years is generally acknowledged to be of significant architectural merit. However, the examples of socialist post-war modernism are only gradually being reappraised.
The exhibition portrays Leipzig’s modern urban development from the beginning of the 19th century. This development is marked by diverse impulses and several discontinuities, and – with the destructions of the Second World War – by a striking break. Reconstruction and the reality of life in the GDR reflect the cultural identities of Leipzig as well as the state-socialist version of a social idea of modernity.
At Augustusplatz, which was called Karl-Marx-Platz between August 1945 and October 1990, these processes are concentrated as in a burning glass. Hence the constructional development of the square is examined in the context of the transformation of Leipzig’s downtown area from a capitalist city to a socialist city centre. The square with its cultural institutions is also where the city’s society keeps acting out disputes between tradition and innovation: “Heimat und Moderne”. Discussions with contemporary witnesses, musicians, visual artists, and scholars complement an up-to-date visual exploration of Augustusplatz.
The show also presents a small selection of the exhibition “Unwanted Heritage”, which is simultaneously on view at Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art in Gdańsk. The “unloved heritage” of modernity is almost completely suppressed from the official face and image of Gdańsk – which gives rise to questions similar to those in Leipzig. By incorporating elements from the exhibition in Gdańsk, the Leipzig exhibition thus asks in an international context: Can these modern buildings contribute to a complex, diverse, and pluralistic face of a city?
The exhibition in Gdańsk will also show a small section of the Leipzig project.
The project is co-financed by the Adam Mickiewicz Institute from funds provided by the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage in connection with the German-Polish Year 2005/2006. | http://buero-kopernikus.org/en/project/2/15.html |
IS ANIMAL CRUELTY RECOGNIZED AS A SIGN OF MENTAL DISORDER?
Yes. In the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the American Psychiatric Association lists animal cruelty as one of the behaviors signaling conduct disorder. Clinical evidence indicates that animal cruelty is one of the symptoms usually seen at the earliest stages of conduct disorder, often by the age of eight.
WHAT DOES ANIMAL CRUELTY INDICATE ABOUT FAMILY DYNAMICS?
Researchers have discovered that a child’s violence against animals often represents displaced hostility and aggression stemming from the family’s neglect or abuse of the child. Animal cruelty committed by any member of a family, whether parent or child, often means child abuse occurs in that family. A 1983 survey of 57 pet-owning families under treatment for child abuse by New Jersey’s Division of Youth and Family Services revealed that, in 88 percent of the families, at least one person had abused animals. In two-thirds of those cases, the abusive parent had injured or killed a pet; in the remaining cases, children were the animal abusers.
CAN THE FAMILY PET BE OF COMFORT TO AN ABUSED CHILD OR ADULT VICTIM?
Yes. However, in some cases the bond between victim and pet makes the pet a target. A child’s silence may be bought with the threat to harm or destroy a pet or a spouse may refuse to leave an abusive situation for fear of risking a pet’s safety.
HOW SHOULD I REPORT SUSPECTED ANIMAL CRUELTY?
If you know or suspect that an animal is being neglected or abused, report your information immediately to the local animal welfare agency or police department. Social service field workers are often the first to see cases of animal cruelty or gross neglect; family shelter workers may hear reports of animal cruelty from the people they take in. Report possible animal cruelty if you see or learn of an animal who lacks adequate food, water, or proper shelter; appears particularly thin, dirty, or matted; is living in filth; is chained and cannot reach food, water, or shelter; has mange or hair loss; is scarred from apparent bite wounds; is frightened or shy or cowers when someone raises a hand; is reported to be abused by a family member; appears sick or injured; or appears to be in any danger. If you are in a home assessing a complaint of human violence and animals are present, notify the local animal welfare agency.
DO REPORTS NEED TO BE FILED IN WRITING?
Most animal welfare agencies will take complaints by phone.
IS ANIMAL CRUELTY A CRIME?
In all 50 states, cruelty to animals is against the law. More than 40 states currently have laws making certain types of animal cruelty a felony offense. Some felony laws require psychiatric counseling for convicted abusers.
WHAT QUESTIONS COULD MY AGENCY ADD TO RISK ASSESSMENT MATERIALS TO HELP ASSESS ANIMAL CRUELTY?
Are there any animals in the home?
Has anyone in the household ever hit, kicked, punched, beaten, or thrown an animal or threatened to do so?
If the animal is left behind, is there someone who will provide food, water, and basic care?
Intake personnel do not need to identify specific acts of animal cruelty but should be able to determine if any animals are in danger. Probably the most important question is the first one, as animals are not always in plain view. Animals may be kept in the basement, a cage, the garage, a rear yard, or off-premises.
ARE THERE MANDATED ANIMAL CRUELTY REPORTERS BESIDES HUMANE INVESTIGATORS?
There are no laws that require social service workers to report animal cruelty, but professional boards and organizations are moving in that direction. Laws in four states require veterinarians to report animal cruelty. The American Veterinary Medical Association, in its Model Practice Act, states that it “considers it the responsibility of the veterinarian to report [animal cruelty] to the appropriate authorities.” A precedent setting 1995 policy in San Diego requires the city’s Department of Social Services and the Children’s Services Bureau to report animal cruelty to the San Diego Department of Animal Control. All emergency responders, including humane investigators, should cross-report all forms of abuse.
DO HUMANE INVESTIGATORS REPORT CHILD ABUSE AND OTHER FORMS OF VIOLENCE IN A COMMUNITY?
Yes. Social service agencies confirm that humane investigators are accurate reporters of human violence.
HOW CAN SOCIAL SERVICE AND ANIMAL WELFARE AGENCIES WORK TOGETHER?
Initiating a cross-reporting and cross training agreement between agencies can increase the number of animal cruelty and human violence reports investigated. Agencies can also help each other by maintaining informal relationships. An interagency approach to case management will better serve all of those who need help. | https://spcala.com/programs-services/humane-education/recognizing-cruelty/social-service-workers/ |
Q:
Proportion questions related fourth proportions
I have a couple of basic Proportion questions that I am unable to solve.
18 men build a wall that is 140m long in 42 days. How long would it take 30 men to build a wall that is 100m long?
In a factory, the ratio of male workers to female workers is 5:3. If there are 40 less female workers than male workers, what is the total number of workers in the factory?
A:
1. Solution to Problem 1
Let's say each person does $x$ amount of work each day. Work done by $18$ men in $42$ days will be equal to constructing $140$ m wall. $$18\times42\times x=140$$
$$\Rightarrow x=\frac{140}{18\times42}$$
and if time taken by $30$ men to build $100$m wall is $y$ then
$$30\times y \times x=100$$
$$\Rightarrow y=\frac{100\times42\times18}{30\times140}=18\text{ days}$$
2. Solution to Problem 2
Let there be $x$ males and $y$ females
Then we have
$$5y=3x$$
$$x-y=40$$
Solving these two equations we get
$$x=100 , y=60$$
| |
Impact Show the potential economic impact of the proposed venture e.g. job creation, salaries of employees, sourcing local suppliers, etc. Limits and constraints. 16. Conclusions and Recommendations A suggestion as to the feasibility of the project. 17. Appendices Include any supporting documentation including references here.
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BS in Hotel and Restaurant Management The Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management (BSHRM) program is geared towards equipping students with the necessary knowledge, skills and attitude to provide quality service in the hospitality industry. The program contains subjects that will address the needs of different sectors in the hospitality industry, such as culinary, front office, tourism, resort and hotel operations. Its primary concentration is on the development of practical and
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Zhouzhuang Wyndham Hotel Sustainability Project ACT650 Professor Jia Wu Group # 9 Yidi Zhang Hui Zhang Sanaz Zarghami Khosravi INTRODUCTION Zhouzhuang Wyndham Grand Plaza is a Chinese five-star luxury hotel, located in Zhouzhuang, a famous tourist resort. Its total area is 34,022 m2. According to a Chinese star hotel report, the average annual electricity consumption of a Chinese star hotel ranges from 100kwh/m2 to 200kwh/m2, ten times as the consumption of a common household. Compared
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MAJoR ITSDI ASSIGNMENT MARRIOTT HOTEL | Group 11 Section –‘X’ | MAJoR ITSDI ASSIGNMENT MARRIOTT HOTEL | Group 11 Section –‘X’ | XAVIER INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT,BHUBANESWAR XAVIER INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT,BHUBANESWAR MAJOR ITSDI ASSIGNMENT MARRIOTT HOTEL Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Industry Analysis 7 OLC (Organization
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trainees and proper on job training experience should be given in focus and on the negative effect the school might find more allocation to find highly qualified preceptors to teach this trainees and also the budget of the school affiliation in different hotels in the metro. A professional person is open to the views of others and the possibility that there might be a better way. They make decisions based on the best interest of the organisation. They are fair and even handed to all people even those they
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Hitman: Absolution benchmark feature ------------------------------------ Hitman: Absolution contains a performance benchmark feature that you can use to test the game's performance on your system. It will either use the current display and graphics settings or read specific values from an INI file depending on the way you initiate the test. The file benchmarkresults.txt is written to the gamefolder when the test is completed. It contains the benchmark results and the used display and graphics
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potential market demand and developed a statement of the estimated annual operating results for a proposed 519-room Westin hotel (the “Subject”) to be located at the south terminal of the Denver International Airport (“DIA”) in Denver, Colorado. Throughout this analysis, we formally refer to the Subject as The Westin Denver International Airport. The development of the Subject hotel is expected to be financed through the issuance of tax-exempt bonds coupled with some form of public subsidies/guarantees/loans
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The Improvements of Hilton Hotels Stephen Hammond MGT 1304-01 Fall 2013 11/11/13 Winston Salem State University Abstract In this paper it reveals the history of the Hilton Hotels over the years and how it has expanded into this international corporation that is well known as of today. Also, this includes the downfall that the company has faced in trying to become successful. Then some financial issues that had taken place over the years. Strengths and weakness about the company , so
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MAF 635 : MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PROJECT: 1. Benchmarking 2. BALANCED SCORECARD Prepared By: Nor Alia FathiahbintiZainuddin 2011131961 Nik Nor WahidabintiNikYusoff 2011658742 SharifahZuhriahbinti Syed Muhamad Nor 2011468102 SaidatulAxmaBintiRoslan 2011585441 RozainiBintiAbdKadir 2011482708 (AC 220 8G) TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENT | PAGES | BenchmarkingIntroductionHistoryBenefitsLimitationsTechniquesStepsApplicationsConclusion
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Seasons Hotels and Resorts Subject: 2012 Electif 136 : Marketing du luxe Lecturer: RIOUX Christophe Made by Erasmus student: Valeria Grinevich 2013 Content Introduction 2 History of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts chain 3 Marketing Strategy Analysis 4 SWOT analysis 7 Target segments 7 Marketing Mix (4Ps) 8 Bibliography 11 Introduction For my luxury brand marketing analysis I choosed the Four Season Hotels chain
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lodging industry. The company is one of the world's leading hoteliers with 3,700 operated or franchised properties in more than 70 countries. Its hotels include full-service brands and the Marriott family owns about 30% of Marriott International. The top two competitors are Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. and Hyatt Hotels Corporation. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is in the luxury and upscale categories, where the prices are high and the services extensive. They appeal to
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Benchmark Assignment Interpersonal Communication You wouldn’t think it, but as individuals, communication is the most complex activity that we can perform. When you think about it, communication is really a skill that we acquire and develop over time. Some individuals over time become proficient in communication, while others may not fare so well we have to remember that interpersonal communication is a part of knowing our self,
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ESSAY Role of poverty benchmark as a component of equity and redistribution policy TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. Absolute Poverty 3 3. Relative Poverty 4 4. Re-distribution of Income – Role of Poverty Benchmark in it 5 5.1 Education Policies 5 5.2 Taxation and Transfers 6 5.3 Minimum Wages 7 5. Drawbacks in using Poverty Benchmark for Redistribution Policies 7 6. Should Governments Focus
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statement helps define the company’s values and goals. The goal of Marriott is to become the number one lodging company in the world. This goal can be an ongoing challenge with the lodging industry being one of the most competitive industries. Hyatt Hotel Corporation is one of many Marriott competitors. Just like Marriott; the Hyatt Corporation has a mission statement and core value statement. There are several similarities and differences between the two organizations values’ and mission statements
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Term Paper [Synopsis of the “Hotel Booking System”] Submitted to: Navneet Kaur Submitted by: Name: Ehsanullah Roll no.: A09 Registration no.:-11308361 Program:-M.Sc. (Computer Sci.) Introduction: hotel booking system is system which developed for facilities of the customer to easily check the rooms, facilities of the room and then reserve the room. We have three modules: 1) Luxury Rooms 2) Mid-Luxury Rooms 3) Ordinary Rooms * Luxury Room: I) Checking
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experience sharing. Process of Benchmarking 1. Plan Planning the Benchmarking Project. The objective is to determine what to benchmark and against whom to benchmark. The first stage in benchmarking is to plan the exercise. This plan should fit within the company’s business plan. Steps to follow: • Identify the strategic intent of the business unit or process being benchmarked • Select the processes to benchmark. • Identify the processes’ customers’ profiles and set of expectations. • Identify
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Hotel Management Founders of the Hotel Industry E.M. Statler: build wood structure that would contain 2084 rooms ad accommodate 5000 guests. It was a temporary structure, and it appeared substantial with a thin layer of plaster. Sold his hotels to Hilton in 1901. (1887-1979) Conrad Hilton: in 1946 he formed the Hilton Hotels Corporation and in 1948 the Hilton International Company (more than 125 hotels). With the purchase of the Statler chain in 1954, Hilton created
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space in a SPA. Moreover we will feature a bar in this new facility. The benefit of a new space located on the rooftop of our hotel. It is indeed a great opportunity. This could bring a unique selling proposition to the Crowne Plaza Findel airport and it would also
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two competing hotels, Sunrise Hotel and Beachside Hotel that are both located in a medium sized, tourism based town in the Northeast U.S. The hotels are both competing for the same set of guests, as well as the same set of potential employees. They are both budget hotels, right next door to each other, with 60 guest rooms each and a view of the beach. The occupancy during peak season for the Sunrise Hotel is 98%, but during the winter months goes down to 65%. The Beachside Hotel has peak season
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architect, and other consultants—worked in concert to maximize efficiencies throughout the hotel. This multidisciplinary, collaborative approach, known as integrated design, addresses the building as a whole rather than treating each element separately. For example, at the Proximity Hotel, the practice of integrated design reduced air-conditioning needs by 35 percent, which in turn has cut total energy demand at the project by 11 percent. Approximately 100 solar panels cover the 4,000 square feet (372 sq
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Accor has embarked on a project that involves reinvent its business model by leveraging the complementarity between its two historical fields of expertise: operating and franchising hotels, and owning and investing in hotels. The Group is now organized around two strategic divisions – HotelServices and HotelInvest – and they both have clearly defined and differentiated agendas. in 2010, Accor become a pure-player in the hotel business. Having demerged from its service business, Accor intends to
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Less James v. Vacation Inn You own a hotel in a fairly quiet neighborhood west of the City of Boston. Except for an occasional disturbance, petty theft in the hotel room, disorderly conduct in the bar or restaurant, there have been very few instances of criminal behavior. The hotel has an underground parking garage, which is open 24 hours. Although it is part of the hotel property, it is managed by a 24 hour security company. The Hotel requires that it be staffed round the clock and that
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Less James v. Vacation Inn You own a hotel in a fairly quiet neighborhood west of the City of Boston. Except for an occasional disturbance, petty theft in the hotel room, disorderly conduct in the bar or restaurant, there have been very few instances of criminal behavior. The hotel has an underground parking garage, which is open 24 hours. Although it is part of the hotel property, it is managed by a 24 hour security company. The Hotel requires that it be staffed round the clock and that
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CRM IN HOTEL INDUSTRY WELCOMGROUP MAURYA SHERATON Customer Service is now more fashionably called Customer Relation Management. ITC Maurya Sheraton has been following an unstructured form of CRM with a narrow focus of serving the customer well and in a most efficient manner. The concept of Customer Relationship Management has a broader focus of not only serving the customer but also creating the customer and retaining him for measurable and substantial returns. | http://pinkdoor.info/subcategory/benchmark-hotel-project/1 |
Copyright: © 2016 The PLOS Medicine Editors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors are each paid a salary by the Public Library of Science, and they wrote this editorial during their salaried time.
Competing interests: The author's individual competing interests are at http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/s/competing-interests-of-the-plos-medicine-editors. PLOS is funded partly through manuscript publication charges, but the PLOS Medicine Editors are paid a fixed salary (their salaries are not linked to the number of papers published in the journal).
Abbreviations: GSK, GlaxoSmithKline; ICMJE, The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; IPD, individual participant data
Provenance: Written by editorial staff; not externally peer reviewed.
The PLOS Medicine Editors are Clare Garvey, Thomas McBride, Linda Nevin, Sudharshan Parthasarathy, Larry Peiperl, Amy Ross, and Paul Simpson.
The year 2016 could be the year when medical research converges on data sharing as a universal standard, if recent events, reflected in several PLOS Medicine articles this month, are a good indication. Attaining that standard, however, may take a little longer.
Even in morally straightforward cases, data sharing can encounter roadblocks, as discussed in a recent Policy Forum by Vasee Moorthy and colleagues at the World Health Organization . WHO convened a consultation in September, inviting scientists, medical journal editors, representatives of industry, funding organizations, and government “[i]n recognition of the need to streamline mechanisms of data dissemination—globally and in as close to real-time as possible” in the context of public health emergencies. Specifically, the consultation sought to prevent the kind of delays in data sharing that may have impeded resolution of the 2014–2015 Ebola crisis. Editors attending the consultation—representing BMJ, Nature journals, New England Journal of Medicine, and the PLOS journals—were called on to address a concern that data sharing in an emergency could lead to subsequent rejection of research by journals, on the grounds of prior publication.
The editors responded with a consensus statement agreeing that journal policies should not hinder data sharing to mitigate global public health emergencies: “In such scenarios, journals should not penalize, and, indeed, should encourage or mandate public sharing of relevant data" . A subsequent Comment in The Lancet expressed support for data sharing in public health emergencies by authors from major research funding organizations . The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), meeting in November 2015, lent further support to the principles of the WHO consultation by amending ICMJE "Recommendations" to endorse data sharing for public health emergencies of any geographic scope: “In the event of a public health emergency (as defined by public health officials), information with immediate implications for public health should be disseminated without concern that this will preclude subsequent consideration for publication in a journal.”
Public health emergencies present an ethical imperative to share data from studies of all kinds. Clinical trials, which involve an obligation to make the most of information obtained from volunteers who assume the risk of participation—particularly when this information which may affect the health of much wider groups—provide another example of ongoing progress in data sharing. After considering issues of particular relevance to clinical trials, including topics presented in the Institute of Medicine report of January 2015 , editors of the 14 ICMJE member journals, including PLOS Medicine, jointly published a proposed plan last week that, if adopted following public comment, will require data sharing for all clinical trials that will be published in the many journals that endorse ICMJE recommendations . The plan would provide a major impetus for sharing data, reminiscent of the 2004 ICMJE requirement for registration of clinical trials . Implementation would mean that researchers wishing to publish clinical trials in any of the large number of participating journals, including some of the most influential venues for clinical trial reports, would need to work with their institutional ethics committees to ensure that, going forward, informed consent language permits sharing of deidentified individual participant data (IPD).
Since March 2014, all PLOS journals have required data to be shared at the time of publication for all types of research, including clinical trials, and will continue to require data sharing at the time of publication (which is consistent with the ICMJE proposal to require sharing no later than 6 months after journal publication). The PLOS data policy aims to advance sharing without delay while respecting prior agreements between researchers and study participants. The policy therefore allows limited exceptions, as journals cannot reasonably impose data sharing when trial participants have not agreed that their individual (deidentified) data may be shared. Changes in the language of future informed consent agreements to include data sharing, as indicated in the ICMJE proposal, would greatly reduce this barrier.
Beyond the efforts of journal editors, medical research funders and industry sponsors have instituted advances in data sharing. For example, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation launched an open access policy in January 2015 including a requirement that data underlying their grantees’ published research be made accessible and open . During a 2-year transition period, this policy has permitted a 12-month embargo, but as of January 2017 immediate sharing will take effect. The pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has implemented a progressive data sharing policy for its clinical trials and has been joined by several other companies that now provide access to study data . In a recent PLOS Medicine Perspective, Patrick Vallance and colleagues at GSK affirm that “for clinical trial data in particular the case for sharing patient level data is compelling whether it be to use the data from a number of studies to ask new questions and avoid waste, aggregate data to improve the evidence base for medicine, improve clinical trial design, or reduce unnecessary exposure of patients to risks in potentially futile clinical trials” .
Despite progress on several fronts, substantial challenges to data sharing remain. These include ensuring the quality of urgently disseminated data and efficiently sharing data across disparate platforms ; implications of data sharing for products undergoing regulatory review processes ; burdens and costs associated with preparing IPD and associated documentation for sharing, and potential for invalid analyses ; and maintaining confidentiality of study participants. Nor is it always a simple matter to define what data should be shared, as Deborah Zarin and Tony Tse illustrate in a new PLOS Medicine Essay based on their experience at the registry and results database ClinicalTrials.gov . While IPD is typically seen as the most definitive information to be shared in clinical research, Zarin and Tse show how the term "IPD" in reality includes data at various stages of refinement, transformation, and aggregation, ranging from raw, uncoded data to extensively analyzed and summarized outcomes; which form is most useful to share depends on the question to be answered. Moreover, mandating sharing of only the IPD underlying a specific journal article is insufficient to prevent bias resulting from selectively unpublished trials; addressing this issue requires prior registration of all clinical trials. IPD sharing is thus most effective within the context of a “trial reporting system,” designed to increase the transparency of clinical trials systematically, which encompasses prospective trial registration and summary results reporting in public registries as well as IPD sharing .
Not the least among challenges will be ensuring due credit for analyses of shared data, so that groups with greater speed or resources for conducting analyses do not gain unduly in reputation at the expense of researchers who share data that they have dedicated their own resources to obtain. While this theme recurs throughout these recent articles, none proposes a specific answer, perhaps because any viable solution necessarily requires action by the clinical research community as a whole. The ICMJE proposal puts this issue directly to the community:
“…those who generate and then share clinical trial data sets deserve substantial credit for their efforts. Those using data collected by others should seek collaboration with those who collected the data. However, because collaboration will not always be possible, practical, or desired, an alternative means of providing appropriate credit needs to be developed and recognized in the academic community. We welcome ideas about how to provide such credit” .
Engagement with this issue will be crucial, because as long as authorship of individual published reports is perceived to confer greater reward than generating and sharing the data that underlie them, a disincentive to share data will persist.
Large and complex organizations and the structures that support them have started changing in order to reduce barriers to data sharing in medical research. The pieces are falling into place with such rapidity that opposing the sharing of data may soon find as little overt support within the research community as opposing the theory of gravity. However, just as a fundamental force can be attenuated by frictional drag, data sharing will not advance freely until participants across the research enterprise apply their insight and imagination to address the remaining reasons for resistance.
Author Contributions
Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: LP. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: LP PS CG LN TM SP. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: LP PS CG LN TM SP.
References
- 1. Modjarrad K, Moorthy VS, Millett P, Gsell P-S, Roth C, Kieny M-P. Developing Global Norms for Sharing Data and Results during Public Health Emergencies. PLoS Med 2016; 13(1): e1001935. pmid:26731342
- 2.
World Health Organization. Developing global norms for sharing data and results during public health emergencies. http://www.who.int/medicines/ebola-treatment/blueprint_phe_data-share-results/en/ Accessed December 9, 2015.
- 3. Whitty CJM, Mundel T, Farrar J, Heymann DL, Davies SC, Walport MJ. Providing incentives to share data early in health emergencies: the role of journal editors. Lancet 2015; 386(10006): 1797–1798.
- 4.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Recommendations for the for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals. http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/overlapping-publications.html Accessed January 5, 2016
- 5.
Institute of Medicine (IOM). 2015. Sharing clinical trial data:Maximizing benefits, minimizing risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18998/sharing-clinical-trial-data-maximizing-benefits-minimizing-risk Accessed December 10, 2015.
- 6. Taichman DB, Backus J, Baethge C, Bauchner H, de Leeuw PW, Drazen JM, et al. Sharing Clinical Trial Data: A Proposal from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. PLoS Med. 2016; 13(1): e1001950.
- 7. De Angelis C, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, Haug C, Hoey J, Horton R, et al. Clinical Trial Registration: A Statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. 2004 http://www.icmje.org/news-and-editorials/clin_trial_sep2004.pdf Accessed December 9, 2015.
- 8.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Open Access Policy. http://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/General-Information/Open-Access-Policy Accessed December 10, 2015.
- 9. Strom BL, Buyse M, Hughes J, Knoppers BM. Data Sharing, Year 1—Access to Data from Industry-Sponsored Clinical Trials. NEJM 2014; 371: 2052–2054. pmid:25317745
- 10. Vallance P, Freeman A, Stewart M. Data Sharing as Part of the Normal Scientific Process: A View from the Pharmaceutical Industry. PLoS Med 2016; 13(1): e1001936. pmid:26731493
- 11. Zarin DA, Tse T. Sharing Individual Participant Data (IPD) within the Context of the Trial Reporting System (TRS). PLoS Med 2016; 13(1): e1001946. | https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001949 |
New director of community development announced
ALBEMARLE COUNTY, Va. (CBS19 NEWS) -- Albemarle County has a new director of community development.
The Albemarle County Board of Supervisors has selected Jodie Filardo to fill the role.
According to a release, the Community Development Department is in charge of natural resources and the built environment. It facilitates land use planning by developing, administering and enforcing ordinances and policies to help the county achieve its Comprehensive Plan and corresponding developmental goals.
In her new role, Filardo will lead the departments five divisions of Planning, Zoning, Building, Engineering and GIS.
She has 18 years of public sector experience in revenue management, economic development, sustainability, and community development as well as 20 years of private sector work in system and process engineering and project management.
Most recently, she has been in Arizona, where she founded the Verde Valley Leadership Program, the Regional Economic Organization, the Broadband Coalition, the Yavapai College Foundation, and the Sustainable Economic Development Council.
"This opportunity is a dream come true for me and my family," said Filardo. "Initially, the natural beauty of Albemarle County with its rich history and culture drew me to the position. Though my interactions with the leadership team and the community, I'm impressed with the professionalism, high energy, and innovations in process. It's thrilling to be joining at such an exciting time, and I'm looking forward to serving the people of Albemarle County."
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Click here for COVID-19 visiting rules. Click here for the CHS’s digital programs.
Grades 5-8
Group Limit: one classroom
Length: Live, interactive 1-hour program
Cost: $100 per program, discounts available for Priority and Title I School Districts
To Schedule: email [email protected]
or call (860) 236-5621 ext. 232
Explore the life of a Patriot soldier! In this program, students use a variety of sources, including visual art and memoirs from the American Revolution, to discover how the experiences of most soldiers differed from the ideal. Students examine reproduction artifacts and participate in replica military drills to learn about the clothing, equipment, and discipline of a Revolutionary War soldier.
Students will be able to:
1. Compare information provided by different historical sources about the lives of Patriot soldiers during the American Revolution. (CT HIST 5.6; CCSS R1, RS2, RS4)
2. Evaluate historical sources about the American Revolution, considering the maker, date, place of origin, intended audience, and purpose to judge the extent to which they are reliable. (CT HIST 5.8; CCSS R7, S&L2, RS1, RS6)
This project has been made possible in part by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom.
Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this project do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Additional funding was provided through the generous support of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut.
Tuesday-Friday 12pm-5pm, Thursday nights until 8pm
Saturday 9am-5pm
Sunday 12pm-5pm
Tuesday-Saturday 12pm-5pm, Thursday nights until 8pm
Always by appointment only. | https://chs.org/educators/distancelearning/patriotsoldier/ |
Ask better questions and you’ll get better answers. You’ve likely heard this before. The great Tony Robbins has a quote about this all over the internet. But, how do you actually ask better questions?
In a nutshell, here’s how:
- Check your judgment, ego, opinions and suggests at the door. This is probably the hardest part!
- Put the spotlight totally and completely on the other person, and get curious.
- Actively listen by picking up on changes of tone, posture, and marker(value)words.
- Keep your questions open ended and clear (which often means short and to the point).
- And lastly….Pause. Take a few seconds after a response to give yourself time to really digest what someone has said. Pay attention to the natural questions that come up inside you, and then ask the question that feels right. A three second pause can feel like forever, but it’s not. Make room for the pause and use it.
Try this out in your next conversation and see how the quality of the questions, answers and conversation improves. . | http://whiteboxleadership.com/ask-better-questions-get-better-answers/ |
Nitrogen is an element that is integral in the basis for all life, as part of the DNA molecule. It ranks as the sixth most abundant element in all matter of the universe, and ranks as the first most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere, representing 75% by weight and 78% by volume.
Nitrogen forms many thousands of organic compounds. Most are derived from ammonia, Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, and nitrous or nitric acid. Amines, amino acids, and amides are closely related to ammonia.
Nitrogen is taken up by plants primarily as nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+) ions. Plants can utilize both of these forms of Nitrogen in their growth process.
Most of the Nitrogen taken up by plants is in the nitrate form. There are two basic reasons for this. First, nitrate Nitrogen is mobile in the soil and moves with the soil water to plant roots where uptake can occur. Ammoniacal Nitrogen, on the other hand, is bound to the surfaces of soil particles and cannot move to the roots. Secondly, all forms of Nitrogen added to soils are changed to nitrate by soil organisms under proper conditions of temperature, aeration, moisture, etc.
Nitrogen is used by plants to synthesize amino acids, which in turn form proteins. The protoplasm of all living cells contains protein. Nitrogen is also required by plants in utilizing other vital compounds such as chlorophyll, nucleic acids and enzymes.
When too much Nitrogen is added to the soil, it induces a carbohydrate deficiency and reduces bacterial populations. Carbohydrates are the sugar, (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen), energy source for bacterial populations to thrive. Excessive Nitrogen added to a crop increases the activity of the existing Potassium, and requires an increase in Potassium requirements.
Bacteria are most abundant at a soil Carbon to Nitrogen ratio of 30 to 1. Added nitrogen induces a sugar deficiency that reduces bacterial competition to fungi root diseases and nematodes. | http://omacyag.com/nitrogen-n |
New research suggests genes linked with a greater risk of developing autism may also be associated with higher intelligence.
In the study, researchers at the University of Edinburgh found evidence linking genetic factors associated with autism to better cognitive ability in people who do not have the condition.
Nevertheless, the relationship between autism and intelligence is not clear.
Although up to 70 percent of individuals with autism have an intellectual disability, some people with the disorder have relatively well-preserved, or even higher than average, non-verbal intelligence.
Autism is classified as a developmental disability that can cause significant language and speech difficulties. Non-verbal intelligence enables people to solve complex problems using visual and hands-on reasoning skills requiring little or no use of language.
Researchers at the Universities of Edinburgh and Queensland analyzed almost 10,000 people recruited from the general population of Scotland. Individuals were tested for general cognitive ability and received DNA analysis.
The team found that even among people who never develop autism, carrying genetic traits associated with the disorder is, on average, linked to scoring slightly better on cognitive tests.
Researchers found further evidence of a link between autism-associated genes and intelligence when they carried out the same tests on 921 adolescents who were part of the Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study.
The study is published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.
“Our findings show that genetic variation which increases risk for autism is associated with better cognitive ability in non-autistic individuals. As we begin to understand how genetic variants associated with autism impact brain function, we may begin to further understand the nature of autistic intelligence,” said Dr. Toni-Kim Clarke, the study leader.
Prominent geneticist Nick Martin, Ph.D., of the Queensland Institute for Medical Research, said: “Links between autism and better cognitive function have been suspected and are widely implied by the well-known ‘Silicon Valley syndrome’ and films such as ‘Rain Man’ as well as in popular literature. | https://psychcentral.com/news/2015/03/11/genetic-link-between-autism-and-higher-intelligence/82207.html |
Astronomers recently witnessed yet another ho-hum explosion of a star, or so they had thought..
Stars are fairly common near the centers of pairs of colliding galaxies, as are supermassive black holes. What happens when the two objects approach each other? The story begins when the star that is central to this week’s story appeared to fall right on top of a black hole, at which point it released large amounts of X-rays.
This signature is typical of an exploding star, which is also a relatively common phenomenon in the centers of galaxies. On tracking this supernova over a ten-year period, however, the star did not show the attributes typical of others. It did not fade away over time as its energy dissipated, but instead formed into a long radio jet similar in appearance to a jet trail of an airplane passing overhead.
According to the results of a long-term study led by Seppo Mattila of the University of Turku in Finland, and Miguel Perez-Torres of the Astrophysical Institute of Andalusia in Spain, the answer to the mysterious circumstances of this stellar death is far from pedestrian.
By analyzing the radio jet and other observations taken in infrared colors, or heat, they discovered that the black hole that neighbored the ill-fated star was not a passive observer of the supernova. Rather, the scenario that fits the data best is that a portion of the star was consumed by the supermassive black hole, while another portion was stretched like taffy by the black hole into a long spaghetti-like stream of stellar material which we now see as the radio jet.
This is a rare detection of what astronomers call a “tidal disruption event,” in which a black hole is caught disrupting a star. Such events may be relatively common especially in the centers of galaxies, and also usually hidden from our view. | https://www.vaticanobservatory.org/sacred-space-astronomy/black-hole-chomps-up-part-of-a-star/ |
The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment. A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER). They have made many eschatological forecasts, some of which have led people (including followers) to incorrect assumptions. One example is The Watchtower's assertions that the end of the "Gentile times" or "times of the nations" would occur in 1914; even prominent Watch Tower representatives such as A.
In Russian Orthodox ceremonial, the anointing took place during the coronation of the tsar towards the end of the service, just before his receipt of Holy Communion. The sovereign and his consort were escorted to the Holy Doors (Iconostasis) of the cathedral and jointly anointed by the metropolitan. Afterwards, the tsar was taken alone through the Holy Doors—an action normally reserved only for priests—and received communion at a small table set next to the Holy Table. In the New Testament, John describes "anointing from the Holy One" and "from Him abides in you". Both this spiritual anointment and literal anointment with oil are usually associated with the Holy Spirit. Eastern Orthodox churches in particular attach great importance to the oil said to have been originally blessed by the Twelve Apostles.
First have the installer perform an industry-approved sizing calculation (e.g., ACCA Manual J and S). During the installation process, make sure the ducts don't have any hard bends, kinks, or excessive lengths. Have the installer checks your air ducts for leakage and seal them if they leak more than 8 percent of the air conditioner’s airflow.
In some respects, the gifts are similar to the virtues, but a key distinction is that the virtues operate under the impetus of human reason (prompted by grace), whereas the gifts operate under the impetus of the Holy Spirit; the former can be used when one wishes, but the latter, according to Aquinas, operate only when the Holy Spirit wishes. In the case of Fortitude, the gift has, in Latin and English, the same name as the virtue which it is related to, but from which it must be distinguished.
What is EER in HVAC?
The Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of an HVAC cooling device is the ratio of output cooling energy (in BTU) to input electrical energy (in watts) at a given operating point. EER is normally calculated with a 95 °F outside temperature and an inside (return air) temperature of 80 °F and 50% relative humidity.
Window units are exempt from this law so their SEERs are still around 10. But when either replacing equipment, or specifying new installations, a variety of SEERs are available. For most applications, the minimum or near-minimum SEER units are most cost effective, but the longer the cooling seasons, the higher the electricity costs, and the longer the purchasers will own the systems, the more that incrementally higher SEER units are justified. Residential split-system AC units of SEER 20 or more are now available.
SEER*Explorer
One such denomination is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which teaches that God still communicates with mankind through prophecy. Prophetic movements in particular can be traced throughout the Christian Church's history, expressing themselves in (for example) Montanism, Novatianism, Donatism, Franciscanism, Anabaptism, Camisard enthusiasm, Puritanism, Quakerism, Quietism, Lutheranism and Pietism.
Where does SEER data come from?
The SEER rating of a unit is the cooling output during a typical cooling-season divided by the total electric energy input during the same period. In the U.S., the SEER is the ratio of cooling in British thermal unit (BTU) to the energy consumed in watt-hours.
The concept is important to the figures of the Messiah and the Christ (Hebrew and Greek for "The Anointed One") who appear prominently in Jewish and Christian theology and eschatology. Anointing—particularly the anointing of the sick—may also be known as unction; the anointing of the dying as part of last rites in the Catholic church is sometimes specified as "extreme unction".
Benefits of a High SEER Rating or Ratio
This myron is normally kept on the Holy Table or on the Table of Oblation. During chrismation, the "newly illuminate" person is anointed by using the myron to make the sign of the cross on the forehead, eyes, nostrils, lips, both ears, breast, hands, and feet. Prior to the 20th century, the myron was also used for the anointing of Orthodox monarchs. The Oil of Catechumens is used to people immediately before baptism, whether they are infants or adult catechumens. In the later form, priests, like bishops, are anointed with Chrism, the hands of a priest, the head of a bishop.
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Whereas, a Seer named Petrus, though considerably less powerful than the Countess, was able to learn about almost any event, future or past, through sheer will. Nevertheless, Petrus once expressed to John Hale how divination is not an exact art because, contrary to Puritanical belief, the future is not set in stone and can always change. Nona L. Brooks, described as a "prophet of modern mystical Christianity", was a founder of the Church of Divine Science.
- A higher SEER rating provides greater energy efficiency in certain conditions.
- Your A/C needs to run for a long period of time to remove humidity from your home’s air.
- In France, Michel Potay says he received a revelation, called The Revelation of Arès, dictated by Jesus in 1974, then by God in 1977.
- Harold B. Lee, "The President—Prophet, Seer, and Revelator", Ensign, August 1972, p. 35.
Public revelation, in Catholicism, is part of the Deposit of faith, the revelation of which was completed by Jesus; whereas private revelation does not add to the Deposit. The term "deposit of faith" refers to the entirety of Jesus Christ's revelation, and is passed to successive generations in two different forms, sacred scripture (the Bible) and sacred tradition. In addition to purchasing an energy efficient unit, correct installation is critical to getting the performance you expect.
H. Macmillan incorrectly concluded and overstated their expectations. In France, Michel Potay says he received a revelation, called The Revelation of Arès, dictated by Jesus in 1974, then by God in 1977.
Are new AC units more efficient?
Most central air conditioning units last about 20 years. Even if your air conditioner is only 10 years old, you may save 20-40 percent of your cooling energy costs by replacing it with a newer, more efficient model. When replacing your central air conditioning unit, look for a SEER of at least 15.
Notable Seers
People are anointed from head to foot, downwards. The water may derive from one of the holy rivers or be scented with saffron, turmeric, or flower infusions; the waste water produced when cleaning certain idols or when writing certain verses of scripture may also be used. Ointments may include ashes, clay, powdered sandalwood, or herbal pastes. In present usage, "anointing" is typically used for ceremonial blessings such as the coronation of European monarchs. This continues an earlier Hebrew practice most famously observed in the anointings of Aaron as high priest and both Saul and David by the prophet Samuel.
The ups and downs of a single-stage system don’t accommodate for this. Getting an air conditioning system with a higher SEER does mean you’ll be more comfortable in the summer months, especially if you live in a hot region like the Southeast or Southwest. minimum SEER requirements that differ by geographical region. The minimum in the Southwest and Southeast is 14 and it’s goes down to 13 in the North. A 13 or 14 SEER rating doesn’t necessarily mean a unit is inefficient.
Split-Ductless Heat Pumps
They are significantly more attuned to the psychic vibrations of the Universe, and may access information through various techniques that are incomprehensible to the average witch. Even a witch as powerful as Countess Von Marburg needed to rely on a ritualistic spell in order to obtain hidden information about Mary Sibley and the Essex Hive.
At the semiannual general conference of the LDS Church, the name of the President of the Church is presented to the members as "prophet, seer, and revelator and President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints". Members are invited to sustain the president in these roles, and the signalling for any in opposition is also allowed. Prophet, seer, and revelator is an ecclesiastical title used in the Latter Day Saint movement. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the largest denomination of the movement, and it currently applies the terms to the members of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In the past, it has also been applied to the Presiding Patriarch of the church and the Assistant President of the Church.
Other sects and denominations of the movement also use these terms. Although it offers many incidents from the lives of many prophets, the Quran focuses with special narrative and rhetorical emphasis on the careers of the first four of these five major prophets.
What are the 12 gifts of the Holy Spirit?
The Holy Spirit enables Christian life by dwelling in the individual believers and enables them to live a righteous and faithful life. The Holy Spirit also acts as comforter or Paraclete, one who intercedes, or supports or acts as an advocate, particularly in times of trial.
Additionally, many churches within the movement believe in a succession of modern prophets (accepted by Latter Day Saints as "prophets, seers, and revelators") since the time of Joseph Smith. Russell M. Nelson is the current Prophet and President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Some Christian sects recognize the existence of a "modern-day" prophets.
The higher SEER units typically have larger coils and multiple compressors, with some also having variable refrigerant flow and variable supply air flow. A higher SEER rating provides greater energy efficiency in certain conditions.
He describes the gift as a "filial fear," like a child's fear of offending his father, rather than a "servile fear," that is, a fear of punishment. Substantial energy savings can be obtained from more efficient systems.
Also, practically, central systems will have an achieved energy efficiency ratio 10–20% lower than the nameplate rating due to the duct-related losses. In 2011 the US Department of Energy (DOE) revised energy conservation rules to impose elevated minimum standards and regional standards for residential HVAC systems. The regional approach recognizes the differences in cost-optimization resulting from regional climate differences. For example, there is little cost benefit in having a very high SEER air conditioning unit in Maine, a state in the northeast US. Beginning in January 2006 a minimum SEER 13 was required. The United States requires that residential systems manufactured after 2005 have a minimum SEER rating of 13. ENERGY STAR qualified Central Air Conditioners must have a SEER of at least 14.5.
Who is a seer person?
SEER is a valid scrabble word. | https://cryptolisting.org/coin/seer/ |
Featured Artist of the Week- Shōji Hamada
Shōji Hamada was a Japanese potter born in Mizonokuchi, Kanagawa Prefecture in 1894. He had a significant influence on studio pottery in the 20th century and was a major part of the mingei movement. Hamada attended the Tokyo Institute of Technology where he studied ceramics and eventually set up his workshop in Mashiko, which he established as a world renowned pottery center. Hamada is internationally recognized as the classic “Oriental potter” and has his work in museums all over the world. His work is known for it’s simple use of materials and basic designs and was influenced by a variety of folk ceramics, such as English medieval pottery, Korean pottery, and Okinawan stonewares. Mingei (or “folk arts”) was a Japanese folk art movement in the late 1920s and 1930s founded by Yanagi Sōetsu. Sōetsu believed that because of the industrialization taking place, the human touch and spirit was lost in the process of making everyday items. The idea behind mingei work was that it was hand crafted art of ordinary people. Those that participated in the movement believed that utilitarian objects made by common people were “beyond beauty and ugliness.” Criteria of mingei arts included that it was made by anonymous people, produced by hand, inexpensive, used by the masses, functional in daily life and representative of the regions in which they were produced. Because of his huge influence not only in Japan, but also the United States and the United Kingdom, the Japanese government declared Hamada a “Living National Treasure” in 1955. Even after his 1978 death, his work continues to be sought after by art collectors. | http://unclelumpy.umwblogs.org/2008/11/21/featured-artist-of-the-week-shoji-hamada/ |
The EGF-CFC gene family encodes a group of structurally related proteins that serve as important competence factors during early embryogenesis in Xenopus, zebrafish, mice and humans. This multigene family consists of Xenopus FRL-1, zebrafish one-eyed-pinhead (oep), mouse cripto (Cr-l) and cryptic, and human cripto (CR-1) and criptin. FRL-1, oep and mouse cripto are essential for the formation of mesoderm and endoderm and for correct establishment of the anterior/posterior axis. In addition, oep and cryptic are important for the establishment of left-right (UR) asymmetry, In zebrafish, there is strong genetic evidence that oep functions as an obligatory cc-factor for the correct signaling of a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta)-related gene, nodal, during gastrulation and during UR asymmetry development. Expression of Cr-l and cryptic is extinguished in the embryo after day 8 of gestation except for the developing heart where Cr-l expression is necessary for myocardial development. In the mouse, cryptic is not expressed in adult tissues whereas Cr-l is expressed at a low level in several different tissues including the mammary gland, In the mammary gland, expression of Cr-l in the ductal epithelial cells increases during pregnancy and lactation and immunoreactive and biologically active Cr-l protein can be detected in human milk. Overexpression of Cr-l in mouse mammary epithelial cells can facilitate their in vitro transformation and in vivo these Cr-l-transduced cells produce ductal hyperplasias in the mammary gland. Recombinant mouse or human cripto can enhance cell motility and branching morphogenesis in mammary epithelial cells and in some human tumor cells. These effects are accompanied by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition which is associated with a decrease in beta -catenin function and an increase in vimentin expression. Expression of cripto is increased several-fold in human colon, gastric, pancreatic and lung carcinomas and in a variety of different types of mouse and human breast carcinomas. More importantly, this increase can first be detected in premalignant lesions in some of these tissues. Although a specific receptor for the EGF-CFC proteins has not yet been identified, oep depends upon an activin-type RIIB and RIB receptor system that functions through Smad-e. Mouse and human cripto have been shown to activate a ras/raf/MAP kinase signaling pathway in mammary epithelial cells. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt are also important for the ability of CR-1 to stimulate cell migration and to block lactogenic hormone-induced expression of p-casein and whey acidic protein. In mammary epithelial cells, part of these responses may depend on the ability of CR-1 to transactivate erb B-4 and/or fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 through an src-like tyrosine kinase.
|Item Type:||Review|
|Subjects:||
Q Science
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R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer)
|Divisions:||Faculties > Sciences > School of Biosciences|
|Depositing User:||A. Xie|
|Date Deposited:||26 Jun 2009 10:21 UTC|
|Last Modified:||28 May 2019 13:54 UTC|
|Resource URI:||https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/16610 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)|
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Researchers helping to boost resilience to natural disasters in developing countries using innovative risk financing schemes showcased their work today as part of the Commonwealth summit.
The projects showcased at the Commonwealth summit side event aim to build resilience in developing countries hit by natural disasters such as flooding
Developing countries are the worst hit by extreme weather and natural disasters across the globe. Whether at risk from flooding, droughts or tropical cyclones, natural disasters can devastate lives and livelihoods, set back progress on reducing poverty and slow development.
Improved disaster risk management is essential to unlocking long-term economic development. It is not possible to know exactly when a disaster will strike, but science can give a good idea of the likelihood and impact of natural hazards, helping to plan, build resilience and importantly, move towards pre-arranged financing for response and recovery. This approach can save lives and money.
Funded jointly by NERC, the Department for International Development (DFID) and the Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), the Building Resilience to Natural Disasters using Financial Instruments programme is an £1·8 million investment led by seven UK universities to explore how research in environmental and social sciences can underpin the development of disaster risk financing schemes. Researchers will work closely with partners including insurance companies, disaster risk management authorities and charities.
NERC Director of Research & Innovation Professor Tim Wheeler said:
We know that acting early can drastically reduce the impact of natural disasters in the developing world, saving lives and livelihoods, and improve the effectiveness of disaster response. Our collaborative projects will bring the latest environmental science to support disaster preparedness and strengthen the development of disaster risk financing systems, helping countries respond and recover when they are hit by natural disasters.
The work is funded through the UK government's Global Challenges Research Fund. It will support the newly established Centre for Global Disaster Protection which works with developing countries to strengthen pre-disaster planning, embed early action and use disaster risk financing to speed response and recovery to natural disasters.
NERC staff and researchers attended the Commonwealth Summit side-event convened by DIFD, the World Bank Group and the Centre for Global Disaster Protection and hosted by Lloyd's of London. The event focused on how innovations in finance can support resilience in developing countries. It was attended by Rt Hon Penny Mordaunt MP, Secretary of State for International Development, and Dame Inga Beale, CEO of Lloyd's of London.
NERC Senior Programme Manager Dr Ruth Hughes was joined by Dr Ross Maidment, Earth observation core scientist at the University of Reading, Dr Liam Fernand, researcher at CEFAS and Professor Martin Todd, professor of climate change at the University of Sussex, to highlight the potential positive impacts of the projects to a range of senior officials and experts.
Further information
Mary Goodchild
NERC News & Media Officer
01793 411939
07710 147485
[email protected]
Notes
1. The projects funded are:
- Satellite data for Weather Index Insurance-Agricultural Early warning system (SatWIN-ALERT), led by Dr Emily Black at the University of Reading.
- The Drought Risk finance Science Laboratory (DRiSL), led by Professor Martin Todd at the University of Sussex
- Mitigating basis risk in weather index-based crop insurance: harnessing models and big data to enable climate-resilient agriculture in India, led by Dr Timothy Foster at the University of Manchester
- Improving the Role of Information Systems in Anticipatory Disaster Risk Reduction (IRIS), led by Professor Lenny Smith at the London School of Economics
- Integrated Threshold Development for Parametric Insurance Solutions for Guangdong Province China (INPAIS), led by Dr Gregor Leckebusch at the University of Birmingham
- Coastal Ecosystem Recovery Financing for the Future (CERFF): developing insurance products to enhance response and recovery from tropical cyclones, led by Professor Piran White at the University of York
- Financial planning for natural disasters: the case of flooding risk in Central Java, led by Professor Alistair Milne at Loughborough University.
For full details of these projects visit our live online grants browser - Grants on the Web (GOTW)
View live details of projects - external link
2. NERC is the UK's main agency for funding and managing research, training and knowledge exchange in the environmental sciences. Our work covers the full range of atmospheric, Earth, biological, terrestrial and aquatic science, from the deep oceans to the upper atmosphere and from the poles to the equator. We coordinate some of the world's most exciting research projects, tackling major issues such as climate change, environmental influences on human health, the genetic make-up of life on Earth, and much more. From 1 April 2018, NERC is part of UK Research & Innovation, a non-departmental public body funded by a grant-in-aid from the UK government.
3. The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research and innovation that addresses the global issues faced by developing countries. It harnesses the expertise of the UK's world-leading researchers, focusing on: funding challenge-led disciplinary and interdisciplinary research; strengthening capability for research, innovation and knowledge exchange; and providing an agile response to emergencies where there is an urgent research or on-the-ground need. It is a £1·5 billion fund which forms part of the UK government's Official Development Assistance (ODA) commitment and is overseen by the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS), and delivered through 17 delivery partners including UKRI, the UK Academies, the UK Space Agency and funding bodies. | https://nerc.ukri.org/press/releases/2018/13-resilience/ |
The person who sit on the study desk should face his or her auspicious direction.
The position of the desk is crucial, place your desk in ‘commanding position’ – in such a way that the door is visible to the person sitting at the desk. This will give the person a sense of security because he or she can see everyone who passes by or enters the room. Make sure also that the person’s back is not facing the door or window.
The desk in the study room should be placed towards the right of the window. But if there is no window then hang a mirror to the left of the desk. Do not place the study desk between the window and the door.
Sitting opposite the window of the neighbouring house is not recommended as it causes discomfort. Sitting right in front of the window can make you lose concentration and therefore is not recommended.
The chair should be comfortable and have a high back. Behind the chair, you can place a picture that is a symbolic of water to increase the flow of creative energy. Avoid placing the desk under the exposed beams or a protruding air conditioner.
Make sure your study room is free from clutters. Cluttered room makes positive chi difficult to come in. Studying in an untidy room can be distracting, so do make sure that your room is clean and calm.
Ideally, study room should be situated in a quiet part of your home. If study areas form part of another room such as bedroom, living room or kitchen, then you can separate them with a screen or folding doors so that the two opposing energies do not mix. It is not a good idea to have your study area (yang) in the bedroom (yin).
Remove any sharp or piercing shape of objects (including pictures, paintings and statues) that is pointing towards the person sitting at the study desk. Sharp objects create poison arrows which is harmful.
Many people place a bamboo or cactus plant in their study room because these plants symbolize good fortune and can grow in harsh conditions. Plants in the study also help to improve the air quality and add some yin balance to the yang machines (such as computer or handphone). Some of them place the plant or wind chime near the window to prevent bad influences and bad luck from coming in through the window. | http://chinesehoroscop-e.com/fung-shway/feng-shui-study-room.php |
FROM MEDICARE: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have finalized HHA care policies and rules governing HHAs that will improve the quality of home health care services for Medicare and Medicaid patients and strengthen patients’ rights. These Medicare and Medicaid Conditions of Participation are the minimum health and safety standards a HHA must meet in order to participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
HH care allows patients to receive needed health care services within the comfort and safety of their own homes. Patients receive coordinated services ranging from skilled nursing to physical therapy to medical social services, all under the direction of their physician. Currently, there are more than 5 million Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries receiving HHA care from nearly 12,600 Medicare and Medicaid-participating home health care agencies nationwide.
“Our priority is to ensure that Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries who receive health services at home get the highest level of patient-centered care from HHA,” said Kate Goodrich, MD, CMS Chief Medical Officer and Director of the Center for Clinical Standards and Quality for CMS. “Today’s announcement is the first update in many years to Medicare and Medicaid HHA rules and reflects current best practices for in-home care, based on recommendations from stakeholders and medical evidence.”
These changes are an integral part of CMS’ overall effort to improve the quality of care furnished through the Medicare and Medicaid programs, while streamlining requirements for providers. The final rule includes home health care policies:
- A comprehensive patient rights condition of participation that clearly enumerates the rights of HH agency patients and the steps that must be taken to assure those rights.
- An expanded comprehensive patient assessment requirement that focuses on all aspects of patient wellbeing.
- A requirement that assures that patients and caregivers have written information about upcoming visits, medication instructions, treatments administered, instructions for care that the patient and caregivers perform, and the name and contact information of a HH agency clinical manager.
- A requirement for an integrated communication system that ensures that patient needs are identified and addressed, care is coordinated among all disciplines, and that there is active communication between the HH agency and the patient’s physician(s).
- A requirement for a data-driven, agency-wide quality assessment and performance improvement (QAPI) program that continually evaluates and improves agency care for all patients at all times.
- A new infection prevention and control requirement that focuses on the use of standard infection control practices, and patient/caregiver education and teaching.
- A streamlined skilled professional services requirement that focuses on appropriate patient care activities and supervision across all disciplines.
- An expanded patient care coordination requirement that makes a licensed clinician responsible for all patient care services, such as coordinating referrals and assuring that plans of care meet each patient’s needs at all times.
- Revisions to simplify the organizational structure of HHA agencies while continuing to allow parent agencies and their branches.
- New personnel qualifications for HHA administrators and clinical managers.
The final rule can be viewed at the Federal Register website at: https://www.federalregister.gov/public-inspection/current
Get Paid Faster With Perfect Medicare Final ClaimsFor more information on Medicare's HHA Care Quality Indicators click here. | http://go.myhomecarebiz.com/blog/new-home-health-conditions-effective |
Electrical outages result from many things, but mainly they occur due to storms and hazardous weather during winter months. Outages can last for minutes, hours or days to weeks if they are a result of electrical grids and power line damages. However, with the current technological innovations and advancements, electricity flickers have become rare. It is advisable though to be prepared for power outages.
The need to be prepared for electrical outages is evident when the lights go off while you are in the middle of a task like cooking dinner. Your first step should be getting a source of light like a flashlight, a candle or a rechargeable lamps. The next step should be identifying the cause of the power outage. If your neighbors’ lights and the street lights are out, it means that your neighborhood is experiencing a power blackout. If on the other hand, all your neighbors have electricity, the power problem could have resulted from within your house.
The power could have been disconnected due to long term unpaid bills, blown fuses or there could be a tripped switch at the circuit box. Replace any blown fuses and reset tripped switches. If the outage did not occur due to any of the above reasons, check your home and neighborhood for construction work or digging that could have exposed electrical wires above the ground. If the power outage problem does not result from within your home contact your electric supplier.
Your next action should be unplugging all your kitchen appliances and electronics like televisions and computers. This helps to ensure home safety and prevents electronics from damages due to electrical overload when power is restored. During the power outage, keep the freezer and refrigerator doors closed to keep the foods cool until power is restored. However, use cooked items and dairy products first and discard any leftovers after a couple of days.
However, during a power outage, be extremely cautious when using alternative heating or lighting sources. For instance, never use stoves, kerosene/propane heater or charcoal grills indoors. They pose risks of emitting carbon monoxide and causing fires, yet you have a duty to ensure home safety and keep your family safe.
If you have a standby generator, ensure that it is properly connected and plug all appliances directly into it. Do not connect the generator directly to your home’s electrical system because it can send enough power up the lines to kill a power repairman trying to restore power. The generator should also be placed outside to avoid carbon monoxide emissions and poisoning.
Electrical outages are hazards that carry potentially serious disasters if not properly handled. Your electronics may get damaged due to the sudden power loss and sudden power overload once electricity is restored. Also, as noted above, some alternative sources of power emit carbon monoxide that is poisonous to humans when inhaled in high amounts. But, always remain calm during electrical outages. Power will always get restored in due time. | https://www.hawkeye-communication.com/about-hawkeye/news/what-do-during-electrical-outage/ |
Methylprednisolone belongs to a group of medications called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are hormones that are produced naturally in our body, and necessary for many important bodily functions.
Methylprednisolone is a synthetic (man-made) corticosteroid medication that has been developed to imitate the actions of naturally occurring corticosteroid hormones in the body. A particularly important action of methlyprednisolone is to relieve inflammation that causes symptoms such as swelling, itching, and redness.
Symptoms of inflammation are often seen with allergic reactions such as severe allergic skin reactions, reactions to insect bites, and anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction). Other conditions and symptoms associated with inflammation can also be treated with corticosteroids. These include painful swollen joints caused by arthritis, and relief of asthma symptoms caused by inflamed breathing passages.
Methylprednisolone may also be used by people who are not able to produce enough of their own corticosteroid naturally (e.g., Addison's disease). Additional conditions that may be treated with methylprednisolone include severe skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis), certain eye conditions, ulcerative colitis, certain blood disorders, leukemia, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
The recommended dose of methylprednisolone varies widely depending on the condition being treated, response to the medication, the form of the medication being used, the age and size of the person using the medication, and individual circumstances.
The dose of the tablet form may range from 4 mg to 48 mg of methylprednisolone daily, or even much higher depending on the specific condition being treated.
Injectable medications are given either into a muscle, into a joint, or into a vein by a qualified health professional.
Taking this medication with food will help to prevent stomach upset.
It is important to take this medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor. If you miss a dose of the medication, take it as soon as you remember and then go back to your regular schedule. However, if it almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you are not sure what to do after missing a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist for advice.
Store this medication at room temperature, protect it from freezing, and keep it out of the reach of children.
If you miss an appointment to receive methylprednisolone, contact your doctor as soon as possible to reschedule your appointment.
Each vial contains 40 mg of methylprednisolone (as methylprednisolone sodium succinate 53 mg). Nonmedicinal ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, lactose anhydrous, monobasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, sodium hydroxide, and water for injection.
Each vial contains 125 mg of methylprednisolone (as methylprednisolone sodium succinate 166 mg). Nonmedicinal ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, sodium hydroxide, and water for injection.
Each vial contains 500 mg of methylprednisolone (as methylprednisolone sodium succinate 663 mg). Nonmedicinal ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, sodium hydroxide, and water for injection.
Each vial contains 1 g of methylprednisolone (as methylprednisolone sodium succinate 1325 mg). Nonmedicinal ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, sodium hydroxide, and water for injection.
Depression: Corticosteroids have been known to cause mood swings and symptoms of depression. People with depression or a history of depression should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed. If you experience symptoms of depression such as poor concentration, changes in weight, changes in sleep, decreased interest in activities, or notice them in a family member who is taking this medication, contact your doctor as soon as possible.
Diabetes: Methylprednisolone may cause a loss of control of diabetes by increasing blood glucose (sugar). People with diabetes should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed. You may need to check your blood glucose levels more often.
Fluid and electrolyte balance: This medication may cause electrolyte imbalances (changes in the levels of certain salts in the blood). If you notice dry mouth, thirst, weakness, fatigue, muscle pain and cramps, fast heartbeat, or decreased urination, see your doctor.
Glaucoma: Methylprednisolone may cause the pressure within the eye to increase. People with glaucoma should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Heart disease: Methylprednisolone may cause an elevation of blood pressure, salt and water retention, and increased excretion of potassium. People with heart disease should be monitored by their doctor while taking this medication. People with heart disease should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Infections: Corticosteroids can reduce your body's ability to fight infections and may hide signs of infection that is developing. If you have had tuberculosis in the past, methylprednisolone may cause the infection to return. If you experience signs of infection such as sore throat, fever, sneezing, or coughing, contact your doctor as soon as possible.
Kidney disease: Methylprednisolone may not clear from the body at the expected rate in cases where the kidney is not working properly. People with reduced kidney function or kidney disease should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Liver function: Methylprednisolone may not clear from the body at the expected rate in cases where the liver is not working properly. People with reduced liver function or liver disease should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Myasthenia gravis: Myasthenia gravis is a condition that causes specific muscle weakness. Methylprednisolone can cause muscle wasting or decreasing muscle. People with myasthenia gravis should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Ocular herpes simplex: People who have the herpes simplex virus affecting their eye should be monitored by their doctor while taking methylprednisolone, as the medication may cause damage to the cornea.
Osteoporosis (bone disease): Methylprednisolone causes the body to lose calcium and may cause osteoporosis to develop or worsen. People who have osteoporosis or those who are at risk of developing osteoporosis should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Skin test injection: Methylprednisolone, like other corticosteroids, can cause false negative test results (i.e., tuberculosis or allergy) by reducing the body's reaction to the test serum.
Stomach ulcer: Methylprednisolone may cause stomach ulcers to worsen or develop. People with stomach problems or a history of stomach problems, should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Stress: A dosage adjustment of methylprednisolone may be required for anyone subjected to unusual stress.
Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism): Methylprednisolone may not clear from the body at the expected rate when a person is hypothyroid. As a result, the effects of the medication may be increased. People with hypothyroidism should discuss with their doctor how this medication may affect their medical condition, how their medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Vaccines: People receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids should not receive live or live-attenuated (modified) vaccines, as there is a risk of infection and poor immune response to the vaccine.
Children: The active ingredient in this medication, methylprednisolone, belongs to the family of medications known as corticosteroids. Children may be more likely to experience the side effects encountered by using this class of medication for long periods of time (e.g., slowing down of growth, delayed weight gain). The use of this medication by children should be limited to the smallest dose that will be effective. Discuss with your doctor the risks and benefits of the use of this medication by children. | https://www.uniprix.com/en/drug-lexicon/4855/methylprednisolone-succinate-sodique-teva |
# Keno City Mining Museum
Keno City Mining Museum is a history museum located in Keno City, Yukon, Canada. It was established around 1979 and has artifacts related to the area's gold and silver mining.
The museum occupies Jackson Hall, the city's former community centre built in 1922. It was established in 1979 with the assistance of Terry J. Levicki, a geologist who worked for United Keno Hill Mines Ltd., a company in Elsa.
The museum is open to visitors from June to September. Around 1991, the museum received roughly 500 visitors each month during its annual four months of operation.
## Artifacts
The museum displays objects such as equipment, and memorabilia. It has a large collection of photographs on the second floor and a garage across the street that stores bigger items. Some of the artifacts are as follows:
Listerine bottle circa 1900 Rocking wooden washer Tins of Lucky Strike Cola The original telephone exchange that was used to send and receive all calls at the time Handmade axes Large saws that were needed to create ice blocks Safety helmets Drill bits A bucket that was hand-cranked to bring ore to the surface from underground locations An addressograph for producing employee pay checks that is said to have been used up until about 1981. The upstairs houses a myriad of old photos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keno_City_Mining_Museum |
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