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Jessica Ashley Unknown paints watercolour onto film negatives to produce a surreal, dreamlike effect.
The first three images in this series are from a collaboration between Jessica Ashley Unknown and Tanya from @achieving_balance (model) and Adelaide from @zingara_blooms (stylist and florist). These photographs were all shot on film with either a Pentax Spotmatic or a Lomo LC-A+. To add a layer of texture, Jessica coated a blank negative with watercolour paint and scanned the two negatives (the image negative and the blank negative) on top of one another.
The aim was to recreate a painterly effect in her photography, giving the images a strong dream-like quality.
Currently residing in Sydney, Jessica Ashley Unknown is an American-born film-based photography artist that brings her strange imagination to life through a plastic or vintage lens. Using film manipulation, multiple exposures, film scanning techniques and, lately, mixing other medium with her photos, she is able to create images that bring you into her daydreams, evoke feelings of nostalgia and prompt you to believe that there is more to this world than what we see. She is inspired by all things ethereal, unusual, imaginary and odd.
See more of her work can be found on her website, or on her Instagram. | https://thearchivecollective.com/2015/06/jessica-unknown/ |
TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson 1 - INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOSHOP 7 ...............................................................
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Adobe Photoshop Basics Email: [email protected] Web Page: http://training.health.ufl.edu Photoshop 6.0 Interface
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Photoshop Lecture notes B.K.Mathan Nagan MCA., (Ph.D) Photoshop Digital Graphics Overview Before you learn to manipula
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3DTotal.com eBook series
Chapter 01
Page 4 | Render Passes By Zoltan Korcsok
Chapter 02
Page 12 | Blending & Cloning By Richard Tilbury
Chapter 03
Page 18 | Lighting and Particle Effects By Richard Tilbury
Chapter 04
Page 24 | Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles By Richard Tilbury
Chapter 05
Page 34 | Layer Masks & Adjustment Layers By Andrzej Sykut
Chapter 06
Page 40 | Creating Backgrounds for Characters By Fabio M. Ragonha
Chapter 01
Render Passes | By Zoltan Korcsok
- Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
Photoshop for 3D Chapter1: Render Passes
Chapter 1: Render Passes Created In: Photoshop
Introduction This article showcases the tools and settings typically needed for the compositing of render passes in Adobe Photoshop. Rendering images into passes from rendering software makes it possible to modify tone, colour and certain effects in the rendered image, without the need for rendering it again.
Prepare your Layers To follow this tutorial, we need to have the following render passes at hand: • Final Color Pass – We’ll use this pass as a reference for setting up the layer structure. It contains all the final effects, direct and indirect lighting, shadows, specular and reflection effects (Fig.01) • Diffuse (Total) Shading Pass – This contains the colours of the materials in the scene, and the shadows (Fig.02) • Specular Shading Pass – This contains the specular effects of the materials in the scene caused by the lighting (Fig.03) • Reflection Shading Pass – This contains the reflection effects of the materials in the scene (Fig.04
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Chapter 01
Chapter1: Render Passes Photoshop for 3D
• Ambient Occlusion Pass – This contains the ambient occlusion effect; it gives shading to the areas hidden to the ambient light and
Global Illumination pass, Specular Colour pass, and so on).
models in the scene. Using this pass gives
Step 1 – Creating the Layer Structure
more depth to the details (Fig.05)
Create the base layer structure using the
it shades the more obscure parts of the
• Depth Pass – This contains the depth map
following order and blending modes (Fig.07):
of the scene measured from the camera. We use this pass in Photoshop to create a lens depth of field effect, amongst other things (Fig.06)
• Diffuse (Total) Shading Pass – blending mode: Normal • Ambient Occlusion Pass – blending mode: Multiply
Other available passes can be utilised to achieve more delicate effects (e.g. Fog pass,
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• Specular Shading Pass – blending mode: Screen or Linear Dodge
page 6
Chapter 01
Photoshop for 3D Chapter1: Render Passes
• Reflection Shading Pass – blending mode: Screen or Linear Dodge
(Fig.09). The simplest way of correcting this is by setting the opacity of the Ambient Occlusion pass layer to 30%. The strength of any render
Here are the passes combined after putting the
pass is easily adjustable by changing the
above layers together (Fig.08).
opacity. The Ambient Occlusion pass can be
Step 2 – Fine-Tuning
used for brightening the midtones by duplicating it, and changing its blending mode to Soft Light
Comparing the Final Color Output with the
or Overlay. The strength of this effect can also
image put together using the passes reveals
be adjusted by modifying the opacity.
that the ambient occlusion effect is too strong Here we can see the composited image with and without the Ambient Occlusion layer with Overlay blending (Fig.10 – 11). To change the Opacity or Fill value of a layer: select the layer in the Layers palette, set the value using the Opacity and Fill text boxes, or by dragging the slider. Another method is to go to Layer (main menu) > Layer Style > Blending Options, enter a value in the Opacity text box or drag the slider under the General Blending section, and adjust Fill Opacity under the Advanced Blending section. This does not apply to the background layer; it doesn’t have such values.
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page 7
Chapter 01
Chapter1: Render Passes Photoshop for 3D Here we have the settings for the Opacity of
Create new fill and adjustment layer icon, and
the layer in the Layers palette (Fig.12), and the
select Brightness/Contrast. Alternatively, you
setting of the layer’s Opacity in the Blending
can of course select Layers > New Adjustment
Options menu (Fig.13).
Layer > Brightness/Contrast. Here are the
Step 3 – Adjusting the Colour
settings for our Brightness/Contrast adjustment layer (Fig.16).
(Fig.14). We can make the colours more vivid
Step 4 – Using the Depth Pass to make a Depth of Field (Lens Blur) Effect
using a Hue/Saturation adjustment layer,
Amongst other things, we can use the Depth
and setting the Saturation to +15. To create
pass in Photoshop to achieve a depth of field
a Hue/Saturation adjustment layer, go to the
effect. It can be done using the Depth pass as a
Layers palette, click on the Create new fill
mask. First of all, merge all the passes into one
and adjustment layer icon, and select Hue/
layer (Layer > Merge Visible, or Shift + Ctrl + E),
Saturation. Alternatively, go to Layers (main
and then create a mask for it (Layers palette >
menu) > New Adjustment Layer > Hue/
click on the Add layer mask icon, or alternatively
Saturation. And here we have the settings for
go to Layers > Layer Mask > Reveal all). Turn
the Hue/Saturation adjustment layer (Fig.15).
on and select the Layer Mask on the Channels
The image put together from the passes looks a bit pale compared to the Final Color pass
palette, and paste the Depth pass into it. We’ll give a bit more contrast to the image now using a Brightness/Contrast adjustment layer.
The blur effect can be achieved using the
Set the value of brightness and contrast to +5.
Photoshop Lens Blur filter (Filter > Blur > Lens
To create a Brightness/Contrast adjustment
Blur) (Fig.17). The dialogue for the Lens Blur
layer, go to the Layers palette, click on the
filter contains a preview window where you
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Chapter 01
Photoshop for 3D Chapter1: Render Passes can see it with the current settings, alongside the settings panel. The Preview section can be found on this panel, where it can be turned on and off, or switched to Faster or More Accurate. Select the Layer Mask (with the Depth map) from the Source scroll-down menu of the Depth Map section; the filter will generate the Lens Blur based on this map. The focal distance can be adjusted either by using the Blur Focal Distance slider or by clicking the part of the preview image we want to focus on. The iris’ shape can be adjusted under the Iris section; we use Square shape with an Iris Radius value of 25, and Blade Curvature and Rotation both set to the value of 0. The Brightness and Threshold of the specular highlights of the image can be adjusted under the Specular Highlights section. In this case we set Brightness and Threshold to 0. The noise of the blur effect can be set up under the Noise in the Specular Highlights section; we leave these at their default 0 values for this task. After applying the effect, delete the mask.
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Chapter 01
- Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
In this example, the composition of the image
• Putting the layers into sets makes them
is linking the layers belonging in one set
was suitable for a depth of field effect, but this
easy to duplicate, so you can always leave
with the currently selected layer to it, and
is not always the case. You can see the final
a backup copy of the arranged layers in the
then selecting New Set From Linked on the
composited image here (Fig.18).
file. This can be useful if you merge a set
Layers palette
Tips for Handling Layers
copy for lens effects • A layer or layer set can be easily duplicated
Zoltan Korcsok
by grabbing it on the Layers palette and
For more from this artist visit:
• Another way of setting the layer opacity
dragging it down onto the Create new layer
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is to select the layer, select the Move tool,
icon at the bottom of the palette
or contact:
and then type in the number you want the percentage of its opacity to be • The mask of a masked layer can be easily
[email protected] • A new layer set can be created by clicking the Create new set icon which can be found
switched on and off, just left-click on the
on the bottom of the palette. You can then
mask while holding down the Shift key
simply drag the layers into it. Another option
Chapter 02
Blending & Cloning | By Richard Tilbury - Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 2: Retouching Final Renders Chapter 2: Retouching Final renders Created In: Photoshop
Introduction In the previous chapter we looked at how various render passes can be composited in Photoshop to create a still image that integrates different components in a scene. We saw how, by rendering these elements separately, it enabled more control and flexibility when it came to producing a final image. Photoshop is a powerful tool when used in conjunction with 3D renders, and affords the artist the chance to experiment with aspects such as lighting, as well as some of the surface qualities of objects in the scene. It can be a lengthy and time consuming operation to get
up perfectly. Sometimes it is not possible to
texture mapped and carefully lit. The right
a final render exactly right from within the 3D
unwrap every piece of geometry and hand paint
hand side wall displays a richer detail as this
package itself, whereas post-production often
each texture map to show the appropriate wear
is nearest the camera, and as a consequence
proves to be a quicker and simpler solution in
and tear caused by either human contact or
more effort has been afforded to this portion of
many cases.
through more natural means. Adding dirt and
the scene. The staining along the floor where it
grime to specific areas, along with the many
meets the wall adds interest and helps integrate
In this chapter we will be carrying on as it were
subtle details that make a scene tangible, can
the two planes, but the opposite side looks
from Chapter 1, and assume that we have
take many hours to get right through texture
somewhat inconsistent.
composited all our render passes together.
mapping and test renders. One of the other
Even when separate passes are rendered out it
problems facing the 3D artist is finding the right
It is true that the same attention could have
is often the case that many fall short of exactly
photos at the right resolution, and often the
been equally applied to all areas of the scene,
what the author would like, either due to time
solution comes at a price – namely, tiling. This
but assuming that time is limited then less
constraints or not being able to set the scene
is an effective alternative, but it does have its
conspicuous sections will be granted swifter
drawbacks in the form of symmetry, which is a
treatment.
rare thing in the world. The key problem areas are highlighted as All of these issues can be overcome in 3D,
follows, and indicated on the render accordingly
but as we are about to see, a 2D approach in
(Fig.02):
Photoshop can prove just as worthy – and far more economical with regards to time.
1. There is evidence of tiling along this lower
Fig.01 shows our final render which is made
2. Although the AO pass helps bind the edge
up of the Diffuse or Color pass, an Ambient
where the wall meets the floor, the lack
Occlusion pass and a Specular pass. All of
of any dirt makes this area less convincing
section of the wall
these have been composited in Photoshop to create the still we can see here.
compared to the opposite side 3. This junction between the wall and ceiling also suffers a similar problem but also
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The scene at first inspection doesn’t look too
shows the edge of a texture overlay
bad – and so it shouldn’t given that it has been
running vertically
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Chapter 02
Chapter 2: Retouching Final Renders Photoshop for 3D The first thing to correct will be the tiling, which can be done by using the Clone Stamp Tool. Select a textured brush along the lines of one shown in Fig.03, and then hold down the Alt key and left-click on a section you wish to clone, evident by a white crosshair. Now move the cursor to the area you wish to modify (see the red area in Fig.04), release the Alt key, and left-click to begin painting. Alternatively, you can use a graphics tablet instead of a mouse. You can very quickly remove any tiling this way, and you will notice that I have also modified the seam directly above this section. Now we will add some dirt to the left side of the corridor, and to do this we can take advantage
of the Vanishing Point Filter. Start by adding a new layer: Layer > New > Layer, or by clicking on the small icon at base of layer palette next to the trashcan (Fig.05). Next choose a suitable dirt map (Fig.06), and then select the whole canvas (Ctrl + A) and copy it (Ctrl + C). If the map is horizontal, rotate it by 90 degrees, as a vertical map will be easier to manipulate in this instance. Now, with the new layer selected in the scene file, go to Filter > Vanishing point. This will open a new window similar to that shown in Fig.07.
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Chapter 02
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 2: Retouching Final Renders
The Create Plane tool will automatically be selected, so simply drag and click to create a grid that matches the perspective of your render. Once you click to establish the fourth corner, a grid will appear and you will be in Edit mode (Fig.08).
Use the control points to accurately position the
Now click OK, and you will be taken back to the
grid and, when satisfied, paste in your dirt map
scene render – except this time with a new dirt
(Ctrl + V). Left-click on the map and drag it over
map overlaid in a new layer (Fig.10).
the grid where it will automatically align with the
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perspective, and use the Transform tool to scale
Now hold down Ctrl + I to invert the map (black
and position it more accurately (Fig.09).
becomes white, and vice versa) and then set the
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Chapter 02
Chapter 2: Retouching Final Renders Photoshop for 3D blending mode of the layer to Multiply at around 45% Opacity (Fig.11). Because the dirt map was a grayscale map it should have a little color to match the other grime in the scene, so go to Image > Adjustments > Color Balance and add some red and yellow. All that is left to do now is to use the Eraser Tool to delete sections that wrongly overlap, such as the panels below the pipes and the end of this metal pole in Fig.12. A tiny amount of blurring (e.g. 0.3) may help blend it in further. This same procedure can be repeated for the dirt map on the wall and the ceiling by adding a new grid in the Vanishing Point window as before. Because the wall is adjacent to the floor, a grid can be pulled upwards from the existing one by holding down Ctrl and dragging one of the points in the relevant direction. One final area which could benefit from a little more detail is the foreground section of the floor nearest the camera. Instead of adding more geometric particles, or perhaps a normal map, etc., it is possible to use the Healing Brush Tool highlighted in Fig.13. This is used in exactly the same way as the Clone Stamp Tool by holding down the Alt key and left-clicking on an area you wish to duplicate. Using this tool on the wall section
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Chapter 02
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 2: Retouching Final Renders highlighted in red means we can then transfer the rough appearance of the wall to the floor section, whilst maintaining the local color values. Fig.14 shows the original untouched Color render, and Fig.15 is the retouched version, both of which exclude the AO and Specular passes. The Ambient Occlusion pass will certainly help bind the space, but you can see how these minor tweaks help improve the render and can be achieved quickly.
Conclusion If a world existed without time limits and deadlines then we could all spend a great amount of time perfecting things, even though it may drive us to madness! In the next chapter we will look at adding particle and lighting effects, and generally enhancing the mood of the render.
However, this is not the case, and invariably concessions have to be made and corners cut, but hopefully this tutorial has shown how postproduction can be an effective remedy to more intensive 3D procedures.
Richard Tilbury For more from this artist visit
It may appear as though the alterations make little impact upon the 3D
http://www.richardtilburyart.com/
render, but the sum of all these small changes contribute towards a more
or contact
convincing and plausible outcome.
[email protected]
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- Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
Chapter 02
Chapter 03 Lighting and Particle Effects | By Richard Tilbury - Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
Photoshop for 3D Part 3: Lighting and Particle Effects Chapter 3: Lighting and Particle Effects Software Used: Photoshop
Introduction This third chapter is a continuation from Chapter 2 (August 2009 issue), and will use the same scene as before. We will look at ways to enhance the lighting effects and mood of the render and create a dusty atmosphere that suits the subject matter. In Fig.01 you can see the stage where we ended Chapter 2. The render at the moment is composed of just three layers: Color, Specular and Ambient Occlusion passes (Fig.02). You will notice that the Ambient Occlusion (AO) pass is set to Multiply at 49% Opacity. You may need to alter the Opacity depending on your preferences, as this is purely subjective, but I do find that 100% is always too dark. The Specular pass is set to Screen mode at 60%, in this instance. I find that tinting the AO pass often helps, with the hue dependant on the particular scene, but in this case I have made it warmer. Go to Image > Adjustments > Color Balance and move the sliders accordingly (in this case towards the red and yellow) (Fig.03). These three passes make up the 3D elements that have already been composited in Photoshop with the tweaks that we dealt with
in the last tutorial. We could leave the scene
highlights on the opposing wall. As such, we
as it is, but instead we will use what we have
can create what is commonly known as “light
so far in our render to suggest ways in which to
bloom”. This is an effect often used in computer
enhance things a little.
graphics and describes the way light can appear
“Light Bloom” There is a strong light source outside the
to “bleed” beyond its natural border when seen through a camera lens. In Fig.04 you can see the result of this effect around the window.
building, left of the picture, which has cast
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Chapter 03
Part 3: Lighting and Particle Effects Photoshop for 3D
The way to achieve this is by first duplicating the Color pass (the background layer in this case) and then put this above all the other layers and desaturate it: Image > Adjustments > Desaturate (Fig.05). Next go to Image > Adjustments > Curves, click on the diagonal line and adjust it similar to what is shown in Fig.06 until you have darkened most of the image, except for the sunlit sections. To tidy up you can use a brush to paint over any unwanted areas that are not black (Fig.07). Now go to Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur and set the Radius to somewhere around 7 pixels (Fig.08). You can either leave this layer black and white, or you can tint the white areas, which I have done by adding a warmer tint similar to the Ambient Occlusion layer. Place this layer above
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Chapter 03
Photoshop for 3D Part 3: Lighting and Particle Effects the rest and set it to Screen mode. In Fig.09 you can see this layer, called “Background copy”, and the resultant effect it has. I decided that the door did not work so erased this section, indicated by the white area on the layer thumbnail. To add even more intensity to the light from the windows make a selection area around both, and then on a new layer fill these with either a white or a pale yellow (Fig.10 – #2). Now apply some Gaussian Blur (Radius around 14) and then set this layer to Soft Light (Fig.10 – #3).
With these effects complete we shall now go on and add some volumetric lighting to suggest a dust filled corridor.
Volumetric Lighting Begin by creating a new layer (named volumetric) and use the Lasso Tool to make a selection area that will correspond to the beam of light that will filter through the near window (Fig.11). Make the foreground color a pale orange and then select the Gradient Tool (highlighted in red on Fig.11) and then click on the box indicated by the arrow. This will open up the Gradient Editor, as seen in Fig.12. Be sure to select Foreground to Transparent, which is the second box from the left on the top row, and then click OK. Once done, click and drag from the window edge of the selection area to the opposite side against the wall. Apply some Gaussian Blur to soften the effect and aim for something similar to Fig.13. Now duplicate this layer and scale it to match the distant window (Fig.14).
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Chapter 03
Part 3: Lighting and Particle Effects Photoshop for 3D Turn the Opacity of this layer down to around 25%, and the initial one to approximately 60%, and then merge the two together (Fig.15). You could at this point refine the edges of the light beams using a soft Eraser Tool if need be, or even alter the Color Balance if you wish (I have added a warmer tint using the same method, as done previously with the AO pass). The volumetric lighting now helps give the atmosphere a more dusty feel, but to enhance it further we are going to break it up slightly. Create a new layer and, making sure you have black and white as the foreground/background colors, go to Filter > Render > Clouds. This will fill your layer with an abstract and random pattern similar to Fig.16. Through Photoshop we have been able to
of some smoke. I have included the brush file
Make sure this new layer is above the
enhance the lighting and create the effect of
in order that you can see its parameters for
volumetric lighting, and then Alt + left-click on
strong sunlight filtering into our scene, and give
yourself (click on the Free Brushes icon to
the red line that divides the two layers, as seen
the impression of a dusty atmosphere. This
download).
in Fig.17.
method has been relatively quick to achieve and I believe adds drama to the image (Fig.19).
This will create a clipping mask that will only
To load it, go to the root folder of Photoshop on your computer and then to Presets > Brushes,
reveal the clouds layer within the boundaries of
Steam
the volumetric lighting. Set the layer blending
One other enhancement we could add here is
mode to Hard Light and then feel free to move
some steam emanating from the near set of
or scale the clouds to refine the pattern (Fig.18).
pipes on the left. Again, this is a particle effect
In Photoshop now, click on the Brush Tool, and
that could be achieved in 3D along with the dust,
then on the small arrow on the menu bar (next
but it is quicker to produce in 2D.
to the brush thumbnail). Now click on the upper
You can increase the contrast of the clouds
and copy it into this folder (you should see a
layer to make it more apparent, and even add
group of ABR files there).
right arrow next to Master Diameter, and then on
some noise to create visible particles if you
In Fig.20 you can see a custom brush I already
Load Brushes (Fig.21). Select the smoke brush
wish, but I prefer to keep the things subtle.
had stored which was extracted from a photo
and hit Load.
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Chapter 03
Photoshop for 3D Part 3: Lighting and Particle Effects
If you look in your brushes menu you should now find the brush at the very bottom of the list (Fig.22). If you click on the small icon ringed in red, this will open up the brushes palette where you can see the settings for your brush. The key sections are the ones underlined, so go ahead and experiment with the parameters as this is the best way of understanding what they do. Once you have your brush selected you can go ahead and paint in your steam. You can use the Airbrush Soft Round to erase the edges if need be, and also alter the Opacity and Color Balance to better integrate it (Fig.23). This essentially wraps up this tutorial, but there is one last thing we could do to emphasize the lighting: add an Adjustment Layer.
Adjustment Layer Click on the steam layer and then go to Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Curves (Fig.24). Now adjust the curves similar to Fig.25 by clicking and dragging on the line which will have the effect of increasing the contrast slightly, and because it is below the volumetric layer it will make the sunbeams stand out a little more. With this done, we have arrived at our final version, which can be seen in Fig.26.
Richard Tilbury For more from this artist visit http://www.richardtilburyart.com/ or contact [email protected]
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Chapter 03
Chapter 04
Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles | By Richard Tilbury - Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles Software Used: Photoshop
Introduction In the forth workshop of this tutorial series we’ll be taking a look at some of the most commonly used techniques and tools in Photoshop to modify a 3D-render during the post-production phase. The bulk of the tools we will look at are situated within the Image > Adjustments menu, as shown in Fig.01; most notably, Curves, Levels, Color Balance, and Hue/Saturation. We will also touch on some of the available Layer Styles and how these can be applied to your renders. Photoshop can be used to refine and modify your renders to a greater or lesser degree, or indeed as a way of completely transforming the mood and lighting. Almost all of the effects are possible within a 3D
In this tutorial we will cover a brief overview of the above mentioned tools,
environment, but as this tutorial will hopefully show, using Photoshop can
and then look at some practical examples of how these can be applied to
prove a quicker way to tweak your lighting and color scheme and make
our 3D renders, using a base image which has been created to promote
the minor changes you require. Even if the results are sometimes not as
the Total Textures V19: Destroyed and Damaged DVD (www.3dtotal.com/
physically accurate as a 3D render, by experimenting with the following
textures) collection (Fig.01a).
techniques means that you can get an accurate picture of what you may wish to achieve back in the 3D scene. We can therefore use Photoshop
Levels
to improve and alter our 3D renders, or simply as a way of exploring
The first tool we’ll look at is Levels, which you will find under Image >
alternative ideas that can then be applied in 3D.
Adjustments. When you open up this tool you’ll see the following dialogue
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Chapter 04
Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles Photoshop for 3D box (Fig.02). There are two main sliders which
In Fig.03 you can see the original version on
affect the image: the Input and Output levels
the left, where the four outer sliders are at
(top and bottom, respectively).
the extreme edges. When the Output sliders are moved inwards, the contrast is reduced,
The two outer sliders on the Input Levels
meaning that the black value is made lighter
correspond to the black and white values in
and the white made darker. When we OK this
the image – black being a value of 0 and white
and then re-open the Levels, we can see that
being a value of 255 – and these determine the
the range within the Input Levels corresponds
darkest and lightest areas on the Output Levels.
to the adjustment as shown by the red lines
(middle and right image). To adjust the shadows and highlights manually, or return the values, we must now move the Input sliders to the outer edge of this new range, thus returning the black value to 0 and the white to 255, as seen on the left. This means that all pixels with a value of 33 and lower will be set at 0 and those of a value of 228 and higher will be set at 255. The middle slider affects the midtone range, and by moving it left makes the image lighter, and vice versa. If we apply Levels and slide the right arrow inwards on the Input slider, we can brighten up the render and give the impression of a stronger sunlight (bottom image in Fig.04). Because the sky is the brightest area without much contrast, the adjustment has rendered it almost completely white. If you wish to avoid this you could have a separate render pass of just the buildings and apply it to the foreground only, which would enable individual control of both the
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Chapter 04
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles buildings and the sky. Alternatively, if you save out the render with an alpha channel that carries a mask for just the buildings, then you could experiment by pasting in various skies to reflect the foreground conditions.
Curves The Curves image adjustment tool essentially does the same task as Levels, except you have more control over the tonal range. With Levels you have only three adjustments: white, black and mid range (or Gamma). The Curves dialogue box also enables precise control over the different color channels. When opening the Curves dialogue box, by going to Image >
fourteen. To delete a point simply drag it outside
so without bleaching out the sky (compare to
Adjustments > Curves, you will see something
of the window.
Fig.04).
In Fig.06 you can see the number of points I
By using Curves you can gain more precise
I won’t cover every aspect of this as you can
have added to the baseline, and the resultant
control over the tonal range, but which approach
find all of the information in your Adobe Help
effect is shown in Fig.07. The top three points
you use depends on the render and artistic aims
Viewer, but the key things to note are the top
are controlling the sky, whereas the bottom-
– both can prove equally useful, especially when
right corner of the window representing the
most point affects the shadow, with the black
combined.
highlights, and the opposite corner representing
point affecting the general range of midtones.
the shadows. You can click on the line to add
You can see that by adding numerous points
Color Balance
points and then drag these accordingly to
I have been able to brighten up the scene,
This command is used to add a tint to the overall
manipulate the tonal range, adding as many as
similar to using Levels, but I’ve been able to do
image and is very useful when you wish to alter
resembling what is shown in Fig.05.
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Chapter 04
Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles Photoshop for 3D the general color of the lighting conditions. You access these controls by going to Image > Adjustments > Color Balance, where you will find a dialogue box similar to that seen at the top in Fig.08. Here I have moved the slider towards Red and Yellow to create a warmer light, perhaps suggestive of early evening. At the base of the dialogue box you will see three radial buttons which allow control over a specific tonal range. In this example, the sky and foreground have been altered individually to allow more control.
Hue/Saturation The Hue/Saturation adjustment tool allows you to alter the overall hue, saturation and brightness of an image, or alternatively manipulate specific colors. In Fig.09 you can see the original image at the top, with the unaltered values in the Hue/Saturation dialogue box (i.e. 0, 0, 0). The bottom image is a version which has been transformed into a nocturnal scene using all three sliders. Hue affects the color, Saturation the intensity of the color, and Lightness controls the overall brightness. At the top of the box is the Edit panel where you can select to modify specific color channels or the overall image, which is labeled Master. These are the key things worth noting and what you will use in most cases, but for a full explanation you can consult the Help menu. As this image has been turned into a nocturnal scene we could also apply Curves to reduce the contrast and tonal range, as well as making the shadows darker. These are perhaps the most commonly used tools with regard to manipulating 3D renders in Photoshop, but the best effects will invariably involve the subtle combination of all the above. We will now go on and look at how we can apply some of these tools to create three variations of our bunker scene, as well as cover some useful Layer Effects.
Variation One The original render looks fine, but to add a little drama and give it a grittier and more dramatic light, akin to some of the photography in the epic series, Band of Brothers, we will use the Exposure command (Fig.10). First of all, I duplicate the render layer and then go to Image > Adjustments > Exposure, and then increase the Exposure, which will essentially affect the brightest parts of the scene without altering the areas in shadow. This tool is normally reserved for HDR images, but works well in other instances, also. You can see that the render now resembles the bleached-out version we saw whilst using Levels, so what we need to do now is to erase some of the areas that appear too light, to reveal the original render below. I’ve
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Chapter 04
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles added a new layer between this one and the original and fill it with red so you can visually see which areas have been erased (Fig.11). Using a soft-edged Eraser, I deleted some areas that would receive less or no light, i.e. the underside of the bunker and facing wall of the building far right, as the sun is casting light from left to right. Using Hue/Saturation, I alter the sky separately and make it a touch darker and less saturated, after which I give it a very subtle green tint by way of the Color Balance tool. This greater contrast creates a more dramatic mood with strong sunlight, and the suggestion of an approaching storm (Fig.12). We have created a more dramatic daytime version of our scene, but let’s imagine that we now want to set the clock forwards to late afternoon, somewhere around sunset…
Variation Two First of all, I make a duplicate of the render layer and then go to Image > Adjustments > Color Balance and shift the palette towards red and yellow, as shown in Fig.13. We only want the sky and roof fixtures from this new layer, but by changing the entire layer we
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Chapter 04
Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles Photoshop for 3D obtain a better idea about the overall light when altering the Color Balance. When satisfied with the settings, I delete the foreground buildings so that we end up with something similar to Fig.14. Now I make a duplicate layer of the original and then place this over the new sky; once done we’ll apply a Layer Style to represent the light cast by the setting sun. Go to Layer > Layer Style > Gradient Overlay and you will see the top dialogue box in Fig.15. Here you can control the Blend Mode and Opacity of the effect, as well as determine the Angle, Scale, Color and Gradient Type. Clicking on the Gradient bar to open the bottom dialogue box, I choose a color that
foreground with the Gradient Overlay showing
is sympathetic to that of the Color Balance
the sunlight. You could in fact leave the sky
adjustment earlier (in this case, a pale orange)
as it was, but I personally find that a subtle tint
by clicking on the small square icon highlighted
that reflects the sunlight helps bind the scene
by the arrow. I also make sure that I select
together more.
Foreground to Transparent from the upper row of Presets by clicking on the appropriate
The final result can be seen in Fig.17. You
box. Once the Gradient Type and Color are
could also go on to use Curves and Levels to
determined, I hit OK and return to the Layer
adjust the contrast and tonal range to reflect the
Style dialogue box. You can now experiment
difference in time, if you wish. If you selected
with the Blend Mode and other settings to refine
the orange color from the Gradient and then
the effect, most of which will be self explanatory.
added a new layer set to the same Blend Mode (Overlay), you could also refine the image by
The Layer structure can be seen in Fig.16 with
airbrushing in some soft-edged areas to put
the Color Balance layer above the original,
some tinted sunlight on the near left section
of which only the sky and roof attachments
where the light hits the rock face.
are visible. Above this is a duplicate of the
Variation Three One other commonly used function of Photoshop’s Image Adjustments menu, particularly amongst matte painters, is the ability to turn a daylight scene into a nighttime version. To do this, we will, as usual, make a duplicate of the render and then firstly lower the light levels by applying the Hue/Saturation tool. Fig.18 shows the base render with the appropriate modifications. I go to Image > Adjustments > Color Balance and move the bottom slider towards Blue, and
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Chapter 04
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles
the top one a touch towards Cyan (Fig.19). The
have a readymade mask. With this area put
seen at the bottom is yet another duplicate (but
scene still looks a little too light and rather blue,
on a separate layer I go to Layer > Layer Style
without the Layer Style) and represents the light
so I re-open Hue/Saturation and reduce the
and apply a Gradient Overlay using the settings
source; this one is set to Screen mode at 75%
Lightness and Saturation values once more.
shown in Fig.20. This essentially puts a light
Opacity with the outer edges softened with the
inside the building with the source being on
Eraser Tool.
The scene, as it stands, looks a little
the left, gently fading towards the right hand
uninteresting, even though it resembles
side. The final result is a three tiered effect, as
One final adjustment that will help is to
nighttime, so to improve things we are going to
illustrated in Fig.21. The above mentioned layer
substitute the sky, and if you can find one with
switch some lights on inside the bunker. To do
is at the top and below this is a duplicate with all
backlit clouds that would be ideal as it will
this I either duplicate the window section that
but the left hand windows deleted. You can see
suggest moonlight illuminating them from behind
corresponds to the glass, or render just this face
the corresponding Blend Modes in the Layers
– this proves very effective for nocturnal scenes!
in my scene with an alpha channel, meaning I
palette on the right hand side. The final layer
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Chapter 04
Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles Photoshop for 3D The final version can be seen here in Fig.22 and this about covers the principal Image Adjustments, and more crucially, the ones you will most likely use. However, there is perhaps one more worth mentioning … the Photo Filter.
Photo Filter This tool simulates a color filter being placed over a camera lens; it is again found under Image > Adjustments and can often prove effective, depending on your render. You can see the effect of adding a warm filter in Fig.23, but you can find a list of alternatives under the Filter drop-down menu. As a general rule the warm filters work best with a cool palette, and the cool ones work well under a warmer light, but it is worth experimenting for different results.
Layer Styles You will notice that we’ve only covered the Gradient Overlay within the Layer Styles menu, yet there are quite a few in all. So before we conclude this tutorial I would like to mention two more that are often useful with regards to 3D material to it to represent the actual light. For
settings are self explanatory and you will best
the purposes of this tutorial I have painted a
understand their functions by experimenting
Sometimes you may have a strong light source
simple version onto the render to represent our
with them. At the top you can control the Blend
in your image, such as a lamp or bulb, or even a
3D version, as seen in Fig.24.
Mode, Opacity and color of the glow, and under
renders, the first of which is Outer Glow.
Elements you have access to the size and
bright light filtering in through a window, such as in the last chapter of this tutorial series. These
We would then normally make a duplicate copy
extent of the glow, as well as how precisely it
conditions benefit from a glow to help convey
in Photoshop of just the 3D lamp, upon which
traces the source element. These are the main
their intensity, and are achievable in Photoshop.
we would apply our Outer Glow; however, in this
areas you will use but you can also alter the
case it already exists on a separate layer as a
shape and intensity of the glow by altering and
Imagine that we want to place a bulkhead lamp
2D version. I go to Layer > Layer Styles > Outer
Range, and even add a pattern by adjusting the
on the face of our bunker. We would probably
Glow and apply the settings shown in Fig.25
Contour.
model it in 3D and assign a self-illuminated
to create the full extent of the glow. Most of the I now select just a portion of the white area of the light and copy this into a new layer, and once again apply an Outer Glow, except this time I apply different settings to create the glow immediately around the lamp (Fig.26). When we look at our Layers palette we can see the new structure and the effect of each glow (Fig.27).
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Chapter 04
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 4: Curves, Levels, Colour Balance & Layer Styles If you wish, you could also apply a Lens Flare once the image is flattened by going to Filter > Render > Lens Flare (Fig.28). The last tool we will look at, which can be particularly useful to 3D, is Bevel and Emboss, which can be used to add surface detail to your scene that can incorporate shading effects, helping to mimic 3D much like a bump or normal map. When you go to Layer > Layer Style > Bevel and Emboss, you will be faced with a dialogue box similar to Fig.29. At the top you can choose the type of bevel or emboss under Style and the Technique box determines how sharply defined the edges are, effectively. Direction affects whether the layer recedes or appears to come forward, with Size and Soften affecting the scale and start painting in some marks that will
I also find it helpful to make a random mark
represent extra bullet and shell damage. These
to begin with and then apply the Bevel and
In the Shading section you can drag the small
look almost invisible on our bunker scene, but
Emboss, after which the effect will be applied
crosshair to alter the direction of the light, and
with a white background they look like Fig.30.
to any brush marks you add, meaning you can
and clarity.
at the bottom you can specify the color, Opacity
view the final effect as you work!
and blending mode of both the highlights and
I apply the Bevel and Emboss with the following
shadows independently. “Use Global Light”
settings (Fig.31), and the result can be seen
Richard Tilbury
allows you to use the same lighting angle across
on the right in Fig.32. Selecting the right kind
For more from this artist visit
multiple layer effects, such as drop shadow
of brush helps when using this effect, and also
http://www.richardtilburyart.com/
etc., but if un-ticked means the effect is local to
enabling some of the brush settings, such
or contact
specific Layer Styles.
as Dual Brush and Color Dynamics. You can
[email protected]
also use the Eraser Tool to edit your marks, To apply this effect I create a new layer and
as well as any of the before mentioned Image
then select a brush with a neutral gray color,
Adjustments.
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Chapter 04
Chapter 05
Layer Masks & Adjustment Layers | By Andrzej Sykut - Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 5 - Layer Masks & Adjustment Layers Chapter5 - Layer Masks & Adjustment Layers Software Used: Photoshop I don’t think a 3D image should be called complete without some post-production in 2D. It can range from simple color correction and the adjustment of brightness and contrast, to a much more complex process in which you can totally change the look of an image. The most popular tool for the job is of course Photoshop. The great thing about it is that you can do a lot of the editing in a non-destructive, dynamic way using Adjustment Layers. This opens up some interesting workflows. For example, you can work out the color correction
angles. Not to mention the ease of going back
Photoshop CS2 has 15 kinds of Adjustment
on the low resolution test render early in the
and changing things if you or your client decides
Layers (Fig.01). Newer ones possibly have
process, and just move the layers to the final
that the background is too dark, for example.
more, but not all of them are actually useful
high-resolution image at the end. Or you
Or not needing to redo the entire process if you
when processing 3D images. Every Adjustment
can process a series of images for the same
change your scene around and re-render it.
Layer has a Layer Mask attached to it. That way
consistent look by using the same set of
Sounds nice, doesn’t it? So nice in fact that after
you can decide which parts of the image should
adjustment layers on all of them. This is great if
a while you can’t work without adjustment layers
be affected.
you have to show the same scene from many
at all! When working with 3D images it’s very convenient to render a RGB mask pass (Fig.02). This makes selecting the parts you want to tweak much, much easier. Now for the layers themselves: Solid Color is great as a background base, or as a colored overlay on top of the image (Fig.03). Gradient is a nice tool for vignettes, to darken the sky a bit, or as a starting point for the background. Personally I more often use old Gradient Fill tool – when creating a vignette, it’s usually faster to draw the gradient four times in the image corners on a single layer, than to create four separate gradient layers. But this varies from image to image (Fig.04). Pattern is most useful for texture overlays, using tileable textures. The ability to change the tiling comes in handy in many cases (Fig.05).
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Chapter 05
Chapter 5 - Layer Masks & Adjustment Layers
Photoshop for 3D
Levels allow you to adjust brightness, contrast,
be white, black, or somewhere in the middle.
the curve in the way you wish. If you feel the
gamma (Fig.06a) and make some color
Levels are not quite as powerful as Curves,
shadows need to be warmer, you just change
correction, since it can work on either the
but probably easier and more intuitive to use in
the curve in the lower part of the red channel.
whole image or individually on RGB channels
some ways, due to the displayed histogram.
If you have only 2 points on the curve, this will
(Fig.06b). You can either change the position
make the highlights a bit cooler (Fig.07a), but
of the sliders uder the histogram or use color
Curves allow you to do everything Levels do,
by adding a third point you can limit the effect
pickers to decide which part of the image should
plus much more. This is because you can shape
only to the shadows (Fig.07b). You can do the same to the highlights, midtones – anywhere you want. You can do it on separate layers for greater control and order. The color pickers work in a similar way to how they work in Levels. Using Curves, you can also replicate the effects of Color Balance and Brightness/ Contrast adjustments, a Channel Mixer, and if you really try you can draw a curve that’ll look similar to Posterize. Color Balance allows you to quickly and easily change the color temperature; for example, by adding some blue to the shadows, or redyellow to the highlights. This is less powerful than the Curves, but quite often it’s powerful enough (Fig.08 – separately adjusted Highlights, Midtones and Shadows).
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Chapter 05
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 5 - Layer Masks & Adjustment Layers Brightness/Contrast is a very simple tool. If simple adjustment of the brightness or contrast is what you need, it’ll do. For anything more advanced, use Levels or Curves. Hue/Saturation, as the name implies, allows you to adjust the Hue, Saturation and Lightness. By default it works on the whole image (Master). It can also work on any selected part of the spectrum – Yellow, Red, etc. Those are only the presets; you can adjust which part is affected by using the slider at the bottom of the window (Fig.09). You can also use the color picker to choose the color that needs to be changed directly from the image. In Colorize mode it makes the image monochromatic. Selective Color can be used in a similar way to Hue/Saturation, but the effects are more subtle and you don’t have as much control. Nevertheless, it’s often quite useful for finetuning.
Channel Mixer lets you change the amount of
the kind of effect they generate and so don’t use
contribution from each of the channels. You can
them in my work.
do all of that easily, and more, using Curves. I therefore don’t remember using the Channel
Invert is actually more useful as an old-school
Mixer in last few years.
adjustment. That’s because I use it mostly to invert masks and channels for selections.
Gradient Map is one of my favourites. It lets you achieve a wide variety of effects, from
Ok, so enough of the theory. Let’s see how all
predator-like thermal vision, color correction, to
this works in the real world!
a bleach-bypass kind of effect. The magic lies in choosing the right gradient and the right layer
The image I’ve been using as an example
blending mode. Overlay and Soft Light are the
is a raw render. The final post-processed
most useful ones (Fig.10).
image looks quite different. I’ve done quite a lot of things to it, and I’ll try to cover the most
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Photo Filter mimics the effect of a colored
important techniques here. You can also
filter applied to the camera lens. If you need to
download the PSD file with this tutorial (click on
quickly make the whole image cooler or warmer,
the Free Resources logo) so you can dissect it
it’ll do.
and follow along with this tutorial as you go.
Posterize and Threshold (Fig.11) I have found
The background started as a layer filled with
to be almost totally useless. That doesn’t mean
a light blue color, which I then added some
they are useless to everyone, I just don’t need
shading to using Gradient Fill, and blurred
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Chapter 5 - Layer Masks & Adjustment Layers
Photoshop for 3D
it a few times. I then added a few layers of
The first serious color correction came next:
caution here: It’s easy to do a lot of harm to an
photographed smoke (using Screen or Soft Light
Curves, to warm up the whole image (Fig.14).
image this way, simply by overdoing it. I don’t
mode), and some Adjustment Layers to adjust the brightness and colors (Fig.12).
really like this technique because it simulates The glow of the eyes was done with a couple
photographic artifacts – I do however like it
of round brushstrokes in Overlay mode, some
because it changes the sharp edges, softening
The main character was rather more heavily
photographed, overlayed smoke, and again a
them, but in a slightly different way to just subtle
edited. Using the rendered RGB masks and
couple of strokes in Linear Dodge mode to make
blurring; it softens the harsh bump-mapping
separately rendered passes containing HDR
them feel alight.
nicely, adding some color variation to the bump
reflections, I added some reflections to the
shading. The easiest way to apply chromatic
exposed metal, glass, eyes, and very subtly to
Curves were then used to darken the image a
aberration is by using a tool designed to
the whole robot.
bit, along with some vignetting and some subtle
remove it – Filter > Distort > Lens Correction, by
texture overlay.
carefully playing with the settings.
the details of the hands and the eyes, and made
The final color correction was done using a
As mentioned earlier, you can dissect the
the separation between the jaw and the head
Gradient Map in Soft Light mode (Fig.15).
PSD on your own; its low-resolution version is
Using the Ambient Occlusion pass I darkened
more visible.
included to download with this tutorial, so take
Using Curves, I changed the coloring of the
The last thing I did to the image was to add
a look and see how the various layers work for
a tiny bit of chromatic aberration. A word of
yourself.
blue paint a bit, and made a few more subtle adjustments using both Levels and Curves. The fading into the background was created by painting over the character using a Soft Round brush and colors sampled from the background. This was augmented by a duplicated background layer, masked using the ZDepth pass and some subtle smoke screened on top (Fig.13). The leaves were corrected and faded in the same way. Using a motion-blurred copy of the layer I created subtle volume-like shadows of them. Then came a few gradients to both darken and brighten the image.
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Chapter 05
The conclusion…? Use Curves! It’s the most powerful and efficient of all the Adjustment Layers that Photoshop has to offer. Don’t be afraid to experiment, to change blending modes and the opacity of the Adjustment Layers, or even simply duplicate them. Accidents and errors are easily fixable, even for a long time after they have happened. And sometimes, of course, these accidents can even produce some interesting effects themselves!
Andrzej Sykut For more from this artist visit: http://azazel.carbonmade.com/ or contact them at: [email protected]
- Free PSD OF IMAGE LAYERS
Chapter 06
Creating Backgrounds for Characters | By Fabio M. Ragonha
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds fior Characters Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds for Characters Software Used: Photoshop (and your 3D software of choice) This tutorial will aim to show you how to use Photoshop to compose a still image; using some nice renders and masks we will discover an efficient way to achieving a good image which will enable you to easily change and test colors and settings in the post-production stage. We’ll then continue by looking at how to create backgrounds for our 3D characters. So let’s get started. In this first example, after modeling my character in 3ds Max and choosing an interesting and appropriate pose for him, I make five basic render passes – render out these passes for one of your own character images and follow along: • Render Layer 1 – Glossy metal (Fig.01) • Render Layer 2 – Car Paint shader (I’ve used the same pass to render the black parts that will look like rubber accessories later on) (Fig.02) • Render Layer 3 – Ambient Occlusion (Fig.03)
• Render Layer 4 – Here I’ve had to render each part with a different color as these will be used to select each part to make masks and adjustments (Fig.04)
• Render Layer 5 – This one was done in the same way as the last, but with more details to get all those screws and small parts (Fig.05)
With all the render passes ready, we can now go into Photoshop. We need to open all these renders in the same PSD file, so go to File > Scripts > Load Files Into Stack, click on
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Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds fior Characters
Photoshop for 3D
Browse, then select the five renders and click OK. Rearrange the layers into the rendered sequence and hide all layers apart from the first one (Fig.06). First things first, we need to create a mask for the first image of the composition, so go to Channels, hold the Ctrl key on your keyboard, and click on the Alpha thumbnail to make a selection of the character’s silhouette (Fig.07). Back to the layers palette now, press the “Add layer mask” button to create a mask for the
Unhide and select the rendered mask layer with
Hide the mask layers now. Then unhide the Car
character. Connect the two layers above by
the part you want to select, press the Magic
Paint shader layer and select it, and click on the
holding the Alt button on your keyboard and
Wand Tool (W on your keyboard), hold Shift on
“Add layer mask” button again (Fig.10).
clicking between the two layers. We then want
your keyboard, and then select the parts where
to create a black layer for our background
you want the Car Paint shader and the black
If you’ve forgotten to select some parts – no
(Fig.08).
parts to appear (Fig.09).
problem! We just need to go back to the mask
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Photoshop for 3D Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds fior Characters
layers, select the parts we want to appear, press the D shortcut key on our keyboard to reset the color palette to black and white, and then with the mask of the Car Paint shader layer selected, press Ctrl + Backspace to paint the selected parts in white. Sometimes a line with a color that doesn’t correspond to the background appears (Fig.11). To fix this, we can hold down Ctrl and click on the thumbnail of the first glossy metal layer, selecting the silhouette. Press Ctrl + Shift + I to invert the selection, and use the right arrow key on your keyboard to move the selection one pixel across to the right. Press Ctrl + H to hide the selection that’s still there. Then with the black brush, paint this area to remove the white line. Do this for the left side, too (Fig.12). Now the fun begins! Let’s change the blue metal color for another one: using the self-illumination renders, select the parts that correspond to the blue Car Paint shader, click on the “Create new
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fill or adjustment layer” button, and select Hue/
and then scale the selection around the object
Saturation. Select Colorize and you can then
you want, and render it. This way, when you
play with different choices of colors for these
import this render as a new layer in Photoshop, it
metal parts (Fig.13).
will fit perfectly in your composition (Fig.15).
Let’s now add more detail to this image. For
Import these new render layers into your PSD file
this purpose, I’ve rendered a texture for the
and select the parts that correspond to the eyes.
manometer eyes, and for those pipes in his belly
Select the eyes layer and click the “Add layer
(Fig.14).
mask” icon. Do the same for the hoses (Fig.16).
In your 3D software, remember to set the area
Turn on the Ambient Occlusion layer and choose
to render to Region (if you’re using 3ds Max),
a good opacity for your image – I’ve set mine
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Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds fior Characters
Photoshop for 3D
to 80% – and then change the layer blending mode to Multiply (Fig.17). Use the masks to make some adjustments to your image now, like Curves, Color Balance, or whatever it needs (Fig.18). I’ve missed some reflections on the face and glasses, so I’ve changed the HDR image for another one that has some different reflections in these areas. I’ve used masks to make these images appear only in the reflective parts, and I change the layer blending mode to Overlay as the finishing touch (Fig.19). Now let’s dirty the image up a little – we’ll need some dirty and scratched maps for this job (Fig.20).
In the same way that we’ve made all the masks,
the Levels of the maps for better contrast in your
use the self-illumination renders to mask these
textures, and then find a better opacity for their
dirty maps to each part of the model. You can
layers (Fig.21).
repeat parts, rotate and copy using the Clone Stamp Tool – whatever it needs – and then
Now select all layers – except the background
change the blending mode. Sometimes it will
and the two self-illumination mask layers – and
look good in Overlay, sometimes Multiply or Soft
press Ctrl + G to group them, just for a better
Light; you’ll need to test the different settings
workflow (Fig.22).
out on your own composition to discover what
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the best blending mode to use is for your own
For the background, I’ve mixed two maps
purposes. If you need to, you can also adjust
(Fig.23) and placed them above the black
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background layer. I select the first layer, hold Alt and hit the “Add layer mask” button – this creates a black mask. With a white brush now, I paint the areas where I want the map to appear. Do this with the other layer, too, and then change it to Overlay (Fig.24). Now it’s time to make some final adjustments, the first one being to the Hue/Saturation: enable the Colorize check box and enter zero for the two parameters above; change the blending mode to Overlay and find a good Opacity. This will make the image get a nice contrast (Fig.25a). Let’s simulate a glow effect now: go to Channels, and choose the channel that has the most contrast – in this image it’s the blue one – and duplicate it, dragging the channel to the Create New Channel button. Press Ctrl + L
for Levels, and make an adjustment to increase
The last adjustment to make is a Color Balance
only the highlights (Fig.25b).
one (Fig.25d).
Now hold Ctrl and click on the thumbnail of this
And here we have the final image. You can have
channel to select only the white parts. Go back
fun changing the colors, making adjustments
to the layers and put a Curves adjustment to
and finding out what best fits your needs
clear it. Now go to the masks and feather it to
(Fig.26).
look like a glow effect – if it needs it, duplicate
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this new layer to get more of a glow, and then
The second tutorial example is a character that
paint in black the parts that are exaggerated
I created at Infinity Design (www.infinitydtv.com)
(Fig.25c).
for the Brazilian company, REF Comunicação
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Photoshop for 3D Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds fior Characters
(www.refcomunicacao.com.br). I will use this image set to show you how to create a background for your own characters (Fig.27). After I composed the character in the same way as I did for the robot, I merged all layers together for each pose, and opened then in a PSD file. I also created a white frame to separate the three poses (Fig.28). We need to make three render passes: • Render Pass 1 – The first one needs to be our Ambient Occlusion pass. In your 3D software, select the entire character, keeping only the parts that touch the floor, and hide it. Select these parts, right-click, and go to the Object Properties. In 3ds Max, I disable the check box Visible to Camera and click OK, as this makes the shoes affect the floor but doesn’t appear to render. It keeps only the floor visible to the camera and renders it. I do the same thing for the other two poses, as well (Fig.29) • Render Pass 2 – I configure a black Matte Shadow, only to reflect. I disable the Visible to Camera check box and render it, doing the same for the other two poses (Fig.30)
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Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds fior Characters
Photoshop for 3D
• Render Pass 3 – For the third and final render layer I make a quick design for the floor in 3ds Max (Fig.31). A texture map looks good too – you could use a wood map, for example.
the “Add layer mask” button to create a white mask for this group. Press D on your keyboard
In Photoshop, I create a Gradient color for
to reset the color palette to black and white,
the background, import the new renders and
and then, with the Gradient Tool, paint a small
position them in the right order, grouping each
gradient at the bottom to smoothly fade out the
series of renders for a better workflow. I then
reflections (Fig.33).
hide them (Fig.32). Turn on the Ambient Occlusion group now, Unhide the Reflections group and change the
change the blending mode to Multiply, and find
blending mode of the group to Screen. Click on
a good Opacity setting (Fig.34).
Now Unhide the Floor Design layer, change it to Screen, and find a good Opacity. Make a gradient mask to fade out the top, and with a black brush, paint the parts you don’t want to appear (Fig.35). If you have Photoshop CS4, go to the Masks tab and feather it a little; if you have an earlier version you can select the mask, go to Filter > Blur, and apply a Gaussian Blur to smooth this mask (Fig.36). I’ve chosen to change the background color for each pose. To copy this technique, make a selection around the pose, and inside the white frame go to the “Create new fill or adjustment layer” icon, apply Hue/Saturation, and enable the Colorize check box. I’ve used a green color for the left background, purple for the right one, and I’ve kept the central one orange; I also use a Curves adjustment for added contrast and enhanced colors (Fig.37). Now let’s make some adjustments that will really make him “pop” in the scene! First of all we can simulate a backlight, so choose the Elliptical
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Chapter 06
Photoshop for 3D Chapter 6 - Creating Backgrounds fior Characters Marquee Tool and, holding down the Shift key, make an oval selection over each pose (Fig.38). Apply an exaggerated Curves adjustment to clear the selected oval areas (Fig.39). Go to the Masks tab (if in PS CS4) and feather the mask with a good value (again, you can use the blur options in earlier versions of PS if you’re not running CS4) (Fig.40). Now hold down Ctrl + Shift and click on the three character thumbnails to select them (Fig.41). Again, you’ll want to use a Curves bar to clear this, and feather the mask a little to create a glow effect. With a black brush, paint the dark areas around the character, and we the result is our final image (Fig.42).
Conclusion
hours setting up a final render for your image
I can go as far to say that these techniques have
for just one pass, and then render more and
changed my life! No longer do you have to lose
more passes, make tests and adjustments as
necessary … you can also even add details that weren’t even modeled when you first came up with the concept! The possibilities are endless. You can check out more illustrations made using these techniques on my website. I hope you’ve enjoyed this tutorial, thanks for reading!
Fabio M. Ragonha For more from this artist visit http://www.fabiomr.com/ or contact [email protected]
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In this series we will be working our way through the basic process of creating a creature bust, then taking it to completion by the last chapter. We will be starting with a basic Zsphere base mesh that we will create ourselves and we’ll use this as our starting point for sculpturing and finally adding texture to. The tutorial series is split into 7 chapters so that we can take it at a beginner’s pace and cover as much ground as possible for people totally new to Zbrush. (Plus you’ll end up with a finished digital sculpt that will give you the confidence to approach you own projects in a similar manner.) Original Author: 3DTotal.com Ltd | Platform: ZBrush | Format: DOWNLOAD ONLY PDF | Pages: 52
Downloadable Tutorial EBook
Introduction:
The original character of the Swordmaster was created by Seong-wha Jeong and we had 3DTotal’s in-house 3d artist Richard Tilbury, re-create the character in 3dsmax as well as create the textures in Photoshop, in our new precise, step-by-step tutorial for highly polished, low polygon game character with detailed texturing for real-time rendering. We have also converted the tutorials into Cinema 4D, Maya, Lightwave and Softimage platforms. Even if you are not a user of one of them, the principles should be easily followed in nearly all other 3D applications. The Swordmaster tutorials is spread over 8 Chapters which outline, in detail, the process for creating the Swordmaster below are the details.
image by Seong-wha Jeong
Chapter 1: Modelling the Head Chapter 2: Modelling the Torso Chapter 3: Modelling the Arms & Legs Chapter 4: Modelling the Clothing & Hair Chapter 5: Modelling the Armour Chapter 6: Mapping & Unwrapping Chapter 7: Texturing the Skin & Body Chapter 8: Texturing the Armour & Clothing
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The series is split into 6 chapters and will endeavour to give you an insight into how a fully realised 3D scene may be arrived at from beginning to end. The tutorials will attempt to address the key issues and techniques appropriate in achieving this, from concept sketches through to building the 3D scene, mapping and unwrapping, texturing and eventually to lighting and rendering, culminating in a final render. The emphasis over the course of the series will be on the texturing and principally the aging and wear of materials. Original Author: 3DTotal.com Ltd | Platform: 3ds max, Cinema 4d, LightWave, Maya and Softimage XSI Format: DOWNLOAD ONLY PDF | Pages: 38+
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Zbrush Character Creation is a comprehensive look at the techniques and tools used to sculpt a variety of physical characteristics specific to several character types. The lessons on offer show how to transform a general base mesh into a definitive character class and explains the tools used to not only create the details and unique facial features, but also how to manipulate the overall proportions and head shapes. There are nine chapters in all, five of which cover the human condition and four of which cover creatures with human characteristics including zombie, werewolf and Frankenstein’s monster. Original Author: 3DTotal.com Ltd | Platform: ZBrush | Format: DOWNLOAD ONLY PDF | Pages: 091
Introduction:
Michel Roger’s famous ‘Joan of Arc’ tutorial re-written for Maya by Taylor Kingston, Cinema 4D by Giuseppe Guglielmucci & Nikki Bartucci, Lightwave by Vojislav Milanovich and Softimage by Luciano Iurino and 3DCreative Magazine.com. If there has been one single tutorial that has educated and inspired more budding 3d artists than anything else, this complete step by step project by Michel’s must be it. The community is in debt to him.
These 120 plus page, Downloadable PDF’s are designed for ease of use to help beginners and intermediate level of artist alike in the creation of a female character. The tutorial takes you through the process of modelling, texturing and mapping to finally adding bones. | https://pdfcoffee.com/photoshop-for-3dpdf-pdf-free.html |
Increased demand from new traffic and increased schedule frequencies.
Rental revenues are driven by price effects.
Negative impact from higher expenses for personnel.
Measures to further reduce energy consumption pressed ahead.
1) Preliminary figure for 2017.
Performance development was marked by a slight increase in the number of station stops. This was mainly due to increased schedule frequencies and additional traffic in regional transport. This was counteracted by the absence of the additional day of service in the previous year (leap year). In particular, the higher demand was driven by non-Group railways.
The quality of the facilities improved slightly from an already good level. Facilities quality is assessed locally and is determined on the basis of a detailed calculation and weighting algorithm in accordance with the provisions of the LuFV II.
Customer satisfaction remained stable. To assess customer satisfaction, about 29,000 passengers are asked each year, in two waves, about their satisfaction with the stations, and about 60 tenants and about 90 public transport authorities are surveyed annually. The economic trend was positive. Overall, higher income compensated for the increase in expenses, particularly in personnel expenses, resulting in an improvement in operating profit.
The rise in revenues is attributable to higher station revenues as a result of volume and prices as well as higher revenues from rental and leasing. The development of external revenues reflects the growing market share of non-Group railways.
Other operating income increased substantially (+ 9.1%), primarily due to higher investment grants and higher insurance and compensation benefits.
Cost of materials (– 2.7%) decreased. Lower expenses for maintenance and energy were partly offset by higher costs for personnel services.
Personnel expenses (+ 9.8%) increased significantly. This was mainly due to the higher number of employees and wage increases.
Among other things, other operating expenses rose (+ 10.7%) because of higher expenses due to the increase in the number of employees as well as higher costs of IT and communication services.
Depreciation was roughly at the previous yearʼs level (+ 0.7%).
The positive EBIT development resulted in an increase in the ROCE since capital employed remained roughly stable.
Net financial debt increased slightly, mainly as a result of higher other liabilities.
Among other things, the profit-driven higher cash flow from operating activities had a positive impact on redemption coverage.
The higher capital expenditures were focused primarily on renovating existing stations and projects under Railway of the Future.
The number of employees rose due to the increase in personnel in the areas of station services, construction management and facilities management. The development of business at Station Food GmbH, which was founded in the previous year, also had an impact.
Employee satisfaction is measured every two years. In the year under review, the focus was on follow-up processes. The follow-up workshop implementation rate for the 2016 employee survey was again very high.
The share of women decreased slightly. This was due to the increase in personnel in professional groups composed mainly of male applicants.
With the further reduction of the primary energy consumption of the stations, for example through the use of energy-saving technologies, the positive trend of the past years is continuing. | https://ib.deutschebahn.com/ib2017/en/group-management-report/development-of-business-units/infrastructure/db-netze-stations-business-unit/development-in-the-year-under-review.html |
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Increased health care cost sharing works as intended: It burdens patients who need care the most
Briefing Paper #358
A number of different health care policy proposals that have emerged in recent years share a common goal: make households directly pay for a larger share of most health expenditures by encouraging higher deductibles, higher copays, or higher co-insurance rates. The rationale of such proposals is that too-generous insurance policies (either those provided by employers or public insurance such as Medicare) distort the prices consumers face, and that removing this distortion would allow patients to choose their health care more wisely, hence slowing health care cost growth. The “success” of increased cost sharing hinges on the ability of patients to make educated decisions about their health care purchases much like they do when buying other goods and services such as milk, cars, or cell phone plans.
This brief argues that this is a flawed strategy for health care cost containment. The health care market is unlike other markets; thus, forcing increased cost sharing on American households is a deeply inefficient strategy for trying to contain health care costs. Forcing Americans to pay a higher share of health costs will not induce them to shop around and compare prices when they are experiencing chest pains or their child is suffering from an asthma attack. Further, consumers of health care are in no position to second-guess their doctor when she tells them an MRI is better than an X-ray (and hence worth the higher price) to diagnose a condition. Lastly, unlike other markets, prices of health care services faced by consumers bear very little relation to providers’ cost to supply these services. Hence, these prices provide little to no information for consumers looking to judge the relative efficacy of various health care interventions.
In addition, increased health cost sharing is unlikely to make American health care more affordable to those currently unable to afford it, and will instead likely place the largest burdens on those who need care the most.
Besides being flawed in conception, most concrete policy tools used to increase cost sharing also have serious problems of implementation. This brief discusses a couple of real-world policy proposals to increase cost sharing, such as changing the tax treatment of employer-sponsored health insurance or changing Medicare’s premium structure.
This paper’s main findings include:
Most cost-sharing proposals lead to higher out-of-pocket medical costs, hitting those who require a high degree of medical care especially hard.
Most cost-sharing proposals are poorly targeted for containing overall system costs.
They miss the expensive cost drivers.
They may lead to consumption of less-effective care and therefore increase overall health care spending.
Any cost containment would be driven by reduced medical care, not reduced prices.
The Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) excise tax on high-priced health insurance plans is not well targeted.
Health insurance premiums are driven by a variety of influences (e.g., firm size, age of workforce, location, etc.) unrelated to the generosity of health plans.
Because the tax is triggered by high premiums, the tax will hit many workers with ordinary, not exceptionally generous health plans.
Because the threshold is indexed in future years at a growth rate that is expected to be slower than the growth of medical costs, in the future it will capture more typical health plans.
Any increase in wages that employers may offer to compensate workers for employers’ reduced premium contributions to less generous coverage will still lead to a fall in total after-tax compensation, which will increasingly need to be spent on higher out-of-pocket medical costs for those who need care.
Many proposals to restructure Medicare could increase the financial and health risks faced by the vulnerable elderly.
Turning Medicare into a premium-support system—with a voucher set arbitrarily at the value of the second-least-expensive insurance plan—would shift costs to elderly households.
Increasing the Medicare eligibility age from 65 to 67 (while simultaneously repealing the ACA’s insurance market reforms) will leave many Americans ages 65 and 66 without insurance. Thus, many will put off needed care, costing both their health and financial well-being more in the long run.
While cost shifting may lead to workers’ wages increasing to compensate them for a loss in employer health insurance contributions, there is no such trade-off for the elderly when it comes to Medicare cost shifting. Additionally, a greater share of elderly Americans’ fixed income will have to go toward health care.
Policy background
A number of proposed health policy interventions—such as taxing employer-sponsored health insurance benefits and restructuring Medicare into a premium-support program—share a key policy feature: They aim to shift health care costs from government and insurance companies onto households. The stated policy benefit of this shift is often short-handed as increasing American households’ “skin in the game.” The “game” is the purchase of medical care; the “skin” is that Americans will shoulder more of the costs. In other words, Americans will directly face a higher share of total health spending. The theory behind this idea is that people will become more careful consumers of health care and will forgo unnecessary care that they only consumed because insurance reduced its cost to them, all of which will bring down overall health costs.
Increased cost sharing can take many forms. Both taxing employer-sponsored benefits and decreasing government payment of Medicare premiums will encourage the purchase of less expensive health plans in either the employer system or in Medicare. All else equal, fewer dollars toward premiums translates into less comprehensive coverage.
Various particular policy proposals have worked to increase cost sharing. Several increase the taxation of employer-sponsored health insurance benefits. Specific examples include the Affordable Care Act’s excise tax, which levies a 40 percent tax on high-priced health plans; the tax exclusion cap set forth by the 2010 National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform (i.e., the Bowles-Simpson plan); former President Bush’s 2005 Tax Reform Panel’s recommended cap on the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored premiums; and many other proposals over the years. This brief discusses the specific case of the excise tax in the Affordable Care Act, which creates a strong incentive for employers and workers to purchase less expensive—and hence less generous—coverage to avoid the tax.
Another avenue of increased cost sharing is found in proposals to restructure Medicare. This paper focuses on one such proposal: House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan’s 2014 budget, which replaces Medicare’s current health coverage guarantee with a premium-support payment, in essence creating a voucher for the purchase of health insurance. As with the excise tax, the voucher loses value over time, causing the Medicare population to choose between spending more out-of-pocket on health insurance or more out-of-pocket on purchasing health care.
Both of these avenues of reforming health insurance provision will increase out-of-pocket costs, particularly for enrollees who frequently require health services. As a result, consumers are either burdened with paying higher medical costs, or they may respond to increasing out-of-pocket costs by cutting back on care, some of which may be medically indicated.
This brief argues that these poorly targeted interventions to boost cost sharing are a fundamentally misguided answer to high and rising health costs. The next sections explore these arguments in detail, but in short, pushing costs onto consumers is not a very effective cost-containment device. While these policy measures will undoubtedly reduce the federal government’s health expenditures, they will not do much to reduce total system health spending. Unless one is willing to increase cost sharing even for truly catastrophic medical costs, such measures will miss the primary cost drivers in the U.S. health care system—80 percent of health dollars are spent by just 19 percent of (presumably the sickest) health consumers, and 50 percent are driven by just 5 percent of the population (author’s analysis of MEPS 2010). In other words, encouraging relatively healthy people to cut back on health care simply misses the vast majority of health care costs. If these less healthy patients driving overall spending (particularly those with chronic diseases) respond to across-the-board increases in cost sharing by cutting back on all medical care—some of which is extraordinarily cost-effective in the long run—they may actually increase overall health costs in later years. In addition, research has shown that cost containment from increasing cost sharing is generally driven by reduced volumes of medical care consumed, and not by reduced prices (Anderson et al. 2003). Since it is the high prices of American medical care that make us such an outlier in international comparisons, it seems that increased cost-sharing focuses on the wrong problem. Serious solutions to contain health costs may be found elsewhere (e.g., value-based insurance design, all-payer rates, and better care coordination).
The economics and evidence on how cost- and risk-shifting may lower coverage and care
Forcing people into less-comprehensive plans exposes them to higher out-of-pocket costs and greater health-related financial shocks. People value insulation from these shocks—this is the reason people purchase insurance—so forcing them into less-insulating plans has a cost. Shifting health insurance costs onto workers, seniors, and their families may hamper their ability to maintain and secure affordable health care. Such costs have already risen in recent years, resulting in increased out-of-pocket burdens and difficulty in paying medical bills (Collins 2013).
Cunningham (2010) finds growing financial burdens of health care across the socioeconomic distribution, not simply among the poor and uninsured. Himmelstein et al. (2009) find a striking growth in bankruptcies associated with medical costs, even for those households covered by health insurance. Pushing insurance plans to be less comprehensive has the potential to make these financial problems worse.
Not all moral hazard is inefficient
The movement of people into less-comprehensive coverage is often identified as a policy benefit—under the theory that when people have more “skin in the game” (i.e., face a higher share of total health spending) they will become more careful consumers of health care and will forgo unneeded care only previously purchased because they were not facing its full cost. Among economists, this problem is called moral hazard. This theory implies there is an optimal level of cost sharing and some of the additional health care purchased by the insured represents economic inefficiency. Nyman (2007) directly questions this theory by arguing that a large portion of moral hazard represents health care that sick consumers would not otherwise have access to without the income that it transferred to them through insurance. This portion of moral hazard—the transfer of income—is efficient and generates a welfare gain.
Nyman illustrates this phenomenon through a useful example of a woman who has just been diagnosed with breast cancer. Without health insurance, she would not be able to afford both the mastectomy and the breast reconstruction needed to correct the disfigurement caused by the mastectomy. With health insurance, she can afford both. One might argue that insurance is inefficient (causing moral hazard) because the breast reconstruction was not medically indicated and she only chose to have that procedure because it was made inexpensive by her insurance. In a social experiment, one could theoretically transfer to her the full cost in dollars (of both procedures) and then view whether she spent it on the mastectomy and the breast reconstruction to determine if it is just the price reduction from insurance that provides the incentive or the income transfer from insurance that drives her decision-making. If she still purchases both procedures with the cash transfer that she could have used to purchase other goods and services, then this would show that insurance, by relieving a liquidity constraint, leads to efficient decision-making and that presumed inefficiencies from insurance’s price distortion are overstated.
This recognition that not all moral hazard is economically inefficient is becoming well-understood in other branches of economics. Chetty (2008) makes similar arguments in the context of unemployment insurance, focusing on the fact that unemployment insurance benefits solve a liquidity problem rather than creating a disincentive to look for work. His research differentiates the moral hazard effect from the liquidity constraint by comparing households that can and cannot smooth consumption through a spell of unemployment with assets or income from other sources, such as a working spouse. Chetty suggests his analysis could apply even more strongly to the case of liquidity constraints in the purchase of health care. On net, it is conceivable that the welfare gain from efficient moral hazard outweighs in both size and importance the welfare loss from excessive medical care. This would be particularly true in the case of individuals with serious illnesses who require expensive treatments.
If policymakers remain determined to make cost sharing a part of a health policy package, the above arguments suggest that taxing health benefits or reducing Medicare premium contributions for only high-income households might reduce some of these negative consequences for those at the lower end of the income scale while still raising revenue and reducing spending. This assumes both that the high-income are less likely to be liquidity constrained and that such policies only genuinely hit the high-income.
Cost sharing can lead to medically and economically inefficient decisions
By increasing cost sharing, consumers will be faced with higher out-of-pocket costs when deciding whether to seek medical care. This effective price increase may lead some to cut back on medical spending. For vulnerable populations and those with chronic conditions, many interventions that are avoided may turn out to be health-improving. Research has shown that higher cost sharing could lead families to cut back on medically indicated and effective health care. Goldman, Joyce, and Zheng (2007) find that cuts in plan generosity can lead to reduced compliance with drug therapies for chronic disease, and Buntin et al. (2011) find that enrollment in high-deductible health plans leads to reductions in the use of preventive care. Both Gruber (2006) and Hsu et al. (2006) demonstrate that higher cost sharing is detrimental to the health of the chronically ill.
Overall, the evidence shows that an optimal cost-sharing design may better serve consumers and the health care system when it takes into account all the considerations raised by different patient populations, therapies, and conditions. Consumers simply do not have the necessary information or wherewithal to make many health decisions, and various factors may keep prices from accurately signaling quality or effectiveness. Patients in emergency situations are simply not able to assess hospital quality or direct their own treatment regimen. Patients, in both emergency and non-emergency situations, trust medical professionals to offer the best information and care, unlike sellers in the general marketplace.
Efficient cost-sharing designs cannot be one-size-fits-all. A universally applied excise tax on health benefits or reduced premium contributions to Medicare do not create the right incentives for the creation of the most efficient insurance policy; in fact, one might argue that they are blunt instruments that create no incentives except to purchase less expensive policies. In doing so, they shift costs onto workers, seniors, and their families, hitting those requiring high levels of medical care especially hard.
Cost sharing is a poorly targeted cost-containment device
Many health policy experts have claimed that both taxing employer-sponsored health benefits and restructuring Medicare into a premium-support system could be powerful tools in restraining the overall growth of American health care costs without exposing Americans to much greater financial or health risks. Given that rapidly growing health costs exert real strains on both government budgets and family incomes, curbing them seems to be a worthy policy goal. As it turns out, these policies have less reach in driving significant cost containment than is commonly recognized.
Decreasing first-dollar coverage through higher deductibles and the like will probably miss many of the most expensive costs in the health system. As previously noted, the sickest 19 percent of the population in any given year accounts for 80 percent of total health spending. This includes people with chronic conditions, acute care needs, end-of-life care needs, etc. An increase in cost sharing among the big-ticket items such as transplants, major life-saving surgeries, or the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes has not been explicitly suggested and is universally recognized to be bad policy.
Swartz (2010) points out that it is often the health care providers and not the patients themselves who are the drivers of high health care spending. To the extent that moral hazard–induced overconsumption of health care is a significant problem, patients already active in the health care system (e.g., under the care of a physician) may be less sensitive to cost sharing. Under a physician’s care, the amount of health services consumed is more likely to reflect the decisions made by providers. At that point, patients exercise little control over the medical care they receive. The corollary is that those less active in the health care system may be more sensitive to prices, meaning they are more likely to forgo expensive care if they believe there is less of an immediate medical need for it. Efforts to “bend the cost curve” via increasing costs paid by consumers would be limited to the relatively small share of total health spending borne by this population (akin to the 20 percent of health dollars consumed by 81 percent of the population).
To the extent that consumers do cut back on care in response to increased cost sharing, we noted before that they may well cut back on health-improving medical spending. But they may even cut back on medical spending that is cost effective in the long run. Proponents of increased cost sharing often implicitly suggest that consumers would only be forced to cut back on luxury items (e.g., designer eyeglasses) or medical care that has little or no long-term health effects (e.g., treating a minor skin condition). But a growing body of research indicates that this is not true; increased cost sharing does indeed often crowd out health-improving and cost-effective medical interventions.
McWilliams, Zaslavsky, and Huskamp (2011) find that cuts in plan generosity can lead to higher overall medical spending. Chandra, Gruber, and McKnight (2009) find that there are substantial “offset” effects to broad increases in cost-sharing rates for physician visits and prescription drugs; spending on these categories fell with higher cost sharing, but hospitalization costs rose substantially. In one related study, Goldman, Joyce, and Zheng (2007) find that higher cost sharing for pharmaceuticals is associated with an increased use of overall medical services, particularly for patients with greater needs (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, or schizophrenia).
Likewise, lower cost sharing is associated with a reduction in overall health spending, particularly for those with chronic diseases. For instance, Chernew et al. (2008) demonstrate that cost sharing with lower costs for those for whom the intervention would be most cost-effective (generally the chronically ill) leads to higher compliance. Furthermore, Muszbek et al. (2008) find that increased compliance with drugs for hypertension, diabetes, and a series of other ailments will lead to higher drug costs but lower non-drug costs, leading to overall cost savings. Mahoney (2005) also finds that lowered cost sharing for diabetes patients reduces health costs per plan.
The sum of this important research suggests that increased cost sharing in certain areas (e.g., prescription drugs or primary care) can lead to higher overall costs due to increased health service utilization in other areas (e.g., hospitalization), and that the optimal cost-sharing rate for many chronic conditions and large classes of prescription drugs is very low or even zero. By not differentiating among medical goods and services based on effectiveness research, increased cost sharing stemming from overly blunt policies such as the excise tax or Medicare vouchers may be an ineffective and potentially harmful tool in making efficient cuts to health care utilization. A careful examination of the growing value-based insurance design literature may produce a more effective policy response.
To the extent that consumers do respond by cutting back on medical care, it becomes clear that any cost containment from these policies is driven by the reduced quantity of medical care consumed, not reduced prices. That is, if increased cost sharing contains costs to any significant extent, it does so by encouraging people affected by it to buy less health care. Anderson et al. (2003) suggest that high medical spending in the United States, as compared with its industrial peers, is actually driven by high prices and not high utilization. To the extent this is true, policies that shift costs onto consumers are not likely to remedy this problem.
Besides problems in conception, specific policies that increase cost sharing also suffer significant problems in the way they are applied. The remainder of this paper looks at two such policies—the Affordable Care Act’s excise tax and Rep. Paul Ryan’s plan to restructure Medicare—and some of the unique problems their implementation would present.
Excise tax is not well targeted
In March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Affordable Care Act (ACA), commonly known as health reform. As part of health reform, beginning in 2018 a 40 percent excise tax will be levied on health insurance policies with premiums in excess of $10,200 for individual policies and $27,500 for family coverage. The tax applies to the portion of premiums between the threshold and the total cost of the insurance policy. The premium thresholds are adjusted for workers in high-risk industries and for the age and gender of the workforce. In 2019 and beyond, the threshold above which premiums are taxed is indexed to the overall inflation rate plus 1 percentage point, not to the growth of medical costs, which is expected to be higher.
Currently, employer contributions to health insurance premiums are excluded, without limit, from workers’ taxable income. Employee contributions are excluded if the employee works at a firm with a cafeteria plan, a plan that allows employees to choose between taxable and nontaxable fringe benefits (e.g., plans that offer flexible spending accounts). Subsidizing compensation paid in the form of health insurance encourages employers to offer health insurance, increasing the number of insured workers. Nevertheless, some argue that limiting this tax exclusion would provide incentives for cost containment because it would make consumers more price sensitive, thereby leading to reduced health expenditures, and it would raise tax revenue that could be used in part to pay for coverage expansions.
In response to the excise tax, a Mercer survey (2009) finds that nearly two-thirds of employers plan to cut health benefits to avoid the tax and a full 7 percent would eliminate their health plan altogether. The Joint Committee on Taxation (2009) revenue estimates assume that only a small share of revenue would actually come directly from the excise tax (as opposed to the large share of revenue from taxed wages), implying that employers and employees alike will shy away from the more expensive plans. Among workers at firms that drop insurance coverage altogether, some workers will become eligible for subsidized coverage in the state health exchanges established by the ACA.
Taxing benefits is often mistaken as a way to get rid of overly generous, or “Cadillac,” coverage. However, expensive plans are not necessarily more generous plans. Many health plans are expensive because the employee population is older or sicker than average, and not because they provide more generous coverage. Gould and Minicozzi (2009) have shown that some of the most powerful predictors of a plan’s high cost are the size of the firm and the age of its workers. Small firms and firms with older workforces tend to have less bargaining power with insurance companies and face higher administrative costs. All else equal, this leads to higher prices for insurance coverage, which may be no more comprehensive than lower-priced coverage for larger firms or those with younger workers. Gabel et al. (2006) have shown that small firms pay premiums 18 percent higher than large firms pay for equivalent health coverage.
Another way to measure plan generosity is to use a health plan’s actuarial value, that is, the share of average medical expenditures paid for by the insurance company (instead of by the policyholder). Using actuarial value as a proxy for plan generosity, Gabel et al. (2010) find that only a small share (3.7 percent) of the variation in premiums for family plans is determined by a plan’s generosity. Other factors include type of plan (e.g., HMO), industry, and variation in medical costs across the country. Even after including these factors, much of the variation in premiums is left unexplained by plan features. This reinforces that plan prices do not reflect plan value.
To some extent, the health reform law acknowledges this reality and specifically raises the threshold of the excise tax for selected small groups of workers explicitly on the grounds that high cost is not synonymous with high value. For instance, it increases the threshold for health plans covering high-risk professions. However, it does not go far enough to account for the high prices some pay for coverage that is still far from a “Cadillac” standard. Dorn (2009) recognizes this problem and proposes an alternative solution to more clearly target the tax to high-value plans by using actuarial value to measure benefit generosity. One solution he outlines taxes plans above the 75th percentile of actuarial value among all enrollees in employer-sponsored insurance plans, and indexes this threshold to overall inflation over time. This policy prescription still ignores the fact that more comprehensive coverage benefits the least healthy the most.
As previously noted, in 2019 and beyond, the threshold above which premiums are subject to the ACA excise tax is indexed to the overall inflation rate plus 1 percentage point (CPI+1). For instance, if overall inflation grows at an average rate of 2.5 percent while medical care costs rise at 4.0 percent, a growing wedge will be created between a CPI+1 of 3.5 percent and the growth of medical costs. The result is that more and more insurance plans would be subject to the excise tax, leading more employers and workers to demand lower-priced and less comprehensive coverage. As in the past, this growth rate is expected to be lower than the growth of medical costs, thereby capturing more and more health plans in the future—an increasing number of which by any measure would not be considered “Cadillac.”
Other policy virtues of the excise tax often overblown
Additionally, proponents of taxing employer-sponsored health insurance benefits often note that if it encourages workers to take less compensation in the form of health insurance premiums, then this could raise other forms of compensation, especially cash wages. Given that in the long run the excise tax will indeed likely lead to non-trivial cuts in employer contributions to insurance premiums, it is certainly possible that cash wages may rise as employer contributions to premiums fall. However, the large majority of these wage increases will simply be absorbed by higher out-of-pocket medical costs incurred with less generous coverage. Given the large variation in annual health spending (i.e., many families spend next to nothing on health costs in a given year while some spend large amounts), many workers could face increases in out-of-pocket costs that far exceed the potential addition to cash wages that accompanies the imposition of the excise tax. On average, after-tax, after–health care wages will rise much less than proponents often claim. Finally, characterizing the potential for cash wages to rise in response to the tax as simply “a raise” for American workers is not correct. Even if cash wages rise in response (however doubtful in the current economy), these rising wages only come as other forms of compensation are falling. Further, because some compensation that was previously being subsidized through tax policy is now being taxed, the result is an unambiguous cut, not a raise, to total after-tax compensation.
Lastly, because better-paid workers are generally more likely to have employer-sponsored insurance (ESI), and because the tax benefit to having ESI rises with income, anything that reduces this ESI-related tax benefit is often described as a “progressive” tax increase. However, McIntyre (2009) makes the additional point that, as a share of income, taxing ESI does not unambiguously increase the progressivity of the tax system across every segment of the income distribution. While many low-income households do not enjoy access to ESI, high-income households are required to contribute only a small share of their income to pay the tax because there is a limit to how much any household would want to take income in the form of health insurance. For instance, compared with the home mortgage interest deduction, the tax advantage given to health insurance is more tightly distributed, as house prices vary more widely than do health premiums. McIntyre calculates the marginal federal income and payroll tax rate on converting a portion of tax-exempt wages (in this case, health insurance) into taxable wages. He finds that if health premiums were taxed as wages, the tax rate (including the payroll tax) would be relatively flat across income groups. Given the tight distribution of health premiums and relatively flat marginal tax rates, McIntyre estimates that the excise tax, as a share of income, would be 10–20 times as high on middle-income families as on the rich, reducing the overall progressivity of the tax system.
Medicare restructuring according to Paul Ryan’s 2014 budget
House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan’s 2014 budget proposes several changes to Medicare in an effort to increase competition and stem the program’s growth rate (Ryan 2013). His plan restructures traditional Medicare into a system where the government pays a set rate and seniors shop for their plans in a competitive Medicare Exchange. The government contribution is set at the lesser of the second-least-expensive private plan or traditional Medicare. So in the first year, those wishing to remain in traditional Medicare will be able to with no additional costs.
However, in future years, the value of the voucher will be set according to a competitive-bidding process and (more importantly) cannot see its growth exceed growth in overall GDP plus 0.5 percentage points—a rate likely to be slower than actual health cost growth. Given the wedge between the increase in health costs and government contributions to premiums, over time the voucher will lose value relative to desired health plans for purchase. Van de Water (2013) argues that the only way to keep Medicare cost growth within the target spending level under the Ryan proposal is to limit the annual increase in the amount of the voucher. Over time, this pushes both the cost of health insurance and the cost of health care onto seniors.
While an argument can be made that workers who face a loss in employer contributions to health insurance will see higher wages to compensate, in the case of Medicare, seniors will clearly experience a welfare loss. There will be no increase in Social Security to offset the increased cost sharing as a result of premium support that refuses to keep up with medical inflation. Forcing cost sharing on seniors will increase their economic and health vulnerability without any offsets that increase their financial well-being. Any increases in out-of-pocket spending as a result of less generous plans will lead to a higher share of the elderly being financially insecure. Cooper and Gould (forthcoming) find that a 50 percent increase in medical spending on premiums and out-of-pocket medical care among the elderly Medicare population will increase the share of the economically insecure elderly by nearly 10 percent, from 48.0 percent to 52.6 percent.
Furthermore, in its analysis of a similar plan Rep. Ryan proposed two years ago, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that replacing traditional Medicare with a premium-support model would not yield the touted cost containment (CBO 2011). CBO points to two major factors: Private plans have higher administrative costs and profits than Medicare, and payment rates to providers are higher in private plans because they have less negotiating power than does Medicare. Not only will seniors bear more of the health cost burden, but the overall burden may increase as Medicare loses its comparative advantage in the health care marketplace.
Ryan’s plan also raises the eligible age for Medicare from 65 to 67 by 2035. As his plan also proposes to repeal many of health reform’s provisions, increasing the Medicare eligibility age will cause many to put off needed care, costing both their health and financial well-being more in the long run (McWilliams et al. 2007). Without a regulated insurance market that assures those ages 65 and 66 an alternate source of affordable coverage, they may enter the ranks of the uninsured with all the problems that ensue from that status, particularly the inability to receive necessary care when needed.
Conclusion
Both the excise tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health insurance plans and restructuring Medicare into a voucher system will shift costs onto workers, seniors, and their families. For those who require extensive medical care, such policies may result in financial stress and/or medical sacrifice. They may lead some to be even more costly consumers of health care. For that price, these policies may ease the federal budget, but research shows that they will do little to contain overall health spending. Furthermore, they put all the burden of cost containment on consumers without giving them the tools to make more fully informed medical decisions.
Serious solutions to contain health costs may be found elsewhere. Experts are required to make these decisions, and such methods can be instituted, for instance, by the Independent Payment Advisory Board established by health reform to restrain Medicare cost growth without sacrificing coverage or quality of care. Among a series of alternatives Holahan et al. (2011) estimate to contain health system costs, the one with the greatest effect is the establishment of an all-payer rate setting system, a system that would ensure that rates were controlled for all, regardless of how they received insurance. Laugesen and Glied (2011) offer ways to create incentives for the consumption of more medically effective and cost-effective care by reducing the payment disparities between physicians and specialists. Buntin and Cutler (2009) explore alternative savings mechanisms such as investments in health information technology and payment system reforms. If policymakers are determined to increase cost sharing, careful research (including research that has yet to be conducted) should be consulted to avoid increasing cost sharing where it would be destructive to health or economic security. Doing so, rather than using the blunt tool of a tax on high-priced plans, may provide a more effective incentive to rein in the high costs of the U.S. health care system.
— Elise Gould joined the Economic Policy Institute in 2003. Her research areas include employer-sponsored health insurance, inequality and health, poverty, mobility, and the employer tax exclusion. She has published her research in a range of venues from academic journals to general audience periodicals, been quoted by various news sources, and testified before the U.S. Congress. Also, she teaches health economics and econometrics to graduate students at Johns Hopkins University and The George Washington University, respectively. She holds a master’s in public affairs from the University of Texas-Austin and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
— The author thanks Natalie Sabadish for her clever research assistance and Josh Bivens for his valuable comments.
Buntin, Melinda Beeuwkes, and David Cutler. 2009. The Two Trillion Dollar Solution: Saving Money by Modernizing the Health Care System. Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/report/2009/06/24/6168/the-two-trillion-dollar-solution/
Gruber, J. 2006. The Role of Consumer Copayments for Health Care: Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment and Beyond. The Kaiser Family Foundation. http://www.kff.org/insurance/7566.cfm
Himmelstein, David U., Deborah Thorne, Elizabeth Warren, and Steffie Woolhandler. 2009. “Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study.” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 20, no. 10.
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Simone Biles returned to competition Tuesday at the Tokyo Olympics. After battling the "twisties" – a dangerous issue in the high-flying world of top-flight gymnastics that resulted in her withdrawing from the team competition as well as the all-around and three event finals – Biles took to the balance beam, the last women's event final in Tokyo.
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Simone Biles had a successful return to Olympic competition Tuesday, winning the bronze medal on the balance beam. Competing for the first time since withdrawing from the team competition a week earlier with a case of "the twisties," Biles won seventh career Olympic medal, tying her with Shannon Miller for the most by a U.S. gymnast.
The Tokyo Games were full of dramatic endings and jaw-dropping highlights. See some of the best moments and iconic performances that defined the Olympics below:. Simone Biles returns to win bronze in balance beam. Simone Biles won the bronze medal in balance beam after withdrawing from the all-around final and...
This year’s Olympic games have been nothing short of historic. We’ve watched US gymnast Simone Biles speak out about, and prioritise, her mental health, a women’s gymnastics team take a stand against the sexualisation of their bodies, and 12-year-old Sakura Yosozumi become Japan’s youngest gold medalist at the first-ever women’s park skateboarding event.
The swimming competition at the Tokyo Olympics concluded Sunday, and Team USA went out in style. Caeleb Dressel led the way, securing two more gold medals – in the men's 50 free and as the butterfly leg as the U.S. won the 4x100 medley relay in record-breaking fashion – to end his Games with an incredible five golds.
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Day 11 of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics was a cracker with a huge world record set on the track in the men’s 400m hurdles final won by Norway’s Karsten Warholm.The new champion only broke the 29-year-old record last month but clocked 45.94 seconds in Tokyo taking almost a second off his previous world best of 46.70secs he set in Oslo at the start of July. He finished ahead of the USA’s Rai Benjamin (46.17s) and Brazil’s Alison Dos Santos (46.72s). Later, Great Britain’s Keely Hodgkinson won a fabulous silver medal in the 800m as American 19-year-old Athing Mu stormed...
Simone Biles returned to the Olympic stage, dazzled on the balance beam and left with another medal for her collection. It would be a stretch to say the beam is her weak apparatus given she is a three-time world champion, but after such a week and against tough competition from China and her own teammate Sunisa Lee, matching the bronze she won in Rio was a remarkable feat.“I wasn’t expecting a medal, I just came out here and tried to do a good beam set,” said Biles, who paid tribute to China’s gold and silver duo Guan Chenchen and...
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For superstar U.S. gymnast Simone Biles -- who has won a total of seven Olympic medals in her career -- the bronze medal she won Tuesday at the Tokyo Olympics will probably always be her favorite. After all, that medal was particularly hard-earned. Following her win, Biles told reporters that...
Rhythmic Gymnast Margarita Mamun spent five years representing Russia on the international stage. In 2016, at the Rio Olympics, she made an impressive comeback against Yana Kudryavtseva to win gold in the individual all-around final. After retiring in 2017, she's now showing her support to the up and coming ROC...
The 2020 Tokyo Olympics are a wrap, and these Games were definitely ones to remember. Established stars such as Katie Ledecky and Kevin Durant delivered on their sky-high expectations while new ones emerged in first-time Team USA Olympians Sydney McLaughlin, Suni Lee and more. Allyson Felix became the most decorated...
Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya has won gold in the men's marathon, finishing with a time of 2:08:38 for his fourth career Olympic medal. Kipchoge is one of the world's most successful distance runners. He holds the world record for the marathon and won the race at the 2016 Rio Olympics.
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When the Tokyo Games began, nobody could be certain how they would come off with no fans in the stands and strict COVID-19 protocols. But after 339 events in 33 sports and more than 11,000 athletes getting their shot at glory, the 32nd Summer Olympics have concluded. Here are the...
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The 2020 Summer Olympics are finally underway in Tokyo, Japan. While the games have already provided fans with several exciting moments, there’s one common complaint:. It’s been very difficult to figure out which events are live and which are not, and where to watch events on TV (or online). Due...
You might think the Olympics are about athletic prowess. You might think they are about global unity, sportsmanship, and a carefully regulated dose of nationalism. You may even think they are about personal triumph in the face of immeasurable odds. But here’s the deal: The vast majority of the athletes at the Olympics lose. In fact, you could make the argument that the Olympics are more synonymous with losing than winning, and countless unforgettable moments over the years—Nancy Kerrigan, Mary Decker, now Simone Biles—back that up.
At the recent Tokyo Olympics, the American fencing team made noise by wearing pink face masks alongside their teammate, who stood out in his black mask. They were not happy to be competing with him because of various allegations against him. Three team members from the American fencing team donned... | |
Global food production is increasingly likely to be disrupted by extreme weather driven by climate change, say researchers behind a new analysis published on Wednesday in the journal Nature. And, paradoxically, the impact could be greatest in places where farming practices are the most technically advanced, including Canada.
The study is the first to quantify the relationship between weather-related disasters and crop yields in different parts of the globe.
The study's authors say their work throws a spotlight on the growing vulnerability of the world's food supply to climate change. Their results could help guide agricultural policies as the atmosphere shifts to a more volatile state because of climate change, even as population growth puts more demands on the planet's capacity to generate food.
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"The food system is already stressed in many ways," said Navin Ramankutty, the senior author on the study and a professor of global food security and sustainability at the University of British Columbia. With climate change, "we are adding one more stressor," he said.
By focusing on extreme weather episodes, the study differs from previous efforts to discern the influence of climate change on food. Those have largely considered the influence of long-term but gradual changes in seasonal temperature and rainfall in different food-growing regions.
"In reality, we know that when we have big production losses, it's because of a major drought or a major heat wave," Dr. Ramankutty said.
To better understand the effect of such events, he and his colleagues at UBC and McGill University drew from a database listing about 2,800 weather disasters in 177 countries from 1964 to 2007 and combined them with national food-production figures. By using a statistical method designed to reveal episodic effects rather than a smoothly averaged trend, they were able to tease out the signature of severe weather written in the world's constantly fluctuating food supply.
The results showed clear impacts on food production from heat waves and droughts, less so for floods and periods of extreme cold. This makes sense, Dr. Ramankutty said, because flooding can have a more localized effect than drought, and cold snaps typically do not affect the peak of a growing season, the way heat and drought can.
The results also suggest that extreme weather events are increasing, a possible harbinger of climate change, but Dr. Ramankutty and his colleagues are cautious about over-interpreting this result, which could also be due to improvements in the reporting of extreme weather events over the past 50 years.
More significant is that the impact of severe weather on food production seems to be growing. The study found that more recent droughts came with a 7-per-cent greater impact on food production than droughts of decades past.
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Curiously, the effect was most pronounced in the developed world, which relies on advanced agricultural technologies and practices.
Steve Shirtliffe, a professor of agronomy at the University of Saskatchewan, suggests the explanation is that farming in Europe and North America has become so well optimized for production that the effects of drought are more pronounced than they would be in countries that are dealing with other constraints on production, such as insect pests and soil fertility.
"Water is normally a limiting factor" on plant growth, Dr. Shirtliffe said. "If you get a drought and the yield doesn't go down, that essentially means you're not managing the productivity of your cropping system very well."
But the results may suggest that the single-crop farming practices that prevail in North America would leave the food supply of countries in the developing world more vulnerable if they were adopted there.
"This tells us that we should be wary of proposed solutions to hunger in poor countries that are based on the adoption of large-scale industrial farming systems," Jennifer Clapp, a professor of global food security at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, said.
Dr. Ramankutty added that the study hints at the sorts of situations the world food system will need to be equipped to handle as severe weather events become more frequent and more extreme, as some climate models predict.
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"In future, the thing I would most worry about is not one or two droughts here and there," he said. "The big problem will be [extreme weather] events occurring more frequently and simultaneously in different places."
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Cognitive impairment is known to increase with aging in people living with HIV (PLWH). Impairment in cognitive domains required for safe driving may put PLWH at risk for poor driving outcomes, decreased mobility, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study described the driving behaviors of middle-aged and older PLWH and examined correlations between driving behaviors and cognitive functioning (Aim 1), and driving behaviors and HRQoL domains (Aim 2). A sample of 260 PLWH ages 40 and older completed a comprehensive assessment including a battery of cognitive tests, an HRQoL measure, and a measure of self-reported driving habits. Associations between driving habits, cognitive function, and HRQoL domains were examined. While 212 (81.54%) participants reported currently driving, only 166 (63.85%) possessed a driver’s license. Several significant correlations emerged between driving habits and both cognitive and HRQoL variables, with a general pattern suggesting that current greater driving exposure was associated with better cognitive functioning and HRQoL. Given consistent associations that emerged between the social functioning HRQoL domain and several driving habits, multivariable regression was conducted to examine the unique association between an index of greater driving exposure (i.e., days driven per week) and social functioning, adjusting for potential confounders (race, income, education, depression, and global cognition). Results showed that more days driven per week was a significant, independent correlate of higher social functioning. Understanding the factors underlying driving behaviors in PLWH may contribute to interventions to promote better mobility and improved access to care. | https://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub2465000 |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
The present disclosure relates generally to securing network communications.
A mobile user may not be protected while disconnected from their Enterprise network (or Trusted Network). For example, when a user takes their laptop or mobile phone with them, they are able to connect to the internet and connect with any site, including sites that would be blocked by the Enterprise network. When outside the Enterprise (or Trusted) network, malware that is present on the endpoint can establish a connection that would normally be captured/blocked by devices on the enterprise network. Malware on a local network at a remote location can send packets to an endpoint and potentially gain access to the endpoint (for example by using a MSRPC (Microsoft Remote Procedure Call) from an un-trusted device on the remote network).
The following presents a simplified overview of the example embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the example embodiments. This overview is not an extensive overview of the example embodiments. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the example embodiments nor delineate the scope of the appended claims. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the example embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
In accordance with an example embodiment, there is disclosed herein an apparatus comprising an interface configured to communicate with at least one external device, and processing logic coupled with the interface. The processing logic determines whether the interface is connected directly to a predefined network. The processing logic restricts access to the interface responsive to determining the interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network. The processing logic does not restrict access to the interface while the interface is directly connected with the predefined network.
In accordance with an example embodiment, there is disclosed herein, method comprising determining whether an interface is connected to a predefined network. access to the interface is selectively restricted by a processor while the interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network. The restrictions to the interface are removed by the processor while the interface is connected to the predefined network.
In accordance with an example embodiment, there is disclosed herein, logic encoded on at least one non-transitory tangible media for execution by a processor, and when executed operable to determine whether an interface is connected to a predefined network. The logic is further operable to selectively restrict access to the interface by a processor while the interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network. The logic permits unrestricted access to the interface by a processor while the interface is connected to the predefined network.
This description provides examples not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. The figures generally indicate the features of the examples, where it is understood and appreciated that like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements. Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” or “an example embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described is included in at least one embodiment described herein and does not imply that the feature, structure, or characteristic is present in all embodiments described herein.
Described in an example embodiment herein, is a device that is configured to restrict network connectivity while the device is outside of a ‘trusted’ Enterprise Network (or trusted zone). For example, the device may be configured to restrict network connectivity until a VPN (Virtual Private Network) connection is established. The device may be configured to only allow traffic that establishes the VPN connection while the device is outside of the trusted zone until the VPN connection is established.
There are numerous ways for the device to determine whether the device is outside the trusted zone. For example, the device may check DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) parameters (such as Domain Name System “DNS” servers, default DNS search), send probes to a server with a known name and cryptographically validating the correct server was contacted (such as for example using HTTPS “Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure”), and/or trying to connect to a known point on the Internet (or trusted zone) and have the filtering devices cryptographically prove that they are in the path. As another example, a router may employ an agreed upon protocol (such as a router protocol) to indicate to the device in a cryptographic manner that the device is on a trusted network. While outside the trusted zone, all non-VPN tunnel network traffic in or out of the device is blocked until the VPN connection is fully authenticated and established, at which point all traffic will flow back to the enterprise (or trusted zone) from the endpoint device. No traffic will be accepted or allowed to leave the device on a non-VPN interface. While the device is not connected to the VPN, all traffic is blocked and/or filtered to prevent data egress (data loss prevention or “DLP”), and ingress to the device (malware protection).
At some locations, it may not be possible to reach the VPN device due to captive portal mechanisms (for example a coffee shop may require to accept a custom web form before granting internet access). An example embodiment described herein provides a detection mechanism that sends a probe to the remote VPN termination device and detecting whether the response is an expected response. Depending on VPN policy, the device may block all network access if the captive portal is not remediated in a specified amount of time. This block can be removed to make subsequent remediation attempts if needed The remediation process can be conducted in a limited manner, for example by opening local network access only for protocols needed to establish the VPN connection (such as HTTPS/HTTP and/or DNS). Additional filter inspection can be applied to the open protocols to ensure they do not harm the endpoint (for example by stripping javascript content). While the remediation ‘window’ is open, the device continues to attempt to reach the VPN termination device, and once the device reaches the VPN termination device, the connection is clamped down to only permit access to the remote VPN termination device until the VPN session is fully established. In an example embodiment, zone detection may be performed before the portal is captured (e.g. before the VPN connection is established) and again after the VPN session is fully established.
In an example embodiment, the device may be configured to pause and continue a previously established VPN session without requiring user interaction or reauthentication based on network location (e.g., trusted/untrusted). When in a paused state (trusted network detected), the VPN connection and filter enforcement are put into a bypass mode, allowing normal network access. Once an ‘untrusted’ network is detected, the previously established VPN session is continued, complete with filtering policies being re-established (for example if a user disconnects from the VPN after the VPN session is continued, then network restrictions are applied based on specified policy.
FIG. 1
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illustrates an example of where a device may connect to a trusted network or an untrusted network in accordance with an example embodiment. In the illustrated example, untrusted network is coupled with trusted network via one or more switches and/or routers . Device may be connected to a trusted network as illustrated by A or may be connected with untrusted network as illustrated by B.
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In an example embodiment, device determines whether it is connected directly to trusted network as illustrated by A or untrusted network as illustrated by B. Device restricts access, data ingress and/or data egress, responsive to determining that device is not connected to trusted network but is connected to untrusted network . Device does not restrict network access while the interface is directly connected with network , (e.g., a predefined network).
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Device while connected to network may prohibit all access or may allow limited access. For example, device may limit access to predefined protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, and/or DNS. In particular embodiments, device may limit access for a predefined time period. In another example embodiment, device may limit the number of requests or re-directs that will be coupled to untrusted network . In an example embodiment, device may block the sending of data onto network , for example remote procedure calls (such as Microsoft's Remote Procedure Call or “MSRPC”) may be blocked.
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204
102
102
204
102
202
204
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
In an example embodiment, device attempts to establish a secure connection with a device that provides access to the predefined network while the interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network. For example, referring to with continued reference to , there is illustrated a network where device attempts to establish a VPN tunnel with a VPN endpoint while connected to untrusted network . Device may be configured that until a VPN connection is established, e.g., VPN endpoint is authenticated, device will only allow communications that will enable device to connect with VPN endpoint . Once the VPN connection is established, all traffic from device is routed through VPN tunnel to/from VPN endpoint .
102
104
106
102
102
Device may employ any suitable technique to determine whether it is coupled with trusted network or untrusted network . For example, device may obtain a domain name server list and/or determine what servers are associated with the network where device is connected.
102
202
204
106
104
102
106
102
In an example embodiment, device may setup a secure communication session, for example a VPN connection via VPN tunnel to VPN endpoint while on un-trusted network , and suspend the connection upon connecting to trusted network . If device once again connects to an untrusted network, e.g., untrusted network , device may resume the secure session.
Although the examples illustrated herein comprise one untrusted network and one trusted network those skilled in the art should readily appreciate that the number of networks in the illustrated examples were selected merely for ease of illustration and that there may be any physically realizable number of trusted and untrusted networks. Therefore, the preceding examples should not be construed as being limited to the number of networks appearing in the illustrated examples.
FIG. 3
300
302
304
330
306
330
308
rd
illustrates an example of a device with multiple interfaces where one interface is coupled with a trusted network , as illustrated by A, while a second interface is coupled with an untrusted network , as illustrated by B. The networks may be coupled together via at least one switch/router . For example, a cell phone may have a Wi-Fi connection to a trusted network, and a 3G (3Generation) connection to an untrusted network. A policy can be employed to decide whether to establish a VPN tunnel on the 3G network, or just to block access on the 3G network. If the Wi-Fi interface loses connectivity to the trusted network, then processing can continue on the untrusted interface. If a tunnel had been previously established on the 3G interface, then failover is pretty seamless. However, if no tunnel was previously established on the 3G interface, then a tunnel is established, which can result in a delay.
FIG. 4
FIGS. 1-3
400
400
102
400
402
404
406
402
illustrates an example of a device configured in accordance with an example embodiment. Device is suitable for implementing the functionality of device described in . Device comprises an interface configured to communicate with at least one external device via communication link , and processing logic coupled with interface . “Logic”, as used herein, includes but is not limited to hardware, firmware, software and/or combinations of each to perform a function(s) or an action(s), and/or to cause a function or action from another component. For example, based on a desired application or need, logic may include a software controlled microprocessor, discrete logic such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable/programmed logic device, memory device containing instructions, or the like, or combinational logic embodied in hardware. Logic may also be fully embodied as software stored on a non-transitory, tangible medium which performs a described function when executed by a processor. Logic may suitably comprise one or more modules configured to perform one or more functions.
406
402
104
406
402
406
402
402
FIGS. 1 and 2
In an example embodiment, processing logic determines whether interface is connected directly to a predefined network (for example trusted network in ). Processing logic restricts access to interface responsive to determining the interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network; however, processing logic does not restrict access to interface while interface is directly connected with the predefined network.
406
402
402
406
402
402
406
402
406
406
500
502
502
406
FIG. 5
In an example embodiment, processing logic restricts access to interface by blocking access to interface . In another example embodiment, processing logic processing logic restricts access to interface by allowing limited access to interface . For example, processing logic may restrict access to interface to certain predefined protocols, such as HTTP, HTTPS, DNS and/or DHCP. Optionally, processing logic may permit the predefined protocols for a limited time period. For example, if at a site that requires a user to accept terms or conditions, processing logic may permit limited access to allow data to displayed on a user interface (for example illustrates an example of a device which further comprises a user interface that may allow data to be input and/or output with an associated user), and allow a user to respond to the data. User interface may suitably comprise a video and/or audio output, keyboard and/or mouse input or a touchscreen). In an example embodiment processing logic may enable an associated user to log in (authenticate) with a VPN endpoint.
406
402
106
102
204
104
202
102
106
104
406
402
FIG. 2
In an example embodiment, processing logic attempts to establish a secure connection with a device on the predefined network while interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network. For example, referring to while connected untrusted network , device may attempt to connect to VPN endpoint on trusted network to establish VPN tunnel from device through untrusted network to trusted network . In an example embodiment, once a VPN connection is established, Processing logic may restrict access to interface to communications with the virtual private network once communications with the virtual private network is established while connected to a network other than the predefined network.
406
402
402
406
In an example embodiment, processing logic blocks remote procedure calls (e.g., MSRPC) from passing through interface while interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network. Once a secure connection is established with the trusted network (e.g., a VPN connection), processing logic may allow remote procedure calls to be routed to the trusted network via the secure (e.g., VPN) connection.
406
402
402
404
406
In an example embodiment, processing logic determines whether interface is coupled with the predefined network by sending a secure hypertext transfer protocol (HTTPS) probe via interface onto communication link . The probe may be sent to a predefined endpoint, such as a server on the trusted network. Processing logic may cryptographically authenticate the endpoint and have any filtering devices on the path to the endpoint cryptographically prove that they are in the path.
406
402
406
402
402
In an example embodiment, processing logic determines whether the interface is coupled with the predefined network by obtaining a domain name server (DNS) list associated with interface . In another example embodiment, processing logic determines whether interface is coupled with the predefined network by determining what servers are connected to interface .
406
406
406
402
104
406
402
402
106
FIGS. 1 and 2
FIGS. 1 and 2
In an example embodiment, processing logic establishes a secure connection with a device on the predefined network while the interface is connected to a network other than the predefined network. For example processing logic may establish a VPN connection with a VPN endpoint. Once the VPN connection is established, processing logic routes all data traffic to the VPN endpoint. Processing logic may suspend the secure connection responsive to determining that interface has connected with the predefined network (e.g., the ‘trusted network’ in ). Processing logic resumes the secure connection responsive to determining interface is no longer connected with the predefined network (e.g., interface is once again connected to the “untrusted network” in ).
FIG. 6
FIGS. 1 and 2
FIG. 3
FIGS. 4 and 5
600
600
102
402
402
illustrates a computer system upon which an example embodiment can be implemented. Computer system is suitable for implementing the functionality of devices (), device (), and/or processing logic ().
600
602
604
602
600
606
602
604
606
604
600
608
602
604
610
602
Computer system includes a bus or other communication mechanism for communicating information and a processor coupled with bus for processing information. Computer system also includes a main memory , such as random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device coupled to bus for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor . Main memory also may be used for storing a temporary variable or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor . Computer system further includes a read only memory (ROM) or other static storage device coupled to bus for storing static information and instructions for processor . A storage device , such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus for storing information and instructions.
600
611
602
611
612
614
602
604
616
604
612
In an example embodiment, computer system may further comprise a user interface coupled via bus . User interface may suitably comprise a display such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device , such as a keyboard including alphanumeric and other keys is coupled to bus for communicating information and command selections to processor . Another type of user input device is cursor control , such as a mouse, a trackball, cursor direction keys, and/or a touchscreen for communicating direction information and command selections to processor and for controlling cursor movement on display . This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g. x) and a second axis (e.g. y) that allows the device to specify positions in a plane.
600
600
604
606
606
610
606
604
606
An aspect of the example embodiment is related to the use of computer system for restricting network access while using an untrusted network. According to an example embodiment, restricting network access while using an untrusted network is provided by computer system in response to processor executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory . Such instructions may be read into main memory from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device . Execution of the sequence of instructions contained in main memory causes processor to perform the process steps described herein. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory . In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement an example embodiment. Thus, embodiments described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
604
610
606
The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any non-transitory medium that participates in providing instructions to processor for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to non-volatile media, and volatile media. Non-volatile media include for example optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device . Volatile media include dynamic memory such as main memory . As used herein, tangible media may include volatile and non-volatile media. Common forms of computer-readable media include for example floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASHPROM, CD, DVD or any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
600
618
602
618
600
620
622
618
618
618
Computer system also includes a communication interface coupled to bus . Communication interface provides a two-way data communication coupling computer system to a network link that is connected to a local network . For example, communication interface may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. As another example, communication interface may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
620
620
622
624
626
622
Network link typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link may provide a connection through local network (an untrusted network) to a VPN endpoint disposed on (trusted) network that is coupled with network .
FIGS. 7 and 8
FIGS. 7 and 8
In view of the foregoing structural and functional features described above, methodologies in accordance with example embodiments will be better appreciated with reference to . While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies of are shown and described as executing serially, it is to be understood and appreciated that the example embodiments described herein are not limited by the illustrated orders, as some aspects could occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other aspects from that shown and described herein. Moreover, not all of the illustrated features may be required to implement the methodologies described herein The methodology described herein is suitably adapted to be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.
FIG. 7
FIGS. 1 and 2
FIG. 3
FIGS. 4 and 5
FIG. 6
700
700
102
402
406
604
illustrates an example methodology where a device restricts data traffic while on an untrusted network. Methodology may be implemented by device (), device () processing logic (), and/or processor ().
702
At , the network the device is communicating with is detected. Any suitable technique may be employed to determine whether the network is a predefined or trusted network, or whether the network is an un-trusted network. For example a HTTPS probe may be sent. As another example, a DNS server list may be obtained. Still yet another example, DHCP parameters can be checked to determine whether the device is coupled with a predefined network. Yet still yet another example, the adapter coupled with the network may be queried to determine what servers are communicating with the adapter.
704
702
706
At , a determination is made whether the network is a trusted or predefined network. The determination may be made based on the network detected at . For example, if a DNS server list is obtained, the determination can be made based on whether known DNS servers were detected. As another example, a HTTPS probe may be sent to a known endpoint, and cryptographically validating the response from the endpoint and/or cryptographically validating any filtering devices on the path to the known endpoint. As yet another example, DHCP parameters (e.g., DNS servers, default DNS search, etc.) can be obtained to determine whether the device is operating on a trusted network. If the device is operating on a trusted or predefined network (YES), at access to the network is allowed.
704
708
710
If however, at , a determination is made that the device is connected to an un-trusted, which may be any network other than the predefined network, (NO), at a determination is made whether remediation is allowed. In an example embodiment, no remediation is allowed (NO), and all traffic is blocked as illustrated at .
In another example embodiment, some form of remediation is allowed. For example, the device may attempt to contact an endpoint (such as a VPN endpoint) and setup a secure tunnel with the endpoint. In other example embodiments, certain predefined protocols (such as HTTPS, HTTP and/or DNS) may be allowed in order to facilitate setting up a secure connection with the predefined network. Limits may be placed on the protocols, for example only a certain number of login attempts may be permitted or the protocols may only be allowed for a predefined time period. Filter may be applied to the protocols to ensure that harmful activity is blocked (for example javascript content may be stripped).
712
If remediation is allowed (YES), at the device attempts to setup a tunnel (for example a VPN tunnel) with an endpoint (such as a VPN device on the trusted network). As mentioned herein infra, certain protocols may be employed to allow a user associated with the device to navigate through a captive portal mechanism (such as accepting a custom web form from a service provider granting internet access). As another example, the device may be limited to sending probes (and receiving responses to the probes) to a server with a known name and cryptographically verifying the connection with the server.
714
706
714
716
706
710
At , a determination is made whether the tunnel was successfully setup. If the tunnel was successfully setup (YES), then traffic is allowed as illustrated by . In an example embodiment the traffic can be restricted by only allowing traffic to be sent and/or received through the tunnel. If at a determination is made that a tunnel was not successfully setup (NO), then a determination is made at whether to allow traffic anyway. For example, the policy may allow traffic depending on the reason for non-success (e.g., VPN server unavailable). If traffic is allowed (YES), at traffic is allowed as illustrated at . If the policy does not allow traffic in the event of a failure to establish the tunnel (NO), all traffic can be blocked as illustrated at .
FIG. 8
FIGS. 1 and 2
FIG. 3
FIGS. 4 and 5
FIG. 6
800
800
102
402
406
604
illustrates an example methodology where a device determines whether to employ VPN. Methodology may be implemented by device (), device (), processing logic (), and/or processor ().
802
At , an attempt is made to detect what network is currently providing communication services. As described herein supra, any suitable technique can be employed for detecting the network. For example, a HTTPS probe can be sent to a predefined endpoint, such as a server on the trusted network. The endpoint may be cryptographically authenticated and any filtering devices on the path to the endpoint may cryptographically prove that they are in the path. As another example, the network may be detected by obtaining a domain name server (DNS) list.
804
806
804
808
At , a determination is made whether the detected network is a trusted (e.g., predefined) network. If the network is a trusted network (YES), traffic may be sent and/or received outside of any established secure/VPN tunnels (e.g., the VPN tunnel is bypassed) as illustrated at . If, however, at , a determination is made that the network is not a trusted network (NO), then a secure (e.g., VPN) tunnel is employed for sending and/or receiving traffic as illustrated at .
802
804
806
808
In an example embodiment, a secure (e.g., VPN) tunnel may be established. The tunnel may be bypassed (e.g., suspended) while the device is connected with a trusted network. However, if the device roams to an untrusted network, the secure tunnel may be re-established. Note that , , , may be repeated, for example anytime the device roams or a change in the connection is detected.
Described above are example embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the example embodiments are possible. Accordingly, this application is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally and equitably entitled.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings incorporated herein and forming a part of the specification illustrate the example embodiments.
FIG. 1
illustrates an example of where a device may connect to a trusted network or an untrusted network in accordance with an example embodiment.
FIG. 2
illustrates an example where a device employs a virtual private network (VPN) to communicate with the trusted network while connected to the untrusted network.
FIG. 3
illustrates an example of a device with multiple interfaces where one interface is coupled with a trusted network while a second interface is coupled with an untrusted network.
FIG. 4
illustrates an example of a device configured in accordance with an example embodiment.
FIG. 5
illustrates an example of a device with a user interface configured in accordance with an example embodiment.
FIG. 6
illustrates a computer system upon which an example embodiment can be implemented.
FIG. 7
illustrates an example methodology where a device restricts data traffic while on an untrusted network.
FIG. 8
illustrates an example methodology where a device determines whether to employ VPN. | |
and form joints.
Bone markings that are depressions and openings include
fossae (singular: fossa), sinuses, foramina (singular: foramen),
and grooves. Tey usually allow nerves and blood vessels to
pass.
Table 6.1
describes the most important types of bone
markings. Familiarize yourself with these terms because you
will meet them again as identifying marks of the individual
bones studied in the lab.
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Cells of Bone Tissue
Five major cell types populate bone tissue: osteogenic cells, os-
teoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts. All of
these except for the osteoclasts originate from mesenchymal
cells. Each cell type is essentially a specialized form of the same
basic cell type that transforms to a mature or functional form
that serves bone growth in some specific way
(Figure 6.5)
.
Bone cells, like other connective tissue cells, are surrounded by
an extracellular matrix of their making.
Osteogenic Cells
Osteogenic cells
, also called
osteoprogeni-
tor cells
, are mitotically active stem cells found in the membra-
nous periosteum and endosteum. In growing bones they are
flattened or squamous cells. When stimulated, these cells dif-
ferentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells (see below), while
others persist as osteogenic cells.
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
are bone-forming cells that secrete
the bone matrix. Like their close relatives, the fibroblasts and
chondroblasts, they are actively mitotic. Te unmineralized
bone matrix they secrete includes collagen (90% of bone pro-
tein) and calcium-binding proteins that make up the initial un-
mineralized bone, or
osteoid
. As described later, osteoblasts also
play a role in matrix calcification.
(a) Osteogenic cell
(b) Osteoblast
(c) Osteocyte
Stem cell
Mature bone cell that monitors
and maintains the mineralized
bone matrix
Matrix-synthesizing cell
responsible for bone growth
(d) Osteoclast
Bone-resorbing cell
Figure 6.5
Comparison of different types of bone cells.
The bone lining cell, similar in
appearance to the osteogenic cell and similar to the osteocyte in function, is not illustrated.
the underlying bone (Figure 6.4). Te periosteum also provides
anchoring points for tendons and ligaments. At these points the
perforating fibers are exceptionally dense.
A delicate connective tissue membrane called the
endos-
teum
(en-dos
9
te-um; “within the bone”) covers internal bone
surfaces (Figure 6.4). Te endosteum covers the trabeculae of
spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact
bone. Like the periosteum, the endosteum contains osteogenic
cells that can differentiate into other bone cells.
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones
Hematopoietic tissue,
red
marrow
, is typically found within the
trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploë
of flat bones. For this reason, both these cavities are o±en called
red marrow cavities
. In newborn infants, the medullary cavity
of the diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone contain red bone
marrow. In most adult long bones, the fat-containing medullary
cavity extends well into the epiphysis, and little red marrow is
present in the spongy bone cavities. For this reason, blood cell
production in adult long bones routinely occurs only in the heads
of the femur and humerus (the long bone of the arm).
Te red marrow found in the diploë of flat bones (such as the
sternum) and in some irregular bones (such as the hip bone) is
much more active in hematopoiesis. When clinicians suspect
problems with the blood-forming tissue, they obtain red mar-
row samples from these sites. However, yellow marrow in the
medullary cavity can revert to red marrow if a person becomes
very anemic and needs more red blood cells.
Bone Markings
Te external surfaces of bones are rarely smooth and featureless.
Instead, they display projections, depressions, and openings.
Tese
bone markings
serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and
tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood
vessels and nerves. | http://thefatlossfactors.org/Human%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%20(9th%20ed%20)%202012/214 |
Teaching English to young learners is quite different from teaching English to adults in many ways. One of the differences is that young learners do not learn the language in a conscious process, mostly they acquire the language. For young learners, it can be said that it is easier for them to acquire and learn English as long as they are exposed to the language. Since learning languages differs from age to age, teaching styles and strategies also change accordingly. As English teachers, we have different approaches, methods, techniques, and tools which gravitate towards different needs and levels of young learners. So, as English teachers, we should address those needs.
This post was written by our TEFL certification graduate Tulay C.
First of all, to teach a child, we should adopt an approach so that we can design our syllabus and arrange our lessons going forward. In my opinion, the communicative approach is more suitable for children than other approaches. We should use English as much as we can in the classroom and help them acquire the language by using drills and repetitions. Also, since they are children and they are kinesthetic learners, we should also include TPR (Total Physical Response) in our lessons and we should choose short activities for them since their attention spans are short. Moreover, while teaching the language and speaking, we should consider the context. They should be familiar with the context from their everyday lives to help them make connections and we should always use the language in a meaningful context.
For all you need to know about teaching younger students, check out our 50-hour course in teaching English to young learners (CTEYL).
Another thing to consider while teaching young learners is setting the learning environment for the students. By that, it is implied both the physical environment and the classroom atmosphere. The physical environment should be flexible and easy to change according to children’s needs and their personality (hyperactive, calm etc.). As teachers, we should observe our students and place them in the right situations in the class and with the right groups of students where they can express themselves and be comfortable. Personally, I prefer the semi-circular chair arrangement since it is more suitable for the communicative class. Also, this arrangement helps students to move around easily and since they are young learners they often cannot sit on their chair for long periods of time. Moreover, the classroom environment should be lively, energetic and welcoming for the students. We should always make our students feel comfortable in the class.
Lastly, it is important to mention the subject of appropriate materials for young learners. Usually, there are two types of materials, authentic and non-authentic. We can use both of these according to our learners’ needs. Personally, I don't stick to one type of material, I arrange it according to the needs and level of the class and the specific topic. There are certainly situations where we should use non-authentic materials which are designed for the exact needs of the learners. Often these are songs and chants. We can use these types of non-authentic materials to help students memorize vocabularies and patterns. According to my experience, kids learn by song faster as they memorize it automatically and it helps with their pronunciation.
Another useful teaching method is using games. Since they are young learners and full of energy we can easily design simple games to help their learning. For instance, we can play a hopscotch game with fruit flashcards where the students jump and say the name of the fruits on the cards. They already know the game and they are also practicing the vocabularies. To continue, we can add to our teachings by using arts and crafts. We can link fun drawing, coloring, cutting, sticking or painting activities to our lessons. For example, we can simply give them a paper plate and have them draw foods and then talk about the foods on their plate.
To sum up, there are a variety of things we should consider while teaching young learners and many situations we can be prepared for. However, you will also find that there are some things that we can only learn by experience.
Are you ready to start teaching English to Young Learners? | https://www.teflcourse.net/blog/3-key-points-to-consider-when-teaching-english-to-young-learners-ittt-tefl-blog/ |
“People said it was stress related, but I honestly could not tell you,” Biles said.
No one can tell. That’s the problem. And that’s why it isn’t easy to figure out how to avoid such a thing in the future — the best and strongest gymnast in the world completing just two of her expected 12 performances here.
There is a reason, however, that what Biles attempted — dominating two Olympics — is unheard of in this sport. No all-around gold or even silver medalist has returned to repeat in that event since 1980, when the sport was vastly different.
And while a diagnosis is impossible, it is fair to say Biles looked exhausted here, burnt out and uncertain, even through less than ideal practice sessions and qualifying. And it’s further fair to at least wonder if the grind of a decade in junior and then senior elite international training and competition — a relentless pursuit of improvement — just drained her.
It is why those in the sport are encouraged that the next generation of Americans don’t appear to be attempting Biles’ path of staying in the cutthroat world of international gymnastics.
It has opened a floodgates: Sunisa Lee (Auburn), Jordan Chiles (UCLA), Jade Carey (Oregon State) and Grace McCallum (Utah) are all choosing the less intense, more well-rounded life of a college gymnast that wasn’t available to Biles.
“I think honestly it will make me a lot happier just competing for a team,” said Lee, the all-around Olympic champion who says she wants to compete at the 2024 Paris Games. “Not individually like this, [which] is scary. I want to have some fun in college. Elite gymnastics has just been so mentally draining and exhausting.”
Can college save the gymnastic star?
Simone Biles, of the United States, preparers to perform on the balance beam during the artistic gymnastics women's apparatus final at the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tuesday, Aug. 3, 2021, in Tokyo, Japan. (AP Photo/Natacha Pisarenko)
College not an option for Simone Biles
In August of 2014, Valorie Kondos Field, or “Miss Val” as the legendary former UCLA gymnastics coach is known throughout the sport, got a phone call from a then 17-year-old high school kid in Houston.
“Simone Biles,” the caller ID read.
Biles was the reigning, dominating, all-around world champion and thus the most coveted college gymnastics recruit ... ever. And she had good news for Miss Val.
“I want to sign with UCLA.”
Kondos Field soon excitedly declared to her husband: “‘We just got the ‘G.O.A.T.’ We just got the greatest recruit of all time.’ We knew even then that she was the best of all time.”
Not that Kondos Field ever expected to ever coach her. Within a year, Biles would turn pro to cash in on millions in endorsement and business opportunities while continuing to concentrate on elite international gymnastics.
“We knew she was going to go pro,” Field said. “There was no way. There was just no way she couldn’t …
“It certainly would have been great,” she said with a laugh.
The story has been a crowd pleaser for Kondos Field when she's retold it through the years — how the greatest recruit ever got away.
No one felt too bad for her, of course. Kondos Field won seven NCAA titles at UCLA before retiring in 2019. And she even credits the excitement over Biles' commitment for helping draw in some of the recruits who would win the 2018 national championship with the Bruins.
After the past two weeks however, you can wonder if it wasn’t just Kondos Field and UCLA who lost out when Simone Biles went pro.
Maybe Biles did, too.
Team USA gymnastics over the years slideshow embed
College gymnastics is a subtly different sport from elite international gymnastics. First off, it’s mostly team-focused, not some lonely pursuit of improvement and perfection. Second, the scoring rewards the quality of execution, not the difficulty of the routine, which eliminates the pressure to add, with painstaking work, additional moves.
“I look at college gymnastics as a respite,” Kondos Field said.
Lee says she will be enrolled at Auburn in two weeks, and is excited to get away from the Olympic intensity for a bit, live in a dorm, and experience life. She isn’t giving up on anything. Her college coach, Jeff Graba, is the twin brother of her individual coach. The goal is to take a dual-track preparation — enjoy college sports while maintaining enough elite skills to jump back in when needed.
Gymnasts don’t have long careers, and while that’s often physical, it can also be mental and emotional. This isn’t football or basketball where you can compete into your 30s or even 40s. There is no understating the workload and sacrifice.
Everything builds to just four or five meets a year, with the culmination a single week every fourth turn of the calendar. Top American prospects train seven, eight hours a day, requiring them to be homeschooled as preteens. Practices are physically punishing, including almost impossible-to-maintain body weights and fitness levels. In Biles’ case, for part of her career she was a victim of USA Gymnastics and doctor Larry Nassar.
And the competition doesn’t take days off.
“We were basically in a closed training camp for a year and a half,” Russian gymnast Angelina Melnikova, who won a gold and two bronze medals here, said of her team’s Olympic prep. “[We were] working very hard without seeing our families or having a normal life.”
Was it worth it?
“Of course,” Melnikova said. “It was for the best because we were focused on the practice.”
They used to say that about the Karolyi camp and those lasted only a week or a month.
This is what it means to compete at that level. Can anyone maintain it?
College gymnastics is more about the team, and less about the pursuit of individual glory. (Allison Zaucha for The Washington Post via Getty Images)
'It's about joy'
MyKayla Skinner couldn’t. After years of work, she was an alternate on the 2016 Olympic Team. She said she was spent and thought her elite career was over. She decided, however, to get her education and compete at the University of Utah.
“For me I kind of started to hate gymnastics,” Skinner said. “We had [demanding former national team coordinator] Marta Karolyi, so times were very, very different. So college definitely helped me regain that love for the sport.”
Next thing you know, she was back.
“That’s what pushed me to go for that comeback,” said Skinner, 24, after winning a silver medal in vault. “‘I was so close last time, I want to go one more time.’ And here I am.”
Kondos Field has no idea what would have happened if Biles went to UCLA from 2016-2019, other than, “she would have won a lot of national championships.” The time spent on fundamentals, fun and the flair of the performance though, might have helped.
“You can do it unlike the Karolyis and still win,” Kondos Field said. “Yes [the US] won [in 2016], but there is a different way, a better way. I don’t think the word fun is the [word to describe college gymnastics]. I think it’s about finding joy in the sport. The nay-sayers say it’s about fun, but no no, it’s not about fun. It’s about joy. Joy comes from the pride of doing a job well.”
If nothing else, Kondos Field is happy that Lee is focused on Auburn, not, say, locking herself in a gym to add one more technical element to each rotation before next year’s world championship.
“I think Suni Lee will do great even if she is doing about half the level of difficulty,” Kondos Field said.
Can college provide the break while also providing a bridge to future games? We’ll see, but if Simone Biles, the great Simone Biles, couldn’t make the old way work, then a new way may be long overdue.
Guan Chenchen took home China’s first gold in women’s gymnastics since 2012 and defeated her hero, Simone Biles, in the finals. The victory: Guan, 16, won her first Olympic medal in the balance beam final on Aug. 3. The young gymnast took the lead for first place and scored 14.633 points while her teammate Tang Xijing scored 14.233 points and earned the silver.
Colts quarterback Carson Wentz is undergoing foot surgery this afternoon in Indianapolis, Adam Schefter of ESPN reports. Dr. David Porter, an orthopedic foot specialist who works with the Colts, will operate on Wentz. Colts coach Frank Reich said Monday that Wentz injured his foot the second day of camp, but the injury is an old [more]
“American Idol” judges Luke Bryan, Katy Perry and Lionel Richie, as well as host Ryan Seacrest, have all signed on to return for the show’s landmark 20th season, which also marks its fifth on ABC. The network announced on Tuesday that all four will be back when “American Idol” returns in spring 2022. Seacrest has […]
In the wake of arguably the greatest track race in Olympic history, 400m hurdles champion Karsten Warholm ignited a row about shoe technology when he called his nearest rival’s super spikes "b-------".
The world was watching Sydney McLaughlin as she completed her record-breaking finish in the womens 400m hurdles in the Tokyo Olympics Tuesday, including an athlete who knows a thing or two about competing on the big stage.
You will not see a surlier silver at this Olympics. The world apart from Piers Morgan seems to agree that winning any Olympic medal is a fantastic achievement. Ben Whittaker, runner up in the men’s light heavyweight boxing competition, did not see it that way.
Before training camp got started, a schism was emerging among members of the Buffalo Bills over the issue of the COVID vaccine. At one point, receiver Cole Beasley and defensive end Jerry Hughes squared off on social media. Beasley argued against the vaccine, Hughes argued in favor of it. Peter King explained in his Football [more] | |
To better track the movements of its technicians and installers, Ameritech is using satellite technology on 14,000 of its service trucks.
Ameritech eye in the sky
The company has already installed global positioning satellite (GPS) systems on 75% of its five-state fleet and is expected to complete installation on all trucks by early next year. The new system is designed to follow the movements of service crews.
The Chicago-based phone company monitors the fleet from an office in Livonia, Mich., where the company can map each truck's whereabouts throughout the day and send reports back to local supervisors. Ameritech CEO Edward Mueller says the GPS systems will improve safety and make workers more productive.
The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, which represents 13,000 Ameritech workers, opposed the move, saying Ameritech is using the information to discipline workers. The union has already brought two grievances before management, charging that workers have been suspended unfairly. | http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20001216/NEWS08/20001125/ameritech-eye-in-the-sky |
Gliding: On top of the world!
A MOTHER of two is returning home to Hunts as a world champion for the second time, following victory in the World Gliding Championships.
Sarah Kelman, 36, took the Women's World Gliding Championships crown at the fourth Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.
Kelman, who lives in Conington, near St Ives, and represents Cambridge Gliding Club, fought off her greatest rival Jana Veprekova, from the Czech Republic, to secure her title.
Competitors took different courses, each of up to 600km, for the 10 days of the Championship, with the glider with the highest aggregate score adjudged the winner.
This year Kelman, flying her ASW-28, who won the first ever championship in 2001, beat Veprekova, by 527 points, finishing the final race in third position to secure the overall prize.
Kelman finished in the top five of every race and finished first on three days. The pilots spent up to five hours every day flying, adjusting the plane to the thermal air currants to achieve the smoothest ride.
The newly-crowned world champion said: "The competition was as tough as ever but getting off to a winning start on day one meant I had the advantage early on.
"It is a case of maintain concentration and reading the sky - a physically and mentally exhausting two weeks."
While many in Huntingdonshire have been cursing the murky skies, for Kelman they may have helped her secure her world crown.
She said: "On a day near the end of the Championships the skies were very grey. A few of the other pilots didn't look too keen but I looked up and thought 'it is just like East Anglia'."
It was soon back to the day job for the easyJet pilot, however, who was back in the cabin yesterday - just one day after returning home.
Kelman began competing in 1996, the year after she started gliding, and won her first international competition, the Women's Europeans, in 1999 before becoming the first and only woman to complete the UK 750km diploma in 2003.
The Conington flier said: "Every flight is different and never predictable. I still find it thrilling to be able to cover vast areas of the country in an aircraft with nothing but the air currents to sustain its flight."
Britain currently has five world gliding champions and is top of the International Gliding Commission Ranking lists with 10,000 active glider pilots in the country. | https://www.huntspost.co.uk/sport/gliding-on-top-of-the-world-1-409283 |
When you are trying to improve your overall health and physical condition, implementing even small everyday diet and exercise can lead you to long-term changes.
According to the executive vice president and dean of the faculties of health sciences and medicine at Columbia University Medical Center Lee Goldman, MD, there are several important changes that should be done, as:
– Staying active, focusing on building activity into your daily routine (going to the gym, walking several extra blocks or taking the stairs instead of the elevator).
– Stop rewarding yourself by eating more than is appropriate for you to stay healthy.
Here is a plan of a month’s easy but effective changes that you can tailor to achieve your fitness level and fit your needs.
Day 1: Have a mission
Define your specific wellness mission for the upcoming weeks, write what you plan – e.g. what, when and how many meals per day for two weeks. Start with small portions.
Day 2: Purge your pantry
Choose three foods, which are “low-fat,” “reduced-fat” or “fat-free.”
Day 3: Weigh yourself
Researchers suggest jumping on the scale regularly to better weight-loss results.
Day 4: “Go” for a mile
Walk, swim, bike, run-walk and measure it.
Day 5: Eat off smaller plates
Smaller dishes (9-inch) and cutlery will help with portion control – reduce your calorie intake.
Day 6: Try a bird-dog plank variation
Start in plank position, then come to a bird-dog plank variation, switching sides. Perform 10 reps on each side.
Day 7: Trade butter for avocado
You can up your fiber replacing 1 tablespoon of butter with 1/2 tablespoon of avocado.
Day 8: Scan your kitchen
For you who have any foods that you just can’t stop eating, analyze better what those are for you, in your track from your diet goals.
Day 9: Get up and move
Whatever you work you should find time to walk, stretch, even squat—every hour on the hour. According to new research, sitting for long periods raises your chance of getting a chronic disease, even if you exercise later.
Day 10: Hop on the scale again
Check-in a scale at least once a week, which according to recent research may help you stay on track toward your weight loss goals.
Day 11: Beat your own mile time
Repeat the same as of the Day 4 (running, walking or biking) but this time faster, trying to beat that time to hit a new personal record.
Day 12: Build an open-face sandwich
Reduce the sandwich to one piece of bread, and get less about 100 calories.
Day 13: Add a hot ingredient to dinner
Practice eating foods like chili peppers and hot sauce, to enhance thermogenic effect (literally burn extra calories while you chew).
Day 14: Write out a new goal
After two weeks it is time to write out a new goal or develop upon your Day 1 mission.
Day 15: Crack an egg at breakfast
Focus on protein-packed meals that keep you full and satisfied longer. Eggs are the perfect option, whether you eat them scrambled, over-easy, or in a sandwich.
Day 16: Experiment with a new exercise class
According to the experts, women who did 30 minutes of an unfamiliar aerobic activity have better results than those who stuck to their usual routines.
Day 17: Workout first thing this a.m.
Get an early sweat session, as it helps you keep your metabolism droning all day. Find at least 2 minutes for a fast workout.
Day 18: Do kettlebell swings
You can aim for 10 to 15 reps to get the hang of the motion. Watch this video tutorial – HERE
Day 19: Stick with veggies
Make your eating plan for the next three days free of meat, as vegetarians tend to have lower BMIs than meat eaters.
Day 20: Go for Water
Stop drinking any other beverage for the rest of the month, make water primary. A free pass can be given for morning coffee and the occasional glass of wine.
Day 21: Make the world your gym throughout your day
For instance, you can hold a wall sit before you brush your teeth, lunge your way from the TV to the bathroom or perform 10 to 15 push-ups before you shower.
Day 22: Take a lunch lap
Spend the first half of your break taking a brisk walk instead of taking your full lunch break sitting in the kitchenette (or at your desk).
Day 23: Mix things up
Enjoy different fruits and vegetables, aiming to 1 1/2 to 2 cups per day.
Day 24: Take a jump-rope workout
Aim for five one-minute intervals of different variation of this jump rope workouts, including a short rest in between each.
Day 25: Try Tabata
Try Tabata-style, doing squat jumps, burpees, push-ups and sit-ups for 20-second intervals, with 10 seconds of rest in between. Repeat the circuit at least twice.
Day 26: Remember to hydrate
Aim to drink a 17-ounce bottle of water before each meal, to help you feel fuller, stay hydrated and yet consume fewer calories.
Day 27: Try a gym gadget you’ve never used
Use an additional equipment, such as resistance bands, BOSU balls and ankle weights if you want to add an extra burn.
Day 28: Feeling strong?
Record 50 burpees by the end of the day should be your goal.
Day 29: Cook with quinoa
The fiber-filled seed can even be used for pie crust. Try this recipe: – HERE
Day 30: Determine your next wellness mission
Here are some other challenges to choose: | https://female-fit-body.com/30-easy-tips-get-slimmer-in-30-days/ |
This Ethnographic/Autoethnographic study reflects in rich detail a young teacher’s life as she navigates the changing landscape of her first pregnancy, the birth of her child and her subsequent return to work as a full-time teacher. Using data which has been collected from a personal journal which she kept throughout the eighteen month period of the study, it examines the practical and emotional challenges which she faced, and the commitment, self-sacrifice and dedication required of her for the continuation and advancement of her career. By combining her data with observed field notes, semi-constructed interviews and reflexive narrative, I have been able to offer a holistic and balanced account of her experience and expose the complexities of motherhood today and the impact they have on a woman’s life choices and professional decision making. My study revealed how this new mother faced a myriad of decisions and dilemmas, decisions, which ultimately impacted on her emotional well-being, and her power and identity as a woman, a wife, a daughter and a professional teacher. Its findings suggest that notwithstanding the historical political and legislative policies which have been implemented, in reality, little has changed since my own experience of being a working mother some thirty years ago. It recommends that if the increase in working mothers is to continue to rise, more must be done, both culturally and institutionally to alleviate the physical and emotional pressures which currently only serve to exacerbate the guilt and stress which appear to be an innate characteristic of the maternal condition. It concludes by recommending that working mothers need to harness “their strengths, their ability to learn, their confidence and joy in their work –[because this is] all part of being a woman now, [it is] part of [their] female identity” (Friedan, 1963, p.331), and rather than accepting motherhood as being a moderating factor, they should allow it to become an influence for further personal and professional growth and liberation, so that they can reassert their power and fight back to assume their equal place in society (Kristeva, 2015). | https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.704983 |
The utility model relates to a grain sample divider, which comprises a hopper, a tank body, a multiple-stage sample dividing system and sample boxes. The hopper is arranged above the tank body, and a sample inlet is arranged at the top of the tank body and right faces a lower outlet of the hopper. The multiple-stage sample dividing system is arranged in the tank body and provided with a plurality of sample dividing discharge ports, and one sample box for collecting divided samples is arranged under each sample dividing discharge port. The grain sample divider is simple in structure, large in sample dividing amount and high in efficiency, and can quickly and evenly mix samples, simultaneously divide a large amount of samples at different proportions in one time and obtain representative samples with different division proportions in one time. A largest divided amount obtained in one time is only limited by the sample boxes, and the grain sample divider is simple in operation, convenient and quick and can meet requirements of tests, a large amount of sample preparation and the like. | |
Two weeks ago, leaders for industry, tribes, environmental agencies and advocates took part in a water summit at Northland College in Ashland. They met to discuss the future of a federal program called the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative – otherwise known as GLRI. The initiative grew out of an effort by President Barack Obama’s administration to speed up cleanup and restoration of polluted sites along the Great Lakes. In the last six years, the federal program has funded more than 2,500 projects by hundreds of groups.
In the next hour, we bring you a discussion from stakeholders around the Great Lakes over the future of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. Speakers include Cameron Davis with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission Chairman Mic Isham, Council of Great Lakes Industries President Kathryn Buckner, Healing Our Waters Coalition Campaign Director Todd Ambs and Burke Center for Freshwater Innovation Co-Directors Randy Lehr and Peter Annin. Annin moderates the discussion.
Listen to a complete audio recording of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative panel discussion, including audience questions. | https://www.northland.edu/news/wpr-future-great-lakes-restoration/ |
About the residency
Maybelle Peter’s residency is one of four ‘Solo Residencies’ taking place in our 2021-22 season. Maybelle will undertake the residency during July and August 2021, using the time, space and support to explore ideas of leisure and labour throughout British history – concepts central to her creative practice. An as yet untitled exhibition of residency outcomes is planned to launch on Wednesday 30 March 2022.
“Being selected for the residency has had such a huge impact on my creative practice. Despite the delay due to Covid-19 restrictions, I have been making plans that will take my work in a new direction.
I’m already familiar with Wakefield and most excited about the everyday events that will undoubtedly influence the ideas and shape the work. Having time to explore the area more thoroughly and being able to spend time with people who I don’t get to see very often is going to be one of my highlights.
Top of my list is Yorkshire Sculpture Park and I will definitely look around The Hepworth.”
– Maybelle Peters
About the artist
Maybelle Peters is a London based artist and filmmaker working in film and CGI. Her practice focuses on storytelling using documentary, historical events, literature and oral narratives. She gained her bachelors degree in Animation at Farnham where she made her first commissioned film for BBC2. Her Channel 4 commissioned film, Mama Lou, has been shown extensively at animation festivals including Annecy, Ottawa and the Edinburgh Film Festival as well as broadcast television.
She is the recipient of the inaugural Womxn of Colour art award. Her work was shown as part of ‘The Place is Here’ exhibition at Nottingham Contemporary and South London Gallery in 2017. Maybelle is a practice-based PhD candidate at UCA Farnham. Her practice explores the movement of black bodies in time and space using an archive of ephemera, gestures and sounds.
Further reading
Find out more about Maybelle’s work on her website. Read more >
Image: Still from Heavy Bones, CGI Digital Video, Maybelle Peters
Make sure you're
always in the know. | https://the-arthouse.org.uk/residencies/in-residence-maybelle-peters/ |
Congratulations to Ms. Lacey Blocker, Maplewood Middle Teacher of the Year!
Ms. Blocker teaches 6th grade English Language Arts at Maplewood Middle School. She has been teaching since 2005. Ms. Blocker is a National Board certified teacher, CPSB I- TEC Model Classroom Teacher, and a New Teacher Mentor.
There is no doubt that Ms. Blocker is a highly qualified and highly effective teacher, but the credentials that mean the most to her students don't come on a certificate. Ms. Blocker demonstrates a genuine care for each and every student. Each day, she welcomes her students into her inviting classroom with a smile and a challenge.
Ms. Blocker, MMS is proud! Good luck as you move on to district. | https://www.cpsb.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=164&ModuleInstanceID=1882&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=29417&PageID=348&Comments=true |
Our work with the Travelling community is very important for us. They are the largest ethnic minority in Cambridgeshire and much discriminated against. As part of our Theory of Change model, we believe that we have a remit to include and support this protected cultural group in order to move toward a fairer society for all. Read more about our different projects below.
Word of Mouth Exhibition at Artworks and Cambridge Museum as a part of our Oral History project funded by HLF.
This project allows Travellers to tell their stories to the wider community of Cambridge. Their cultural contribution to the history of the city and county has been significant. Word of Mouth addresses the lack of archived material about this community through audio and video clips, photographs and educational materials.
Second exhibition Word of Mouth exhibition 13th of November – 9th of December 2018 at the Museum of Cambridge.
Let the path of words lead you through the Museum of Cambridge.
The Museum of Cambridge allowed us to take over their museum and add add oral histories and other object from the Travelling community to their museum. We therefore added not only voice recordings but also artefacts curated by the Travellers themselves, quotes on the floor, projections, pictures from our archive and other relevant information.
First exhibition Word of Mouth exhibition 28th of September – 6th of October 2018 at Cambridge Art Works.
At Opening Night, Travellers shared their stories at the Caravanserai at Cambridge Art Works on Green’s Road, Chesterton. The Art and Story Van was alongside the caravan, displaying work made by children during art workshops at Traveller sites in the area. This exhibition was a unique insight into the lives of families who live in Cambridgeshire and others who come to the Midsummer Fair each summer.
We offer an advocacy help support service with follow up case work. Main areas of work include welfare advice, family support, education, homes and healthcare. We facilitate engagement between the Traveller community and statutory providers of services to address barriers to education and other basic human rights. We liaise with FFT (Friends Families and Travellers, CIB (Citizens Advice Bureau), legal teams, NGTC (National Gypsy, Roma, Traveller Council) and others to support families with a wide range of issues and to address barriers to inclusion such as discrimination. The project was funded by Lush.
Compas and Oblique Arts work together to host creative literacy workshops for Roma and Traveller teenagers.
We offer Creative Literacy workshops for adults and teenagers. We have enabled Traveller teenagers to provide exhibitions to the local library. As part of our education work we are registered with ‘Education Otherwise’ and can provide some support for Traveller children whilst not in school. We liaise with local education providers to call for an end to bullying and discrimination and to offer advice about culturally appropriate approaches to working effectively with Traveller families.
Our mobile workshop facility goes out to Traveller sites. It is popular with 8-13 year olds and results have been exhibited as a part of our Oral History project at Cambridge Artworks and the Museum of Cambridge.
The project Oral Histories: Roma & Traveller Communities in Cambridgeshire currently involves collecting, recording and sharing English Gypsy, Traveller and Roma heritage.
Focusing on Traveller fairs, which have existed for centuries, we are collecting stories about families, trading at the fairs, travelling between fairs and the nature of changing experiences. We are collecting oral histories, artefacts, photographs and video material. With our Heritage Lottery Fund partners, the Museum of Cambridge, we are especially interested in the Midsummer Fair in Cambridge. We are training some young Travellers to collect oral histories from family members.
The stories will be shared on the Capturing Cambridge website, Artworks, the Museum of Cambridge, online at http://www.archive.org and in the Cambridgeshire collection at central library. This will allow the materials to be accessible and interpreted by a wide audience, with a view to informing and educating as many people as possible about the rich cultural heritage of English Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities in changing times. We have an ongoing collection of video and other material gathered over several years and this is being catalogued and archived as part of the project. The project is funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. | https://oblique-arts.com/projects/gtr/ |
Scholars and students can learn about women writers, collectors, and book culture in 19th-century Britain by comparing the entries for an author in Stainforth’s manuscript catalog of the books in his library to the entry for the same author in Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge’s catalog (1867), compiled by the auctioneers in order to sell Stainforth’s library of women’s writing after his death in 1866.
From Paula Feldman’s British Women Poets of the Romantic Era: An Anthology, we know that Cobbold’s authorship traversed genres including the novel, epigram, song, ode, sonnet, elegy, ballad, opera, tragedy, and epic (186). Here is a list of Cobbold’s published major works, as compiled by Feldman, with those works collected by Stainforth in blue.
- Poems on Various Subjects [by Eliza Knipe] (Manchester, 1783)
- Six Narrative Poems [by Eliza Knipe] (London, 1787)
- The Sword; or, Father Bertrand’s History of his own Times; from the original manuscript (1791)
- The Mince Pye; an Heroic Epistle: Humbly Addressed to the Sovereign Dainty of a British Feast. By Carolina Petty Pasty (London, 1800)
- Cliff Valentines, 1813 (Ipswich, )
- Cliff Valentines, 1814 (Ipswich, )
- Ode on the Victory of Waterloo (Ipswich, 1815)
- Poems by Mrs. Elizabeth Cobbold with a Memoir of the Author, [ed. Laetitia Jermyn] (Ipswich, 1825).
From this comparison, we learn that there were several works of Cobbold’s that were scarce in circulation in the early and mid-19th century, when Stainforth acquired the lion’s share of his library. These rare works include her first collection of poetry (1783) and her volumes entitled Cliff Valentintes, which she first circulated only among her close friends in Ipswich, as they were familiar with the Valentine’s Day parties that she and her husband organized and for which she composed these verses. We cannot draw the same inference of small circulation for her novel, The Sword, because Stainforth did not pursue the acquisition of novels; he focused his collection on women’s drama and poetry. His omission of this novel from his collection was a deliberate choice, most likely.
There are several theories about Stainforth’s omission of novels from his collection. Jeff Cox suggests that Stainforth was only interested in collecting classical Aristotelian genres: poetry and drama. Poetry, especially, occupied the provenance of “high literature” in the 18th and 19th centuries, where novels were regarded more as the entertainment of the masses. In addition, it is important to note that novel writing, printing, and publication in the 19th century was extremely prolific. To collect all of the editions published by women novelists would have made Stainforth’s collection project too challenging to complete, and it would have required, perhaps, more square footage to store them than he had. (Research on the dimensions and layout of Stainforth’s library at All Hallow’s Staining is underway.)
Stainforth’s catalog listing for Cobbold differs greatly from the auctioneers’ listing and a comparison helps us learn about how her works were valued by a collector versus how auctioneers Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge valued her work for the auction block.
Here is a comparison of the manuscript (top table) and the auctioneers’ catalog (below). I have transcribed these entries so that they are easier to read.
Works in Stainforth’s Manuscript Catalog
|Page (PDF)||Shelf-Mark||Author||Title||Descrip||Pub place||Date|
|n97||C7||Cobbold (Mrs)||Poems||8°||1825|
|n97||C7||Mince Pye||4to||1800|
|n98||K3||Cobbold (Mrs) E||Narrative Poems||4to||1787|
|n98||L7||Poems. Port.||8°||Ipswich||1825|
|n98||J2||D[itto]||12°||Ipswich||1825|
|n98||H6||Waterloo||1815|
Compare this data set to the data set that is listed in Sotheby’s auction catalog for Cobbold, below.
|Lot #||Author||Title||Phys. Descrip||Pub place||Date||Notes|
|698||COBBOLD (ELIZABETH) formerly Knipe||Sword or, Father Bertrand’s History of his own Times||2 vol in 1||Liverpool||1791||A novel, NOT listed in ms catalog.|
|699||—||Mince Pye, by Carolina Petty pasty||Portrait of Mrs Glasse, and engraved title-page, 4to||1800|
|700||—||Ode on the Victory of Waterloo||Red morocco, g e.||Ipswich||1815|
|701||—||Poems||With Memoir of the Author, 1b||1825|
|702||—||Poems||Another copy, large paper, 1b||1825|
|703||—||Poems||Another edition, large and thick paper, two portraits, and etchings in lithography by the Family, 1b||1825|
Shelf-marks versus lot numbers: The codes in the left-hand margin of the manuscript catalog are Stainforth’s shelf-marks that indicate the location of the book on his shelves. In the auctioneers’ catalog, the leftmost number signifies the auction lot number, a number signifying the order of sale. The most valuable items, like manuscripts, have the highest lot numbers (and reach the auction block last) and a value yet to be assigned by bidders at the auction. Reassembling Stainforth’s library electronically will enable our team to understand how the collector’s system of shelving reflects his value of these works. It is possible that his shelving system does not indicate value at all, but instead, a system of organization by genre, size, publisher, or order of acquisition. Furthermore, as any book collector knows, shelving order is always, additionally, contingent upon available shelf-space and the layout of the archive room.
Finally, Sotheby’s list contains a novel that was not in Stainforth’s library. The novel, called The Sword; or, Father Bertrand’s History of his own Times; from the original manuscript (1791), was listed first in the line of Cobbold’s works to sell on the auction block with Stainforth’s library. This novel is nowhere to be found in the manuscript: it is not listed under Cobbold, nor is it listed under Knipe, Cobbold’s first married name under which she published the novel. The manuscript entry for “Knipe, Eliza” simply says “see Cobbold.” Of course, it is possible that this novel was overlooked during the process of cataloging the library; however, knowing Stainforth’s disinterest in collecting novels and novelists’ work, it is likely that he chose not to procure this book. We may then consider the possibility that Sotheby’s added this novel to the collection at the time of the auction in order to increase the completeness, and therefore the value, of Cobbold’s collection to attract bidders.
Cobbold has no works listed in Stainforth’s “Wish List”. You can check Stainforth’s “wish list”–or the list of books that he wanted to acquire–in the back of the catalog to see if he was hunting for any of Cobbold’s books that he knew about but was unable to find on the market. Neither Cobbold nor Knipe are listed in Stainforth’s wish list. Thus, we learn that the collector did not have trouble locating the works by her that he owned. He possessed all of the volumes by the author that he knew about. Her other works must have been unadvertised, causing him not to seek them, since data indicates that he strove to collect all of an author’s titles and editions of a given work. | https://stainforth.scu.edu/comparing-cobbolds-entries-in-the-manuscript-catalog-to-the-sothebys-catalog-what-do-we-learn/ |
Synchronicity: How can we Interpret and Manifest It
What is Synchronicity?
Synchronicity can show in a perpetual number of structures; well-known sorts including names, numbers, words, images, and occasions. You continue to see similar rehashed numbers, tones, words, or pictures constantly. What’s going on?
Is it accurate to say that you are going insane? Fortunately, the appropriate response is no. You’re not going insane. You’re really encountering a marvel called Synchronicity.
Synchronicity is a term initially instituted by therapist Carl Jung that alludes to the important (or even supernatural) incidents that happen in your life. At the point when you experience Synchronicity, you’ll have encounters that appear to be extremely important to be simple everyday fortunate experiences.
What is the Basic Purpose of Synchronicity?
A developing number of individuals accept that Synchronicity resembles an amazing ‘wink’ from the Universe disclosing to us that indeed, we’re progressing nicely. Synchronicity is additionally accepted to be a type of direction from the Higher Self; a method of showing you where to go and what to do next in your life as you continue through your spiritual awakening.
Basic Forms of Synchronicity
Synchronicity is distinctive for everybody – it’s pretty much as remarkable as individuals’ necessities and wants. In any case, there is by all accounts a couple of normal ‘classes’ of Synchronicity out there. I’ll address them underneath:
- Seeing rehashed numbers, (for example, 11, 11:11)
- Considering something, at that point having it occur
- Being in the best spot at the best time
- Dreaming about individuals/creatures/places, at that point seeing them over and over, in actuality
- Seeing rehashed images, (for example, the boundlessness sign, the triangle, the tree of life, and so forth)
- Would you be able to think about some other regular types of Synchronicities? Kindly offer them beneath on the off chance that you can.
Also Read: Signs of Spiritual Awakening
Difference Between Serendipity and Synchronicity
Luck is when something acceptable inadvertently occurs. For example, we may require money to take care of surprising vet bills and locate some in the coat pocket that we’ve quite recently put on. Synchronicities, then again, isn’t only a solitary encounter of favorable luck. Synchronicity is a series of occasions that appear to be profoundly representative and significant in nature. In the event that good fortune resembles the bread scrap, Synchronicity is the path that drives us toward another objective. Numerous individuals see Synchronicity as an exercise, attestation, or message from Life. One example of Synchronicity is hearing a similar name again and again (in books, on TV, on number plates, in dreams) and later finding that the name is the suburb where you, at last, discover your fantasy home.
Synchronicity Examples
Here are a few instances of Synchronicity:
- Two or three outsiders talk about something that is of incredible importance to your own life
- Watching scenes of your #1 TV shows that all in some way or another have a similar hidden storyline/center
- Getting the specific message, you need the most at the specific opportune time (for example in case you’re experiencing a separation, misery, treachery, significant life change, and so on)
- Meeting the specific correct individual at the specific opportune time (for example an accomplice, companion, educator, and so forth)
- Seeing similar images or pictures rehashed all over (for example in magazines, on advertisements, on structures, on tattoos)
- Looking at the clock precisely the same time for a long time on end (and seeing 11:11, 14:14, 23:23, 2:22, and so on)
- Reoccurring signs that appear to lead you someplace exceptional (for example your optimal work, home, relationship)
- Hearing a similar melody rehashed commonly in irregular conditions
- Odd arrangements of birth dates between companions, accomplices, and so on
Also Read: Seven Stages of Spiritual Awakening
What number of these encounters would you be able to identify with?
Speculations About Synchronicity (From Skeptics to Believers)
What precisely is Synchronicity? We should look at some famous perspectives:
- Hindus accept Synchronicity is a sign of Brahman or the crucial association of all living things inside the universe
- Conduct Economists would characterize Synchronicities as a type of affirmation inclination. For instance, in case you’re advised to search for yellow vehicles, you’ll begin seeing significantly more of them than you at first suspected existed
- Quantum physicist’s quality Synchronicity to the “non-neighborhood” psyche (or all-inclusive awareness)
- Cynics call Synchronicity Apophenia or the act of seeing associations and examples in arbitrary and additionally insignificant information
- Ordinary spiritual people accept Synchronicity is a sign from their Higher Self or Soul
- Psychics (especially the individuals who follow Jungian speculations) accept Synchronicities comes from the oblivious psyche and aggregate oblivious
- Whatever causes it, Synchronicity is dreadfully normal and too interesting an encounter to ignore or rapidly excuse and disregard. As the creator of You Are Not So Smart.
- Simply recollect that importance comes just from the inside.
- The lone individual who can comprehend why a coordinated encounter happens and what it implies is you.
What Creates Synchronicity?
Basic clarifications for the birthplaces of Synchronicity incorporate the accompanying:
The Oblivious Psyche: We get cautioning messages in our fantasies, so for what reason wouldn’t we be able to get them in cognizant existence also? Our oblivious psyche impacts a ton of our conduct, and simultaneously, can likewise speak with us. spiritual signs and signs (or occurrences of Synchronicity) are the oblivious brain’s method of controlling us.
Congruity of Energy: As everything comprises of minuscule vibrating particles (otherwise known as. energy), Synchronicity could likewise be an indication of worldwide/natural agreement, where the frequencies and vibrations existing apart from everything else sync together in amazing harmony (or Oneness) creating such uncanny encounters.
Law of Fascination: This hypothesis expresses that great and terrible occasions in life are brought about by your musings and emotions. Accordingly, “like draws in like,” which perhaps clarifies why Synchronicity happens.
Mystic Capacities: Synchronicity is additionally thought to be an appearance of clairvoyant capacities where, for instance, we intuit that someone, in particular, will call us or critical occasion will occur for us, and it does.
Also Read: Symptoms of Kundalini Awakening
Step by step instructions to Welcome More Synchronicity into Your Life
At the point when you stay associated with the Divine, she will address you — in examples and associations, signs and synchronicities, and a wide range of endowments. At the point when wizardry ascends to the outside of your mindfulness, and your life, you realize you’re honored. It makes life a wild experience. It’s likewise a wellspring of extraordinary strength, coming to you when you most need it.
Have you at any point believed that maybe the Synchronicities in your life right currently is a message in camouflage?
If you’re a doubter, I urge you to make a move and see where you’re driven.
Inviting Synchronicity into your life is straightforward. Here are some essential practices and outlook movements to receive:
Be Open and Responsive: Keep a liberal standpoint towards synchronicity. This will upgrade your receptibility towards such an encounter.
Be Modest: Some of the time what you want or believe is best for yourself isn’t. Figure out how to have an exceptionally free hang on your longings. Thusly, you will not be forcing yourself on Life, yet you will permit Life to force itself on you (as Synchronicity).
Be Careful and Mindful: Practice readiness and focus on the current second.
Prayers: intellectually or verbally express your longing to get Synchronicity (you don’t need to be strict to ask – you can implore whatever you trust in).
Be Trusting: Trust that Synchronicities will show up in your life and when it does, trust your instinct and follow the ways introduced in front of you. At the point when you figure out how to confide in yourself, you additionally figure out how to confide in Life.
Follow your intuitions: Tune in to what your gut intuitions is advising you – your oblivious brain is immense, boundless, and incredibly savvy. Entryways are being opened for us constantly, and when we tune in to our senses, we can effectively see them.
Sigils – sigils are goal imbued images that are utilized to convey to your oblivious brain – they can be utilized to build the Synchronicity in your life.
Also Read: Help with Spiritual Awakening
Instructions to Interpret Synchronicity
So, you’ve had an increment in Synchronicity recently. You may be thinking about what it means and how you can effectively decipher it.
By figuring out how to accurately decipher the signs and signs that show up in your life, you’ll have the option to realize when you’re on the correct way, when you’re settling on the savvy’s decisions, and when you’re living lined up with your most profound necessities and qualities.
Now and then Synchronicity proclaims new entryways (or openings) that may open in your life. On different occasions, Synchronicity is basically attempting to show you a thing or two, for example, to quit seeking after the relationship/work that you’ve started to really want since it will not work out.
Here are the Absolute Most Precise Approaches to Decipher Synchronicity:
Think and go inwards. Ask yourself, “what does this Synchronicity mean? Wait for the pictures, feeling, or words to enter your psyche. In the event that you actually feel dubious, rehash a similar practice multiple times and see what answer you get.
Tune into your Body
Your body is a store of intelligence and will come clean with you regardless of what your psyche attempts to make you accept. At the point when you think you understand what Synchronicities implies, tune into your body. Do you get any goosebumps, shudders, or sensations of extension like an inward light has gone off? If so, you’ve probably discovered the correct clarification. In the event that, then again, your body doesn’t encounter any remarkable changes, you likely haven’t found the correct answer.
Also Read: Seven Stages of Spiritual Awakening
Use a Pendulum
Pendulum dowsing is an incredible method of finding an immediate solution from your oblivious brain. Just get a pendulum (or a make-move one) and ask it an inquiry that requests a “yes/no” answer. For instance, you may jump at the chance to ask, “do these Synchronicities imply that this relationship is ideal for me?” Read more about pendulum dowsing.
Discover Designs and Patterns
One simple approach to decipher the Synchronicity in your life is to discover designs in your conduct. What issues or questions have been arising a ton in your life right now? What has been the greatest wellspring of tension/dissatisfaction you’ve been managing? Synchronicity regularly emerges when we need answers and arrangements. Discover the examples and relate them back to your Synchronicities.
Investigate the imagery. Regularly, Synchronicity is representative in nature (for example the dark canine you continue finding in your fantasies and cognizant existence that represents pessimism/awful decisions, the tedious number “1” which represents “being number one”). Is there any emblematic viewpoint present in your Synchronicity? Provided that this is true, what’s the significance here to you? Indeed, you can counsel an image word reference or look into the implications on the web. However, recall, the main significance is the one you make and have confidence in.
Use Oracle and Tarot Cards
Fame clinician Carl Jung once remarked on the Chinese divination strategy for I Ching: “For over thirty years I have intrigued myself with regards to this Oracle procedure, or technique for investigating the oblivious, for it has appeared to me of phenomenal importance.” Thanks to the I Ching, Jung built up his hypothesis which he authored ‘Synchronicity.’ I’m certain if Jung was alive today, he would accept the equivalent of the Oracle and tarot cards – which, as I would see it – are considerably more available.
Probably the least demanding method of deciphering Synchronicity is to counsel an Oracle or tarot deck. You can peruse instinctively (which is to a great extent what I do) and focus on what emotions arise inside you. You can get moderate decks online, for example, the Vintage Wisdom Oracle. Prior to pulling cards, it’s in every case best to ground and focus yourself, ideally through a reflection. At that point, mix the cards and stop when you instinctively want to stop. Pull the card from the highest point of the deck and turn it over.
Focus on the emotions you get from the picture – is it sure and inviting or antagonistic and negative? Contingent upon what kind of card you get you’ll have your answer. You can likewise utilize tarot and Oracle cards for definitely more than basic “yes/no” answers – they can assist with uncovering the very center significance of the Synchronicities you’re encountering.
Also Read: Cannabis Kundalini Awakening
Tune in to your Fantasies
Your fantasies uncover a ton about the Synchronicity happening in your life – they are the language of the oblivious brain. You can either attempt to inactively investigate your fantasies or effectively attempting to “hatch” (or make) dreams that help to respond to your inquiry. To rehearse dream hatching, consider the Synchronicity that has been going on in your life of late about thirty minutes before bed.
Record your inquiry or draw an image that represents your Synchronicities and put it under your pad. This will assist with preparing your oblivious and set it up to offer you responses during your fantasies. Upon first walking toward the beginning of the day, record your fantasies in a diary. Do this for multi-week and see what examples arise.
Attempt one of the above strategies that you’re attracted to – in the event that you attempt such a large number of you may get overpowered. So, it’s ideal to keep it straightforward.
Synchronicities are the strange and delightful events that suddenly occur throughout everyday life. They can assist with directing you and make you fully aware of new possibilities you didn’t know existed. | https://spirituality-awakening.com/synchronicity-how-can-we-interpret-and-manifest-it/ |
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Why are you living?
An inquiry into the purpose of life...
I have received life, a marvelous gift from Nature. Its value is beyond measure. Life is like an ocean fathomless with no bounds. I am amazed at the immensity of it.
I look out at the world to see what others are doing with this marvelous gift. Very rarely do I see a person living the life. It seems that people have not realized the value of life, the joy and wonder of living. Many a people have turned it to problems of various kinds. To them the very existence is problem. They would ask you ‘What to do with this life’?
All what we see in the world is human suffering in various forms. There is no wonder that this suffering has arisen from the problems we have e created out of life. The greatest misconception is that life is a means to achieve something. They say you must have a goal. Having chosen a goal you have to work hard to achieve it. So you live with a desired future in mind, always looking forward.
One may ask: Can we just live? We have to provide for ourselves. I accept it. Surely one must earn the basic needs necessary for survival. But putting these ahead of living is like putting the cart before the bull. Every individual is born with the capacity, energy and intelligence to earn these basic needs for survival. Working for them is a secondary task.
I do not want to be trapped to into the ambition for earning as the primary function of life. Life is not a means to achieve things. For me “life” is the end itself. There is nothing to aspire, nothing to achieve, nothing to do. There is only being, which means living fully in every movement. What else?
Does a river ask its purpose? A river is to flow and life is to live! There is nothing beyond it. Just live, live each moment in full. You need not project joy, happiness, contentment into an imagined future as a goal to be achieved. If you look close all those gifts are there in this very moment.
An Extract from a talk by: | https://vimukthi.info/post/2/what-is-life-for |
September 11, 2001 "Never Forget"
Dr. Spencer’s Vision/D27To ensure every student achieves mastery of grade level expectations in order to be ready for college and careers.
MS 202 Mission StatementThe mission of Robert H. Goddard Middle School is to provide all students with a comprehensive education with a particular emphasis on the Fine Arts (Band, Chorus, Visual Arts and Theater), so they are able to view the world through a holistic lens and be well prepared to greet the various challenges of college and career, as intrinsically motivated, socially conscious, and inspired individuals.This goal will be accomplished by providing all students with rigorous instruction through Common Core Standards driven lessons, developing and retaining highly effective teachers, infusing cutting edge technology into every classroom, as well as, advancing equity and inclusion for all students which will be made possible by a shared philosophy through a cultivated and vested partnership with all the stakeholders in the school community.
MS 202 Vision for Racial EquityBy building teacher capacity in discussion and questioning practices and cultural responsiveness, we will support the literacy of all our students, specifically our Latino and African American subgroups. We will build students’ confidence and independence through student-centered learning. As a result of these practices, our Black and Latino students feel empowered to articulate their thoughts and question each other’s thinking in meaningful ways.
MS 202 Focus/Vision Statement Our focus is to improve teacher capacity centered around question and discussion strategies across all classrooms, in order to support each student’s ability in demonstrating independence, building strong content knowledge and understand other perspectives and cultures through designing effective lessons to support student achievement.
MS 202 Instructional Absolutes1. Learning Objectives/Learning targets- Every lesson, every class must have an individual L.O. Here we ask that teachers use...."by the end of the lesson SWBAT" (students will be able to). 2. Technology infusion into lessons to support engagement. (Promethean board, ipads, laptops etc.)3. Word Gen word wall. 4. Check for understanding throughout the lesson (rubrics, formative, summative assessments, etc.).5. Student collaboration (grouping with a purpose, data driven, project based learning, accountable talk).
Framework for Great Schools Element- Rigorous InstructionBy June of 2019, teachers will develop rigorous instruction in Mathematics as measured by a 5% increase in student achievement in grades 6-8 as measured by Common Core aligned performance-based assessment, Edperformance.
Framework for Great Schools Element- Supportive EnvironmentBy June of 2019, all stakeholders will take a proactive approach to the social-emotional learning (SEL) of students and their overall well-being using the Second Step program resulting in a 10% increase in student responses on an internal survey that incorporates NYC Learning Environment Survey student questions.
Framework for Great Schools Element- Collaborative TeachersBy June 2019, all collaborative teacher teams will have completed purposeful Inquiry cycles aligned to MS 202’s shared vision, incorporating NYS assessment data and internal benchmark data where instruction will be tailored and monitored resulting in a 10% increase in the average Measures of Teacher Practice (MoTP) of teachers in Danielson Component 3b- Using Questioning and Discussion Techniques as measured by ADVANCE ratings during the 2018-2019 academic year.
Framework for Great Schools Element- Effective School LeadershipBy June 2019, leadership, along with instructional coaches, will plan targeted professional learning opportunities on engaging students in learning using data from classroom observations that will result in a 10% increase in the average Measures of Teacher Practice (MoTP) of teachers for Danielson Component 3c- Engagement as measured by ADVANCE ratings during the 2018-2019 academic year.
Framework for Great Schools Element- Strong Family and Community TiesBy June 2019, MS202 will improve family and parent involvement in the school community as evident by a 10% increase in attendance at both, Student-Led conferences and participation Academic Parent Teacher Team (APTT) meetings.
College Access at St. John's Women's Basketball Game!
High School admissions results will be mailed home from The Department of Education the week of March 18th. Additionally, the results will be available that same week via your my schools account.
NEED ACCESS? Ask your Teachers! | https://www.ms202q.org/ |
Dolomite is a mineral consisting of calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2).
Quartz is an even-grained metamorphic rock converted from sandstone.
Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is supplied as a ready-to-use slurry.
Quicklime, calcium oxide, is a chemical compound of calcium and oxygen.
Slaked lime, calcium hydroxide, is formed through a reaction between quicklime and water.
A mixture of lime and cement for soil stabilisation.
Limestone is a type of rock consisting mainly of the mineral calcite.
Crushed aggregates consist of crushed rock of different-sized fractions.
Calcined dolomite, or calcium magnesium oxide, has the chemical formula CaMgO.
Limestone, or calcium carbonate, is an incredibly useful substance and irreplaceable in many important processes. Its unique properties make calcium carbonate key to the manufacture of products such as paper, asphalt, concrete, paint and metals. | https://smamineral.se/en/products/ |
PML scientists are highlighting a new way of detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) anomalies on the sea floor, and how this can help to monitor Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS).
CCS is one strategy which could help to control greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change and ocean acidification. CO2, captured from sources – such as fossil fuel-burning power plants or industry - is relocated beneath the ocean floor in suitable geological formations. There it is permanently stored, well away from the planet’s atmosphere. Storage beneath the sea floor is not without challenges, however, and the integrity of the geological storage sites must be demonstrated to ensure confidence that no CO2 will leak into the atmosphere.
To be confident that leaks are not occurring potential leakage needs to be detected accurately and promptly. Storage monitoring uses seismic techniques to produce images of geologically stored CO2, which is an expensive method. Instead, a chemical way of checking for emissions at the sea floor could be more suitable. But this process in itself is complex, and what to measure remains open to debate. CO2 levels in seawater are naturally variable and increases in CO2 could be a result of other factors, such as rivers, circulation patterns, changes in temperature, biological activity and ocean acidification.
A group of PML scientists have developed an effective strategy for assuring the absence of leaks by first characterising natural variability of CO2 in their North Sea study area using sophisticated computer models of the marine system. They have shown that by taking measurements of seawater acidity (pH) several times an hour, they can be certain that changes as small as 0.01pH unit (representing a tiny amount of additional CO2) would indicate an anomaly – or possible leak - rather than natural variability. As a result monitoring strategies can be recommended that will give assurance that stored CO2 is secure, and in the very unlikely event of leakage, enable rapid detection and management.
Detecting anomalies – and potential CO2 leaks - in this way is cost-effective, practical and highly sensitive. Thus PML’s modelling expertise will contribute to an increase in confidence for carbon capture and storage.
“Climate change remains an existential crisis, and it is important that society invests in a range of methods of reducing CO2 emissions, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and techniques like CCS,” said Jerry Blackford, Head of Science for Marine Ecosystems Models and Predictions at PML. “Our work demonstrates that we could monitor the integrity of subsea CO2 storage with confidence, as well as develop bespoke monitoring strategies for subsea CCS storage around the globe.”
The presence of microplastics in the ocean is a growing concern, but there's still a lot we don't know about how marine organisms interact with them. A new study from Plymouth Marine Laboratory and the University of Exeter shows how the behaviour of animals living in sedime...
Scientists, industry leaders and local government are counting down to the launch of a first-of-its-kind multi-million-pound fleet of innovative and interconnected marine technologies off the coast of Plymouth.
Solar-tracking radiometry for all: PML publishes open-source hardware and software for the solar-tracking radiometry platform (So-Rad). | https://www.pml.ac.uk/News_and_media/News/Detecting_sea_floor_carbon_dioxide_anomalies |
The current landscape driven by digital evolution and technology advances poses a challenge for many job skills. The World Economic Forum estimates that 50 percent of the skills that we have right now will cease to be relevant by 2025. And for those that remain, such skills would be transformed in ways we have yet to see.
The good news is that new roles are also expected to be born out of the same upcoming trends in technology.
While we can choose to be ready for this, we can also choose to deliberately create this scenario for ourselves.
At Straive, we strongly believe in unleashing the leadership potential and growth of every individual that allows an employee to deepen his/her expertise in a chosen career track.
We also believe in growth that allows employees to discover new potential and capabilities.
As such, we encourage our employees to expand to other roles, responsibilities and skillsets by providing them with the right platforms for re-skilling.
In our career framework, every current role has a set of job functions and job families. Each position title has its respective skill definitions and competency profiles.
Career paths, too, are co-designed with each team, and provide a view of their primary and alternative tracks.
With this kind of view, employees are empowered to own their careers and take charge of their development based on the career they envision for themselves.
Today’s employees look for employers who not only ensure job stability, but also work toward their future career progression.
At Straive, we believe that success is not just about promotions and climbing up the ladder. We believe it is the driving of the culture of change that ensures growth for employees, and that is our way forward. | https://www.straive.com/employee-growth |
Refuah Health Center
If you want to make a positive impact on the lives of thousands - while advancing your own career - you’ll be glad to know that Refuah Health Center’s employee-friendly, team-based environment is designed to help you accomplish that. Refuah Health Center is a multidisciplinary Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) serving more than 40,000 patients annually. Featuring three state-of-the-art facilities, twenty-nine departments, and more than two hundred dedicated medical professionals, Refuah Health Center’s cadre of award-winning healthcare professionals have been providing the highest caliber of healthcare services to the underserved populations of Rockland, Sullivan, Orange, and Ulster Counties for well over two decades. Situated in the heart of picturesque Rockland County, Refuah Health Center is just thirty miles away from New York City. This diverse community is the ideal location for medical professionals to enjoy suburban living with access to the amenities of a metropolitan community.
Job Openings with Refuah Health Center
We currently do not have any open positions, but please check back soon. | https://www.ihireoptometry.com/orgs/182428/refuah-health-center |
If you are not familiar with the thermic effect of food (ETA), the idea is that the amount of energy that the body uses to process food influences the amount of calories burned during the process. If you eat the right foods, the ETA can burn up to 10% of the calories you consume. If you eat too much fat, the heating effect will be very low, since fat is used easily by your body. If you eat a lot of protein, your body will become you more difficult to make use of the calories you eat, and your metabolism in a food rich in proteins can be up to 30% greater than in a fatty food. Even a meal filled with carbohydrates will require up to 4% of the calories used for food processing.
The thermal effect of food may help to explain the success of diets high in proteins. Is the thermal effect of food useful? Let’s say that you eat a 300 calorie meal composed entirely of proteins. You can expect that more than 80 calories are only used for the digestive process. So that leaves you with less than 220 calories from your meal for 300 calories. Multiply this by several hundred meals and will have some significant reductions in calories.
There is some evidence that the TEF can be further multiplied through regular exercise, especially weight training. It is said that some complex carbohydrates and foods rich in fiber go beyond this, being so complex to digest your digestive system burns more calories trying to decompose them than the calories that these foods contain. Cayenne pepper, celery, chili sauce, coffee, fennel seeds, garlic, ginger, grapefruit, mustard, parsley and sauce are frequently cited as cases of this criterion. A study to determine the degree of realism of the ETA theory was conducted in Australia. The study participants were fed with plenty of fish, while the control group was fed with the same number of calories but with less protein rich foods. Those who ate fish lost 22% more weight than the control group. | http://www.awannatravel.com/tag/alcove/ |
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Home > News > UNC Lenoir Health Care Adapting Care To Meet COVID-19 Patient Needs
Published on March 18, 2020
UNC Lenoir Health Care Adapting Care
To Meet COVID-19 Patient Needs
KINSTON, NC – March 18, 2020 – Due to the spread of coronavirus / COVID-19 in North Carolina, UNC Lenoir Health Care announced today that several policies have been put into place to ensure the safe and efficient care of our patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
UNC Lenoir is asking that only one visitor per patient be allowed for the duration of the patient’s stay. We feel this will best take care of the patient and visitor as we work to slow the spread of the virus.
Our surgeons have decided to prioritize emergent surgeries at this time. Patients will be contacted by their surgeons’ offices for updated scheduling for elective procedures.
We continue to follow the guidelines established by the Center for Disease Control to determine who is at risk for COVID-19, how best to care for these patients and when to test for COVID-19. We have had no positive test results at this time.
“It is important that we focus on protecting the safety and welfare of our patients, our incredible staff and patient family members. The UNC Lenoir team is highly trained and will respond to COVID-19 as the professionals that they are. I am confident that we will continue to take good care of our community and that we will adapt as needed to this changing healthcare environment,” said Robert Enders, President and CEO. “Additional changes may be necessary as we continue to evaluate the best way to protect and care of our patients.”
The community is reminded to practice appropriate social distancing, wash hands frequently, contact your primary care provider if you develop respiratory symptoms or call the UNC health Line at 1-888-850-2684.
Information on COVID-19 (the Coronavirus) may be found at www.unclenoir.org. Changes in hospital operations
may be found on our Facebook page. | https://www.unclenoir.org/news/unc-lenoir-health-care-adapting-care-to-meet-covid-19-patient-ne/ |
President Donald Trump’s controversial voter fraud commission was disbanded last week, but plaintiffs in a Texas lawsuit want more assurances about the safety of voter information. The question of what voter data Texas can release to such commissions and what safeguards they must ensure stems from a lawsuit filed in July by the Texas NAACP and the Texas League of Women Voters seeking to block the state from handing over its voter rolls to the federal commission. Texas election law includes provisions that prohibit the information from being used for commercial purposes. If the information was given to the commission, plaintiffs argued, it would be open to public review under a federal law, allowing businesses to sidestep the state law banning its use for commercial purposes. It would also put the data at risk of a breach, plaintiffs said.
With the commission dissolved, the imminent threat of the information’s release is gone. But plaintiffs say they’re seeking to ensure the information is safeguarded if another federal agency comes asking for it. A temporary block of the state’s release of the information is being appealed by the state, which wants the case thrown out.
“We’re going to reach out to the state to see if we can come up with some sort of joint agreement for winding down the lawsuit in a way that makes us satisfied that voter rights are going to be protected,” said Myrna Pérez, a lawyer for the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University’s Law School, which represented the plaintiffs in the case. “We are not suggesting there is no way and no information that could be sent over striking the balance the Legislature struck in crafting the election law, but we’re worried about the balance.”
Full Article: Texas plaintiffs still fear exposure of voter data even with Trump’s fraud commission dissolved | Elections | Dallas News. | https://thevotingnews.com/plaintiffs-still-fear-exposure-of-voter-data-even-with-trumps-fraud-commission-dissolved-dallas-morning-news/ |
- Divertor detachment is currently assumed to be a fundamental pre-requisite for the successful operation of future fusion reactors. Only by partially detaching the divertor in the regions of highest power flux density can high performance tokamak operation be made compatible with the technological limits set by the thermo-mechanical properties of surfaces in contact with the plasma. Although the various physics components of the detachment process are thought to be well known, their relative importance and the degree to which each may affect the others, thus determining the final detached state, cannot in general be deduced from any simple analytic approach. Instead, sophisticated two and three dimensional interpretative and predictive code packages have been developed within the fusion community to model the scrape-off layer (SOL) and divertor plasmas of magnetic confinement devices. One of these, the SOLPS code, has for some time been employed as a tool for the design of the divertor in the next step tokamak reactor, ITER. In reality, however, these codes have not, in general, been fully validated against experimental observations from current tokamaks, in particular with regard to divertor detachment. This thesis aims to contribute to such validation by thorough comparisons between numerical simulations, using the SOLPS5 (plasma fluid, Monte Carlo neutral) code pack- age and experimental characterization of the detachment process in two very different tokamaks, TCV and JET. The approach taken has been to test the code against experiment, not only for two machines with a vast difference in size and divertor geometry, but also for plasma operation with either deuterium or helium fuel. Changing the fuel species in a tokamak containing significant graphite first wall components as do TCV and JET, dramatically modifies the impurity production mechanism but also the important atomic physics processes at work, both of which influence the detachment threshold. In TCV, divertor detachment in the simplest of situations is experimentally observed to be anomalous and could not be explained by the first attempts at code modeling prior to this thesis. Evidence is presented for the detachment anomaly being directly linked to enhanced interaction between the graphite main chamber walls at high plasma density due to anomalous convective radial transport. Such interaction is not well modeled by the code and the results presented in this thesis highlight an important area in which the complexities of the real situation are inadequately represented in the numerical model. This work also constitutes the first known application of the SOLPS code to tokamak simulation with consistent modeling of molecular hydrocarbons. Indeed, they are found to be important in producing high degrees of numerical detachment. In JET, experimental data from high density helium plasma operation have been successfully modeled, constituting the first ever simulations of pure He discharges on this machine. Helium detachment is very different to that in deuterium, due in large part to the absence of carbon chemistry. The simulation results demonstrate this together with strong evidence for conclusions to be drawn concerning the principal mechanisms driving the detachment. Similar good agreement is obtained between code and experiment for helium operation on TCV and a comparison of code results between the two devices demonstrates how divertor geometry can have a significant impact on the detachment behavior. | http://doc.rero.ch/record/4696 |
In nursing, patient and family teaching is an important nursing intervention to help patients with chronic pulmonary disorders manage their health. In order to clear the airway, the nurse must administer bronchodilators and corticosteroids in a manner that is appropriate and alert for possible side effects.
Table of contents
How Does Copd Impact Nursing Care?
Nurses have been involved in delivering non-pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing symptoms and improving the quality of life of COPD patients – such as smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and pulmonary rehabilitation – in COPD.
What Is Nursing Management Of A Patient?
A nursing manager must assign patient cases to different nurses and develop additional care procedures for advanced directives in order to manage patients. Ensure that the proper care is provided to patients and that all cases assigned to the supervising nurse are kept in a record.
What Complications Are Most Commonly Associated With Copd?
What Nursing Interventions Would You Consider For A Patient With Copd?
What Is The Management For Copd?
The first treatment most people with COPD use is a short-acting bronchodilator inhaler. By relaxing and widening your airways, bronchial medications help you breathe easier. Inhalers that act as beta-2 agonists, such as salbutamol and terbutaline, are two types of short-acting bronchodilator inhalers.
What Is Copd Nursing?
There are many preventable, treatable, pharmacologically and non-pharmacological treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a common and incurable respiratory condition. As a result, breathlessness, coughs, wheezes, and sputum production are common symptoms of the disease.
What Is Plan Of Care In Nursing?
Depending on the needs of the individual, family, or community, a nursing care plan can provide direction. This process is documented in the care plan. Nursing assessment identifies a set of actions that nurses can take to resolve or support nursing diagnoses.
What Are Nursing Priorities For Copd?
Assists with measures to facilitate gas exchange in nursing. Ensure that your nutritional intake is increased. Improve the progression of a condition by preventing complications. Provide information about the disease process, theprognosis, and the treatment regimen.
How Does Copd Affect The Cost Of Health Care?
In Figure 1, COPD patients incurred costs that were almost twice as high as those without COPD after adjusting for comorbidities ($11,984 vs $5,738). In other words, the incremental direct cost of COPD was estimated at $6,246/year (95% CI]: $4,620, $8,623; P*0.05). 001).
What Is The Role Of Nurse Patient With Respiratory Problems?
A respiratory nurse plays an important role in the care and support of those suffering from lung disease. Their role is often overlooked, yet they coordinate care and provide essential patient support from diagnosis to death.
How Do Nurses Manage Patient Care?
Physicians and health care team members should be able to communicate effectively. Maintain a knowledge base that is reliable and demonstrates nursing knowledge. Team members should collaborate with each other in the health care field. Establish a patient orientation and focus on the needs of the patient and the patient.
What Are Examples Of Nursing Management?
What Are The Four Major Steps In The Nursing Management Process?
Which Pulmonary Complication Occurs In A Patient With Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease?
Pneumothorax, or collapsed lungs, is a common cause of COPD and collapsed lungs. When a weakened part of the lung collapses or ruptures, it is called a pneumothorax. It is more likely that you will experience this type of complication if you have emphysema.
Which Of The Following Lists The Two Main Conditions Associated With Copd?
What Are The Three Most Common Diseases That Produce A Copd?
A number of these diseases are caused by emphysema and chronic bronchitis, respectively. COPD sufferers often suffer from both of these conditions simultaneously. In the course of emphysema, your lungs slowly lose their air sacs, which interfere with their ability to receive oxygen. In the case of bronchial inflammation, the bronchial tubes narrow, which allows mucus to form. | https://www.kyinbridges.com/what-are-nursing-management-issues-related-to-patients-with-copd/ |
In this course, Jodi gives you the support and information you require to handle your anxiety and fear and stop it from taking over your life. The course is also broken down in to easy to handle stages in order to suit kids who may be struggling with anxiety in order to allow them to benefit from the materials.
“The main teachings in this course are based around how we can handle anxiety and how we can use our knowledge of it to work through it”. Jodi Aman
Course Benefits
- Gain Confidence in yourself
- Become knowledgeable in how to handle your anxiety
- Move on from difficulties in your life and become a better person for it.
- Easy to follow & Practical Advice
- Variety of techniques offered to support you in a wide variety of techniques
- Give your kids the tools they need to overcome their worries and fears.
- tools to help you support your kids in losing their anxiety
Who is this course for?
- Parents who are worried about their children
- Kids who need support in dealing with anxiety
- teachers or anyone that works with children who have concerns a child could be anxious
- anyone that needs help with anxiety that need easy to follow support
What are the requirements? | http://www.feedmyhappy.com/course/give-fear-the-boot-7-ways-to-help-children-with-anxiety |
18k Yellow Gold Platinum Weight 4.2gr Diamonds Approx 2.04 ct J SI1 Measurements 1x 4.5. The condition is very good with negligible wear commensurate with age. ALL diamonds, gold and platinum, HAVE BEEN TESTED, and if described as a diamond or a particular karat, such as 18k gold or platinum, the item HAS BEEN TESTED BY ME and verified to be as described.
Please note that all items listed as precious metals are either marked (in which case there will be a photo clearly showing the mark) or acid tested to ensure metal purity. Unless otherwise stated, COLORED GEMSTONES SUCH AS RUBY OR SAPPHIRE have not been tested. Items may have wear and tear, imperfections, or the effects of aging. | https://diamondvintageedwardian.com/edwardian-platinum-topped-rosette-diamond-snowflake-drop-earrings-2-00-ct.php |
Roadtrip to Meet the Longest Living Trees
Start your journey in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah with a trip to see Pando, (Latin for “I spread out”) a clonal colony of quaking aspen. It is not only the oldest tree in the United States at 80,000 years old, but it is also one of the oldest and heaviest living organisms on earth! A clonal colony is a single root system that has multiple stems, so although the “trembling giant” appears like a forest of 40,000 + trees, it is a single organism.
Next, head west to Nevada to see Prometheus. Formerly the oldest non-clonal organism at 4,862 years old, the Great Basin bristlecone pine was controversially cut down in 1964 by researchers who didn’t know of its world-record status, but visitors can still see Prometheus’ Stump in Wheeler Park.
Now, let’s head to California to see six more trees. First, stop in the Stanislaus National Forest in Tuolumne County. There, you will find the Bennett Juniper, the largest known juniper tree in the United States. Although several attempts to determine its age have been inconclusive, the Bennett Juniper is estimated to be 3-6,000 years old.
Our next stop is Methuselah. Like Prometheus, Methuselah is a Great Basin bristlecone pine and has taken its place as the oldest non-clonal organism in the world at more than 4,800 years old. Its exact location is a secret, but the Methuselah Trail in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest is open to visitors.
Next up is a tree in the Mariposa Grove in Yosemite National Park, which is the largest grove of giant sequoia trees in the world. Although the Grizzly Giant is more than 3,000 years old and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the grove, it has a volume of 34,010 cubic feet, which makes it only the 26th largest living giant sequoia.
Continue on to the Converse Basin Grove, near King’s Canyon National Park to see Muir Snag. Although many of the giant sequoias in the grove have been lost to logging, the Muir Snag has remained. Though not living any longer, Muir Snag is thought to be the oldest sequoia tree in the world, at more than 3,500 years old when it died.
Next, travel to the Giant Forest Grove to see the remains of the Washington Tree. Damaged by a lightning strike which eventually led to its collapse in 2005, Washington was once the second-largest sequoia tree in the world, and is 2,850 years old. Despite the damage, scientists think the tree might still be alive, as it still has several significant branches.
Our next stop, also in the Giant Forest Grove is the President, named after President Warren G. Harding in 1923. It is currently the oldest known living giant sequoia tree, at around 3,200 years old. With a trunk volume of 45,000 cubic feet, it is the second-largest tree in the world, although it is not the tallest nor the widest.
Finally, head south to the Jurupa Mountains near Riverside, California. Like Pando, the Jurupa oak is a clonal colony that is estimated to be more than 13,000 years old. One of the only species in the surrounding area, the Jurupa Oak only grows after wildfires, when burned branches sprout new shoots. | https://oneplanetlife.com/tag/trees/ |
The 2019 college football season kicks off in earnest this weekend with a full slate of games on Saturday, so we’ve compiled a list of every uniform and logo change that took place across the country this offseason.
Among the most visible changes for this season is the introduction of a uniform patch to celebrate the 150th anniversary of college football’s first game, which took place on Nov. 6, 1869. Rutgers beat Princeton, 6-4, that afternoon in a game that featured 25 players on each team and a used round ball that could not be picked up or carried but could be hit with the hands and feet with the intention of scoring points by kicking the ball into the goal.
Most teams will wear the patch above the conference logo patch on the right shoulder of their respective uniforms, but there are a handful of outliers who either opted to wear it on the left side (Iowa, Tennessee, Troy, UNLV and Utah) or not at all (Colorado).
With that said, check out our comprehensive list below:
ATLANTIC COAST CONFERENCE
BOSTON COLLEGE
Boston College recently announced the return of its 1984 throwback uniform, which commemorates Doug Flutie’s Hail Mary pass to beat Miami as time expired. The Eagles wore this exact uniform design last season, but it’s been updated to Under Armour’s latest ArmourGrid template.
GEORGIA TECH
As part of a partnership with Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia Tech will wear onyx gray “Cape Day” uniforms against North Carolina on Oct. 5. The uniforms feature a metallic gold honeycomb pattern on the sleeves, down the side of the pants and inside the numbers, while a crest paying homage to Cape Day — an annual traditional in the local community — is prominently displayed on the back.
LOUISVILLE
Louisville is set to wear all-white uniforms inspired by native son and boxing icon Muhammad Ali against Boston College on Oct. 5. The jersey, which features black typography and trim as a nod to Ali’s signature boxing trunks and arched lettering reminiscent of his ring robe, will be paired with red gloves to give the allusion of boxing gloves.
MIAMI (FL)
For the second year in a row, Miami will wear uniforms that have been crafted and repurposed from upcycled materials as part of its partnership with Parley for the Oceans. The all-white uniforms feature a custom number font that features a wave print design and was inspired by the lettering on the facade of the old Orange Bowl.
N.C. STATE
N.C. State used the 75th anniversary of D-Day — the Normandy landings that laid the foundation for an Allied victory in World War II — as the date to announce its “Stealth Wolf” alternate uniforms. The all-white uniforms feature sublimated camouflage throughout and will be worn as part of the Wolfpack’s Military Appreciation Day game against Syracuse on Oct. 10.
PITTSBURGH
Pittsburgh underwent an athletic department-wide rebrand this offseason, returning to its retro royal blue and athletic gold color scheme and introducing a new secondary logo in the process. The number font and striping pattern on the new uniforms pay tribute to the Cathedral of Learning — a historic landmark and centerpiece of the university — while the new secondary logo is based on the fountain at the entrance of the building.
SYRACUSE
Shortly after the university announced a multi-year contact extension with Nike, Syracuse unveiled a new set of uniforms. The Orange have ditched the elongated custom number font — meant to evoke the New York City skyline — and 44-degree slashes throughout the numbers and sleeve caps in favor of a much more traditional look with block numbers and consistent striping.
WAKE FOREST
After four years of wearing one of the most unique uniforms in college football, Wake Forest ditched its sleeve design that paid homage to campus architectures and custom number font — which featured angled notches at 18 and 34 degrees to honor the university’s founding year — in favor of a much simpler design.
AMERICAN ATHLETIC CONFERENCE
CINCINNATI
Cincinnati also moved to Under Armour’s newest template and made some tweaks to its primary uniforms in the process, moving the striping pattern inspired by the architecture of buildings around campus to the collar bone area and removing it from the collar.
The Bearcats will also wear throwback uniforms that pay homage to the teams of the late 1950s to early 1960s at some point during the season, as seen above.
EAST CAROLINA
East Carolina — which has been practicing in matte black helmets throughout fall camp — will debut a new all-black uniform this fall, according to first-year head coach Mike Houston.
NAVY
Navy will wear a throwback uniform this season as part of Under Armour’s “School Heritage” line, though it was oddly pulled from the apparel company’s promo photos earlier this month. Look for it to be officially unveiled in the weeks leading up to the 120th Army-Navy Game in December, however.
TEMPLE
Temple will wear throwback uniforms this season to commemorate its appearance in the 1935 Sugar Bowl. Given that game was against Tulane, it’s probably safe to assume the Owls will wear these uniforms when the Green Wave come to town on Nov. 16.
TULANE
Tulane dropped anthracite from its color palette, allowing for a consistent striping pattern across the helmet and uniforms. The Green Wave also introduced a new anodized green helmet with the Angry Wave on both sides.
UCONN
One year after reintroducing the Block “C” to its helmets, UConn unveiled new uniforms that resemble the team’s look during head coach Randy Edsall’s first stint in East Hartford. That includes the rounded, double-outline numbers that first appeared on the Huskies’ Aeropostale set in 2003.
UCF
UCF will once against honor its past as a Florida Technological University, which was founded with the mission of supporting the space program through a partnership with Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Base, with space-themed uniforms this season. Though the design has not been revealed, we do know the uniforms will be worn against Houston on Nov. 2.
USF
USF — which notably abandoned its “Charging Bull” academic logo and lime green color scheme this offseason amid heavy criticism by students and alumni — recently entered into an eight-year partnership with adidas. As part of that deal, the Bulls unveiled brand new uniforms on the apparel company’s latest WVN A1 template.
BIG XII
BAYLOR
Baylor unified its athletic department under one green and gold color scheme this offseason, introducing new uniforms and a new secondary logo in the process. The Bears replaced their jagged number font with a rounded font that includes notches inside the numbers, and ditched the massive sublimated paw print on the sleeves in favor of a sublimated stripe near the collar.
IOWA STATE
After just one season in the uniforms, Iowa State made a few tweaks to its cardinal home jersey. The Cyclones removed the black collar, changed the iridescent lighting bold to gold and added the players’ home state flag to the back of the helmets.
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma will celebrate 125 seasons of football with a special logo that will be featured on the back of the Sooners’ helmets this fall.
TEXAS
Texas will wear No. 32 helmet decals to honor former running back Cedric Benson, who was killed in a motorcycle accident earlier this month.
TCU
Just days after the 2018 season ended, TCU unveiled brand new uniforms inspired by the LaDainian Tomlinson era. The enlarged diamond-shaped design around the collar more accurately depicts a horned lizard, however. The uniform is complete with a two-tone face mask meant to elongate the helmet stripe.
TEXAS TECH
Texas Tech is also set to wear throwback uniforms as part of Under Armour’s “School Heritage” line, but like Navy above, the Red Raiders have not officially announced the uniforms or the date on which they’ll be worn. That said, they’ll be the same 1970s design worn by the program two seasons ago but on a newer template.
WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia will usher in the Neal Brown era with new uniforms that feature a custom font and — thankfully — no longer have black sleeves. The Mountaineers also added a new Steele Gray uniform to the rotation as a tribute to the state’s rich coal-mining history.
BIG TEN
INDIANA
Indiana will celebrate its bicentennial this season with an alternate uniform that features candy stripe pattern throughout as a nod to the design of the caps worn by the swimming and diving teams team and later adopted by the basketball program. The helmet logo and typography were inspired by one of the first football uniforms worn by the Hoosiers.
IOWA
Iowa unveiled all-gold uniforms that pay homage to the Hawkeyes’ short-lived Apex “banana peel” design from 1996. The colors on the uniform — which will be worn against Penn State on Oct. 12 — are inverted this time around, however.
MARYLAND
Maryland will wear throwback uniform during its homecoming game against Michigan on Nov. 2. The all-red uniforms have faux-mesh details in the numbers and classic black, white and gold stripes on the sleeves. The throwback threads also feature the iconic Script Terps, which adorned the Terrapins’ helmets from 1982-91 and 2001-2010.
MICHIGAN
It appears Michigan is making a minor change to its helmet, as the wings now curl up into the stripes rather than flare out. This detail has not been officially announced, though, and could be something as simple as the wrong template being used when the design is painted onto the shell.
MICHIGAN STATE
Michigan State made quite the statement when it followed the basketball program’s lead by unveiling neon-green accented alternate uniforms this spring. The uniforms — which will be worn during a night game this fall, presumably the matchup with Arizona State on Sept. 14 — feature an oversized neon green “STATE” across the chest, neon green pants and a neon green Spartan decal on the helmet.
Don’t be surprised when some of these elements are mixed with the white helmet and/or jersey when Michigan State hits the road, too.
NEBRASKA
Nebraska unveiled brand new black alternate uniforms that pay homage to the football program’s “Blackshirts” monicker. The design itself isn’t a significant departure from the Cornhuskers’ standard home and road look, the most notable difference being the lack of sleeve stripes — which have been related with a skull and crossbones wearing Nebraska’s helmet.
That logo represents the “Blackshirts,” a term that dates back to the 1960s and was inspired by the black jerseys the Cornhuskers’ first-team defense wore in practice.
NORTHWESTERN
Northwestern is set to break out a new Gothic-theme uniform this season, presumably for it’s primetime tilt with Ohio State on Oct. 18. The uniforms — which are a nod to the university’s original school colors and feature a font that mimics signs around campus — appear to be slightly different than previous iterations, however.
The Wildcats will also wear a fauxback uniform for its meeting with Wisconsin on Sept. 28. Both teams will be outfitted in brand new designs that are meant to replicate the early days of football, but have been adjusted accordingly for today’s equipment.
PENN STATE
Penn State will wear its “Generations of Greatness” throwback uniform for its homecoming game against Purdue on Oct. 5. The uniform is not all that different from what the Nittany Lions currently wear, but combines different elements from the past including a gray face mask, helmet numbers, a block font, a blue stripe on the pants and white cleats.
RUTGERS
Seeing as Rutgers is widely considered the birthplace of college football, it wouldn’t be a surprise to see the Scarlet Knights break out some throwback uniforms to commemorate the 150th anniversary of their aforementioned win over Princeton. The program has shown off numerous designs on social media, as seen above, so hopefully they see the field this fall.
WISCONSIN
As mentioned, Wisconsin is set to wear a fauxback uniform when it plays host to Northwestern on Sept. 28. The Badgers will wear plain cardinal uniforms with “UW” on the chest and a rounded number font, as well as khaki pants and a white helmet with a thin cardinal stripe and white face mask.
CONFERENCE USA
MARSHALL
Marshall has scrapped its old white uniform in favor of some new road threads that should remind fans of when Randy Moss, Chad Pennington and Byron Leftwich helped elevate the program from a Division I-AA (now FCS) powerhouse to Mid-American Conference champions.
The most notable difference when comparing the two looks is that the Thundering Herd will no longer have contrasting sleeve caps — which had been both green and black in recent years — while the team wordmark on the chest is also much larger.
UTEP
As a way to honor the victims of a mass shooting at a local Walmart, UTEP will wear #ElPasoStrong helmet decals throughout the duration of the upcoming season.
“The events of Aug. 3rd left us shaken, but it hasn’t deterred our spirit,” athletic director Jim Senter said. “Our objective is to not only pay tribute to the victims of this senseless violence, but to celebrate all things that make El Paso so wonderful – including the efforts of the first responders and other heroes in the face of this unspeakable tragedy.”
INDEPENDENTS
ARMY
Army was set to wear the CFB 150 patch, but head coach Jeff Monken did not like how it looked on the Black Knights’ black home uniform and had it removed. The team will continue to wear it on the white road uniform, however.
LIBERTY
After one season of striping inconsistencies, Liberty has updated its white road uniform to match its red home jersey. The Flames previously wore a thicker stripe, but moved to a more traditional pattern.
NOTRE DAME
Notre Dame will wear a throwback uniform against Boston College on Nov. 23 to celebrate the program’s 1988 national championship. The uniforms feature faux-mesh numbers and will be paired with special gloves and cleats, though its worth noting the number font and monogram aren’t entirely accurate.
UMASS
UMass recently unveiled new uniforms that feature “Massachusetts” across the chest and a simplified number font and striping pattern. The Minutemen also introduced a new white helmet that features the program’s script wordmark rather than its primary logo.
MID-AMERICAN CONFERENCE
BALL STATE
Ball State also solved its issue of inconsistent home and road uniforms with the introduction of a new cardinal jersey with UCLA stripes. The Cardinals will also have new three-dimensional helmet bumpers this season.
BOWLING GREEN
Bowling Green is one of two MAC schools to adopt Boise State’s slanted stripe pattern this offseason. The Falcons have also ditched their tapered helmet stripe for a more traditional pattern.
BUFFALO
Buffalo recently introduced a new gray alternate jersey that perfectly complements the Bulls’ blue home, white road and black alternate uniforms, though it’s the only one of the four on Nike’s Vapor Untouchable template. No word when they’ll be worn, though.
CENTRAL MICHIGAN
Central Michigan enters a new era under the direction of first-year head coach Jim McElwain, so its only appropriate for the team to unveil new uniforms for the upcoming season. The changes aren’t significant at first glance, but include moving away from Adidas’ TechFit (tire tread) template and the introduction of an italicized font to match the movement of the Chippewas’ Flying “C” logo.
EASTERN MICHIGAN
Eastern Michigan has tinkered with its uniforms quite a bit in recent years, but appears to have found the perfect shade of green with its most recent update. The Eagles continue to emphasize the diamond plate design and reflective silver steel on the helmets and in the numbers, though it’ll be interesting to see if the latter remains on the road set given the NCAA rules about contrast.
KENT STATE
Kent State has traded in its blue-heavy road uniforms for yellow-trimmed uniforms that oddly features the phrase “Flash Fast” upside down on the pant leg. The simple lightning bolts on the sleeve caps are a nice touch, though.
OHIO
Ohio upgraded from the aforementioned TechFit template to adidas’ Primeknit A1 template, which moved the manufacturer’s logo from the collar to the left shoulder.
TOLEDO
Toledo followed the lead of its biggest rival, Bowling Green, by adopting slanted sleeve stripes this offseason. The Rockets — who will also wear a black jersey for the first time since 2013 — went with slanted stripes on the pants, as well, rather than the team name.
MOUNTAIN WEST
BOISE STATE
Speaking of Boise State, the Broncos are set to wear brand new black uniforms in conjunction with a stadium-wide blackout against Air Force on Sept. 20.
The uniforms match the design of Boise State’s current blue home, white road and orange alternate jerseys, but feature reflective stripes and typography, blue outlines and very little orange throughout. The matte black helmet includes a chrome blue facemark and a hydro-dipped chrome bronco.
COLORADO STATE
Colorado State is set to wear a brand new helmet for its homecoming game against San Diego State on Oct. 5. The white lid features a forward-facing ram head on both sides and a green and gold stripe down the middle. There is also a decal celebrating that celebrates the university’s sesquicentennial.
The Rams will also bring back their popular State Pride and orange Ag Day alternate uniforms this season.
HAWAI’I
Hawai’i is also among the stragglers who have yet to officially announce a new uniform as part of Under Armour’s “School Heritage” series. The Rainbow Warriors last wore throwback uniforms during a 38-0 loss to Ohio State in 2015.
NEVADA
Nevada follows a number of other adidas programs updating from the TechFit template to the Primeknit A1 template. The Wolf Pack have also added an outline around their wordmark and numbers, white sleeve cuffs and TV numbers.
SAN JOSE STATE
Almost always synonymous with Michigan State, the “Gruff Sparty” logo will make its way onto San Jose State’s helmets for the season opener against Northern Colorado. Surprisingly, the blue and gold Spartans first used said logo in 1948, three years before the green and white Spartans did in 1951.
UNLV
As part of a season-long celebration of Sam Boyd Stadium, UNLV will wear a throwback helmet during its season opener against Southern Utah on Aug. 31. The helmet, which features an interlocking “UN” logo, was designed by Bill Ireland — the first coach in school history — and replicates the design worn by the Rebels from 1969-72.
UNLV is set to move into the $1.9 billion Allegiant Stadium, home to the NFL’s Oakland/soon-to-be Las Vegas Raiders, in 2020. The Rebels are also wearing a modified CFB 150 patch, which features team colors rather than the standard silver supplied by the Emblem Source.
WYOMING
After just one season in modern threads, Wyoming has returned to a more traditional uniform style this season. The Cowboys custom letter and number font remains, but the uniforms now feature consistent striping from the helmet down.
Other minor changes include the university’s full name on the front helmet bumper (as opposed to the state abbreviation) and a larger primary logo on the pants. The adidas logo on the pants has also switched from white to brown.
PAC 12
ARIZONA
Arizona marked its season-opening trip to Hawai’i by wearing helmets that paid homage to the 1,177 servicemen who lost their lives aboard the U.S.S. Arizona during the attacks on Pearl Harbor. The Wildcats also donned a “DT” decal on the back of the helmets in honor of late head coach Dick Tomey.
ARIZONA STATE
Considered one of the most environmentally friendly campuses in the country, Arizona State was among the handful of adidas schools to receive a “Selfless” alternate uniform. The uniforms is constructed from synthetic waste such as industrial plastic, waste fabric and fishing nets, and features a state flag on the sleeves as a nod to the more than 80 solar panels on the Tempe campus.
CAL
Like several schools listed above, Cal will eventually unveil throwback uniforms this season as part of Under Armour’s “School Heritage” line. The design will be very familiar, though, as the Bears will once again wear uniforms in memory of former quarterback Joe Roth, who died of melanoma at age 21 in 1977.
OREGON
Oregon became the first program to upgrade to Nike’s new Vapor Fusion template when it unveiled brand new uniforms earlier this month. The overall design of the uniforms remained mostly intact, but the Ducks introduced two different white jerseys — one with apple green numbers and the other with iridescent green numbers — and a “Nightmare Green” helmet and jersey into the rotation.
OREGON STATE
Oregon State was among the last Nike programs still wearing the eight-year-old Speed Machine template last season, but updated to the Vapor Untouchable template when it introduced brand new uniforms this spring.
Several design cues were carried over from the Beavers’ last set, including the helmet and number font. The stripes were moved from the sleeve caps to the shoulders and the pants and the numbers now feature a sublimated tree ring pattern, though.
Oregon State will also be the only team in the country without a white road jersey, as the Beavers’ new set features a wood-colored fabric throughout.
STANFORD
Stanford will wear the CFB 150 patch for the first game of the season against Northwestern on Aug. 31, but swap that for a team-specific 125th anniversary patch for the remainder of the year. The Cardinal will wear the anniversary logo on their helmets for the game against the Wildcats, meanwhile.
UCLA
Similarly, UCLA will celebrate its 100th season with a patch on its home blue jersey yet wear the CFB 150 patch on their road white set. The Bruins will also wear the 100th anniversary logo as a helmet decal for the entirety of the season.
UTAH
Utah shared a teaser this month of a throwback uniform that resembles what the Utes wore during the 1966-67 season. Utah went 9-12 over those two seasons, but the decision to honor those teams surely has to do with the fact that the Utes haven’t worn silver helmets or pants in the years since.
WASHINGTON
As part of its move from Nike to adidas, Washington unveiled new uniforms this summer. The Huskies’ new threads feature an “Angle of Pursuit” font that mimics the 15-degree slant in the university’s iconic Block “W” and numbers that are dotted with sublimated rain drops, which is rather appropriate for a city in which it rains more than 150 days each year.
The uniforms also pay homage to Washington’s undefeated 1991 Rose Bowl season, particularly the lack of gold on the road set. There are also three purple iridescent stripes on the sleeves that adidas claims is meant to convey the look of a king’s velvet robe.
SEC
ALABAMA
Alabama added 3D bumpers to the front and back of its helmets, with “Crimson Tide” replacing the manufacturer’s mark on the back.
ARKANSAS
Arkansas unveiled throwback uniforms this offseason that replicate those worn by the program during the Darren McFadden era (2005-07). The cardinal uniform prominently displays the school name across the chest in an all-caps large block font, with the classic running Razorback logo on the sleeves. The white pants, meanwhile, feature a double cardinal stripe down the side.
It’s worth noting these uniforms will not replace Arkansas’ primary home and road uniforms this season, but head coach Chad Morris said the Razorbacks will wear them every chance they get.
AUBURN
Auburn is one of just five programs — including Cincinnati, Northwestern, Notre Dame and Wisconsin — to be outfitted in the newest version of Under Armour’s ArmourGrid template this season. The biggest difference from the previous template is the thinner collar and the addition of “file tabs” above the conference and manufacturer logos, as well as extra ventilation areas throughout the uniform.
The Tigers will wear a helmet sticker during the first two games of the season in honor of late play-by-play announcer Rod Bramblett, who died in a car accident in May.
Auburn is also in the process of tweaking their primary logo, removing the negative space between the upper part of the “A” and “U,” as well as downsizing the “U” to match the height of the “A” — coincidentally creating what looks like a “T” in the negative space at the bottom.
FLORIDA
Although there’s been no official announcement from Florida, it appears the Gators once again break out 1966 throwback uniforms this season. Retail versions of the jersey have been sold at the university book store since mid-summer and the ticket for the game against Auburn on Oct. 5 features a photo of ticket stub from the 1966 matchup with the Tigers.
Florida wore similar throwback uniforms during its 2006 national championship season.
GEORGIA
In addition to three-dimensional bumpers on the helmet, Georgia shared a photo on social media of black alternate uniforms with the CFB 150 patch. The Bulldogs haven’t worn black uniforms since 2016, but fans continue to clamor for their return. Maybe this is the season.
MISSISSIPPI STATE
Also included in the above-mentioned adidas “Selfless” pack, Mississippi State will wear black alternate uniforms that feature iridescent, color-shifting stripes that mimic a circuit board. One-hundred percent of the proceeds from the sale of the Bulldogs’ replica jerseys will be donated to the T.K. Martin Center, which provides assistive technology for individuals with disabilities to participate in educational, vocational and leisure activities.
MISSOURI
Traditional stripes were a fixture on the Missouri’s helmet until they were replaced by modern stripes that featured sublimated tiger print with a rebrand ahead of the 2012 season. They made their return for the Liberty Bowl last December, though, and will now be a permanent part of the Tigers’ black and white helmets moving forward.
SOUTH CAROLINA
South Carolina will wear throwback uniforms this season that pay honor the “Black Magic” and “Black Death” teams of the 1980s. The design includes the return of a garnet helmet with the Block “C” inside a white circle, a look that has been worn just one (the 2015 meeting with Clemson) since former head coach Lou Holtz moved the program to white helmets in 1999. The Gamecocks have yet to announce which game or games these throwback uniforms will be worn, however.
TEXAS A&M
Texas A&M will commemorate its 125th season with an anniversary logo that will be worn on the Aggies’ helmet and displayed on the 25-yard line at Kyle Field.
VANDERBILT
Vanderbilt recently unveiled all-gray “Battle Ready” alternate uniforms with helmets that mimic the facade of a battleship and feature 82 rivets as a nod to late tight end Turner Cockrell, who died last November after a year-long battle with melanoma.
The alternate uniforms follow the same design template as the black home and white road set Vanderbilt unveiled back in early June, the only difference being the phrase “Anchor Down” on the pant leg rather than an anchor chain pattern. The Commodores also use contrast stitching on their new home and road uniforms, reminiscent of the Cleveland Browns’ current set.
SUN BELT
GEORGIA STATE
Georgia State has also added three-dimensional bumpers to the front and back of its helmets this season.
LOUISIANA-LAFAYETTE
Louisiana-Lafayette will honor longtime equipment manager Lynn Williams, who passed away in March at age 56, with a helmet decal this season. The Ragin’ Cajuns have also added three-dimensional bumpers.
SOUTH ALABAMA
With its move to adidas’ Primeknit A1 template, South Alabama changed its wordmark from blue to red. The Jaguars have also added red cuffs on the sleeves.
TROY
Troy also unveiled new uniforms with a template switch, swapping its beveled number font for a traditional block font and introducing a new set of sleeve stripes. The Trojans also replaced the logo wordmark on the chest with a simple white font. | https://news.sportslogos.net/2019/08/28/2019-20-college-football-uniform-season-preview/college/ |
Imagine waking up one day and experiencing pain or an impairment that you can’t explain. Now imagine spending months seeing multiple doctors, spending hours of time researching symptoms—and still coming up with no answer. For the 30 million Americans with rare diseases, this is an all too common reality that takes a toll on both physical and mental health.
We sat down with Dr. Margo Lauterbach, director of The Concussion Clinic, part of The Neuropsychiatry Program at Sheppard Pratt, to discuss her work with patients and families impacted by rare diseases and the importance of Rare Disease Day, which takes place each year on the last day in February.
What is a rare disease?
In the U.S., a rare disease is classified as a disease impacting fewer than 200,000 people in the nation. Today, there are approximately 7,000 diseases and disorders that are considered to be ‘rare.’ Altogether, rare diseases impact 1 in 10 Americans—and more than half of those impacted are children.
People with rare diseases face many challenges. It can be difficult to find a diagnosis, and many struggle with misdiagnosis. Even when diagnosed, 95% of these individuals find their disease has no cure.
What is the purpose of Rare Disease Day?
The purpose of Rare Disease Day is to raise awareness for rare diseases and their impact on the lives of patients and families. This is a day for patients and their families, disease-specific organizations, healthcare professionals, researchers, and policy makers—everyone can do their part to raise awareness so we can make scientific advances in an effort to improve treatments.
What work do you do with patients who have rare diseases?
Rare diseases can often cause psychological distress. Sometimes, it is because certain rare diseases lead to mental health symptoms. Other times, patients with rare diseases experience stress, depression, or feelings of isolation related to their diagnosis, because there is little known about their disease—and in many cases there are no cures.
Within The Neuropsychiatry Program at Sheppard Pratt, I work with these patients and their families to identify any mental health impacts related to the disease, or sometimes simply in the pursuit of a diagnosis, and I help them come up with a plan to address their issues.
How can friends and loved ones offer support if someone they know has a rare disease?
People with rare diseases can feel very isolated both before and after being diagnosed, so it’s very important for friends and families to stay involved, informed, and active in supporting a loved one with a rare disease.
There are many ways to get involved and make a difference—whether it’s through participating in the research community, or advocating for policy change.
Are there any resources out there for people with rare diseases looking for support?
In the U.S., the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is a leading organization that offers support for people with rare diseases. I encourage people to visit their website and check out resources available—whether a patient, caregiver, researcher, or advocate—to get involved and shine a light on this often overlooked population.
Have you or someone you know ever experienced a rare disease? Let us know about your experience in the comments below. | https://www.sheppardpratt.org/news-views/story/5-minutes-dr-margo-lauterbach-rare-disease-day/ |
The current invention comprises further development of automotive rear lighting systems in which red colored light, and only red colored light, is displayed during braking, tail lights and rear turn signal lights being non-red in color, the first such system being described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,795, said system employing electric switching means to effect appropriately colored rear lights, and an additional such system being described in patent application Ser. No. 07/066,211, said additional system employing mechanical or electro- mechanical means to effect said color distinction.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The current invention pertains generally to automotive rear lighting systems employing differently colored lights to perform different functions, and especially to rear lighting systems in which red colored light, and only red colored light, is displayed during braking, and in which non-red colored light, and only non-red colored light, can be displayed at other times. The purpose of the said color distinction is to make display of red colored light per se an unambiguous, immediately perceptible signal of braking, and thereby to reduce the incidence of rear-end automotive vehicle collision, delayed perception of the brake signal being a significant contributing factor in many of said rear-end collisions.
Various means are available by which the said color distinction can be implemented. In a previously described rear lighting system (Cameron, U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,795), spring-loaded electric switching means, actuated by actuation of brake actuation means, close electric circuits between a source of electrical energy and lamps effecting red colored light, and open electric circuits between said source of electrical energy and lamps effecting non-red colored light, said switching actions being reversed when said brake actuation means is released. Alternative means are described in patent application Ser. No. 07/066,211, said alternative comprising mechanical and electro- mechanical means whereby all light emanating toward the rear from illuminated lamps is caused to be transmitted, during braking, through material containing a red colored pigment, and further, caused to be transmitted at other times through material containing a non-red colored pigment.
The current invention employs potentiometric means to alternatively interpose high electric resistance or low electric resistance into electric circuits between a source of electrical energy and rear lamps effecting red colored light and rear lamps effecting non- red colored light, flow of energizing electric current sufficient to effect illumination of a given lamp being enabled by interposition of low electric resistance, but being prevented by interposition of high electric resistance. During braking, there is low electric resistance in electric circuits to lamps effecting red colored light, and high electric resistance in electric circuits to lamps effecting non-red colored light. When the brake actuation means is not actuated, there is high electric resistance in electric circuits to lamps effecting red colored light, and low electric resistence in electric circuits to lamps effecting non-red colored light. Thus, lamps effecting red colored light can be illuminated only during braking, and lamps effecting non-red colored light can be illuminated only when the brake actuation means is not actuated.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A rear lighting system for automotive vehicles is described in which actuation of the brake actuation means actuates electric switching means to close electric circuits between a source of electrical energy and lamps effecting red colored light, said actuation of said brake actuation means further actuating potentiometric means to minimize the electric resistance in the said closed electric circuits, said minimization of said electric resistance enabling sufficient energizing electric current to flow through said rear lamps to effect their maximal illumination, light emanating from the rear of said vehicle being visible as red colored light, the display of red colored light at the rear of said vehicle comprising an absolute signal of braking.
An additional object of the rear lighting system is to provide potentiometric means, actuated by actuation of said brake actuation means, to maximize electric resistance in electric circuits to lamps effecting non-red colored light, said maximized electric resistance preventing flow of energizing electric current sufficient to effect illumination of said rear lamps, thereby preventing display of non-red colored light during braking.
A further object is to provide potentiometric means to interpose, in the case that said brake actuation means is not actuated, maximized electric resistance into electric circuits to lamps effecting red colored light, said maximized electric resistance preventing flow of energizing electric current sufficient to effect illumination of said lamps, thereby preventing display of red colored light when said brake actuation means is not actuated.
A further object is to provide potentiometric means to interpose, in the case that said brake actuation means is not actuated, minimized electric resistance into electric circuits to lamps effecting non-red colored light, said minimized electric resistance allowing, in the case that said electric circuits to said lamps are closed, flow of energizing electric current sufficient to effect illumination of said lamps, thereby enabling display of non-red colored light when said brake actuation means is not actuated.
These and additional implied objects are accomplished by the current invention, comprising: rear lamps illuminated to effect red colored light, and rear lamps illuminated to effect non-red colored light, the electric circuit between each of said lamps and a source of electrical energy including electric resistance continuously variable from a minimal value, said minimal resistance allowing sufficient energizing electric current to flow through said electric circuits to effect maximal illumination of said lamps, to a maximal value, said maximal resistance preventing flow of energizing electric current through said electric circuits sufficient to effect illumination of said lamps, the magnitude of said electric resistance in the electric circuit to each of said lamps being determined by spring-loaded potentiometric means, said potentiometric means being actuated by actuation of the brake actuation means of the automotive vehicle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
To illustrate and explain the invention, the FIGURE discloses an embodiment which may, in some applications, be preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise forms shown.
The FIGURE is a schematic diagram illustrating incorporation of a given embodiment of the invention into the rear lighting system of an automotive vehicle, said embodiment comprising: lamps illuminated to effect tail lights and rear turn signal lights, light emanating toward the rear from said illuminated lamps being transmitted through material containing a non-red colored pigment, and lamps illuminated to effect the brake signal lights, light emanating toward the rear from said illuminated lamps being transmitted through material containing a red colored pigment; electric switching means to close electric circuits between said lamps and a source of electrical energy; and, spring-loaded potentiometric means in each of said electric circuits, said potentiometric means interposing electric resistance, continuously variable from a minimum value to a maximum value, into each of said electric circuits.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Illumination of lamps at the rear of an automotive vehicle is effected by flow of energizing electric current from a source of electrical energy 1, said flow of energizing electric current being effected by closure of electric circuits having low electric resistance between said lamps and said source of electrical energy 1. The electrical components of the rear lighting system illustrated by the FIGURE are shown in their normal positions, there being no illumination of rear lamps when said components are in said normal positions. In the case that spring-loaded brake light switch 2 is actuated by actuation of the brake actuation means of the vehicle, said actuation of said brake actuation means further actuating spring-loaded potentiometric means 6, 7, and 8, said potentiometric means then making electrical contacts at 6- B, 7-B, and 8-B, respectively, there are closed electric circuits between said source of electrical energy 1 and lamps 9-L, 9-R, 10-L, and 10-R, said lamps 9-L and 10-L being positioned on the left rear of said vehicle, and said lamps 9-R and 10-R being positioned on the right rear of said vehicle, electric resistance in said closed electric circuits to said lamps 9-L and 9-R being minimized by said actuation of said potentiometric means 6, said minimization of said electric resistance allowing sufficient energizing electric current to flow through said lamps 9-L and 9-R to effect maximal illumination of the said lamps, light emanating toward the rear from said illuminated lamps 9-L and 9-R being transmitted through translucent screens 13-L and 13-R, said translucent screens containing a red colored pigment, said pigment causing said light to be further transmitted as red colored light; and further, electric resistance in said closed electric circuits to said lamps 10-L and 10-R being maximized by said actuation of said potentiometric means 6, said maximization of said electric resistance minimizing flow of energizing electric current through said lamps 10-L and 10-R, said minimized current flow being insufficient to effect illumination of said lamps 10-L and 10- R. Thus, when said brake actuation means is actuated, red colored light, and only red colored light, is displayed at the rear of the vehicle. When said brake actuation means is released, said release allowing said spring- loaded brake light switch 2 and said spring-loaded potentiometric means 6, 7, and 8 to return to their normal positions, said return opening electric circuits between rear lamps and said source of electrical energy 1, thereby terminating flow of energizing electric current through, and illumination of, said lamps 9-L and 9-R. Thus, when said brake actuation means is released, red colored brake signal lights are extinguished.
In the case that tail light switch 3 is actuated, and all other electrical components are in their normal positions, there are closed electric circuits between said source of electrical energy 1 and rear lamps 9-L, 9-R, 10-L, and 10-R, electric resistance in said closed electric circuits to said lamps 10-L and 10-R being minimized by said potentiometric means 6, said potentiometric means making electrical contact at 6-A, said minimization of said electric resistance allowing sufficient energizing electric current to flow through said lamps 10-L and 10-R to effect maximal illumination of said lamps, light emanating toward the rear from said illuminated lamps 10-L and 10-R being transmitted through translucent screens 14-L and 14-R, said translucent screens containing a non-red colored pigment, said pigment causing said light to be further transmitted as non-red colored light; and further, said electric resistance in said closed electric circuits to said lamps 9- L and 9-R being maximized by said potentiometric means 6, said maximization of said electric resistance minimizing flow of energizing electric current through said lamps 9-L and 9-R, said minimized current flow being insufficient to effect illumination of said lamps 9-L and 9-R. Thus, when only tail light switch 3 is actuated, non-red colored tail lights, and only non-red colored tail lights, are displayed at the rear of the vehicle. In the case that the brake actuation means is then actuated, said actuation actuating brake light switch 2 and said potentiometric means 6, 7, and 8, there remain closed electric circuits between said source of electrical energy 1 and said rear lamps 9-L, 9-R, 10-L, and 10-R, electric resistance in said closed electric circuits to said lamps 10-L and 10-R being maximized by actuation of potentiometric means 6, said maximization of said electric resistance minimizing flow of energizing electric current through said lamps 10-L and 10-R, said minimized current flow being insufficient to effect illumination of said lamps 10-L and 10-R; and further, electric resistance in said closed electric circuits to said lamps 9-L and 9-R being minimized by actuation of said potentiometric means 6, said minimization of said electric resistance allowing sufficient energizing electric current to flow through said lamps 9-L and 9-R to effect maximal illumination of said lamps, light emanating toward the rear from said illuminated lamps 9-L and 9-R being transmitted through material containing a red colored pigment. Thus, when the brake actuation means is actuated, the non-red colored tail lights are extinguished, and red colored brake signal lights are illuminated. When the brake actuation means is released, said brake light switch 2 and said potentiometric means 6, 7, and 8 return to their normal positions, said return of said potentiometric means 6 minimizing electric resistance in closed electric circuits to lamps 10-L and 10-R, said minimization of said electric resistance enabling flow of energizing electric current to again effect maximal illumination of said lamps 10-L and 10-R, and further, said return maximizing electric resistance in electric circuits to said lamps 9-L and 9-R, said maximized electric resistance preventing flow of energizing electric current sufficient to effect illumination of said lamps 9-L and 9-R. Thus, when said brake actuation means is released, the red colored brake signal lights are extinguished, and the non-red colored tail lights are re-illuminated.
In the case that right turn selector switch 4-R is actuated, and all other electrical components are in their normal positions, there are intermittently closed electric circuits between said source of electrical energy 1 and lamps 11-R and 12-R, said lamps being positioned on the right rear of said vehicle, the flasher device 5 alternately opening and closing said electric circuits, electric resistance in said electric circuit to said lamp 11-R being minimized by potentiometric means 8, said potentiometric means making electrical contact at 8-A, said minimization of said electric resistance allowing sufficient energizing electric current to intermittently flow through said lamp 11- R to effect intermittent maximal illumination of the said lamp, light emanating toward the rear from said intermittently illuminated lamp 11-R being transmitted through translucent screen 15-R, said translucent screen containing a non-red colored pigment, said pigment causing said light to be further transmitted as non-red colored light; and further, said electric resistance in said electric circuit to said lamp 12-R being maximized by said potentiometric means 8, said maximization of said electric resistance minimizing intermittent flow of energizing electric current through said lamp 12-R, said minimal current flow being insufficient to effect illumination of said lamp 12-R. Thus, when only switch 4-R is actuated, a flashing non-red colored light, and only a flashing non-red colored light, is displayed on the right rear of the automotive vehicle. In the case that the brake actuation means is then actuated, said actuation actuating said brake light switch 2 and said potentiometric means 6, 7, and 8, said actuation of said brake light switch 2 closing electric circuits between said source of electrical energy 1 and said lamps 9-L, 9-R, 10-L, and 10-R, and said actuation of said potentiometric means 6 interposing maximal electric resistance into said electric circuits to lamps 10-L and 10-R, thereby preventing illumination of said lamps 10-L and 10-R, and further interposing minimal electric resistance into said electric circuits to said lamps 9- L and 9- R, thereby enabling maximal illumination of said lamps 9-L and 9- R, light emanating from said illuminated lamps being visible from behind said vehicle as red colored light; and further, there still being intermittently closed electric circuits between said source of electrical energy 1 and said lamps 11-R and 12-R, actuation of said potentiometric means 8, said potentiometric means making electrical contact at 8-B, interposing maximal electric resistance into said electric circuit to said lamp 11-R, said maximal electric resistance preventing flow of energizing electric current through said lamp 11-R sufficient to effect illumination of the said lamp, and further interposing minimal electric resistance into said electric circuit to said lamp 12-R, said minimal electric resistance enabling energizing electric current to intermittently flow through said lamp 12-R, said flow of energizing electric current being sufficient to effect intermittent maximal illumination of said lamp 12-R, light emanating toward the rear from said illuminated lamp being transmitted through translucent screen 16-R, said translucent screen containing a red colored pigment, said pigment causing said light to be further transmitted as red colored light. Thus, when the brake actuation means is actuated, the flashing non-red colored light on the right side of the vehicle is extinguished, a steady red colored brake signal light is displayed on each side of said vehicle, and a flashing red colored light is displayed on the right side of said vehicle. When the brake actuation means is released, said brake light switch 2 and said potentiometric means 6, 7, and 8 return to their normal positions, said return of said switch 2 opening said electric circuits between said source of electrical energy 1 and said lamps 9-L, 9-R, 10-L, and 10-R, thereby terminating illumination of said lamps 9-L and 9-R; and further, said return of said potentiometric means 8 interposing maximal electric resistance into said electric circuit to said lamp 12-R, said maximal electric resistance preventing flow of energizing electric current through said lamp 12-R sufficient to effect illumination of the said lamp, and further interposing minimal electric resistance into said electric circuit to said lamp 11-R, said minimal electric resistance enabling energizing electric current to again intermittently flow through said lamp 11-R, said intermittent current flow being sufficient to effect intermittent maximal illumination of said lamp 11-R, light emanating toward the rear from said intermittently illuminated lamp being transmitted through material containing a non-red colroed pigment. Thus, when said brake actuation means is released, the steady red colored brake signal light on each side of the vehicle, and the flashing red colored light on the right side of said vehicle, are extinguished, and the flashing non-red colored light on the right side of said vehicle is re- illuminated.
The function of left turn selector switch 4-L is exactly analogous to the function of said right turn selector switch 4-R. In the case that said left turn selector switch 4-L is actuated, and all other electrical components are in their normal positions, intermittent flow of energizing electric current effects intermittent maximal illumination of lamp 11-L, light emanating toward the rear from said intermittently illuminated lamp being transmitted through translucent screen 15-L, said translucent screen containing a non-red colored pigment. Thus, when only switch 4-L is actuated, only a flashing non-red colored light is displayed, said light being on the left rear of the vehicle. In the case that the brake actuation means is then actuated, said lamp 11-L is extinguished, and said lamps 9-L and 9-R are constantly illuminted, light emanating toward the rear from said lamps 9-L and 9-R being visible as red colored light, and further, lamp 12-L is intermittently illuminated, light emanating toward the rear from said illuminated lamp 12-L being transmitted through translucent screen 16-L, said translucent screen containing a red colored pigment. Thus, when the brake actuation means is actuated, the flashing non-red colored light on the left rear of the vehicle is extinguished, and a steady red colored brake signal light is displayed on each side of said vehicle, and a flashing red colored light is displayed on the left rear of said vehicle. When said brake actuation means is released, all said red colored lights are extinguished, and said flashing non-red colored light on the left rear of said vehicle is re- illuminated.
The over-all objective of the invention is to eliminate ambiguity in brake signaling by the rear lights of automotive vehicles, and to provide an immediately perceptible brake signal by said lights. As described above, this is accomplished in two parts: first, by illuminating specific lamps only when the brake actuation means of a vehicle is actuated, and by causing light emanating from said illuminated lamps to be transmitted as red colored light, said light color being immediately perceptible as the signal of braking; and second, by extinguishing non-red colored tail lights and rear turn signal lights during braking, thereby emphasizing the signal of braking provided by illuminated red colored lights, said extinguished non-red colored lights being re-illuminated upon release of said brake actuation means.
It is to be understood that the form of the invention herewith shown and described may comprise a preferred embodiment, but not the only possible form of the invention. Alternative means, such as coating rear lamps with material containing appropriately colored pigments, or fabricating the lamps themselves from material containing such pigments, might be used to impart color to light emanating from illuminated rear lamps. The number and arrangement of the rear lamps might differ from those shown in the figure. Electric switching means and electric resistance control means could either be directly, or indirectly, actuated by actuation of brake actuation means. Such various forms clearly fall within the spirit and scope of the current invention, as specified by the appended claims. | |
Background: Evidence is needed on the effectiveness of wearing face masks in the community to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and effectiveness of face mask use in a community setting and to predict the effectiveness of wearing a mask. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCISEARCH, The Cochrane Library and pre-prints from inception to 22 April 2020 without restriction by language. We rated the certainty of evidence according to Cochrane and GRADE approach. Findings: Our search identified 35 studies, including 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (4017 patients), 10 comparative studies (18984 patients), 13 predictive models, 9 laboratory experimental studies. For reducing infection rates, the estimates of cluster-RCTs were in favour of wearing face masks versus no mask, but not at statistically significant levels (adjusted OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.78-1.05). Similar findings were reported in observational studies. Mathematical models indicated an important decrease in mortality when the population mask coverage is near-universal, regardless of mask efficacy. In the best-case scenario, when the mask efficacy is at 95%, the R0 can fall to 0.99 from an initial value of 16.90. Levels of mask filtration efficiency were heterogeneous, depending on the materials used (surgical mask: 45-97%). One laboratory study suggested a viral load reduction of 0.25 (95%CI 0.09-0.67) in favour of mask versus no mask. Interpretation: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis support the use of face masks in a community setting. Robust randomised trials on face mask effectiveness are needed to inform evidence-based policies.
Competing Interest Statement
the author declared no conflict of interest. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not involve the responsibility of the Bank of Italy nor the ESCB.
Clinical Trial
CRD42020184963
Funding Statement
None
Author Declarations
I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
Yes
The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:
none
All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.
Yes
I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).
Yes
I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.
Yes
Data Availability
Data are available in a public, open access repository. All data generated or analysed during this review are available at https://osf.io/uvjgq/. | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.20181651v1 |
Identify one particular area in which you think the book could be improved. In academic writing, the author is expected to investigate the research problem from an authoritative point of view. All good pieces of academic writing should have an introduction, and book reviews are no exception. This makes it the best word processor for academic writing. Modern students are all into networking and establishing new contacts. After you have written a first draft, you should read it carefully and then edit and revise as needed. This template rebuttal letter is constructed to help authors navigate these issues and respond to authors with confidence that they have done everything possible to get their manuscript published in the journal to which they have submitted.
A search and review of relevant sources may be extensive. It helps you pick your sources wisely The literature review is also important in that it helps you sift through large numbers of sources and zero in on the ones most relevant to your investigation. So, you can add text on your phone, and have it there when you open the project on your computer! Other For further advice about writing for publication, see by Wendy Laura Belcher Sage, 2009. The is a service supported by the university that provides one-on-one consultations and small-group workshops to help students of all abilities improve their critical thinking and writing skills. Evidence-Based Reasoning Assignments often ask you to express your own point of view about the research problem.
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Steps for Writing a Literature Review The topic, which is commonly a research question or problem of some kind, needs to be identified and defined as clearly as possible. Thanks for the great question! During reading Pay attention to introduction and preface as this is where authors often present the reasons for their book, their perspective and those of any other contributors. They can be part of a research paper, for example as part of the Introduction section. Book reviews are important inputs into a wider system of academic publishing upon which the academic profession is symbiotically dependent, and in I argued that all scholars -- regardless of career stage -- ought to set time aside on occasion to write them. If you think a conclusion is necessary you should summarise your arguments on your overall view of the text.
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Rees, Stephen (2010) The potential for utilising disturbed and contaminated sites for the production of willow short rotation coppice forestry. MSc(R) thesis, University of Glasgow.Full text available as:
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Abstract
The utilisation of disturbed and contaminated sites for the production of willow (Salix) short rotation coppice forestry is an area of opportunity that has not been fully addressed. The significant areas of contaminated and disturbed sites in the UK that require remediation represent an opportunity for exploring alternative low cost remediation strategies. Conventional approaches to site remediation have involved costly engineered solutions, solutions which clearly cannot be afforded on all contaminated and disturbed sites. As an alternative to hard engineered solutions this thesis considers the potential to utilise these areas for the production of willow short rotation coppice forestry. The planting of these sites with willow provides a potential income stream through the sale of the biomass produced. In addition willow short rotation coppice forestry provides many additional benefits to these sites such as their ability to absorb heavy metals, provide fast site enhancement and stabilisation, act as a carbon sink and as a potential route for the recycling of organic matter.
Current knowledge and experience of willow short rotation coppice forestry has been gained from its production on agricultural land. As part of this research a field trial was established on a capped former steelworks site to quantify the ability of contaminated and disturbed sites to successfully establish and promote the growth of willow. The silvicultural practices employed to grow willow Short Rotation Coppice were considered to assess their impact upon the survival and biomass produced at the end of each growing season, and specifically to consider whether adopting different management techniques were beneficial in growth conditions associated with disturbed and contaminated sites. The silvicultural practices considered in this field trial were the addition of fertiliser, the use of herbicide, rotation length before coppicing (1, 2 or 3 Years) and planting density (0.5 m and 1.0 m). In addition a further 18 clones were screened to consider their ability to establish and survive in such harsh growing mediums.
Results have indicated considerable variability within the field trial, which may be indicative of the heterogeneity of the growing medium. The main silvicultural practice in the field trial that influenced survival and growth was weed control. All other silvicultural practices used were considered to have less influence on the survival and growth of the willow. Yields obtained from willow short rotation coppice forestry grown on disturbed and contaminated sites fail to compare with those grown on the higher grades of agricultural land. On contaminated and disturbed sites however, survival rather than biomass yield is viewed as the key issue to ensure that ground cover is established.
Work undertaken by the Water Research Council to assess the potential of a rapid screening technique for willow establishment and survival on metal contaminated sites is replicated and expanded to other clones of willow and heavy metals. The results obtained from this quick and simple leaf disc screening trial would in the first instance seem to indicate that the leaf damage suffered by leaf discs obtained from differing clones of willow to be consistently more pronounced amongst individual cultivars. Limitations are imposed upon this quick screening test by the lack of available information to allow comparison of these screening trials with information for willows established in growing mediums of a similar metal contamination.
To fully appreciate the value of growing willow on disturbed and contaminated sites it is considered that the economic equation should be readdressed and that the value of additional opportunities/ benefits are included if the true value of utilising these sites for its production is to be demonstrated. Studies to identify the non-marketable benefits for woodlands and energy crops grown in Sweden are used to give an indication of the true economic value of growing willow SRC on disturbed and contaminated sites, and are used to provide an insight into the economic value that can be attributed to the social and environmental benefits of willow production. | http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1888/ |
Registration in:
000892490
33004064026P9
Author
Martins, Cesar [UNESP]
Valente, Guilherme Targino [UNESP]
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Institutions
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are additional to the standard regular chromosome set (As), and present in all groups of eukaryotes. A reference genome is key to understand genomics aspects of an organism. Here, we present the de novo genome assembly of the cichlid fish A. latifasciata: a well known model to study Bs. The assembly of A. latifasciata genome has not been performed so far. The main focus of this study is to analyze and assemble the A. latifasciata genome with no B (B-) and with B (B+) chromosomes. The assembled draft B- and B+ genomes comprised of 774 Mb and 781 Mb with 1.8 Mb and 2.5Mb of N50 value of scaffolds respectively, and spanning 23,391 number of genes. High coverage data with Illumina sequencing was obtained for males and females with 0B, 1B and 2B chromosomes to provide information regarding the population polymorphism of these genomes. We observed a high scale genomic diversity in all analyzed genomes showing a high rate/frequency of population polymorphism with no evident effect of B chromosome presence. However, the B specific single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in the sequences that were located on B chromosome. While, the whole-genome rearrangements (inter chromosomal translocations) were detected in B+ genome, and structural variations including insertions, deletions, inversions and duplications were predicted in a representative genomic region of B chromosome. These results bring an evidence that existence of Bs in a genome should favour the accumulations of mutations and structural polymorphisms in the amlified genomic regions present on B chromosmes. In addition, we also performed the coverage based sequence study coupled with FISH mapping which revealed: 1) the existence of high copy number of inactive Indian Hedgehog b (Ihhb) gene on B chromosome emerging as a pseudogene after series of duplication events ultimately becoming a major structural component of B; 2) B chromosome have incorporated the entire 45S RNA cluster (18S ribosomal RNA, internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA, internal transcribed spacer 2, and 28S ribosomal RNA) from the A complement set. The assembly of A. latifasciata genome will serve as a reference for genetic analysis and the approach presented in this paper opens the perspective to advance understanding B chromosomes biology. | http://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/2627722 |
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His Excellency: George Washington
by:
Joseph J. Ellis
(author)
3.33
15
The author of seven highly acclaimed books, Joseph J. Ellis has crafted a landmark biography that brings to life in all his complexity the most important and perhaps least understood figure in American history, George Washington. With his careful attention to detail and his lyrical prose, Ellis...
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The author of seven highly acclaimed books, Joseph J. Ellis has crafted a landmark biography that brings to life in all his complexity the most important and perhaps least understood figure in American history, George Washington. With his careful attention to detail and his lyrical prose, Ellis has set a new standard for biography.Drawing from the newly catalogued Washington papers at the University of Virginia, Joseph Ellis paints a full portrait of George Washington’s life and career–from his military years through his two terms as president. Ellis illuminates the difficulties the first executive confronted as he worked to keep the emerging country united in the face of adversarial factions. He richly details Washington’s private life and illustrates the ways in which it influenced his public persona. Through Ellis’s artful narration, we look inside Washington’s marriage and his subsequent entrance into the upper echelons of Virginia’s plantation society. We come to understand that it was by managing his own large debts to British merchants that he experienced firsthand the imperiousness of the British Empire. And we watch the evolution of his attitude toward slavery, which led to his emancipating his own slaves in his will. Throughout, Ellis peels back the layers of myth and uncovers for us Washington in the context of eighteenth-century America, allowing us to comprehend the magnitude of his accomplishments and the character of his spirit and mind.When Washington died in 1799, Ellis tells us, he was eulogized as “first in the hearts of his countrymen.” Since then, however, his image has been chisled onto Mount Rushmore and printed on the dollar bill. He is on our landscape and in our wallets but not, Ellis argues, in our hearts. Ellis strips away the ivy and legend that have grown up over the Washington statue and recovers the flesh-and-blood man in all his passionate and fully human prowess.In the pantheon of our republic’s founders, there were many outstanding individuals. And yet each of them–Franklin, Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison– acknowledged Washington to be his superior, the only indispensable figure, the one and only “His Excellency.” Both physically and politically, Washington towered over his peers for reasons this book elucidates. His Excellency is a full, glorious, and multifaceted portrait of the man behind our country’s genesis, sure to become the authoritative biography of George Washington for many decades.
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Format:
hardcover
ISBN:
9781400040315 (1400040310)
Publish date:
October 26th 2004
Publisher:
Knopf
Pages no:
320
Edition language:
English
Category:
Non Fiction
,
Biography
,
History
,
Politics
,
American History
,
Biography Memoir
,
Presidents
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Community Reviews
Listening to the Silence
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Listening to the Silence
4.0
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Few names conjure up a vision of American history like that of George Washington. His personage is so well known that his personal history has beef fraught with myth and folklore. Who hasn't heard the story of a young George and the cherry tree? In [b]His Excellency[/b] biographer and historian Jose...
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A Book and A Review #2
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A Book and A Review #2
3.0
text
Fantastic read..I came across some bias and what could be construed as arrogance by the author, but nothing that couldn't be overlooked. I would put this in my top 5 books of bios of George Washington, but there are others I would def. recommend before this.
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Book Thoughts
rated it
13 years ago
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Book Thoughts
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His Excellency: George Washington
text
His Excellency: George Washington
I enjoyed reading other books by Ellis, but this one disappointed me a bit. It was not what I expected. The author looks through the wartime accomplishments and failures of Washington beginning with his time in the French and Indian War. He never gets deeply into the mind of Washington and it fel...
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How To Create an Appealing Virtual Tour
Virtual tours are an increasingly popular way to promote rental properties, especially when in-person showings are not possible. Virtual tours are known as simulations of existing locations that are composed of multi-media elements – videos and images.
Examples of virtual tours:
Tips for success:
SEE ALSO: COVID-19 Update - Virtual Showings & Leasing Resources
The Places4Students.com Team
This site has proven very effective in generating good responses from students at Dalhousie University.... | https://www.places4students.com/Blog/BlogView?BlogID=365 |
90 Day Fiancé: The Other Way's Deavan Clegg Reveals She Suffered a Miscarriage: 'We Are Heartbroken'
90 Day Fiancé: The Other Way star Deavan Clegg and her husband Jihoon Lee have been left devastated after she suffered a miscarriage.
“A lot of people have been asking if I am pregnant,” Clegg wrote in an Instagram post that showed an ultrasound picture of the baby that she lost.
“I haven’t addressed this head-on yet. I want to first start off by saying, thank you so much for your support and love. With heavy hearts we have to announce sad news,” Clegg continued.
“Last Monday we did end up losing our baby,” she wrote. “We are heartbroken and focusing on healing. I want to apologize for not telling anyone sooner. But we needed this time to heal as a family. A lot of people go through this, and we feel for so many people and wish everyone who has suffered through this same situation happiness and healing. We are healing and doing better, and want to thank everyone for your support during this very difficult time.”
In a slide on her Instagram Story, Clegg wrote, “I want to thank all of the 90 Day cast members for being so supportive during this difficult time much love.”
Last week, Clegg addressed rumors that she was pregnant, saying that she would not “confirm or deny” whether or not she was with child.
“Rumors spread like wild fire in this industry,” Clegg said in a statement to InTouch Weekly.
“As many know I had two very hard complicated pregnancies already,” she added. “And due to my medical problems, I wish to not speak upon these rumors. I can’t confirm or deny these rumors but can ask fans to continue to watch the show.”
Clegg is a mother to three-year-old daughter Drascilla from a previous relationship. She and Lee share six-month-old son Taeyang, who they welcomed April and whose birth was documented on the TLC reality series.
While Clegg and Lee didn’t share any photos of Taeyang until he appeared on the show in August, Clegg has been documenting her little bundle of joy’s life since. She also revealed that the pregnancy was a difficult one, writing in an Instagram post that she had an “emergency c section at 36 weeks,” which was two weeks earlier than the C-Section that she already had scheduled.
“It was a very difficult time for me I was all alone at the hospital for five days but I had you, I spent my entire hospital stay in a wheelchair next to your NICU bed holding your hand I didn’t sleep I just wanted to be near you to the point where nurses were begging me to rest,” she wrote in the caption for a photo of herself holding Taeyang at the hospital. “You are my everything I love you so much.”
The couple met online and Clegg fell pregnant shortly after they met in person for the first time when Lee flew from South Korea. Lee was not able to be there for the birth of his first son but Clegg moved to be with him in South Korea shortly after Taeyang was born.
On Monday night’s 90 Day Fiancé: The Other Way finale, the pair wed in a traditional Korean ceremony where it was precited that they would have lots of children together. Clegg had expressed her hopes to wait a while before trying to have another baby despite her new husband’s wish for them to try on their wedding night. | https://fastcelnews.com/tv-movies/90-day-fiance-the-other-ways-deavan-clegg-reveals-she-suffered-a-miscarriage-we-are-heartbroken/ |
Acclaimed and award-winning poet, teacher, and National Book Award finalist Naomi Shihab Nye’s uncommon and unforgettable voice offers readers peace, humor, inspiration, and solace. This volume of almost one hundred original poems is a stunning and engaging tribute to the diverse voices past and present that comfort us, compel us, lead us, and give us hope.
Voices in the Air is a collection of almost one hundred original poems written by the award-winning poet Naomi Shihab Nye in honor of the artists, writers, poets, historical figures, ordinary people, and diverse luminaries from past and present who have inspired her. Full of words of encouragement, solace, and hope, this collection offers a message of peace and empathy.
Voices in the Air celebrates the inspirational people who strengthen and motivate us to create, to open our hearts, and to live rewarding and graceful lives. With short informational bios about the influential figures behind each poem, and a transcendent introduction by the poet, this is a collection to cherish, read again and again, and share with others. Includes an index.
About the Author
Naomi Shihab Nye is a poet and anthologist and the acclaimed author of Habibi: A Novel and Sitti's Secrets, a picture book, which was based on her own experiences visiting her beloved Sitti in Palestine. Her book 19 Varieties of Gazelle: Poems of the Middle East was a finalist for the National Book Award. She has taught writing and worked in schools all over the world, including in Muscat, Oman. She lives in San Antonio, Texas.
Praise For…
“A rich collection of poems celebrating diverse lives. ...Asking tough questions and demonstrating the beauty of the voices on the fringe, Nye once again deftly charts the world through verse: not to be missed.”
— Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“Nye frames the collection ever so clearly, first with the title, second with the subtitle, and third with her masterly written introduction. Her intentionality is palpable but never contrived. ...A beautifully constructed, thoughtful, and inspiring collection...A vital addition to poetry collections.”
— School Library Journal (starred review)
“Inspired and guided by the voices that surround her...Nye’s free verse tells of the wisdom, solace and beauty she has found and urges readers to join her...Nye displays a palpable, unwavering empathy and hope for a better world.”
— New York Times Book Review
“Nye delivers graceful dedications and intimate recollections, playful musings and sharp rebukes. ...there’s no doubt that Nye’s nimble, clear-eyed, and quietly political poems—supplemented by meticulous biographical notes—may make an avid listener out of anyone.”
— ALA Booklist
“[Nye] honors new world freedoms and old world traditions and celebrates youth without discounting childhood’s haphazard impulsiveness. ...Nye’s thought-provoking and timely collection will serve as a gentle invitation to use poems as tools for making sense of a world in crisis and explaining the strangeness of everyday lives.”
— Voice of Youth Advocates (VOYA)
“Taken in sequence, the poems lead the reader through a natural and profound emotional progression. As much as the poems function as windows into their subjects, together they offer a sort of self-portrait of the poet herself, painted in negative space.”
— The Horn Book
“With her trademark conversational style, [Nye] feels like the sister you wish you had: warm, curious and insightful. ...The poems in this collection are suffused with humor and thoughtfulness...Teen readers will love the gentle intensity of Nye’s words and messages and the accessibility of her poetry. Beautiful.”
— Shelf Awareness (starred review)
“’Can we go outside and listen?’ Naomi Nye ponders in her introduction. Or stay in. Reflect. Pay. Attention. If we do we’ll find there is no such things as a too-small moment or memory. ...Nye is, above all, a poet of hope and heartening. ...Thank you, Naomi.”
— Cooperative Children’s Book Center
“The poems are moving when read aloud, but Nye is also asking readers to take part in a more profound and subtle type of listening, a kind that cuts through the noise and hears what matters.”
— Publishers Weekly
“Like happiness itself, Nye’s poems steal up on us and take us by surprise. This collection, especially, encourages listening: to nature, to other voices, and to the whispers of our own hearts. ...Brimming with affection, wit and optimism, these are poems we truly need right now. A+”
— Cleveland Plain Dealer
STOCK AVAILABILITY
Please note that the website database does not necessarily reflect the in store availability. If you wish to check actual in store stock, please call 337-2681 or 1-800-295-BOOK (2665) during store hours. | https://www.prairielightsbooks.com/book/9780062691842 |
Towards a molecular understanding of contractility.
The contractile performance of the heart depends on the molecular force generators, the myosin crossbridges between thick and thin filaments. These are oscillating between two states, strong and weak, or force-generating and non-force-generating. Calcium activation of the contractile machinery increases the probability of forming force-generating crossbridges, whereas the speed of contraction depends on the probability of returning force-generating crossbridges into weak ones. It is inversely related to the energetic cost of contraction. The probabilities or rate constants describing the transitional states of the force generators (and denoted as g and f) describe not only the kinetic properties of the contractile system but also its responsiveness to the calcium activator. The development of force depends not only on the free calcium ion concentration in the myoplasm, but also on calcium responsiveness which is dependent both on crossbridge kinetics and the calcium affinity of the regulatory protein, troponin. In future, it will be important to find out how all these molecular properties of the force-generators are affected in diseased states as well by pharmacological interventions, such as the application of novel cardiotonic drugs.
| |
An exploratory analysis into the relationships between spatial factors, domain-free general capacities and general fluid intelligence.
(ASEE, 2017)
The inception of psychometric research concerning individual differences in cognition was grounded in explaining and enhancing performance in education (Spearman, 1904). This work established the construct of a single ...
Spatial working memory in mental rotations: a case for exploring neural efficiency and cognitive strategies.
(ASEE, 2018)
Spatial ability, particularly the cognitive capacity for mental rotations, is a critical component of human cognition. Proficiency with mental rotation tasks is linked with education performance in various science, technology, ...
Examining the components of fluid intelligence: implications for STEM education.
(ASEE, 2018)
Substantial empirical evidence illustrates the significance of spatial ability for STEM academic achievement. However, it is critical that research efforts continue to identify cognitive factors which are associated with ... | https://research.thea.ie/handle/20.500.12065/2177/discover?filtertype_0=subject&filtertype_1=author&filter_relational_operator_1=equals&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_1=Canty%2C+Donal&filter_0=Cognition&filtertype=subject&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=Technology+education |
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Analytical Model of Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Beam Interaction with an Immersed Plate
Hanane Soucrati
Ahmed Chitnalah
Noureddine Aouzale
Hicham Jakjoud
Archives of Acoustics | 2018 | vol. 43 | No 4
| 669–679
Keywords
ultrasonic modeling
immersed plate
Gaussian beams decomposition
Green’s functions
NDUT
Show abstract
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Abstract
This paper proposes an analytical model to describe the interaction of a bounded ultrasonic beam with an immersed plate. This model, based on the Gaussian beams decomposition, takes into account multiple reflections into the plate. It allows predicting three-dimensional spatial distributions of both transmitted and reflected fields. Thereby, it makes it easy to calculate the average pressure over the receiver’s area taking into account diffraction losses. So the acoustical parameters of the plate can be determined more accurately. A Green’s function for the interaction of an ultrasonic beam with the plate is derived. The obtained results are compared to those given by the angular spectrum approach. A good agreement is seen showing the validity of the proposed model.
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This page uses 'cookies'. | http://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/results?action=AdvancedSearchAction&type=-3&search_attid1=5&search_value1=Gaussian+beams+decomposition |
Training in Interpersonal Skills 6 Edition An applied approach to developing and practicing interpersonal skills. By developing and practicing the material in Training in Interpersonal Skills, readers can learn how to build productive relationships for any situation. This text also helps readers master the skills necessary for personal and organizational effectiveness such as self-management, communication, teaming, and problem solving. The sixth edition includes several new pedagogical tools–such as self-assessment quizzes, exercises, cases, etc.–and information on the importance and usage of social networking. | http://www.thexunewswire.com/textbooks/view.php/0132551748/Training-in-Interpersonal-Skills |
Amur tiger
Changbai (chang-BUY): Female, born at the Philadelphia Zoo on May 24, 2007. Changbai is named for a mountain reserve in China where tigers are found.
Dimitri: Male, born at the Columbus Zoo in Ohio on June 28, 2012. He arrived at the Philadelphia Zoo on January 10, 2014, with his brother, Wiz.
Wiz: Male, born at the Columbus Zoo in Ohio on June 29, 2012. He arrived at the Philadelphia Zoo on January 10, 2014, with his brother, Dimitri. Wiz was named after James Wisniewski, a hockey player for the Columbus Blue Jackets.
Where to find me in the Zoo
First Niagara Big Cat Falls
Fun Facts
Each tiger has its own unique stripe pattern.
Amur tigers have a thick fur coat and a layer of fat up to 2 inches (5 cm) on their belly and flanks that help them tolerate temperatures as low as -45 degrees F (-42.8 degrees C).
By their first birthday, tiger cubs will join their mother in hunting for food, and by 2 years of age, they are able to kill larger prey on their own. By 3 years of age they will leave their mother and go out on their own.
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Amur tigers are the biggest cats in the world. They have a round head with a heavy skull, strong facial muscles and an extremely powerful jaw. The "eye of the tiger" faces forward, giving the tiger depth perception useful during hunting. Even in the poorest light, a tiger's eyesight is six times greater than that of a human's. They also have a keen sense of hearing and equilibrium. Strong legs and silent paws help it hunt, run and jump.
Amur tiger’s fur is a very thick yellow to reddish color with a black stripe pattern. This thick coat and a layer of fat up to 2 inches (5 cm) thick on their belly and flanks help them tolerate temperatures as low as -45 degrees F (7 degrees C).
The tigers’ famous stripes help them to camouflage themselves from their prey while hunting. No two tigers have the same stripe pattern. Just as humans are identified through their own unique fingerprints, tigers are identified by their individual stripe patterns.
Longevity
The lifespan of a tiger is 16 years old.
Reproduction
Amur tigers can mate throughout the year, although mating usually occurs between November and April. The gestation period for the tiger ranges from 103-110 days. Females will give birth to a litter of 2-3 cubs, although they have been known to give birth to as many as 6 cubs.
A female reaches sexual maturity between 2-3 years of age. Through the next 10-12 years of a tigress’ life she may give birth to a litter every 2-3 years. The cubs will open their eyes between 9-12 days. She will nurse them and raise them alone for up to 6 months. Once the cubs are weaned they will have learned hunting techniques from mom. The cubs will be independent by the age of 18 months.
Behavior
Amur tigers may be active at all times of the day and night, however they are primarily nocturnal. They roam the Amur regions in the Russian Far East. The Amur river in this region forms a border between Northeastern China and the Russian Far East. Males and females come together only to mate and occasionally share large prey items. They are very territorial covering large stretches of their range. Although males will not overlap territories, several females may have smaller areas inside the territory of one male.
Both males and females mark their territory by spraying a strong odor along its borders. They will also scratch and claw trees to show others that they are nearby.
More than any other cats, Amur tigers rely on their sense of sight. Tigers will stalk their prey and get as close as possible before pouncing on it. Once the prey is killed, it is dragged off to a safe place where the tiger will consume the meat until it is full. The prey is then covered and hidden so that the tiger can return at a later time to eat again.
Tigers produce various sounds and communications. One is a loud roar that can be heard over vast distances.
Size
Amur tigers can grow to 12 feet (3.6m) long, from nose to the tip of their tail.
Weight
Diet
Tigers hunt prey of all ages and physical condition including animals in their prime. The favored prey of wild tigers is deer and wild boar. At the Zoo, their diet includes a commercial meat mix, solid beef, beef shank bones and long bones. The diet is formulated to meet the nutritional needs of each animal. Beef long bones are offered once a week mainly to provide chewing activity. Beef shank bones have nearly 7 lbs of meat attached to the bone; the tigers enjoy tearing the meat from the bones. In addition to food, the shank bones provide exercise for the animal’s jaw muscles.
Geographic Range
The Amur tiger is found in isolated habitats across eastern Asia. They may be found in areas of both Russian and China.
Conservation Status
On the 2011 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Amur tiger is listed as Endangered.
Conservation at a Glance
The Philadelphia Zoo works with partners and colleagues around the world to save wildlife. From South America to Asia to Africa, these projects are conducting research, protecting habitat, educating communities and building capacity. We are proud to support them and the important work they do.
Amur tigers are threatened by habitat loss and poaching to support the illegal trade in tiger parts. There are estimated to be only about 400 Amur tigers left in the wild.
Tigris Foundation programs support anti-poaching efforts, forest fire-fighting, population monitoring and habitat analysis among other measures needed to protect these magnificent cats.
Russian Far East: Save the Tiger/Tigris Foundation
Tigers in the wild are threatened by poaching to support the illegal trade in tiger parts, and habitat loss. There are estimated to be only about 400 Amur tigers left in the wild.
The Zoo supports Save the Tiger Fund and the Tigris Foundation that study tigers and fund anti-poaching patrols to protect tigers.
Ensuring the survival of tigers in the wild requires that current and potential future habitats be monitored and evaluated for their ability to successfully host tiger populations; the Save the Tiger Fund’s TCL campaign works toward preserving these areas for use by wild tigers.
The Save the Tiger Fund and Tigris Foundation also monitor wild tiger populations through research.
The Tigris Foundation also supports the conservation of the Amur leopard, perhaps the most endangered large cat in the world.
| |
05.10.2021. FSC-certified (FSC® C022952) hardwood from Africa delivers so many benefits that it is quite hard to think of a comparably ‘generous’ construction or building material. In several Central African countries, forestry is already the first or second largest employment sector.
31.08.2021. Boat and furniture builders have been bending wood for many years, to meet hydrodynamic and ergonomic requirements. In buildings, however, these techniques are relatively uncommon.
30.06.2021. Wood saves more or less one third of the time used in conventional building construction. Prefabrication frees the construction process from the uncertainty of weather events.
02.06.2021. Buildings have extensive direct and indirect impacts on the environment. During their construction, occupancy, renovation, repurposing, and demolition, buildings use energy, water, and raw materials, generate waste, and emit potentially harmful atmospheric emissions. | https://www.interholco.com/en/component/tags/tag/buildings |
Lloyds Banking Group (the Group) is the largest UK retail and commercial financial services provider with around 26 million customers and a presence in nearly every community. With the unique purpose of Helping Britain Prosper, the Group’s strategic vision is to be the UK customer-focused digital leader and integrated financial services provider, capitalising on new opportunities, at scale. Lloyds Banking Group plc, Lloyds Bank plc, Bank of Scotland plc (together with Lloyds Bank plc, the Ring-fenced Banks) and HBOS plc (each a relevant Group Company) are seeking to appoint a Non-Executive Director to their respective Boards who will also sit on the Remuneration Committee, and (subject to conditions including regulatory approval) serve as a future successor for the Remuneration Committee Chair. Candidates will bring an ability to contribute to shaping the corporate strategy of Lloyds Banking Group as a whole. Candidates must have stature, integrity, business acumen and a strong reputation. They will be able to build relationships and win the confidence and respect of a wide range of stakeholders while being passionate about fostering a climate of success in the Group.
Expertise, skills & background
- Ideally candidates will bring significant practical experience and capabilities including:
- Plc/listed company (or equivalent) credentials as an executive or non-executive director on the board of a financial services business of significant scale
- Remuneration committee experience, ideally as chair of the remuneration committee for a FTSE 100/250 (or equivalent) in a comparably complex institution, preferably financial services
- Strong stakeholder engagement skills to engage effectively with executives, the Board, shareholders, investors and regulators
- Senior leadership experience within a comparably complex institution of scale, bringing commercial acumen, strategic insights, operational experience, and good judgement
- Customer focused and consumer centric, ideally bringing senior experience from across a digitally enabled financial services, e-commerce, and customer focused regulated business
- Exceptional intellect and high EQ; an inquisitive mind, with an ability to manage the detail of a board role, influence others and provide constructive challenge whilst building trust
- Open, inclusive leader with an ability to challenge from a broader perspective the processes by which Group Companies assess their risks and manage their business
- Alignment to the Group’s purpose, and sustainability and inclusion and diversity goals
Time Commitment
- The estimated minimum likely time commitments are c.30 – 34 days per year as Non-Executive Director and member of the Remuneration Committee (which includes attendance at scheduled Board and Remuneration Committee meetings, the AGM, strategy sessions and preparation time). For Committee Chair roles additional time as required. A typical year may include 10 Board and 5 Remuneration Committee meetings. Candidates will ideally be resident or domiciled in the UK or be comfortable travelling to the UK for Board meetings.
Applications
- For further information about the position and additional details on qualifications, requirements, and how to apply, please visit: www.rraresponses.com. The closing date for applications is 5.30pm GMT on 3 June 2022.
- Applications must be accompanied by:
- A full curriculum vitae;
- A cover letter and/or any other information needed to provide adequate briefing on the candidate’s credentials for the role;
- Please quote 2202-087L as the reference number. | https://appointments.thetimes.co.uk/job/2077495/non-executive-director-and-member-of-remuneration-committee |
Review of e-book 'Become the Leader You Are'
Dr Carole Pemberton, Visiting Professor at the University of Ulster Business School, has written the following review of ‘Become the Leader You Are: Self-Leadership through Executive Coaching‘:
Lindsay Wittenberg has written a book that is as valuable for coaches as it is for leaders. As an executive coach she works with leaders to help them deal with the challenges of leadership, by supporting them in becoming the leaders they are, rather than the leaders they think they need or have to be. She does this by using her own values of humanity, integrity, authenticity, openness and courage in the service of leaders finding those qualities in themselves. In this short but impactful book she shows her passion for leadership and for coaching as a means by which leaders can learn to be more at ease in their leadership of themselves and others. She also believes in the ability of individuals to self-coach if they are open to reflection, and offers practical means in each chapter as to how a leader can reflect on themselves in action.
In a series of succinct chapters she addresses topics including authenticity, self awareness, trust and leadership, leadership as relationship, leading within systems, managing emotions, resilience, leading across cultures and across generations, and career management. She synthesises the learning from her own practice to offer valuable insights for leaders, and in doing so highlights the value a leader can gain from working with an expert coach. | https://www.lindsaywittenberg.co.uk/review-of-e-book-become-the-leader-you-are/ |
Why is the deltoid muscle used for intramuscular injection?
The deltoid muscle is the site most typically used for vaccines. However, this site is not common for self- injection , because its small muscle mass limits the volume of medication that can be injected — typically no more than 1 milliliter.
Which is the nurse’s best response when asked about the advantage of parenteral medication administration?
Which is the nurse’s best response when asked about the advantage of parenteral medication administration ? “The parenteral route is easy to administer.”
What are the four routes of parenteral administration?
Needle insertion angles for 4 types of parenteral administration of medication: intramuscular , subcutaneous , intravenous , and intradermal injection .
Which of the following is a landmark for a deltoid injection?
To locate the landmark for the deltoid muscle , expose the upper arm and find the acromion process by palpating the bony prominence. The injection site is in the middle of the deltoid muscle , about 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) below the acromion process .
How do you inject a deltoid muscle?
Giving an IM injection into the deltoid site Find the knobbly top of the arm (acromion process) The top border of an inverted triangle is two finger widths down from the acromion process. Stretch the skin and then bunch up the muscle . Insert the needle at a right angle to the skin in the centre of the inverted triangle.
What are the complications of intramuscular injection?
Common complications associated with the intramuscular injection can be summarized as : Muscle fibrosis and contracture. Abscess at the injection site. Gangrene. Nerve injury -the sciatic nerve in gluteal injection, the femoral nerve in vastus lateralis injection.
What is an advantage of parenteral medication administration quizlet?
The parenteral route of drug administration offers an effective mode of delivering medication to a patient when a rapid and direct result is desired. Injected drugs are absorbed directly into the bloodstream; therefore, they manifest their medicinal effects within minutes.
Which route of drug administration is most economical and convenient?
1. The oral route of administration is the safest, most economical and the most convenient way of giving medicines. The dosage forms of the oral route include Tablets, Capsules, Powders, Mixtures, Emulsions and Gels. Most drugs are absorbed from small intestine but some are absorbed from stomach and colon.
Which nursing intervention is done to prevent needlestick injuries after intravenous administration?
The nurse should use the needleless port of the main intravenous line after cleaning with an antiseptic swab to prevent accidental needlestick injuries . The nurse should adjust the regulator clamp infusion rate to maintain therapeutic blood levels.
What is difference between enteral and parenteral routes of administration?
Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral administration is via a peripheral or central vein.
What are the common injectable routes of administration?
Injection routes Subcutaneous (under the skin) Intramuscular (in a muscle) Intravenous (in a vein) Intrathecal (around the spinal cord)
What are examples of parenteral administration?
The most common parenteral routes of drug administration are intravenous, intraosseous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural, and intradermal. Let’s take a closer look at each. Medicines or fluids that go directly into the patient’s vein are being given by the intravenous (IV) route .
How do you administer a flu shot in the deltoid?
Intramuscular injections are administered at a 90-degree angle to the skin, preferably into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh or the deltoid muscle of the upper arm, depending on the age of the patient (Table 6-2). The needle gauge for intramuscular injection is 22-25 gauge.
Where is the deltoid muscle injection site?
Injection site Give in the central and thickest portion of the deltoid muscle – above the level of the armpit and approximately 2–3 fingerbreadths (~2″) below the acromion process. | https://www.mickmccrory.com/tips/what-is-the-significance-of-the-deltoid-muscle-site-in-parenteral-administration.html |
The Power of Possibility
Nothing can replace the opportunities that arise when yo intersect with people coming together around common goals and interests, in our case, good history and good times.
In 2015, the AASLH Annual Meeting in Louisville invites us to explore The Power of Possibility in Louisville, KY
We all know that history organizations continue to operate in a highly challenging environment. How do we demonstrate, encourage, and inspire the Power of Possibility within the realm of history organizations and far beyond?
Join us as we find ways to blend what appear to be opposite extremes and we navigate boundaries and barriers, ultimately unlocking the Power of Possibility! | http://learn.aaslh.org/event/2015-aaslh-annual-meeting/ |
NRGI's work impacts stakeholders in many different places at and many levels, ranging from communities to international institutions. Learn more about these impacts here.
Political Parties and Natural Resource Governance: A Practical Guide for Developing Resource Policy Positions
5 April 2018
Where there is free and equal access to political power, there are stronger laws, institutions and practices in place to help realize the full value of resource extraction and to manage resulting revenues. This guide shows how political parties can better devise policy platforms for resource governance.
Multifaceted: Governance and Confict Risks in Myanmar’s Ruby Industry
2 April 2018
Mia Newman
While discussions on Myanmar gemstone sector reforms have thus far largely focused on jade, little is known about the ruby sector and its role in the country’s economy. This background paper consolidates information on the ruby industry and identifies linkages to broader challenges of peace and reform.
The Case for Publishing Petroleum Contracts in Nigeria
1 March 2018
Rob Pitman
,
Anne Chinweze
This brief makes the case for publishing Nigerian petroleum contracts, recommends what should be included in these disclosures and suggests how the government can make these commitments a reality.
NRGI Impact: DRC Communities Engage with Multinational Mining Companies
1 March 2018
As the Democratic Republic of Congo mining sector liberalized over the past decade, private capital ooded in.
NRGI Impact: Improved Contract Transparency Practices in Mexico
1 March 2018
The Challenge
NRGI Impact: Nigerian Media Illuminates Oil Scandal
1 March 2018
The Challenge
Civil Society Actors Play Key Role in Colombia EITI Entrance
1 March 2018
The Challenge
Infobooklet: Beneficial Ownership in Ghana
5 February 2018
This visual booklet, produced in collaboration with the Ghana Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (GHEITI), explains in straightforward language the governance and corruption risks presented by hidden company ownership. It goes on to explain how Ghana is addressing the challenge.
Natural Resource Federalism: Considerations for Myanmar
23 January 2018
Sebastian Sahla
,
Andrew Bauer
,
Natalie Kirk
This report presents policy-makers with a framework for thinking through the range of natural resource governance responsibilities and the models used by different countries for conferring greater influence to subnational institutions. | https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/topics/measurement-governance |
How some Sask. classrooms are navigating the Gerald Stanley verdict
Some school divisions have talked guidelines, productive discourse following the trial
A sign and photo of Colten Boushie sits in front of the Court of Queen's Bench on the day of closing arguments and first day of jury deliberation in the trial of Gerald Stanley, the farmer accused of killing the 22-year-old Indigenous man, in Battleford, Sask., Thursday, Feb. 8, 2018. (Liam Richards/Canadian Press)
Related Stories
The death of Colten Boushie and the trial and acquittal of Gerald Stanley have been top of mind for many in Saskatchewan, including the province's youngest and most impressionable.
Saskatchewan's Ministry of Education encourages school divisions "to provide opportunities for students and staff to engage in healthy, respectful dialogue," but each school division is approaching conversations around Stanley's acquittal in its own way.
The Greater Saskatoon Catholic Schools division sent a memo to principals and senior administrators to guide discussion. The role of educators, according to the message, is to "listen and be attentive to the needs of individuals and groups, to provide safe environments for people affected or hurt to conduct age-appropriate, respectful dialogue, and to remain objective in providing opportunities to learn."
Saskatoon's public school division is reacting in a similar manner. There have been conversations with senior administration about how best to deal with difficult discussions in the classroom, according to the division's First Nation, Inuit, and Métis education co-ordinator.
Last week, Saskatchewan farmer Gerald Stanley was acquitted of charges in the death of 22-year-old Colten Boushie, a man from Red Pheasant First Nation. Stanley had been charged with second-degree murder in Boushie's August 2016 shooting death.
Isbister acknowledges that some teachers may have their own feelings about the verdict in Stanley's case, but his advice, as a veteran educator, is to "ensure that your emotions don't become part of the conversation."
Darryl Isbister is the Saskatoon public school division's First Nation, Inuit, and Métis Education co-ordinator. (CBC)
Student support is key
The teacher's utmost responsibility in this case is to support the students, Isbister said, or direct them to counselors who may be in a better position to provide support.
Tensions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in the province have been highlighted throughout the Stanley trial, and Isbister believes teachers must be aware of these issues and deal with them appropriately.
"As a teacher, you have to be able to say 'I don't know that.' That's one of the strongest things you can say as a teacher."
Students tend to see teachers as central figures in their lives, and ask them questions they may not be able to ask their own parents, putting teachers in the challenging but important position of explaining difficult-to-understand issues.
"Sometimes home life gets too busy to have those discussions so it is ideal for students to have those discussions about things they're wondering and things they're seeing online," said Patrick Maze, the president of the Saskatchewan Teachers' Federation, which represents the province's educators.
Patrick Maze says students are sometimes more open to new ideas about reconciliation and relationships than older generations, whose values are less malleable. (CBC)
Since Boushie was killed, social media has been home to strong discussion on the case, veering into racist and destructive language and accusations.
The same kind of language can crop up in classroom discussions, too.
"Sometimes parents' values are reflected in students' discussions, and that's an opportunity for teachers to talk about being respectful," said Maze.
It may also be an opportunity to delve deeper into conversations about reconciliation.
According to Maze, students are more open-minded and accepting of new ideas and ways of doing things, while the older generation tends to be more resistant.
"They've got their values and their values can be difficult to change. Students, on the other hand, have values that are not quite set and are a bit more malleable, so they're open to having those discussions."
Some school divisions were unwilling to provide information about how they plan to deal with such discussions, and did not respond to CBC's request. Others would not confirm any approach to the discussion.
The Saskatchewan School Boards Association, which oversees all school boards in the province, was unable to provide comment since there is no province-wide plan to deal with the Stanley verdict in classrooms, and it is not part of the curriculum. | |
Introduction {#section1-2382120518790257}
============
Lack of confidence in vaccines is a growing phenomenon, as vaccines are perceived unsafe and unnecessary by groups of individuals especially in the developed countries.^[@bibr1-2382120518790257]^ The determinants of vaccine hesitancy are complex, and to be able to deal with it would require understanding of its diverse context-specific causes.^[@bibr2-2382120518790257]^ A large portion of medical students and residents, however, feel insufficiently trained in vaccine-safety communication and poorly prepared to respond to vaccine hesitancy.^[@bibr3-2382120518790257][@bibr4-2382120518790257]--[@bibr5-2382120518790257]^ Accordingly, as poor doctor-patient communication is considered one of the factors contributing to the rejection of vaccines,^[@bibr6-2382120518790257]^ the SAGE Working Group for Vaccine Hesitancy calls for appropriate training for medical and health care students concerning encounters with vaccine-hesitant individuals.^[@bibr7-2382120518790257]^ In existing studies on vaccine communication training, video-based cases or writing exercises are generally not included as education modes on vaccine hesitancy. There does however emerge innovative vaccine hesitancy curricula, which involve videos as well as role-playing simulations.^[@bibr8-2382120518790257]^ Furthermore, some medical schools employ virtual reality applications to train students or residents to encounter a vaccine-hesitant parent.^[@bibr9-2382120518790257]^ However, the actual parents' voices are typically not heard in the classroom.
The current vaccine hesitancy problem-based scenario employed as a part of third-year medical students' prevention study module in the University of Tampere Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences is a 2-sentence, text-based description without any visual material. The scenario involves a mother and a baby (the father is absent), and it identifies their ages and the mother's education but excludes aspects such as their emotional state when in the consultation room:"A 28-year-old nutritionist mother is in a children's health care center with her 6-week-old child and wants to talk about the child's future vaccination. The mother has wondered if it would be better for a child to go through the children's infectious diseases so that their resistance would develop naturally."
Although such a minimalistic scenario can form a foundation for multiple kinds of encounters, it also creates an illusion of an emotionally neutral situation and is likely to seem easier to the student than a dialogue with an actual parent. Furthermore, whereas the current scenario introduces (indirectly) merely one argument for hesitancy, the appreciation of a 'natural' development of the immune system, in reality, the variety of beliefs behind vaccine hesitancy is much greater. In addition, the scenario of vaccine hesitancy differs from most of the problem-based learning (PBL) scenarios, as it presents a clinical encounter in the absence of patient's symptoms or problems. In typical PBL case, the students work together to understand a single patient's medical problems.^[@bibr10-2382120518790257]^ However, in case of vaccine hesitancy, many parents do not experience having a problem at all; their non-compliance is mostly a problem for the physician.
Although the use of video sometimes simplifies complex concepts,^[@bibr11-2382120518790257]^ in the intervention described in this article, the purpose is to demonstrate the complexity of a situation that may appear unrealistically simple as a written case. Furthermore, it is a case that cannot be solved with only clinical information or skills. The arts-based video in this intervention represents a rich narrative case by realistically portraying the complexity of patient presentation and interaction, stimulating the students' holistic awareness of vaccine hesitancy. It is here considered that understanding the perspectives of the people for whom immunization services are intended is essential in forming a meaningful dialogue with them.^[@bibr12-2382120518790257]^ The study describes and evaluates the intervention, as it parallels 2 different modalities of relating to vaccine hesitancy: a group discussion following a video viewing and an individual (albeit dialogical) writing exercise.
Methods {#section2-2382120518790257}
=======
Intervention description {#section3-2382120518790257}
------------------------
One third-year medical student PBL tutor group (*f* = 3, *m* = 6), tutored by one of this paper's authors (J.T.L.), was recruited for this experimental pilot study. A study coordinator had placed the students in the PBL groups independently of this study; thus, the students were randomly selected. J.T.L. was invited to participate in this project as he had pre-existing interest in arts-based methods for medical education and experience of employing performative exercises in particular. The study was conducted as part of the prevention study unit and particularly as a case about vaccine hesitancy. The students had not received previous training in vaccine communication, although they have been exposed to some pre-clinical communication training as part of their vertically integrated spiral curriculum. All the students gave their informed consent. The video *Conversations with vaccine-critical parents* was viewed in 2 parts (9 and 7 minutes), during 2 different PBL sessions. The structured group discussions (45 and 30 minutes) were conducted accordingly during 2 separate PBL sessions on August 22 and 26, 2016. The tutorial discussions were structured with open-ended questions. These included identifying reasons for vaccine hesitancy the video included (and excluded), as well as the types of information and health care relationships the parents were currently lacking. In addition, the discussion invited the students to share their personal attitudes towards vaccine hesitancy. The discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The steps in the intervention are visualized in [Figure 1](#fig1-2382120518790257){ref-type="fig"}.
{#fig1-2382120518790257}
The writing exercise was to be completed at home between the 2 in-person sessions. In this exercise, the students were invited to answer 7 of the parents' questions presented in the video, playing the role of a physician. The students had 3 days to complete the exercise, and they were free to search the literature if they felt answering the questions required doing so. As part of the intervention evaluation, the study compares these individual answers with the themes that emerged in the group discussions.
Conversations with vaccine-critical parents {#section4-2382120518790257}
-------------------------------------------
As part of the video-making process preceding this video pilot study, one of the authors (K.K.) interviewed 9 vaccine-critical parents in the Netherlands and Finland in 2015 and 2016. The parents were recruited through K.K.'s social network, inviting both mothers and fathers of all levels of hesitancy from delay or selection to total refusal. Their health beliefs were not known before the interviews, but these were identified in the interview (analysis) instead. During these interviews, the parents were not only invited to elaborate on their views on immunization but also their experiences in children's health care system. In addition, each parent was invited to pose a question about immunization to a medical student and donate home video footage of their children for the film. The purpose was not only to create a video that simulates clinical encounters but also to appreciate the parents as whole persons and learn about their particular health beliefs as a necessary foundation to encounter them meaningfully in the future. Furthermore, the video's purpose was not to arm the students with convincing counterarguments against the parents' beliefs. The video intentionally digs deeper into such beliefs by visualizing and deconstructing them, considering that only by gaining understanding of these and tolerance for the emotions that they raise, can the students begin to think of constructive communication strategies.
As the parents were kept anonymous and not filmed during the interviews, the home video footage was inquired to create a visual composition for the first part of the film. The home video footage thus did not contain any narratives that would have been included in the interview analysis. There are several reasons for the parents' anonymity. First, as their visual appearance has no clinical relevance in the case, their portrayal would risk creating stereotypes of how 'such parents' look like. Second, the main purpose of the video is to expand the student's perception of the parents beyond the consultation room (view), thus 'seeing' them as whole persons instead of talking heads. In the absence of the parents' faces the video stimulates the students' focus on the nuances of what is being said. Third, vaccine hesitancy is a volatile topic that raises strong emotions. This study prioritizes the participant safety in that by agreeing to an openhearted controversial interview, the participants will not be subjected to a risk of receiving negative reactions afterwards.
The film is trilingual (English, Dutch, Finnish), allowing the parents to speak in their native language, and is subtitled in English, which is a standard mode of translation in broadcasting both in the Netherlands and Finland. As part of the arts-based data analysis, K.K. identified the parents' main health beliefs and created diagrammatic representations to be discussed with senior scientist Johan Holst from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. All these aspects (parents' interviews with their home videos and health belief diagrams with a scientist's perspective) are included in the video.
K.K. created the video during May-August 2016, following several discussions with another study author (K.H.). The video has 3 main parts: (1) the parents' everyday lives, which form a central visual aspect and an important authenticity factor in the film; (2) health care encounters, based on the parents' actual experiences; and (3) parents' beliefs explored through diagrammatic visualizations and an artist-scientist dialogue.
The video supports learning about vaccine hesitancy in the following ways:
1. Stimulating students to take the case seriously by the presence of authentic vaccine-hesitant parents.
2. Introducing a variety of health beliefs and arguments supporting vaccine hesitancy.
3. Demonstrating (reasons for) failed vaccine-hesitancy encounters in health care.
4. Presenting a non-linear and ethically complex case that cannot be solved with only strict medical information.
5. Role-modeling a vaccine professional who is reflexive and does not show frustration.
Theoretical background for the video case {#section5-2382120518790257}
-----------------------------------------
The video case connects to the views of medical humanities and narrative medicine,^[@bibr13-2382120518790257]^ building on aspects of Bakhtin's dialogic theory.^[@bibr14-2382120518790257]^ It challenges the monologic and linear qualities in narratives currently produced in medical practice and education. A linear perception of the body and health, for instance, is considered a prevailing problem in health care,^[@bibr15-2382120518790257]^ manifesting in narrative formulas as 'the patient becomes ill; patient is cured by physician expert; patient is restored to preillness state'.^[@bibr16-2382120518790257]^ Moreover, while doctor-patient interaction is characteristically polyphonic, being imbued with the voices of all who are related to it,^[@bibr17-2382120518790257]^ the medicine is typically characterized by a 'monological mindset'.^[@bibr18-2382120518790257]^ This results, for instance, in doctors being criticized for not recognizing others' perspectives.^[@bibr13-2382120518790257]^ Simultaneously, although the doctor's diagnostic task involves reduction of polyphony, ie, different opinions, beliefs, and fears, the monologic context of biomedical theory risks discarding the patient as a person.^[@bibr17-2382120518790257]^
One of the main educational functions of the video is to introduce the student to everyday lives and beliefs of a particular patient population with all their messiness and contradictions, in a non-linear chapter-like structure instead of a dramatic narrative. This is an unusual approach to creating video scenarios. While tolerance for ambiguity has been recognized as one of the fundamental skills in developing an antiauthoritarian professional identity,^[@bibr19-2382120518790257]^ many existing video scenarios reorganize the chaotic real-life events into well-ordered linear narratives with expected endings.^[@bibr20-2382120518790257]^
Although videos are used for various educational purposes, and with different pedagogic techniques, there can, however, be distinguished videos addressing 'softer' aspects of medicine, such as ethical dilemmas, and the clinical patient cases to be diagnosed in PBL. Yet, instead of keeping such curricular facets separate, there is a need for *integrative* approaches that merge the humanities-related aspects of medicine with the conventional focus of diagnosis and problem-solving.^[@bibr21-2382120518790257]^ As opposed to elective humanities teaching delivered by nonmedical teachers, alas, often dismissed by the students as irrelevant,^[@bibr22-2382120518790257]^ this video is developed for the core medical curriculum, to be delivered in small-group settings by the clinical educators. Moreover, this intervention uses transformative learning theory according to which the students are stimulated to reflect their knowledge and attitudes in situations that deliberately challenge their views.^[@bibr23-2382120518790257]^ The video viewing in particular employs the so-called movie clip teaching methodology, in which students are invited to share and contemplate the insights and feelings evoked by the film and relate them to their peers' responses.^[@bibr24-2382120518790257]^
Evaluation of the video case {#section6-2382120518790257}
----------------------------
The video displays a range of authentic vaccine-hesitant parents' arguments, aiming to increase the students' ability to encounter them. Instead of focusing on one vaccine-hesitant individual, as the text-based case does, the video maps a specific sub-culture population: well-educated vaccine-hesitant parents (7 mothers, 2 fathers) without religious arguments. Some of the issues put forward by the parents have been recognized in previous studies as well. For instance, the perceived benefits of illness have been identified as one of the key reasons for vaccine hesitancy among those following an anthroposophical lifestyle.^[@bibr25-2382120518790257]^ Many studies, however, do not identify concrete narratives under abstract categories such as 'personal beliefs' or 'philosophical reasons'.^[@bibr26-2382120518790257]^ The video case introduces actual parents' stories that demonstrate such umbrella categories, some of them being identified in the previous phase of this study only.^[@bibr27-2382120518790257]^ The specificities of the parents' lives are here considered important in demonstrating the 'realness' of the phenomenon and in motivating the students. Thus, while many video cases exclude the patient's everyday life and its psychosocial aspects, focusing on medical interviews in the examination room only,^[@bibr28-2382120518790257]^ this video gives voice to the parent's lifeworld^[@bibr29-2382120518790257]^ and opens the door visually to their homes and everyday activities.
Collaboration with senior scientist Johan Holst was initiated by K.K. in 2015 during an interdisciplinary international multi-year project on vaccines \<Immune Nations\>. For a meaningful artist-scientist collaboration, it is essential that the collaborators share authentic interest towards each other's fields and tolerate differing views on vaccines. Such collaborators can hardly be found by random. Thus, although the pilot study was conducted in Finland, the vaccine researcher's nationality does not play a significant role here. It is rather his willingness both for a respectful meaning-making of the parents' beliefs and the arts-based methodology that are crucial. Furthermore, as vaccine hesitancy increases in many developed countries, and the parents included represent several nationalities, the video is relevant and applicable in many different countries.
Collaborative data analysis after video viewing {#section7-2382120518790257}
-----------------------------------------------
Immediately after the 2 PBL sessions in which the video was viewed and discussed, K.K. and J.T.L. conducted collaborative data analysis sessions, sharing their immediate observations and interpretations. K.H. participated in the second collaborative analysis session, interpreting the emerging themes from the existing curriculum viewpoint. These sessions resulted thus in identification of the main themes in the data, and they were audio-recorded for memory aid. Collaborative data analysis is here considered fruitful, if not a necessity, as the authors represent different disciplinary fields. Subsequently, followed by multiple re-readings of the group discussion transcripts, the data are thematically coded and tabulated by K.K. according to various different point of views, and attitudes/communicative strategies the students initiated to make sense of vaccine hesitancy with their peers.
Writing exercise {#section8-2382120518790257}
----------------
The exercise involved the following questions, extracted from the parents' interviews:
1. Why does my baby need tetanus and hepatitis B vaccines?
2. What is so serious about a mumps?
3. Why does my baby get so many vaccines at one time? In real life, you never get 5 diseases at the same time.
4. Doesn't my child have the right to go through children's infectious diseases? These support mental and physical development.
5. Do I have to fight a war against my own body to save others?
6. I want to live as natural life as possible. How does 'natural' relate to vaccination?
7. Is the purpose of life, according to medicine, to live as long as possible?
The students were instructed to answer from their role as a physician, imagining as if the parent would be sitting across them. There were 2 main aspects examined in the students' answers, forming thus the guiding principles in their analysis: (1) whether the student addressed the parent in second person and in a professional role and (2) the strategies used in addressing the parent's concern. Both the group discussion analysis and the analysis of the written exercise identify the used point of views and tone of voices, ie, the students' ability to respond to vaccine hesitancy from different 'registers'.
Theoretical background for the writing exercise {#section9-2382120518790257}
-----------------------------------------------
The dialogical writing exercise, like the preceding video, intends to stimulate an expansion of the monological mindset of medicine,^[@bibr18-2382120518790257]^ manifesting in, for instance, bombardment of clinical information or harsh judgment of the parent's decisions. Furthermore, in the study design, it was anticipated that the group discussion has a different function than writing, acknowledging that *talking about a patient* with peers and *talking to a patient* privately are different aspects of the medical profession. Previous studies have, in fact, suggested that students give more thought to their written responses as opposed to group discussions.^[@bibr30-2382120518790257]^ The framework for the writing exercise is inspired by philosopher Martin Buber's word pairs 'I-You' and 'I-It' and how these may take place in a dialogue with a vaccine hesitant parent.^[@bibr31-2382120518790257]^ The purpose of writing here is to bring the medical student face to face with a patient^[@bibr32-2382120518790257]^ and to acknowledge the parent as a person. This is in line with many students' needs for 'learning the human side of medicine'. An eloquent expression of this need is Messinger and Chin-Yee's^[@bibr33-2382120518790257]^ exploration of Buber's 'I-You' and 'I-It' and how these parallel different modes of caring for patients. The writing exercise aims to address the vaccine-hesitant parent as 'You' instead of 'It' as a condition or a collection of labels. In addition, next to 'It' as a medical condition, the exercise distinguishes 'I' as a physician from 'It' as the 'voice of medicine', manifesting in communication that is relying exclusively on the biomedical model.^[@bibr34-2382120518790257]^
This imaginary face-to-face encounter is initiated during the vaccine-critical parents' interviews, when each of the parents addresses the student-physician as 'You' with their questions. These questions are implemented in the writing exercise, either remaining formulated the same way as the parents initially asked them or reformulated into questions from their most predominant statements. The video purposefully does not provide a physician role model for an immunization encounter. Specifically, one of the writing exercise's central aims is to activate the student to explore aspects of their existing attitudes and communication and to reflect how these may affect their encounters with vaccine-hesitant parents.
Evaluation of the writing exercise {#section10-2382120518790257}
----------------------------------
Only the first 3 of the parents' questions in this study related directly to vaccines and infectious diseases. The other 4 questions were concerning lifestyle choices, child's rights, ownership of one's body, and the definition of 'natural' and eventually the physician's/medicine's role in the human life cycle. The questions are asked with different emotional intensities, both by mothers and fathers. Therefore, answering these questions requires multiple communication strategies. This is in line with previous studies that have suggested that a single mode for vaccine communication fails to appreciate a spectrum of the parents' different cognitive decision-making styles.^[@bibr35-2382120518790257]^
Although the group discussion often proceeds quickly as the participants respond to one another, the writing exercise allows time to carefully consider the answer, including thinking what the parent would find important to hear and what kind of professional one wants to portray. Writing allows the student to practice answering a variety of vaccine-critical questions and to explore various communication strategies in their professional role. The purpose was, however, not to practise these questions within the normative structures for medical encounters, nor to distill a particular anti-vaccine argument from a longer narrative. Instead, the exercise is experimental in that it jumps directly (after the video viewing) into what is considered the core of the parent's concern. This allows an exposure for a multitude of different anti-vaccine arguments with little repetitive writing sections. However, the exercise is not training the student for yet another critical skill: beginning and ending an encounter with a non-compliant patient.
Results {#section11-2382120518790257}
=======
Group discussions: making sense of vaccine hesitancy with peers {#section12-2382120518790257}
---------------------------------------------------------------
The group discussion develops several perspectives in learning about vaccine hesitancy. In the first instance, the discussion enables peers to vent their frustrations, including black humour, and to clearly take the role of a future vaccine advocate. However, after this initial phase, the students begin to develop alternate perspectives and explanations for vaccine hesitancy, having a strong need to make sense of it. In search of learning objectives, they admit lacking knowledge of the governmental immunization programme and many infectious diseases. In terms of their future practice, the students already anticipate a lack of resources (time) to address the parents' concerns. This leads to understanding the frustration many physicians are displaying to their vaccine-hesitant patients, even though this is not an optimal way of communication. The group discussions, however, also acknowledge various counterarguments related to immunization. For instance, the students share their questions about the opaque role of the pharmaceutical industry and the necessity of certain new vaccines. Furthermore, there emerges an understanding for an individual parent perspective: if parents lose their child because of a vaccine side effect, the idea of herd immunity does not comfort them.
### Responding to parents' desire for a 'natural life' {#section13-2382120518790257}
The group discussion excerpt below illustrates the students' meaning-making on the parents' desire to live a so-called natural life. The students found this aspect to be extremely strong in the parents' arguments and were surprised to hear the radical views certain parents introduced, particularly when a mother talked about 'acceptance' of natural selection and believing in destiny. Thus, the video stimulates the students to ask follow-up questions, which are then offered to their peer group, as an attempt to make sense of the origins of the parents' non-compliance:"Student 4: One of them really emphasised that they are living this kind of natural life, so just where do they draw its boundaries?Student 5: Yeah, like are they using any medication for instance?Student 7: Is using a seatbelt in traffic bad because it can save you from a fatal accident? So, those people \[who face an accident\] are supposed to die then?Student 2: There weren't safety belts before either.Student 7: So, all the prevention is then unnecessary?Student 2: So basically, all the healthcare services . . . are blocking natural selection."
### Changing perspectives: physician-parent-pharma {#section14-2382120518790257}
In this part of the group discussion, the students generated various viewpoints that expressed understanding the controversy around vaccines. They pondered, for instance, the necessity of the chicken pox vaccine, previous mistakes in vaccine production, and the impossibility in accepting the risks from a misfortunate parent's viewpoint. They also recognize the role of the provider's poor communication in growing vaccine hesitancy while simultaneously anticipating a hurried practice and the incapability of addressing the problem:"Student 5: I believe that many of the vaccine-hesitant parents care about their child, and that's why they are so worried about what is injected in their child. But if it is not explained at all, then I'm not surprised that their vaccine-criticism just grows.Student 7: The physician may not have patience when there are so many hippies like that, so they are just fed up.Student 2: Also, like during a normal consultation, there aren't possibilities to elaborate on that situation . . .Student 7: Yeah, hurry and all.Student 5: Of course, there's been misunderstandings or mistakes in some drug or vaccine production that have caused harmful effects.Student 6: Well, you can't say that 'we are now rescuing a million lives here, but your child died because of this vaccine, sorry'. That's, of course, hard to understand for the parent." 
Writing exercise: simulated encounter with a vaccine-hesitant parent {#section15-2382120518790257}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
There emerged 3 main modes of communication in the students' answers: (1) addressing the parent and child as persons: talking in second person, acknowledging the parents' rhetoric, asking counter questions and even involving self-disclosure; (2) delivering impersonal medical information in a passive voice; and (3) answering with sarcasm and disrespecting the parent.
### Addressing the whole person/lifeworld {#section16-2382120518790257}
Most students (n = 6) were, to various degrees, able to address the parent as a whole person, responding to them in a dialogue form, taking cues from what the parents had said and making links to their lifeworlds. For instance, in responding to many parents' wish to live a natural life, one student creatively reminds them of the possibility of other unnatural medical interventions if they contract a vaccine-preventable disease. Other students, realizing how important 'natural' life is for the parents, reminded them that vaccines stimulate the body's natural reactions:"Parent: I want to live as natural life as possible. How does 'natural' relate to vaccination?Student: Of course, there haven't been vaccines from the beginning of times, so they may seem unnatural. However, \[. . .\] during illness, you may need to undergo complicated drug treatments and operations that are inherently unnatural, but they may save your life. Thus, preventing the illness with vaccines is smart."
Some parents' questions involved strong metaphors, such as fighting a war against one's own body. Several students (n = 5) acknowledged this parent-used rhetoric, and the student connected it to the body's natural functioning, tried to replace it with a milder expression, or elicited more information what the parent meant:"Parent: Do I have to fight a war against my own body to save others?S1: Our system runs 'war' all the time against various pathogens. Vaccination, therefore, seeks to help one's own body to 'war' against fully-functioning pathogens.S2: War is a bit heavy term. In the end, vaccines merely cause a kind of a memory trace in your body.S3: Would you like to tell me why taking vaccines feels like war against your own body?"
Some students generated dialogue by presenting counter questions (n = 3). This was often done in a combination with other strategies, such as advocating for the child, a persuasion strategy used to represent the child's viewpoint (n = 3):"Parent: Doesn't my child have the right to go through children's infectious diseases? These support mental and physical development.S1: The child is unable to take a stand on the vaccines she has received, and because many of the vaccine-preventable diseases are life-threatening or even lethal, I think it is justified to see the well-being of the child first.S2: \[. . .\] Who decides what diseases your child really wants to go through?"
### Voice of medicine {#section17-2382120518790257}
Few students (n = 2) answered the parent with only science-based information about vaccines and infectious diseases. These answers were written in passive voice, instead of addressing the parent as 'You' or the doctor as 'I'. Such answers do not function as an invitation for a dialogue but instead appear as a medical monologue channelled through the physician's mouth. In fact, these answers could have been copy-pasted from another information source (and likely were). Thus, the student here represents exclusively the voice of medicine. In these dialogues, the student does not even form an 'I-It' relationship (non-ideal). Instead, they create an even worse doctor-patient relationship of 'It-It', the 'voice of medicine' talking to a 'medical condition'.
The answer below entirely ignores the parent's question about the child's right to a disease and its perceived benefits and makes a top-down commentary, leaving little space to continue the dialogue:"Student: It is unnecessary for a child to suffer a disease, against which the national vaccination programme has an effective, free vaccine that is found safe. The vaccine will provide protection against the disease, which can have dangerous complications. However, the parent is entitled to refuse to take the vaccine for the child."
### Ignoring professionalism {#section18-2382120518790257}
One of the students responded to the parents' concerns and questions with disrespecting sarcasm. Although this student was the only one in the writing exercise purposefully restraining from professionalism, in the group discussion, few others expressed understanding for physicians who take their frustration out on patients. The excerpt below shows a response to a parent's wish to live a 'natural' life:"Student: Sure, one can live in the Stone Age if they want to. Life expectancy in the Stone Age was about 20 years."
Discussion {#section19-2382120518790257}
==========
This pilot study explores a video case and a subsequent group discussion, and a writing exercise, as a means to expand the students' understanding of health beliefs behind vaccine hesitancy, and stimulate the students' ability to encounter the parents as whole persons. Most students respond differently to vaccine hesitancy in the classroom than in their written homework. Given all the perspectives and modes of communicating, the group discussion seems to function as a hospital breakroom, in which the physicians can momentarily drop the professional role and share their thoughts and experiences as a 'whole person'. Such discussions allow the thinking and emotions that are *not* intended to be expressed in the patient encounter, no matter how valuable these may be for other reasons. The notion of 'hospital breakroom' is here used as a metaphor for a peer-to-peer debriefing environment, as most of the immunization consultations take place in primary care settings instead of a hospital. In those settings, the 'whole person' debriefing may take place in hallways, during lunch, or in between the patients in the consultation room.
Aside from the emotional reactions towards the non-compliant parents, the group discussions unveiled that some students have doubts about the necessity of certain vaccines, about how the governmental decides which vaccines are made and about the role of the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, such students share concerns with the vaccine-hesitant parents and may not be able to gain the parents' trust due to their own ambivalence about certain aspects of vaccines. Medical educators should not assume that students adopt the 'voice of medicine' about vaccines uncritically without addressing their own concerns and making the underlying power relations transparent. In this regard, the group discussion has an important function in allowing a peer-to-peer conversation, where personal thoughts and emotions can be expressed more freely, simulating future hospital breakroom discussions with colleagues. This project, however, identifies a need for further studies of how the students' attitudes and beliefs about vaccines develop during their educational trajectory.
In the writing exercise, the students are invited to form an 'I-You' relationship between themselves as a junior doctor and a vaccine-hesitant parent from the video case. This exercise simulates a face-to-face patient encounter, inviting the student to imagine the parent is sitting in the consultation room with them. Several students elicited the parents' concerns through counter questions, which is considered a helpful strategy for addressing vaccine hesitancy.^[@bibr6-2382120518790257]^ However, according to the criteria used in this study, which is the engagement in a humane 'I-You' health care dialogue and the acknowledgement of the parents' concerns in their lifeworld, 3 out of the 9 students failed. They either ignored the patient as a whole person or their own professional role, or both. There may be several reasons for restraining from the invited dialogue form and ignoring the parents' lifeworld. For instance, the students feel insecure when addressing an assertive parent directly, feeling it would be too confrontational. In fact, existing in the 'I-You' relationship and entering the patient's world can be much more uncomfortable than existing in the 'I-It' connection.^[@bibr32-2382120518790257]^ Furthermore, in the Finnish language, while the passive is relatively common, the hidden subject is used particularly when expressing something uncomfortable.^[@bibr36-2382120518790257]^ In addition, some students may associate an impersonal and science-focused style of communication with being professional, resulting in an 'It-It' relationship. Although conveying medical information is an essential part of vaccine communication, some physicians may not develop a broader communication repertoire. Many health care providers, in fact, operate primarily from such an analytical style, focusing on science-based facts and statistics,^[@bibr37-2382120518790257]^ whereas studies show that, in terms of vaccine refusal, merely providing more information is counterproductive.^[@bibr6-2382120518790257]^
One student demonstrated consistently sarcastic responses in a group as well as the written exercise. Although it may be unlikely that he would use such a communication mode in an actual encounter, his frustration seemed to prevent practicing professional behaviour. Such response is not an exception however. In fact, students have previously reported being challenged by their private emotional reactions, mostly anger, towards vaccine-hesitant parents.^[@bibr38-2382120518790257]^ Unfortunately, this cannot be solely blamed on the students' immaturity and lack of clinical experience. As most parents shared experiences of frustrated and angry health care professionals, it seems a relevant concern that the caregivers are not able or willing to hide their negative reactions. Results in this study thus indicate a need for communication training with vaccine-hesitant parents, as well as discussions about the role of the patient's lifeworld in clinical encounters. This is in line with studies identifying an ability to 'listen to the patients' health beliefs non-judgmentally' as one of the necessary learning objectives in a suggested pre-service vaccinology curriculum.^[@bibr39-2382120518790257]^ Students would thus benefit from training that helps them to transition from the 'hospital breakroom' to the 'consultation room' and to find an appropriate balance between their personal and professional voices.
After completing the study sessions, the students were invited to share their experiences on this pilot in a short concluding conversation. Several students noted that the involvement of the actual vaccine-hesitant parents in the video case made the situation more authentic and made the students realize they are likely to encounter similar parents in the future. When asked how they had experienced the writing exercise, few students told specifically having imagined being a physician and restraining from expressing frustration or from using professional jargon. This had caused them think how to formulate their answers, knowing that 'naturalness', for instance, is an important issue for the parents.
Several aspects of this study have limitations and call for further development. One of the key weaknesses of the study is in its evaluation design: the intervention only compares the 2 learning modalities within with each other but does not involve a control group. The reason for this is that the study was a preliminary step needed to test a concept previously unfamiliar in medical education. The authors plan to conduct a more in-depth study with larger sample size and control groups. In terms of assessment, the written assignments were not marked, as the PBL modules do not include marking in the Tampere medical school. In fact, in this initial pilot phase of the study, it was considered relevant to gather authentic responses to design possible further development and assessment criteria for the exercise, instead of the students thinking of what would be desirable answers. Ideally, the study would have proceeded with a group reflection on the students' written answers. The authors intend to send a follow-up email with a selection of anonymous answers and a short feedback for the tutor group.
As the study surprisingly identifies some gaps in students' confidence in vaccines, the authors will include these findings in the discussion about the prevention curriculum development. The vaccine hesitation study was organized at the beginning of an integrated study unit 'Prevention' where vaccinations are one of the main objectives. The hesitation study was organized during the first week of the unit at the same time when the students were initiating their studies on vaccination. Therefore, they at this point did not present full professional knowledge on the issues. Some of them also did not have critical attitude towards false beliefs presented by some parents. In future research, one consideration is to place the processing of vaccine hesitancy challenges at the end of the integrated unit. One of the lessons learned relates thus to the placement of the vaccine hesitancy intervention. The placement of intervention at the beginning of the 'Prevention' unit might not have been ideal. The authors, however, argue that one can only know this by trying it out. It is also clear that this topic should be present also at the end clinical stage of the curriculum and in the specialization programme for general medicine and pediatrics.
There are no easy answers to the challenge that vaccine hesitancy presents to the medical education at all levels. It is important to provide the students with opportunities to encounter opinions that they might experience as intellectually dissatisfying and harmful to the patient and the society. The students should have diverse possibilities to practice dialogue in such instances knowing that the results might more often than not be disappointing. This study aims to offer one alternative for that purpose. The authors speculate that when developing the exercise and its assessment further, an approach that combines the above-mentioned communication skills with clinical aspects of immunization may be the most appropriate for primary care training, instead of focusing merely on one or the other.
**Declaration of conflicting interests:**The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
**Funding:**The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study is part of Kaisu Koski's Academy Research Fellow project, *Video scenarios in medical education: Polyphony and non-linearity in audio-visual doctor-patient narratives*, funded by the Academy of Finland 2015-2020 (decision number 285118). The film *Conversations with vaccine-critical parents* was completed as part of the International Collaboration for Capitalizing on Cost-Effective and Life-Saving Commodities (i4C), which is funded through the Research Council of Norway's Global Health & Vaccination Program (GLOBVAC Project \#234608). The Medical Education Ethics Committee in the Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences in University of Tampere approved this study. The video link can be requested for educational purposes: <[email protected]>.
**Author Contributions:** KK conceived and designed the intervention and planned it with KH. KK conducted the intervention with JTL. All authors discussed the results. KK wrote the manuscript with support from JTL and KH.
| |
Q:
Object values change when added to ArrayList
When trying to create an ArrayList of Timer objects (Timer is a self defined class), all of the objects are changing to the last initialized object before I add them to the ArrayList
ArrayList<Timer> timerlist1 = new ArrayList<Timer>();
LocalDateTime current = LocalDateTime.now();
Timer time1 = new Timer(current,45);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time1));
Timer time2 = Timer.getNextTimer(time1);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time2));
Timer time3 = Timer.getNextTimer(time2);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time3));
Timer time4 = Timer.getNextTimer(time3);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time4));
Timer time5 = Timer.getNextTimer(time4);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time5));
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time1)+"0");
timerlist1.add(time1);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time1)+"a");
timerlist1.add(time2);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time2));
timerlist1.add(time3);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time3));
timerlist1.add(time4);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time4));
timerlist1.add(time5);
System.out.println(Timer.getFormattedTime(time5));
The code above prints the following in the console
22:24
23:9
23:54
0:39
1:24
1:240
1:24a
1:24
1:24
1:24
1:24
The ArrayList should contain
but instead it contains 1:24 for all indeces
This is the Timer class
import java.time.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Timer extends Schedule
{
public ArrayList<Timer> timers;
static LocalDateTime start;
long duration;
static LocalDateTime end;
public Timer(){}
public Timer(LocalDateTime start, long duration)
{
this.start = start;
this.duration = duration;
this.end = start.plusMinutes(duration);
}
public LocalDateTime getStart()
{
return start;
}
public static Timer getNextTimer(Timer timer)
{
start = end;
Timer i = new Timer(start,45);
return i;
}
public void shortenDuration(long duration)
{
long d = duration;
this.end = start.plusMinutes(d);
}
public LocalDateTime getEndTime()
{
return end;
}
public void startAt(LocalDateTime end)
{
start=end;
}
public static String getFormattedTime(Timer timer)
{
int hour = start.getHour();
int minutes = start.getMinute();
return(String.valueOf(hour)+":"+String.valueOf(minutes));
}
A:
It's because your start field is static so it's the same for all objects you created. The last one being 1:24. Change start so it isn't static.
ArrayList<Timer> timerlist1 = new ArrayList<Timer>();
LocalDateTime current = LocalDateTime.now();
Timer time1 = new Timer(current,45);
System.out.println(time1.getFormattedTime(time1));
Timer time2 = time1.getNextTimer(time1);
System.out.println(time2.getFormattedTime(time2));
Timer time3 = time2.getNextTimer(time2);
System.out.println(time3.getFormattedTime(time3));
Timer time4 = time3.getNextTimer(time3);
System.out.println(time4.getFormattedTime(time4));
Timer time5 = time4.getNextTimer(time4);
System.out.println(time5.getFormattedTime(time5));
System.out.println(time1.getFormattedTime(time1)+"0");
timerlist1.add(time1);
System.out.println(time1.getFormattedTime(time1)+"a");
timerlist1.add(time2);
System.out.println(time2.getFormattedTime(time2));
timerlist1.add(time3);
System.out.println(time3.getFormattedTime(time3));
timerlist1.add(time4);
System.out.println(time4.getFormattedTime(time4));
timerlist1.add(time5);
System.out.println(time5.getFormattedTime(time5));
Then the Timer class
import java.time.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Timer
{
public ArrayList<Timer> timers;
private LocalDateTime start;
long duration;
private LocalDateTime end;
{
}
{
}
public Timer getNextTimer(Timer timer)
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
public String getFormattedTime(Timer timer)
{
int hour = start.getHour();
int minutes = start.getMinute();
return(String.valueOf(hour)+":"+String.valueOf(minutes));
}
}
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Architecture is a spatial reality and, as such, should be designed spatially. Traditional methods of two dimensional design offer limited insight to the nature of the built project. By designing a project in three dimensions from its inception, an architect comes closer to the actuality of the building. This thesis addresses the possibilities and realities of three dimensional computer aided design. Radical changes in computer technology have made interactive three dimensional design possible. Clusters of processing units acting in parallel offer unprecedented flexibility and computing power. New methods of input such as voice and gesture activation are allowing greater flexibility of input. The future of three dimensional computer aided design points to higher resolution displays, holographic imaging, and spatial object manipulation. The vehicle for this architectural thesis is a computer research facility; The National Institute for Advanced Media. The project addresses the demands that new computer technologies place on architecture. It also offers a direction for designing with these new technologies. This thesis contains an analysis of the architectural project, a complete description of the architectural process, and a summary of all software packages considered. The Apple Macintosh IIfx was chosen as the hardware platform for this investigation because of its object oriented graphical environment and for its advanced multimedia capabilities. | https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/53296 |
We develop and promote programs that contribute to the greater welfare of our community and the world, such as; selecting worthy recipients for donations from our Tzedakah Box, planning activities that help ‘green’ our Temple and foster responsible environmental stewardship, and participating in programs to reduce poverty and hunger. If you are interested in working with the Social Action Committee, contact us at [email protected]
We welcome participation of all our Temple members and encourage you to give us your ideas and time. We especially enjoy hearing what has made a difference in your lives!
One long-range project is Greening Our Congregation. This includes making our building greener and educating our members as to how they can make their personal lives greener. The project began with an environmental audit during Mitzvah Day 2006, and has gradually expanded to include many activities.
The Greening Project includes:
- Temple paper recycling
- Battery recycling
- Cell phone recycling
- Printer ink cartridge recycling
- Use of non-disposable items for all activities, whenever possible
- Education of our membership
Tzedakah Box
Each quarter, the Social Action Committee designates an organization as the recipient of funds deposited by our members in the Temple Beth Or Tzedakah Box. This quarter, the recipient is the Interfaith Association of Northwest Washington, consisting of faith groups and other community members united in action to ensure that families experiencing homelessness have access to the economic, social, and holistic support needed to overcome poverty and thrive. | https://templebethor.org/social-action-2/ |
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AshleyAsh•ley (ash′lē),USA pronunciation n.
- a male or female given name.
Twintwin1 (twin),USA pronunciation n., adj., v., twinned, twin•ning.
n.
- either of two children or animals brought forth at a birth.
- either of two persons or things closely related to or closely resembling each other.
- See twin bed.
- Also called twin room. a type of hotel accommodation with twin beds, for occupancy by two persons. Cf. double (def. 13).
- Also called hemitrope. a compound crystal consisting of two or more parts or crystals definitely oriented each to the other;
macle.
- Twins, the constellation or sign of Gemini.
adj.
- being a twin or twins: twin sisters.
- being two persons or things closely related to or closely resembling each other.
- being one of a pair;
identical: a twin bracelet; a twin peak.
- consisting of two similar parts or elements joined or connected: a twin vase.
- occurring in pairs;
didymous.
- of the nature of a twin;
hemitrope.
- twofold or double.
v.t.
- to bring together in close relationship;
pair;
couple.
- to furnish a counterpart to or a replica of;
match.
- to divide or convert into two, parts, similar items, etc.: The old movie palace will be twinned, making two smaller theaters.
- to link or combine with: The new grocery store is twinned with a restaurant.
- to form into a twin.
- [Obs.]to give birth to as twins.
v.i.
- to give birth to twins.
- to be paired or coupled.
Mattressmat•tress (ma′tris),USA pronunciation n.
- a large pad for supporting the reclining body, used as or on a bed, consisting of a quilted or similarly fastened case, usually of heavy cloth, that contains hair, straw, cotton, foam rubber, etc., or a framework of metal springs.
- See air mattress.
- a mat woven of brush, poles, or similar material, used to prevent erosion of the surface of dikes, jetties, embankments, dams, etc.
- a layer of concrete placed on bare ground, as to provide a footing;
mat.
- a layer of any material used to cushion, protect, reinforce, or the like.
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The sack is really a haven where we sleep once we are tired, a place where we relax, tired of the everyday program, or perhaps once we are sick. The sack could be the position where we desired perhaps, read a favorite story or to be alone remain quiet. Suites must be a place that will make us feel relaxed. | https://www.sanjeetveenreviews.com/mattress/2106/ashley-twin-mattress-m96411-mattress-lawton-ok-7/ |
Posted November 02, 2018 05:05:21As a home decorator, I like to keep my homes look like it’s in the summertime.
I also like to decorate with a little something from the outdoors.
The idea behind this is to add some fun and excitement to the decor.
However, as with all things outdoors, there are a few things that I have to consider.1.
The temperature of the outdoor space.
When the temperature outside is high, I find myself having to go outdoors for extended periods of time, which can cause me to become more stressed and anxious.
I’ve seen a few of my clients have a problem with their energy level and they’ve gone outside to work, play, go to the grocery store, or take a walk in the woods.
As the temperature drops, I know it’s time to put a little bit of a twist on the decor and do some outdoor fun.
This can be a great way to introduce people to the outdoors, get them out in nature and make them more comfortable.2.
The weather.
The weather in your home may seem like the perfect opportunity to get outside and experience the outdoors in a fun way.
But sometimes it just doesn’t work that way.
If it’s hot outside, it’s more likely to be humid and damp.
It’s going to be difficult to stay in the shade, and if you are walking around in the dark it’s going a lot harder to keep your eyes open.
3.
The size of the space.
As an outdoor decorator you have a very limited number of spaces to work in.
When you’re working in a large, open space, you have to make sure that you’re always working within the constraints of the design.
4.
The type of outdoor space you’re decorating.
When it comes to outdoor decor, you need to choose one that suits your home’s needs.
You can also do a lot of different things to decorating outdoors.
I would like to give you a few tips for choosing a suitable outdoor space for your outdoor decor.
1.
Choose a space that’s a lot smaller than your home.
Your home needs to be a lot larger than a bedroom, bathroom, or kitchen.
For example, you want to create a space with a lot more room for furniture, decorations, and other outdoor items.
2.
Make sure you’re comfortable.
A lot of people come into home decorating with the intention of having fun and making a great living room.
However I’ve found that it can be tough to do this.
When working in the outdoors you want it to be relaxing, relaxing to be outdoors.
3.
Make it fun.
I would like you to have a great experience at the outdoor spaces you choose.
You may have to spend a little extra time in order to be sure that your outdoor decorations work as intended.
What to do if you think your outdoor decoration needs are a little too difficult?
If your decorating project has a lot going on in the background, you can always work on that first.
I’d recommend using a color palette that you can easily remember and then starting from there.
For example, a blue palette might be a good choice.
It’s also important to make the most of the area around you.
Here are some tips for how to keep decorating at a comfortable level and also have fun in your outdoor space while keeping the fun a little more focused:1.
Work in a way that is fun and interesting.2: Try to have fun with your decor.3: Have fun in the process.4: Have a sense of humor.5: Use an outdoor lighting system.6: Have an abundance of energy.
All of these tips will help you to keep things more interesting in your outdoors decorating projects.
Posted November 01, 2018 09:58:41What do you think of this article? | https://bulbulnepal.com/2021/08/07/how-to-make-a-killer-ad-for-your-home/ |
Churros have an amazingly indulging taste. That is the reason this Spanish breakfast delicacy has become popular all over the world. Churros are sticky and sweet and melt in the mouth; they are often drizzled with a chocolate sauce. Ideally, churros should have a crunchy outside and a chewy texture inside. Usually made from basic pastry dough, they have everything lying in your pantry, so no hassle. The dough is sticky but is not very difficult to handle. Churros are a kind of fried dough. Churros are a popular breakfast in Spanish and Portuguese cuisine. Today they are served with very interesting toppings as you may eat them even as a dessert. The most popular churro toppings are chocolate sauce, ice cream, and dulce de leche. Churros are one of the world’s best treats when made fresh. They are soft and tender from the inside while the outsides are crispy and crunchy with an irresistible flavor. When you create the Galaxy Gas Nitrous Recipe: Churros with Chocolate Mousse, we are sure that everyone will love them.
Ingredients
- Heavy cream – 1 cup
- Milk – 1 cup
- Dark couverture – 2/3 cup
- Cinnamon – 1 ½ teaspoon
- Rum – 2 teaspoon
- Maple syrup – 1 ½ tablespoon
- Salt – 2 pinch
- Butter – 2 tablespoon
- Sugar – 1 tablespoon
- Orange peel – 1/4
- Flour
- Eggs – 2
- Vegetable oil
- Galaxy Gas Whipped Cream Dispenser - 1
- Galaxy Gas Whipped Cream Charger - 1
Instructions
- In a saucepan, add half of the milk with one teaspoon cinnamon, maple syrup, rum, cream, dark chocolate, and a pinch of salt and cook on low heat while stirring continuously until it takes the form of a smooth mixture.
- Pour the mixture into 0.5 L Galaxy Gas Whipped Cream Dispenser through a funnel and sieve.
- Charge with one Galaxy Gas Whipped Cream Charger and shake vigorously. Keep in the refrigerator for 1 – 2 hours.
- You can keep this chocolate mousse refrigerated for about ten days, so you can always keep it prepared in advance.
- Boil the remaining milk with sugar, butter, and spices.
- Add flour and continue to stir until the mass begins separating from the bottom of the pan.
- Add the eggs and stir vigorously to prevent lump formation.
- When the mixture is smooth, fill it in a piping bag and attach a star grommet
- In a saucepan, heat oil up to 380 degrees Fahrenheit
- Dispense the churros from the piping bag directly into the hot oil and bake them.
- Turn the side when golden brown and take it out from the pan when both sides are done.
- Roll out in sugar and cinnamon. Dispense the chocolate foam from the Galaxy Gas Whipped Cream Dispenser and serve.
Tips
Are Churros a Breakfast or a Dessert?
Traditionally, churros are served as breakfast in Spain, particularly as breakfast for festive days and Sundays. Churros as street food are consumed by youngsters after a long night out at 6 a.m. before they finally return home. Some people take the churros home to share this treat with their family.
Churros are eaten as a snack, especially in cold or rainy weather. They are not a popular dessert on their own as they are fried and heavy. They may accompany a dessert such as chocolate ice cream, chocolate mousse, or chocolate pudding.
Tips for making delicious churros:
Preheat the oil in a pan over low heat while you make the dough.
Use a candy thermometer to monitor the oil temperature before and during frying the churros.
You can experiment with the number of eggs in the recipe. Three eggs will give an annoyingly predominant egg flavor, while two eggs will make the mixture rise and have a richer flavor. However, some people feel that adding only one egg is sufficient.
Always use a piping tip with a closed star and rounded off edges. It will give clearly defined edges that allow a crispier texture and the classical churro formation.
It is better to remove the mixture from the stove before mixing the eggs. This is essential if your egg curdles while mixing and takes the appearance of scrambled eggs.
Do not leave the churros alone while they are frying. Vigilance is essential to ensure that the churros are equally cooked from all sides. Bring them gradually to a golden brown color. Undercooked sides do not get crispy and remain uncooked from inside.
Use paper towels to absorb the extra oil before you roll the churros in cinnamon sugar. Wet or oily churros absorb too much sugar, and the coating becomes thick. On the other hand, excessively dried churros will not stick the sugar coating properly. You can wait for approximately 15 seconds before rolling them.
Churros are served best when warm.
If you will fry the churros in oil that is not hot enough, they will become soft and will not get their crispy texture.
How to reheat churros?
As churros are fried food, it tastes best when served warm and fresh. If you have some leftover churros or made them ahead of time, you can reheat them in a preheated oven at 400 degrees Fahrenheit for 5 to 10 minutes.
If you are reheating churros in a microwave, wrap them in a paper towel and place them on a plate. Then heat them for 1 minute. Reheat if the churros aren’t warm enough after one minute.
Need more comforting chocolate? Pair these churros with the Galaxy Gas Nitrous Recipe: Special Hot Chocolate! | https://www.shopgalaxygas.com/blogs/recipes/churros-with-chocolate-mousse |
Deep brain stimulation sites for OCD target distinct symptoms
Philadelphia, March 7, 2019 -- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) reduces symptoms of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during stimulation of either the ventral capsule (VC) or anteromedial subthalamic nucleus (amSTN), according to a study in Biological Psychiatry. DBS of the regions reduced OCD symptoms to a similar extent, but produced distinct effects on specific symptoms--VC stimulation drastically improved mood, whereas amSTN stimulation in the same patients improved cognitive flexibility. The findings suggest that both regions are effective DBS sites for treating OCD, and that unique brain networks targeted in each region underlie specific symptoms of the disorder.
"This is the first study to compare directly the effects of DBS at two brain sites and has discovered important information about the brain changes in OCD responsible for obsessions and compulsions, depressed mood and cognitive inflexibility and how they might be alleviated," said senior author Eileen Joyce, PhD, The Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
Using tractography to map the brain regions that were activated by DBS, Dr. Joyce and colleagues found that the different effects of VC and amSTN stimulation appeared to arise from DBS modulation of different brain networks. This finding provides clues as to the roles that those specific brain regions play in OCD, and has potentially important implications for treatment.
"The notion that particular OCD symptom clusters might particularly benefit from stimulation of distinct brain sites raises the possibility of bringing a precision medicine approach to deep brain stimulation," said John Krystal, MD, Editor of Biological Psychiatry. "It also raises the question of whether multiple brain stimulation sites might be required to produce the broadest profile of efficacy," he added. However, in the study, combined DBS of both sites did not produce substantially greater effects than either of the sites individually.
"Deep brain stimulation is an emerging treatment for a small number of individuals with extremely severe OCD whose condition has not responded to multiple courses of currently available treatments such as medication or cognitive behavioral therapy," said Dr. Joyce. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for many people with OCD, but when combined with DBS in the study, it did not further enhance the symptom improvements produced by DBS.
For people with severe OCD whose symptoms don't improve with the standard treatment methods, the findings show that DBS of VC or amSTN are equally effective and have unique effects for specific symptoms.
The study was supported by UK Medical Research Council and The Wellcome Trust.
The authors' affiliations and disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available in the article.
John H. Krystal, MD, is Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine, Chief of Psychiatry at Yale-New Haven Hospital, and a research psychiatrist at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. His disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available here.
AboutBiological Psychiatry Biological Psychiatry is the official journal of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, whose purpose is to promote excellence in scientific research and education in fields that investigate the nature, causes, mechanisms and treatments of disorders of thought, emotion, or behavior. In accord with this mission, this peer-reviewed, rapid-publication, international journal publishes both basic and clinical contributions from all disciplines and research areas relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of major psychiatric disorders.
The journal publishes novel results of original research which represent an important new lead or significant impact on the field, particularly those addressing genetic and environmental risk factors, neural circuitry and neurochemistry, and important new therapeutic approaches. Reviews and commentaries that focus on topics of current research and interest are also encouraged.
Biological Psychiatry is one of the most selective and highly cited journals in the field of psychiatric neuroscience. It is ranked 6th out of 142 Psychiatry titles and 9th out of 261 Neurosciences titles in the Journal Citations Reports® published by Clarivate Analytics. The 2017 Impact Factor score for Biological Psychiatry is 11.982. http://www.sobp.org/journal
About Elsevier Elsevier is a global information analytics business that helps institutions and professionals advance healthcare, open science and improve performance for the benefit of humanity. Elsevier provides digital solutions and tools in the areas of strategic research management, R&D performance, clinical decision support and professional education, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciVal, ClinicalKey and Sherpath. Elsevier publishes over 2,500 digitized journals, including The Lancet and Cell, more than 38,000 e-book titles and many iconic reference works, including Gray's Anatomy. Elsevier is part of RELX Group, a global provider of information and analytics for professionals and business customers across industries. http://www.elsevier.com
Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. | |
Muslim Association College of Engineering (MACE) will have a transformative impact on society through continual innovation in education, research, creativity and entrepreneurship. It will meet the global competitive expectations of a rapidly changing technology driven society and mould a generation of innovative leaders with commitment and confidence.
To create an educational experience for students focused on deep disciplinary knowledge, problem solving, leadership, communication and interpersonal skills. To cultivate a transformative college community committed to a free exchange of ideas and a collaborative environment where critical and creative innovation and entrepreneurship can flourish in which students can achieve their full potential. To impart an education that triggers the holistic development of the student and makes him a responsible citizen. | http://mace.edu.in/ |
Limerick’s citizens are being asked to share their opinions on how the city can best connect to its greatest asset, the River Shannon.
Limerick City and County Council in conjunction with SAUL, School of Architecture, University of Limerick is hosting the second week of the Living Limerick: City Engage series, a new consultation process designed to collect people’s thoughts, hopes and opinions about living in Limerick. The latest City Engage focuses on gathering local knowledge and aspirations for the Riverway/ Footbridge proposals.
The next week of events focuses on the Riverway and takes place from April 25 to 28.
Rosie Webb, Senior Architect with Limerick City and County Council said: “City Engage is all about listening to people and incorporating their views into the overall plans for the city. The first ever Living Limerick: City Engage event in March which focused on plans for O’Connell Street was very well attended and we were able to collect many interesting ideas and opinions. We aim to build on that momentum with the next series of City Engage events. We’re holding a range of events throughout the week that allow people to choose a time that suits them to engage with Limerick City and County Council and to give their views about the Riverways.”
Professor Merritt Bucholz from the University of Limerick added: “We want to help Limerick build an accessible vision of a great city. Using physical models and prototypes we will help people understand how they can help build a city they want in a way they understand. These events aim provide an open door to the design of the city and a really new way to get great ideas for its future from the people who know it best!”
City Engage: Riverway week begins on Tuesday, April 25. All events are free and open to the public.
Events: | https://www.limerickpost.ie/2017/04/18/local-council-wants-opinion-riverway-footbridge-proposals/ |
355 P.2d 420 (1959)
Sam TOWNLEY, Plaintiff in Error,
v.
STATE of Oklahoma, Defendant in Error.
No. A-12665.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Oklahoma.
September 30, 1959.
On Rehearing September 14, 1960.
Miskovsky & Miscovsky, Oklahoma City, for plaintiff in error.
Mac Q. Williamson, Atty. Gen., Sam H. Lattimore, Asst. Atty. Gen., J.W. (Bill) Berry, County Atty., Oklahoma City, for defendant in error.
*425 NIX, Judge.
The plaintiff in error, Sam Townley, who shall hereinafter be referred to as the defendant, was convicted in the District Court of Oklahoma County upon an information charging the defendant with the crime of assault with a dangerous weapon. He was tried before a jury who found the defendant guilty, but could not agree upon the punishment and left the same to be fixed by the trial judge, who sentenced defendant to the state penitentiary for a term of eighteen (18) months.
The defendant properly lodged his appeal in this court seeking reversal upon nine assignments of error, innumerated and stated as follows:
"1. The verdict is contrary to law and evidence adduced during the trial and the court committed error in overruling defendant's demurrer to the evidence.
"2. Several members of the jury were subjected, in the course of the trial, to influences of a prejudiced and biased person, to-wit: one Howard K. Berry, attorney at law, and counsel for prosecuting witness in the civil damage suit, who is also the brother of the prosecuting official.
"3. The court committed error in ruling upon evidence during the course of the trial.
"4. The county attorney made improper, inflammatory, and grossly prejudicial remarks during the course of oral argument.
"5. The proceedings were interrupted by improper, prejudicial, inflammatory, and biased exclamations of a spectator.
"6. The court committed error in denying defendant's Motion and Affidavit for Continuance, forcing him to trial in the absence of a material eye-witness.
"7. During the progress of the trial, and on at least one occasion, prisoners clad in jail garb were paraded in the court room under heavy escort of armed guards in the presence and in plain view of the jury.
"8. The court failed to admonish the jurors not to read the newspaper accounts of the proceedings. That, in the course of the trial, and upon submission of this cause, several of the jurors read imperfect, inaccurate, and incorrect newspaper reports of the trial, appealing to the passion and prejudice of readers, and containing adverse comments on the probable guilt of the accused; said jurors were improperly and erroneously permitted to bring said newspapers into the jury room during their deliberation upon the verdict.
*426 "9. Defendant was deprived of the right to have the trial court consider and determine his application for suspended sentence in the exercise of sound, lawful, and legal discretion, unimpaired by and free from injection of considerations not sanctioned by law, and that said deprivation constituted denial of due process and equal protections of the laws under the State and Federal constitutions."
Though some of the contentions of error are without merit and do not justify discussion herein, there are some assertions that have given the court much concern. Before engaging discussion as to these advancements, it will require a brief recital of the facts from which the case arose. Counsel for defendant is to be commended upon the presentation of a good brief and therein contained is an accurate summary of the testimony. The state has not filed a brief in this case, thus the summary is not questioned. It adheres closely to the transcript of the testimony and is worthy of recital:
"In its evidence in chief, the state produced the following witnesses: Bill Billingsley, the victim of the alleged assault; Geneva Montgomery Billingsley, the then girl friend of said victim, and later his wife; and Sherman Brown, a deputy sheriff of Oklahoma county.
Bill Billingsley testified, in substance, on direct examination, as follows:
A slight disagreement developed between him and his girl friend on the night of this alleged crime; while having this discord, Billingsley drove east on Reno Street, in Oklahoma City, turning right into South Eckroat, and then drove about twenty yards south to a point where he parked his car. Approximately fifteen minutes later, an automobile came from the west, heading east, "got right behind us," then slowed down to about four or five miles an hour. When the other car was positioned directly parallel to that of Billingsley, a firecracker, or cherry bomb, was thrown out of it, which exploded, making "a bit of noise."
Billingsley further testified that he continued at the same position for another ten minutes, when he saw lights of a car coming from behind and from the same direction as before. It looked like the same car that had passed him previously. Seeing this car, Billingsley turned the ignition switch and then did start his automobile. The other car came by at a slow speed and another firecracker or cherry bomb was thrown therefrom. The witness (Billingsley), set his automobile in motion, in pursuit of the other car, overtook it, and then positioned his automobile directly in front of the other to block and prevent its forward passage. Putting his gear in reverse, witness alighted from his car, and walked back to the other automobile, to the driver's side thereof:
"And I walked back to the car and I opened the door and as I opened it, I got about a few words, `what are you doing', or `what are you doing that for', something like that, just a few words, when I saw the fellow in the front seat sort of swing towards me just a little bit and his body kinder twisted towards the door with a gun in his hand. Had it down about his mid-section and just about then the gun was discharged and it struck me in the abdomen, and I called back to Geneva and told her that I had been shot, and then I tried to walk back to the car and I fell on my knees and from then on I was pretty hazy I don't know much about what happened I didn't know what went on. * * *
"Q. (By county attorney) What is the next independent recollection you have while you were on the ground? A. (By Billingsley) Well Geneva and Sam Townley had me up to this house and were trying to get me in the door and a fellow came to the door I believe his name was Turley and they got me in the house, and I am not sure, but I believe they put me on the divan and geneva tried to call in but, for some reason, she couldn't get ahold of the ambulance and she said then she *427 would just take me in my car and I believe that then she and Sam Townley both helped me out of the house and she got me on the car and I was in the back seat and she took me on to Mercy Hospital in my car."
In his further testimony Billingsley related that he did not know the defendant at the time of the incident, but recognized him now as being the defendant, Sam Townley.
On cross-examination the same witness (Billingsley) testified in substance, as follows:
He did not see any firecracker and did not know where it was thrown; all he knew about it is that he heard the explosion sound. Neither he nor his girl friend were hit by the firecracker. He further stated that at the time of the incident he was dressed in a pair of slacks and without any upper apparel, and that the lights of his parked automobile were not on. First, the witness explained he turned the engine on the second time he saw the other car "to get out of there" if there was going to be some trouble, but on further cross-examination could not explain if and when he changed his mind "about getting out of there." After setting his automobile in motion, witness admitted he "got in front of him (Townley) so he could not get around", but there wasn't anything to keep him (Billingsley) from moving forward or leaving the scene. Although witness recognized the occupant of the other car as Ed Blancett and thought the whole incident was a practical joke, he came over to the defendant's side of the automobile (the driver's side), opened the door, and proceeded to advance toward the driver, "starting to stick his head in." He was not, nor did he feel himself in danger, until he opened the door and advanced toward the defendant. Billingsley stoutly denied "jerking" the door open and trying to drag the defendant out of the car:
"Q. But there wouldn't have been any reason at all, at that time, why you could not have gone on and had no trouble? A. No, sir."
Sherman Brown, a deputy sheriff of Oklahoma county, testified as follows:
He made an investigation of the incident. Pursuant to the call, he went to the Mercy Hospital, and talked to Sam Townley about the facts of the incident: Sam Townley told him:
"And, he (Sam Townley) and this here Ed Blancett were going home, going down South of the Townley Dairy and they drove down there that there had been some parking down there and they thought they would have some fun; and, so, they drove down the road and throwed a firecracker over this car; and turned around and come back and throwed another firecracker over this car; and that at this time this boy started chasing them and hemmed them up; and when he hemmed them up down there he got out and come back to the car where Samuel was at, and opened the car door and said, `What the hell's going on here?'; and Samuel said, `I told him to stand back, stand back, I've got a gun.' and, he said, `about that time the gun went off. I don't remember pulling the trigger.'"
On cross-examination, by counsel for defendant, Sherman Brown admitted that defendant told him he did not intend to shoot the victim, and that he did not remember pulling the trigger. The deputy sheriff was satisfied with and certain of the statement Sam Townley gave him, as being "the truth"; defendant told the deputy he threw the firecracker over the car, and not at the car. A report was made in the sheriff's office, which Sherman Brown identified, and after considerable questioning, admitted that the report "is as accurate as you could get it."
The report contains this statement of the incident:
"* * * and in the scuffle which followed, Billingsley was shot with a Beretta caliber 6.3, * * *"
The testimony of Geneva Montgomery, now Billingsley, was substantially as follows:
*428 The car parked by Billingsley was headed north, the other car, defendant's car, came from the south going north; the firecracker landed by the door; she didn't know what went on after Billingsley alighted from the car in which she was a passenger until she heard Billingsley shout, "Geneva, this guy shot me." Geneva corroborated the testimony previously given by Bill Billingsley to the effect that neither the car nor Bill and Geneva were hurt by the firecrackers; that Bill Billingsley blocked Sam Townley's passage, preventing him from being able to go forward. Sam helped the victim to the nearest house (Turley home) where they laid Billingsley on the divan. (Defense testimony)
Richard Starkey was at the home of his sister, Mrs. Ray Hawthorne, on the night of the incident and the following morning; he was awakened by the screeching of brakes or tires. The witness was asleep in the kitchen next to the door on the east side of the house. The door was open, there was only a screen door. Upon awakening, Richard looked out through the screen door, saw two cars, one of which "had the other car pulled off the road;" a man jumped out of the front car, slammed the door, ran back to the second car, or the car behind, pulled the door open and started to pull the man out of the second car. While on his way to the second car, Starkey heard the man scream: "Get out of that car you G.D.S.O.B.". After there was a scuffle between the two men, he heard a shot; next, witness saw one man helping the other towards the Turley home. The first time Starkey saw a girl was when the two men were proceeding to the Turley house. The girl was beating one man in the back with both fists. He heard the two men scuffling on the gravel.
Nan Turley states she lives at 603 Eckroat; on the night of the incident, she was awakened by a loud muffler noise; she looked out the window; saw a car parked in front of her house; she heard a noise which she thought was a firecracker explosion; there was a lot of "hollering and cursing going on" while the two men were approaching her house; then the defendant and the victim, accompanied by Geneva Montgomery, now Billingsley, came into the house Sam was holding the victim's arms. Sam Townley was helpful and offered aid to the victim.
Mrs. Sue McGowan testified she heard a car screech to a halt and then a loud commotion going on; then she heard a shot, but couldn't understand any of the conversation that preceded it. Following the sound of a shot, she heard someone saying: "You shot me." Then a woman's voice was heard by witness several times, saying: "Come back here you S.O.B." Thereafter, Mrs. McGowan saw three figures going towards the Turley house.
Mrs. Ray Hawthorne, the sister of Richard Starkey, testified she was living in the third house from the south next to the scene of the incident on the night of the 13th of July, 1956; she heard some brakes screeching. About five minutes afterwards, she saw a man get out of the front car, and she heard a shot. Following the shot, she heard a man say: "You shot me, you S.O.B."
Robert Turley was at his home on the night of the incident. His attention was attracted by the racing of car motors. He got up and looked out of the window, and next heard the screeching of brakes. He heard a lot of profanity and loud noises, and then a sound, which he thought was a firecracker explosion. After getting up, he saw three figures coming toward his house. Sam Townley, and Geneva Montgomery, now Billingsley, brought the victim into his home.
Bob McGowan was at his home on the morning of the incident. He was awakened by a "kind of explosion." When he got up, he saw two figures start towards Turley's home. Afterwards, witness proceeded to the Turley home, where he saw Billingsley seated on a divan; Geneva Montgomery was making a telephone call while Bob Turley and Sam Townley were examining Billingsley. Sam and Geneva helped the victim from Turley's home back *429 to Billingsley's car; Sam Townley wanted to drive the victim to the hospital, but Geneva would not let him do it.
The statement of Ed Blancett was read to the jury. Therein it was set forth:
Blancett was a passenger in Sam Townley's automobile. At 1:30 a.m. July 14, 1956, he and Sam Townley passed a parked automobile that was apparently unoccupied. The first time they passed the automobile, they were going in the direction opposite to that in which the other car was headed. After defendant passed the other automobile, the defendant threw a firecracker, and did not see anybody in the car. Defendant and Ed Blancett drove back and again saw the car still parked at the same place. They could see no one in the car as they approached. This time defendant was going in the same direction as the parked car was headed. Another firecracker was thrown by Townley, and exploded eight to ten feet away from the parked automobile. Thereafter, the parked car's lights were suddenly turned on. The parked automobile proceeded in pursuit of the Townley car. Billingsley overtook the Townley car, sped ahead, stopping in the middle of the road directly in front of the Townley car, preventing its forward passage. Billingsley jumped out of his car, rushed back to defendant's car, cursing in a loud voice. On approaching Townley's automobile, Billingsley jerked open the door on Townley's side of the car. Townley told Billingsley to stand back and leave him alone. Billingsley grabbed Townley and began dragging him out of the car. The two men scuffled and while so scuffling, the gun discharged, wounding Billingsley. Townley attempted to render assistance and aid to Billingsley. Blancett was the only person present, other than Townley and Billingsley during the shooting incident.
Sam A. Townley, the defendant, testified that he was 20 years of age on July 14, 1956, when the incident occurred. On the night of the incident he drove with Ed Blancett east on Reno street in Oklahoma City, and then straight south into South Eckroat. While so driving in a southerly direction, defendant observed a car parked approximately by 603 South Eckroat. The parked automobile was about eighty feet north of the corner of Southeast Eighth Street. There were no lights on the parked car. As defendant drove by, he looked in the car and did not see anyone therein. While passing the same, he threw a cherry bomb or firecracker back of the car, which he had kept in the glove compartment since the preceding 4th of July. In the glove compartment defendant also had a Beretta pistol, the same having been placed there after a target practice during the month of May before the incident.
After passing the Billingsley car, defendant drove on up Grand Boulevard to Southeast Fourth Street. He asked Blancett to look back and see if the lights of the parked automobile were on; not seeing anything, Blancett suggested that they go back there to see if there was anyone in the automobile. Another firecracker was handed to defendant by Ed Blancett, which Townley threw out by the parked automobile. At that moment, defendant suddenly heard the engine of the parked automobile roaring and the headlights flashed on. The other car sped in pursuit, overtook the defendant's automobile, then swerved sharply to the right, directly in front of the defendant, blocking his forward passage, and causing him to stop, just slightly north of the front of the Turley house. A man alighted from the automobile, whom defendant later learned to be Billingsley. Yelling, "Get out of the car, you G.D.S.O.B.", Billingsley slammed the door of his automobile, preceding toward the defendant. Defendant shouted, "Stand back, stand back, I have got a gun." As Billingsley approached the Townley car, he grabbed the front door on the driver's side, jerked the same open, yelled, "Come on out", and attempted to pull the defendant around and out of the car. Trying to brace himself and pull away from the assailant, Sam Townley was holding the gun in his left hand and behind his back; he was trying to drop in behind the seat before he was *430 dragged out of the car. Ere he could free himself from Billingsley, he was spun or pulled around, and the gun discharged.
After the gun incident, Geneva Montgomery and defendant helped the victim toward the Turley house. Geneva was hysterical, pounding her fists on the back of the defendant.
Jack Rose, another deputy sheriff, testified for the state on rebuttal. The defendant told him he did not intend to shoot Billingsley; didn't know when he shot him; the gun "went off."
Officer E.W. McCumber testified on rebuttal the defendant told him as follows:
"There had been people hanging around my grandfather's property that I didn't think should be there."
Upon this set of facts arose the case at bar. The summary related herein does not portray the acts of criminals, but reveals a tragedy created by the impetuous, reckless, and distorted judgment of thrill seeking young people in utter disregard of reason and good counsel. It has been said that every period of life has its peculiar temptations and dangers, but youth is the time when we are most likely to be ensnared. Soul sickening indeed is the sad spectacle of youth idling away the springtime of his existence, and not only losing the benefit of time, but wasting in the formation of evil habits those hours in which he might clothe himself with the provisions for a stable future and happy life. The province of this court is not dissipated in determining the elements of blame and in what proportion it should be shared; that was a question for the jury who shouldered the responsibility and decided that in favor of the prosecuting witness. The defendant here committed a cowardly, dangerous, and stupid act in engaging in the present day deplorable past-time of throwing fire crackers at occupants of other cars. Such act carries with it the potential loss of sight, hearing, or permanent disfigurement. No justification can be offered in defense of such action, nor can it be explained within bounds of reason. It is inexcusable and completely void of understanding. On the other hand it does not afford to the recipient any provocation for him to take the law into his own hands and become the aggressor for the purpose of revenge. It should in every instance be a matter for the police. Whether or not the prosecuting witness invoked his wound by taking the law into his own hands or whether he became the aggressor, and whether the defendant had a right to later defend the attack of the recipient of the firecracker episode, likewise, was a question for the jury which was decided against the defendant. It was wrong, inexcusable, and merits the greatest condemnation to have thrown the firecracker. Likewise, it was wrong for the recipient to take the law into his own hands and pursue the defendant, block his path of escape and attempt to pull him from the car and this is in no manner condoned. It would have been much better judgment to have taken down his license number, reported it to the police and let the law pursue its course. The jury no doubt thought these matters were of great concern as they were unable to agree upon any degree of punishment.
We have thoroughly considered each of defendant's contentions of error and though some of these assertions constitute close questions of law, we have failed to find sufficient error in the record to require reversal.
The first assignment states that the verdict is contrary to law and that the court committed error in overruling defendant's demurrer to the evidence. With this we do not agree. True, there is a conflict in the testimony as to certain elements of the crime. However, there is substantial evidence if believed by the jury to justify their verdict as to the guilt of the defendant. It is uncontradicted that defendant had in his possession a pistol; that he fired the shot that wounded the victim. The justification of his action in so doing and the degree of provocation was determined by the jury. Nevertheless, there was evidence of the material elements of the crime upon which the jury could find their verdict. *431 This court has often held as was stated in the case of Coats v. State, 90 Okl.Cr. 217, 212 P.2d 141, 142, 214 P.2d 455:
"Where the evidence is conflicting, the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witness is for the jury, and the Criminal Court of Appeals will not substitute its judgment for that of the jury where there is evidence reasonably tending to support the conclusion arrived at by the jury."
The testimony afforded ample cause to justify the court in overruling the demurrer and submitting said cause to a jury.
Proposition number two presented by the defendant is of great concern to the court. It is of a serious nature and requires earnest discussion. It is contended by the defendant that at the conclusion of the evidence the court called a thirty minute recess at which time witness William G. Paul saw an attorney who represented the prosecuting witness in a civil action arising out of the shooting, talking with two of the jurors, W.C. Hasty and J.K. Monroe. Mr. Paul testified that after this came into his view, the jurors then split up, and discontinued their conversation. It is well to here state that the prosecuting witness brought suit against the defendant for damages resulting from wounds inflicted by the defendant, in the amount of $125,000. The attorney seen talking to these two jurors was the attorney of record for the plaintiff in that action. Witness Paul did not hear any of the conversation but was very positive in his statement as to seeing the attorney and jurors engaged in conversation. His exact statement was as follows:
"By Mr. William G. Paul: Approximately ten or fifteen minutes after the Court recessed for a 30 minute period I was walking down the corridor immediately outside of the door to Judge Wallace's courtroom and, as I turned the corner to approach the elevator, I observed Howard K. Berry engaged in conversation with two of the male jurors, sitting in the case now on trial, whose names are William C. Hasty and J.K. Monroe."
"I do not know how long they had been engaged in conversation only they were talking when I first observed them. I do not know what they were saying and I did not hear a word. After about 3 or 4 seconds the two jurors left together to get in the elevator and Mr. Berry walked down the hall. He remained on the 5th floor.
"Mr. Howard K. Berry is attorney for William Billingsley Bill Billingsley the prosecuting witness, in a controversy with Townley in a civil action for damages Montgomerys and Billingsleys against the Townley Dairy and Sam A. Townley.
"By Mr. Crowe: Comes now the defendant, at the close of the testimony, before the case is submitted to the jury, and moved the court to discharge the jury and declare a mistrial in this cause and grant the defendant a new trial."
"By the Court: It will be overruled. Exception allowed."
The record is completely void of any denial that such conversation took place. It is void of denial in that the attorney who engaged in such conversation was an attorney for the prosecuting witness who had instituted a civil suit against the defendant for damages arising out of the incident which is the substance of the case at bar. It is further contended that the attorney was a prominent and well known attorney and brother to the county attorney who prosecuted this action. He could have been easily produced as a witness. The trial judge in overruling the motion for a mistrial no doubt relied upon the decisions of this court stating the rule as adopted in the case of Cox v. State, Okl.Cr., 283 P.2d 545, 557:
"Before the final submission of a case the legal presumption is that the jurors performed their duty in accordance with the oath they have taken, and that presumption is not overcome by proof of the mere fact that during an *432 adjournment of the trial the jurors were permitted to separate. The defendant must affirmatively show that by reason thereof he was denied a fair and impartial trial, or that his substantial rights were prejudiced."
It is to be noted that the same case makes a distinction as to the burden of proof before and after final submission. It is conceded by abundant authority and numerous decisions that after final submission that separation of the jury or any action subjecting them to outside influence is presumed to prejudice the defendant and the burden is upon the state to prove otherwise. Before final submission the courts are clear upon the matter of separation; that the burden of proof is upon the defendant to show prejudice or denial of a fair trial. In the instant case the charge was made by witness Paul and neither the state nor defendant assumed the burden of proof. Neither the two jurors nor the attorney were called by either side to testify as to what was actually said or what transpired during the conversation. Apparently no effort was made. The trial judge was without help from state or defendant on determining the issue. This court said in the case of Smith v. State, 19 Okl.Cr. 14, 197 P. 514:
"While this court does not approve of a juror, while serving as such, having conversation by phone with outside persons, and with janitors or other persons, than the jurors, being in the jury room with the jury without authority of the court and consent of the defendant, to entitle the defendant to a new trial on account thereof, it must be made to appear that an injustice was done the defendant by such conversations * * *."
See also Proctor v. State, 22 Okl.Cr. 445, 211 P. 1057; Johnson v. State, 26 Okl.Cr. 339, 223 P. 890. The proper rule seems to be well stated in 39 Am.Jur. 114, § 100:
"Even in criminal cases a new trial ordinarily will not be granted if there is nothing to show that the communication between the jury and the witness was improper or that the party complaining was prejudiced thereby."
It appears from a review of this issue that the trial judge acted within the scope of his discretion in the absence of any effort to show that defendant was prejudiced thereby. The incident at the most appears suspicious but is not of sufficient consequence to constitute misconduct of a prima facie nature.
This court does not intend to approve or condone such an occurrence even though it may have been of little consequence and purely coincidental. Your writer agrees that it is of the utmost importance that triers who pass upon the lives and liberties of men should so act that no possible suspicion can attach to them of having been in a position where improper influence, prejudicial to the accused or in his favor, may have operated on their minds.
It is to be noted in the transcript that there is recorded a stipulation by the attorney that the jury would not be kept together during the trial and would be permitted to separate during recess and other times when sent from the court room. In such matters the court is given broad discretion and since the incident was not misconduct of a prima facie nature and in the absence of any indication that the defendant was prejudiced thereby, we are prone to sustain the trial court in its ruling. It cannot be fairly said that the incident, in absence of any showing to the contrary, triumphed over the obligations assumed by the jurors on entering the jury box to listen to and fairly weigh the whole evidence.
Defendant next complains that the court committed error in ruling upon evidence during the course of the trial. It appears from the record that Geneva Montgomery, a witness for the state, testified that Sam Townley, the defendant, kept her from calling the police immediately, of the shooting, while at the Turley home. On direct examination of Mrs. Turley, counsel for the defendant, in an attempt to impeach *433 Geneva Montgomery, now Billingsley, asked the following question:
"Q. Now right there Mrs. Turley she said I want to ask you if, at any time that night, Sam said, "Don't call the police."
The question was objected to by the state and sustained by the court. This contention of error is not well founded as the court upon sustaining the objection also admonished the witness and counsel to "just state the conversation." Counsel did not rephrase his question but the evidence desired was adequately produced by additional cross-examination. The question was leading and suggestive and the court was correct in his ruling and counsel for defense obtained the desired results by further examination of the witness. This did not constitute an exclusion of evidence but merely an attempt by the trial judge to require counsel to properly state his question in line with the rules of evidence.
Defendant urges as his assignment of error number four that while the county attorney was examining state witness Geneva Montgomery, who had just testified that she moved to Oklahoma City in 1950 and had been familiar with the Eckroat Road between 1950-53, that her mother who was a spectator, arose from her seat and motioned her handkerchief and asked "if she might see Mr. Berry" and stated that they didn't move to Oklahoma City until 1953.
The court called a recess at the request of the defendant and admonished the spectator not to pursue such course of conduct. Counsel moved for a mistrial upon these grounds and the motion was properly overruled. We cannot earnestly attach any significance to this assertion of error as the interruption does not reflect any degree of damage to the defendant's rights; as a matter of fact, it was in his favor as the mother's outburst impeached her daughter who was then testifying for the state.
Where such incidents occur and where it appears spontaneous and outside control of the court it must be apparent that such remarks were prejudicial to the right of the defendant to require reversal. Such is not the case here.
Defendant complains error was committed by the court denying defendant's motion and affidavit for continuance, forcing him to trial in the absence of a material witness. The testimony reveals that Edward A. Blancett was an eye witness to the altercation and a very material witness for the defendant, and at the time of trial was serving his country in the U.S. Army in South Korea. A close review of the record shows that an application for continuance was filed by the defendant on November 6, 1956, based upon the grounds that the material witness was absent by reason of army service. Said continuance was granted by the trial court and said case stricken from the docket and reset on the January docket, 1957. Another motion for continuance was filed on January 31, 1957 by one of the attorneys of record, Mr. Robert L. Bailey, who was, at the time, rendering service as a state legislator and for the reason, the case was continued until 30 days after adjournment of the legislature.
On October 29, 1957 an additional motion for continuance was filed upon the grounds that said witness was still in the armed service and was not available to testify. Attached to said motion was a statement as to what said witness could expect to say if he were present. Said continuance was granted and the case stricken from the trial docket with instructions that defense counsel begin an immediate inquiry of the Adjutant General of the United States to ascertain when said witness could be available. The defense was given 45 days to obtain the information and make it available to the county attorney's office. Defendant filed another application for continuance on the 14th day of February. However, said application shows to have been subscribed to on the date of trial February 17, 1958. The record is silent as to any action taken in said application. However, in the statement of the progress of the proceeding after the conviction, the *434 records reflect that said application was overruled on the 17th day of February, the date of trial. The record does not reflect that a hearing was had. No testimony was taken nor report made as was ordered by the trial judge when the last continuance was granted. The record does not show that the application was urged other than by the affidavit for continuance subscribed to on the day of trial. It was stipulated between the attorneys for the defense and the state that the statement of the absent witness' testimony could be introduced in evidence. This court has consistently held that the granting of a continuance is within the sound discretion of the trial court and unless there is an abuse of that discretion, his ruling will not be disturbed by this court. We fail to see where the court abused its discretion in the instant case by denying the fourth application for continuance.
Defendant next contends that during the progress of the trial one of the assistant county attorneys proceeded in open court and in the presence of the Townley jury while they were sitting in the box, to bring prisoners before the court attired in prison clothes. That Mr. Theus, the assistant county attorney, presented them to the trial judge, who received their pleas of guilty and passed sentence upon them. The only witness presented to support this contention was Mr. Theus, who testified he brought several prisoners before the court to enter their guilty pleas and receive their sentences. However, he did not remember whether or not the jury was in the box at the time. If said incident happened in the presence of the jury there was no objection made and as far as the record is concerned, there is no proof that this actually took place in the presence of the jury. Therefore, the proof is not sufficient to bring this question squarely before the court. It is well, however, to advise the trial courts that the practice of interrupting trials for the purpose of accepting pleas from other defendants should be abandoned. It should never be done in the presence of a jury engaged in the trial of a criminal case. A defendant is entitled to his day in court free from outside influence or impressions psychological or otherwise, that may tend to distract from the case at hand. Accepting guilty pleas and rendering sentences thereon before a jury selected to try another law suit, may tend to fix in their minds degrees of punishment by the power of suggestion. It may create sympathy for those without attorneys to the detriment of a defendant represented by able counsel. It may destroy the presumption of innocence to which the defendant is entitled and portray a court room as a place for those accused of crime to receive sentence, instead of a temple of justice to determine guilt or innocence by a fair and impartial trial before a just and unbiased jury. If a court docket is so congested that pleas must be received and sentences awarded during the progress of a trial, a recess should be taken and the jury removed from the court room during such proceedings so that sending a defendant to prison will never appear mill run routine or customary to a trier of the liberties of man.
The next contention on the part of the defendant complains about failure of the trial court to admonish the jury not to read the newspaper accounts of the proceedings. That in the course of the trial, several of the jurors read imperfect and incorrect newspaper reports of the trial. We are prone to disregard this assertion of error in view of the fact that the trial judge in the course of the trial admonished the jury six times as to their obligation as jurors not to discuss the case with any person or form any opinion as to guilt or innocence. Counsel, at no time, objected or offered suggestions as to additional admonitions. The first time the question was raised was on the motion for a new trial. If defendant was not satisfied with the admonition given by the court he should have called it to the court's attention, especially in view of the liberal stipulations entered into at the outset of the trial; said stipulation appearing as follows:
"Let the record show that it is stipulated by counsel for the state and defendant, *435 in open court, that the jury may not be kept together during the trial of this cause, but that they may be allowed to separate during recesses, or when sent from the court room during discussion as to legal questions, or otherwise, under proper admonition of the court."
The counsel for defense had ample opportunity to suggest such admonition had they desired so to do. We agree that the best policy is to keep from the jury any newspaper containing an account of the trial. Yet defense counsel should not remain silent while laying behind the log on a technicality upon which they attempt to rely for reversal.
The last contention of the defendant is that he was deprived the right to have the trial court consider and determine his application for suspended sentence in the exercise of sound, lawful, and legal discretion, and that said denial constituted a denial of due process and equal protection of the laws under the state and federal constitution. The record in this regard reflects that a very lengthy hearing was had before the trial court upon a motion for a new trial. After said motion was overruled counsel for the defense offered evidence in mitigation of sentence and punishment. The defendant testified that he was a senior at the University of Oklahoma in furtherance of his education. That he had never been convicted of any felony or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude. That he lived with his mother and father except during school months at which time he lived in a campus dormitory for upper classmen. That he was 20 years old at the time of the altercation.
Approximately 100 letters were presented to the trial judge in behalf of defendant for a suspended sentence. The letters were from many well known and prominent people. They included letters from school teachers who had taught the defendant both in elementary and college as well as preachers, merchants, doctors of medicine, dentists, contractors, Dean of the University, housewife, laymen and lawyers. Seven members of the jury wrote the trial judge recommending a suspended sentence. The victim of the altercation wrote a lengthy letter recommending a suspended sentence advising the court that he had been compensated for his damage by settlement of the civil law suit filed by him against Townley. The lawyer representing the prosecuting witness recommended to the trial judge that a suspended sentence be given in view of the circumstances surrounding the offense and that the $125,000 civil suit had been satisfactorily settled.
The attorneys are to be commended in compiling an abundance of evidence, letters and recommendations in their proof that the defendant was eligible for a suspended sentence. The evidence on the part of the defendant is conclusive and stands uncontradicted that young Townley was of previous good character and had no previous conviction. Though defense counsel presented an abundance of testimony in support of their plea for a suspended sentence, the county attorney offered no proof in refutation thereof except his oral argument against probation with the prime assertion that neither he nor his force had ever recommended a suspended sentence in a case involving the shooting of one by another. There can be no doubt that the trial court had before him sufficient facts to grant a suspended sentence had he so desired until Title 22 O.S.A. § 991:
"Whenever any person shall be convicted in any court of record for any crime other than murder, manslaughter or arson, the Judge trying said cause may, after sentence, suspend said judgment and sentence and allow said person so convicted to be released upon his own recognizance * * * provided, that no such person shall be so released, who, has not, prior thereto, borne a good reputation, or who may have been prior thereto, convicted of a felony in any state or territory."
However, the learned trial judge was acting within his province in not granting the *436 suspended sentence. This court has held in numerous cases that the granting of a suspended sentence is discretionary with the trial court, and the Court of Criminal Appeals will not interfere with exercises of that discretion. See Neeley v. State, Okl.Cr., 277 P.2d 217; Voegel v. State, Okl.Cr., 277 P.2d 215; Leasure v. State, Okl.Cr., 275 P.2d 344; Shannon v. State, 97 Okl.Cr. 18, 256 P.2d 475.
This court has further held in the case of Ex parte Swain, 88 Okl.Cr. 235, 202 P.2d 223, 227, that:
"Only those persons coming within terms of [this section (991-992) OSA Title 22,] are eligible for suspended sentence, but they have no right to demand it: and it may not be granted then except at discretion of court."
Also see Stone v. State, 86 Okl.Cr. 1, 188 P.2d 875; State v. Humphrey, 85 Okl.Cr. 153, 186 P.2d 664. In a 1955 case, Abbitt v. State, Okl.Cr., 282 P.2d 246, 247, the court said:
"The matter of suspending or not suspending a sentence rests entirely within the discretion of the trial court."
The final argument and contention of the defendant is that the trial judges of Oklahoma County have adopted a policy that only those defendants who enter a plea of guilty are eligible for a suspended sentence and in support thereof submit a certified copy of the court docket from January 1, 1954 to December 24, 1958 listing all cases where the defendant was granted a suspended sentence; said docket reflects that suspended sentences were given in approximately 700 cases; only two of these were given where the case was tried by jury. The defendant also filed a motion in this court on March 28, 1958, to diminute the record by incorporating a newspaper article appearing in the "Oklahoma City Times" on March 19, 1959, wherein Judge Mills was quoted as saying to a jury in the case of State v. Rudy Quintero, who was charged with assault with a dangerous weapon, the following:
"Judge Mills told the jury a suspended sentence will be given `serious consideration' if Quintero has no previous record and is otherwise eligible. However, the court commented that the six district judges here do not look with favor on giving suspended sentences after jury convictions * * *."
Of course, this is a newspaper report published more than a year after the trial of the defendant and no evidence was presented as to its truth or veracity; its accuracy or inaccuracy. It is to be noted that the comment as reported stated that "serious consideration" would be given to a suspended sentence, though the courts did not look with favor upon such a sentence where defendant was tried by jury. The court docket submitted by defendant indicates that the trial judges in Oklahoma County have been most conservative in giving suspended sentences to those who were convicted by jury. However, this court is in no position to pass upon this action in previous cases as the facts as to defendant's previous good reputation in those cases are not known to this court and the trial judges were in position to know and pass upon that matter in each and every case. It would be indeed presumption for this court to say they were in abuse of their discretion in any case where we do not possess knowledge of the facts. Under the suspended sentence law of this state a defendant is entitled to have his request for a suspended sentence thoroughly considered irrespective of whether he entered a plea of guilty or was convicted by a jury. It was never meant to be used as a weapon to induce a guilty plea. The rule is well stated in the case of State v. Mitchell, 77 Idaho 115, 289 P.2d 315, 317. The Supreme Court of Idaho stated:
"Appellant was entitled to have the court consider all these facts in exercising its discretion in the determination of whether the application of appellant for probation should be granted. It was error for the trial judge not to consider the same, and to base his refusal *437 of appellant's application for probation solely upon the action of the jury. * * * The trial court must exercise this judicial discretion in a lawful and legal manner. He must give consideration to the application and grant or deny the same in the exercise of a sound, legal discretion. The refusal of the application must not be arbitrary and cannot be based upon mere whim or caprice nor upon any ground not sanctioned by the law."
The suspended sentence statute of this state was designed for the specific purpose of placing in the hands of the trial judges the method by which they could grant probation to these first offenders whose previous record indicated rehabilitation could be best made under supervision outside prison walls. Its purpose and the basis for its justifiable existence is well stated in the case of People v. Lippner, Cal. App., 16 P.2d 1020, 1022:
"It may be said with the utmost assurance that by precedent and by practice the basic reason for every probation is mercy to the defendant and the probability of rehabilitation of an individual to good standing in society. It should be granted only after mature consideration and after a conclusion by the court that the guilty one will not again forfeit his right to freedom but will in the end be salvaged from the wreck that crime has brought upon him. `It (probation) is the last remedy suggested by humanitarians, sociologists, penologists and criminologists, and disinterested people generally, in an effort to make salvage of at least a fair percentage of those convicted of crime.'"
Probation under strict supervision is a well established element of our jurisprudence and must never be treated arbitrarily or with caprice. However, the right to determine the eligibility is vested exclusively in the hands of the trial judge. There is no hard or fast rules laid down as to the type of offender who should be granted a suspended sentence. The law was not designed for hardened or habitual criminals, but applies particularly to youthful and first offenders; offenders whose release on probation will not endanger the public, and those whom it is reasonable to believe will make serious effort to overcome abnormalities and defects and show promise of rehabilitation. In the instant case the trial judge was the sole person to make this determination and he did not see fit to grant the suspension. Not knowing upon what information his decision was based, or how he reached his conclusion, we are in no position to say he abused his discretion.
There are numerous irregularities in the case at bar which create close questions of law, bordering on reversal. There are numerous circumstances that have caused this court much concern. The fact that an attorney with a civil interest in the outcome of the trial was seen talking with members of the jury may cause the defendant to always ponder upon the effect of such conversation. Though the proof was not sufficient to cause reversal it is an incident that creates in the mildest sense, a suspicion; the fact that the jury was unable to arrive at a verdict as to the punishment; the fact that defendant's previous record was unblemished; the fact that seven members of the jury recommended a suspended sentence; that the prosecutor witness, his wife, and his attorney recommended a suspended sentence after stating he had settled their civil suit for a satisfactory sum; the fact that more than one hundred substantial citizens recommended probation.
Along with the close question of law as to whether or not the victim encouraged the shooting by taking the law into his own hands and become the aggressor, and whether defendant had proper provocation to protect himself by firing the shot, the fact that no brief was filed on the part of the state, this and other circumstances lead this court to believe that the ends of justice would be best served if the judgment and sentence of the trial court was modified *438 so that defendant be sentenced to serve six months (6) in the county jail and otherwise affirmed and it is so ordered.
POWELL, P.J., and BRETT, J., concur.
On Rehearing
BRETT, Justice.
This case has caused us great concern. It has been extensively briefed by the defendant, but neither on the original hearing nor on this rehearing have we had a brief on behalf of the state. If the matter herein on petition for rehearing had been presented in the defendant's brief in the original hearing, the state's failure to respond would have been considered as a concession and the case reversed. Instead, as it was presented, we felt the case should only be substantially modified and affirmed. On this rehearing the defendant again briefed the case although the state ignored the matter. We did not let the defendant's brief suffice, but have examined the law extensively on the subject that justice according to law might be rendered. Hence, our conclusions hereinafter set forth.
The two sections of the statute involved herein are 21 O.S.A. sections 643 and 645, reading respectively as follows:
"To use or to attempt to offer to use force or violence upon or toward the person of another is not unlawful in the following cases. * * * When committed either by the party about to be injured, or by any other person in his aid or defense, in preventing or attempting to prevent an offense against his person, or any trespass or other unlawful interference with real or personal property in his lawful possession; provided the force or violence used is not more than sufficient to prevent such offense. * * *
"Every person who, with intent to do bodily harm and without justifiable or excusable cause, commits any assault and battery upon the person of another with any sharp or dangerous weapon, or who, without such cause, shoots or attempts to shoot at another, with any kind of firearm or air gun or other means whatever, with intent to injure any person, although without intent to kill such person or to commit any felony, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one (1) year. R.L. 1910, § 2344; Laws 1957, p. 161, § 1."
It is apparent that these sections are concerned with the "use of force or violence by one person against another", hence, they must be construed together.
The gist of section 643 is self-defense in attempting to prevent an offense against the person, but the use of such force or violence, under such premise, is limited to not more than sufficient to prevent such offense. Under the provisions of section 645, this right is further limited by the terms "justifiable" or "excusable". Under these conditions it clearly appears that the use of force or violence is lawful in defense of one's person, provided the use of it is reasonably designed to prevent one from barbarously and needlessly injuring one's adversary. This means a citizen is not required to sit on his hands when he is about to become the victim of an assault and battery, but he may resort to appropriate means to resist the force about to be applied. Nevertheless, section 645 brands the citizen with the mark of a felon when he resorts to the use of force without justifiable excuse or cause. These provisions of the statute were not briefed in the first instance by the defendant, and we repeat, not briefed at all by the state.
Applying this construction to the case at bar, the victim of the shooting herein was twice interrupted in his roadside visitation with his girl friend by the dropping of firecrackers in the vicinity of his automobile, which put him in fear of bodily harm. The defendant and his associate then withdrew and drove away. The matter should have rested there, but no, the victim stepped on the gas, "gunned his car", overtook the defendant's car, drove *439 him to the side of the road, putting his car in position to block the defendant's passage, then jumped out of his car, and according to all the unbiased witnesses, assaulted the defendant with vile language and started to pull the defendant out of his car. After a scuffle a shot was heard and the victim was wounded. The defendant testified that he told the victim to "stand back, stand back, I have a gun".
These facts bring the case clearly within Moore v. State, written by the late Judge Matson, 25 Okl.Cr. 118, 218 P. 1102, 1105, not discovered by the court or heretofore called to our attention by the defendant, wherein this court said:
"* * * It must be understood in this connection that it is intended not to be held, and that we do not hold, that the right of self-defense can never arise at any stage of a difficulty when one is defending himself against dangers of any kind which he may have unlawfully provoked. In all cases where one has withdrawn from the affray or difficulty at far as he possibly can and fairly indicates his desire for peace, and is thereafter pursued by the other party who renews the difficulty, his right of self-defense, though once lost, is revived and may be successfully pleaded by him, and thereafter his actions will be justified even to the extent of taking human life if necessary * * *."
The rule is correctly stated in both 6 C.J.S. Assault and Battery § 92 subsec. (4), p. 947, notes 97-98, as well as in 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 121, p. 995, notes 92-95, and cases cited thereunder. It is concisely stated in Parker v. United States, 81 U.S.App. D.C. 282, 158 F.2d 185, approving such an instruction to the jury. The rule in homicide cases is so applicable to the case at bar we quote from it as follows:
"Where one who has provoked a combat abandons or withdraws from it in good faith, and not merely for the purpose of gaining advantage, and by his conduct clearly shows his desire to decline any further struggle, his right of self-defense is restored, and if thereafter he is pursued by his adversary, he is justified or excused in killing him if necessary to save himself from death or great bodily harm, although the whole transaction consists of but one combat or assault. In order that the right of self-defense may be restored to a person who has provoked or commenced a combat, he must attempt in good faith to withdraw from the combat. He must also in some manner make known his intention to his adversary * * *"
In the case at bar, the defendant had withdrawn from the scene in full retreat, which this victim could clearly observe. As was said in People v. Button, 106 Cal. 628, 39 P. 1073, 1075, 28 L.R.A. 591:
"If the subsequent acts of the attacking party be such as to indicate to a reasonable man that he in good faith has withdrawn from the combat, they must be held to so indicate to the party attacked. Again, the party attacked must also act in good faith. He must act in good faith towards the law, and allow the law to punish the offender. He must not continue the combat for the purpose of wreaking vengeance, for then he is no better than his adversary. The law will not allow him to say, `I was not aware * * * of such withdrawal. If the party assailed has eyes to see, he must see; and, if he has ears to hear, he must hear. He has no right to close his eyes or deaden his ears * * *.'"
It is clearly apparent that the victim of the original assault pursued this defendant for the purpose of wreaking vengeance, and in so doing he was in no better, but possibly worse, position than Townley, in light of all the facts. See in this connection State v. Moncado, Mo., 34 S.W.2d 59, 61, clearly in point herein; wherein the court held:
"* * * According to the state's evidence, defendant began the difficulty, and its evidence is subject to the *440 inference that defendant did not injure or mortally wound deceased until after he had abandoned the conflict, and until he considered it necessary to use force to protect life and limb. We think an instruction involving that principle should have gone to the jury, and, consequently, the action of the court constituted prejudicial error."
See also State v. Mayberry, 360 Mo. 35, 226 S.W.2d 725, so holding.
Under the foregoing facts and the rule of Moore v. State, supra, and other cases, the defendant was entitled to have an instruction clearly defining the law as to whom, at the time of the shooting, was the aggressor. In fact, this went to the very heart of the matter, for if the jury, under proper instructions, found that the defendant had withdrawn from the scene of the original assault or disturbance of the peace and was thereafter pursued in a spirit of vengeance by the victim, who renewed the difficulty, the defendant's right of self-defense was available to him, and the jury should have been so instructed.
The trial court gave instruction No. 7 defining aggressor as follows:
"You are instructed that the term `aggressor', as that term is used in these instructions, means one who, by his or her wrongful conduct, provokes or brings about an altercation."
We find no fault with this definition as an abstraction, except when applied together with instruction No. 12 reading in part as follows:
"You are instructed that the right of self-protection is given to every citizen but this right cannot be pleaded as a defense and relied upon for an acquittal by one who, himself, is the aggressor or by one who enters voluntarily into a difficulty armed with a deadly weapon no matter how great his danger or how imminent his peril may become during the course of the difficulty. * * *"
In this instruction the court assumed that the defendant was the aggressor and gave no consideration to the fact that he was leaving the scene after the firecracker incident, and was pursued by the victim who, himself, had forsaken his lawful role and become, himself, the aggressor. In light of the rule laid down in Moore v. State, supra, and other authorities, the court's instruction No. 12 precluded the jury from giving proper consideration to the all-important issue of the defendant's right of self-defense and placed him in the role of a provoker under instruction No. 7, notwithstanding his peaceful retreat from the scene of the original provocation or firecracker assault. It was defendant's fundamental right to have the jury properly instructed on this material issue, which omission may have prejudiced the defendant in a fair consideration of his lawful rights and it was reversible error for the trial court not to have so instructed the jury. Adams v. State, 93 Okl.Cr. 333, 228 P.2d 195. In Anderson v. State, 90 Okl.Cr. 1, 209 P.2d 721, 722, this court said:
"Where there is a correct instruction upon a material question in a case, and in another portion of the instructions there is an incorrect statement of the law, upon the same question, it cannot be said that the law has been clearly and fully given to the jury, and reversible error has been committed."
It is defendant's right under such conditions to raise the issue for the first time on appeal in such case. Hall v. State, Okl.Cr., 316 P.2d 620, hence, our consideration, notwithstanding his failure to object at the trial to instruction No. 12.
We are of the opinion the applicable law herein is that despite the fact the defendant was armed with a pistol unlawfully, it does not deprive him of the right to use it in his necessary self-defense, if without that fact the right would have existed. In other words, if without the pistol his right of self-defense existed, the fact that he had it, even though unlawfully, would not defeat his right to use it if the facts warranted its use for his necessary protection. If, however, he was armed *441 with the pistol for the purpose of aggression as incident to this provocation, which brought on the difficulty, then such fact would deprive him of his claim of self-defense. If, however, as the facts seemed to have developed, he may have been in possession of the pistol for another purpose and for the purpose of self-defense in anticipation of possible attack from another source, and not an instrument of aggression incident to the provocation herein, he may assert his right of self-defense. In this connection, there is some evidence for the defense that the pistol was not possessed as an incident of aggression incident to the provocation herein, but otherwise for self-protection. The foregoing rules must be considered in light of all the facts, such as the reasons for possession of the pistol and the fact that the defendant, under this record, had abandoned the aggravation and was in retreat, which the circumstance may have evinced a clear intent to abandon the incident. 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 119, p. 992 (Carrying Firearms). These are all matters for the consideration of the jury, under proper instructions, State v. Malone, Mo., 301 S.W.2d 750, which should have been given by the trial court.
The defendant next seeks what he calls diminution of the record on appeal by inclusion in this record certain matters that occurred in the trial of another separate and distinct case in order to demonstrate what he contends is an arbitrary rule of court, the effect of which is to deny due process. The procedure the defendant seeks to invoke is both daring and novel. The matter sought to be included in this case was in relation to a statement appearing in the other unrelated case concerning the rules of the court as applied in cases where suspension of the sentence was sought. The alleged statement which the defendant seeks to inject into this case is taken from Gillespie v. State, Okl.Cr., 355 P.2d 451. It was tried by a judge not the same who tried the within case. The statement in part reads as follows:
"The court * * *:
"`When you go to trial in this court before a jury and you are convicted, you don't get a suspended sentence unless the jury insists on it in their verdict, and I think you are all familiar with that. The next question is, how much should he receive. You just don't get a suspended sentence, you are not gambling with me.'
"The court * * *:
"`Well, I am not going to suspend a sentence for anyone who goes to trial before a jury in this court and is convicted, unless the jury insists upon it in their verdict. Now, everybody knows that, as do all of the other judges. All right, that's the end of that.'"
Thus the defendant seeks to support the record he failed to make in this case by the record in another case on the theory that we will take judicial cognizance of our own records: Ex parte Collins, 76 Okl.Cr. 163, 135 P.2d 61; Coburn v. State, 78 Okl.Cr. 362, 148 P.2d 483; Jones v. State, Okl.Cr., 341 P.2d 616. We may take judicial notice of our own records in a proper case, but to do so herein would constitute an ingenious attempt on our part at legalistic transfusion from a live record into a dead one that languished and died for lack of proper preservation or preparation. The defendant admits that he did not preserve the question in the trial of his case. The office of a suggestion of diminution of the record is to perfect the record in the appellate court so that it may correspond in all particulars with the original on file in the office of the clerk of the trial court. Fuller v. Fuller, 197 Ga. 719, 30 S.E.2d 600. The matter we are asked to engraft on the record before us might have been pertinent through some legalistic contortion had it been made a part of the record in trial court in support of the question now presented to us. It might have supported the contention that the trial court arbitrarily refused to consider the defendant for suspended *442 sentence under the provisions of 22 O.S.A. § 991 since it appears that under the law the defendant may have been eligible for consideration for such a suspended sentence. The defendant contends that the trial court arbitrarily and capriciously refused to consider his application for a suspended sentence solely because he had elected to stand trial instead of pleading guilty to the offense and refused to hear the matter as a circumstance for the exercise of judicial discretion. In effect the defendant contends that the situation was controlled by rule of court and not dictated by reason and conscience of the judge to attain a just result based upon the law and the conditions of the case. He relies upon the proposition of a lack of valid exercise of judicial discretion. 48 C.J.S. Judges § 44 p. 1008, notes 73-74:
"Broadly stated, the judicial discretion of a judge * * * and its valid exercise connotes direction by the reason and conscience of the judge to a just result, taking account of the law and the particular circumstances of the case, Branden v. Board of Com'rs of Town of Montclair, 124 N.J.L. 135, 11 A.2d 304 and precludes capricious or arbitrary action."
In re Welisch, 18 Ariz. 517, 163 P. 264, 265. In re Martin, 170 Misc. 919, 11 N.Y.S.2d 607, 608, 609, it is concisely defined:
"Judicial discretion is not mere arbitrary rule conferring on judge right to make judicial determination blindly, nor palliation for capricious discrimination, but is regulated in a measure by precedence."
Also Vickers v. Phillip Carey Co., 49 Okl. 231, 151 P. 1023, L.R.A. 1916C, 1155 and Sykes v. Blakey, 215 N.C. 61, 200 S.E. 910, 911 stating:
"`Judicial discretion, said Coke, is never exercised to give effect to the mere will of the judge, but to the will of the law. The judge's proper function, when using it, is to discern according to law what is just in the premises.'"
The defendant intimates in the case at bar that the trial court may have permitted the will of the judges, as expressed in the rule of the court, to supercede the statutes and the court's discretion, which Lord Mansfield said, "means sound discretion guided by law." The record in this case, however, is sought to be established by diminution by "robbing of Peter to pay Paul" process. It is vague and uncertain as to what actually transpired at the time of trial. It does, however, create a strong suspicion "de-hors" this record that the rules of the District Court of Oklahoma County may provide that where a person stands trial before a jury he forfeits his right to make application for suspended sentence. Upon that premise the defendant asserts that he was denied due process of law in that the law is being applied in an unconstitutional manner. He cites in support thereof Griffin v. People of State of Illinois, 351 U.S. 12, 76 S.Ct. 585, 100 L.Ed. 891; Hernandez v. State of Texas, 347 U.S. 475, 74 S.Ct. 667, 98 L.Ed. 866; Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 68 S.Ct. 836, 92 L.Ed. 1161, 3 A.L.R.2d 441. Defendant says that the prohibition of the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment extends to all cases of invidious discrimination. Morey v. Doud, 354 U.S. 457, 77 S.Ct. 1344, 1 L.Ed.2d 1485; Dowd v. United States, 340 U.S. 206, 71 S.Ct. 262, 95 L.Ed. 215, 19 A.L.R.2d 784; Cochran v. State of Kansas, 316 U.S. 255, 62 S.Ct. 1068, 86 L.Ed. 1453. He contends that where due process or constitutional rights are involved the court may go behind and beyond the record to test jurisdiction. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461. While this is a challenging thought, on the record thus presented we do not believe that the matter is properly before us; notwithstanding it has a meritorious ring when viewed without the aid of a brief from the state. But we can see no end to the possibility of interminable confusion if the record of one case can be supplemented or added to another case record under the guise of diminution. However, in view of the necessity of reversal on *443 other grounds it is not necessary that we decide this matter.
On the ground of failure of the trial court to properly instruct the jury the cause is reversed and remanded for a new trial.
POWELL, P.J., concurs.
NIX, J., not participating.
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Creative Collage (ONLINE)
Explore the fun and intuitive nature of collage. We will work through this image-making technique by composing and layering found images and other materials. Emphasis will be placed on continuous experimentation and process. The structure of the class will begin with an instructor presentation and demo leading to a new collage project each week. The class will balance process, work time and casual class feedback. Students will have the opportunity to incorporate unique narrative concepts into their work.
Kala will be using Zoom, an online video conferencing service to bring participants our interactive creative lessons. Kala will follow recommended security measures, and set virtual classroom expectations so we can maintain a safe and fun learning experience for all participants online. | http://www.kala.org/class/creative-collage-online/ |
5.56x45mm vs. 7.62x39mm: Which Do You Need?
Home 5.56x45mm vs. 7.62x39mm: Which Do You Need?
There are many debates that have long been going on in the gun world, and one of the most fiercest has been whether the AR-15 or the AK-47 is the superior tactical rifle.
Both of these rifles have a very rich history in both military and civilian hands, and the respective followings they have are die hard and loyal.
Choosing between these two weapons, however, may not be so much an issue of which rifle is superior but rather which caliber is superior.
That’s because the AR-15 and the AK-47 use two entirely different calibers: the 5.56x45mm NATO and the 7.62x39mm.
The purpose of this article is not to settle the debate between these two rifles and their respective calibers, but rather to present you with some information about the two so you can make the decision for yourself as to which one you need.
The 5.56x45mm NATO round was developed because the United States was looking for a lighter caliber to replace the 7.62x51mm NATO (which was almost identical to the .308 Winchester round) that they were using in their issued M14 rifles.
The 7.62x51mm was an effective round to be sure, and the .308 remains the most popular centerfire rifle caliber today. But it was also heavy, produced high recoil, was uncontrollable in fully automatic, and the M14 itself was too unwieldy for close quarters jungle combat in Vietnam.
The solution the military came up with was to adopt the M16/M4 series of rifles, and with it, the 5.56x45mm NATO round (which is very similar to the .223 Remington).
The individual infantry soldier could carry more 5.56 ammo on his person at once, and the caliber also produced lighter recoil even if it had less range and power than the 7.62x51mm round.
The 7.62x39mm round was developed in the 1940s in the Soviet Union, who were also on the prowl for a new semi-automatic service rifle to replace the venerable Mosin Nagant in 7.62x54R.
The 7.62x39mm was designed to be an all-purpose, intermediate round that would fulfill a variety of roles.
Two of the most popular rifles chambered for the round are the SKS and the AK-47, the latter of which was adopted into service by the Soviet Union and became the most prolific military rifle of all time.
NOTE: from now on, these two calibers will be referred to as 5.56 and 7.62.
Velocity refers to the speed of the bullet, or in other words, how fast it reaches your target.
Generally speaking, higher velocity is a good thing. Not only does it means it will strike your intended target faster, it also means there are less factors at play that could throw your bullet off. Greater velocity also typically equals superior penetration and expansion.
And when we look at the 5.56 and 7.62, there is absolutely no question that the 5.56 is the faster bullet. It’s a lighter round and yet has a very similar powder load, and therefore there is more velocity when it exist the barrel.
Whereas a 5.56 will usually get you around 3,000 FPS (feet per second) out the barrel, a 7.62 will get you around 2,500 or so.
But does this mean that the 5.56 is the superior round? Not necessarily. The 7.62 may not be quite as fast, but that doesn’t mean it’s slow.
Furthermore, 7.62 rounds tend to hold their velocity just a tad better over greater distances. For instance, at 500 yards, the velocity of the 5.56 will drop to around 1,600 FPS, while the 7.62 will drop to around 1,200 FPS.
Recoil is a major factor when choosing which caliber to use, because it determines the controllability of your weapon and how well you can get accurate follow up shots off.
While the recoil of the two calibers, at least to you, may be based on your perception of them, we can scientifically measure the recoil of any caliber through feet per pound. This doesn’t tell you what the ‘felt recoil,’ of the round is, but it does tell you the recoil energy of the round.
The 7.62 generates a small number of more pounds of force than the 5.56, and the felt recoil should be slightly greater for more shooters as well. The only time this would be an issue is when you are firing successive rounds.
Both calibers, however, produce under ten feet per pounds of energy, and both are controllable.
There are a few ways to determine the stopping power of a bullet, but the two most prominent ways are their energy and their penetration.
The 7.62 has lightly greater muzzle energy than the 5.56. While the 7.62 on average produces kinetic muzzle energy of 1,500 feet per pound, the 5.56 will produce around 1,300. Not a huge difference, but a difference nonetheless. This means that your target will be struck with more force from the 7.62 than the 5.56 NATO.
As far as penetration is concerned, it really depends on the specific type of bullet that you are using.
What we can say is that the 7.62 is the heavier round, but the sectional densities differences are still very minimal. Again, it really depends on the type of bullet.
Generally speaking, the consensus is that the 7.62 has a slight advantage over the 5.56 in terms of stopping power, being a larger and heavier round and more ballistically similar to the .30-30 Winchester round.
The 5.56 was actually chosen by the military because of its tendency to wound an enemy soldier rather than kill, which takes two people out of the fight rather than one because in addition to bringing down the wounded man, you’ve also distracted one of his comrades who will run over to help him.
Ask anyone if the AR-15 or the AK-47 is the more accurate platform, and most people who have experience with the two will answer that the AR-15 is more accurate. But is this because of the rifles themselves, or because of their respective calibers?
Well, when we look at the calibers, data does show that the 5.56 is slightly more accurate. As we have noted previously, the 5.56 produces more muzzle velocity. But furthermore, it also typically has a flatter trajectory over longer distances, which would lend itself to superior accuracy.
That being said, both calibers are suitably accurate for the battlefield, and you should have no trouble hitting your targets with a properly sighted in rifle out to a hundred yards or so. Accuracy can be greatly increased by using an AR-15 scope.
Both the 5.56 and 7.62 are popular rounds and reasonably priced, but there is undeniably a greater selection of bullets to choose from with the 5.56.
Not only are you slightly more likely to find 5.56 in a sporting goods store, you’re also going to find many different types of ammunition for the 5.56, while your choices will be a little more limited with the 7.62.
So, is the 5.56x45mm NATO or the 7.62x39mm the superior caliber?
Based on that above information, you should be able to make a decision for yourself.
Or, if you have the funds available, you can take the easy road and go with both.
Thanks for reading guys and remember to get ear protection for shooting when practicing with any firearm. | https://gunnewsdaily.com/5-56-vs-7-62/ |
November is Long-Term Care Insurance Awareness Month and I want to share some of the key reasons why having a plan could mean a world of difference to you and your family should you ever experience a long-term care event.
Let’s Look at the Statistics
According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, someone turning age 65 today has almost a 70% chance of needing some type of long-term care services in their remaining years. And while about one-third of today’s 65-year-olds may never need long-term care support, 20% will need it for longer than 5 years.
We all hope to be in that one-third that may never need care, but do you really want to risk your financial future, or your family’s physical, financial, emotional, and psychological future on those kinds of odds?
Long-Term Care Impact #1 – Financial
If you’re like me, and most of the working population for that matter, at some point in our lives we have thought about what retirement will be like. What we will do, where we will go, and if we can afford it. We may have even calculated what our intended travel might cost, or maybe a new retirement lifestyle. Rarely have plans been made for the potential effect a long-term care event could have on the savings we’ve accumulated for retirement.
In 2018, the national average monthly cost for a home health aide is $4,195; for an assisted living facility it is $4,000; and for a private room in a nursing home it is $8,365.1 This is a large expense that can quickly deplete your retirement nest egg and impact the quality of life for you, your spouse, and possibly your family.
Long-Term Care Impact #2 – Independence
If we need long-term care, most of us would prefer to stay in our own home for as long as possible. We want to watch our TV, sleep in our own bed, and do things on our schedule. But if we haven’t planned well, our options may be limited by our resources, as well as the ability of others to help. By planning for a potential long-term care event, we may be able to expand the options available for care, including in our home or at community-based facilities that allow us to live a more independent life.
Long-Term Care Impact #3 – Loved Ones
In many families, a spouse or younger family member is the default caregiver when a long-term care event occurs. And most default caregivers don’t give it a second thought, at least at the time the event occurs. But as the need for care extends into weeks, months, or years, it can take a dramatic toll on caregivers. It can lead to more stress, missing work or family events, and resentment. It can also have a financial impact on the caregiver and their family.
Long-term care planning can provide a way to lessen emotional and financial stress and involve your loved ones in the decision making. This can ease some of the burden that inevitably comes with a long-term care event.
Why We Procrastinate
“It’s never going to happen to me.” “I’ll take care of that later.” “We don’t have the money right now.” “We’ll deal with it when it happens.” Sound familiar? There are many other things we would rather do than address this topic.
It may not be a fun conversation but planning for a long-term care event doesn’t have to be unpleasant. By leveraging the experience of a well-trained financial advisor, you can develop an affordable and effective way of easing the burden on you and your family.
There have been significant developments in the long-term care insurance industry including new products, more accurate pricing, and additional flexibility that can help you construct a plan specific to your needs and wants. At Connections Financial Advisors, it costs nothing to start the conversation. We just want to make sure you understand the potential need, have researched the available solutions, and are comfortable with the plan you have in place.
To schedule a meeting or phone call with one of our advisors, you can call our office at (217) 605-8130 or find a time convenient for you on our calendar.
1 Genworth Cost of Care Survey 2018
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Meet the team
The University of Sheffield is a major partner of the Henry Royce Institute and is championing one of the Institute's nine core themes - Advanced Metals Processing. In Sheffield, the Henry Royce Institute has brought together global-leading academics and engineers in the field of materials science to drive forward vital research into advanced metals and other materials including biomedical and nuclear. Here, you can find out more about our expert team, led by Royce theme champion Professor Martin Jackson.
Professor Martin Jackson
Core Area Champion
Martin Jackson is Professor of Advanced Metals Processing. Recently he has led the development of the emerging FAST-forge route, prior to that during his time at Imperial College London he developed an innovative forging test methodology, which is a recognised forgeability test in the ASM Handbook and has been since employed by the aerospace and nuclear build industry over the last 18 years. He received the IOM3 Titanium Prize 2003 in recognition of this. In 2005 he won a RAEng/EPSRC Fellowship and moved to the University of Sheffield from Imperial in 2008, providing a platform to develop research in both solid state processing of titanium powder and titanium machining studies.
Mark Rainforth
Principal Investigator
Mark Rainforth is the principal investigator for the Advanced Metals Processing theme of the Henry Royce Institute. After obtaining his degree from the University of Sheffield, Mark initially worked in industry and later rejoined the department from Leeds in 1989. He established state-of-the-art facilities in electron microscopy and tribology and his research focuses on the high resolution characterisation of microstructures, in particular interfaces and surfaces, in metals, ceramics and coatings.
Professor Iain Todd
Director - Royce Translational Centre
Iain Todd obtained both his BEng and PhD at The University of Sheffield. He then held postdoctoral positions at Sheffield, NIMR at TU-Delft and CENIM in Madrid before returning to Sheffield in 2003. His research interests centre around new and emerging metallic materials, as well as Net Shape Manufacturing and the behaviour of complex materials and components. He is also currently Director of MAPP EPSRC Future Manufacturing Hub.
Dr Corinne Howse
Project Manager
Corinne Howse joined the Henry Royce Institute in July 2017, having held previous posts in academia and industry. Her role involves overseeing the day to day operations of the Institute in Sheffield as well as supporting the construction and launch of the research facilities, the procurement and commissioning of state of the art equipment, the recruitment of staff and the overall grant management.
Dr Robert Deffley
Principal Engineer
Robert Deffley joined the Henry Royce Institute in Sheffield in April 2018 and brings a wealth of experience to the team, having previously worked as Research and Development Manager at a leading UK materials provider in the metal additive manufacturing industry. This work has involved collaborating with industry in the aerospace and medical sectors to find solutions to the wider adoption of AM.
Dr Luke Benson-Marshall
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Luke started his role in July 2019, building links with businesses with a particular focus on SMEs. He holds both a PhD and an MEng from The University of Sheffield, and also has several years of industry experience in metallurgy.
Eric Goodall
Technical Operations Manager
Eric joined the team in November 2019. His role is to plan and execute the movement of equipment to the new RDC facility. He has over 35 years of experience in Engineering Design, Project Management and Manufacturing.
Dr Vahid Nekouie
Technical Engineering Team Leader
Vahid Nekouie joined the Henry Royce Institute in May 2018. He has previously worked as a research scientist at the Universities of Sheffield and Loughborough, and also worked on a three-year Innovate UK project. Vahid ensures the effective deployment of technical resource and operational capability of the Royce Translational Centre.
Dr Colleen Mann
Research Associate
Colleen Mann joined the team in August 2018, specialising in analytical chemistry and characterisation of nuclear materials. She graduated from Queens University Belfast with a MSci Chemistry in 2013 and joined the Material Science department to pursue a PhD as part of the Department’s world-leading NucleUS Immobilisation Science Laboratory research group.
John Lowndes
Senior Engineering Technician
John Lowndes joined the Henry Royce Institute in Sheffield as Senior Engineering Technician in June 2018. John brings to the team many years of experience in industry, and has a broad-based skillset in electromechanical engineering. He is based at the Royce Translational Centre.
Dr Yunus Azakli
Research Associate
Yunus Azakli joined the team in January 2019. He has worked on alloy preparation and development since 2012 and has a PhD degree in Materials Science & Engineering from Gebze Technical University. Yunus will be working on advanced metal processing via melting, casting and thermomechanical treatments.
Dr Zhilun Lu
Research Associate
Zhilun Lu joined the Henry Royce Institute in September 2018. He has experience in functional materials with expertise in structural analysis, synthesis, fabrication and characterisation of material properties. His research centres on the processing and characterisation of electroceramics, such as thermoelectrics, dielectrics and high permittivity oxides.
Dr John Nutter
Research Associate
John Nutter joined the team in September 2018. He completed his PhD at the University of Sheffield as part of the Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training. His role involves the operation and research competencies for materials characterisation using the JEM-F200 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
Dr Junheng Gao
Research Associate
Junheng joined Royce in July 2019. He focuses on new high-performance steel development as an Alloy Development Engineer, and spent four years working on titanium alloys in the Designing Alloys for Research Efficiency (DARE) project. Currently, Junheng is working on the grain refinement of a new TWIP steel.
Dr Everth Hernandez Nava
Research Associate
Everth Hernandez Nava joined the team in August 2018 as Additive Manufacturing Research Associate. His projects include developing beta titanium alloys by selective laser melting and electron beam melting, thermal imaging of high temperature powder bed AM processes and the design and mechanical performance of micro-truss AM materials.
Dr Robert Moorehead
Experimental Officer
Robert Moorehead joined the Henry Royce Institute in July 2019. He's an Experimental Officer, focussing on X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). After successfully completing his PhD on in-situ neutron diffraction of novel dental ceramics he has worked as a research technician on a wide variety of projects focussing mainly on biomaterials; their manufacture, characterisation and translation. Since starting at Royce he has worked with Dr Nik Reeves-McLaren on numerous X-ray diffraction based projects, such as operando X-ray diffraction of battery materials, and with Dr Alice Pyne on the topology of DNA minicircles using AFM.
DrDikai Guan
Experimental Officer
Dr Dikai Guan joined Royce@Sheffield in July 2019. He completed his PhD at the University of Sheffield in November 2015 and focused on magnesium research area as a postdoc in Sheffield from 2015. His current role involves the operation and research competencies for materials characterisation using the JSM-7900F SEM/EBSD/EDX and another JXA-8530F Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA).
Dr Carl Magnus
Carl Magnus joined the team in January 2020. More information to follow. | https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/royce-institute/team |
Matthew McConaughey is developing his own surf-friendly swim apparel called Just Keep Livin (also known as JKL and J.K. Livin) which is modeled after his production company and his personal mantra – McConaughey’s breakout role was in the movie Dazed and Confused in 1993. He then appeared in films such as A Time to Kill (1996), Contact (1997), U-571 (2000), Sahara (2005), and We Are Marshall (2007). He also played the leading man in several romantic comedies, including The Wedding Planner, How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, Failure to Launch, and Fool’s Gold. On January 21, 2008, he became the new spokesman for the national radio campaign, “Beef: It’s What’s For Dinner”. He and girlfriend, Camila Alves, welcomed a son named Levi Alves McConaughey on July 7, 2008 in Los Angeles.
Celebrity: Matthew McConaughey
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About Matthew McConaughey
Matthew David McConaughey (born November 4, 1969) is an American actor and producer. He first gained notice for his breakout role in the coming-of-age comedy Dazed and Confused (1993), and went on to appear in films such as the slasher Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994), the legal thriller A Time to Kill (1996), Steven Spielberg’s historical drama Amistad (1997), the science fiction drama Contact (1997), the comedy EDtv (1999) and the war film U-571 (2000). | http://celebrityclothingline.com/brand/j-k-_livin_by_matthew_mcconaughey/ |
Butler County, Missouri
A previous 100 Best winner, Butler County is a rural community located in Southeast Missouri. This family-oriented community puts forth great efforts to leverage resources and provide ample opportunities for youth to learn, serve, and grow. Countless community programs, including summer art classes, community theater productions, after- school programs, youth civic athletics, and community spelling bees, provide students with fun and educational opportunities.
Youth are centrally involved in the development of local policies. Virtually every youth- serving program in the community asks youth participants to assess program needs, impacts, and effectiveness through annual surveys. These contributions are heavily weighted in decision -making concerning policy and budget issues. The Butler County System of Care committee, which includes department heads from all of the social service agencies focused on youth and educational leaders, seeks to remove barriers for students and families related to mental health and social issues. The Boys and Girls Club of Poplar Bluff provides a safe learning environment for the county’s most vulnerable students, regardless of gender, race or sexual orientation.
The driving force of community collaboration in Butler County is the Butler County Community Resource Council (CRC). The CRC engages over 300 participating individuals representing over 100 local agencies in community action committees, which seek to build healthy children & families. Various reading programs were developed in the Children Succeeding in School committee, and annual Career Fair and Job Shadowing Days for high school sophomores were initiated as a result of the work of the Youth Ready to Enter Productive Adulthood committee. These programs have been developed and supported by a collaborative body of local schools, agencies, and youth serving programs in the community.
Junior High counselors in Poplar Bluff Schools launched a mentoring program in 2002 after seeing a need for positive role models in the lives of at-risk students. The Teen Parent Mentoring program matches young mothers with experienced mothers as mentors, and provides parenting education and access to needed services. Since 2004, 344 girls from Butler County have participated in the program and only 12 had repeat pregnancies. Eighty completed the program during the 2009-2010 school year, and 90 percent maintained their child’s immunizations, while nearly all completed their educational requirements including promotion to next grade level, high school graduation, or obtaining their GED.
Community leaders came together to address high rates of juvenile crime in the county and were astonished to find that the majority of crimes by youth were committed during after- school hours. The Poplar Bluff Boys and Girls Club was established in 2001. Since then, the community has partnered together to create and establish several "Sites of Promise", including five Sites of Promise, eleven Congregations of Promise, and ten Schools of Promise. All sites encourage young people to participate in different out -of -school activities and programs. | https://www.americaspromise.org/butler-county-missouri?_id=236F70D3F38946EDBC6BE1F463F9918A&_z=z |
A marketing communications specialist, Ann Marie manages all traditional and digital marketing, and internal and external communications activity. She has previously worked in several in-house and consultancy roles developing and implementing integrated PR and communications campaigns for the corporate, healthcare, life sciences sectors in Ireland, the UK and Australia.
Ann Marie is also responsible for media relations, social media management across CKT’s social channels and supports the team in stakeholder engagement and client relations.
Professional
- BA in Public Relations, University of Sunderland, UK.
- Diploma in Advertising, PR and Event Management, College of Commerce Cork. | https://www.ckt.ie/our-people/staff/annmarie-callanan/ |
The present disclosure relates to the provision of ancillary services on a power grid, and more specifically to frequency regulation and synchronized reserve using electricity storage systems.
For any given period of time, e.g., one day, electricity grid operators estimate the amount of energy needed for each second, minute, or hour of that period of time. Electricity providers supply this estimated amount of energy via power plants. In general, the average of the actual load is relatively close to the estimated amount. However, there are instantaneous fluctuations in the amount of energy that is required, causing the actual load to be higher than the estimate or lower than the estimate.
In response to such fluctuations, the electricity providers alter the output of electrical power from the power plants in order to match the load. This change in the output of the on-line power plants is termed “load following”. When the load is higher than the power being delivered, it is intuitive that the power needs to increase so that electrical devices remain fully operational. FIG. 1 is a plot illustrating an actual load 110 and a load following 120 by the power plants. As can be seen, on-line power plants are not able to exactly match the actual load fluctuations. There is also a second, less intuitive reason that the power needs to equal the load. If the supplied power is different from the power load, the frequency of the AC current supplied to homes and businesses will differ from the nominal standard, e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz. This difference in frequency can cause appliances, lighting, and other devices to operate inefficiently, or even in an unsafe manner.
To maintain the required operating frequency of the AC current, power system operators call on power plants to provide an additional service called frequency regulation. In FIG. 1, line 130 illustrates how frequency regulation requires moment by moment adjustments of more and less power to maintain the frequency in the desired operating range. If the load (demand) is lower than the power being supplied, the output frequency increases above 60 Hz. Conversely, if the load is greater than supplied power, the frequency decreases (as the generators slow their energy production). Other similar ancillary services also respond to deviations in the frequency of the power grid, such as synchronized reserve which involves fast response power plants that are already synchronized with the frequency of the grid and can begin supplying energy very quickly in the event of the failure or other problem with the power supply. Services such as frequency regulation and synchronized reserve generally fall into a category referred to as Ancillary Services to the power grid, as these services operate to support the core requirements of providing power and energy for consumption.
Historically, frequency regulation, synchronized reserve and other ancillary services have been provided by power plants. However, energy storage technologies, such as batteries, flywheels, capacitors, or other devices can also be used to supply energy to the electrical power grid. These energy storage technologies, by their nature, also have the capability to take excess energy from the grid to be stored for later use as well as discharge energy to the grid. Since frequency regulation requires constant adjustments of both adding and subtracting the total energy in the system from moment to moment (see FIG. 1, line 130), energy storage technologies are well suited to meeting this need.
Energy storage technologies do not directly create new energy, but allow for an increased efficiency in the use of the energy generated by power plants, by better matching it to the instantaneous change in needs on the power grid. This efficiency will allow for lower total cost and lower emissions in relation to operating the power system. In addition, energy storage technologies supplying ancillary services allows existing power plant energy capabilities to be focused on the production of energy for consumption rather than being diverted to services required to maintain the power grid, potentially delaying the need for new power plants as demand rises over time.
However, most energy storage technologies, when compared to power plants, are constrained in the amount of total energy or duration of energy that can be supplied or withdrawn from the electrical power grid. For example, in the case of battery energy storage systems, the battery may reach a point of being out of energy or completely full of energy and thus unable to perform the regulation function required in that instant. However, given the up and down moment-by-moment fluctuations needed for effective frequency regulation on the power grid, an energy storage unit that is unable to perform one moment, such as the case where the battery is empty and energy is needed, would be able to perform in the next instant, such as the case where the empty battery is now available to absorb excess energy. To meet this challenge, energy storage technologies need mechanisms, process, and controls that enable the most effective charge sustaining operating pattern of the energy storage unit in meeting the needs of frequency regulation and other ancillary services.
Although generic control systems for energy storage technologies connected to a power grid have been proposed, actual systems that can reliably sustain the capability of the system for ancillary services on the power grid have not been achieved. Therefore, it is desirable to have a control system for energy storage systems that can reliably coordinate the state of charge (SOC) or capacity to store or discharge energy of the energy storage system with the moment-by-moment needs of the power grid for frequency regulation, synchronized reserve and other ancillary services. Further, it is desirable that such control system operate to restore the energy storage system to an optimal SOC in a manner that sustains the ongoing capability of the energy storage unit to be able to respond to dispatch or automatic signals for these services.
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To understand that problems are solved, or new technology discovered, by scientists using information from disciplines other than their own; to appreciate the fact that discoveries today could not be made without the discoveries that came before.
Context
Today, there is an outpouring of new scientific discovery. High-school students should start to understand that today's discoveries are built on prior history—a history filled with the concepts and inventions of scientists that came before us. As Sir Isaac Newton wrote in a letter to Robert Hooke: "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." (Letter to Robert Hooke, 5 February, 1676) This famous quote aptly describes how today's science is based on yesterday's. Students should "encounter the historical roots of the concepts they are learning."
This lesson will not only review some basic biology by talking about how the eye works, but also cover the concepts behind laser surgery as a treatment for saving sight. Students will begin to recognize the overlap of disciplines (physics and biology) required for the procedure. They will encounter the historical roots of the procedure as they read an in-depth article that shows how Johannes Kepler from the 17th century made contributions that led to today's technology.
Aside from tracing the historical roots of technology, students also need to realize that there are various disciplines and specialties in the field of science. From this lesson, they will learn of several. Moreover, they will learn how these disciplines work together and overlap in many cases and how together they spin off into separate disciplines.
Note: "Some students of all ages believe science mainly invents things or solves practical problems rather than exploring and understanding the world…" (Benchmarks for Science Literacy, p. 333.)
Benchmarks notes the connections and interdependencies of science, mathematics, and technology and how this should be considered in teaching. (Benchmarks for Science Literacy, p. 315.)
Motivation
Science Updates are short, radio news pieces (about 90 seconds long) that can be listened to on the Internet.
Have students listen closely to the three Science Updates listed below. They should write down the title of the person being interviewed and list what disciplines or areas of life they think are involved in the science they've just learned about.
After they have listened to all three, list on the board the titles of the stories and what jobs/disciplines/areas are involved with each. The list should look something like this:
- "Restoring the Retina"—stem cell researcher, biology, eye doctors
- "Eyeball Display"—Vice President of Microvision, video technology, surgeons, cell phones, video games
- "Laser Eye Therapy"—ophthalmologist, laser technology (or physics)
Now ask students what all of these stories have in common. The obvious answer is the eye, but discuss the topic further to make the point that it's knowledge of how the eye works that has led to these new treatments and technologies.
Development
Hand out the Lasers Saving Sight student sheet. Students will answer the questions on the sheet as they read the article called Preserving the Miracle of Sight: Lasers and Eye Surgery, from Beyond Discovery, a project of the National Academies of Science.
Tell students to keep in mind how history and a variety of disciplines have contributed to laser surgery. You can find answers to the questions on the Lasers Saving Sight teacher sheet.
Ask students verbally:
- Do you see connections between early scientists and later scientists?
- Do you see an overlap of disciplines in the technology of laser surgery?
- Was this surprising? Did it change your view of what scientists do?
Assessment
To summarize and assess ideas in this lesson, read the final paragraph of Preserving the Miracle of Sight aloud to the class:
"Just as Einstein could not have foreseen that the interesting phenomenon of stimulated emission would one day be used to correct myopia and prevent retinal detachment, today's scientists doing basic research in physics, biology, and other fields are undoubtedly laying the groundwork for breakthroughs that will lead to practical human benefits that lie just over the horizon."
Then have students write a short essay expanding on the idea expressed in this paragraph. What sorts of scientific breakthroughs might be on the horizon? For inspiration, students can search the resources below for current examples of the merging of distinct disciplines. They should then extrapolate where this work might lead in the future.
Extensions
Allow students to share and discuss their own personal observations. Have each read his or her essay to the class. Then, open the discussion to the class. Some students may add to the essayist's observations or see things differently. An open seminar-like discussion will help students expand their thinking and questioning abilities.
Visit Lasers: From Science Fiction to Everyday Life from the Tech Museum of Innovation. This online exhibit provides examples of how laser technology has been applied in a variety of contexts, including medicine and home entertainment. | http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/lasers-saving-sight/ |
The present invention relates to a device for playing a game in which the purpose of the game is to obtain one or more winning characters. In this specification the term "characters" includes numbers, letters, illustrations or symbols.
In one device of the invention a "winning" character is a character corresponding to a character which has been pre-selected by an organiser of the game.
In another device of the invention a "winning" character is a character corresponding to a character pre-selected by the player.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a device for playing a game, the said device comprising a first window group for displaying characters selected by the player and recorded by a game machine, a second window group corresponding to the first window group, a lock control operable to allow or prevent a game being played, and a play control operable to start the game causing characters to come to rest in the windows of the second group.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the characters are caused to come to rest in sequence in the windows of said second window group.
The device may include a hold control to retain those characters in the said second window group which correspond with characters in said first window group.
Said first and second window groups may each comprise a plurality of windows spaced along the device with each window of one group corresponding to an associated window of the other group.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a device for playing a game, said device comprising a window group for displaying characters, a lock control operable to allow or prevent a game being played, and a play control operable to start the game causing characters to come to rest in the windows of said window group.
The characters may be caused to come to rest in sequence in the windows of said window group.
The device may include a hold control to retain selected characters in said window group. Preferably the windows of said group are spaced along the device in a straight line.
The above-mentioned devices may be intended to be hand held, and may be in card form and powered by batteries or solar calls located in the device together with appropriate software. The play control may be a button or at least one sound or light activated switch, and the device may be made ready for play by a suitable security tool.
GB-A-2 338 319
(D1)
Document which is considered to represent the relevant state of the art and discloses: A device for playing a game having at least a window suitable for displaying characters selected by a user, a lock control to allow or prevent a game being played, and a play control to start the game.
In contrast to the present disclosed device, the above mentioned prior art document is not a gaming device as such but rather a comparator used to store a plurality of series of numbers which then can be checked (compared) against the numbers independently generated by a lottery machine.
Figure 1
is a front elevation of one hand-held device of the invention,
Figure 2
Figure 1
is a side elevation of the device of ,
Figure 3
Figures 1 and 2
is a rear elevation of the device of ,
Figure 4
is a front elevation of another hand-held device of the invention,
Figure 5
Figure 4
is a side elevation of the device of , and
Figure 6
Figures 4 and 5
is a rear elevation of the device of .
Two embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-
Figures 1 to 3
Figure 2
Referring to , a rectangular card-like game device 2 is formed in two halves which are fused together to have the approximate thickness of a credit card as shown in . The device includes a play-push button 4, a hold push-button 6, and a lock push-button 8 which is recessed to reduce the risk of it being pushed accidentally.
Five display windows 10 and five corresponding display windows 12 are spaced along the length of the device in two parallel straight lines. At the start of the game all of the display windows are blank, and the device is powered by batteries or solar cells 14 housed in the device 2 together with appropriate software. A window 16 displays relevant information such as "number of games yet to play", "win", "credit", "locked", "game", "game over" and hold".
Figure 3
Referring to , rules 18 of the game to be played are written on the rear face of the device 2.
In order to play the game the player chooses five numbers between 0 and 99 which may be selected by a keyboard of a game dispenser vending machine. Alternatively the numbers may be ticked off by a player on a pre-printed ticket which is then inserted into the game dispenser vending machine (not shown).
Figure 3
Whichever method is used to choose the selected numbers by the player, these numbers are electronically recorded by the dispensing machine along with any other required information. The machine then prints the chosen numbers so that they are displayed in the display windows 12. The game device is then dispensed from the vending machine, and this step may be carried out by an official of the establishment owning the vending machine. For example the game may be paid for by putting money in the vending machine or giving money to an official who will operate the machine for the game player. The information for carrying out this step may be printed on the back of the device 2 as shown in along with rules and conditions of playing the game.
The device is unlocked by pressing the lock button 8, and the play button 4 is then pressed to re-start the game. This causes all the display windows 10 to go blank. Numbers then move across the first window of the display windows 10 until a number comes to rest in the first window. After a small delay numbers move across the second window of the display windows 10 until a number comes to rest in that second window. This process is repeated until all the windows 10 display a number. If any of the numbers in the display windows 10 match a number in the corresponding window of the display windows 12 this will be classed as a win. The extent of the win can depend on the location of the matching numbers in the windows 10 and 12 and on the number of matching numbers in the windows 10 and 12.
If only some of the numbers in the windows 10 and 12 are matching then provision is made to hold these numbers in the display windows 10 by pressing the hold button 6 and rolling over these numbers into the next game to be played. If however the player wishes to accept the prize for the win obtained in the last game this can be done by pressing the lock button 8 which means that no further games can be accidentally played to erase the winning number or numbers. The device 2 can then be sent back to the game organisers for verification and payment of a prize.
Figures 4 to 6
Figure 5
Referring to another rectangular card-like game device 20 is formed in two halves which are fused together to have the approximate thickness of a credit card as shown in . The device includes a play push-button 22, a hold push button 24, and a lock push-button 26 which is recessed to avoid the risk of it being pushed accidentally.
Three display windows 28 are spaced along the width of the central part of the device 20 in a straight line, and at the start of the game all of the display windows are blank. The device is powered by batteries or solar cells 29 in the device 20 together with appropriate software. A window 30 displays relevant information such as "number of games yet to play", "win", "credit", "locked", "game", "game over" and "hold".
Figure 6
Referring to , the rules 32 of the game to be played are written on the rear face of the device 20.
In operation, thousands of these card devices 20 are distributed, and a few of these cards are programmed to produce winning numbers in one or more of the windows 28. The first prize will be awarded to a card displaying winning numbers in all three windows 28, a second prize for a card displaying winning numbers in two of the windows 28, and a third prize is awarded to a card displaying a winning number in one of the windows 28. If preferred, the second and third prizes may be awarded only to cards that produce winning numbers in selected ones or one of the windows 28.
In order to play the game, the device 20 is unlocked by pressing the lock button 26, and the play button 22 is then pressed to start the game. This causes all the display windows 28 to go blank. The numbers then start moving across the first of the display windows 28 until a number comes to rest in that first window. After a small delay, numbers start moving across the second window of the display windows 28 until a number comes to rest in the second window. The process is continued until a third window 28 displays a number. If any of the numbers in the displays windows 28 correspond to the pre-selected winning numbers then this will be classed as a win. As previously mentioned, the extent of the win can depend upon the number and location of the winning numbers in the windows 28. If only one or two of the windows 28 display winning numbers then a decision is made by the player whether or not to hold these numbers in those display windows 28 by pressing the hold button 24 and rolling over these numbers into the next game to be played. If however the player wishes to accept the prize for the numbers obtained in the last game, this can be done by pressing the lock button 26 which means that no further games can accidentally be played to erase the winning numbers or number. The device 20 can then be sent back to the game organisers for verification and payment of a prize.
The software of the game devices is specifically designed to drive the basic functions of the game control. Other levels of the software are particularly designed to enable a specific game to be played within the game device. This can vary according to the design of the game itself.
Various electronic components are also specifically designed to work within the thin card of the game devices.
The described invention and its variations can also be displayed and played as a video game with the same or similar graphics on a video screen or television set as a stand alone coin operated amusement machine.
The following design features apply to both the two above-mentioned hand-held devices of the invention.
The size or area of the screens 10, 12 and 28 is considerably smaller than that of previous game devices in order to accommodate the type of games to be played on these devices. The shape and size of these windows are selected in accordance with the way the characters move within the windows to make the games attractive to the players.
Figures 4 to 6
Figures 1 to 3
The device illustrated in has three small rectangular or oval windows 28, and the device illustrated in has circular windows 10 and rectangular windows 12.
The game devices 2 and 20 are manufactured using thin film technology in order to reduce the thickness of the various components, in particular the microchip components which govern the working features of the game. This technology enables the overall thickness of the devices to be approximately 2 millimetres as compared with 6 millimetres in previously known game devices. Because these devices are thin they can be described as a gamecard or ticket which assists their sales, and renders them suitable for promotions and lotteries.
The devices 2 and 20 include lock buttons 8 and 26 which can be pressed to ensure that no further games can accidentally be played to erase the winning numbers or number. As an alternative to the above-described manual lock feature system these game devices 2 and 20 can have an automatic lock feature activation built in to their programme. This automatic lock feature activation ensures that a winning number obtained while playing the game is automatically locked into the window display thereby preventing the player from losing a winning number obtained while playing the game. The operator can chose whether to use the manual or the automatic locking system.
Although the card-like game devices 2 and 20 can be powered by a standard watch battery there is obviously a severe limit on the size of the watch battery in order to retain the card-like appearance of the devices.
An alternative battery system which may be used consists of electrolytic negative and positive pastes which are installed into the thickness of the card of the game devices 2 and 20. This installation is carried out during the manufacture of the game device by cutting two holes through the thickness of the card-like device and installing the electrolytic paste into the device. This paste is then held in place by a plastic foil located on both sides of the device, and contact points protrude from the paste to make electrical contact with the software of the game device.
When all the windows 10 and 28 of the game devices 2 and 20 present winning numbers, the device software presents a security code which will automatically display itself in these windows either alternatively to or in addition to the winning numbers. This security code consists of a different type of graphic to the numbers. If the game card is tampered with this security code is not displayed, thereby warning the game organisers not to pay out a prize.
A range of ink jet or holographic markings can also be encripted onto the exterior surface of the card device as an additional precaution to control the use of the device from manufacture through to return to the game organisers for verification and payment of a prize.
Provision can be built into the software to provide a display of the starting date of a game when a player activates the card device. This display can be shown in the corners of one or more of the windows 10 and 28, or on a separate strip on the card device. This display can be operated automatically by a pull-tag on the device battery to assure the player that the card device has not been tampered with. | |
IHA has an excellent full time employment opportunity for a Hospital Medicine physician to fill the role of Associate Division Head for Clinical Quality and Safety within IHA Hospital Medicine located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
The Associate Division Head is highly valued as the representative of the IHA Hospital Medicine Service. This individual is carefully chosen to lead his/her hospitalist team in the delivery of excellent medical care while remaining aligned with the IHA Hospital Medicine Service vision. This vision is extensive and includes IHA Hospital Medicine Service communications and administrative issues within the hospital, relations with the hospital staff and the community physicians. The Associate Division Head’s effectiveness rests on his/her understanding and alignment with the IHA Hospital Medicine Service vision and programs.
Acts as a mentor and role model for Division providers in providing quality patient centered care and fulfilling the expectations as outlined in the Hospitalist job description.
Encourages Hospitalists’ input and coaches the implementation of improvements concerning the quality and safety of care delivery within the hospital. Helps design and improve workflows within hospital medicine to facilitate provider compliance and effectiveness in meeting quality, safety, and utilization objectives in all sites where IHA Hospital Medicine Services provides patient care.
Strives to build a hospital environment promoting trust and collegiality through healthy working relations with the hospital’s medical staff.
Acts as the clinical quality liaison between hospital and outpatient medicine, more specifically concerning transitions in care, communication standards and workflows with a focus on readmissions.
Works with patient experience teams from hospital and IHA to improve patient care experience related to physician communication.
Works to advocate for efficient utilization of hospital resources.
Develop and maintain dashboards demonstrating current state progress on Hospital Medicine Quality and Patient Safety related metrics across all sites for IHA Hospital Medicine, work collaboratively with Hospital to develop benchmarks and provide updates as appropriate to providers, IHA leadership and Hospital Leadership.
Meets regularly with Division Head and IHA and Hospital leadership to review and prioritize quality initiatives and programs for hospitalist implementation.
Meets at appropriate frequency with Site Medical Directors to develop priorities, goals, track progress and develop action plans as it relates to the individual practice. Participates in establishing Quality Metrics for the practice.
Helps participate in hospitalist involved Root Cause Analysis meetings.
Assists and contributes to the performance reviews of Hospitalists as well as APPs that are part of the service.
Chairs the Care Team Steering Committee.
Works closely with the Hospital’s Chief Quality Officer to Champion Trinity’s Zero Harm Initiatives.
Assumes additional duties as required.
Creates a positive, professional, service-oriented work environment for staff, patients and family members by supporting the IHA CARES mission and core values statement.
Must be able to work effectively as a member of the leadership team.
Successfully completes IHA’s “The Customer” training and adheres to IHA’s standard of promptly providing a high level of service and respect to internal or external customers.
Maintains knowledge of and complies with IHA standards, policies and procedures, including IHA’s Employee Handbook.
Maintains strict patient and employee confidentiality in compliance with IHA and HIPAA guidelines.
Serves as a role model, by demonstrating exceptional ability and willingness to take on new and additional responsibilities. Embraces new ideas and respect cultural differences.
If applicable, responsible for ongoing professional development – maintains appropriate licensure/certification and continuing education credentials, participates in available learning opportunities.
Identify inpatient and/or outpatient disease specific work flows to improve quality of care for patients with chronic illnesses.
Identify and/or create disease specific educational materials to help patients maintain quality health and reduce hospital utilization.
Identify opportunities and reduce utilization of unnecessary admissions to acute or sub-acute care facilities.
Identify opportunities and reduce utilization of unnecessary inpatient procedures, inpatient diagnostic testing.
Improve and maintain hospitalist physician communication scores on HCAHPS survey.
Improve and maintain hospitalist engagement and satisfaction scores.
Improve and maintain hospital and hospitalist culture of safety scores.
Essential qualifications for this role include completion of an M.D. or D.O. degree with current board certification in a relevant medical specialty. Medical staff appointments are required at Trinity Health hospitals such as St. Joseph Mercy Ann Arbor, St. Mary Mercy Livonia, St. Joseph Mercy Chelsea, and St. Joseph Mercy Livingston. The selected candidate must possess, or be eligible to obtain a valid, active license to practice medicine in the State of Michigan with a minimum of three years’ experience practicing in a Hospital based group practice setting.
Preference will be shown to candidates who possess additional post residency training specifically focused on hospital medicine. This can be acquired through other indicators of expertise in the field such as Society of Hospital Medicine’s Fellowship in Hospital Medicine (FHM) or the American Board of Internal Medicine’s Recognition of Focused Practice (RFP) in Hospital Medicine (Society of Hospital Medicine).
The successful candidate will also possess strong personal communication skills, an appreciation of (or willingness to learn about) financial issues, and a strategic orientation towards customer service are prerequisites for success. In addition, an orientation towards collaboratively problem solving by including providers and staff in efforts to continually improve all areas of quality.
This is an exciting opportunity for the right Hospital Medicine to be an integral member of a well-established and respected multi-specialty group. | https://www.practicematch.com/physicians/job-details.cfm/552553/administration/michigan/ann-arbor/iha/ |
Observing the precise positions of stars required a huge amount of technology, calculation and concentration on the part of the observer. The astronomer would watch the star as it crossed the field of view of the transit telescope, then press a button as the star crossed each of several fine lines in the eyepiece, and press a button when the star met a crossing horizontal and vertical line. Each time the button was pressed a mark was made on a rotating sheet of paper on a precisely controlled chronograph.
Then the astronomer had to shift position and read several microscopes directed at the finely ruled scales on the transit circle, to determine both declination and right ascension (the celestial equivalent of latitude and longitude). Including the taking of the temperature and air pressure, there were as many as 22 different observations to be made for a single star. (See Maunder 1900, pp. 156-63 for a description of the procedure at Greenwich Observatory.)
The observation itself was only the start. Each observation had then to be adjusted carefully to allow for many factors that would influence the measurement: the bending of the star's light rays by the earth's atmosphere, the known errors of the instrument, and other technical factors such as precession, nutation and aberration. These laborious calculations had to be made using pencil and paper and logarithmic tables. A transit observation of 3 or 4 minutes could take hours of computation.
Even the observer had to be taken into account as a source of error. In 1796 the British Astronomer-Royal had dismissed his assistant because he had a 'vicious way of observing the times of the Transits too late', by as much as a second. Astronomers realised that each one had a slightly different way of recording the time; some anticipated the star crossing the line a moment too early, others were slow. Frequent testing allowed the calculation of each observer's peculiar but fairly consistent habits, or 'personal equation', and this could be allowed for in the final calculation of the star's position.
Melbourne Observatory's astronomers would undertake observations of the same stars, to compare their personal equations and adjust their observations to a common standard. When in 1883 Australian observatories undertook to more accurately determine the longitude of each observatory, Pietro Baracchi, a young scientist who was soon to join the Melbourne Observatory staff, was sent to each Australian observatory to compare his personal equation with those of the primary observers in each colony. Typically the differences were no more than a quarter to a third of a second, but it was important to adjust for these if accurate determinations of longitude were to be made.
References:
Maunder, E. Walter (1900). The Royal Observatory Greenwich: A Glance at its History and Work, London: The Religious Tract Society.
Schaffer, Simon (1988). 'Astronomers mark time: discipline and the personal equation,' Science in Context, 2, pp.115-145. | https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/1635 |
Privacy of your personal information is an important part of our office providing you with quality dental care. We understand the importance of protecting your personal information. We are committed to collecting, using and disclosing your personal information responsibly. We also try to be as open and transparent as possible about the way we handle your personal information. It is important to us to provide this service to our patients. In this office, Dr. Jason Brunet acts as the Privacy Information Officer.
* our privacy protocols comply with privacy legislation, standards of our regulatory body, the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario, and the law.
Do not hesitate to discuss our policies with me or any member of our office staff. Please be assured that every staff person in our office is committed to ensuring that you receive the best quality dental care.
Your information may be accessed by regulatory authorities under the terms of the Regulated Health Professions Act (RHPA) for the purposes of the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario fulfilling its mandate under the RHPA, and for the defence of a legal issue.
Patients have a legal right to examine and copy their records and to control the use and dissemination of the information contained in their records. Dentists require patients to provide complete, accurate and intimate health details in order to provide safe and effective treatment. Therefore, ownership of original dental records obligate the security and confidentiality of this information contained therein which may be developed only with the permission of the patient except when otherwise required by law.
Where a third party (e.g. government agency, Canada Revenue Agency, dental association or insurance company) has received patient permission to use information from the patients dental records for financial audits, all patient identity and unrelated information (e.g. health history, personal information) shall first be removed from the records. No third party can demand access to patient dental records (including financial records) except with specific patient consent in writing, by legal statute or by court order. | http://dentistryonjane.com/privacy-policy |
Companies and key technologies:
LITHICA SCCL Geology & Geophysics consulting: David Marti
Passive Seismic methods for exploration
Our contribution to the AGEMERA project will be using passive seismic techniques based on seismic noise data, aiming to characterise the seismic velocity structure of the selected test sites. The objective is to validate and test the capabilities of seismic signal extraction of new, more efficient algorithms and determine their potential for mineral exploration. Furthermore, we will improve existing processing flow strategies to assure the optimal application of these approaches to provide the best seismic image of the shallow subsurface and to speed up the processing times.
Radai Oy: CEO Ari Saarteenoja
Multi-sensing drone system combining magnetic, radiometric and electromagnetic sensing
AGEMERA WP3 is developing an innovative hybrid survey system which will be integrated into a drone platform. The project will create and integrate three different geophysical survey systems and combine all these datasets using sophisticated post-processing algorithms.
Muon Solutions Oy: Marko Holma
Muography
Muon Solutions Oy Ltd is deep-tech engineering, manufacturing, and consulting start-up from Finland. The company provides various types of solutions to the mining industry. The company’s principal focus is developing and delivering services based on cosmic-ray muography, a unique branch of geophysics capable of providing 2D, 3D and time-lapse scanning of the internal density structures of large solid, liquid and gaseous objects. In addition, the company offers a wide range of consultation and contracting services for mineral exploration clients.
OPT-NET BV: Geomatics Product Owner Francisco Gutierres
OPT/NET AI engine has grown into a series of stand-alone platforms with unlimited potential across various critical and data-intensive industries, such as Mineral Raw Materials and Exploration Industry and Copernicus Data cube and AI services. Our goals are to create continuous support for the field trials, data acquisition and ARD cubes generation through the duration of the field trials; to demonstrate the automation capabilities of OPT/NET AI service engine through the use of Advanced AIKP in specific use cases to generate better geological understanding of known mineral deposits to identify critical minerals, and to deliver an AI service which demonstrates its capability to perform data analytics and 2D & 3D visualisations with higher accuracy & speed.
More information:
Jari Joutsenvaara, AGEMERA project coordinator
[email protected]
Project page:
AGEMERA – Agile Exploration and Geo-Modelling for European Critical Raw Materials
Social media tags: | http://www.prokaivos.fi/tapahtumat/studia-generalia-introduction-to-agemera-projects-technologies-for-agile-exploration/ |
Verbal short-term memory (STM) is highly sensitive to learning effects: digit sequences or nonword sequences which have been rendered more familiar via repeated exposure are recalled more accurately. In ... [more ▼]
Verbal short-term memory (STM) is highly sensitive to learning effects: digit sequences or nonword sequences which have been rendered more familiar via repeated exposure are recalled more accurately. In this study we show that sublist-level, incidental learning of item co-occurrence regularities affects immediate serial recall of words and nonwords, but not digits. In contrast, list-level chunk learning affects serial recall of digits. In a first series of experiments, participants heard a continuous sequence of digits in which the co-occurrence of digits was governed by an artificial grammar. In a subsequent STM test participants recalled lists that were legal or illegal according to the rules of the artificial grammar. No advantage for legal lists over illegal lists was observed. A second series of experiments used the same incidental learning procedure with nonwords or non-digit words. An advantage for legal versus illegal list recall was observed. A final experiment used an incidental learning task repeating whole lists of digits; this led to a substantial recall advantage for legal versus illegal digit lists. These data show that serial recall of non-digit words is supported by sublist-level probabilistic knowledge, whereas serial recall of digits is only supported by incidental learning of whole lists. [less ▲]
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This specific case deserves attention for two main reasons. On the one hand, concerns about the United States losing its superiority in drone technology have been voiced for quite some time. Over four years ago, some scholars were warning that “the rest of the world [was] quickly catching up.” Many scholars and observers have worried in fact that low costs and technological simplicity may favor the proliferation of drones with direct implications for regional and even global stability. On the other hand, that China is trying to copy foreign technology is nothing new, and many have wondered whether the new opportunities opened up by the digital age, such as cyber-espionage, might pave the way to a new era in great power rivalry in which technological advantages are inevitably transient. Fortunately, both of these conclusions are largely exaggerated.
What can we learn from the Chinese drones on display? We can learn close to nothing by simply looking at them. As it is the case for mobile phones, laptops, and cars, the external shape of modern weapon systems reveals little about their overall quality and performance. The reason for this is simple: The most important features of modern weapon systems — the sensors, the software, the data-fusion capabilities, as well as the software engineering and the system architecture — cannot be observed in a photograph. Even when it comes to features that depend directly on the external shape of an aircraft, such as its low-observability (i.e., stealth) to radar, it is not possible to infer its radar-cross section by simply “eye-balling” it. The only exceptions are evident mistakes in design or specific aspects known to increase radar reflections — i.e., those very mistakes and aspects that people have pointed out with regard to the Chinese stealth fighter, the J-20 Black Eagle.
What do we know about Chinese aerospace sensors and software? Without access to intelligence, it is very difficult to assess the Chinese capabilities in this realm. Without doubt, over the past 20 years China has accomplished impressive results in the aerospace sector, including defense electronics. Yet, it has also encountered some roadblocks. We know that the J-20 does not carry an air-to-ground electro-optical targeting system and the development of some of its infrared sensors and flight control software have faced several problems. So, the little we do know tells us there is no good reason to believe that the development of its next-generation drone will avoid similar problems, especially because an autonomous system like the one on display at Zhuhai requires “significantly larger and more complex” software than a manned fighter like the J-20 does. As an important work on this very topic put it, the employment of this type of drone will require software “capable of contextual decision-making” whose development “[is] likely to prove the greatest obstacle” for any country interested in pursuing this technology.
Can we say that China has closed the gap with U.S. drone technology? It seems rather unlikely. We don’t know how advanced Chinese technological-industrial capabilities are. But there is no reason to conclude that a mockup on display is even close to being operational or that it will be ready for deployment any time soon. Modern weapon systems require years of research and development, with extensive and exhausting testing and refinement activities until Swiss-watch level of perfection is achieved, as extremely minor mistakes and imperfections are sufficient to lead to systemic failure or to make the aircraft vulnerable to enemy counter-measures. And since progress in radar technology and signal processing has eroded some of the advantages of early stealth aircraft, this is particularly true for systems designed for operating in segregated air spaces. The margin for error has hence become even smaller. As we explain in our article in the winter 2018/19 issue of International Security on the limits of imitation, reverse-engineering and cyber-espionage (Vol. 43, No. 3) the complexity of modern weapon systems is such that a myriad of extremely small and subtle problems can easily emerge, with each being possibly sufficient to undermine the very mission of the aircraft or to compromise its reliability. This is particularly the case for software, where even a relatively small error rate such as 5.9 defects for every 1,000 lines of software code will lead to problems that are time-consuming and difficult to address, since the software of modern jet fighters runs into million lines of code. Unfortunately for would-be military-tech giants, there is no shortcut: Anticipating, detecting, identifying, understanding, and addressing technical problems during large defense projects entail a lot of time and effort. Even a very successful defense project can experience countless difficult problems.
As pictures of the CH-7 started emerging from Zhuhai, many pointed out the evident similarities with Northrop Grumman’s XB-47B demonstrator and with the Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel, leading many to conclude that China simply copied American technology.
A skeptical reader might still believe that China has caught up with the U.S. in terms of next-generation drone technology. Even if she were right, recent commentaries would still be exaggerated. The most likely employment for the stealth drones China displayed would be as forward sensors working in formation with other manned and unmanned platforms or for air-to-surface strikes. As we have discussed in our 2016 article in Security Studies on the constraints to the diffusion of drone warfare in the, conventional military operations like these involve a network of naval (submarine and surface), ground, aerial and spatial platforms, nodes and centers, encompassing an incredibly large number of very skilled personnel tasked with different functions, from data-management and distribution, to logistical support and maintenance. This means that, even if China had this next-generation drone ready at its disposal, it would provide relatively little in terms of capability improvements, as long as the other nodes are not up to that same standard: The performance of a network depends in fact strictly on the performance of its weakest node.
Andrea Gilli is a Senior Researcher in Military Affairs at the NATO Defense College in Rome, Italy and an affiliate at CISAC, Stanford University. He was previously a post-doctoral fellow at Belfer Center, Harvard University; CISAC, Stanford University; and CSS, Metropolitan-University Prague. The views expressed in this article do not represent those of NATO or of the NATO Defense College.
Mauro Gilli is a Senior Researcher in Military Technology and International Security at the Federal Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH-Zurich). He was previously a post-doctoral fellow at the Dickey Center, Dartmouth College. | https://isnblog.ethz.ch/technology/is-china-ahead-of-america-in-next-generation-unmanned-aircraft |
In contested divorce cases, it is not uncommon for one spouse to know very little about family finances, assets, debts, or their spouse’s income. This could happen for several reasons, but it is because their spouse was responsible for handling the financial aspects of their lives while they were married. Even in situations where both parties are certain that they are familiar with the other party’s finances, it is important to confirm that full disclosure has been made under oath.
To ensure that there is full disclosure between the parties, it is important for both parties to participate in full discovery during the divorce process before potentially going to trial. Your divorce attorney in Birmingham can help ensure you receive all of the proper documentation and evidence you need to make an informed decision during your divorce.
The discovery phase of a contested divorce is the information gathering phase where each side obtains information and evidence from the other side. During this phase, each party’s divorce attorney in Trussville, or wherever you live, will collect the necessary information to address the disputed issues in the divorce. This includes detailed information about things such as marital assets, marital debts, child custody arrangements, and other issues relevant to the case.
Discovery also allows each side to understand what evidence will be presented by the other party should the case end up going to trial. The goal here is to make certain that each side has the same information about the case, which will lead to more fair negotiations.
Information is gathered during discovery using the following legal tools:
- Interrogatories.
These are lists of detailed questions asked by one party in a divorce of the opposing party. They are used to delve into specific questions regarding assets, debts, and faults of a divorce. Interrogatories must be answered truthfully under oath.
- Requests for Admission.
These allow for one party to ask the other to admit to information and to identify issues that are not in dispute. If requests are not answered within 30 days, they are deemed admitted by the court.
- Requests for Production.
These are formal requests for specific documents such as witness lists, physical evidence, financial statements, and written statements.
- Depositions.
These are sworn testimonies that are taken from the involved parties. They allow attorneys insight into how a witness will testify at trial, and what a witness will say. Typically, depositions will be taken at the divorce attorney’s office in the presence of a court reporter.
- Subpoenas.
These are court ordered demands that are used to request information from people or entities that are not parties to the lawsuit. A subpoena duces tecum requires the person receiving the subpoena to produce the documents requested in the subpoena. A subpoena ad testificandum requires the person receiving the subpoena to appear to testify. In civil cases, subpoenas are often used to obtain information that may help settle someone’s claim.
If someone does not comply with a discovery request, this could lead to serious consequences and a local divorce attorney can help. Not complying with a discovery request may include not answering questions truthfully, responding late, or not responding at all. In these situations, a judge may fine you or, in severe cases, put you in jail.
Attorney Steven A. Harris regularly blogs in the areas of family law, bankruptcy, probate, and real estate closings on this website. Mr. Harris tries to provide informative information to the public in easily digestible formats. Hopefully you enjoyed this article and feel free to supply feedback. We appreciate our readers & love to hear from you! | https://www.theharrisfirmllc.com/2022/05/22/what-is-discovery-in-a-divorce/ |
Catalist is home to a dedicated, creative team of technologists, data scientists, and campaign experts who build best-in class data tools and science. Catalist is committed to using our talents and technology to nurture a vibrant, growing, progressive community.
We are currently looking for talented and energetic software professionals who would like to work on an exciting new set of products to help progressive organizations run more effective voter contact programs. This position will offer a unique opportunity to help build out an enterprise class data processing and analytics infrastructure for scale. As an engineer at Catalist, you will have a leading role in efforts to discover actionable insights using the largest repository of individual-level data in progressive politics. Our work is on the cutting edge of data-driven politics, and your findings will help Democratic candidates and progressive organizations conduct successful advocacy and electoral campaigns.
Principal Duties & Responsibilities:
- Work closely with engineering, political, and data science staff to understand functional software requirements
- Be a contributing engineer to one or more software components of our architecture
- Collaborate with a small group of software and operations engineers
- Participate in the process for translating software requirements into working systems and solutions
- Decompose and estimate your tasks
- Design and develop software systems and solutions
- Support verification and validation of software solutions
- Support deployment and configuration updates to software component
- Support and maintain software systems and solutions built by the development team, including issue and root cause analysis
- Create, develop, and maintain technical product documentation, including user guides, specifications, design and implementation plans, project plans, issue tickets, etc. | https://www.progressivedatajobs.org/2018/12/04/catalistengs/ |
Federal Rules Of Evidence Business Records Affidavit Form – Affidavit forms are legal documents that have to be signed by an individual under oath or in the penalty of perjury. They are typically used to provide reference letters or health insurance verification. The most important parts of an affidavit consist of a title, body, and signature section. The person who signs the document is called the affiant. The person is also required to list other parties to the document, like their names, addresses and telephone numbers.
The Federal Rules Of Evidence Business Records Affidavit Form is a legal document that states an actual fact. A statement of facts is an event that is legally significant. The statement of truth should be in chronological order. It should also include a brief biography of the person who wrote the document. The date the document was signed by the signer must be noted. There is also a blank area at the bottom of the form for additional documents.
About Federal Rules Of Evidence Business Records Affidavit Form
In an affidavit the person signing the affidavit should provide the details of the situation. In chronological order, all the details that the individual made an assertion of facts must be stated. The affiant should contain an overview of the person who made the statement. The affiant must also include the date when he/she she signed the oath. The court could also require the holder to state the name of the person who signed the document.
Download Federal Rules Of Evidence Business Records Affidavit Form
Affidavits must be tailored to the specific situation. It is very important to show proof that the person who signs the document is who they claim they are. The court will be able verify the signature of an affidavit only if their legal name is mentioned. The Affidavit should also mention the legal name of the person making the affidavit.
Affidavits are vital documents that provide the affiant the opportunity to reveal facts of their life. It usually contains the full legal name of an affiant or address as well as any other personal details. It should include concise and easily-read statements of facts. The document must contain the statement that the person is affiant to himself or herself as “I”. The document should also contain an erasable date/time.
Affidavits are used in numerous situations. They can be utilized in many ways, including for personal and business purposes. They’re not designed to substitute for legal counsel. They should be designed with care but not to the point that they become a burden. Affidavits should not be regarded as a substitute for the actual court. It is crucial to validate a document in both personal and legal circumstances.
An affidavit can be described as an official, written statement. It can be used in court proceedings , or in non-court transactions. Based on the circumstances, an affidavit may be used to verify a statement. In a divorce the affiant will not be in person. In addition, an affidavit may be used in divorce cases. | https://www.printableform.net/federal-rules-of-evidence-business-records-affidavit-form/ |
Osap Affidavit Forms – Affidavits are legal papers that have to be signed under oath with the the penalty of perjury. They are typically used to provide reference letters or health insurance verification. The principal components of an affidavit are the body, title, and signature section. The person who sign the document is known as the affiant. The person should also list the other parties on the document, like their names, addresses and telephone numbers.
Osap Affidavit Forms a legal document that outlines a particular fact. A statement of facts is facts that are legally significant. The statement of fact should be written in chronological order. It should also include an overview of the maker. The affiant needs to state the date that he or she signed the document. Additional documents can be attached to the form by leaving a blank space at its bottom.
What is Osap Affidavit Forms
The affiant needs to state all the details of the case in an affidavit. The fact that the person gave the statement must be listed in chronological order. The affiant should provide an overview of the person who gave the statement. The date the affiant signed the oath should also be mentioned. The court could also request the holder for the name of the person who signed the document.
Download Osap Affidavit Forms
An Affidavit should be tailored for the specific circumstance. It is vital to show proof that the person who is signing an affidavit actually is who they claim to be. It is important to state the legal name of the person who is signing the affidavit, as this allows the court to verify the authenticity of the individual. The Affidavit must also include the legal name of the person making the affidavit.
Affidavit forms are essential documents that allow the affiant the chance to share facts about their life. It typically contains the full legal name of the person who is affiant along with their address and other personal details. It should contain concise and easily-read statements of facts. The document should contain an self-declaration of the affiant as “I”. The affiant should also put a date and time in the document.
Affidavits can be used in many situations. Affidavits are used in various ways, such as for personal and business purposes. They are not meant to substitute for legal counsel. They should be cautiously made, but not too as to be heavy. An affidavit does not replace the actual court. It is crucial for the legality of a document in both personal and legal situations.
Affidavits can be described as an affidavit that is written and sworn. It is used in court proceedings or for non-court transactions. Based on the circumstances, an affidavit will be required to confirm the authenticity of a declaration. The affiant may not be present to be a witness during divorce. Affidavits can be utilized in divorce cases. | https://www.printableform.net/osap-affidavit-forms/ |
There’s a lot to be studied when knowing how to disinherit a child in a Will, as it is more than just leaving their name out of a Will. Several people underestimate the impacts of significant life events when we’re talking about Wills.
Making a Will that replaces an existing one is one answer to the question of how to disinherit a child in a Will. Leaving someone significant person like a child out of a Will without reason can lead to many disputes. This won’t simply prevent children from contesting one’s Will and they’ll simply think that they were just forgotten.
This article can help when one who is looking at how to disinherit a child in a Will.
How To Disinherit A Child In A Will Australia?
Disinheriting a child in a Will in Australia is possible, but not necessarily easy to do. Australian law provides its citizens the freedom to draft up a Will. The law also allows the Will-maker to nominate who their estate will be distributed upon their passing, but are their children significantly included?
When a parent is thinking of how to disinherit a child in a Will, there are reasons like conflicts and maybe the child has no contact with the Will-maker. For example, parents might have disagreements with their children like:
- Differences in religious beliefs
- Choice of lifestyle
- Deep-rooted family issues
The factors may lead to estrangement and the parent may feel no obligation to provide for their children who are no longer involved in their lives. Sometimes a testator also has a good reason for disinheriting a child in a Will.
A testator may also disinherit a child in a Will like providing a different beneficiary for fair reasons. For example, a parent has already provided substantial help and assistance to one child (like an early inheritance) and decided that their remaining assets can be left for the other children/persons.
The provisions in the law accommodate these types of situations and the court will ask what a reasonable testator would have done in the same instance. If a reasonable testator would have disinherited the person, then the court will not interfere with the provisions of the Will.
There are some basic rules to consider when discussing how to disinherit a child in a Will. However, in general, most children are given an inheritance from their parents, unless the parent excludes them as a beneficiary. A judge can interrupt this decision by the Will-maker though if he/she sees fit.
Adult children can contest a Will if they feel they’ve been unfairly left out. If the matter cannot be settled through proper mediation with the Will’s executor, then it is the court’s responsibility to decide how credible the claim is. Here are a few factors that the court will consider before making a decision:
- The financial stability of the child
- The duration of estrangement between the parent and the child
- The reason for estrangement and whether the child made a credible and genuine attempt to reconcile with their parent
- The size of the deceased’s estate
How To Disinherit A Child In A Will If Your Partner Is Involved
There may also be instances where a partner is involved in these cases. A recommended approach in such cases is to revoke the Will. Creating a new Will before destroying a former Will ensures that an individual has a legal Will at all times. Alternatively, a Will can also be revoked by writing a legal document stating that they wish for it to be revoked, either wholly or partly.
Here are a few instances that may lead to revocation of a Will:
Marriage
This instance automatically revokes any Will that existed prior to marriage even if a partner’s spouse is the person named as the sole beneficiary. If one is looking to make a Will prior to marriage, they can get around this by including a Contemplation of Marriage clause.
Divorce
When one is divorcing, their Will is either revoked or the section relating to your former spouse is considered null and void. After a divorce, the entitlements from the estate which were allotted to the former spouse now form part of their residuary estate. Residuary estates are assets that remain after all gifts are bequeathed and debts, taxes, and fees are paid.
Making a Will that replaces an existing one is an important thing to do immediately after a divorce has been granted legally. A new Will ensures someone that they won’t die intestate and they will still provide for any beneficiaries, children, and dependants.
Separation
One’s ex-partner is not automatically disinherited from a deceased’s Will, especially when they are financially dependent on them. In Australia, a partner must have been separated from their spouse for at least a year, so if a partner dies before the divorce was finalised, the estranged former spouse will receive everything a deceased has in their Will for them.
Children Disputing A Will
If a parent is adamant about knowing how to disinherit a child in a Will and prevent them from receiving assets or receiving parts of their estate, they must act early in structuring their assets.
This may include having joint bank accounts and property titles so the assets transfer to the other trusted holder, rather than becoming part of the deceased’s estate. Transferring some or the entirety of an asset while an individual is alive is a risky move as it can come with complex financial implications.
When a child is disinherited from a Will, there may still be a way for them to receive their deceased parent’s assets. Children are entitled to make a legal claim against an estate and the court will consider these claims, but it will also keep in mind the impact it has on other beneficiaries and claimants.
Importance Of Seeking Legal Advice
When one is asking how to disinherit a child is to seek proper legal advice as this may affect current and further situations. Children may fall into more disputes and conflicts and this just spells more trouble when they want to make legal claims in court.
At JB Solicitors, our Wills and Estate Planning lawyers can aid you in such cases as knowing how to disinherit a child in a Will. Our fixed-fee prices also help our clients to have a clear sense of legal costs when availing of our services. | https://jbsolicitors.com.au/how-to-disinherit-a-child-in-a-will/ |
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Bio
Jeannette, a Managing Director, co-leads PwC's national security regulatory compliance practice focusing on Export Controls and Trade Sanctions. This team of subject matter specialists assists U.S. and multinational companies in understanding and managing export controls, sanctions, embargoes and antiboycott compliance risks and has conducted numerous export controls and sanctions assessments for companies across sectors and geographies. The ECTS team also helps companies enhance compliance policies, processes and controls and remediate identified risks and gaps. Jeannette brings deep knowledge of US and foreign regulatory requirements including the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) policies and regulations on trade sanctions and embargoes. She is also experienced in cross-border transactions involving the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Prior to joining PwC, Jeannette served as a Senior Policy Advisor at the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), US Department of Commerce where she worked on export control reform and foreign policy matters. Her public service career includes over 25 years of federal investigative and enforcement experience as well as more than a decade as a U.S. diplomat in China. She leverages this deep experience to help clients navigate interagency processes including addressing and resolving enforcement and licensing matters. Jeannette was named by World ECR as “Highly Commended” in the category of “Export Control Practitioner of the Year 2016”.
Agenda
Emerging Opportunities in Global Markets
China Summit Segment I: Opening Remarks / Key Regulatory and Policy Trends in Biopharmaceutical Innovation
113ABC: Level 100
Joshua Berlin
Executive Director at
BioCentury
JianQing Chang
Vice President, Drug Regulatory Policy at
Tigermed
Jeannette Chu
Managing Director at
PricewaterhouseCooper
Joseph Damond
Executive Vice President, International Affairs at
Biotechnology Innovation Organization
Christian Davis
International Trade Partner at
Akin Group
Ye Li
Vice President of Government Affairs and Policy at
Merck Biopharma China
Li Yan
Chief Medical Officer at
Brii Biosciences
Interests
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(a) Each agency shall consider for inclusion in its plan the measures identified in appendix C of this subpart.
(b) The following questions should be considered in the evaluation of each measure:
(1) Does this measure provide an incentive or disincentive?
(2) What is the estimate of savings by fuel type?
(3) What are the direct and indirect impacts of this measure?
(4) Is this measure to be mandatory throughout the agency?
(5) If not mandatory, under what circumstances will it be implemented, and who will be responsible for determining specific applicability?
(6) Who will be the direct participants in the implementation of this measure?
(7) What incentives (if any) are to be provided for the participants?
(8) When will this measure be implemented?
(9) Will this measure be implemented in a single step or will it be phased in? If it will be phased in, over what period of time?
(10) Will performance of the measure be evaluated and reported?
(11) By what criterion will performance be determined?
(12) Who will prepare performance reports?
(13) What is the reporting chain?
(14) What is the reporting period?
(c) Each agency will take all necessary steps to implement the energy conservation standards for general operations listed in appendix A (reserved). | https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?mc=true&node=se10.3.436_1104&rgn=div8 |
Ohio's reckless driving laws basically make unsafe driving illegal. This article covers the legal definition of the offense and the penalties you'll face for a conviction.
In Ohio, a person can be convicted of "reckless operation" (also called "reckless driving") for operating a vehicle "in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property."
Generally, the term "willful" refers to conduct that is purposeful or intentional, rather than accidental. And "wanton disregard" basically means the person understood the conduct was risky but decided to do it anyway.
The consequences of a reckless driving conviction depend on the circumstances. But generally, the possible penalties depend on the driver's record.
When a motorist has had no prior motor vehicle or traffic convictions within the past year, reckless operation is a minor misdemeanor. The maximum punishment for a minor misdemeanor is a $100 fine—jail time isn't a possibility.
Reckless driving is a fourth-degree misdemeanor if the driver has been convicted of one motor vehicle or traffic offense within the past year. A fourth-degree misdemeanor carries up to 30 days in jail and/or a maximum $250 in fines.
If a driver has been convicted of two or more motor vehicle or traffic offenses within the past year, reckless driving is a third-degree misdemeanor. Convicted motorists face up to 60 days in jail and/or a maximum $500 in fines.
For any reckless operation conviction, a judge can—but isn't required to—suspend the driver's license for six months to three years.
Ohio has another offense called "operation without reasonable control." Operation without reasonable control is similar to reckless driving, but the possible penalties for a conviction are less severe.
Unlike reckless driving—which requires proof that the driver intentionally or knowingly did something dangerous behind the wheel—a motorist can be convicted of operation without reasonable control for accidentally losing control of a car. Basically, the reasonable control law holds drivers responsible for maintaining a steady course and being able to stop their car in time to avoid collisions.
Regardless of whether the driver has prior traffic offenses, operation without reasonable control is a minor misdemeanor, which carries a maximum $100 fine. And convicted motorists don't face the possibility of license suspension.
Vehicular assault is another charge that's related to reckless driving.
A driver who causes "serious physical harm" to another person while operating a vehicle recklessly can be convicted of "vehicular assault."
Vehicular assault is typically a fourth-degree felony. The penalties for a conviction generally involve six to 18 months of jail time, up to $5,000 in fines, and a one-to-five year license suspension.
In Ohio, it's possible for a driver who's charged with driving under the influence (DUI) to plea bargain for a lesser charge. When a DUI is plea-bargained down to a reckless driving charge, it's sometimes called a "wet reckless."
The consequences of a reckless driving conviction in Ohio can be serious, especially when the offense involved injuries. If you've been arrested for or charged with reckless driving, get in contact with an experienced criminal defense attorney. A qualified attorney can explain how the law applies to the facts of your case and help you decide on how best to handle your situation. | https://www.drivinglaws.org/resources/ohio-reckless-driving-operation-laws.htm |
A collaboration project between Auckland Libraries and Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage launches a five-part podcast series today to commemorate one year since the level four lockdown.
Called ‘Kei Roto I Te Miru: Inside the Bubble’, the podcast series is a culmination of short oral histories that were collected by oral historians from various communities around the country.
A full collection of those stories will be held permanently as part of the Auckland Libraries Heritage Collection.
Councillor Cathy Casey, Auckland Councillor and Deputy Chair of the Parks, Arts, Community and Events Committee, says that having these oral histories in the library collection is a real tribute to the heritage staff.
“This valuable record of real voices and sounds from our communities during the COVID-19 crisis highlights the great work that Auckland Libraries heritage staff are doing to ensure future generations can learn from our history.”
Podcast
‘Kei Roto I Te Miru: Inside the Bubble’ is the result of nine oral historians gathering thirty-five stories with Tangata Whenua, LGBTQI community members, rural Pākehā, health workers, musicians, new mums, Pacific Island New Zealanders, Northland community workers, Chinese New Zealanders, and many others.
Project Manager and Audio-Visual Historian Emma-Jean Kelly said that this was a project that evolved quite organically. “We just thought we’d encourage people to collect oral histories during lockdown.
“While somewhat unconventional, Zoom proved to be an effective way of gathering these stories while we were all socially distanced from one another.
“It was a chance to support communities through a tough time when we’d delayed the Oral History Award funding round. It meant in a small way we were keeping in contact, further exploring new technologies, and commissioning oral histories. But it became clear during our discussions that this could be something bigger, be shared wider, and published sooner than some oral history work. And so ‘Kei Roto I Te Miru: Inside the Bubble’ was born as a podcast series”, says Dr Kelly.
Permanent collection
Principal Oral History Advisor at Auckland Libraries Sue Berman and her team provided advice on best practice using online recording tools and agreed to accept the resulting collection for deposit and access purposes.
“This has been a creative partnership which has allowed the team to understand and negotiate the challenges of caring for oral histories into the future, as well as sharing them for publication in the present”, says Ms Berman.
“Having the full interviews as a permanent part of the oral history collection at Auckland Libraries means that they are accessible to the public now and preserved for our collective memory in the future.”
Auckland Libraries are continuing to collect COVID-19 related items – you can contact Principal Oral History Advisor Sue Berman [email protected] if you have anything to share.
Read about Contemporary Collecting and discover some of the insights gathered already on the Auckland Council Libraries blog.
You can read more about the podcast at the Ministry’s website and you can tune in to listen to it weekly on Radio New Zealand’s ‘Nights with Bryan Crump’ from Monday 29 March. | https://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/news/2021/03/lockdown-collaboration-project-to-be-permanent-part-of-oral-history-collection-for-auckland-council-libraries/ |
The landmark 50th issue of the journal Internet Archaeology highlights the pioneering research conducted by a network of academics, professional archaeologists and museum curators, led by the Universities of Leicester and Exeter, who are investigating new ways of analysing vast quantities of Roman artefacts in order to better understand eating and drinking habits across the Roman world.
Eating and drinking are core activities around which interactions within and between households and communities are structured.
Current knowledge of everyday consumption practices for the majority living in the Roman Empire remains uneven, however, and little is known about how, where and with whom most people ate their meals, or what aspects of this social practice might have conveyed a universal sense of shared behaviour.
The 'Big Data on the Roman Table' (BDRT) research network, which is led by Professor Penelope Allison from the University of Leicester’s School of Archaeology and Ancient History and Professor Martin Pitts from the University of Exeter, has explored theoretical and technological approaches to analysing the large amount of available artefactual data from the Roman world, so that social behaviour associated with food-consumption practices can indeed be investigated.
The network, funded by the Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC), has focused on the first to second centuries CE – the period in which Roman ways of life and material culture were established across the Roman Empire.
Millions of artefacts associated with eating and drinking have been recorded by archaeologists since the eighteenth century and are the main 'big data' component from the Roman world.
With fresh analytical approaches to this data archaeologists will be able to shed new light on how food and drink was consumed during the Roman period, where these activities took place, how these social practices varied across different contexts and reflected different cultural preferences, and how they changed over time.
Professor Allison said: “The processes explored by this network can change the ways archaeologists and the public think about the value of material culture, and particularly ceramics, for understanding social behaviour in the past.”
The network drew on several substantial artefact datasets, many encompassing both legacy data (i.e. non-digital data from old excavations) and data from recent excavations, such as those from the abandoned first-century CE Italian urban site of Pompeii, well-preserved or extensive military sites in the NW provinces (e.g. Nijmegen, Vindolanda, and sites on the Antonine Wall in Scotland), and large assemblages from other urban sites which are the product of more typical archaeological site formation processes (e.g. London and Colchester in Britain, Libarna in northern Italy, and cities in the East).
Between 2015 and 2016 the international BDRT research network developed interdisciplinary, quantitative and qualitative approaches for analysing the material-cultural evidence for social relations around food and drink.
Two workshops were held, at the University of Leicester (September 2015) and the University of Exeter (July 2016), each with c. 50 participants from academic, government and consultancy organisations, from UK, Netherland, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Croatia, Egypt, Canada, and USA.
Professor Allison added: “These two workshops stimulated vibrant discussion between archaeologists, museum curators, mathematicians, and computer scientists on how best to handle the immense amounts of archaeological evidence from eating and drinking in the Roman world so that they can be comprehensively analysed to better understand how different people in different parts of the vast Roman world socialised around eating and drinking.”
Internet Archaeology has been publishing on the web since 1996 and is the premier e-journal for archaeology.
The paper, ‘An Introduction to a Research Network: the rationale and the approaches’, is available here: http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue50/1/toc.html / DOI: https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.50.1
ENDS
Notes to editors:
For more information contact Professor Penelope Allison on [email protected]
About the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC): | https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2018/june/research-network-explores-innovative-ways-to-shed-new-light-on-drinking-and-eating-habits-in-the-roman-world |
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