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Ingredients:
- Cinnamon Filling
- 6 tablespoons unsalted butter (softened)
- 1/3 cup light brown sugar
- 1 tablespoon all-purpose flour
- 2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
- Pinch salt
- Pancakes
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 tablespoon baking powder
- Pinch salt
- 1½ cups buttermilk
- 2 eggs
- 2 tablespoons unsalted butter (melted)
- 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
- Nonstick cooking spray (as needed)
- Icing
- 1½ cups confectioners’ sugar
- 3 tablespoons whole milk
- ½ teaspoon pure vanilla extract
Directions
Cinnamon Filling
In a medium bowl, mix the butter with the brown sugar, flour, cinnamon and salt to combine. Transfer to a medium plastic zip-top bag. Squeeze the filling down into one corner of the bag and snip the corner of the bag with scissors. Set aside.
Pancakes
In a large bowl, whisk the flour with the baking powder and salt to combine. In a small bowl, whisk the buttermilk with the eggs, melted butter and vanilla extract to combine.
Add the buttermilk mixture to the flour mixture and whisk until smooth.
Heat a large skillet or griddle over medium heat. Spray the hot pan with nonstick cooking spray.
Working in batches of 3, ladle or scoop 1/3 cup of pancake batter onto a large skillet or griddle. Cook for 1-2 minutes. Squeeze a spiral of the cinnamon filling on top of the pancakes. Continue to cook 1-2 minutes.
Flip the pancakes and cook for 2-3 minutes on the other side. Remove from the pan and continue with the remaining batter and cinnamon filling. Set aside.
Icing
Whisk the confectioners’ sugar with the milk and vanilla extract to combine. Add additional milk in small amounts, as needed, to make the icing easy to drizzle.
To serve, stack three pancakes on each plate and either drizzle with the icing or serve it on the side. | http://com-cookbook.wikidot.com/cinnamon-roll-pancakes1 |
Showing where taxpayers’ money goes: some guidelines on procurement data visualization
The European procurement market is a huge beast. In 2017, the total value of public purchases of goods and services across the European Union was estimated to be a whopping €2 trillion (or about 13% of GDP). Although the EU took significant steps in 2016 to open up the procurement market, it still recognizes that a lot of work remains to be done to level the playing field so that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can compete with big business for tenders in a fair and transparent fashion.
This transparency principle, a key element of a good democracy, demands that data related to taxpayers’ money should be as open as possible. Open data is good for everyone: only an economy that is open and fair can provide opportunities for new and small businesses. This is incredibly important as the best innovations often start small! Being life-long transparency advocates ourselves, we align with the OCP’s mission ‘to use the power of open data to save governments money and time and deliver better goods and services for citizens’. This is a big job which requires tackling the issue from multiple angles.
One way of bringing some well-needed transparency into the procurement market is to visualize who is doing what, when and how: where do public funds go and how are stakeholders connected? How have these networks evolved over time? Presenting this data in a concise manner is not just a way to uncover unrealized business opportunities but also helps detect patterns of collusion and corruption. Data visualization is a fantastic approach to make sense of data and to provide better insight into the complex world of procurement. But no one size fits all and for practitioners who work in the fields of open data, procurement and transparency it is important to sift through the good, the bad and the ugly.
So what are the principles of a good data visualization strategy? Here are some basics that any open data advocate and procurement professional should consider:
Be clear about what you want to communicate
If you work in the area of procurement, you’re likely to sit on tons of heterogeneous datasets. Your data is probably numerical (e.g. tender volume), related to time or categorical (e.g. sector of spending), and spatial (e.g. geographical coordinates). Not all of this data will be equally important for all of your stakeholders to see. And not all of your data will require visualization. The first step in getting your visualization strategy right is to think carefully about what users will want to see and what insight you wish to get across in the most efficient way.
Once you’ve worked out what data you want your stakeholders to consume, you should think of some appropriate analyses, statistics, indicators and aggregates that best summarize and communicate your data. You may wish to provide intel on how information about contract dates, volumes, etc. has evolved over time, or present a comparison between bidders and suppliers, or evaluate some KPIs, or show how data is geographically distributed. We recommend thinking about this carefully at the design stage. And consider how these variables hang together. A good data visualization strategy is clear about what it wants to achieve. Here are some examples of how a simple and clear message could be communicated visually:
Think about every element of your visualization design – it matters
Data visualizations are designed to make it easy to compare data or tell a story – both of which can help users to understand a topic and make decisions (the Trifecta checkup provides a general framework to evaluate if the visualization works). This includes selecting a chart type that fits your data and the message you want to convey with and about your data. You will want to think about the graphical elements, who would see it and where (e.g. on a desktop browser or on small screens, such as a mobile device). But you will also need to think about the type of font you use, if you use icons or not, the colour choices and if they are readable but also if they convey a message. You should consider the axes and scales you use in the chart and how to label them. The issue of legends and annotations and whether people can actually read and make sense of what you created is important too. As is thinking about whether your users could face constraints, such as physical ones (e.g. colour blindness) or in terms of skills (e.g. avoid technical terms) or of bandwidth and screen size (e.g. avoid large charts that require scrolling or interactive visualizations that don’t convey the message when it does not load fast enough).
Avoid chart junk
Chart junk describes all visual elements in charts and graphs that are not necessary to comprehend the information on the graph, or that will otherwise distract the viewer from this information. This means avoiding graphical excesses that don’t ‘respect’ the data and the audience. The visual layout should help to deliver the message and should contain the minimum amount of elements on a chart necessary to achieve this. So when you have chosen the data, the message and a chart type, review the visualization and see if you can reduce unnecessary lines, background images or elements. You can use custom styles and shapes to make data easier to understand at a glance, in ways that suit users’ needs and context. Explain your charts, bars and indicators well, e.g. by labelling your axes clearly and to the right amount of detail – for instance by providing units of measurement. Think about the language your audience is most likely to understand and don’t forget that communicating things as easily as possible includes the largest range of users to consume your content. Avoiding unnecessary complex words is also a way to reduce chart junk.
Design a dashboard if your story is more complex
If you want to display a series of multiple charts you can design a dashboard. As we said before, you should keep your visualization as simple as possible. That’s why separate but connected charts can sometimes better tell a story than one complex chart. Dashboards are often used to monitor changes in data (for more guidance on dashboard design, see Stephen Few’s Information Dashboard Design). A good dashboard can contain different types of charts, such as bars, time series or indicators presented in an aesthetically pleasing way that strikes the right balance between keeping things tidy and simple but providing valuable insight (see https://datavizproject.com/ for an overview of the data visualizations commonly used for this purpose).
This means on a dashboard you’ll need to arrange your content in a meaningful and effective way. Prioritize the most important information using layout structures. Research that tracks how users navigate on a website has revealed that people associate different levels of relevance and importance depending on where content is located on a page. Users tend to pay more attention to the top-left and centre sections of a screen; your most important visualizations should go here. Material in the bottom-right corner, however, is often considered less relevant. Also make sure that items that are logically close to one another are in proximity on display too, e.g. avoid spreading spatial data all across the screen.
Here are some examples of dashboards for procurement data:
A lot more can be said about data visualization and we have compiled more detailed guidelines under https://theybuyforyou.eu/visualizationtool/guideline.html. In the next post we’ll provide an overview of the TheyBuyForYou tool that we’ve been working on as an example of how we have taken these guidelines to heart when working with procurement data.
Elena Simperl is Professor of Computer Science at King’s College London. She leads several projects on TheyBuyForYou, an EU-funded research consortium where she and her team built a cross-European knowledge graph of procurement data alongside a series of interfaces and tools that enable SMEs to realize new procurement opportunities. Elena is also the Principal Investigator of the Data Stories project that develops novel ways for citizens to engage with data in a post-truth society.
Laura Koesten is a researcher at King’s College London. She was a Marie Curie Skłodowska fellow at the Open Data Institute and at the University of Southampton, UK investigating the user perspective in dataset search. She is part of the TheyBuyForYou and the Data Stories project. In her research she is looking at ways to improve Human Data Interaction by studying sensemaking with data, data reuse and collaboration and human factors in data science. | https://www.open-contracting.org/2020/02/19/showing-where-taxpayers-money-goes-some-guidelines-on-procurement-data-visualization/ |
Cottage Pie with Shallots and Sherry Recipe
Classic british dishes updated for the modern American cook.
When the leaves begin to turn brown and the evenings get darker, simple, hearty casseroles like cottage pie start to grace supper tables. Originally a way to use up scraps of meat leftover from a previous meal, cottage pie is now more commonly made with ground meat, but sometimes made with braised. The most distinguishable feature of cottage pie is the mashed potato crust, baked until golden and crisp.
The terms "cottage pie" and "shepherd's pie" were once used interchangeably, whether or not the meat used was beef or lamb. Now cottage pie refers specifically to beef, whereas shepherd's pie refers to the use of ground lamb. This version of cottage pie uses shallots and sherry to add a slightly sweeter, savory note to the dish. It's a personal preference to use the peas as a layer between the meat and potatoes, but feel free to fold them into the meat—or use whatever technique your Mum used when you were a kid.
- Yield:serves 4
- Active time: 25 minutes
- Total time:1 hour 10 minutes
Ingredients
- 1 1/2 pounds russet potatoes (about 3 large) peeled and cut into rough 1-inch cubes
- 1/2 cup milk
- 3 tablespoons butter
- Kosher salt
- 3 medium shallots, finely chopped (about 3/4 cup)
- 2 bay leaves
- 2 teaspoons picked fresh thyme leaves
- 2 ribs celery, finely chopped (about 1 cup)
- 2 medium carrots, finely chopped (about 1 cup)
- 1 tablespoon tomato poaste
- 1/2 cup sherry
- 2 pounds ground beef
- 1 cup low sodium homemade or store-bought chicken or beef broth
- Freshly ground black pepper
- 1 cup frozen peas, thawed
Directions
-
1.
Adjust oven rack to middle position and preheat to 375°F. Cover potatoes with cold water and bring to a simmer; cook until potatoes are soft, about 10 minutes. Drain potatoes and place back in the pot. Add milk and butter and mash with a potato masher. Season to taste with salt and reserve.
-
2.
Melt butter in a large stainless steel skillet over medium high heat. Add shallots, bay leaves, and thyme, and cook, stirring, until shallots begin to soften, about 5 minutes. Add celery and carrots and continue to cook, stirring, until carrots begin to soften, about 4 minutes longer.
-
3.
Add tomato paste and cook, stirring, until vegetables are evenly coated with paste, then add sherry and cook until sherry is reduced by half, about 6 minutes. Add beef and mix with a wooden spoon until vegetables and meat are evenly incorporated and beef has begun to brown, about 5 minutes. Add broth and bring to a simmer, stirring often to break up the meat. Simmer meat mixture until liquid has thickened and reduced by half and meat has cooked through, about 20 minutes.
-
4.
Transfer meat mixture to bottom of 8- by 11-inch baking dish. Spread peas over meat mixture, then spread mashed potatoes over top of peas and meat. Smooth potatoes and decorate with the tines of a fork. Bake until top of potatoes begins to brown, about 35 minutes. Let rest 5 minutes, then serve. | https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2012/10/print/cottage-pie-with-shallots-and-sherry-recipe.html |
Q:
Make webpack's library output compatible with babel6
Babel's 6th version changes the functioning of export default and in particular its relation with commonjs require.
To summarise, while until babel5, require('module') where giving the default export of the module, it now always returns the module object containing all of the exports of the module.
If one only wants the default, he/she must use require('module').default.
As explained here, there is very good reasons behind this and the aim of this question is not to break or hack this behaviour.
However, if one is building a library, he/she usually does not want to distribute a module but the export value of his library (e.g. a function, whatever module system is used internally).
This is well dealt with by webpack and the output.library configuration when using commonjs or AMD. Because prior babel's versions allowed the default export to be required with commonjs, babel was also compatible with this mechanism. However it is not the case anymore: the library now always provides an es6 module object.
Here is an example.
src/main.js
export default "my lib content";
webpack.config.js
var path = require("path");
var webpack = require("webpack");
module.exports = {
entry: {
lib: [ path.resolve(__dirname, "src/main.js") ],
},
output: {
path: path.join(__dirname, "dist"),
filename: "mylib-build.js",
library: 'myLib'
},
module: {
loaders: [
{
test: /\.js$/,
loader: "babel",
include: path.join(__dirname, "src"),
query: { presets: ['es2015'] }
}
]
}
};
test.html
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<script src="dist/mylib-build.js"></script>
<!-- `myLib` will be attached to `window` -->
<script>
console.log(JSON.stringify(myLib)); // { default: "my lib content" }
</script>
</body>
</html>
This is a very simple example but I obviously want the export of mylib to be the string "my lib content" instead of { default: "my lib content" }.
One solution could be to create an export source file in commonjs to perform the transformation:
module.exports = require('./main').default;
However I find this solution quite poor. One should be able to solve it at the compilation level, without changing the source code.
Any idea?
A:
Was just going at this my self. Whether one like to call it a workaround or solution, there seem to be a Babel plugin that "solve it".
Using the plugin babel-plugin-add-module-exports as referenced in https://stackoverflow.com/a/34778391/1592572
Example config
var webpackOptions = {
entry: {
Lib1: './src/Lib1.js',
Lib2: './src/Lib2.js'
},
output: {
filename: "Master.[name].js",
library: ["Master","[name]"],
libraryTarget: "var"
},
module: {
loaders: [
{
loader: 'babel',
query: {
presets: ['es2015'],
plugins: ["add-module-exports"]
}
}
]
}
};
This yields Master.Lib1 to be lib1 instead of Master.Lib1.default.
A:
Webpack 2 now supports es6 modules which partially solves this issue. Migrating from webpack 1 to webpack 2 is relatively painless. One just need to remember to disable babel's es6 module to commonjs conversion to make this work:
.babelrc
{
"presets": [
["es2015", {"modules": false}]
]
}
However, unfortunately, it does not work properly with export default (but an issue is opened, hopefully a solution will be released eventually).
EDIT
Good news! Webpack 3 supports the output.libraryExport option that can be used to directly expose the default export:
},
path: path.resolve(__dirname, "dist"),
filename: "mylib-build.js",
library: "myLib",
// Expose the default export.
libraryExport: "default"
},
{
include: path.resolve(__dirname, "src")
}
]
}
};
| |
families are safe.
To
ensure safety at these attractions, the department offers the
following guidelines:
Make sure the ride
has a current permit sticker issued by the Department of Labor.
If you do not see it affixed to the ride, ask to see it before
you get on. All amusement rides or attractions, which include
inflatable rides, commonly called moonwalks or bounces, should
not be operated for public use without a permit from the
department and a trained operator. You may view the department's
permit at
www.state.il.us.agency/idol.
Don't assume a ride
is safe for small children if you hold on to them.
Talk to your
children so they know what to expect of the ride.
If a child is
afraid of the ride, it's probably best not to put her or him on
the ride. Never force a child or friend to ride.
Read and follow all
posted rules and observe age, height and weight restrictions. If
they are not posted, ask.
Follow all
instructions given to you by the ride operator.
[to top of second column]
Walk, don't run,
and hold on to handles provided.
Remain seated, and
keep hands, arms and feet inside the ride at all times.
Use safety
equipment, such as a seat belt, shoulder harness, lap bar or
chain when provided.
Stay in the ride
until it comes to a complete stop.
The Department of Labor enforces the Carnival and Amusement Rides
Safety Act to regulate amusement rides and attractions in Illinois
and inspects nearly 5,000 rides each year at stationary parks,
traveling carnivals or fairs that are open to the public. The law
requires an annual safety inspection to be conducted by the
department before permits are issued to amusement rides, amusement
attractions, inflatable attractions, ski lifts, rope tows, go-kart
tracks, aerial trams, dry slides, mobile climbing walls and bungee
jumping.
To further improve compliance with state laws, Gov. Rod R.
Blagojevich signed legislation in 2006 that improved the
department's enforcement of the act by granting the director the
authority to legally obtain through subpoena any evidence related to
an investigation or hearing.
Anyone who operates an amusement ride or amusement attraction
open to the public without having obtained a permit from the
Illinois Department of Labor is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor. If
you find someone who is operating rides or attractions without the
required state of Illinois permit, please report it immediately to
local law enforcement and the Department of Labor at 217-782-9347. | http://archives.lincolndailynews.com/2007/May/26/News/today052607_c.shtml |
Oh man, cat people….
Case in point, this article in Vox: “Japan just created a Google Street View for cats”. Basically, some cat fanatic in Japan made a Google Maps street view for cats. No I don’t know why. But now, it’s explained in the article, we can see what a city look in Japan looks like to a cat.
Of course, that is not what anything looks like to a cat. It is what a Japanese city looks like to a very short person. Because a cat’s daytime vision (see the photo below) is much more fuzzy, less sharp, less colorful (no reds at all), dimmer, and full of shadows. A cats cautious movement reflects that vision. What to us is a lawn in the late afternoon sun is to them a lawn with its western half it in deep shadow. And I also believe a cat’s vision would detect movement much more acutely, so that while we see a street, a cat would see birds in the bushes, a pedestrian walking on the sidewalk, a car passing, and a some littered paper blowing by. We would put the movement into the context of a street, but for a cat the movement is the context.
I realize that this is the least important thing you’re read all day.
And I’m not even finished. You’ll notice one of the stills from the map linked above shows a shop in the background, a bench in the foreground, and some fool calling the invisible cat from the shop door. We can ignore the fool, if only on principle, and the shop, and focus instead on the bench. I’ve always thought that a cat’s way of looking at space is much more modular than ours. That bench, for instance. We see a bench, and notice there’s room under the bench. To a cat there’s the top of the bench and, completely separate, there is the space underneath the bench. They are two different spaces, and their connectedness is meaningless and probably unrecognized by the cat. Because to a cat every opening big enough to get into is its own separate space. A box on the floor. A grocery bag. A cat will crawl into a bag and that bag will then be separate from the room it is in, to the point that a cat can crawl into a paper bag and fall fast asleep, feeling completely secure, no matter what is going on around it. And while a bedroom for us is one room and a closet, for a cat it is a whole collection of spaces independent of each other. The top of the bed and underneath the bed are completely different, the various cubbyholes and hidden places in the closet are completely unique spaces. It sees a bedroom the way we would see a large house. And I don’t think this map gets that across. But imagine an empty bag on the sidewalk between the bench and the shop. To us it would be a bag blowing across the sidewalk. To a cat it would be another modular space, just as much a part of the geography as the top of the bench or under the bench or that shop door beyond with the fool saying here kitty kitty in Japanese.
I once saw a map of a neighborhood from the point of view of a mockingbird, the block divided into various mockingbird territories that, property lines be damned, were all over the place. I’ve never been able to find that map again–those were analog times, when things popped up, blew our minds, then disappeared forever–but it got me to looking at the world from the point of view of different species, such as cats, or Argentine ants, or the rotten kids next door back then on their Big Wheels at eight in the morning. You can while away half your adult life thinking like that. I recommend it. | https://bricksscience.com/2016/06/03/cat-map/ |
Place butter in a small saucepan and melt over medium-low heat. Once melted, remove from heat and whisk in the BBQ and tomato sauces, KEEN’S Chilli Blend, salt and vinegar.
Place wings in a large mixing bowl. Pour half the chilli sauce over and toss to coat. Set aside the remaining chilli sauce. Cover the wings and marinate on the kitchen bench for 20 to 30 minutes or in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours.
Preheat grill to 220⁰C. Lift the wings from the marinade and place in a single layer on a raised grilling rack, over a baking paper lined tray. Position tray 15 to 20cm below the grilling element and grill for 10 to 12 minutes, then turn the wings and grill for a further 10 to 12 minutes.
The wings are done when the skin is crispy / charred and the meat pulls easily from the bones.
Combine celery, walnut and apple then dress with salad dressing.
Transfer the wings to a serving plate and pour the remaining chilli sauce over. Serve while still piping hot with the ranch dressed, celery walnut and apple salad.
If you marinade the wings in advance and therefore need to refrigerate the wings, the chilli sauce will become firm as the butter hardens. This will have no effect on the finished dish, they will still be delicious. | https://www.mccormick.com.au/keens/recipes/chilli/oven-baked-buffalo-wings |
Noise in pumps and systems
The noise emitted by pumps and systems is caused by vibrations in the piping and the pump casing. These vibrations interact with the surrounding air and are perceived as airborne sound.
Transient flow and the pressure fluctuations associated with it produce this effect. The fluctuations occur when energy is transferred via the impeller vanes to the fluid handled. The finite number of vanes leads to periodic pressure fluctuations with amplitudes of varying intensity. Since the flow encounters continually increasing static pressure, the boundary layers are at great risk of separating. The flow pattern of the fluid flowing around the vanes as well as flow separation make the flow in a centrifugal pump transient.
For single-stage volute casing pumps comprising a few basic components, these transient flows are the main source of noise apart from that generated by the drive of the centrifugal pump.
Multistage pumps with balancing devices also produce substantial turbulence noise (see Fluid mechanics), resulting from the characteristically high delivery heads of the individual stages, as can higher pressures when they are relieved in balancing devices, for example.
The aforementioned sources of noise relate to pumps and systems operated in the absence of cavitation. When cavitation occurs in a pump or valve, the level of noise produced is considerably more pronounced.
Cavitation noise typically sounds like a high-pitched crackling and transitions to an intense rattling sound when the effect intensifies (i.e. lower NPSH).
Cavitation noise contributes to the overall noise emitted by pumps and systems and necessitates further outlay for any noise control measures that are required. It can also be used, however, for detecting and - by using suitable measuring equipment and analysis methods - acquiring information about the intensity and erosive potential of cavitation conditions.
The trend toward higher rotational speeds exacerbates the problem of noise in centrifugal pumps, which leads to smaller, more powerful machines (increased power density). Adding to this is the fact that better use is being made of materials to reduce wall thickness. Doing this, however, also makes the pumps more conducive to vibrations.
The influences of individual components on the overall noise emitted by a pump set are complex and hinge on many factors. See Fig. 1 Noise in pumps and systems
Characteristic sound power levels can be assessed in accordance with VDI 3749, which provides emission values for different technical sound sources.
The influential effect of foundations (see Pump foundation), buildings (with extended periods of heavy reverberation), piping, and adjacent machines and systems is particularly difficult to estimate.
Guidelines and technical codes exist for measuring noise (see Noise measurement).
Statistical analyses have revealed that, depending on the type of pump and in non-cavitating operation, 10-9 to 10-6 of a centrifugal pump's power input is converted to sound power, which may take the form of solid-borne, air-borne and liquid-borne sound. See Fig. 2 Noise in pumps and systems
Noise control
The most critical active sound-absorbing measure for noise control is the correct selection of the pump itself, which must be designed for the task in question and have the correct size.
The sound of a centrifugal pump varies in intensity along its H/Q curve depending on the operating point. To conserve energy and minimise noise, pumps should generally be run at the operating point that provides optimum pump efficiency. Noise is usually lowest when the pumps are operated at a speed near BEP.
Passive sound-absorbing measures are a necessity when centrifugal pumps are used in applications with stringent noise restrictions, and include expansion joints in the piping, installation of the pump set on rubber-metal or spring mounts, in sound enclosures and insulated rooms in which pump sets are operated with special sound-proofing or sound-dampening panels. | https://www.ksb.com/centrifugal-pump-lexicon/noise-in-pumps-and-systems/191140/ |
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for determining which number is a prime number and a method thereof and, more specifically, relates to a hardware-type prime number determination apparatus and a method thereof. According to the present invention, a hardware-wired prime number determination apparatus comprises: a TD calculation module which performs a trial division test to see if an inputted random odd number r is divided by predetermined k prime numbers, and returns the random odd number r, which passed the trial division test, to a result value r′1; and a modular exponentiation module which performs a Fermat test to see if the remainder is 1 by performing modular exponentiation on the r′1 m times, and determines and provides the r′1, which passed the test, as a prime number. According to the present invention, the hardware-type prime number determination apparatus and the method thereof propose a method for determining k prime numbers in hardware capable of parallel processing.
COPYRIGHT KIPO 2017 | |
Work Package 5 will produce the overall strategy for the assessment of the performances of the selected infrastructural and behavioural solutions to reduce air pollutants concentrations and understanding their linkages to climate change in urban settings.
Main aims
The main aims of this research are:
- To provide a baseline in terms of air pollution levels, climate and socio-economic variables to be used to assess the performances of the proposed infrastructural (WP3) and behavioural (WP4) solutions to improve air quality in the test cities;
- To improve the current sparse network of air quality monitoring stations with more nodes in order to provide a more detailed and realistic representation of the spatio-temporal variation of air pollution levels in the target cities within iSCAPE;
- To provide, through the upgraded network of sensors, high quality data to run, calibrate and validate numerical models created/utilized as part of WP6;
- To provide the framework and infrastructure (upgraded network of sensors) to evaluate the effectiveness in terms of reduced air quality levels of the deployed infrastructural and behavioural solutions and translate this into policy (WP7);
- To evaluate the socio-economic impacts of iSCAPE solutions in the tested cities through a quali-quantitative, ad hoc-developed, methodology. The socio-economic impact assessment will include the analysis of the impact on health.
Main outcomes
This WP provides a baseline in terms of air pollution levels, climate and socio-economic variables to be used to assess the performances our the solutions deployed in the iSCAPE test cities; integrates the current air quality monitoring network in these cities with more measuring points in order to use the collected data for fine-tuning and assessing the performances of the interventions; provides a structured strategic portfolio of interventions to allow other cities in Europe and Worldwide to find the most suitable air pollution control strategy in accordance with their environmental and socio-economics specific needs and geographical and urban infrastructure requirements. Through this WP, we will pay particular attention to local environmental and socio-economic constraints at various scales, and identify the improvements in the cities atmospheric environment that have occurred through these initiatives.
Main outputs
- A database and report for the baseline environmental and socio-economic assessment.
- A report on air pollution and meteorology monitoring which will detail air pollution levels and meteorological conditions in the target cities.
- A report on interventions which will detail an evaluation of the interventions in the target cities.
- A strategic portfolio choice which will detail interventions characteristics and optimal use to provide a portfolio of Passive Control Systems for EU cities and beyond (developing countries) which require improvements in air quality.
- A plan for extending the life of Living Labs beyond iSCAPE.
- A report on iSCAPE socio-economic impact assessment methodology which will describe the methodological framework to be used for assessing the socio-economic impact of iSCAPE outputs and pilot and for developing a strategic portfolio choice framework.
Practical use
This WP will provide recommendations on the suitability of each tested intervention in relation of a range of environmental and socio-economic factors. The recommendations will also be linked to climatic factors in order to enable other cities in Europe and Worldwide to identify the most suitable air quality intervention according to their specific local climate, environmental and socio-economic factors. We will consider the Smart Cities and Communities European Innovation Partnership and present the factors that will contribute to the development of innovative solutions in regards to air pollution control. | https://www.iscapeproject.eu/research-approach/work-package-5-monitoring-and-evaluation-of-interventions/ |
Research SummaryUnderstanding taste circuits and its modulation in Drosophila melanogaster
For all the animals, the sense of taste provides the ability to evaluate the quality of food sources. Food evaluation promotes ingestion of nutritious substances and discourages consumption of harmful substances. Food preference involves the peripheral taste system, but decision-making occurs in the central nervous system. I am interested in the gustatory system of Drosophila melanogaster to understand- how insects make the feeding decisions and the circuits involved? Drosophila can sense same taste stimuli as mammals, including sugars, water, salts, acids, alcohols and bitter. These compounds facilitate acceptance or avoidance behaviors. Although innate taste behaviors may be modified by learning and experience. The simplicity of ligands and behaviors, along with the molecular, genetic, calcium imaging and electrophysiological approaches, allows one to examine taste processing from sensory input to motor output in a system that can also be modified by learning. For greater understanding of peripheral and central taste coding my research will focus on identifying neuronal taste circuits in the brain that influence feeding behaviors. (2) Physiological factors that can modulate taste signals, which are not well understood in insects. The results of this study can be applied for insect pest control and reduced pathogen transmission by insects that impact human health.
Figure Legend: Schematic illustrating sweet taste processing in Drosophila: The axons of all peripheral gustatory receptor neurons terminate in the sub esophageal ganglion (SOG), the first relay for taste information in the fly brain. Labellar stimulation with sugars activates the sweet sensing Gustatory receptor Gr5a neurons (Green) that make synaptic connections with the first identified second order sweet gustatory projection neurons (NP1562 SGPNs-magenta) in the SOG. SGPNs axons relay sweet taste information to Antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) recently identified as an immediate higher-order processing center for sweet taste. Where and how the taste information for different taste modalities is conveyed from AMMC to higher brain center (mushroom body or Calyx) or back to SOG is not known. | https://www.indiaalliance.org/fellowsprofile/main/research/id/293 |
First Quarter is the lunar phase on . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 51% and growing larger. The 7 days young Moon is in ♐ Sagittarius.
* The exact date and time of this First Quarter phase is on 23 August 2004 at 10:12 UTC.
Tuesday Tue
Wednesday Wed
Thursday Thu
Friday Fri
Saturday Sat
Sunday Sun
Monday Mon
Moon rises at noon and sets at midnight. It is visible high in the southern sky in early evening.
Moon is passing first ∠2° of ♐ Sagittarius tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 3.2% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1959" and ∠1898".
Next Full Moon is the Sturgeon Moon of August 2004 after 6 days on 30 August 2004 at 02:22.
There is low ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at big angle, so their combined tidal force is weak.
The Moon is 7 days young. Earth's natural satellite is moving through the first part of current synodic month. This is lunation 57 of Meeus index or 1010 from Brown series.
The length of the lunation is 29 days, 13 hours and 5 minutes. It is 46 minutes longer than the next lunation's length. The lengths of the following synodic months are going to decreasing with the true anomaly getting closer to the value it has at the point of New Moon at perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
The length of the current synodic month is 21 minutes longer than the mean synodic month length. It is 6 hours and 42 minutes shorter compared to 21st century's longest synodic month length.
At the beginning of the lunation cycle the true anomaly is ∠234°. At the beginning of next synodic month the true anomaly is going to be ∠269.4°.
12 days after point of apogee on 11 August 2004 at 09:34 in ♊ Gemini. The lunar orbit is getting narrow, while the Moon is moving towards the Earth. It will keep this direction over the next 3 days, until the Moon reaches the point of next perigee on 27 August 2004 at 05:37 in ♑ Capricorn.
The Moon is 365 851 km (227 329 mi) away from Earth and getting closer over the next 3 days until the point perigee when Earth-Moon distance is going to be 365 106 km (226 866 mi).
1 day after descending node on 21 August 2004 at 12:11 in ♏ Scorpio. The Moon is located south of the ecliptic over the following 10 days, until the lunar orbit crosses from South to North in ascending node on 3 September 2004 at 06:34 in ♉ Taurus.
16 days since the beginning of current draconic month in ♉ Taurus, the Moon is navigating from the second to the final part of the cycle.
11 days since the previous standstill on 12 August 2004 at 02:38 in ♋ Cancer when the Moon has reached North declination of ∠27.674°, the lunar orbit is extending southward over the next 2 days to face maximum declination of ∠-27.776° at the point of next southern standstill on 25 August 2004 at 20:48 in ♐ Sagittarius.
In 6 days on 30 August 2004 at 02:22 in ♓ Pisces the Moon is going to be in a Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and thus forming the next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy alignment. | https://lunaf.com/lunar-calendar/2004/08/23/ |
Given the increasing scale of attacks against medical devices, European Union regulators have introduced a new set of market entry requirements for medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices to reduce the risk of patient injury as a result of a cyber incident, as well as protect national health systems.
EU regulators are raising the bar for cybersecurity requirements with European Union Regulation for Medical Devices (MDR) and European Union Regulation for Laboratory Diagnostics (IVDR), which came into effect on May 26, 2021. The regulations aim to “create a robust, transparent, predictable and sustainable regulatory framework… that ensures a high level of safety and health while supporting innovation.”
Organizations have until May 26, 2024, or when digital certificates used by devices expire, to make necessary changes to their quality management systems and technical documentation to comply with the new requirements. Despite the number of assessments, standards, and guidance documents that have been made available, medical device manufacturers, providers, and certification services may not be ready in time.
More than 90% of currently valid AIMDD/MDD certifications will expire by 2024, so a significant number of existing devices will need to be re-certified, as well as new devices entering the market. It is estimated that 85% of the products currently on the market You still need a new certificate under MDR.IVDR. Given that the process takes 13-18 months, companies need to start the process now to meet the 2024 deadline.
Preparation instructions for use
In general, cyber security operations are no different from the overall device performance and safety operations. The goal is to ensure (through verification and verification) and demonstrate (through documentation) the performance of the device, reduce and control risks, and reduce expected risks and unwanted side effects through risk management. Hybrid products or interconnected devices/systems also require the management of risks that result from the interaction between software and the IT environment.
Medical Device Coordination Group MDCG-16 Guidelines for Cyber Security of Medical Devices Explains how to interpret and meet cybersecurity requirements under the MDR and IVDR. Manufacturers are expected to consider the principles of safe development lifecycle, security risk management, and verification and validation. Furthermore, they must provide minimum IT requirements and expectations for cybersecurity operations, such as installation and maintenance in their device’s usage instructions. “Instructions for Use” is a highly structured required section that manufacturers of certification applications must provide.
Cybersecurity measures must reduce any risks associated with the operation of medical devices, including safety risks caused by cybersecurity, to provide a high level of health and safety protection. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) outlines high-level security features, best practices, and safety levels in IEC / TIR 60601-4-5. Another IEC technical report, IEC 80001-2-2enumerates specific architecture and design security capabilities, such as automatic logout, audit controls, data backup and disaster recovery, malware detection/protection, system and operating system hardening.
to meet ISO guidelines (ISO 14971), the Association for the Advancement of Medical Devices advises to strike a balance Between safety and security. Careful analysis is required to prevent security measures from compromising safety and safety measures from becoming a security risk. Security should be of the appropriate size and should neither be too weak nor too restrictive.
Sharing responsibility for cyber security
Cybersecurity is a joint responsibility between the device manufacturer and the deployment organization (usually the customer/operator). Thus, the specific roles that provide critical cybersecurity functions—such as integrator, operator, healthcare, medical professionals, patients, and consumers—require careful training and documentation.
The Help for Use section of the Manufacturer Approval application shall provide cybersecurity processes including security configuration options, product installation, initial configuration instructions (for example, changing the default password), instructions for deploying security updates, and procedures for using a medical device in failsafe condition. Mode (eg, entering/exiting fail-safe mode, fail-safe mode performance limitations, data recovery function when resuming normal operation), and user action plans if an alert message appears.
This section should also provide the user’s requirements for training and list the skills required, including the IT skills required to install, configure, and operate the medical device. In addition, it should specify requirements for the operating environment (devices, network characteristics, security controls, etc.) covering assumptions about the use environment, risks of operating the device outside the intended operating environment, minimum platform requirements for the connected medical device, and safety controls Recommended IT, backup and restore features for both data and configuration settings.
Specific security information may be shared through documents other than instructions for use, such as instructions for administrators or manuals for security operations. This information may include a list of the IT security controls built into the medical device, provisions to ensure the integrity/validation of software updates and security patches, technical characteristics of hardware components, and Software bill of materialsuser roles and access privileges/permissions associated with the device, logging functionality, guidelines on security recommendations, requirements for integrating a medical device into a health information system, a list of network data flows (protocol types, origin/destination data streams, addressing scheme, etc.).
If the operating environment is not exclusively on-premises but includes external hosting providers, the documentation should clearly state what and where (in light of the laws of residence) and how the data is stored, as well as any security controls to protect the data in the cloud (eg encryption). The instructions for use section of the documentation needs to provide specific configuration requirements for the operating environment, such as firewall rules (ports, interfaces, protocols, addressing schemes, etc.).
The security controls implemented during pre-marketing activities may be insufficient to maintain an acceptable level of risk and benefit during the operating life of the equipment. Therefore, the regulations require the manufacturer to establish a post-market cyber security monitoring program to monitor the operation of the device in the intended environment; To share and disseminate cybersecurity information and knowledge of cybersecurity vulnerabilities and threats across multiple sectors; to carry out vulnerability treatment; Incident response planning.
The manufacturer is also responsible for investigating and reporting critical accidents and taking corrective action for safety in the field. Specifically, incidents with root causes related to cybersecurity are subject to reporting trends, including any statistically significant increase in incident frequency or severity.
Planning for all scenarios
Today’s medical devices are highly integrated and operate in a complex network of devices and systems, many of which may not be under the control of the device operator. Therefore, manufacturers must document the intended use of the device and the intended operating environment, as well as plan for misuse that can reasonably be expected, such as a cyber attack.
The requirements for managing pre- and post-market cybersecurity risks and supporting activities are not necessarily different from traditional safety programs. However, they add an extra level of complexity as:
- The set of risks to consider is more complex (safety, privacy, operations, business).
- It requires a specific set of activities that must be performed over the device development lifecycle via the Secure Product Development Framework (SPDF).
Global regulators, including MDR/IVDR, are beginning to mandate a higher level of security for medical devices and especially require demonstrable security as part of the larger device lifecycle. Devices, depending on the type of device and use case, must meet a safety baseline, and manufacturers must maintain this baseline over the entire life of the device. | https://compeatix.com/how-europe-is-using-regulations-to-strengthen-medical-devices-against-attack/ |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
(Addition 1)
(Addition 2)
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention relates to a portable terminal device and information display method and the like used in the portable terminal device.
1. Field of the Invention
Many telephone numbers and electronic mail addresses have recently been able to be stored in an address book of a mobile phone terminal as the capacity of a storage medium such as a flash memory has increased. In addition, information other than the telephone number and the electronic mail address can be stored, too. For example, addresses or dates of birth can be stored as items of memo. Other than that, some mobile phone terminals can store facial portraits.
As quantity of data that can be stored in an address book of a mobile phone terminal has increased, a risk when the mobile phone terminal is lost or stolen has also increased. If such an accident occurs, personal information in the address book may be stolen or abused by a third party.
In addition, since the protection of personal information has become a big concern for public, a public office or a company who lends mobile phone terminals to employees is also required to take countermeasures against leakage of information.
Therefore, a service as described in Non-Patent Document 1 is proposed, When a user has lost his or her mobile phone terminal or it has been stolen, the user gets in touch with a center by using his or her personal computer at home or the like to inform the center about that. Then, the center sends instructions to erase data to the mobile phone terminal. When the mobile phone terminal receives the instructions, it activates an application so as to erase data.
Patent document 1: JP-A-2003-332978
Non-Patent Document 1: “Erase stored data remotely for protecting leakage of information when your mobile phone is lost”, Nikkei Business Publications, Inc., Web site, Apr. 14, 2005, URL: http://itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/free/TIS/keitai/20050412/158911/, searched on Jan. 4, 2006
However, if a mobile phone terminal is out of the service area or if the power of the mobile phone terminal is turned off, the mobile phone terminal cannot receive the instructions from the center. Therefore, even if the method described in Non-Patent Document 1 is used, data stored in the address book cannot be erased.
In addition, a method described in Patent Document 1 is proposed. Although this method can improve security in transmitting and receiving data between communication devices, it cannot prevent data stored in a mobile phone terminal from being stolen.
It is an object of the present invention to manage the address book that is used in a mobile phone terminal or the like more safely than the conventional method.
2. Disclosure of the Invention
A portable terminal device according to one aspect of the present invention includes an address book storing portion that stores an address book indicating names and telephone numbers or electronic mail addresses of other parties of communication, a concealed character string generating portion that generates a concealed character string in which a part or a whole of characters of the names and the telephone numbers or the electronic mail addresses of the other parties of communication is concealed, and a display portion that displays, in a first display mode, a name and a telephone number or an electronic mail address of other party of communication designated by a user based on the address book without concealing characters of the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user, and that displays, in a second display mode, the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user as the concealed character string.
An address book transfer device according to another aspect of the present invention is an address book transfer device for transferring an address book stored in a first portable terminal device to a second portable terminal device, the address book transfer device. The address book transfer device includes an address book input portion that enters the address book from the first portable terminal device, a concealed address book generating portion that generates a concealed address book by concealing a part of characters indicated in the entered address book, and an address book output portion that delivers the generated concealed address book and an address book from which the concealed address book is generated to the second portable terminal device.
According to the present invention, an address book that is used in a mobile phone terminal or the like can be managed more safely than the conventional method.
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is a diagram showing an example of a structure of the entire system including mobile phone terminals and an anonymous address book transfer device , is a diagram showing an example of a hardware structure of the mobile phone terminal , is a diagram showing an example of a functional structure of the mobile phone terminal , is a diagram showing an example of a hardware structure of the anonymous address book transfer device , and is a diagram showing an example of a functional structure of the anonymous address book transfer device .
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As shown in , the mobile phone terminal according to the present invention can communicate with other mobile phone terminals or fixed telephones via base stations and switching centers. In addition, it can send and receive electronic mail with other mobile phone terminals or personal computers via the Internet and the like. In addition, it can be connected to the anonymous address book transfer device via an input-output interface such as Universal Serial Bus (USS) or the IEEE1394 for sending and receiving data.
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As shown in , the mobile phone terminal includes a CPU , a memory , a wireless circuit , a liquid crystal panel , an operation button , an antenna , a microphone , a speaker and an input-output interface . In this way, the hardware structure of the mobile phone terminal is basically the same as a hardware structure of a conventional mobile phone terminal.
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The memory stores programs and data for realizing an address book data transmitting portion , an address book data receiving portion , a current position information obtaining portion , an address book display process portion , an address book database A and the like as shown in . These programs are executed by the CPU
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The anonymous address book transfer device includes a CPU , a RAM , a ROM , a hard disk , a keyboard , a pointing device , a display , a speaker and an input-output interface as shown in . The hard disk stores programs and data that are installed for realizing an address book data transmission portion , an address book data receiving portion , a concealed data generation process portion , a concealed dictionary database A and the like as shown in . These programs and data are loaded to the RAM in accordance with necessity, and the CPU executes the programs. A personal computer, a workstation or the like can be used as the anonymous address book transfer device .
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The anonymous address book transfer device is installed in a mobile phone service shop or the like, for example, and it is used for transferring an address book stored in an old mobile phone terminal to a new mobile phone terminal for a customer who buys the new mobile phone terminal. In addition, software for realizing the functions shown in may be packaged and provided to users of the mobile phone terminals.
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FIGS. 14A and 14B
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is a diagram showing an example of an address book table TLA, is a diagram showing an example of a concealed address book table TLB, is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of an address book concealing process, is a diagram showing an example of frequently appearing character data A such as a company name, is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a personal name concealing process, is a diagram showing an example of personal name frequently appearing character data B, is a flowchart for explaining a variation of the flow of the personal name concealing process, is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a company name etc concealing process, are diagrams showing examples of an address book screen HG and an anonymous address book screen HG, is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a display mode switching process, and is a flowchart for explaining a variation of the flow of the display mode switching process.
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Next, process contents and the like of the individual portions of the mobile phone terminal shown in and the individual portions of the anonymous address book transfer device shown in will be described in detail.
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In , the address book database A manages the address book table TLA and the concealed address book table TLB. As shown in , the address book table TLA stores data on names of other parties of communication such as the family relatives, acquaintances or customers of the user of the mobile phone terminal (personal names, company names or store names), telephone numbers and electronic mail addresses of the same, i.e., address book data. This address book table TLA itself is basically the same as an address book or a telephone book that is provided in a conventional mobile phone terminal. Note that one record is usually assigned to each of the other parties of communication. In addition, a unique identification code is assigned to each of the records so that the record can be distinguished from the other records. This identification code may be called a “memory number” in general.
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On the other hand, the concealed address book table TLB stores data in which some parts of names, telephone numbers and electronic mail addresses are concealed by using a predetermined sign as shown in . As can be understood from the comparison between the address book table TLA and the concealed address book table TLB, data of each record in the concealed address book table TLB is obtained by replacing a part of record data having the same identification code as that of the record data stored in the address book table TLA with a predetermined sign so as to conceal (hide) the same. In this example, “*” (asterisk) is used as the predetermined sign.
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The address book data transmitting portion performs a process of transmitting data of the address book table TLA stored in the address book database A to the anonymous address book transfer device via the input-output interface . The address book data receiving portion performs a process of receiving the data of the address book table TLA or the data of the concealed address book table TLB from the anonymous address book transfer device via the input-output interface .
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In , the address book data transmission portion performs a process of transmitting the data of the address book table TLA or the data of the concealed address book table TLB to the mobile phone terminal via the input-output interface . The address book data receiving portion performs a process of receiving the data of the address book table TLA from the mobile phone terminal via the input-output interface .
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The user of the mobile phone terminal can perform an input process of a new record to the address book table TLA, an editing process of a record stored in the address book table TLA and a deleting process of a record or the like by the same operation as that of the conventional mobile phone terminal. The address book database A performs the above-mentioned process in response to the operation of the user in the same manner as that of the conventional mobile phone terminal.
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In addition, when the user buys a new mobile phone terminal (as a model change), he or she can transfer the address book table TLA that was used in the old mobile phone terminal to the new mobile phone terminal via the anonymous address book transfer device . This function itself is the same as that provided in the conventional mobile phone terminal. In addition, according to the mobile phone terminal and the anonymous address book transfer device of the present embodiment, the user can also generate the concealed address book table TLB when the address book table TLA is transferred via the anonymous address book transfer device . This function will be described later.
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The concealed dictionary database A stores various data indicating a rule or the like for concealing information of the address book partially. The various data are used when the concealed address book table TLB is generated.
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The concealed data generation process portion generates the concealed address book table TLB by concealing partially data of each record of the address book table TLA received by the address book data receiving portion . The concealed address book table TLB is generated by the procedure shown in , for example.
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When the address book table TLA is received, the concealed data generation process portion generates a copy of the address book table TLA (# in ) and retrieves the company name etc frequently appearing character data A, the personal name frequently appearing character data B, personal name concealing rule data C, company name etc concealing rule data D, telephone number etc concealing rule data E and the like from the concealed dictionary database A (#).
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FIG. 9
The records included in the copy of the address book table TLA are classified into records of persons and records of companies, stores or the like based on the company name etc frequently appearing character data A (#). The company name et frequently appearing character data A indicates characters or character strings included generally in names of companies, stores or the like. For example, if the address book written in Japanese is handled, the company name etc frequently appearing character data A indicating characters or character strings is prepared in advance. If the address book written in English is handled, the company name etc frequently appearing character data A indicating characters or character strings as shown in is prepared in advance. Other than that, the company name etc frequently appearing character data A supporting various languages in accordance with necessity is prepared in advance.
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More specifically, in the steps # and #, the concealed data generation process portion retrieves the company name etc frequently appearing character data A supporting the language of the information described in the address book table TLA and decides that a record whose name includes the character or the character string included in the company name etc frequently appearing character data A is a record indicating a company, a store or the like while it decides that records other than that indicate persons. In this way, the records included in the copy of the address book table TLA are classified.
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A process for concealing partially the name of the record (the character string) related to a person among the records in the copy of the address book table TLA is performed in accordance with the personal name concealing rule data C (#). The personal name concealing rule data C indicates a rule for realizing the process as shown in for example. In other words, the concealed data generation process portion performs the process of concealing partially the name of the person in accordance with the personal name concealing rule data C as follows.
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A character that is used very frequently in the personal name is concealed based on the personal name frequently appearing character data B (# in ). The personal name frequently appearing character data B indicates information about characters that are used frequently in general in personal names and positions thereof. For example, characters shown in are often used as the last character of first names in Japan, so the personal name frequently appearing character data B indicating such information is prepared in advance in the case where the name is written in Japanese. If the name indicated in each record related to a person includes a predetermined character in a predetermined position as shown in the personal name frequently appearing character data B, the concealed data generation process portion conceals the character by replacing it with “*”.
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The M1-th character of a name indicated in a record related to a person is compared with that indicated in the other records related to persons (#). As a result, if it is checked that a certain character is found only in one record (Yes in #), the record can be specified only by the M1-th character. Therefore, the character is left without being concealed, and the remaining characters that have not yet been compared are all replaced with “*” to be concealed (#). Thus, the concealing process of the name of the record is finished (#).
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If there are remaining records having a name for which the concealing process has not yet been finished (Yes in #), the M2-th character is compared between the remaining records (#). As a result, if it is checked that a certain character is found only in one record (Yes in #), a person whom the record designates can be specified only by the M2-th character and the character that was compared before (i.e., the M1-th character in this case). Therefore, the M1-th and the M2-th characters are left without being concealed, and the remaining characters that have not yet been compared are all replaced with “*” to be concealed (#). Thus, the concealing process of the name of the record is finished (#).
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Hereinafter, in the same manner, the process is repeated until there is no remaining record having a name for which the concealing process has not yet been finished. More specifically, the Mx-th character is compared between the remaining records (#). If it is checked that a certain character is found only in one record (Yes in #), the Mx-th character and characters before it in the record are left without being concealed, and the remaining characters that have not yet been compared are all replaced with “*” to be concealed (#).
Note that what order of characters, from the first one, M1-th, M2-th, or . . . indicates can be defined freely in advance. For example, it may be possible that (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and so on) correspond to (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and so on). Alternatively, it may be possible that (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and so on) correspond to (2, 1, 4, 3, 5 and so on).
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If the number of records stored in the address book table TLA is large, there is high probability that the records having similar names or the same name appear. Then, the method shown in may not be able to conceal even one character. Therefore, the concealing process of names may be performed by the method shown in instead of the method shown in .
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More specifically, characters of a family name in the name are all left (# in ) while characters of a first name are all concealed in each record (#). Alternatively, only the first character of a first name may be left without being concealed if the name is written in alphabet. In addition, if the records having the same expression with characters partially concealed are found (Yes in #), a serial number such as “−1” or “−2” may be assigned to each name of the records as a suffix so that the records can be distinguished from each other (#).
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With reference to again, the concealed data generation process portion performs a process for concealing a part of a name of a record related to a company, a store or the like among records in the copy of the address book table TLA in accordance with the company name etc concealing rule data D before, after or concurrently with the process of the step # (#). The company name etc concealing rule data D indicates a rule for realizing the process shown in , for example. In other words, the concealed data generation process portion performs the process of concealing a part of a name of a company, a store or the like in accordance with the company name etc concealing rule data D as follows.
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Characters such as “Inc.” that are used very frequently in company names or store names as shown in the company name etc frequently appearing character data A (see ) are excluded from objects of the concealing process (# in ). The process of step # and the subsequent steps is basically the same as the concealing process of a personal name as can be understood from the comparison between and . Therefore, the N1-th character is compared between names indicated in the individual records (#). As a result, if it is checked that a certain character is found only in one record (Yes in #), the record can be specified only by the N1-th character. Therefore, the character is left without being concealed, and the remaining characters that have not yet been compared are all replaced with “*” to be concealed (#). However, the character that was excluded in the step # is not concealed. Thus, the concealing process of the name of the record is finished (#).
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If there are remaining records having a name for which the concealing process has not yet been finished (Yes in #), the N2-th character is compared between the remaining records (#). As a result, if it is checked that a certain character is found only in one record (Yes in #), the record can be specified by the characters that were compared before the N2-th character. Therefore, the N1-th and N2-th characters are left without being concealed, and the remaining characters that have not yet been compared are all replaced with “*” to be concealed (#). Of course, however, the character that was excluded in the step # is not concealed here either. Thus, the concealing process of the name of the record is finished (#).
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Hereinafter, in the same manner, the process is repeated until there is no remaining record having a name for which the concealing process has not yet been finished. More specifically, the Nx-th character is compared between the remaining records (#). If it is checked that a certain character is found only in one record (Yes in #), the Nx-th character and characters before it in the record are left without being concealed, and the remaining characters that have not yet been compared except the character excluded in the step # are all replaced with “*” to be concealed (#). Note that what order of characters, from the first one, N1-th, N2-th or . . . indicates can be defined freely in advance.
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With reference to again, the concealed data generation process portion performs the process of concealing a telephone number and an electronic mail address indicated in each record in the copy of the address book table TLA in accordance with the telephone number etc concealing rule data E (#). The telephone number etc concealing rule data E indicates information about which parts of a telephone number and an electronic mail address should be concealed. For example, it indicates that the last four digits of a telephone number and a mail account part (a part on the left side of the mark “@”) of an electronic mail address should be concealed. The concealed data generation process portion conceals the telephone number and the electronic mail address in accordance with the information.
FIG. 7
FIG. 6
According to the process described above, the concealed address book table TLB as shown in is generated from the copy of the address book table TLA as shown in , for example.
103
1
103
1
1
103
1
1
The current position information obtaining portion performs a process for determining the current position of the mobile phone terminal . The current position can be determined by a GPS function that is already realized. More specifically, the current position information obtaining portion inquires of a mobile phone company (carrier) about position information of the mobile phone terminal itself so as to obtain the current position information. Alternatively, if the mobile phone terminal is a so-called dual terminal as described in the following public document 1, the current position information obtaining portion can determine that the current position is inside the company place if the mobile phone terminal works as an extension telephone while it can determine that the current position is outside the company place if the mobile phone terminal works as an mobile phone terminal.
[Public Document 1]
104
10
104
1
1
2
2
d
FIG. 14A
FIG. 14B
FIG. 15
“http://telecom.fujitsu.com/jp/products/concept/07.html”, Fujitsu Limited, “FOMA Dual Terminal Cooperative Model”, Jan. 4, 2006, searched on the Internet The address book display process portion performs a process for displaying contents of the address book on the liquid crystal panel in accordance with a display mode. In the present embodiment, there are prepared two display modes that are a real name display mode and an anonymous display mode. The address book display process portion displays contents of the address book without concealing them like the address book screen HG shown in in the same manner as the conventional method in the case of the real name display mode. The address book screen HG displays a screen of the address book based on the address book table TLA. On the other hand, it displays contents of the address book with data of the address book partially concealed like the anonymous address book screen HG shown in in the case of the anonymous display mode. The anonymous address book screen HG is displayed based on the concealed address book table TLB. Switching between the display modes is performed by the procedure shown in , for example.
104
401
402
104
1
403
104
404
1
1
FIG. 15
The address book display process portion receives a request for changing the display mode from the user (# in ). If a request for the change to the real name display mode is received (Yes in #), the address book display process portion is connected to a center of the carrier of the mobile phone terminal and delivers a message instructing the user to enter a password and the like (#). Then, the address book display process portion transmits the entered password to the center and requests the same to perform user authentication (#). Here, the center compares a preset password with the password received from the mobile phone terminal so as to determine whether or not the user who is operating the mobile phone terminal is a normal user. If it is determined that the user is a normal user, authentication is issued.
104
405
406
104
1
1
FIG. 14A
When the address book display process portion receives the authentication from the center (Yes in #), it changes the display mode to the real name display mode (#). Then, if the user designates an identification code, the address book display process portion reads out a record corresponding to the identification code from the address book table TLA so as to display the address book screen HG as shown in . Note that the process of the user authentication may be performed by the mobile phone terminal itself in some cases depending on the model or the carrier.
407
408
104
409
104
2
FIG. 14B
After the change to the real name display mode, a timer operation is started (#) so as to wait for a predetermined time to pass. When the predetermined time has passed (Yes in #), the address book display process portion changes the display mode to the anonymous display mode again (#). If the user designates an identification code in the anonymous display mode, the address book display process portion reads out a record corresponding to the identification code from the concealed address book table TLB so as to display the anonymous address book screen HG as shown in .
405
If the center does not issue the authentication (No in #), the display mode is not changed to the real name display mode but the anonymous display mode remains.
402
104
409
On the other hand, if a request for changing to the anonymous display mode is received (No in #), the address book display process portion changes the display mode to the anonymous display mode promptly without performing a process such as the authentication (#).
1
411
104
103
1
412
FIG. 16
FIG. 16
Alternatively, it is possible to change the display mode automatically responding to the current position of the mobile phone terminal by the procedure shown in . More specifically, when a predetermined event such as a predetermined lapse of time or a predetermined operation by the user occurs (Yes in # of ), the address book display process portion makes the current position information obtaining portion check the current position of the mobile phone terminal itself (#).
413
414
413
415
Then, if the current position is inside a predetermined area (e.g., in a company place or at user's home) (Yes in #), the current display mode is changed to the real name display mode if it is the anonymous display mode (#). On the other hand, if the current position is outside a predetermined area (e.g., outside a company place or outside user's home) (No in #), the current display mode is changed to the anonymous display mode if it is the real name display mode (#).
FIG. 17
FIG. 18
FIG. 19
2
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of the entire process of the anonymous address book transfer device , is a diagram showing an example of the address book table TLA written in English, and is a diagram showing an example of the concealed address book table TLB written in English.
2
1
1
FIG. 17
Next, a process flow of the anonymous address book transfer device when the address book is transferred from a certain mobile phone terminal to another mobile phone terminal will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in .
2
1
1
1
FIG. 17
The anonymous address book transfer device receives in advance a selection of a model of a mobile phone terminal from which the address book is transferred and a model of a mobile phone terminal to which the address book is transferred (# in ).
1
2
1
2
1
2
The mobile phone terminal from which the address book is transferred is connected to the anonymous address book transfer device , so that the data of the address book table TLA to be transferred is read from the mobile phone terminal (#). On this occasion, if a format of the address book that is handled in the model of the mobile phone terminal from which the address book is transferred is different from a format corresponding to the anonymous address book transfer device , the read address book table TLA is converted into one having a format corresponding to the latter.
3
4
FIG. 8
If the user wants to make the address book table TLA anonymous before transfer (Yes in #), a process for generating the concealed address book table TLB in which the address book table TLA is made anonymous (concealed) (#). The procedure of this process is described above with reference to and the like.
FIG. 10
FIG. 7
FIG. 6
FIG. 12
FIG. 19
FIG. 18
If a personal name is made anonymous by the method described above with reference to , the concealed address book table TLB as shown in is generated based on the address book table TLA shown in , for example. Alternatively, if it is made anonymous by the method described above with reference to , the concealed address book table TLB as shown in is generated based on the address book table TLA as shown in , for example.
1
5
6
1
Then, individual data of the original address book table TLA and the generated concealed address book table TLB are delivered to the mobile phone terminal to which the address book is transferred (# and #). On this occasion, the address book table TLA and the concealed address book table TLB are converted in advance in accordance with a format of the address book that is handled in a model of the mobile phone terminal to which the address book is transferred, if necessary.
3
1
6
On the other hand, if the user does not want to make the address book table anonymous before transferring it (No in #), only the data of the address book table TLA is delivered to the mobile phone terminal to which the address book is transferred in the same manner as the conventional method (#).
1
2
According to the present embodiment, contents of the address book that is used in the mobile phone terminal are displayed with some contents concealed in accordance with a situation. Therefore, security of the address book can be improved more than the case of the conventional method. In addition, the carrier of the mobile phone terminal can deliver the service by the anonymous address book transfer device so as to differentiate their service from that of other carriers for promoting sign-ups to their carrier from other carriers. In other words, they can enclose users of other carriers.
Although the address book indicating, as the information of other parties of communication, names, telephone numbers and electronic mail addresses is handled in the embodiment described above, the present invention can be applied to the case where an address book indicating other items is handled. For example, if the address book includes information about addresses, dates of birth, memos, facial portraits and the like, a part or the whole of the information may be concealed when it is displayed for the user.
1
The mobile phone terminal may also display information about transmission logs, reception logs, user profiles and the like with a part or the whole of the information concealed in the anonymous display mode.
The present invention can be applied to a portable terminal device other than the mobile phone terminal. For example, the present invention can be applied to a laptop personal computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or the like.
203
1
1
FIG. 5
The function of the concealed data generation process portion shown in may be provided in the mobile phone terminal . Then, the mobile phone terminal itself may be able to generate the concealed address book table TLB.
FIG. 20
FIGS. 21A and 21B
3
4
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a member information display process, and are diagrams showing examples of list screens HG and HG.
1
1
501
3
502
4
FIG. 20
FIG. 21A
FIG. 21B
The mobile phone terminal may perform the process shown in for displaying information of other parties of communication in the anonymous display mode. The mobile phone terminal retrieves the concealed address book table TLB in the case of the anonymous display mode (#) and displays the list screen HG shown in as a screen showing a list of other parties of communication (#). Note that the list screen HG shown in is displayed in the case of the real name display mode.
3
503
504
1
505
506
507
508
FIG. 14A
When the user selects the identification code of any one of members (other parties of communication) on the list screen HG (#), the user is asked whether a display of real names (i.e., a whole display of information) is necessary or not. If the user indicates that it is necessary by pressing a predetermined button or the like (Yes in #), the mobile phone terminal is connected to the center while the user is requested to enter a password or the like for the user authentication process (# and #). Then, if the authentication is obtained (Yes in #), information corresponding to the selected identification code is displayed without being concealed as shown in (#).
504
508
FIG. 7
FIG. 14B
If the user indicates that the display of real names is not necessary or if the authentication is not obtained (No in #), the information corresponding to the selected identification code is displayed with a part of the information concealed based on the concealed address book table TLB (see ) as shown in (#).
Note that it is possible to adopt another structure in this example in which a plurality of display modes are set while a plurality of concealing levels are prepared corresponding to the display modes without limiting the display modes to the first mode and the second mode.
1
2
Other than that, the structure, the process contents, the process order of the entire or each portion of the mobile phone terminal or the anonymous address book transfer device , the structure of the database and the like can be modified if necessary in accordance with the spirit of the present invention.
The examples described above also disclose the inventions as described below.
A portable terminal device comprising:
an address book storing portion that stores an address book indicating names and telephone numbers or electronic mail addresses of other parties of communication;
a concealed address book storing portion that stores a concealed address book in which a part or a whole of characters of the names and the telephone numbers or the electronic mail addresses of the other parties of communication is concealed; and
a display portion that displays, in a first display mode, a name and a telephone number or an electronic mail address of other party of communication designated by a user based on the address book without concealing characters of the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user, and that displays, in a second display mode, the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user in which a part or a whole of characters of the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user is concealed based on the concealed address book.
A method for displaying information in a portable terminal device, the method comprising the steps of:
making an address book storing portion store an address book indicating names and telephone numbers or electronic mail addresses of other parties of communication;
making a concealed address book storing portion store a concealed address book in which a part or a whole of characters of the names and the telephone numbers or the electronic mail addresses of the other parties of communication is concealed; and
displaying, in a first display mode, a name and a telephone number or an electronic mail address of other party of communication designated by a user based on the address book without concealing characters of the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user, while displaying, in a second display mode, the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user in which a part or a whole of characters of the name and the telephone number or the electronic mail address of the other party of communication designated by the user is concealed based on the concealed address book.
The present invention can be used preferably for improving security of a portable terminal device such as a mobile phone terminal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a diagram showing an example of a structure of the entire system including mobile phone terminals and an anonymous address book transfer device.
FIG. 2
is a diagram showing an example of a hardware structure of the mobile phone terminal.
FIG. 3
is a diagram showing an example of a functional structure of the mobile phone terminal.
FIG. 4
is a diagram showing an example of a hardware structure of the anonymous address book transfer device.
FIG. 5
is a diagram showing an example of a functional structure of the anonymous address book transfer device.
FIG. 6
is a diagram showing an example of an address book table.
FIG. 7
is a diagram showing an example of a concealed address book table.
FIG. 8
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of an address book concealing process.
FIG. 9
is a diagram showing an example of frequently appearing character data such as a company name.
FIG. 10
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a personal name concealing process.
FIG. 11
is a diagram showing an example of personal name frequently appearing character data.
FIG. 12
is a flowchart for explaining a variation of the flow of the personal name concealing process.
FIG. 13
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a company name etc concealing process.
FIGS. 14A and 14B
are diagrams showing examples of an address book screen and an anonymous address book screen.
FIG. 15
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a display mode switching process.
FIG. 16
is a flowchart for explaining a variation of the flow of the display mode switching process.
FIG. 17
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of the entire process of the anonymous address book transfer device.
FIG. 18
is a diagram showing an example of the address book table written in English.
FIG. 19
is a diagram showing an example of the concealed address book table written in English.
FIG. 20
is a flowchart for explaining an example of a flow of a member information display process.
FIGS. 21A and 21B
are diagrams showing examples of list screens. | |
Mick Colliss is an author, writer, sports commentator, emcee, guest speaker and modern day poet. Mick is widely regarded as Australia's most entertaining speaker/comedian.
Determined to represent Australia at something, Mick had originally hoped for success at the sport of rugby. Unsuccessful, he then tried other sports. His run of luck continued until he finally discovered Sudoku. He and three of his best mates became "Australian champions" and were soon on a plane to India to compete at the International Sudoku Championships in India.
He was the vice captain of the first ever Australian Sudoku team. The team travelled to India to compete at the World Sudoku Championships. They didn't know how to play, but that didn't bother them.
Mick did achieve the goal of representing his country even though it wasn't exactly in the field or the way he expected it to occur. Mick's is a laugh out loud true story about mateship, having a go and never giving up, no matter what the odds.
When: Saturday 28th September
Where: Goulburn Workers Club
Time: 12.00pm
Cost: $150 per ticket or $1400 for a table of 10
To book your table or purchase a ticket, contact Jackson Reardon on: 0447 228 202 or email : [email protected]
Disclaimer: These event details were confirmed at time of submission. However information is subject to change. Please contact the event organiser to confirm the event details prior to attending. Council assumes no responsibility in the event that any information displayed here is incorrect. | https://www.goulburnaustralia.com.au/Event-Calendar/GoulburnRugbyLongLunch.aspx |
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Client: Markedslabben, developers of WindFarmDesigns, an algorithm designed to optimize wind farm layouts
Challenge: Solve the decades-long problem of optimizing the layout of turbine placement within a wind farm in order to maximize energy yield while respecting turbine load constraints.
Solution: FICO® Xpress Optimization
Results: WindFarmDesigns will improve energy yield, increase profitability for wind farms and reduce CO2 emissions.
Thank you for submitting your information. You will be receiving a confirmation email shortly, as well as a follow up from one of our product specialists. | https://www.fico.com/en/latest-thinking/case-study/ever-wonder-how-windfarmdesigns-can-reduce-co2-emissions-by-over-20-million-metric-tons-per-year |
Sleep is one of the most important things to do for your health. Getting a good night’s sleep is one of the most important things for your health. It improves your mood, makes you more productive during the day, and helps you stay healthy. There are many ways that you can improve your sleep quality.
Contents
- 1 How to Sleep Better?
- 1.1 Create a Bedtime Ritual
- 1.2 Try Not To Go To Bed Until You Feel Sleepy
- 1.3 Sleep in a Cool Room
- 1.4 Try not to Take Naps During The Day
- 1.5 Don’t Lie in Bed Wondering
- 1.6 Expose Yourself to Bright Light
- 1.7 Exercise Every Day
- 1.8 Avoid Caffeine and Alcohol
- 1.9 Stick to a Consistent Sleep Schedule
- 1.10 Don’t Drink too Much Water Before Sleep
- 1.11 Don’t Eat within Three Hours of Bedtime
- 1.12 Create a Sleeping Space
- 1.13 Eliminate Distractions
- 1.14 Get a Good Quality Mattress and Pillow
- 1.15 Try to Sleep in a Dark Room
- 1.16 Use “Sleep Hygiene” as the Last Resort
- 1.17 Avoid Eating Big Meals at Night
- 1.18 Create a List of Potential Reasons
- 1.19 Try Writing Down Your Worries
- 1.20 Don’t Stress
- 1.21 Avoid Eating Sugary Snacks
- 1.22 Try Eating Bananas
- 1.23 Get Some Aromatherapy Candles
- 1.24 Try Reading a Book
- 1.25 Be Grateful
- 1.26 Try Yoga or Meditation
- 1.27 Experiment with Different Positions
- 1.28 Avoid Working at Night
- 1.29 Do Exercise at Right Time
- 2 A Word From Mantra Care
How to Sleep Better?
Everyone has trouble sleeping at times. It can be due to stress, work, family, or just because they lie in bed with their thoughts all night long. If you’re one of those people struggling to sleep, then you know how it can affect your job performance, relationships, and overall well-being.
If you need help sleeping better, there are some things you can keep in mind. These points are:
Create a Bedtime Ritual
Your body gets used to certain cues that let it know that it’s time to wind down and prepare for sleep. For example, you might change into your pajamas, brush your teeth, and read a book before going to sleep at night. This signals your brain that it’s time for bed and can help you relax and fall asleep faster.
Try Not To Go To Bed Until You Feel Sleepy
If you try to force yourself to sleep, it’s going to be a battle between your will and your body calling for rest. Your brain starts racing when this happens, which will make it even harder to sleep. If you don’t feel tired yet but need some extra time at night, there are other things you can do while in bed besides trying hard to fall asleep. Just remember that the more time you spend in bed awake, the less likely you’ll be able to doze off next time.
Sleep in a Cool Room
Your body temperature naturally lowers as you sleep, so using your thermostat to adjust the room’s temperature can help make falling asleep easier. You’ll also feel more comfortable if the air around you is cool. Make sure that there are no fans or open windows nearby though because these can cause unwanted drafts and make it difficult for your body to lower its temperature.
Try not to Take Naps During The Day
When you take a nap during the day, it may seem like you’re giving yourself the extra time that you can use to sleep at night. However, taking a nap can cause your nighttime sleep to be worse since it messes with your circadian rhythms (the internal clock that determines when you feel sleepy and when you feel awake.
Don’t Lie in Bed Wondering
If you wake up in the middle of the night, telling yourself that you need to go back to sleep right away can be a mistake. When your alarm goes off in the morning, your brain knows that you woke up earlier but went back to sleep. If you lie awake at night worrying about falling asleep, then your brain will think that you’re still awake and alert all night long. Try meditating or practicing relaxing breathing techniques if this happens frequently to you.
Expose Yourself to Bright Light
Exposing yourself to bright light after waking up can help to regulate your body’s natural circadian rhythms. Try going outside on a nice day or sitting by a sunny window for some extra exposure if possible.
Exercise Every Day
Daily exercise is one of the best things you can do to improve your sleep quality since it helps you feel more relaxed and less stressed throughout the day. In addition, working out can have a positive effect on your mind as well as your body. If you’re not an early morning person, then try going for a walk during lunch or doing some yoga or Pilates at night instead of first thing in the morning.
Avoid Caffeine and Alcohol
Caffeine is a stimulant that causes your body to think that it’s awake when you drink caffeine, even if you’ve been up for many hours. It takes four to six hours to clear caffeine from your system, so drinking coffee in the afternoon can make it hard for you to fall asleep in the evening. If you absolutely need a cup of coffee before bed, then try having just one or two cups instead of multiple servings throughout the day. You could also switch to decaf or drink tea instead since these don’t contain any caffeine.
Alcohol causes the opposite problem since it acts as a relaxant and can help you feel drowsy initially. However, alcohol is also a central nervous system depressant so it makes falling and staying asleep much harder than if you had consumed no alcohol at all. If you do drink before bed, then try to stick to only one or two drinks instead of having several. You should also make sure that you don’t drink too much throughout the entire day since this can cause severe sleep problems as well.
Stick to a Consistent Sleep Schedule
Doing your best to keep your sleeping habits consistent can help you fall asleep faster and stay asleep for longer every night. Try getting up at the same time every morning regardless of whether or not you went to sleep early or stayed up late the night before. Fixing your bedtime hours ahead of time is another good way to ensure that you get enough restful nights so try setting aside eight hours for sleep every night. If you need to, schedule a bedtime alarm or even use the snooze function on your phone as a reminder of when it’s time to go to bed.
Don’t Drink too Much Water Before Sleep
Drinking a lot of water close to bedtime can make you wake up in the middle of the night because you have to pee so badly which can disrupt your sleep cycle if it happens frequently. The same goes for exercising close to bedtime since being physically active will raise your body temperature and also tire out your muscles so that they require more rest. If you’re thirsty, then drink a little bit of water instead since it’s important to stay hydrated throughout the day.
Don’t Eat within Three Hours of Bedtime
Eating before bed can keep you awake since your body is busy digesting food instead of relaxing and preparing to drift off into a deep slumber. Experiment with going without food throughout the entire evening or have a small snack if need be but stick with light foods that won’t cause digestive problems such as whole-grain crackers, low-sugar cereals, milk, yogurt, and honey.
Create a Sleeping Space
In order to get quality sleep every night, it’s important that you create an environment that puts your mind and body at ease so they can naturally unwind from the stresses of the day. Try burning an aromatic candle before bed or drinking a cup of chamomile tea to help you relax and get ready for sleep. You should also make sure that your room is dark, cool, and comfortable since this will help you feel more at ease and encourage a restful night.
Eliminate Distractions
These devices can really interfere with your sleep quality because they emit bright light that tricks your body into staying awake when it’s supposed to be winding down in preparation for slumber. If possible, try moving them out of the bedroom altogether so you’re not tempted to use them when you’re trying to snooze. Use plugs or eyeshades if they’re still in the room with you so that their light doesn’t keep you from nodding off into dreamland.
Get a Good Quality Mattress and Pillow
In order to get a better night’s sleep, it’s important that your body is supported by a comfortable bed and pillow so you don’t feel any discomfort when trying to nod off or stay asleep during slumber time. You might even want to consider upgrading your mattress or pillows since this could be a major cause of insomnia if you have an uncomfortable bed at home. A memory foam mattress will fit most people’s budgets without breaking the bank while under-the-bed storage containers can add extra storage space for bedroom essentials such as extra pillows and sheets when not in use.
Try to Sleep in a Dark Room
In order to get quality sleep at night, it’s important that you make sure your bedroom is completely dark while you’re trying to fall asleep since bright lights can interfere with melatonin production and can cause your internal clock to get out whack. Use blackout curtains or shades if necessary and cover any light sources such as alarm clocks so you won’t be awoken by a bright glow in the middle of the night.
Use “Sleep Hygiene” as the Last Resort
In some cases, people may need additional help falling asleep at night due to mental or emotional issues related to anxiety or other mood disorders that are preventing them from slipping into slumberland. If you feel like you may need additional help with this, try using “sleep hygiene” which entails changing certain behaviors so your body isn’t getting confused about when it’s supposed to nod off. For example, avoid drinking alcohol within a few hours of bedtime so you don’t disrupt the natural sleep cycle and instead opt for herbal tea or warm milk which have been shown to promote better sleep in some people during nighttime hours.
Avoid Eating Big Meals at Night
When you’re trying to sleep at night it’s important that you don’t go to bed feeling extremely hungry since this could keep you up for hours upon hours as your body digests food and sends signals to your brain about when it needs to enter into rest mode. Avoid eating large meals within two hours before bedtime and opt for lighter snacks like crackers and cheese instead since these will provide some energy but won’t be as difficult for your body to break down and digest quickly.
Create a List of Potential Reasons
In order to pinpoint the exact reason that you’re having trouble falling asleep at night, it can be helpful to create a comprehensive list of factors including everything from sleeping habits and stress factors related to work or relationships so you have a complete overview of what’s causing problems with your sleep quality. If this doesn’t help enough, try jotting down your thoughts after each day so you can look back on them in case there are any patterns developing that could offer further insight into why you’re not getting restful sleep as you should be.
Try Writing Down Your Worries
In some cases, people may be lying in bed at night but can’t sleep because they have a litany of worries on the brain that are keeping them from focusing on anything else. To help with this problem, try writing down all of your concerns and then putting them aside for a while until you’re starting to feel sleepy so you aren’t distracted by these thoughts any longer.
Don’t Stress
When you’re trying to fall asleep one of the most common mistakes is worrying about whether or not you’ll fall asleep soon enough since there’s nothing worse than being unable to nod off when you want to. However, if you beat yourself up over this, you’ll only create more anxiety and frustration which is the last thing you need as a pre-existing condition that can really put a damper on your overall wellbeing. In addition to this, don’t worry about sleeping too much either since there’s nothing worse than waking up in the middle of the night and staying awake for hours at a time. Just relax and let things happen naturally without forcing them or trying to control every aspect of your life with strict rules that aren’t necessary.
Avoid Eating Sugary Snacks
In order to get quality sleep at night, it’s important that you make sure you avoid eating sugary snacks like candy bars or desserts shortly before going to bed since these foods will cause spikes in your blood sugar levels which could wake you up later on after they have been digested. Instead, opt for healthier snacks like dried fruit or crackers and cheese since these won’t cause your body any problems and will actually help improve the quality of your sleep.
Try Eating Bananas
One of the easiest ways to get a better night’s rest is by adding some foods to your diet that have been known to help induce sleep since bananas are not only delicious but also contain magnesium which has been shown in medical studies to help with relaxation and stress relief. If you don’t like bananas, try almonds, yogurt, chicken or turkey meat, and whole-grain brown rice instead since these all have similar benefits for your body and mind without having too many adverse side effects.
Get Some Aromatherapy Candles
If incense isn’t your thing, another great way to induce better sleep is by getting yourself some relaxing scented candles that will emit calming fragrances throughout the room in order to help guide you towards falling asleep faster and staying in deeper states of relaxation longer than usual. Just make sure they are scented candles and not scented incense if you want them to act as an aid for sleeping rather than a distraction.
Try Reading a Book
Whenever you’re thinking about things before bedtime, the best thing to do is give your brain a break and try reading something calming like a book or even an article online instead. If neither of these options works for you, however, another idea would be to get out of bed and start doing some simple stretches or yoga poses in order to help relax your tense muscles and get rid of any tension in your body that might be keeping you awake even after turning off all other lights in the room.
Be Grateful
If you have a hard time falling asleep at night, try making a gratitude list for all the things you’re happy about in your life today so that your brain doesn’t have a chance to think about what could go wrong later on as it tends to do whenever negative thoughts start taking over. If this still isn’t enough to help you out, just quickly jot down whatever’s worrying you before sleep and resolve them tomorrow once they’ve been resolved since having no worries will definitely help you fall asleep faster than normal without any issue whatsoever.
Try Yoga or Meditation
If you do yoga or meditation in the morning, try meditating right before bed if you can. It will help your body and mind relax into sleep more easily than usual whenever possible.
Experiment with Different Positions
If you’re still having problems falling asleep at night, try out some new bedtime routines or even switch up your position in bed if it’s been working for you until now. Whatever you do, don’t keep doing the same thing every day of the week if it doesn’t seem to be helping as much as usual because sometimes change is the only way to really get things moving again whenever possible.
Avoid Working at Night
Work can be a nightmare for many people, but it’s especially harmful if you have trouble sleeping at night because it’ll make it that much harder to go to sleep at a reasonable time. Try not to work at all before going to sleep if you want a restful night’s sleep. If you can, do something relaxing like reading a book or watching TV instead of working on important things that need your focus.
Do Exercise at Right Time
Be sure to exercise daily, preferably in the afternoon or evening hours. If you must do a quick workout before bedtime then make sure it’s something relaxing like meditation and not intense lifting sessions that could harm both your wellbeing as well as our environment by stressing out all those around us who also need their rest with what little daylight they have left.
A Word From Mantra Care
People need to learn about the science behind sleep and how it can improve their life. Sleep is important for many aspects of our health, such as mental acuity and muscle growth. Knowing more about these benefits will hopefully encourage you to make better decisions in your daily routine so that you too can get a good night’s rest. Luckily, there are some things that you can do in order to get the rest your body wants and needs.
If you are looking for more information on this topic or on Diabetes treatment, Online Therapy, Hypertension, PCOS treatment, Weight Loss, and Physiotherapy, please visit mantracare.org or feel free to reach out to us at +91-9711118331 or email at [email protected]. You can also download our free Android App or IOS app.
Here at Mantra Care, we have an incredibly skilled team of health care professionals and coaches who will be happy to answer any questions and provide further information so you know what’s best for your unique needs. | https://mantracare.org/therapy/sleep/how-to-sleep-better/ |
All news articles and threads that pertain to creation and evolution are t be posted in here.
137 topics in this forum
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I am coming across more and more Christians who believe the Earth is anywhere from 20K to 250 billion years old. What Biblical basis would they possibly have for such beliefs? I could possibly understand the 20K range, but longer? It's highly debatable. I don't understand where they could get such a notion. Any reasonable explanations in your minds?
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HOW OLD IS THE EARTH? By Bill Sizemore February 20, 2009 NewsWithViews.com Many Christians are under the impression that if you believe the Bible, then you must believe that the earth is 6,000 years old. But is this so? Christians come to the 6,000 year conclusion, not based on something the Bible says about the age of the earth, but by tracking the biblical genealogies from Jesus back to Adam, which add up to about 4,000 years, and then adding in the 2,000 years from Christ until now. From a biblical perspective, this approach tells us approximately how long man has been around, but as we shall see, it does not necessarily tell us how long the earth has be…
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On Subjects such as Evolution, Many Americans Are Aware of -- but Reject -- the Scientific Consensus by David Masci, Senior Research Fellow, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life August 27, 2007 The relationship between faith and science in the United States seems, at least on the surface, to be paradoxical. Surveys repeatedly show that most Americans respect science and the benefits it brings to society, such as new technologies and medical treatments. And yet, religious convictions limit many Americans' willingness to accept controversial scientific theories as well as certain types of scientific research, such as the potential use of embryonic stem cells for medi…
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John Lightfoot, a 17th Century cleric and scholar of Hebrew, determined that the creation had occurred on October 26, 4004 B.C. at 9 a.m
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The Ordinances of Heaven Job 38:33, “Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? An ordinance is an established law or rule. Astronomer and mathematician, Johannes Kepler 1571-1630, verified that the sun and the planets are governed by scientific laws, or ordinances. Johannes Kepler was a devout Christian. Kepler believed that God created the universe as the Bible says He did. Psalm 119: 90 & 91, “Thy faithfulness is unto all generations: thou hast established the earth, and it abideth. They continue this day according to thine ordinances: for all are thy servants.” All of the ordinances of the physical universe were estab…
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This is interesting - @DaveW, have you heard about this? In September 2018, a 20-strong team of palaeontologists and volunteers gathered near Karoola homestead in Central West Queensland to rescue a slew of dinosaur footprints (figure 1).1,2,3Over 20 days, they excavated endangered tracks from a dry creek bed and moved them some 100 km to the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum near Winton, founded by Executive Chairman, David Elliott. Australian vertebrate palaeontologist Dr Stephen Poropat of Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne is leading the research work. The tracks were first exposed 20 years before when floods altered the course of the creek. Al…
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I used to admire Kent Hovind. A great deal of his work on Creation vs Evolution is very sound and helpful. However, his integrity was called into question, for me, when he was sent to prison. When he was released, he immediately and obsessively began the process of re-starting his Dinosaur Adventure Land. By watching his daily videos, more and more of his quirkiness in conspiracy theories were becoming apparent. His wife divorced him, he remarried a divorced woman (claiming God told him to) and has recommended others do the same. He obsesses about his court case and Dinosaur Adventure Land and he openly and unapologetically antagonizes and ridicules atheists …
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I was thinking about something that bothered my last night. Some of you may have heard about how the Bombadeer beetle, or other creatures with unique characteristics that refute evolutionary process, for example the long neck of the giraffe: It is my understanding that the giraffe has two different organs in it's neck, 1 to keep blood in the brain, and another to keep blood from flowing into the brain, these two organs must both be present in order for the giraffe not to die when raising and lowering it's head. therefore the 2 organs and the neck of the giraffe must "evolve" at the same time. I have often heard this used to debunk darwinian evolution. 1. where did the m…
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As a scientist and researcher, and as a missionary for fifty some years... I have to tell you from ebing in maybesix or seven evolution/creation forums or supposed discussion boards, that evolution is unscientific and has no basis in biology, genetics, chemistry, math or physics... Evolution is totally bogus and a forced religion. This is why it is forced and not allowed to be questioned and why evolutionists have no idea what they believe nor why. They have no proofs, and no evidence. They say they do, but cant produce it when challenged. Whereas creationism is scientific and is based on laws and cycles and adaptations, instincts, balance, harmony...all given…
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For a Christian, the phrase, "What came first, the chicken or the egg?" is a simple answer: the chicken of course! Genesis 1:21 - "And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good." For an evolutionist, the answer is .... complicated. I saw this video on youtube and thought they did a good job describing how a chick can breathe inside it's egg. The entire process of a chick forming is very intricate, but looking at just the shell of the egg and how it was created to protect the forming chick inside as well as provid…
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The 7 days of Genesis & 7,000 years old earth view (Ps. 90:4, II Pet. 3:8)), have you heard this? A full Download here of all historical citations - http://s000.tinyupload.com/index.php?file_id=88323982112145612890 For instance (summary): In Matthew 13, Jesus gives several related parables, about the work of a laborer, sowing in the field and then reaping. According to Holy scripture, the workweek is six days long, with one of rest at the end (Exodus 20:8-11; &c). Therein, the ‘field’ is identified with the “world”, and the sowing of the gospel seed for those six days. The harvest is the end, but notice in St. Matthew 13:3…
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This is a true story from my area... Recently, a group of college students from a nearby university volunteered to "help" at a nearby elementary school. Unbeknownst to the school's administration, the college students spent their time preaching evolution to the children. They even had an "altar call" when it was over...asking that if they (the elementary children) believed what they had just heard, to just raise their hands. Apparently all but one child was "saved" ... In other words, all but one child raised their hands to acknowledge that they believed in evolution. I'm not sure at this point what (if any) repercussions will…
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One of the problems of not accepting a literal interpretation of Genesis is that, Genesis being so foundational for so much of what we believe, we can easily go astray on vital matters. 3 examples will suffice: 1. Edmund Gosse was born to a Christian couple in 1849. His mother went to be with Christ when he was still a boy. His Father raised him in the "nurture and admonition of the Lord" and he made a strong profession of faith in Christ. However, he had serious problems accepting Genesis and, eventually, went right away from the Lord. 2. Charles Templeton was a preacher alongside Billy Graham in the 1940s. However, he started to doubt Genesis and this…
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Problems with Evolution (I hope this works......)
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Metro Regions
Equity, Growth, and Community presents case studies and emerging narratives on 11 metro regions on what’s happening with different types of multi-sector collaborations – places that are successfully working together, places working through conflict, and places somewhere in between. These approaches –whether planner-led, business-led, conflict-driven, or high tech/high road-centered – offer a range of strategies instructive for other metro regions grappling with similar issues. Learn more about the 11 case studies in our Metro Regions section.
Maps and Charts
Check out featured images from the book, related research on equity and growth, and other featured data visuals on our Maps and Charts page.
Data
Access interactive tables and downloadable metro-level data and rankings on measures of equity and growth (including by US census-designated regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, or West) on our Data page.
Metropolitan Region
197980-20 ratio
1979Poverty
1979Jobs (000s)
1979Earnings Per Job - 2010
201080-20 ratio
2010Poverty
2010Jobs (000s)
2010Earnings Per Job - 2010
Equity IndexValue
Equity IndexRank
Growth IndexValue
Growth IndexRank
2010Gini
2010Median Income -2010
Northeast average (unweighted)
4.08
0.09
717
43849
4.74
0.12
942
52946
0
98
0
96
0.45
55816
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY
4.09
0.1
385
44650
4.85
0.11
533
55513
0.04
94
0.19
70
0.44
55796
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ
3.89
0.07
311
46906
4.6
0.12
418
49623
-0.52
169
-0.21
117
0.43
55630
Atlantic City, NJ
4.53
0.13
100
44653
4.59
0.14
175
48114
0.67
17
0.27
60
0.43
52571
Barnstable Town, MA
4.06
0.09
74
31321
4.21
0.11
138
39738
0.52
27
1.12
8
0.47
55294
Binghamton, NY
4.03
0.09
131
43536
4.49
0.15
133
45859
-0.28
141
-1.17
188
0.43
45959
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH
4.4
0.09
2214
44185
5.08
0.1
3078
68235
0.31
47
0.83
22
0.47
68020
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT
4.4
0.07
443
50342
5.66
0.09
598
81934
-0.51
167
0.87
19
0.54
74831
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY
4.47
0.1
598
46867
4.96
0.14
637
48829
0.19
64
-0.9
182
0.45
46420
Erie, PA
3.93
0.1
138
43909
5.21
0.17
156
41779
-1.05
188
-0.99
184
0.45
42519
Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA
3.65
0.08
258
44852
4.04
0.11
384
52275
0.17
70
0.2
67
0.42
54009
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT
3.74
0.08
615
47062
4.65
0.1
774
63313
-0.37
157
0.16
73
0.45
63104
Lancaster, PA
3.54
0.08
193
41755
4.11
0.1
294
44502
0.09
84
0.01
87
0.42
51740
Manchester-Nashua, NH
3.73
0.07
155
39710
3.9
0.07
248
56658
0.82
7
0.88
18
0.41
68312
New Haven-Milford, CT
4.09
0.09
385
43233
5.09
0.12
476
54745
-0.32
151
-0.12
105
0.47
57056
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA
5.16
0.13
8178
52246
5.64
0.14
10837
72992
0.59
24
0.45
42
0.5
61927
Norwich-New London, CT
3.71
0.08
123
45221
4.19
0.09
168
55087
0.37
42
0.14
76
0.43
62349
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD
4.48
0.12
2532
48507
5.14
0.13
3391
62206
0.34
45
0.21
64
0.47
58095
Pittsburgh, PA
4.33
0.09
1231
50865
4.82
0.12
1392
53715
0.3
50
-0.64
173
0.47
46700
Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME
3.53
0.1
200
38154
4.2
0.1
338
46381
0.29
54
0.74
26
0.43
56530
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY
3.97
0.09
222
43434
4.18
0.09
327
49388
0.6
23
0.16
74
0.42
67269
Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA
4.47
0.1
700
38115
5.43
0.14
846
50689
-0.28
140
0.02
86
0.46
51935
Reading, PA
3.92
0.08
164
43395
4.51
0.14
218
46277
-0.6
172
-0.31
131
0.44
51759
Rochester, NY
4.06
0.09
493
48357
4.68
0.14
611
50234
-0.32
149
-0.61
168
0.45
50211
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA
3.74
0.1
266
39358
4.73
0.15
311
42509
-0.47
162
-0.62
170
0.45
42368
Springfield, MA
4.48
0.12
306
38767
5.49
0.16
364
45551
-0.27
139
-0.38
136
0.45
49209
Syracuse, NY
4.11
0.1
311
44861
4.99
0.14
372
49880
-0.3
148
-0.56
158
0.46
49694
Trenton-Ewing, NJ
4.28
0.09
180
47963
5.19
0.12
260
69727
-0.32
150
1.01
12
0.47
70956
Utica-Rome, NY
3.82
0.11
143
39734
4.61
0.15
159
44151
-0.08
113
-0.69
177
0.42
46625
Worcester, MA
4.23
0.09
311
39526
4.98
0.11
412
51648
0.09
83
0.17
72
0.44
61212
York-Hanover, PA
3.67
0.07
161
43981
3.88
0.09
217
46839
0.31
49
-0.2
116
0.4
56368
Bibliography
Explore the full list of sources for Equity, Growth, and Community on our Bibliography page.
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Osteoporosis, or brittle bones, is becoming a serious problem
According to the UK National Osteoporosis Society, it already affects 1 in 3 women over the age of 60 and 1 in 2 over 70, and more women die from complications following hip-fractures than from major female cancers.
One of the main reasons for the rise in Osteoporosis is because of our lifestyle. We don?t eat properly, we don?t exercise enough and we don?t look after our weight. Result? Our bones gradually become more and more brittle until one day one of them snaps.
In women, this process is greatly influenced by the female hormone oestrogen. In general, the higher the oestrogen level the stronger our bones. So when we reach the menopause and our oestrogen level falls, our bones rapidly lose strength. This is why Osteoporosis chiefly affects post-menopausal women.
So how can we protect ourselves against Osteoporosis, especially if we are approaching the menopause? Well, there are three basic steps.
Make sure you eat a balanced diet
Up until a few years ago, experts thought that all we had to do was eat more calcium.
It is still important – ideally, take in 1500 mg of calcium per day unless you are on Hormone Replacement Therapy, in which case 1000 mg should be adequate (ask your doctor for what level is best for you, personally) – but now most experts believe that the situation is more complicated. In addition to calcium, we need the right amount of other nutrients, too.
- Why? Because even if we eat lots of calcium we can?t absorb it properly unless our diet includes enough magnesium, Vitamin A and Vitamin D.
- Even if we absorb enough, we can?t retain it unless we eat enough Vitamin B6 and Vitamin K.
- Lastly, without enough Vitamin C, we can?t produce enough collagen, which is also important.
Building strong bones is like building a house. We don?t just need bricks (calcium), we also need mortar, plaster, tiles and wood. Or else it?ll collapse.
How to get the right nutrients
The best way to get all the nutrients you need is to eat a sensible balanced diet with lots of fruit, vegetables, beans, yogurt, bread and potatoes, together with smaller amounts of very lean meat, lower-fat cheese and oily fish (esp. sardines). In addition, have at least half a pint of low-fat milk per day. Lastly, cut down on red meat, chocolate, caffeine, nicotine and alcohol, as all these things tend to weaken our bones and increase the risk of getting Osteoporosis.
Take regular exercise, ideally in the fresh air
Why? Because regular exercise helps to keep bones rich in calcium. This is why astronauts who spend time in weightless conditions, with no chance to exercise under gravity, always return to earth with a calcium deficiency. What sort of exercise should you take? Brisk walking or light aerobics is ideal, but any regular exercise will help ? even sitting in an armchair squeezing a tennis ball!
Keep your weight within sensible limits
For example, in general if you are 5 feet 3 inches tall, then you should weigh somewhere between 112 and 147 pounds (8? and 10? stone). If you?re taller/shorter, add/subtract 5 pounds per inch. If your weight is much heavier or lighter than this, the risk of an osteoporosis-related fracture is much greater.
What about HRT?
Does HRT reduce the risk of Osteoporosis? The answer is, Yes it does. But even HRT can?t work miracles and besides, it doesn?t suit everyone. Which is why it?s so important to pay attention to our lifestyle. So take my advice: eat sensibly, get some exercise and watch your weight.
Finally, don?t forget to keep smiling!
Why? Because a cheerful life is still the best way to stay healthy. So whether you?re fat or slim, a nun or an astronaut, strong-boned or in bits ? always have a good laugh, every day! It works wonders, believe me! | https://www.annecollins.com/osteoporosis-and-diet/ |
An Israeli Rabbi has heralded the arrival of the Messiah after an astronomer predicted the birth of a new star in 2022. Jewish prophecy foretells that such a celestial event will coincide with the arrival of the saviour and liberator of Jewish people.
The new star is expected to be formed when two existing stars collide in around five years time. As the stars merge one will increase in brightness 10,000-fold, visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest objects in the night sky for a period.
The imminent celestial birth has now been proclaimed as signifying the coming of the Messiah by Rabbi Yosef Berger, of King David's Tomb on Mount Zion in Israel.
"The Zohar states explicitly that the Messianic process will be accompanied by several stars appearing. The Zohar goes into great depth, describing how many stars, and which colors they will be," Rabbi Berger told Breaking Israel News.
"The Rambam brings this verse about a star appearing as proof that the Messiah will come one day. But he says it will come from Jacob, and not from Esau. More specifically, from the tribe of Judah."
Professor Larry Molnar from Calvin College in Michigan predicted the collision of stars to occur in 2022 or 2023. He said: "It's only ever a one in a million chance that you will actually see it as its exploding. No one has ever seen a star go into this kind of explosion." | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/israeli-rabbi-predicts-messiah-will-come-explosive-star-birth-visible-naked-eye-1601499 |
Stator Protection:
Stator Protection – The type of stator faults likely to occur have been discussed already. The earth-fault current is usually limited by resistance in the neutral of the generator. Depending upon the amount of resistance in the neutral circuit of the generator the fault current may be limited to a value between 200A and 250A or between 4A and 10A. Resistor earthing is employed to get the former value whereas distribution transformer earthing is employed for the latter. This latter method has the advantage of ensuring minimum damage to the stator core, but it is not practicable when the stator winding is directly connected to the delta winding of the main transformer.
When the stator neutral is earthed through a resistor a CT is mounted in the generator neutral and connected to either an inverse time relay or an instantaneous attracted armature relay as shown in Fig. (6.12) depending on whether the generator is directly connected to the station bus bars or via a delta/star transformer.
In the former case the inverse time relay will require grading with other earth-fault relays in the system. But in the latter case, because the earth-fault loop is restricted to the stator and transformer primary winding, no discrimination with other earth-fault relays is necessary. With resistor earthing it is impossible to protect 100% of the stator winding, the percentage of winding protected being dependent on the value of the neutral earthing resistor and the relay setting. In this case high-speed relays and breakers will be required to prevent damage. However the distributed capacitance of the stator to ground fixes a limit to the value of resistance necessary in the neutral circuit of the generator to prevent overvoltage due to resonance which might result in another winding fault. The maximum value of the resistance is given by
where C is the capacitance of the stator circuit to earth per phase in microfarad and f the system frequency.
If neutral is earthed through the primary winding of a distribution transformer, earth-fault protection is provided by connecting an over-voltage relay across its secondary, then the maximum value of resistance is equal to
where N is the turn ratio of the transformer. In this case slow acting relays are sufficient to prevent damage.
Generator Differential Protection: The best form of stator protection from phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground (iron lamination of the stator core) is provided by the longitudinal differential relay. The relay recommended for this application is an instantaneous attracted armature type setting 10 to 40% which is immune to a.c. transients and has the high speed feature is suitable if the CTs are reasonably matched. As is well known that if the CTs on the line side have dissimilar characteristics from those mounted at the neutral end of the winding, a relatively large spill current will flow through the relay operating coil, a percentage bias differential relay should be used under such circumstances. Longitudinal percentage biased differential protection for generator stator is shown in Fig. (6.13).
Stator Inter-turn Fault Protection: Inter-turn fault on the same phase of the stator winding does not disturb the balance between the currents in the neutral and the high voltage CTs; with the result that such a fault cannot be detected by longitudinal differential protection. Transverse differential protection can detect the unbalance between normally identical windings caused by an inter-turn fault when the generator has two windings per phase. Bias is used because the sharing will never be exact. Biased transverse differential protection to protect against inter-turn faults is shown in Fig. (6.14).
Generators having single winding per phase or those generators whose parallel windings are not accessible can be protected by using zero sequence component of voltage caused by the reduction of emf in the faulted phase. One such circuit is shown in Fig. (6.15) where the zero sequence voltage appears across the tertiary winding of the voltage-transformer which is connected to the operating winding of the three element directional relay. The winding in quadrature to this operating winding of the relay is energized by the secondary of the voltage-transformer. | https://www.eeeguide.com/stator-protection/ |
The goal of the GDR BIOCOMP is to facilitate interdisciplinary exchanges around a common goal: the realization of bio-inspired hardware systems.
We seek to understand the mechanisms at work in biological systems in order to create chips based on natural computation, in particular neuromorphic, but also vice versa, to build architectures hybridizing wetware and hardware as test systems to better understand biology. In France there is a wealth of expertise in all disciplines concerned with hardware implementations of natural computation: biology, cognitive psychology, computational neuroscience, mathematics, computer architecture and data processing systems, microelectronics, nanotechnology and physics. Realizing bio-inspired chips is complex and requires advanced skills in all these disciplines. By organizing interdisciplinary meetings and conferences, our goal is to bring together different communities so that they can understand each other and work together. In addition to interdisciplinarity, one of the biggest challenges that the researcher wishing to participate in the design and implementation of a bio-inspired system has to face is the proliferation of this emerging field. At every link in the chain choices must be made among the many possibilities: what model to choose or invent, what system to build, what materials to use for this purpose? Our objective is to explore the most promising approaches for efficient hardware implementation of natural computing and to realize these bio-inspired systems with different technological substrates.
Context
The brain, and biological systems in general, are able to perform high performance calculations with a much higher efficiency than our most powerful computers, and they do it very quickly and with very low energy consumption. This finding is not new, and scientists from many disciplines have long recognized the performances of natural computing, and sought to understand the mechanisms at stake and to imitate it artificially, in particular through hardware implementations. What is new is the current context that could allow, provided a coordinated and interdisciplinary effort, spectacular advances in this field that was considered stagnant not so long ago. Indeed disruptive results were recently obtained in the various disciplines involved in the design and hardware realization of natural computing architectures, and this in a industrial context favorable to the development of new information-processing models.
Neurosciences, especially computational, are booming, and the twenty-first century is often called the “century of the brain.” Considerable progress has been achieved particularly in understanding how the visual cortex works, and the role of the different neuronal layers that compose it. These results have inspired computer scientists and mathematicians and led to the creation of ultra-powerful bio-inspired models such as deep neural networks (“deep learning”). Meanwhile, recent advances in nanotechnology and materials science finally make it possible to envisage designing and building ultra-dense networks based on the hybridization of multifunctional nanodevices with CMOS even maybe soon in three dimensions and approaching the complexity of biological systems .
In addition, the microelectronics industry now faces many challenges. The biggest is to continue to increase the performance of our computers while controlling their energy consumption. The overheating related to the operation of processors not only puts at risk their effectiveness, but could, if the current trend continues, create an energy shortage. The information and communications technologies consume nearly 10% of the energy generated worldwide and the “cloud” represents the 5th “country” consuming the most electricity after the USA, China, Russia and Japan. These heat dissipation problems have already prompted the industry to take an important turning point since 2005: stop increasing the clock speed of the processors and turn to multicore architectures. By increasing the number of cores, these architectures are more and more parallel. Finally, the miniaturization of components will inexorably lead to the appearance of defects that cannot be avoided, as well as increasingly small signal-to-noise ratios. The concerns of industrials therefore join those of biologists, neuroscientists and designers of bio-inspired systems: how to compute efficiently (or understand how nature manages to compute efficiently) with ultra-parallel systems, asynchronous, with often noisy and defective components !
Q. V., M.- Ranzato, R. Monga, Mr. Devin, K. Chen, GS Corrado, J. Dean and AY Ng, “Building High-level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning,” ICML, 2012
http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf
Strategic issues
In addition, the strategic issues of natural computing hardware implementation are considerable. Achieving make bio-inspired systems on chip, with high performance and low consumption would result in disruptive applications in many areas, and could even revolutionize our lifestyle.
Firstly, bio-inspired accelerators could ideally complement our sequential processors to perform certain tasks efficiently and with low energy costs. Eg artificial neural networks are very efficient and competitive algorithms for recognition, classification and data mining. These applications are crucial, as noted by Intel , and required to manage the incredible amounts of digital data generated every day (“big data”). Bio-inspired chips, implementing these algorithms with low energy costs, could thus add an additional degree of intelligence to our conventional computers, our mobile devices or “datas centers”. The current efforts of an increasing number of companies to build neuromorphic chips (eg, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Qualcomm) and to develop bio-inspired software (eg, Google, Yahoo ) demonstrate the interest of this approach.
In medicine, bio-inspired chips are very promising as they might compensate defective human functions with low power consumption, an essential characteristic for a seamless interface with the living. Much progress has been made recently, particularly in the field of vision.
Finally applications to robotics, as well as autonomous vehicles are obvious. In the longer term, it is even possible to use neural networks systems as brain simulation platforms to replace advantageously in terms of speed and energy consumption simulations conducted on supercomputers. This is also one of the aims of the European Flagship Project Human Brain (HBP), even if it is little involved in the contribution of emerging nanotechnologies.
Olivier Temam, “The Rebirth of Neural Networks”, International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), June 2010.
P. Dubey, “Recognition, Mining and Synthesis moves computers to the era of tera,” Intel Technology Magazine, vol. 09, 2005.
GDR BIOCOMP Goals
To structure the community around a common goal
There are in France and in CNRS a wealth of expertise in all disciplines concerned with the hardware implementations of natural computing: biology, computational neuroscience, mathematics, computer architecture and computer systems, microelectronics, nanotechnology and physics, and many scientists are extremely motivated by these bio-inspired approaches. The goal of the GDR is to structure the community around a common goal: the hardware realization of high performance and low consumption natural computing architectures, so that France becomes not only a pioneer but also a major player in this nascent revolution. We will strive to understand the mechanisms at work in biological systems to create chips based on natural computation, but also conversely, to build hardware architectures as test platforms to better understand the biology.
From multidisciplinarity to interdisciplinarity
Making these highly complex bio-inspired chips requires gathering state of the art skills in all required disciplines. For this purpose, it is absolutely necessary not only to favour meetings between disciplines, but also to break down barriers between disciplines. One key to competitiveness will be the knowledge that players from one discipline will have of the possibilities that can be provided by other disciplines and also the speed in identifying the right collaborators in other areas. The second objective of the GDR will therefore be, in addition of course to bringing the community together, to transform our operating mode from a multidisciplinary to an interdisciplinary. This is goes together with the formation of a new generation of young researchers who will know how to navigate at these scientific interfaces.
To identify the most promising approaches
In addition to interdisciplinarity, one of the biggest challenges that the researcher wishing to participate in the design and implementation of a bio-inspired system has to confront is the proliferation of this emerging field. Take for example the computational model: which one to choose, what approach will be most effective for a particular application is not obvious, and sometimes the answer does still not exist. Indeed, there are many types of bio-inspired computation systems. When the granularity is set at the cell, these systems are called neuromorphic architecture, or artificial neural networks. But it is also possible to place the cursor at all other levels, and consider, for example, molecular signaling mechanisms as probabilistic systems of information processing. Just considering neural networks, multiple types of models exist, differing by the neuron type (spiking or not), the learning law used etc. At the other end of the disciplinary field, nanotechnology for example, the choice is equally open. Circuits can be made by CMOS, or by hybridizing CMOS and new components, the possibilities in terms of nanodevices again being huge. For example to fabricate memristors, these components that can emulate synapses at the nanoscale, many different materials and very different physical effects are possible, and the question of which implementation is the best is a question far from resolved. The third objective of the GDR will be to identify the most promising approaches from this abundance of possibilities.
To make bio-inspired chips
The ultimate goal of the GDR is the practical implementation of bio-inspired chips. But for reasons of cost and resources, the GDR academic partners will be generally limited to the realization of small systems and to the simulation of real size systems. In particular, the co-integration of new nanodevice technologies on CMOS circuits requires a strong involvement of an industrial partner with a foundry. The fourth objective of the GDR will be to strongly involve pre-industrial and industrial players. To motivate them, the strategy will be twofold. The GDR will: 1) collect a set of tangible advances in the form of small prototypes with simulations establishing their large scale performance 2) educate industrial players to the challenges in the field and to encourage discussion between public and private partners.
Calls for projects
Finally more pragmatically, the last goal of the GDR will be, thanks precisely to the structuration of the community, to generate new French and international projects, as well as to respond effectively to European H2020 calls, and in particular those generated by the FET Flagship Human Brain Project (BPH) and those relating to the industrial leadership. | https://gdr-biocomp.fr/en/description/ |
We were instructed by a cyclist involved in an accident, being a head-on collision on a country road in June 2016 in which both people were injured. We sued the opponent who defended and also counter-claimed for his injuries and losses. At Trial, we won 100% and the opponent’s counterclaim was dismissed by the Court. The opponent’s barrister (relying upon a court decision made in another court a few months earlier) then tried to argue that as the opponent had lost his counterclaim, then he should be entitled to the protection afforded by Qualified One-way Costs Shifting (“QOCS”) under the Court Rules*, not only in relation to the counterclaim, but to avoid paying any of our client’s costs at all. He argued that since both main claim and counterclaim all formed part of the same ‘proceedings’ the opposing claims could not be distinguished from each other. This led to the Trial Judge ordering a further hearing to consider this point.
The help of a specialist costs barrister (Mr K. Latham) was enlisted and detailed submissions were put to the Court. In October 2018, the Judge ruled that opponent/Counterclaimant only had the protection of QOCS in respect of his counterclaim for damages for personal injury and did not benefit from QOCS in relation to the Claimant’s claim. This made the opponent (or rather his insurers) liable to pay for the costs of our client making a successful claim.
In hindsight, whilst this might appear to be the obvious conclusion, the earlier judgment presented a golden opportunity for the opponent’s insurer to test the water. Had the opponent’s arguments been successful, there could have been significant implications for anyone bringing a claim for injuries against an opponent, whether in a cycle accident, or other type of road traffic accident.
Whilst there has been no appeal against the decision in our case, there is of course the risk that we have not heard the last word on this subject. Our sincere thanks to Mr Latham for his hard work in this case**.
*(CPR Part 44.13) ** Waring -v- McDonnell
One tactic sometimes used by an opponent’s insurer, is to say that a claim is not genuine, or that the person making the claim is being less than truthful.
Presumably they hope that if a thing is said often enough, the court might start to believe it.
Accusing a person of dishonesty, is a very serious allegation. It cannot and must not be taken lightly.
Those found to have been dishonest can face a jail term. Such individuals deserve the consequences of their actions, as does anyone who helps them.
The problem arises when attempts are made to portray a genuine Claimant in a bad light.
At the beginning of a claim it is often difficult to know the full extent of a person’s injuries and how they will be affected. This makes it difficult to accurately place a value on the injuries and losses. Things become clearer as the claim progresses, when medical and other evidence is gathered. Often, it is these initial uncertainties which are sometimes exploited by an unscrupulous opponent, who will dress them up as “inconsistencies” in the Claimant’s evidence in an attempt to cast doubt upon that person’s integrity.
This happened in a recent cycle accident claim. The cyclist was injured when a delivery van owned by a well known high street retailer, veered into his path. He swerved in order to avoid being run over, crashed and was injured. The driver failed to stop although the vehicle was soon traced.
The insinuations started early on in the claim. A lot of effort was spent by the opponent alleging “inconsistencies” in the Claimant’s case, which were not supported by the evidence. Undeterred, the opponent continued to argue these inconsistencies at the Trial, against a resolute Claimant who stood their ground and maintained their position, based on the truth.
Ironically, the opponent’s van driver changed their version of events about the accident circumstances in court and ended up coming across as a less than credible witness.
On hearing the evidence, the Judge did not hesitate to decide in favour of the Claimant.
In our experience, the opponent’s representatives will typically stop just short of accusing a person of dishonesty, but go far enough with their insinuations in the hope of deterring a genuinely injured Claimant from pursuing their claim. Such conduct is underhand and must be tackled head on.
On the other hand, it seems there is little, if any, publicity about such cases where these less than genuine tactics are employed in an attempt to defeat a genuine claim.
This claim was won because it was carefully prepared and because of a genuine resolute Claimant who was determined not to be frustrated in his pursuit of justice by a crafty opponent.
Nov 2017
Recent years have seen an increase in the popularity of dashboard cameras. Their footage tends to provide a clear and incontrovertible account of how an accident occurs. Sometimes that is not always to the benefit of the person who owns the camera, as our most recent case study will demonstrate.
In this case our client was cycling to work. She had stopped at traffic lights alongside the opponent’s 4x4 vehicle, equipped with a dash-cam. She was in a cycle lane which continued beyond the traffic lights. The junction was undergoing roadworks and there were cones and barriers narrowing the route across the junction. To make things more difficult, there was a large traffic cone sat in the middle of the narrow cycle lane in front of her. The lights changed and she set off ahead of the opponent, who then chose the narrowest point in the road at to overtake, just as she was moving over to ride around the traffic cone blocking the cycle path. She was struck by the vehicle as it accelerated past her. We know all this because it was clearly recorded on the opponent’s vehicle dash-cam.
At the Trial recently, the Judge was critical of the opponent’s decision to choose that particular moment to overtake our client. Had he chosen to wait for literally a few more seconds, the collision would not have occurred.
Under questioning, the opponent driver claimed that as a cyclist, our client should not have been riding out of the cycle lane, despite the fact there was a large traffic cone blocking her path. The Judge did not find our client to have been to blame in any way for riding out of the designated cycle lane (or using the main part of the road on which to ride) in that situation.
The end result is that the Defendant’s own dash-cam footage recorded both his impatience and also his negligent driving.
As a footnote, the Claimant had a policy of legal expenses insurance cover, yet her insurers (and their panel Firm of solicitors) assessed this case as having poor prospects of success at less than 50%. As such the insurers were unwilling to support the claim. Despite this, we were able to help our client secure a complete success and 100% recovery of damages from the opponent in this case.
This example shows that when selecting a solicitor, it is important to choose one who has an understanding of the difficulties facing those of us who ride on the public roads and who will properly assess the level of risk involved in pursuing an accident claim. | https://bikeline.co.uk/content/articles |
Mike Henderson (guitars, keyboards, effects and loops) and Chuck Oken (synthesized guitars and drums, keyboards, effects, sampling and loops) are one half of Djam Karet. But what is the IE? The vast area east of Los Angeles starting at around Pomona and extending eastward to San Bernardino, and south to to cities like Hemet is called the "Inland Empire," and the music on this disc was taken from three live performances at several undisclosed locations in the IE during December 2011. The music here consists of spontaneous improvisations, all recorded live without overdubs, culled from six hours of performances, which ended up as the seven cuts on this 76 minute release. The sound is gentle and evolving, or dreamy as the title implies; guitars and loops interact with other sounds and percussive samples and and move slowly between ideas, with soaring and fleeting melodic glimpses underpinned by subtle rhythms that flow and ebb and other mysterious sounds that contribute to the textures. I am sometimes reminded of the early work of Carl Weingarten, some quieter pieces by Steve Tibbetts, and of course Robert Fripp – the pioneer of the guitar looping style that runs through many of these pieces – figures in. Other reference points might include early 70s Floyd and Tangerine Dream. This is relaxing music through and through, yet still eventful and melodic. Hopefully this is a starting point for more releases to come. | http://expose.org/index.php/articles/display/henderson-oken-dream-theory-in-the-ie-3.html |
The 2018 Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO) Peer Review was held on April 30-May 3, 2018 in Arlington, Virginia. This sixth annual review encompassed many of BTO's active research, development, validation, and systems integration projects. Independent experts assessed the progress and contributions of each project toward BTO's mission and goals, and these assessments will be used to enhance the management of existing efforts, gauge the effectiveness of projects, and design future programs. The meeting also provided an opportunity to promote collaborations and partnerships.
The agenda for the 2018 Peer Review can be found here.
Please contact [email protected] with any questions.
2018 Peer Review Report
Read the 2018 Building Technologies Office Peer Review Report.
2018 Peer Review Presentations
Please click on the links in the below table to view the presentations. Each project has an individual webpage with a description of the project and its objectives; Peer Review presentations are located at the bottom of each page. Most activity-specific program overview presentations can be found by filtering the table for that particular Activity. | https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-technologies-office-2018-peer-review |
Marshall Arts is an entertaining and engaging album by versatile Chicago pianist Marshall Vente. The recording features pieces written for each of Vente's two separate and highly distinct piano trios, the Jazz Trio and the Tropicale Trio. The album as a whole is divided into three sections, with the first three tunes featuring Vente's American jazz roots, the middle four tunes consisting of Brazilian-influenced tunes and the final three tracks returning to post-bop style jazz. Ever the musical chameleon, Vente's playing and compositions flow smoothly between each genre resulting in a recording that is both creatively dexterous and musically cohesive at the same time.
Vente's Jazz Trio can be heard on the first four and last three tracks on the album. Also including bassist Scott Mason and percussionist Isi Perez, these three musicians bring a high level of ensemble interaction and communication to every melody and improvised solo they play. One of the trios biggest highlights on the album, both compositionally and performance wise, is the opening track "Bill Evans Tune for RA." The melody of the tune is exactly as the title suggests; a Bill Evans-style waltz that features many of Bill's signature melodic and harmonic choices as well as several of Bill's favorite 3/4 rhythmic variations. Vente's solo on this tune is one of his best on the recording. It is not fancy, more reminiscent of early to middle period Evans, but Vente's strong sense of time and melody come together in a creative tour-de-force to which the late pianist would have no doubt tipped his hat.
The other side of Vente's musical coin is his Tropicale Trio, which is featured on the middle three tracks of the album. The trio consists of Jim Batson on bass and Luiz Ewerling on drums, both of whom are highly accomplished musicians in their own right and as a pair bringing a heightened sense of time and feel to these three pieces. This trio is featured on two out of the three songs that make up the "Brazilian Suite," which is made up of three shorter pieces, "Bossa '68," "Brasilian Folk Song" and "Samba Into the New Age." As each title suggests, the suite consists of pieces that were inspired by three different Brazilian music genres, bossa-nova, samba and the traditional folk style. The trio switches between each of these different grooves with ease and Vente's playing sounds just as comfortable and creative in the Brazilian styles as it does in a jazz context.
Marshall Arts is filled with memorable melodies, highly-creative improvisations and energetic ensemble interaction. Though it was originally released through the Chicago Session subscription service, due to the popularity of the series' releases including this one, all of the labels titles are now readily available.
Track Listing: A Bill Evans Tune for RA; Song for the Peshmerga; Black Circle; Bossa '68; Brasilian Folk Song; Samba Into the New Age; Ted's; Endless Intensity; Centering; Pathos 2.75.
Personnel: Marshall Vente: piano, electric piano, cuica, Tibetan cymbals, gong; Scott Mason: acoustic bass; Isidro Perez: drums, triangle; Jim Batson: acoustic and electric bass; Luiz Ewerling: drums; Glenn Reitsma: acoustic and electric guitars; Joe Sonnefeldt: steel pan, congas, tidu, shaker; Chip Gdalman: alto flute. | https://www.allaboutjazz.com/marshall-arts-marshall-vente-chicago-sessions-review-by-matthew-warnock.php |
I consent to the release of any photographs, audio-visual productions, print and electronic communications produced by Roots 2 STEM for the purpose of developing promotional materials. Personal image and information will be protected in compliance with regulations regarding the protection of personal information and will be kept for a period of two program years.
Every care and attention will be given to the well-being and safety of the participants in a Roots 2 STEM program. All participants under the age of 18 will be supervised while participating in the program. A high standard of conduct is expected at all times. Any Unacceptable Behaviour, as set out in our Code of Conduct, will be dealt with by the staff or volunteers of Roots 2 STEM. Unacceptable Behaviour may result in the participant’s removal from the program.
I authorize Dean White or designated agents (staff or volunteers with or employed by Roots 2 STEM) to obtain medical treatment in emergency situation for myself (if unable to do so) or my child (where I cannot be reached in time) and to authorize the treating physician to provide emergency medical services.
I understand that I am responsible for any medical expenses and that the absence of health insurance does not make Roots 2 STEM responsible for payment of medical expenses. This medical authorization will remain in effect for one year from the date of registration. I have carefully read this waiver and fully understand it.
I understand that risk of injury is inherent in any activity and I, on behalf of myself/my child, knowingly and voluntarily accept that risk. I waive and release, for myself, and my heirs and executors, Dean White individually and Roots 2 STEM and its staff and volunteers from any and all claims or damages of any kind arising out of participation in the Roots 2 STEM program. I have carefully read this waiver and fully understand it. I understand that by acknowledging that I’ve read this document that I am waiving certain legal rights, including the right to sue. | http://roots2stem.ca.c11.previewyoursite.com/consent-and-waiver/ |
Cowpens National Battlefield, in Cowpens, SC, commemorates a decisive battle that helped turn the tide of war in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution. The battle at the “Cow Pens,” one of only a few successful double envelopments in history, is recognized by historians as one of the most important of the American Revolution.
Arts & Culture
Currently we have 5 displays running which include O, HO, N, and G scales, a 1400 sq. ft. children’s play area featuring wooden toy trains, coloring tables, a basketball arcade, corn-hole game, etc., and a museum artifact room. We now have our birthday party room available for rental. Please call or visit our website for availability, hours, and prices. We are a non-profit 501c3 organization.
Providing cultural leadership for Greater Spartanburg County. Chapman Cultural Center provides major funding and education for many of Spartanburg’s arts and cultural organizations. But we’re more than a destination. Honoring our vision of providing cultural leadership, we branch out into Spartanburg County to advocate for the arts and culture of our region. Several partner organizations make up Chapman Cultural Center. We are proud to serve as the central driving force in our community’s dynamic, vibrant cultural life.
The Carolina Foothills Artisan Center in Chesnee, SC is organized and shall operate exclusively as a nonprofit corporation to develop the educational, artistic, cultural and economic growth of the Upstate by providing means for North and South Carolina artists to demonstrate the creative process and to showcase the products of their talents to a wide variety of citizens and by providing a place for citizens to learn about and purchase the work of Carolina artisans.
TJC Gallery, located in the heart of downtown at 154 W. Main St. (next to Starbucks), is open to the public, and always free of charge. Gallery hours are Wednesday through Saturday from 12pm to 4pm. In addition, we are pleased to participate in the city’s ArtWalk, held on the third Thursday of each month from 6pm to 8pm. Upcoming events and gallery programming can be found on our homepage under “What’s Happening.”
Spartanburg Art Museum is a regional museum promoting contemporary visual arts by inspiring and engaging people of all ages through exhibitions and education. Always free because art is for everyone.
a professional oriented non-profit organization, embracing a philosophy of education and competition for its members and a policy of community service through arts education for the public. It endorses no particular style or esthetic philosophy, but seeks to help its individual members realize their full potential in the mediums and styles of their choice.
Hub-bub.com is Spartanburg’s newest and freshest forum for what is going on around town. Find daily happenings, polls, cool things to check out, and the FORUMS board, where the talk of the town is (literally) going on.
An auditioned community orchestra composed of professional and non-professional musicians, the Carolina Cool Jazz Orchestra strive to educate, entertain and enrich people’s lives through Contemporary, World and Jazz oriented music.
The UPSTATE Gallery on Main officially opened its doors in February of 2015. Showcasing the permanent work of artists Andy Warhol, Jerry Uelsmann and Beatrice Riese, the Gallery offers its visitors the opportunity to see a variety of contemporary, original exhibitions in downtown Spartanburg. Visitors can also enjoy guest exhibitions and student work.
Ballet Spartanburg’s mission is to promote dance appreciation in Spartanburg County and surrounding areas by providing quality dance presentation, education, and outreach. Ballet Spartanburg produces a four program season that includes “The Nutcracker”, a fall program, a spring program and a guest company.
The Art Lounge is a full service picture framing studio and art gallery. It’s doors opened in October 2011. | https://www.spartanburg.com/directory/local/arts-culture/ |
This thesis deals with the development of a new empirical model of the hydrodynamic loads associated with vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of slender circular cylinders. The most commonly used VIV analysis tools operate in the frequency domain, and are unable to account for non-linear structural effects. In addition, these methods cannot handle time varying flows, and interaction with other loads is difficult to account for. To dispose of the limitations associated with frequency domain analyses, a new method for time domain simulation of VIV is proposed in this work. Different load formulations are explored, and the final version consists of the well-known Morison's equation for inertia and drag forces, plus an additional term that models the effect of vortex shedding. A key component is a synchronization model which simulates how the vortex shedding reacts to structure motion to obtain lock-in. To evaluate the hydrodynamic load model, numerical simulations of a rigid cylinder subjected to an incoming flow and forced cross-flow oscillations are performed. Comparison with published experimental results shows that the proposed model reproduces the basic behavior of the fluctuating lift force. To predict VIV of flexible cylinders, the hydrodynamic load model is combined with a finite element structural model. A linear beam model is utilized to simulate VIV of a riser in uniform and sheared stationary flow. Fatigue damage is calculated based on rainflow counting and Miner-Palmgren summation, and comparison with experimental data shows reasonable agreement. The uncertainties associated with VIV fatigue damage are however significant, and safety factors are necessary in some cases to obtain conservative results. The proposed model has no restrictions on the time variability of the incoming flow, and through comparison with experimental data, it is demonstrated that the model accurately predicts the unstable VIV of a flexible cylinder subjected to a sinusoidal oscillating flow at two different KC-numbers. In the high KC-number case, the VIV response is intermittent, with vibrations continuously building up and dying out. It is also shown that multi-mode response occurs in oscillating flow when the reduced velocity is above a certain level, and the cylinder mass ratio is found to be important for the mode participation. Finally, the hydrodynamic load model is implemented in a non-linear finite element program for dynamic analysis of slender structures. This is used to simulate VIV of a truncated model scale steel catenary riser in two different conditions: uniform stationary flow and oscillating relative flow caused by prescribed top-end motion. The predicted strains show good agreement with experiments, although some discrepancies are seen. | https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2414408 |
Saves a stamp in an existing file with default options.
The RasterImage object that contain the thumbnail (stamp) image.
A String containing the name of an existing image file.
The stamp will be written to last page in the file. If that page already has a stamp, it will be overwritten; If the file to which the stamp is being written does not exist, an exception will occur.
This method works for regular JPEG files and Exif JPEG files. For regular JPEG files, the stamp saved is always uncompressed and can be 8 or 24 bits per pixel. The stamp can be any width and height, but the stamp data and stamp header must completely fit in an APP0 marker. Therefore, the size must be less than 64k bytes (0xFFFF).
For Exif JPEG files, the stamps can be uncompressed or JPEG compressed and must be 24 bits per pixel. Exif JPEG stamps are supposed to be 160 x 120. However, LEADTOOLS can save and read Exif JPEG stamps of other dimensions. The stamp, along with other information such as the TIFF_HEADER, 0th IFD, 1st IFD, etc. must completely fit in an APP1 marker. Therefore, the size must be less than 64k bytes (0xFFFF). | https://www.leadtools.com/help/leadtools/v20/dh/co/rastercodecs-savestamp(rasterimage,string).html |
Shrewd 6 letters
Do you need help with: Shrewd 6 letters. Crossword puzzles can help improve our processing speed, so that we are able to solve problem and arrive at the correct answer faster. They can improve verbal reasoning, vocabulary, problem-solving, spelling, grammar and memory, thats why we recommend everybody solving CrossWord Puzzles.
Shrewd 6 letters
ASTUTE
Question: Shrewd 6 letters
Answer: ASTUTE
Answer: ASTUTE
The rest of the answers can be found here: Thomas Joseph Crossword December 6 2021 Answers. | https://dailycrossword.org/shrewd-6-letters-8/ |
We told you so, a while ago. When the Athletic‘s Jonathan Willis decided to do an assessment (using fan surveys) on the quality of NHL Television broadcasts of all 31 teams it wasn’t a big surprise that the Minnesota Wild finished in 29th. Perhaps sensing their broadcasts had gotten a little stale, the team decided to rotate color commentators to work along side play-by-play man Anthony LaPanta. They used ex-Wild players Wes Walz and Ryan Carter who was making his first foray in that role while also bringing in Minnesota hockey legend Lou Nanne too the booth for a few games. Mike Greenlay was in the mix too, but I think everyone can see the writing on the wall by making a move like this. Heck, even last year as they started to use Walz in place of Greenlay you could kind of tell his days were numbered.
Nanne was fantastic, insightful and concise as well as polished. It may have been the first NHL games he’s commentated for in over 20 years, but he showed no rust whatsoever. It would be great to have him back in that role, but you know Nanne himself probably wouldn’t want the travel at this point in his life. Still, it was a treat to hear his voice as part of the broadcasts and the survey results echo’d that sentiment. He was the lone bright spot for the Wild.
The team received low marks due to the performances of Walz and especially Carter who took a lot of flak for his struggles to provide articulate analysis of what was going on during the game. But for this fan, Carter was a blessing compared to Wes Walz.
FSN Analyst and ex-Wild player Wes Walz
Last year, Walz seemed to struggle with how long his commentary should take whenever a play happened. Fans were critical of Walz’ long, drawn-out comments on Twitter and vented their frustration towards Fox Sports North.
Just gonna have to run this every game *sigh*:— Tom Hoen (@thoen88) February 22, 2020
WILL WES EVER SHUT THE HELL UP?#mnwild@fsnorth
One would think that would prompt at least a simple meeting and an explanation on the need to be more concise in his commentary. Instead, Walz almost seemed to double down on his drawn out comments on air, at times even talking completely through goals. Yet, as grating as the length of his commentary may be, the content often appeared to have a theme as the embedded tweet below highlights.
Wes using "I", "Me", or "My" on a consistent basis already tonight.— Tom Hoen (@thoen88) February 20, 2020
Good gawd, @fsnorth, would you please figure this the #!$% out?
Supposedly the state of hockey but have never found a quality color guy for their teevee broadcasts. #mnwild
Too often his commentary seems to be less about the game, and more about saying what he would do in that situation or other stories from his time in the game. In the aforementioned Athletic article, I thought it was strange the one fan comment they shared about Walz was one which credited this part of commentary.
“He commentates like someone who played in NHL and knows what he’s talking about, So what if he talks a little bit too much.” ~ Wild fan on FSN’s Wes Walz
Really? Is it relevant to consider how the Walz would’ve defended an odd-man rush, is that really helping the audience understand what is going on? Do fans really spend most of any given Wild game asking themselves, “What would Wes Do?” I doubt it. Just tell me what happened and leave at that, but there is no need to inject yourself into that situation. I understand that Wes Walz was a fairly well-loved former Wild player who personified what the organization was about in its first few years. The idea of being patient and working hard for a 2nd chance, is a good story.
However, Walz the broadcaster leaves a lot to be desired and I’d like to see it come to an end but my guess the organization won’t listen to the people once again. When I first read the Athletic article I couldn’t help but remember an article about the hiring of LaPanta as play-by-play man that my partner in crime Theresa Ferries wrote on May 16th, 2012. And thanks to the Way Back Machine we were able to find it, so I thought it might be interesting to bring that article back and here it is in its entirety. Enjoy.
Say cheese(y).
Sadly my friends, that is the new face and voice of the Minnesota Wild on Fox Sports North. This morning, it was made official by the Minnesota Wild and Fox Sports North, that Anthony LaPanta was the new play by play broadcaster. LaPanta has been with been with Fox Sports North in various capacities since 2004, and most recently has been the University of Minnesota men’s hockey team play by play broadcaster. Joining LaPanta during Wild broadcasts will be color analyst, Mike Greenlay.
While the Wild and Fox Sports North appear to be tickled pink about this hiring, there is one large, and very vocal group, who are less than pleased. In fact, irate would be a better word. Earlier in the off-season when it was announced that Dan Terhaar would not have his contract renewed, fans everywhere rejoiced. It was a bit of excitement after a season that was full of ups and downs. Fans were wondering and hoping that a vastly improved play by play broadcaster would be brought in, and we all know we deserved one due to what we’ve endured over the years. Unlike many owners, it’s been known that Wild owner Craig Leipold reads several fan blogs (and I know for a fact that a season ticket holder of our acquaintance has passed the address of this blog on to him) as well as the official message boards. With that in mind, no one within the organization should be able to claim that they were “shocked” by the fan response. However, that is just what they did. They were so shocked by the response of the fans, that they actually pushed back the announcement until this morning because there was clearly a mad scramble of “what do we do now?” Yet, with the backlash on Facebook, Twitter, message boards and the blogosphere, they continued with their decision. Most likely the ink was already dry on the contract.
Here’s what bothers me the most. We as fans, are ultimately the customer. We are the ones who buy the tickets, the merchandise, the ones that add NHL Center Ice to our already expensive satellite or cable bills. With shrinking wallets, many of us are going to have to rethink where our reduced discretionary spending goes. In my day job, I work in customer service. I work for a company where we fully stand behind our products and if at any time or any reason a customer has an issue with an item, they can send it back for a refund or an exchange. We treat our customers with respect and sell them a quality product. Because of that, they continue to come back time and time again. As Wild fans, we have been told since the beginning that we’re the “greatest hockey fans in the world.” Instead of treating us as the greatest fans, we’ve been treated like our opinions and feelings don’t matter. If I did to one of my customers what the Wild did to the fans, I would lose a customer and would most likely find myself applying for unemployment. The response coming from Fox Sports North’s Facebook page about how they will pass our comments on to their bosses, is exactly why people in general loathe customer service representatives. Many times when we deal with issues with customer service representatives, their responses ring hollow with us the customer. I’ll admit, I have little patience for the hollow service, simply because I know I give every one of my customers an extremely high level of service. Myself and the company I work for are not the norm in this world. So forgive me for doubting that anyone in the Wild organization or at Fox Sports North really cared about what we think or even reconsidered their decision after reading our remarks and e-mails.
In this day and age when a business needs to carefully consider of a customer’s wants, needs, and especially opinions, they cannot afford to turn their back on their customers. The Wild have one of the highest ticket prices in the National Hockey League. Add that with the less than spectacular play on the ice, attendance has suffered this season. Unless the Wild make a true splash in the free agent market, expect to see another season with lower attendance. Fans are getting more and more frustrated, and adding a play by play broadcaster that the fans did not want (especially considering the names mentioned that were interested or applied for the gig in Michael Russo’s blog this morning on the website of the Minneapolis Star Tribune) and fans could be ripe for a mutiny. Everything that has been done in the past few days could make the fans/customers take their money elsewhere. The Wild are no longer living the high life of the first few years when tickets were much harder to come by. Pretty much every game the past two years, you could walk up to the box office window and get tickets. And even if there are no tickets at the box office, season ticket holders are selling their tickets through multiple channels. Until the Wild make the team better in all aspects, and that includes the television broadcast team, fans will find fewer and fewer reasons to take the Wild seriously.
Did they ever really consider hiring John Forslund, we doubt it.
After reading this article by Kent Youngblood of the Minneapolis Star Tribune simply confirmed what many Wild fans already felt, the team completely ignored the negative backlash. Apart from a slight delay nothing was going to stop them from hiring Lapanta. They even went as far as saying “Anthony is their man.” Really? So how much true consideration did they give a polished national broadcaster like John Forslund? Or how much time did they give to a promising younger broadcaster like Dan Kelly? They may have called it extensive but was there even an interview? Why am I very skeptical of their ‘extensive process’? It might have something to do with the fact they placed a large premium on the fact LaPanta was from Minnesota. As much as Minnesota fans can be known for enjoying watching their local players succeed, there is also a point where it becomes a lame and far overplayed sideshow. By not listening to the fans the Wild broke their covenant (to use a popular KFAN term). The organization has shown without question it did not take the fans considerations seriously at all. So if they won’t take our reservations about a broadcaster seriously, why should we ever take them seriously when they say they want to build a Stanley Cup contender? Or something smaller like they’re going to make a big splash in free agency this summer? Really, who is going to believe it?
Unfortunately, I am unable to do the classic mute the television and turn on the radio broadcast. There is a bit of a delay with Center Ice on Dish Network. Since I live outside of the KFAN broadcast area, I have to listen to the radio broadcast online. That online broadcast has an entirely different delay. At times, there is a 15 second or so difference between the two. I’m better off muting the television and making up my own play by play. And considering LaPanta, I can probably do about as well in describing the game in front of me. At least I don’t feel a need to note that Nate Prosser is from Elk River, MN or that Dany Heatley played for the University of Wisconsin over, and over, and over again. Sure, we got rid of Terhaar, but don’t be surprised if LaPanta takes a page from his predecessor’s book. | https://thesportsdaily.com/2020/04/05/crease-and-assist-retro-weekend-article-find-minnesota-wild-slap-fans-in-the-face-with-the-hiring-of-anthony-lapanta/ |
On September 4, 2017, the meeting of the Working Group (WG) on Implementation of Integrated Water Resource Management and Adaptation to Climate Change was held in Tashkent. The event was organized within the framework of the meeting of regional organizations held by CAREC and SIC ICWC.
The meeting was organized in two parts.
The first part of the meeting was combined with the session “IWRM implementation in the Central Asian countries: lessons learnt, challenges, and future plans” of the 5th meeting of regional organizations involved in sustainable development and water management in Central Asia.
In addition to the Group members from Uzbekistan (Mr.D.Paluanov) and Kazakhstan (Mr. D.G.Sagadiev), a representative of the National Water Partnership from Tajikistan (Mr.Ya.E.Pulatov) shared his country’s experience in IWRM. Mr. N.N.Mirzaev (SIC ICWC) made a presentation on the “Regional review of IWRM implementation in Central Asia.” Moreover, CAREC presented information on IWRM implementation along small transboundary rivers in Central Asia (Mrs. A.Inozemtseva).
Then a narrow-format meeting was held with Messrs. Sagadiev D.G. (Ministry of Agriculture of Kazakhstan), Paluanov D. (Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems), Dukhovniy V.A. (SIC ICWC), Mirzaev N.N. (SIC ICWC), and Mrs. Ziganshina D.R. (SIC ICWC).
They discussed progress on Activity plan 2017 and the structure of national and regional reports that would be submitted at the Anniversary Conference of ICWC in November 2017. They also discussed WG activities to be fulfilled until the end of 2017 and preliminary Activity plan 2018.
Progress with IWRM implementation at country level?
What problems occur when implementing IWRM?
What steps should be taken for successful implementation of IWRM as a tool of green growth and adaptation to climate change in short-, mid-, and long-term?
Economic and financial stability in management.
Hierarchical levels of water management: national, basin, system (irrigation system level), and local (WCA, water user).
It is also needed to show the situation with national IWRM plans and the role of IWRM in adaptation to climate change.
2. Working group members would submit the first version of the reports to SIC ICWC by October 25, 2017.
3. SIC ICWC (Mr.N.N.Mirzaev) would consider reports and present a regional report “Regional review of IWRM implementation in Central Asia” for consideration to the working group members by the Anniversary Conference of ICWC in Tashkent in November 2017.
4. Underline the work undertaken by SIC ICWC and CAREC on development of the interactive map on the use of water, land, and energy resources, and environmental protection.
5. SIC ICWC would inform WG member from Turkmenistan and ICWC members on the results of the meeting.
WG members expressed gratitude to Uzbekistan, SIC ICWC, and CAREC for their support in organization of the meeting in Tashkent. | http://icwc-aral.uz/25years/wg_iwrm_e.htm |
With over 400 million Bibles in print, the New International Version is the renowned combination of reliability and readability. The NIV is ideal for personal reading, public teaching and group study. Translated by a team of top international scholars, this revised and updated edition takes into account the latest developments in biblical scholarship and language usage. This edition uses British spelling, grammar and punctuation to allow the Bible to be read more naturally.
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'I went over every word of the NIV text in depth. I found it to be a wonderful balance of accuracy and accessibility, and I've used the NIV as my standard text ever since.' -- Philip Yancey 'The Bible is the only reliable data we have about God. The NIV is a trusted Bible translation - it communicates clearly and relevantly to our world today.I would encourage every Christian and every seeker to read this reliable translation daily and thoughtfully.' -- J. John
The New International Version is the world's most popular modern English Bible translation. Developed by Biblica, formerly the International Bible Society, the New International Version is the result of years of work by the Committee on Bible Translation, overseeing the efforts of many contributing scholars. The translators are drawn from a wide range of denominations and from various countries and they continually review new research in order to ensure the NIV remains at the forefront of accessibility, relevance and authority. This new update is the result of a unique revision process by the committee and coincides with a nationwide celebration of the 400th anniversary of the first English language Bible (King James Version). | https://www.dearreader.co.nz/p/niv-popular-bible-62440df1-eec7-4c01-ad54-a4cb8b66953d |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a microprocessor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of a relatively small computer called "minicomputer" has been extended widely in recent years, mainly because of the advantage of incorporating the minicomputer into a system or device as one of its elements. The extension of the use of the minicomputer has been accelarated by its low cost. Another reason for this rapid spread of the minicomputer use is its applicability to general purposes which permit its utilization as a control element of a wide variety of relatively complicated systems each produced only in a small quantity. In other words, the minicomputer can be used more effectively, the more complicated the functions of the control element with which it is used. The present trend toward further extension of this type of computer demands a lower cost thereof, which in turn is leading to the advent of a microprocessor lower in grade than the minicomputer.
The microprocessor is intended to be incorporated in a device and it is not practical to be employed independently. It is necessary that the microprocessor, when incorporated in a device, provides a sufficiently superior matching with the other components of the device so that it competes well with a conventional control element. Therefore, the requirements of the microprocessor are the low cost and high flexibility or adaptability to other various component elements, which are contradictory to each other.
In an ordinary microprocessor, one word processesd therein consists of 8 to 12 bits and has a core memory of only 8K (8000) words or less. Such a microprocessor is used mainly as a programmable sequence control circuit for terminal equipment, automatic testing apparatus and sequence control device. The conventional microprocessors have no significant characteristics but have been constructed with the art similar to the one used for the minicomputers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a low-cost, flexible microprocessor, or more in particular to provide a microprocessor which provides a good matching with the other component elements of a device thereby to contribute to an integral arrangement of the component elements of the device.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a program- controlled microprocessor adapted to be incorporated in a system or device, comprising a plurality of interface bus bars including at least a data bus, control bus and address bus by which said microprocessor is connected with the other circuits of the system or device and to which a plurality of external circuits are adapted to be connected in parallel, said data bus being an extension of the whole or part of the data bus of the data flow section in the microprocessor, said control bus producing an output which is a modification in whole or part of the information stored in a fixed-memory register for microprogramming, said address bus providing means through which the external circuit designates an address for microprogramming instructions to be executed next to certain other microprogramming instructions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the interface between the microprocessor and external device.
FIG. 2 shows a data flow of the microprocessor.
FIG. 3 shows formats of the microprogramming instructions.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the sequence control section for microprogramming.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing formats of instruction words.
FIG. 6 is a microprogramming flow chart showing an instruction fetch cycle.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing the microprogramming of an ADD operation.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the functions of a CRT display adaptor.
FIG. 9 is a microprogramming flow chart for CG sequence.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the functions of transmission control adaptor.
FIG. 11 is an instruction chart for control of an external device.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The interface between the microprocessor and other devices is shown in FIG. 1. This interface greatly difers from the conventional I/O channel in that in the present interface a part of the microprocessor is open to an external device so that the external device may operate as a part of the microprocessor.
The data flow for the microprocessor is by means of bus bars through which data flows from one register to another. An 8-bit data bus extends from the microprocessor for connection with the external device, while a total of 13 data buses enter the microprocessor from the external device.
Another group of signal lines in the interface is concerned with control operations and is called a control bus. The control bus is the result of taking out 16 lines from the memory register (ROMR) of a control memory for the microprocessor, i.e. a fixed memory (ROM) which houses a microprogram. These signal lines are used also for control in the microprocessor after application through an appropriate decoder.
There is the third group of signal lines in the interface which is called an address bus and led from an external device into the microprocessor. The address bus which consists of five signal lines is provided for the purpose of permitting an external device to designate an address of the next microprogramming instruction to be executed when a certain microprogramming instruction is issued.
In addition to the buses mentioned above, the interface contains other several special signal lines for mutual communication of information on the status of the microprocessor and external device.
The data flow in the microprocessor is shown in FIG. 2. The input bus I is for connecting the register A with the arithmetic unit (ALU) and consists of eight lines. The input bus II which also consists of eight signal lines connects the memory register (MR), function register (F) and the low order section (PL) of the program counter thereby to lead them to one of the entrances of the arithmetic unit (ALU). The input bus III connects the register T and the high-order section (PU) of the program counter, so as to join the input bus II in an OR mode at the entrance of ALU. These input buses II and III are taken out to make up input data buses for the interface. The output bus is provided for the purpose of distributing data among the registers in response to a signal from ALU and is also taken out to make up an output data bus for the interface. The core memory has the depth of one byte, i.e. a number of bits corresponding to one byte, and is connected with the memory register MR.
The functions of each register performed in the data flow are as described below.
Register A (8 bits): arithmetic register
MR (8 bits): memory register
T (5 bits): temporary register in which a section of an indirect address designating the page is temporarily stored.
F (8 bits): function register or instruction register
P (13 bits): program counter comprising the two portions PU and PL for designating the page and an address within the page respectively.
AR (13 bits): memory address register
L (1 bit) : LINK flip-flop which is set or reset depending on whether the carry of the most significant digit occurs or not when carrying out an add instruction. LINK and register A are shifted round in combination according to a shift instruction.
With reference to the above-described data flow, a few examples of operation will be explained below.
Operation 1 "Add to register A the information stored in the designated address of the core memory."
The address of the core memory is given to the memory address register AR, whereupon the information stored in the designated address is produced in the memory register MR. It takes only one machine cycle or less until the memory register MR produces an output after the energization of the core memory. During the next machine cycle, register A and memory register MR send data onto the input buses I and II respectively, followed by an add operation in the arithmetic circuit ALU, and the result thereof is sent into register A through the output bus.
Operation 2 "Read out the information stored in the core memory designated by an external device and transfer it to that external device. "
The address information from the external device is given through the input buses II and III and at the same time the core memory is energized. During the next machine cycle, the information applied to the memory register MR from the memory is delivered to the external device through the input bus II, arithmetic circuit ALU and the output bus.
Explanation will be made now of how the route of the above- mentioned data transfer is established as a control operation.
The microprocessor according to the present invention employs what is called microprogramming control system with a microprogram contained in a read-only-memory (ROM) of 16-bit depth. This read-only- memory has the cycle time of 1.08 &mgr;s and access time of 0.7 &mgr;s, the former agreeing with a one machine cycle. As shown in FIG. 3, the microprogramming instructions are divided into four types O, 1, 2 and 3. Types 0, 1 and 2 are used for the controlling of the operation of the microprocessor itself, and type 3 for the controlling of data communication between the microprocessor proper and the external device as well as the operation of the external device. These types are classified by the two bits 0 and 1 of the microprogramming instructions.
Each field of the types 0, 1 and 2 of microprogramming instructions will be now explained. Bits 2 to 4 show the functions of the microprogramming instructions and play a role similar to the one of the operation section of the instructions. Bits 5 to 7 are for the designation of a source register in the operations using the data bus, while bits 8 to 10 designate another source register and a destination register for containing the operation results. For certain functions, however, the field of the source register is used to indicate a variation of the functions.
The functions of bits 11 to 15 differ according to the type of microprogramming instructions, type 0 designating the control function of the high three bits 11 to 13. The control function does not use the data bus and therefore permits simultaneous operation with the bus operation. The last two bits 14 and 15 of the microprogramming instructions are provided for designating the next microprogramming instruction to be executed and divided into the four types as described in Table 1. ##TBL1##
In type 1 of the microprogramming instructions, bits 11 to 15 determine whether or not the next microprogramming instruction is to be skipped depending upon the internal condition of the microprocessor or the operating results. For this purpose, this field is capable of a maximum of 32 different skip operations. An example of such operations will be illustrated below.
When carry is made after the addition of one byte, this condition is stored in the LINK flip-flop. But if the next microprogramming instruction is detected in the LINK flip-flop by means of type 1, this microprogramming instruction effects a skip operation so that a carry is made to a higher byte in the following steps. In other words, this type of microprogramming instruction is necessary to change the sequence of microprogram according to the operating results and other internal conditions of the microprocessor, and thereby to take appropriate action suitable to the situation.
Out of the 32 skip conditions, three are unique and are capable of being distributed as required regardless of the internal conditions. They will be explained in detail later with reference to the microprogram for each instruction.
Bits 11 and 15 of type 2 are for designating the next microprogramming instruction, i.e. a relative address with respect to the address of the read-only-memory. In other words, bit 11 is a code of a relative address, and when it is 1, it indicates a negative number, thus jumping to a lower address. When bit 11 is zero, by contrast, a positive relative address is indicated with the result that a jump is made to a higher address. The distance covered by the jump is determined by the four bits 12 to 15, which may range from 0 to 15.
Type 3 is the same as the other types in format but greatly different from them in the function of each field. Bits 2 to 7 of type 3 represent the functions concerning the bus operation of the microprocessor which are different from those of types 0 to 2. Bits 8 to 15 are concerned with the operation of the external device. among them, bits 8 to 10 designate the number of the external device, and bits 11 to 15 the operations of the external device. These operations not only include the bus operation associated with the microprocessor and the operation of the external device but are based on the information for controlling the sequence of execution of the microprogram. The decoding of the information is left to the external device, so that the codes unique to the external device are allotted when it is connected with the microprocessor.
To explain what code should be allotted to each microprogramming instruction is to clarify the operation of microprogram control. Detailed explanation about the code allotment is omitted since it is rather well known and does not constitute the object of the present invention. Part of the information contained in the microprogramming instruction will become apparent from the microprogram flow chart concerning a few major functions which will be explained later.
The information contained in the microprogramming instructions is roughly divided into the information for controlling the data flow section and the one for controlling the sequence of execution of the microprogram. A block diagram of a hardward for handling the latter is shown in FIG. 4. It will be noted from this figure that the sequence of microprogram is regulated by the read-only-memory address register ROMAR, and there are five routes for determining this order:
1. One is added on ROMAR as a normal route.
2. Two is added on ROMAR as a skip operation.
3. The number designated by the microprogramming instruction is added or subtracted on ROMAR.
4. The number designated by an external device is added or subtracted on ROMAR.
5. ROMAR is set at a specified address according to a given state occurred, for example, when a jump is made to an interruption sequence.
The formats of the instruction word for the microprocessor are as shown in FIG. 5. Among these formats, the memory reference instruction is 2 bytes long, while all the other instructions include one byte. The functions of these instruction words are roughly described in Table 2. The detailed explanation of the functions of the instruction words is not necessarily needed for the description of the present invention, and the outline of the functions may be known from the naming of each instruction word. Therefore, no detailed explanation will be made here about their functions. At least the instruction words listed in Table 2 are required for the operation of the microprocessor only. If there are any other functions required, a microprogram is prepared in accordance with a newly added instruction code, whereby it is relatively easy to add a new instruction. This process is required especially when an external device is arranged to operate in combination with the microprocessor. The flexibility in adding an instruction is a great advantage of the microprogramming control system. ##TBL2##
It is to be noted here, however, that in the conventional minicomputer new instructions concerning the inputs and outputs were provided with comparative ease by adding an external circuit, while on the other hand in the microprogramming system an instruction associated with the internal operation of the microprocessor can be generally achieved by changing the microprogram. Explanation will be made now of the mechanism of microprogramming control with reference to a few instructions on the operation processes of the microprocessor. The instruction processes are roughly divided into an instruction fetch cycle and an execution cycle. The former is common to all instructions, while the latter is different for different instructions. The fetch cycle will be explained first as an operation of the microgram routine which may be best represented with the aid of a microprogram flow chart as shown in FIG. 6. In this figure, each expression without any semicolon shows one function and those expressions with a semicolon a plurality of functions defined by the semicolon which can be performed simultaneously.
A route leading to the next microprogramming instruction is indicated by an arrow. Where there are more than one route to be followed, one of them is selected according to the condition marked beside the arrow. FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing an essential part of microprogramming in the instruction fetch cycle for the miicroprocessor. The omitted portion includes the step of page designation, which may be included in the chart without any special effect on the flow.
This microprogram flow chart will be explained below with reference to the data flow of FIG. 2.
Step 1: The memory is energized with P counter as an address. At the same time, +1 is added on (PL).
Step 2: Information or instruction word read out which is stored in register MR is transferred to register F.
Step 3: For a two-byte instruction, the memory is energized to read the second word of instruction. As noted in FIG. 6, neither the memory is energized nor addition made on P counter in the case of one- byte instruction. The route is branched for the selection of the next microprogramming instruction. Especially for a one-byte instruction, the route is branched at once into a routine corresponding to each instruction code. In the case of a two-byte instruction, the operations are different for JUMP and other instructions which are branched separately.
Step 4: In the case of JUMP instruction or one-byte instruction, the first microprogramming instruction of the execution cycle is executed. For two-byte instructions other than JUMP, indirect and direct addresses have different routes, the route for the latter being branched into a routine corresponding to an instruction code.
Step 5: The memory is energized by means of the address data on the second instruction word read out on the register MR.
Step 6: Page information out of the address information read out of the memory is transferred to register T. At the same time, +1 is added on register AR.
Step 7: The memory is energized. Information stored in register AR is used as an address without any designation by the register. The address within the page is produced from the memory.
Step 8: The route is branched into a routine corresponding to a two- byte instruction code.
Explanation will be made now of the sequence after the fetch cycle with reference to an ADD instruction as a typical example in the execution cycle. A microprogram flow chart of the sequence is shown in FIG. 7. The point to which a jump is made in the execution cycle is somewhat different for direct and indirect addressing, in both cases of which a necessary operand taken out is added to the information stored in register A and the result is housed therein. When a carry is made from the highest order, the LINK flip-flop is set accordingly. When no carry is made, by contrast, LINK is reset. In this last-mentioned microprogramming instruction, a designation is necessary to the effect that the last stage of the execution cycle has been reached for various operations. This is followed by a fetch cycle of the next instruction or the interruption sequence which is not executed until the completion of an instruction in the presence of an interruption factor. An instruction is executed again after the interruption routine.
Explanation will be made now of the features of the present invention in connection with character display function utilizing a cathode-ray tube, as an example of the operations associated with an external device. An object of the present invention is to provide an integrated cathode- ray tube display unit by adding to the microprocessor minimum required circuits for the cathode-ray tube display.
In the conventional system, there was a disadvantage that the greater part of minicomputer time is consumed for refreshing of the display unless the external circuit is provided with a refreshing buffer memory, when a cathode-ray tube is added to the I/O channel for display. According to the present invention, however, the memory for the microprocessor is usable as a refreshing memory, eliminating the need for an independent external buffer memory. Also, the present invention is so arranged that the maximum processing ability of the microprocessor is achieved.
The block diagram of FIG. 8 shows the functions of the attachment for display. The following are the register functions associated with the data flow of the figure:
Q (10 bits) . . . . Character position counter holding 10 bits for indication of 1024 characters.
C (10 bits) . . . Cursor register for indication of cursor position.
D (8 bits) . . . Stroke data register for storing stroke data and delivering data to the character generator CG.
S (10 bits) . . . Stroke counter for designating the address of a stroke to be indicated on the character pattern memory with the ability of 1024 bytes.
All of these registers are connected not only to the data bus but the circuit of each register itself. An agreement circuit is provided for the purpose of comparison between counters C and Q for cursor indication and provides an output for setting the cursor flip-flop FC at an appropriate timing. The character generator is a circuit for generating a stroke of character element from the stroke data and also for effecting appropriate control by reading information indicating unblank of the Cathode-ray tube, character-end, or the like. The output of counter Q designates the character position on the CRT through a D-A converter circuit. In addition to these circuits, a processor-interface circuit is provided for interchange of control information with the microprocessor.
A microprogram flow chart for character generation is shown in FIG. 9. This is called a character generating (CG) sequence and on principle is executed alternately with the instruction sequence of the microprocessor. In a special case or during the fly back for CRT display, for example, only the instruction sequence is executed with the CG sequence damped. The CG sequence is inserted in the microprocessor at the end of an instruction as in the interruption. In this connection, it is necessary to provide the microprocessor with a means for receiving the CG sequence. The operation of each step will be explained below with reference to the microprogram flow chart and the block diagram.
Step 1: The memory is energized with the information stored in the character position counter Q as a memory address. Symbols Q and * in FIG. 9 denote a qualification for matching the value on counter Q with the refresh memory area of the microprocessor. In addition, the information stored in counters C and Q agree with other, the cursor flip- flop (FC) is triggered, i.e. the flip-flop is reversed.
Step 2: Character code information in the refresh memory which has been read by the memory register is properly modified and transferred to register S of the external device. At this time, the information stored in register S indicates the first address of the pattern data corresponding to a character involved.
Step 3: The memory is energized with the information stored in the register S as a memory address. As a result, the first address of the character pattern routine is obtained.
Step 4: In this step, two different operations are performed according to the value of the cursor flip-flop FC. In other words, when FC is zero, the first address of the character pattern which has been read by MR is transferred to register S. When FC is 1, on the other hand, (C) = (Q), and therefore the first address of the cursor pattern is registered in the register S.
Step 5: The memory is energized with the information stored in counter S as an address, while at the same time adding +1 on the register S.
Step 6: The stroke data read out is transferred to register D, the output of which is generated as a character through the stroke generator.
Step 7: When the stroke is not completed, the same operation as step 5 is performed and a return is made to step 6. When the stroke is completed, the CG sequence is left after adding +1 on counter Q except when FC = 0.
Among the above-described steps, a special reference must be made to the function of cursor indication. When the condition on which an indication is made on the cursor is met, that is, when (C) = (Q), it will be noted that the CG sequence is operating in a somewhat different manner. If the CG sequence is entered when such a condition is met, a cursor pattern is first indicated at the character position. As will be clear from step 7, on the other hand, +1 is not added on counter Q, which functions to indicate a character when the CG sequence is entered for the second time. This switching is effected by the cursor flip-flop FC.
There is considerable freedom for selection on how a microprogramming instruction is given to each step. Since different steps have different operations, it will be enough if codes are allotted to each step as desired. Steps 5 and 7 may appear to be identical with each other in their operations but different from each other in the manner in which a transfer is made to the next microprogramming instruction, and therefore there is no way but to classify them as different microprogramming instructions. As a result, the functions of this sequence are capable of being performed by providing eight microprogramming instructions.
It will be understood that the adaptors used with the CRT display unit are much fewer than when a computer is connected with a CRT display unit through the I/O channel. In other words, in the microprocessor according to the present invention, the external circuits are minimized. Especially, sequence information concerning control functions is given by the microprocessor, so that the adaptor has only to execute a designeated program during a cycle involved. This enables a very simple construction of the microprocessor interface comprising only a decoder and a few timing circuits without any special sequence control for storing an internal condition.
As a second embodiment, a transmission control adaptor integral with the microprocessor and connected with a communications line will be explained. Because of this function, the microprocessor not only is capable of meeting a variety of requirements of terminal equipment or terminal processing device but has the advantage of the cost being as low as a single-purpose terminal control. The operation of the transmission control adaptor which is closely related to the program of the microprocessor should preferably be program-controlled. This is because it is necessary to closely relate the hardware with a program in advance since the operation of the adaptor as hardware always comes to be related to the program of the microprocessor. This is a situation similar to the case in which the system control is effected by an I/O instruction through a programmed I/O channel of the minicomputer, the only difference being that according to the method of connection in the present invention the microprocessor is more concerned with the control of the I/O devices and therefore the interface and other circuits become more economical.
A block diagram illustrating the functions of the transmission adaptor is shown in FIG. 10. The data bus for data flow holds 3 bits, of which only the lowest one is used for data communication with the transmission line. Following are the instruction words for controlling the adaptor:
1. Transmission and Reception Mode Switch
The transmission and reception mode of the adaptor is switched. That is to say, a transfer of mode from transmission to reception or from reception to transmission is ordered.
2. READ DATA (1 bit)
One bit of data from the adaptor is read into the lowest-order bit of register A.
3. WRITE DATA (1 bit)
One bit of data from the lowest-order bit of register A is delivered to the adaptor.
4. READ STATUS (3 bits)
A status of the adaptor or transmission control is read into the lowest 3 bits of register A.
5. WRITE STATUS (3 bits)
The lowest 3 bits of register A are written into the status register of the adaptor.
6. Completion of Character Communication
Completion of transmission and reception of a character of data is indicated.
The adaptor should preferably have such an interface function that an interruption is made in the microprocessor each time of transmission and reception of one bit.
The above-described instructions all indicate an operation almost as simple as a microprogramming instruction. In spite of this, the advantages derived from the control operation through a microprogram routine consist in the facts that great convenience is achieved in adding new instructions and that the microprocessor shares a considerable portion of the functions of the adaptor control. As a result, the microprocessor is more closely associated with the adaptor than when as in the case of an I/O instruction the reading of instructions and the control are left to an external device.
The transmission and reception section as shown in FIG. 10 acts as an agent to maintain the relationship between the 1-bit buffer register and the transmission line, and it does nothing but synchronization of the transmission and reception. The above-mentioned instruction on Completion of Character Communication is needed to instruct the transmission and reception section in the bit order to perform an operation of start-stop synchronization.
The status register S is concerned with the functions to make necessary indications as an adaptor and has the following modes of operation:
1. 2 bits: Indication of the reception mode, write mode, transmission mode and local mode.
2. 1 bit : Indication of an error at the time of reception.
The information stored in register S is changed not by hardware but by a program.
The processor interface is constructed in substantially the same way as the CRT display adaptor, except for an interruption function which is required of the former, whereby it is necessary to establish such a program so as to make an access to the data buffer each time of transmission and reception of a bit.
Also, it is necessary to provide the following-mentioned functions of a microprogramming instruction in order to relate it to an instruction for controlling the adaptor:
As a variation of the type 3 of a microprogramming instruction, the lowest-order 8 bits should be substituted on register F when all the lowest-5 bits of the operation codes for the external device are 00000. In this case, the substitution must be made in such a manner that the external device number of control information agrees with its format. In other words, the information stored in register F must replace the lowest- order 8 bits on the memory register ROMR with one bit shifted leftward. Provision of this variation makes it easy to relate the I/O instruction to a microprogramming instruction. As an example, the instruction READ DATA, a microprogramming instruction making up an execution cycle thereof and a control instruction to be delivered outside are shown in FIG. 11.
Bits 1 to 3 of the I/O instruction show the machine number of the external device which is 1 in the present case. Bits 4 to 7 show the operation code for the external device, code 2 showing READ DATA. Bits 0 and 1 of the microprogramming instruction show type 3, and the next 3 bits the operation within the microprocessor, code 0 indicating a transfer from input to output bus without any change. Code 1 of the next 3 bits indicates that register A is involved, so that bits 0 to 7 issue an instruction to set the data from the input bus in register A.
Bits 8 to 15 are all zero, indicating a variation of the type 3 of microprogramming instruction which is ultimately sent out to the external device. The I/O instruction and microprogramming instruction combine to make a control instruction for completion of the required information.
As can be seen from the above explanation, the I/O instruction and the microprogramming instruction can be matched with each other very easily. As microprogramming instructions for the adaptor, it is enough to prepare, in addition to the 6 digits directly connected with the I/O instruction, a microprogramming instruction to search an interruption machine number required for an interruption program. This additional microprogramming instruction functions in such a manner as to ask the external device "whether or not an interruption is made" and, if so, add + 2 through the address bus. | |
Wooden houses are a more ecological and economic alternative than homes made of traditional brick and concrete. Wood is not only a part of nature, but its use is beneficial for the environment. These homes are made from natural, non-petroleum materials that are recyclable and biodegradable and are a... | http://tropicalpavilion.com/tag/sustainability |
Before you start building your bookshelf murphy bed, you need to decide where you want the bed to be placed. Make sure that the space you choose is large enough to accommodate two bookshelves on both sides of the bed. The bookshelves you use should be the same height or higher than the mattress, and make sure they are deeper than the mattress you will use. You can then proceed to purchase materials, including plywood, wood slabs, MDF, wood screws, hinges, trunks, rivets, paint, drills and bits, a level and a hammer.
You should be the first action where you want the bookshelf Murphy bed to be mounted on the wall and mark it with a pen. Mount bookshelves on the wall with rivets and 3-inch wood screw. Once you have set the dimensions for the bed box you can continue with the construction of the frame. Use 1×12 particleboard for the frame of the bed. You can create the frame by attaching the boards using the prelim. Secure the frame by laying the wooden screw where the corners meet. Make a ledger board that will attach the bed to the wall from 2×8 wooden boards. Attach the main board to the bed frame with 6-inch gate hinge. Cut MDF to fit around bed frame and attach it with mounting adhesive. Secure the MDF on the frame using a wooden screw. When you’re done creating the frame, you can put wheels to the bottom of the bed. | https://www.kskradio.net/building-bookshelf-murphy-bed/ |
ALEMAN SANCHEZ, Pedro Carlos; GONZALEZ VALDES, Damaris; DELGADO DIAZ, Yaíma y ACOSTA ACOSTA, Estela. Family and its role in oral health promotion and prevention. Rev Cubana Estomatol [online]. 2007, vol.44, n.1. ISSN 0034-7507.
The family is the basic institution of the society, the reproductive unit that keeps the human species, and thus, it constitutes the element that centered health production at microsocial scale. The family has important functions in the biological, psychological and social development of the individual and has assured, together with other social groups, the socialization and education of the human being for its integration into the social life and the transfer of cultural values from one generation to the other. We may say that the family is an ecological triade, still partly unknown, difficult to be managed by the dentist. The above-mentioned prompted us to make a literature review on the importance of family in the promotion and prevention of general and oral health status and to update knowledge on our country´s situation. It was concluded that the role of the family should be improved in this regard by creating certain health culture that embraces all aspects of life including oral health, in order to better the results in the prevention of diseases and health promotion.
Palabras clave : family; promotion; prevention; oral health. | http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0034-75072007000100008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en |
Fastening is the process of connecting one or more parts together with the aid of fastening elements. Unfastening, the reverse of fastening, is the process of separating components from each other by removing or detaching fastening elements. So far, the unfastening process is not well understood, and the analysis about it is not very extensive.
However, the need for disassembly is currently increasing. First, parts have to be taken apart for service and repair, and secondly, for the recycling process. Therefore, there is a need to consider unfastening during the design process in order to enable efficient disassemblies.
The purpose of this dissertation is to develop an analytical model, which enables unfastening analysis during the design of new products. Specifically, (i) a standard nomenclature for defining unfastening related parameters and variables is introduced, (ii) the U-Effort model for deriving the unfastening effort for a variety of commonly used fasteners is developed, (iii) the U-Effort model to model unfastening motion and hence estimate disassembly complexity is extended, and (iv) the U-Force model for estimating the required unfastening force in the case of cantilever and cylindrical snap fits is developed.
The U-Effort model is a detailed study about the unfastening effort and the design attributes of commonly used fasteners. There is a difference between unfastening effort and unfastening force. Unfastening effort depends on several influencing factors, whereas the unfastening force is a more direct calculated value. The influencing attributes for the unfastening effort include the geometry and shape of the fastener and the condition at the end-of-life of the product.
In the U-Force model, unfastening considerations are included in the design phase, mainly through the calculation of unfastening forces. The U-Force model is applied to the cantilever and cylindrical snap fit integral attachments.
The U-Effort and the U-Force models can be used by designers to evaluate the unfastening suitability of new and existing product designs. Fastening elements can be selected based on functionality and the least unfastening effort. The developed models can assist industrial companies engaged in demanufacturing plan their recycling and reuse activities.
Recommended Citation
Sonnenberg, Manuela, "Force and effort analysis of unfastening actions in disassembly processes" (2001). Dissertations. 483. | https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/dissertations/483/ |
The largest global AIDS organization urges world leaders to prioritize health at the next G20 summit by mandating a completely new Global Public Health Convention.
Following the postponement of the in-person meeting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia of the Civil 20 (C20) group-which represents civil society members from the world's 20 largest economies (G20)-the C20 Health Working Group convened virtually today to outline its vision for the global health agenda ahead of the G20 summit scheduled for November 2020.
Amid the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak that prompted the change in format for the C20 meeting, AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) issued a statement urging world leaders to make a new Global Public Health Convention a top priority for the G20.
"This pandemic has confirmed what we already knew to be true, the world is woefully unprepared to deal with infectious disease outbreaks of this scale," said AHF President Michael Weinstein. "There are uniform global rules that apply to air traffic control, maritime law and nuclear energy all of these are designed to keep us safe, why should global public health be any different? The G20 is in a unique position to strengthen how the world responds to international health emergencies and they should start by creating a Global Public Health Convention."
The text of the statement AHF contributed to the dialogue of the C20 Health Working Group is included below in its entirety.
G20: Promote a New Global Public Health Convention
After COVID19 pandemic no more business as usual
AIDS Healthcare Foundation, 13 March 2020
SARS, MERS, H1N1, Ebola, COVID-19-enough is enough. It is time for a new Global Public Health Convention, one that brings nations together to fund and enforce a minimum set of evidence-based principles of public health promotion, sanitary measures, disease prevention and pandemic preparedness. The world must be ready for the next novel disease outbreak or the reemergence of existing ones to pandemic levels.
Even under the impact of this coronavirus pandemic, members of G20 represent and will continue to represent the most powerful economies in the world. We can strengthen our core capacities and address the limitations of prior global campaigns, but this time there must be funding and enforcement.
The Global Health Security Initiative is a voluntary partnership with limited funding. Though pandemic preparedness has been in place for several years, unprecedented outbreaks continue to greatly harm our citizens. The WHO Health Emergencies Program depends on the goodwill of governments to provide correct and timely data, but domestic politics limit comprehensive responses.
Global pandemic preparedness is the central demand from the C20 to the G20. There can be no end to outbreaks like COVID-19 without altering the sanitary, social and political conditions from which these diseases advance. We need a new Global Public Health Convention now.
We are repeating history with our current pandemic, demonstrating once again how unprepared we truly are. While the WHO and other international groups can continue to reform at their own speed, the world needs a higher level of response. We have the tools to do better. GAVI successfully funds vaccination efforts to saves millions of lives. The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria successfully delivers disease prevention and treatment services to millions of people across nations.
In its Joint Statement on Global Pandemic Preparedness released 2 March 2020, the G20 Engagement Groups seek to strengthen global outbreak response capacity, strengthen health systems, and facilitate research and development. Without explicit G20 commitments to significant monetary support and political leadership, the fates of these proposed efforts will be placated-again.
We urge G20 to recognize that a new, legally-binding Global Public Health Convention that emphasizes funding and enforcement is needed in this new decade-current efforts are simply not sufficient. Without funding, we lose resources. Without enforcement, we lose compliance.
No more H1N1. No more SARS. No more MERS. And no more COVID-19. We cannot have another outbreak of unmanageable scope. These pandemics are unsympathetic to an individual's character, unconcerned about a country's border, and indifferent to a population's future. When a disease reaches one nation, it spreads to all nations.
It is time for the G20 to promote a new Global Public Health Convention that commits to funding and enforcement. After the COVID-19 pandemic is over, the world cannot afford continuing business as usual.
AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF), the largest global AIDS organization, currently provides medical care and/or services to over 1.3 million clients in 45 countries worldwide in the US, Africa, Latin America/Caribbean, the Asia/Pacific Region and Europe/Eastern Europe. To learn more about AHF, please visit our website: www.aidshealth.org, find us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/aidshealth and follow us on Twitter: @aidshealthcare and Instagram: @aidshealthcare
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200324005840/en/ | |
Paris – France is flying military transport planes for the evacuation of French and Afghan nationals out of Kabul, in response to security concerns in Afghanistan, said Florence Parly, the French Minister of the Armed Forces, on August 16.
“Several dozen” French nationals and “Afghans who have provided considerable assistance to our forces” will be evacuated from Afghanistan by plane, she said on France Info, the first evacuation flight due to end. at the end of the day.
The French air evacuation mission follows the Taliban takeover of Kabul over the weekend, after a week of rapid advance in response to the US military withdrawal from Afghanistan last month.
The U.S. Chinook helicopter flying fleeing diplomats across Kabul conjured up an image of a Huey helicopter on a Saigon rooftop in 1975, BBC North America editor-in-chief said.
âIt might not be Saigon ’75 but it’s not far,â he said.
France had called on French nationals to leave Afghanistan in April, given the sharp deterioration in the security situation, said Parly. Last month there was a rented civilian flight, which meant most French nationals had left the country.
“But there are still several dozen people, including our diplomatic staff, who issued visas … and those who wanted to go to France,” she said.
There were also administrators and staff from non-governmental organizations who had been working in Afghanistan for years and had to be evacuated within hours, she said.
Air evacuation
France sent a military mission consisting of a C130 and an A400M transport plane to evacuate French nationals, Afghans and other civilians, in response to the security situation and on the orders of the president, the ministry said. of the Armies in a press release of August 15.
President Emmanuel Macron was due to address the nation on television at 8 p.m. local time, so serious was the fall of the Afghan government. Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the stricken nation on Sunday.
The civilian section of Kabul airport, about three miles from the city, was shut down by the Taliban, and only the military section was still open, the BBC reported. American and British troops were flown into the military side, which allowed flights for authorized foreign nationals, not Afghans.
The French military transport plane took off Sunday evening and Monday morning for Al Dhafra air base in the United Arab Emirates, then flew to Kabul for the evacuation mission, the ministry said. It will be a joint military mission involving personnel based in the United Arab Emirates and including “protective elements”, flights between Kabul airport and Abu Dhabi and medical support.
The Ministry of the Armed Forces said it was working closely with the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. The Air Force will then transport the evacuees to France aboard the A330 Phenix multirole tanker transport aircraft, after being received and sheltered at the French base in the United Arab Emirates.
The government brought French nationals back last month on a leased flight, Parly said, seeking to stress that the administration had not waited until the last minute.
The UAE air base will effectively be a hub for flights, serving not only French nationals but also Afghan nationals, for whom France has a duty of care and will evacuate, she said.
The administration brought 1,350 Afghan nationals to France after the last French troops left Afghanistan in 2014, she said, and another 600 were evacuated between May and July.
France would also do its best to protect the Afghans who have worked for human rights, as well as the journalists, artists and those who support the values ââthat Paris seeks to protect in the world, she said. declared.
Rafale modernized for the Afghan mission
The Afghan campaign led France to issue an urgent operational need for air-to-ground strike capability, which brought the Rafale fighter jet to the F2 version. The fighter plane had previously flown in its F1 air superiority version.
The Ministry of Defense organized a press trip in April 2007 to show the Rafale F2 and its new close air support missions for NATO forces. The Rafale and Mirage 2000 were then based at the Dushanbe air base in neighboring Tajikistan.
The Rafale F2 then lacked its own targeting pod and had to fly with a Mirage 2000D, which carried a targeting pod to direct a GBU-12 smart bomb from the Rafale towards its target.
French forces also deployed two Caracal special operations helicopters to support its ground forces in Afghanistan.
The then president, François Hollande, withdrew the French combat troops at the end of 2012, a year earlier than expected by his predecessor, Nicolas Sarkozy. The latter had strengthened the French presence in NATO’s campaign in Afghanistan to try to get closer to the United States.
France had reinforced its combat capabilities following a deadly ambush on August 18, 2008 which resulted in the deaths of 10 soldiers in the Uzbeen valley. This attack led to a thorough examination of the army’s tactics and the dispatch of heavy French weapons.
Humiliation for the West
The Taliban’s victory was “a humiliating moment for the West,” Mark Sedwill, a former British national security adviser, told BBC Radio 4.
Authoritarian nations have a “strategic patience” that Western allies lacked, he added.
Britain was sending 600 more troops out of a total of 700, to “treat” Afghans, aid workers and journalists to leave Afghanistan, he said. British and American military planes were carrying the evacuees, with more than 1,000 British visa holders due to depart within the next two or three days.
There were 1,000 US troops, with 5,000 more to deploy to the airport, which now served as the site of the US Embassy, ââas personnel left the official building.
Publication displays: | https://val-de-moder.org/the-french-air-evacuation-mission-in-afghanistan/ |
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Research Analyst II
Description Research Analyst II - Cardiovascular Medicine JOB SUMMARY: Under general supervision, provide support for social, economic, or health related research; investigate, gather, assess and clarify data; organize and supervise distribution of information; coordinate general laboratory maintenance and inventory control. KEY RESPONSIBILITIES: Collect, organize, and evaluate data from a variety of reference sources Develop and document reports and analyses summarizing progress, trends, and conclusions Prepare reports for analysis of research data Assist in modification and coordination of research procedures and techniques Recruit and/or interview study par
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General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory. There are 26
questions in all.
- This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
- Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D contains one value based question of four marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks each.
- There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks and all the three questions of five marks weight age. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
- You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:
SET I
SECTION-A
Question.1. Define the term self-inductance of a coil. Write its S.I. unit.
Answer : Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit current flows through the coil.
The S.I. unit of self inductance is henry (H) or weber per ampere.
1H = 1 Wb/A
Question.2. Why does bluish colour predominate in a clear sky ?
Answer: While light from the sun reaches the atmosphere that is comprised of the tiny particles of the atmosphere. These act as a prism and cause the different components to scatter. As blue light travels in shorter and smaller waves in comparison to the other colours of the spectrum, it is scattered the most, causing the sky to appear bluish.
Question.3. I-V graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures, T1 and T2 is as shown in the figure. Which of the two temperature is lower and why ?
Answer : The slope of a V-I graph is given by the formula I/V=I/R. Thus, the smaller the slope larger is the resistance. As the resistance of a metal increases with the increase in temperature, so resistance at T2 is higher and T1 is lower.
Question.4. Which basic mode of communication is used for telephonic communication?
Answer: The basic mode of communication used in telephony is the point-to-point communications mode, which takes place through a link between a single transmitter and receiver.
Question.5. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loops ?
Answer : Electrostatic field lines never form loops because they do not converge at only one point as in the case with magnetic field lines. They depend on +ve and -ve charges that can extend infinity in any particular direction.
SECTION-B
Question.6. When an electron in hydrogen atom jumps from the excited state to the ground state, how would the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electron change ? Justify your answer.
Answer : In an hydrogen atom, the negatively charged electron revolves in a circular orbit around the heavy positively charged nuclear. The centripetal force required by the electron is produced by the attractive force exerted by the nucleus on it. The energy is radiated, when an electron jumps from higher to lower energy orbit and the energy is absorbed, when jumps from lower to higher energy orbit.
hv = Ef– Ei[ Ef> Ei] It is called Bohr’s frequency condition.
Question.7. Write two factors which justify the need of modulating a low frequency signal into high frequencies before transmission.
Answer : Two factors that justify the need for modulating low frequency signals to high frequency signals are
(a) increase in range of communication base band signals suffer from attenuation and so cannot be transmitted over long distances, and
(b) the antenna height and aperture is inversely proportional to the radiated signal frequency, implying that higher frequencies result in smaller antennas.
Question. 8. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential difference between the points A and D when no current flows in the arm BE of the electric network shown in the figure.
Question. 9. You are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification of 30, find out the separation between the objective and the eyepiece.
OR
A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects in normal adjustment ?
If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens ?
Question.10. Calculate the shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom. In which region (infra-red, visible, ultraviolet) of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength lie ?
SECTION – C
Question.11. Calculate the potential difference and the energy stored in “* the capacitor C2 in the circuit shown in the figure. Given potential at A is 90 V, C1 = 20 μF, C2= 30 μF and C3 = 15 μF.
Question.12. Find the relation between drift velocity and relaxation time of charge carriers in a conductor. A conductor of length L is connected to a d.c. source of emf ‘E’ . If the length of the conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping ‘E’ constant, explain how its drift velocity would be affected.
Answer : The drift velocity of electrons can be formulated as :
where
a – average acceleration of the carrier
q = charge of the carrier
m* = effective mass of charge carrier
x = carrier lifetime = relaxation time
E = electric field strength
As the drift velocity is directly proportional to the current flowing through the conductor and as the current flowing through the conductor is inversely proportional to its length, so the drift velocity would be reduced by one third if the length of the conductor is tripled.
Question.13. State clearly how an unpolarised light gets linearly polarized when passed through a Polaroid.
(i) Unpolarised light of intensity I0 is incident on a Polaroid P1 which is kept near another Polaroid P2 whose pass axis is parallel to that of Pi. How will the intensities of fight, Ii and I2, transmitted by the Polaroids P1 and P2 respectively, change on rotating P1 without disturbing P2 ?
(ii) Write the relation between the intensities I1 and I2.
Answer : Polaroid filters are made of a special material that is capable of blocking of the two planes of vibration of an electromagnetic wave. In this sense, a Polaroid serves as a device that filter out one-half of the vibrations upon transmission of the light through the filter. When unpolarised light is transmitted through a Polaroid filter, it emerge with one-half the intensity and with vibrations in a single plane; it emerges as polarized light.
Question.14. Define modulation index. Why is its value kept, in practice, less than one ? A carrier wave of frequency 1.5 MHz and amplitude 50 V is modulated by a sinusoidal wave of frequency 10 kHz producing 50% amplitude modulation. Calculate the amplitude of the AM wave and frequencies of the side bands produced.
Answer : The modulation index mf, can be defined as the ratio between the amplitude of the modulating signal and the amplitude of the carrier signal.
A modulation index above 1 causes over-modulation, causing the carrier to experience 180° phase reversals. These reversals give rise to additional side and audio signal will be distorted during reception.
Question.15. A uniform magnetic field B is set up along the positive x-axis. A particle of charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity v enters the field at the origin in X-Y plane such that it has velocity components both along and perpendicular to the magnetic field B. Trace, giving reason, the trajectory followed 0 by the particle. Find out the expression for the distance moved by the particle along the magnetic field in one rotation.
Question.16. (a) Determine the value of phase difference between the current and the voltage in the given series LCR circuit.
(b) Calculate the value of the additional capacitor which may be joined suitably to the capacitor C that would make the power factor of the circuit unity.
Question.17. Write the expression for the generalized form of Amperes Circuital law. Discuss its significance and describe briefly how the concept of displacement current is explained through charging/discharging of a capacitor in an electric circuit.
Answer : Generalized form of Ampere Circuital law:
It signifies that the source of magnetic field is not just due to the conduction electric currently due to flow of charge but also due to the time rate of change of electric field called displacement current.
Displacement Current : During charging and discharging of a capacitor the electric field between the plates will change so there will be a change of electric flux (displacement current) between the plates.
Question.18. Use Huygens principle to show how a plane wavelength propagates from a denser to rarer medium. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
Question.19. Identify the gates P and Q shown in the figure. Write the truth table for the combination of the gates shown.
Name the equivalent gate representing this circuit and write its logic symbol.
Question.20. Draw a circuit diagram of a C.E. transistor amplifier. Briefly explain its working and write the expression for (i) current gain, (ii) voltage gain of the amplifier.
Question.21. (a) Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force.
(b) Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from the graph.
Answer : (a) (i) Nuclear forces are short range forces ;
(ii) Nuclear forces are primarily attractive and extremely strong;
(iii) Nuclear forces are charge independent.
Question.22. (a) Describe briefly three experimentally observed features
in the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
(b) Discuss briefly how wave theory of light cannot explain these features.
OR
(a) Write the important properties of photons which are used to establish Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
(b) Use this equation to explain the concept of (i) threshold frequency and (ii) stopping potential.
Answer : (a) (i) The photoelectric effect will not occur when the frequency of the incident light is less than the threshold frequency. Different materials have different threshold frequencies and most elements have threshold frequencies in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(ii) The maximum KE of a stream of photo electrons increases linearly with the frequency of the incident light above the threshold frequency.
(iii) The rate at which photo electrons are emitted from a photosensitive surface is directly proportional to the incidents light when the frequency is constant.
(b) Classical wave theory cannot explain :
(i) The existence of threshold frequency because it predicts that electrons would absorb enough energy to escape and there would not be any threshold frequency;
(ii) The almost immediate emission of photo electrons as, according to this theory, electrons require a period of time before sufficient energy is absorbed by it to escape from the metal; however, such a thing does hot happen practically; and
(iii) The independence of KE of photo electrons on intensity and dependence on frequency because it cannot explain why maximum KE is dependent on the frequency and independent of intensity.
OR
(a) The important property of photons that is useful in establishing Einstein’s photoelectric equation is their ability to hold on to the electrons of an atom by their forces of attraction.
(b) Einstein’s photoelectric equation states that:
SECTION – D
Question.23. One morning an old man walked bare-foot to replace the fuse wire in kit kat fitted with power supply mains for his house. Suddenly he screamed and collapsed on the floor. His wife cried loudly for help. His neighbour’s son Anil heard the cries and rushed to the place with shoes on. He took a wooden baton and used it to switch off the main supply.
Answer the following questions :
(i) What the voltage and frequency of mains supply in India ?
(ii) These days most of the electrical devices we use require a.c. voltage. Why ?
(iii) Can a transformer be used to step up d.c. voltage ?
(iv) Write two qualities displayed by Anil by his action.
Answer : (i) The voltage and frequency of mains supply in India are 240 V and frequency is 50 Hz.
(ii) Most electrical devices require a.c. voltage because a.c. is available by default through the mains supply and also because d.c., is actually a one-way current, is available only through batteries.
(iii) No, a transformer cannot be used to set-up d.c. voltage because a transformer works on the magnetic effect of current and d.c. voltage does not passess any magnetic field.
(iv) The two qualities displayed by Anil are : (i) preventing himself from being the earthing conductor by putting on his shoes and (ii) switching off the mains connection to prevent the old main from acting as an earthing conductor.
SECTION – E
Question.24. (a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit.
“Gauss’s law in electrostatics is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is”. Justify this statement with the help of a suitable example.
(b) Use Gauss’s law to prove that electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell is zero.
OR
(a) Derive the expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor. Hence obtain the expression for the energy density of the electric field.
(b) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor is connected across an uncharged identical capacitor. Show that the energy stored in the combination is less than that stored initially in the single capacitor.
Answer : (a) The electric flux through an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the area of the surface projected on a plane, perpendicular to the field. Its S.I. unit is voltmeters (Vm) or Newton metres square per coulomb (Nm2 C-1). The given statement is justified because while measuring the flux, the surface area is more important than its volume on its size.
(b) To prove that the electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell is zero, we place a single positive point charge ‘q’ at the centre of an imaginary spherical surface with radius R. The field lines of this point radiate outside equally in all directions. The magnitude E of the electric field at every
Question.25. Explain, using a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer. What is the (unction of (i) uniform radial magnetic field, (ii) soft iron core ?Define the terms (i) current sensitivity and (ii) voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Why does increasing the current sensitivity not necessarily increase voltage sensitivity ?
Question.26.
(ii) The different colours of white light will produce different interference patterns but the central bright fringes due to all colours are at the same positions. Therefore, the central bright fringe is white in colour. Since the wavelength of the blue light is smallest, the fringe closed on the either side of the central white fringe is blue and farthest is red. Beyond a few fringes, no clear fringe pattern is visible.
OR
So angle of deviation produced by a prism depends upon the angle of incidence, refracting angle of prism, and the material of the prism.
(b) A ray of light incident on face AB will just suffer internal reflection at the other face AC, if it gets incident on the face AC at an angle equal to the critical angle for the material of the prism. If critical angle for the material of prism is C. | http://www.cbsesamplepapers.info/cbse/cbse-previous-year-solved-papers-class-12-physics-outside-delhi-2015 |
We propose to develop a compact, robust, optically-based sensor for making temperature and multi-species concentration measurements in aircraft system ground and flight test environments. This system will utilize a widely tunable near infrared light source to make absorption measurements of gas constituents in the propulsion system (combustion reactant and products in the combustion zone, with accuracy from 100-1000 ppm), aircraft cabin air, and fuel tank/on-board gas generator systems. The light source will be able to continuously tune from 0.4 to 2.3 microns while maintaining a narrow bandwidth of 0.01 cm-1 using a novel combination of acousto- and electro-optically controlled devices. The rapid tunability of this light source will obviate the need for dense multiplexing of multiple wavelengths as signals can be multiplexed in time while maintaining fast temporal response. Furthermore, the wide spectral bandwidth allows for the selection of the optimum absorption transitions, without regard for the commercial availability of narrow bandwidth diode lasers. The proposed instrumentation will be environmentally rugged, with the ability to withstand extreme ranges of temperature, humidity, vibration and shock conditions. Further, the system will possess auto-calibration capabilities, fast response time (few microseconds) and can be battery operated.
POTENTIAL NASA COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS ( Limit 1500 characters, approximately 150 words)
There are many commercial and military applications for an accurate and rugged laser absorption system capable of acting as a temperature and/or concentration sensor. The sensor could be used in both new and retrofit commercial aircraft as a control sensor for propulsion systems, as its capabilities easily extend to a very wide-range pressure environment. The reliable and precise instrument can be used to control gas turbine combustors, afterburners, and turbine optimization. The system could also be used in aircraft fuel tanks to measure fuel vapor flammability and oxygen concentration in OBIGGS systems. Furthermore, due to the widely tunable light source, this sensor could be used to replace TDLAS sensors in any application, as there is a demonstrable advantage in system cost, complexity, and operation.
POTENTIAL NON-NASA COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS ( Limit 1500 characters, approximately 150 words)
This type of sensor can also be used to monitor the combustion efficiency in terrestrial gas turbine and high-pressure combustion systems where a rugged sensor with long operating life characteristics is needed. Also it is possible to use this sensor for real-time biological measurements as the system can also be used as a Fraunhofer Line Discriminator Spectrometer for sub-angstrom remote sensing of fluorescence emission in the Fraunhofer line wavelengths. Finally, large and complex molecules that have extremely broad absorption signatures could be fully resolved with this sensor, with application to national security sensing of weapons and explosives. | https://sbir.nasa.gov/SBIR/abstracts/06/sttr/phase1/STTR-06-1-T2.02-9760.html |
HTML is being used to write many different types of documents in many different languages. Therefore HTML documents may contain many different symbols that are not part of the standard english alphabet, or the ASCII table. The ASCII table is a table of the most commonly used letters and symbols in english.
To enable authors of HTML documents to include more symbols than are found in the ASCII table, and on their keyboard, HTML contains HTML entities. An HTML entity corresponds to a symbol or character.
HTML entities are written using normal ASCII characters. An HTML entity starts with the ampersand character & and finishes with the semicolon character ; . Between the ampersand and the semicolon you write the name of the HTML entity. Here is an example:
€
This HTML entity will be displayed in the browser as the EURO currency symbol: €
For a more comprehensive list of HTML entities, see Wikipedia's page on HTML entities:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references
Here is a list of the more commonly used HTML entities: | https://jenkov.com/tutorials/html4/html-entities.html |
Readers,
We finally have text on the Senate’s Gun Control proposal. It is 80 pages, and not an easy 80 pages to decipher, but we are going to try.
Title I – CHILDREN AND FAMILY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
Money.
That is what this section covers. Money, mental health specific grants and funding, especially in relation to medicaid. 25 pages worth of funding allocations and where it can and cannot be spent.
Title II – FIREARMS
Here’s where we care, right? What are they changing with regards to guns?
Improving NICS Examination of Juvenile Records
Sorry, kids. Your adulting has been further provisionalized should this pass.
The 18-20 year old crowd are set to get an up to 3 day waiting period, with an up to 10 day (total) examination period if a record is determined to exist, before the transfer of a firearm is completed. The actual period will be based upon how quickly records can be accessed.
For mental health institutionalization, they are looking at commited dates starting from age 16 now. This may start a deconfliction fight with HIPAA. The FFL will have a specific UIN for these younger purchasers, unknown if it will be per transfer or per person, to reference the specific NICS check and reference for state records.
The traditional Brady Transfer Date, in a case where NICS does not provide a final result immediately, given with a check from NICS. For under 21 it is now the date plus 3 business days without any notification, and then 10 days if NICS indicates a record exists but no final determination is delivered. Brady for 21 and up is 3 business days and 18-20 will be up to 10 business days. My assumption is NICS will continue to list this date in their system and a subsection will be created for this additional check period in their software.
These are business days based upon state offices being open. NICS is directed to check with the State for both juvenile and mental health records and the appropriate local law enforcement agency of the purchase/residence. It is the state and local agencies who have 3 business days to respond to the direct inquiry from NICS, if there is a record they have an additional 7 business days to make a determination on whether or not that record is a disqualifying one.
Sunset
This enhanced NICS check provision sunsets on September 2032, unless renewed or made permanent by Congress.
Weird Terrorism Proviso…
Unless I am reading this wrong, this law exempts criminals and terrorists from having to prove they are profitable… I’m serious. Page 32. “Provided, that proof of profit shall not be required as to a person who engages in the regular and repetitive purchase and disposition of firearms for criminal purposes or terrorism.”
I am genuinely confused on why this line is needed. To the cartels just get a tax break? The Taliban don’t need a profit and loss statement? Why does this text exist? Is this just, ‘anyone or group with an FFL need not prove they are trading in guns for profit if they are in prison for gun running’?
Like, duh. Prison.
Firearm Trafficking and Straw Purchases
Still feloniously illegal, extra illegal if for terrorism or in support of drug trafficking.
Seriously, all this covers is if you’re proven that you knew or should have known you are selling to a prohibited person, or someone who you knew was going to commit a crime that will make them a prohibited person, that is a felony. 15 year penalty in general and 25 for terrorism or drug trafficking.
To be honest I’d like to see human trafficking and armed robbery/aggravated assault added to the 25 year list.
FFL Employment Background Checks
In an odd little bonus, but one that makes sense, licensees (FFLs) will be able to use NICS on prospective employees, with informative consent of the prospect. NICS, if you do not know, may only be used by FFLs to conduct a check with the intention to transfer a firearm.
FFL Access to Stolen Firearms Database.
Finally!
If you were under the impression that a gun dealer could check the national database on stolen firearms to see if a firearm in their possession had been reported stolen, you’d be wrong. Is this stupid? Extremely. Literally the most likely point for reliably locating a stolen firearm and they had no way to check unless an LE organization communicated specific firearms to them to BOLO.
That’s two solid provisions in this bill.
Also, no liability is established if an FFL doesn’t catch a stolen firearm and it later turns out it was stolen. This covers down on inconsistent data or incomplete data entry into the stolen firearm information database, which is common. Basically no duty is established to check all transfers for being stolen but the ability to is finally there.
‘Dating Relationship’
One of the biggest questions, what would a ‘dating relationship’ be defined as outside cohabitation and/or having a child in common to be applied to misdemeanor DV convictions.
(A)“The term ‘dating relationship’ means a relationship between individuals who have or have recently had a continuing serious relationship of a romantic or intimate nature.“
Okay, that’s specifically vague. I understand why, but I am always annoyed when a law has this much room for interpretation without hard numbers. This is dating and romance though, it is a variable topic.
“Whether a relationship constitutes a dating relationship under subparagraph (A) shall be determined based on consideration of – (i) length of the relationship; (ii) the nature of the relationship; (iii) and frequency and type of interaction between individuals involved in the relationship.”
Also specifically vague, but I do understand. This is to cover if adjudicators and not those involved in the relationship need to define the relationship, if one party says yes it was dating and the other says no it wasn’t and so forth. It will also only be applicable if there is an associated DV conviction with this determination.
‘‘(C) A casual acquaintanceship or ordinary fraternization in a business or social context does not constitute a dating relationship under subparagraph (A).’’
Cool. I suppose. Again this appears to be a very niche and nuanced determination if there is conflict between those involved on their definition of the relationship.
This will also only be applicable to convictions after date of enactment. This will still be subject to the provisions of expunged and set aside convictions which restore the firearm rights.
…and that is it.
That covers the bill. No attempt at “assault” weapons, magazines, mandatory wait periods (this one is procedural and dependent on state and local agency response times), or any other of the anti-gunner nonsense. No barrel shroud shoulder things that go up, no ‘all gun owners subject to yearly mandator mental health abuse’ (I mean “screening”), no social media scores, no mandatory licenses, no mandatory insurance, and no 1000% taxes.
I don’t like taking an L on anything when it comes to gun control, but I will be honest that this L could’ve been structured much worse and we would not be in a position to bring enough pressure to bear to block it. We would need to rely on FPC, ACLU, and other organizations to bring lawsuits against offending items in the law.
The NICS change, the most affrontary portion of the law that is changing, isn’t written as permanent. It has a decade test period for efficacy and will sunset unless renewed. With the annual reporting NICS will be delivering we should have the data pool to judge efficacy too, on whether or not this change has positively had an impact on interdicting impulary crimes of violence and improved our efforts on weapons trafficking. We should also see resulting reports out of the mental health resource funding and school security resources which comprise most of the bills substance.
In reality this gun control bill doesn’t touch a single gun, which means that, surprisingly enough, the legislators on both sides here actually tried to make this effective. I don’t know if it will be effective, I also don’t have any easily projectable data on plausible negative effects.
If this ends up passing as is, we can call it a near miss. Ideally, an annual renewal provision with evidentiary substantiation, instead of the decade currently written in, would be preferable if we are testing alterations to the NICS process. I’d additionally like to see the detail in records keeping and reforms to removing prohibited persons from NICS making certain that our reformative justice system is acting the part.
We’ll see where it ends up after the reading and amendment process.
As is, we don’t have to like it but it could be worse. After amending, this could be a much spicier dumpster fire. | https://gatdaily.com/bipartisan-safer-communities-act-the-senates-gun-control-package/ |
Are You Limiting Your Potential Competitive Advantage Through Your Job Postings?
How specific are your job postings? You post a job and that job has specific knowledge, skills and/or abilities that the person needs. These things can be acquired in a variety of ways. Some postings are very specific on requirements, while others are vague and open to interpretation. I’ve seen many that require at least five years of experience in a specific role before a candidate will even be considered. And the truth of the matter is, more times than not specific requirements aren’t even validated as needed. It just sounds good.
While I echo Ben Eubank’s advice to job seekers from his post Be Able to Do the Job, especially the emphasis on candidates not lying about their experience or knowledge, I wonder if as leaders we are limiting our hiring pool and potential competitive advantage through people by being too restrictive in the requirements advertised in job postings.
You see, hard and fast skills are much easier to ask for in a job posting. It’s easier to say five years of experience in accounting or a degree in accounting, than it is to ask and assess for things that are “fuzzy” like motivational characteristics or ability to get along with others.
Are we missing out on people who have the will (desire and appropriate personality) to do the job at the sacrifice of just finding people who have the hard and fast skills? In my opinion, will is much harder to assess and quantify, but much more valuable in the long run.
Are your job postings too restrictive? | https://horizonpointconsulting.com/blog3/item/are-you-limiting-your-potential-competitive-advantage-through-your-job-postings/ |
Top 5 Tips for Healthcare Providers
When the COVID-19 pandemic hit the U.S back in March, healthcare IT organizations were caught off guard as much as anyone. In the days following shelter-in-place orders and social distancing restrictions, IT departments scrambled to set up new, or bolster existing, telehealth solutions with the priority of keeping doctors and patients healthy overriding all other concerns.
Six months down the line, however, the world is adjusting to life under coronavirus, and IT departments can no longer afford to sideline cybersecurity. COVID has been a boon for cyber criminals, who are using increasingly sophisticated attacks to compromise individuals and organizations when they are at their most vulnerable. The threats are not limited to video calling tools being susceptible to hacks. With many employees still teleworking, and many patients foregoing in-person visits for telehealth, the attack surface for health care organizations has increased massively. It is nevertheless IT’s job to secure this surface, and they cannot and should not rely on leniency from regulators to last forever.
The good news is over the past six months the security community has learned a lot — probably more than we ever expected — about securing organizational infrastructure during a pandemic. And what we have learned is there are several straightforward steps healthcare providers can take that go a long way to securing their systems and maintaining compliance with regulations like HIPAA. To help healthcare providers better understand the security requirements of today’s complex work environments, we have shared below five of our top best practices for healthcare IT departments to help keep patient data secure during COVID-19.
1. Encrypt Employee Hard Drives
With many family doctors, psychiatrists, therapists and other health care providers, not to mention large populations of administrative staff, still working remotely all or part of the time, there is an increased risk of sensitive data falling into nefarious hands via theft of work devices. The top thing IT departments can do to avoid device theft from becoming a HIPAA reportable breach is to encrypt the hard drives of work-issued laptops or other mobile devices, and insist users turn off those devices when not in use. Encrypting the hard drive of each and every employee device ensures that even if criminals gain access to the computer they are unable to access any patient data that might be contained on that device.
2. Leverage Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
Another issue that arises in work-from-home arrangements is authenticating users, i.e., confirming users are who they say they are. In an office setting, IT at least has the advantage of physical security to deter criminals from gaining access to work devices. But when log-ins to cloud software and mobile devices are coming in remotely, IT has no way of really knowing who is trying to access a device. In the post-COVID healthcare environment, a single password it is insufficient to confirm user identity. This is where one-time access codes sent to the user’s mobile device or fob can make a huge difference. Studies show that requiring second factors like these make it exponentially more difficult for hackers to gain access to employee accounts. The good news is most software and services that healthcare providers use already have 2FA features built in; all IT needs to do is enable and administer them.
3. Enable Video Call Security Features
Video calls are the area of telehealth that has garnered the most attention in terms of cybersecurity. And while criminals gaining access to Zoom telehealth calls and the like is still a relatively rare occurrence, the worry on the part of patients is real and comes from a place of vulnerability. After all, video calls are where patients reveal often-private information that could be embarrassing or even damaging to their careers or livelihood. That is why healthcare organizations must be vigilant about enforcing universal use of available security features like unique meeting IDs and passwords as well as waiting rooms among its physicians and other individuals providing care to patients. Even better than that is customizing your video communications tool to mandate usage of these features by default. In short, IT organizations should take the time to review and audit the security features of their telehealth platforms to confirm that they are providing their patients maximal security.
4. Establish Robust Telework Security Controls
The best way to ensure employees do not accidentally expose sensitive information or compromise company systems while working from home is to install software controls on the device that make doing that as difficult as possible. Users, who had previously been safely ensconced behind the corporate firewall, are now on a home network protected form the Internet by an ISP modem. But firewall is only one element in a robust endpoint security posture. Other key (endpoint) security controls that health care organizations will want to implement include antivirus and anti-malware software, automatic threat detection for files downloaded from the internet, and a virtual private network (VPN) through which all traffic to the server must go. Together, these controls limit the amount of damage any user can do even if they let their guard down.
5. Mandate WPA WiFi Security Use
When employees work from home, employees’ home wireless becomes key loci of weakness in your organization’s security posture. The issue is many individuals use the default router given to them by their ISP, which may or may not have proper security controls installed, or are using older routers. Many older routers use WEP or WPA1 encryption, which make use of notoriously weak algorithms, to secure access. It should go without saying that WEP and WPA1 are unacceptable risks, when all hackers need to do to steal data is drive around looking for weak WiFi networks. The minimum standard for WiFi network security in 2020 is WPA2. To ensure weak WiFi networks are not putting a hole in your organization’s whole cybersecurity apparatus, healthcare organizations might consider making having proper WiFi security enabled a condition of working from home. In any case, IT organizations should be willing to take the time to work with providers and administrative staff working from home to help them enable strong security at home.
Ensure Your Organization’s Telehealth Services Are Secure. Start Your BPM Security Assessment Today.
The value of information security is often only recognized after a breach or incident has impacted a business and its bottom line. Lacking specific regulatory guidance, healthcare providers are increasingly unsure of the risk mitigation measures that are appropriate to combat threats spurred on by the COVID-19 pandemic. BPM understands how to balance information security and business needs. Our comprehensive penetration testing services will identify any vulnerabilities in your IT infrastructure, allowing you to make well-educated decisions on where to best allocate your resources during these unprecedented times.
To learn more about how BPM can help your keep your organization’s telework and telehealth services secure, contact David Trepp, partner and Information Security Assessment Services Group leader.
Let’s Talk. | https://www.bpm.com/insights/best-practices-for-telework-and-telehealth-security/ |
EMA award for University of Gondar’s 60 years of service
The University of Gondar receives prestigious award from the Ethiopian Medical Association in recognition of its 60 years of service in the medical and health sciences field.
2014 marks the University of Gondar’s 60th Anniversary – its Diamond Jubilee. Established in 1954 as the country’s 1st Public Health College and Training Center, the University has been a pioneer institution producing many of the country’s leading health and medical professionals. It has since grown and expanded producing high quality graduates in a range of different fields. During the 50th Ethiopian Medical Association conference, attended by H.E.Dr. Kesetebirhan Admasu, Minister of Health Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and distinguished members of the country’s medical professionals the University of Gondar was awarded in recognition of its 60 years of service in the field.
Professor Mengesha Admassu, President of the University of Gondar, was present to receive the award and addressed the audience in appreciation of this prestigious recognition. He also invited the participants to take part in the University’s Diamond Jubilee Celebrations in July 2014.
A special promotional table was set during the conference to create awareness about the Diamond Jubilee Celebrations and to register attending University of Gondar alumni. | https://www.uog.edu.et/ema-award-for-university-of-gondars-60-years-of-service/ |
I am a teacher first, trainer second.
COACHING EXPERIENCE:
I have more than five years of experience coaching youth basketball, boys and girls. I have coached all levels of youth: groups of nine-year-old athletes, one on one sessions with middle school aged athletes, and high school level athletes.
2014-2015
Volunteered to coach at for my church team, Allen Temple Baptist Church, as we participated in the Oakland Neighborhood Basketball Summer League.
Cached boys and girls under nine years old for a club league in San Francisco called the Jewish Community Center.
2016-2019
Trained youth middle school aged athletes over the summers and improved their strength and conditioning skills.
Worked as a physical education instructor for MetWest High School and Redwood Day School respectively.
Coached varsity high school boys basketball for Oakland Military Institute during the 2018-2019 school season, where we were league champions.
Currently, I am a graduate student at the University of San Francisco where I am earning a masters degree in sport management. I have aspirations to be an athletic director and head basketball coach in my future profession.
COACH T's TRAINING SESSION IN A NUTSHELL:
Any client, between the age 10 and 17, can expect four aspects each session from me:
1) Warm-up and Cardio (to get the muscles and ligaments in healthy shape to grow)
2) Strength and Core Conditioning (mainly using body weight to perform strength building exercises for upper body, lower body and core)
3) Basic Skill Work (dribbling, shooting, passing, footwork, etc.),
4) Competition (where I or another peer player will test their competitive nature, grit and will to be successful and persevere through any mental mistakes).
SPORTS BACKGROUND:
I have grown with the personal experience in four different sports: Basketball, Track & Field, Soccer and Baseball.
Basketball
I began playing basketball in middle school for Redwood Day School. At first, I had a very low skillset, but I was very tall for my age at the time and I was talented at jumping and very fast. I grew to love the sport due to my natural ability to learn the game and dominate within my first year playing competitively.
In high school, I attended St. Mary's College High School where I was privileged to earn my role to varsity in my junior year. That school year in 2017-2018, I was a part of a dominating, near-undefeated team, and we participated in a state championship that year against Campbell Hall high school out of Los Angeles, CA.
As I transitioned to Morehouse College, I participated for the team as a red-shirt my first year, then later took more interest in playing intramural basketball instead for the rest of my years there.
Track & Field
In middle school and high school, I had a natural ability to run and jump with high stamina and strength. I participated in almost every event except for throwing events. The events I shined in were the Long Jump, Triple Jump, 100m sprints, 200-meter sprints, and the 4 x 100-meter relay races. In middle school, I ran for Oakland PAL, and in high school, I participated at St. Mary's College High School as well as Castro Valley High School.
Soccer
Soccer was the very first sport I ever participated in competitively and I loved it. I believe it was this sport where I grew great stamina and energy for running consistently. I often played forward or mid-fielder when I played and I participated in club teams from the age of eight, up to middle school, until basketball ultimately took my overall interest.
Baseball
I played baseball as the second sport to ever play. I participated in baseball within the same years I played soccer. I was a quick learner and found 1st-base and 3rd-base as my best positions to play. One play, in the Babe Ruth Baseball league on Oakland, CA, I hit an inside-the-park grand slam to win a playoff game which had advance us to the league championship in the year 2000.
What I enjoy the most out of working with student athletes is the level confidence I instill in them. I have a knack for motivating boys and girls to push towards the best versions of their craft and their individuality. Sports is a vehicle to empower young people and I consider it my duty to instill a culture of rigorous compassion within eacha nd every one of them.
Read more about this pro
Prompt Professional Virtuous in his craft Great coach
Coach Tokunbo is very patient and assesses skill level and need of the client! He's a great coach and my son is very pleased!
Coach Tokunbo is an excellent coach my son learned a lot from him. Not just a coach but also a mentor to young men
He is a very good coach, he helps you work on your desired skills and overall make you a better player.
Any client, between the age 8 and 24, can expect four aspects each session from me:
Any client older than 17, my lessons will be based on their needs and I will adjust to what their particular goals are.
Although I am currently seeking and earning certifications from official sanctions of training, I believe experience is the best teacher.
I have been a physical education instructor for 3 years.
I have coached numerous teams and among numerous age groups.
I am also a current graduate student at the Univeristy of San Francisco earning a master's in Sport Management.
Coach Tokunbo’s Basketball Skills Training Sessions
Session Packages:
1 session = $40
3 sessions = $100
5 sessions = $180
New Monthly rate (beginning in August or by client request):
$280/ month = 8 session per month (2sessions per week)
Location: Mosswood Park (3612 Webster St. Oakland, CA 94609) or travel to a local park near client by request. | https://lessons.com/ca/alameda/basketball-training/coach-tokunbo |
Sustainable food systems are an important component of a planetary health strategy to reduce the threat of infectious disease, minimize environmental footprint and promote nutrition. Human population trends and dietary transition have led to growing demand for food and increasing production and consumption of meat, amid declining availability of arable land and water. The intensification of livestock production has serious environmental and infectious disease impacts. Land clearing for agriculture alters ecosystems, increases human-wildlife interactions and leads to disease proliferation. Context-specific interventions should be evaluated towards optimizing nutrition resilience, minimizing environmental footprint and reducing animal and human disease risk. | https://sesync.org/print/2388 |
Delope ( French for "throwing away") is the practice of throwing away one's first fire in a pistol duel, in an attempt to abort the conflict. According to most traditions, the deloper must first allow his opponent the opportunity to fire after the command ("present") is issued by the second, without hinting at his intentions. The Irish code duello forbids the practice of deloping explicitly.
The delope could be attempted for practical reasons, such as if one duelist thought their opponent was superior in skill, so as not to provoke a fatal return shot. Deloping could also be done for moral reasons if the duelist had objections to attempting to kill his opponent or if he were so skilled a marksman as to make the exchange unfair. Deloping in a duel, for whatever reason, could be a risky strategy whether or not the delope was obvious to all present. Deloping with a near miss, in order to save one's honor without killing, could backfire if the opponent believed the effort to be genuine and responded with a fatal shot. Also, regardless of whether the delope was near or wide, the opponent might infer that he was being insulted as "not worth shooting" (an unworthy opponent) and either take care to aim his own shot to kill or insist on a second exchange.
However, for the opponent to insist upon a second shot after a delope was considered bloodthirsty and unbecoming. Often, it would fall to the seconds to end the duel immediately after a delope had been observed.
The term delope is specific to the use of firearms in a duel which, historically speaking, were typically flintlock pistols. These pistols were notorious for their lack of accuracy at long distances and a particularly skilled marksman might attempt to delope unnoticed with a well-placed "near-miss." The distance between the two combatants had to be great enough that all others present would assume that any miss was due to this inherent inaccuracy and not intentional. This way the shooter could avoid killing his opponent and, if accused of deloping, claim he had made a genuine effort. Also, the opponent might recognize the "near-miss" as a delope but understand that it was meant for the benefit of any witnesses present and, if the opponent was not insulted, also delope. Both parties could then claim they had each tried to shoot the other and the duel would end without any fatalities.
Usage examples of "deloping".
Farnaby might know himself to have been in the wrong, no dependence could be placed on his tacitly acknowledging it on the ground by deloping, or firing into the air. | https://findwords.info/term/deloping |
This week, the Austrian National University in Canberra released details on 22,000 sites it had identified in Australia as suitable for pumped hydro.
The Coffs Coast and Bellingen Shire are surrounded by many sites. Following is an overview of the research, background on the technology and graphics.
What does it tell us? It tells us that 100 percent clean renewable energy is in reach within a generation. It also tells us that that the obsession of Malcolm Turnbull, Barnaby Joyce, their parties and the government is nothing more than that crazy, lazy and short-termism at its worst.
Labor is a supporter of pumped hydro:
“The future of building electricity in this country will be a mix between renewable energy, gas-fired generation, and the very exciting technology around battery storage and pumped hydro storage that’s coming on board very soon,” Mark Butler, Shadow Minister for Climate Change. (Source: ABC)
Overview
22,000 sites for pumped hydro energy storage
Researchers at The Australian National University (ANU) have identified about 22,000 potential sites across Australia for pumped hydro energy storage, which can be used to support a secure and cheap national electricity grid with 100 per cent renewable energy.The zero-emissions grid would mainly rely on wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, with support from pumped hydro storage, and would eliminate Australia’s need for coal and gas-fired power.Lead researcher Professor Andrew Blakers said the short-term off-river pumped hydro energy storage (STORES) sites combined had a potential storage capacity of 67,000 Gigawatt-hours (GWh) – much more than the capacity required for a zero-emissions grid.Site searching and development of a PHES cost model are being explored as part of an ARENA funded project. | https://bellingerriverlabor.net/2017/09/23/bellingen-shire-coffs-coast-are-surrounded-by-potential-renewable-pumped-hydro-resources/ |
Twelve chefs remain, and this is finally a manageable amount, but just barely. Cliques have started to form, like Nina, Bene, and Travis, but with Bene eliminated, things are already falling apart. Nicholas is sick as a dog, which is one of the few things chefs can't be. A medic comes in and diagnoses Nick with Strep, telling him he shouldn't be around other people or food. Nicholas crawls under a blanket with some antibiotics.
So, now there are 11 chefs at the moment. For the Quickfire Challenge, Padma introduces jazz trumpeter, vocalist, and cook, Kermit Ruffins. The challenge is about improvisation, which has to do with jazz music. I would have thought the Reynolds Wrap challenge, where they had to work with secret ingredients that Padma's mom and Gail's mom threw in a basket for them, was about improvisation but no. Kermit Ruffins tells the chefs about grabbing frogs with a net and cooking them, true improv.
The chefs have stations featuring some of Kermit's favorite ingredients and cooking tools. The chefs will start cooking at one station, then play musical chairs to Kermit's trumpet and resume cooking at the station they land on when he stops. Musical stations, non-elimination style. Kermit says it's a lot like being in a jazz band and you have to trust your bandmates. But these chefs aren't friends, so the metaphor is weak.
The chefs dance around the stations, noticing that one of them has a microwave and they don't want it. The music stops and Shirley gets the microwave station, which also features bacon and tofu. She isn't phased, since her husband cooks everything in a microwave. Sara is at the duck station and is concerned that it takes a while to render duck. There's also chicken wings and quail and flounder for the chefs to use. Nina starts out on a French redfish dish, but won't finish it. Kermit starts playing the trumpet again and the chefs dance forward, nervously.
Travis lands at Nina's station and accuses her of going French with "all these Asian ingredients." Everything is an Asian ingredient to Travis. Some of the chefs yell across the stations to each other; Brian gets confused at the frog legs station. Louis is getting more and more anxious, wanting to finish two dishes he'll never see again now. Kermit plays, and the chefs are back at their original stations. They return to see how all the chefs have messed up their original visions. They keep it going, but Kermit picks up his trumpet again to announce it's party time. | http://brilliantbutcancelled.com/show/top-chef/jazz-hands/ |
3 Professors’ Reactions You Can Face If You Buy College Essays and Papers Online
It’s no secret that college students are asked to write a large number of papers during their academic careers. This puts many of them at a disadvantage. You might be a brilliant student, but you simply find it difficult to express your ideas in written words. On the other hand, there are students who lack research skills—they’re essentially strong writers, but they can never earn the grades they deserve because they don’t know how to gather their ideas properly. | http://yahtzeewithbuddies.com/category/channel/higher-education/page/2 |
As of Jan. 8, 2018 there are 2,645 individual licenses, 47 three-year licenses, five lifetime licenses, and five kennel licenses sold.
Ohio revised code 955.01 states that all dogs older than the age of three months shall be registered and licensed within their county by Jan. 31 to avoid a penalty fee.
Any dog found without a valid 2018 license could be impounded and the owner could be cited up to a $175 minor misdemeanor charge on a first offense. The Ohio Revised Code states “the dog warden shall seize upon sight any dog not licensed within the county.”
Contact the Crawford County Auditor’s Office at 419-562-7941 to find out where a dog license may be purchased or visit the auditor’s office website online. | |
ESA’s Mars Express used radar signals to estimate what is underneath the Mars’ south pole. Accordingly, the probe found the evidence of underground liquid water on Mars, igniting the theories about extraterrestrial life on the Red Planet. According to the radar data, beneath the south pole of Mars, there is an underground 20-kilometer-wide lake with liquid water.
The European Space Agency, helped by several other space agencies, as well as industrial companies and scientific community, launched the Mars Express mission in 2003 to orbit the Red Planet and examine it.
“Twenty-nine dedicated observations were made between 2012 and 2015 in the Planum Australe region at the south pole using the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding instrument, MARSIS. A new mode of operations established in this period enabled a higher quality of data to be retrieved than earlier in the mission,” stated the ESA.
ESA found liquid water on Mars, raising hopes for the existence of extraterrestrial life on the Red Planet
It was already established that Mars housed vast networks of rivers, lakes, and oceans, given the discoveries of dried-put valleys and former river channels made by the orbiters and rovers deployed by ESA and NASA, during the time.
Additionally, “orbiters, together with the landers and rovers exploring the Martian surface, also discovered minerals that can only form in the presence of liquid water,” ESA said. Also, the researchers long-suspected that there is liquid water underneath the Mars’ south pole, but, until now, no one could find irrefutable evidence in this regard.
“The presence of liquid water at the base of the polar ice caps has long been suspected. Moreover, the presence of salts on Mars could further reduce the melting point of water and keep the water liquid even at below-freezing temperatures,” ESA scientists stated in a report.
The presence of liquid water on Mars might also indicate that there could be extraterrestrial life on the Red Planet, be it only microbial life. | https://www.healththoroughfare.com/science/liquid-water-found-on-mars-igniting-the-theories-about-extraterrestrial-life-on-the-red-planet/10408 |
The University of Maryland Baltimore Institutional Review Board - National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC) Collaborative Capacity Building Initiative (UMBINN) is a program designed to enhance the capacity of the two ethics review committee to efficiently and effectively supervise joint research projects. Through training workshops, policy development seminars, short term internships and deployment of electronic research protocol registration, review and tracking system from UMB-IRB to NHREC in Nigeria, the two ethics committees will gain improved knowledge of the ethical, cultural, political and religious environment in which ethics review occurs in their countries. This training activity lays the foundation for promoting technology transfer of a web-based electronic research ethic management system that will strengthen international collaboration and the capacity of NHREC to build national ethics capacity in Nigeria. The proposal takes advantage of the large HIV/AIDS program and associated research and public health evaluations as well as the infrastructure of the Institute of Human Virology and focuses on research among people living with HIV/AIDS PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project is designed to strengthen the ethical oversight of research conducted in Nigeria and jointly supervised by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board and the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria. It also lays the foundation for the introduction of electronic IRB system for the Nigerian Committee
| |
2 edition of dynamic moduli of a rubber. found in the catalog.
dynamic moduli of a rubber.
Nan-sung Ho
Published
1965
.
Written in English
Edition Notes
Thesis (M.A.), Dept. of Physics, University of Toronto.
|Contributions||Ivey, D. G. (supervisor)|
|Classifications|
|LC Classifications||LE3 T525 MA 1965 H6|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||32 p.|
|Number of Pages||32|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL14745947M|
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E ; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Dynamic mechanical properties refer to the response of a material as it is subjected to a periodic force. These properties may be expressed in terms of a dynamic modulus, a dynamic loss modulus, and a mechanical damping term. Typical values of dynamic moduli for polymers range from dyne/cm2 depending upon File Size: KB.
The purpose of this test is to compare the performance of an adhesive in a joint and to determine its mechanical response. The shear test measures the time required to pull a defined area of PSA from the test panel under a constant load. Shear strength is the internal or . Dynamic moduli of polymers The viscoelastic property of a polymer is studied by dynamic mechanical analysis where a sinusoidal force (stress σ) is applied to a Classification: Thermal analysis.
The Young's modulus in various unconventional shale plays varies, and the brittleness of the rock will determine the type of frac fluid system to be chosen for the job. Young's modulus can be measured by using a sonic log or core data. Core data yields static Young's modulus and sonic log represents dynamic Young's modulus in Eq. (). rubber/styrene butadiene rubber and polyamide/polyethylene fibres). The compression test of elastomer specimens was achieved with a Controlled Electro Mechanism Universal Testing Machine WDW. The aim of this study was to investigate and define the relationship between compression and shear modulus, hardness and shape factor. The results showFile Size: KB.
Paul Nash.
Earth Angel
Dawn Mining closure.
Some development facts of Rajasthan, 1956-1999.
Malta : Interim Report of the Economic Commission.
Copy of judgement in the High Court of Justice, Queens Bench Division (Divisional Court) ...the Queen v.Senate of the University of Aston, ex parte Roffey and another.
PharmaProfiles
Women and the Canadian Welfare State
rise and fall of the Judaean state
PR GMAT 1993
Report on additional state office building.
Aufgabensammlung Simatic S5 Aufgaben/Loesungen V 2
Biblical and pagan societies
Santiago.
The testing temperature and frequency must be specified when defining the dynamic properties of a rubber. The effect of these variables is seen in figure At high temperatures or in the rubbery region, the complex, elastic and loss moduli are all low.
There is no doubt that the use of waste rubber in concrete applications is a genius alternative because Styrene is the main component of rubber, which has a strong toxicity and is harmful to humans. Therefore, it will significantly reduce impacts on the environment when waste rubber can be recycled for genuine uses.
In this paper, the dynamic properties of high-strength rubberised concrete Cited by: the dynamic simulation and modeling of rubber com-ponents (11). Dynamic moduli of a rubber. book The material studied, consisting of a vulcanized rubber compound containing carbon black and other additives, was kindly supplied by Pirelli S.p.A.
(Milan, Italy) in the form of cylinders, with mm diameter and mm height, and of mm thick sheets. The. title = "Early-age dynamic moduli of crumbed rubber concrete for compliant railway structures", abstract = "Heavy freight or high speed rail operations cause dynamic aggressive environments for structural materials in a railway system, resulting in higher wear and degradation rate of traditional brittle cementitious by: 5.
These dynamic properties obtained by nanorheological AFM can be compared with those using bulk dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements. In this paper, we applied this technique to silica-filled styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) to investigate the nature of the interfacial rubber region existing between a rubber matrix and silica particles at different by: 4.
RUBBER MATERIALS AND DYNAMIC SPACE APPLICATIONS Tony DEMERVILLE SMAC, 66 Impasse Branly La Garde FRANCE, [email protected], Tel: +33 4 94 75 24 88 ABSTRACT In many fields (for example automotive, aeronautic,), rubber materials are widely used to solve dynamics problems.
Since a few years, rubber dynamics parts areFile Size: KB. state to a rubber state in an amorphous material •Mechanical: Below the Glass Transition, the material is in a brittle, glassy state Above the Glass Transition, the material becomes soft and flexible, and a modulus decrease.
•Molecular: Below the Glass Transition, polymer chains are locked in place. DYNAMIC-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF (POLYMERIC) MATERIALS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF the major types of moduli the different moduli can be converted into one another, see D.
Ferry silicon rubber with a glass transition at –°C and a melting transition at –40°C. Beyond the melting. Combined measurements of shear-stress relaxation and differential dynamic storage and loss shear moduli G ′ and G″ following a single-step shear strain ofas well as measurements of dynamic moduli in on-off strain and stress histories, have been made on styrene-butadiene rubber (type ) filled with carbon black (N) at loadings of 40, 50, 60, and 70 phr, with 10 phr Sundex by: 5.
In the present work, a test method to characterize the dynamic behaviour of rubber compounds by electrodynamic shaker (ES) in the frequency range of 10– Hz was developed. Data of dynamic moduli of two different rubber compounds were determined through the analysis of the transmissibility of a suitably designed test system.
The results. The principal vibration isolating characteristics of rubbers based on natural rubber and a combination of synthetic isoprene and butadiene rubbers were determined. The static and dynamic moduli, the hysteresis losses and the logarithmic decrement were measured on a Yerzley mechanical oscillograph AYO-IV in accordance with ASTM D Dynamic Modulus – For linear visco-elastic materials such as HMA mixtures, the stress-strain relationship under a continuous sinusoidal loading is defined by its complex dynamic modulus (E*) This is a complex number that relates stress to strain for linear visco-elastic materials subjected to continuously applied sinusoidal loading in theFile Size: 1MB.
Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for cohesive soils. Berkeley, Calif.: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California ; Springfield, Va.: for sale by National Technical Information Service, (OCoLC) Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors.
Mehta reported that, the dynamic modulus of elasticity is genera 30, and 40% higher than the static modulus of elasticity for high, medium, and low strength concrete respectively.
Neville showed that, the ratio of the static to dynamic moduli is higher with the higher strength of. The dynamic moduli are much greater even for large strains. For example in our Bulgarian engineering practice the rule of thumb is to multiply the static deformation modulus by a factor of 2 for sands/gravels and 3 for clays to find the strain-equivalent modulus for.
Interestingly, the static elastic moduli can first show a slight decrease with growing amplitude of the magnetic interactions, before a pronounced increase appears upon the chain formation.
The change of the dynamic moduli with increasing magnetization depends on the frequency and can even feature nonmonotonic by: Dynamic Moduli Mapping of Silica-Filled Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizate by Nanorheological Atomic Force Microscopy Author: Ueda, Eijun, Liang, Xiaobin, Ito, Makiko, Nakajima, Ken Source: Macromolecules v no.1 pp.
ISSN: Subject. Elastomer Research Testing BV is an independent and ISO accredited research and test laboratory which offers a wide range of methods to determine rubber properties, such as the modulus of rubber. The moduli of rubber samples are typically expressed as the stress needed to strain a rubber sample for 25%, 50%, %, % and %.
Classical dynamic material testing involves the application of a sinusoidal load to a sample and the recording of its displacement response. The load and displacement data are used to calculate stress and strain cycles.
The ratio of the stress amplitude to the strain amplitude is the dynamic modulus. For shear loading, the usual symbol, \(G.
Rubber materials are commonly used to control structural vibrations and sound radiation. However, to predict the vibration response of a system the dynamic characteristics of rubber, such as the Young’s modulus and the damping factor, must be accurately identi ed. Because of the viscoelastic behaviour of the rubber material, its dynamicCited by: 8.
Even in the data found in literature (cf. Eissa & Kazi ) the difference between static and dynamic moduli in brittle rocks is mostly comprised within 10 per cent, which is comparable with the 10 per cent discrepancy between different measurement methods Size: 78KB.By definition, the dynamic moduli of rock are those calculated from the elastic- wave velocity and density.
The static moduli are those directly measured in a deformational experiment. The static and dynamic moduli of the same rock may significantly differ from each Size: KB.Evaluation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Dynamic Centrifuge Tests A.J.
Brennan1, N.I. Thusyanthan2 & S.P.G. Madabhushi3 CUED/D-SOILS/TR () 1 Research Fellow, Wolfson College, University of Cambridge 2 Research Student, Girton College, University of Cambridge 3 Senior Lecturer, Girton College, University of Cambridge. | https://nexumysixyh.maisonneuve-group.com/dynamic-moduli-of-a-rubber-book-12026ii.php |
Better Energy School Awards is the new name for the Total Green School Awards
Children and staff wanted to create an event designed to show their concern about the amount of plastic waste within their community and demonstrate their creative talents. The river that runs next to the school was featured on the local news as it has some of the worst micro-plastic pollution in the country. As a result, the children wanted to take action and teach their community how to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastic.
The pupils decided to use up discarded plastic bags to create unique outfits by weaving strips and creating clothing for a whole school 'Lose the Waste' fashion show.
In addition, children from across the whole school demonstrated their learning through a performance incorporating story writing, dance performances, singing and readings from the children. Parents made over 200 reusable tote bags from scrap material using donated sewing machines for us and they were all sold within a day! The children also made a variety of items at home using recycled products. Since the event children have demonstrated a greater awareness and concern for the environment. | http://betterenergyschoolawards.org.uk/winners/2019/9105 |
Date Initial Screening Begins:
Minimum Education/Experience: Bachelor's degree in communications, journalism, sport management or public relations and excellent writing and verbal communication skills are required. At least three years of experience in a collegiate athletics media relations or sports information office is required, including at least one year at one of following levels: graduate assistant, internship or full-time. Demonstrated experience with "new media", to include World Wide Web, digital audio, digital video, digital photography, etc. Knowledge of sports statistical analysis and publication design/production, and proficiency in related software programs such as Microsoft Office Suite, Adobe InDesign, PhotoShop and sports statistical (StatCrew) software are imperative. Qualifying degrees must be received from appropriately accredited institutions and conferred by the time of hire.
Special Instructions to Applicant: Candidates must also submit a cover letter, a curriculum vitae/resume, and a list of three references, including contact information, online. Original transcript required within 30 days of employment. East Carolina University seeks to create an environment that fosters the recruitment and retention of a more diverse student body, faculty, staff and administration. In order to promote the university's diversity goal, the Athletics Department encourages applicants from women, minorities, and historically underrepresented groups.
Job Duties: The primary responsibility of this position is to assist in promoting and publicizing the intercollegiate athletics program at East Carolina University. Responsibilities also include serving as the primary publicist for the women's basketball, women's lacrosse, women's soccer, men's tennis and women's tennis programs, and assisting staff in coverage of all sports and events, as required. Write and edit feature stories and news releases for distribution to local, regional and national media. Research and assemble records, statistics, rosters, etc., for use in media guides, game-day programs and other publications and resource guides. Create, deliver and manage content for www.ecupirates.com, the official website of the ECU Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Generate additional feature content, photography and video to promote awareness, engagement and interest via department-affiliated new and social media platforms. Provide strong service-oriented assistance to local, regional and national media outlets (print, radio, television and online) in coverage pertaining to ECU student-athletes, coaches and athletics department staff. Direct publicist efforts include supervision and coordination of all media operations duties for home events and extensive travel opportunities with select teams. | https://careers.insidehighered.com/job/1538706/assistant-director-of-athletic-communications/ |
Just Listed: Mid-Century Split-Level in Rydal
This house may date to the exact midpoint of the 20th century, but its owner decided to channel several other centuries in decorating it.
The years after World War II saw a wave of massive transformations sweep the country: Mass suburbs like Levittown. Mass higher education via the GI Bill of Rights.
And in the world of architecture and design, two separate but related trends: the spread of the simpler, cleaner architectural style we now call “mid-century modern” and the spread of the curvy, colorful design former Philadelphia Inquirer architecture critic Thomas Hine dubbed “Populuxe.”
Concurrent with these trends was another: the revival of elaborate wallpaper patterns akin to the rich designs of the 18th century. The difference is, this time, instead of pastoral or exotic scenery, these wallpaper patterns featured metallic colors and geometric and floral patterns.
You will find some of this in this Rydal midcentury split-level house for sale. Make that “you will find a lot of this in this Rydal mid-century split-level house for sale.”
Note also that I just called it “mid-century,” not “mid-century modern.”
That’s because its owner, who had this split-level built in 1950, clearly had visions of some century other than the last one in mind.
As this photo of the main floor should demonstrate, inside this mid-century modern split-level, the owner decided to go for baroque.
I’m not sure whether the palace that inspired the main living area’s decor is in Italy or in France, but that decor contains nods to both countries — lighting, drapery, carpet, furniture, you name it.
Ditto the cabinetry in the dining area. This opulence would look right at home in one of those Gilded Age mansions down the road in Cheltenham, but it seems a bit out of place in a 1950 split-level.
In addition to going for baroque, the owner turned several rooms in this house into gardens with a variety of floral wallpapers. The foyer, as you probably noticed, was decked with floral wallpaper; so is the eat-in kitchen, whose color scheme is very much a mid-century period piece.
But speaking of period pieces, while the oven, refrigerator, dishwasher and cooktop have all been replaced since this house was built, there remain some 1950s classics that you too might want to retain when you remodel this house, as I imagine you will want to. Check out the vintage range hood, for instance, or the radio and intercom system on the wall. (Clues to the function of the two metal drawers on the wall to the right of the cooktop are greatly appreciated.)
The decor in the bedrooms upstairs is generally less exuberant, but there is one exception: this child’s bedroom, a vision in pink with (yes) floral paper on its walls and dazzling (vertigo-inducing?) geometric-pattern wallpaper on the ceiling.
Wait, I spoke too soon.
While the primary bedroom and bathroom are restrained by comparison, the primary suite contains another explosion in its dressing room, this one filled with tropical birds.
(Like the house as a whole, all of its bathrooms have been meticulously maintained and retain their mid-century modern-crossed-with-French Provincial style. Including the powder room on the lower level, which features colorful metallic wallpaper in a fish-scale pattern.)
The lower-level family room, on the other hand, is a Fifties contemporary classic, with a full wet bar and dark plywood paneling.
But the owner couldn’t resist putting a little classical style in unusual colors in here, too, with the fireplace surround and built-in shelving that pick up the blue of the chairs and carpet.
Sliding doors lead from the family room to a large, nicely landscaped rear patio and backyard.
And there’s another rec room and bar in the walkout basement another half-floor below the family room.
This part of Abington Township appears to have several mid-century ranchers and split-levels that have managed to survive into our time in their original form; we featured a house similar to this one but built 12 years later two years ago this month.
With some judicious renovations, you could turn this Rydal mid-century split-level house for sale into a cultural artifact on par with that Abington house. All you need to do is dial down the baroque and flowers. Put those in that large, nicely landscaped backyard instead. | https://www.phillymag.com/property/2021/07/22/rydal-mid-century-split-level-house-for-sale/ |
city and its surrounding counties.
Results
The following list of classroom-related tasks was compiled:
1. Textbook reading.
2. Notetaking.
3. Oral reports.
4. Essay writing.
5. Written assignments.
6. Memorization.
7. Development of programs to control behavior.
8. Outlining.
9. Reading.
10. Test-taking (short answer, multiple choice, true-false,
fill-in. matching, essay).
11. Spelling.
12. Proofing.
13. Math problems.
Study Two
A total of 71 students served as the sample population
for this study on the use of an organized strategy for
memorization. The students were from a wide variety of
schools representing both public and private schools.
IQ tests indicated that abilities ranged from low average
to high average. The age range was from 12 to 17 years.
Method
The students were given five minutes to memorize a list
of 30 words. After the five minutes elapsed, the students
were requested to write down all the words they could
remember. They were then instructed to count the number
of words and put the number at the top of the page.
The students were then taught a simple organization strategy
that utilized categorization. Words such as house, dog
and cat were used to provide a framework to attach other
words such as yard, bone and string so that the student
could use association to increase memorization and retrieval.
There were five categories of words and four word pairs
that were used to organize thirty words to be learned.
The students were not given any additional time to study
the words and a time delay of five minutes was imposed
by discussing hobbies. The students were then asked to
write down all the words they could remember.
The number of words retrieved on the initial try ranged
from 2 to 30 words. The mean number of words was 13 prior
to the strategy training. The mean number of words when
using the organizational strategy increased to 24 and
ranged from 17 to 30.
The setting was a small classroom located in a multi-disciplinary
agency in a medium-sized city. No affiliation or contact
was made with any of the schools represented by students
in the sample; thus, the setting was quite isolated from
the variety of public and private schools attended by
the sample students.
Students in the sample population were recommended to
participate in learning strategy groups for a period of
six weeks. The basic criteria for entry into a group was
the identification of an attention problem by a psychologist
in combination with underachievement as reflected by the
student's school report card. All members of the sample
were assigned to groups according to age and grade level.
The groups were either middle school or high school populations
with an overall age range from 12 years, 10 months to
17 years, 8 months. The IQ ranged from low average to
high average. Group size was limited to 5 students per
group. Any student who was receiving additional tutoring
or services was excluded from the sample.
The typical classroom tasks required of students from
the first study served as a framework for the development
of a collection of study strategies to improve classroom
performance. A strategy was developed for each type of
learning task which resulted in a total of 20 strategies
that were taught to students under the title of "Independent
Strategies for Efficient Study." For six weeks, the groups
met once a week with the instructor. Each session ran
for one and a half hours. The following schedule was followed
for each group:
Session 1 - Association for Memory, Systematic Study
System, Self-graphing of Grades, Notebook Organization.
Session 2 - Streamlined Notetaking, Notetaking from Written
Material, Time Management.
Session 3 - Wheels for Reading, Pictorials, Diagrams,
Charts for Organization.
Session 4 - Wheels for Writing, Spelling, Proofing.
Session 5 - Wheels for Literature, Self-monitoring of
Behavior, Self-talk, Imagery, Graphing of Behaviors, Test-taking.
Session 6 - Review of the 20 strategies.
The 20 strategies and the generalization exercise are
detailed in this book so the descriptions will not be
repeated here. Refer to the text for detailed descriptions
of the strategies and the generalization procedure. Any
absences were made up during individual sessions so that
all the students completed the training in all 20 strategies.
Dependent Measures
Two measures were selected to measure student progress.
First, student grades before and after strategy training
were used to assess academic progress as well as the generalization
of the strategies. Though the measure of grades is not
a pure measure free of contaminating factors, grades do
serve as the most commonly accepted measure of a student's
academic progress. Therefore, the grades were selected
as the primary dependent measure to assess academic progress
in the classroom.
Only content area courses such as history, science, psychology,
sociology and English were included in the study. Math
grades, physical education grades, and band/chorus grades
were excluded. A second dependent measure consisted of
a phone contact to each student's parents to assess the
student's improvement and use of the strategies. Parental
responses were categorized as positive or negative. Positive
statements were limited to statements that indicated improvement
in schoolwork. Negative statements included all other
responses such as the parent not being sure or not knowing
if improvement had taken place. The responses were judged
by two independent raters using the "improvement" or "other"
criteria for judgement.
A comparison was made using the direct-difference method
to assess the difference between the grades received prior
to strategy training and after strategy training. The
comparison revealed a highly significant increase in student
grades after six weeks of strategy training (N=67, t=-6.54,
p<.001). The direct-difference method was chosen to serve
as the statistical procedure for a before-after design
to accommodate correlated samples.
Descriptive data was tabulated in addition to the statistical
analysis. Changes in grades are listed below:
Numerical measures of student averages based on a five
point (A=5, B=4, C=3, D=2, F=1) scale were also computed
to assess individual students gains:
The cumulative scores resulted in a mean increase of
.98.
Parent contacts resulted in 26 comments being deemed
positive and 4 comments being designated as negative or
not sure. Inter-rater reliability was 100%.
Discussion
The results indicated that grades improved significantly
after six weeks of instruction using the strategies outlined
in this book. The effectiveness of this strategy training
package is supported by the results of this study; however,
the data also reflects the generalization of the use of
the strategies which is as important as the effectiveness
of the strategy training. Further research needs to address
the impact of the individual strategies on specific academic
areas but the results of this study indicate that the
learning strategy course described in this book has been
shown empirically to result in significant improvement
in academic progress as measured by classroom grades.
Research on Core Strategy Training
Three high school students receiving services as students
with learning disabilities in a large public school system
were the participants in the study. All three students
were identified through the use of ability/achievement
discrepancies as well as specific processing weaknesses.
The ability range was from low average to average. The
students were in the Resource Program as well as mainstream
classes but were receiving no services directly related
to their mainstream classes. The students were nominated
by their teacher as students who were struggling with
academic achievement and who needed help with their performance
in the regular classroom.
Research Design
A multiple baseline design was used to measure the changes
in performance through the use of classroom grades. Mainstream
classroom teachers were not told about the intervention
but were asked to provide two grades per week that resulted
from quizzes or tests. Homework grades were not included.
The teachers simply wrote down the student's grades on
a form that was collected by the school secretary at the
end of each week. The grades were used as the dependent
variable.
Procedures
Grades were collected for all students at the beginning
of the second semester. The grades were collected over
February, March, April and May with some interruptions
because of Easter vacation, a snow day and teacher workdays.
The teachers were requested to participate in the study
by the special education teacher and were asked to hand
in the grades to a spot on the secretary's desk at the
end of each week. There was no contact between the teachers
and the strategy trainer. The strategy training took place
over weekends and not on school grounds so teachers would
not know when the training occurred. At different intervals,
the subjects were trained to use selected strategies from
the course called "Independent Strategies for Efficient
Study".
The graphs representing student performance before and
after strategy training intervention depict significant
improvement in academic performance after the organizational
strategy training intervention.
Back to Homepage. | http://krooney.com/research.htm |
PURPOSE: To enlarge a range of control so as to improve an operational property/by providing a release element control means for advance controlling the release of a release friction element in shifting gears so that a racing becomes a fixed amount and a clamping element control means for making clamping control of a friction element with a specific control amount.
CONSTITUTION: A speed change controller of an automatic transmission performs the speed change control by switching the clamping and the release of a plurality of friction elements on the basis of a control program by means of a speed change control unit 10 for inputting respective output signals of an engine speed sensor 5, a turbine speed sensor 6, an output axis speed sensor 7, a throttle opening sensor 8 and an oil temperature sensor 9. In this speed change control, the release of the friction element to be released so that a racing of revolution becomes a fixed amount in shifting gears is advance controlled. A control variable is set on the basis of clamping control of a friction element to be clamped plus a first controlled variable in the case of a torque phase, and on the basis of the same clamping control plus a sensor controlled variable in the case of an inertia phase.
COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio | |
The utility model relates to a variable frequency refrigerating type thermostatic groove which comprises a box body, a working groove in the box body and a bottom bin, wherein a refrigeration, heat preservation and circulation system is composed of a condenser, a compressor and a circulation pump, an evaporator, an electric heating pipe and a temperature sensor; the condenser, the compressor and the circulation pump are arranged in the bottom bin, and the evaporator, the electric heating pipe and the temperature sensor are arranged in the working groove. The circulation pump is connected with the working groove via a liquid delivery pipe; the compressor used for refrigeration adopts a variable frequency compressor controlled by a variable frequency controller. The utility model adopts the intelligent variable frequency controller to automatically regulate the rotational speed of the variable frequency compressor, and the constant temperature in the working groove can be guaranteed; the purpose that the temperature in a box is controlled at a high precision can be achieved; moreover, because the variable frequency compressor realizes the no-stage conversion, the service life of the compressor is extended, the noise is lowered and the energy resource is saved. | |
As land available for new construction shrinks in urban centers across North America, governments, builders, and families are looking upward. Living high in the sky isn’t how many young families would have envisioned the family home, but for many, it’s a reality.
This new reality is playing out in Toronto, Canada, where family-sized condo units are rare. Some 80% of new housing built in the past decade are buildings of five or more stories. Yet fewer than 10% of high-rise homes in the city have three or more bedrooms. And this is presenting a problem for young families who want to live and work there.
According to a recent story in Citylab.com, Toronto is on its way. Guidelines generated in a 2015 study by the city’s Planning Division were adopted this summer by its City Council and will be used in evaluating current and future projects. The guidelines, points out CityLab contributing writer Mimi Kirk, “are not only applicable to Toronto, but to cities across North America and beyond …”
Among the recommendations: 15% of units should include two bedrooms and 10% should include three, with these larger units located on lower levels, close to each other, and adjoining outdoor spaces.
Meanwhile, in New York City, where raising kids in high-rises is nothing new (but not particularly family-friendly), some existing buildings are currently updating and repurposing their amenities, thanks to the growing number of New Yorkers choosing to raise their families in the city.
Maybe life in the sky isn’t such a hardship after all. | https://readytogonewsletters.com/real_estate_articles/2017/10/ |
Biologically meaningful auditory cues, such as alarm calls and threat displays, have the potential to reinforce the perception of risk posed by other risk cues in the environment. Due to the potentially lethal consequences of ignoring these cues, animals are expected to habituate more slowly to biological cues than novel cues. We exposed three populations of ring billed gulls, Larus delawarensis , near Rouses Point, NY to alarm calls from conspecifics in the presence and absence of optical cues (lasers). The following stimuli were examined within a counter balanced Latin Square Design (LSD): a distress call with optical control, a red visual stimulus with acoustic control; a green optical stimulus with acoustic control; red stimulus with distress call, green stimulus with distress call and a double control. Our response variables included flight (repellence) from the roost, magnitude of response (time to response and flight distance) and circling within the area. Gulls responded significantly more to both optical and auditory cues when combined than when presented alone. Habituation was not observed during our trial. We did observe order effects as, during the later weeks of the trials, gulls were more likely to flee from either treatment (but neither control) as compared to early stages in the trial. Our results suggest that multimodal stimuli (regardless of type of cue) may be more effective in generating behavioral responses over a longer period of time than unimodal cues used alone. Animal responses to multimodal stimuli are complex and require further investigation across a number of species. | https://www.omicsonline.org/proceedings/mixed-modalities-using-bioacoustics-and-optical-cues-to-influence-behavior-of-ringbilled-gulls-larus-delawarensis-in-rouses-point-ny-8833.html |
The Port Olympic's mission is to offer the highest quality in all services to users, licence holders and clients who use its facilities, as well as to ensure proper environmental use by all our stakeholders.
See also the Barcelona de Serveis Municipals, S. A. Quality Policy.
The desire to provide excellent service has guided our growth as a port, and aware of the importance of protecting the environment as well as ensuring safety at work, we are committed to developing our business safely and with the utmost respect for the environment.
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First and foremost, we are committed not only to complying with current legislation regarding health and safety and the environment, but also to going beyond those requirements in our everyday work to help preserve the environment, prevent injury and harm to health, and to further improve the services we provide.
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As part of this business policy, the Port Olympic will adhere to the following principles:
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Closely monitoring user feedback to ensure that high levels of customer satisfaction are maintained.
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Monitoring and minimising the company’s environmental footprint, and occupational risks detected during our processes of continuous assessment.
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Implementing measures to reduce the consumption of resources such as energy and water by efficient waste management.
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Providing the necessary information and means to enable all activities to be carried out safely and without posing any to the health of staff and all who use our facilities.
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Promoting training and raising awareness among those involved in port activity: workers and suppliers. More specifically, in the case of port staff, a focus on environmental training and risk prevention to encourage their commitment to the project, and to achieving its goals.
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Informing users of the work that is being carried out and involving them as much as possible in improving the port’s environmental performance, as well as identifying potential health risks.
All these principles fall within a pollution prevention framework, which is in turn part of a philosophy of continuous improvement in terms of quality, excellence and environmental performance, and which will entail periodic reviews of this policy as well as the objectives established. | https://www.portolimpic.barcelona/en/port-olimpic-policies |
The invention provides a quantum interference device, an atomic oscillator, an electronic apparatus and a mobile object. A quantum interference device includes an atomic cell which has an internal space enclosing an alkali metal, a first light source which emits a resonance light pair that is circularly polarized in the same direction as each other and excites the alkali metal, a second light source which emits an adjustment light, and a light receiver, wherein the atomic cell includes an inner wall surface which is formed of a material containing a compound having a polar group and surroundsthe internal space, a first layer which is provided on the inner wall surface and contains a compound derived from a first compound having a functional group that undergoes an elimination reaction with the polar group, and a second layer which is provided on the first layer and contains a compound derived from a second compound that is a nonpolar olefin-based polymer. | |
The cytoplasm divides during which of the following stages of M-phase in the cell cycle?
Correct Answer: D. cytokinesis
During M-phase, the chromosomes condense (in prophase), line up along the metaphase plate (in metaphase), are separated two opposite poles of the cell (in anaphase), and the two newly nuclei form (in telophase). It is in cytokinesis where the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells is split to form two separate cells.
Subscribe below to get the DAT Question of the Day delivered straight to your inbox every morning. | https://datquestionoftheday.com/biology/dividing-cytoplasm/ |
Everett, Donna R.
Information Systems Education Journal, v13 n6 p68-76 Nov 2015
This paper seeks to add to the emerging literature related to online student engagement with additional suggestions for instructional strategies. Student engagement is one of the tenets of effective online instruction; as such, particular attention to how it adds value to student learning is crucial and worth the time and effort to enhance learning outcomes. What strategies and technology enhance student engagement and add value to student learning? Continuing research into online student engagement strategies is needed to add value to student learning. | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1137356 |
Amber has over 20 years experience in a diversity of roles in the environmental sector, encompassing ecological research, natural resource management (NRM) planning and delivery, and community capacity-building. She also has a personal understanding of the challenges of integrating agricultural production with environmental conservation, having been part of a farming family on a large pastoral property in Western NSW for several years.
Amber has lived and worked in North East Victoria for the past decade and has built relationships with an extensive network of NRM stakeholders. In this role Amber will be supporting the Sustainable Farms project by organizing field days and building connections that promote a collaborative approach to environmental conservation and sustainable land management. | https://www.sustainablefarms.org.au/about-us/our-team/amber-croft/ |
A loan of EUR 75m to Ulker Biskuvi Sanayi A.S., the leading confectionery producer in Turkey which operates production facilities in Turkey, Egypt, Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia.
Project Objectives
The proceeds of the loan will be used for paying off the syndicated loan facility maturing in April 2020 and the company's strategic investment projects.
Transition Impact
ETI score: 60
The transition impact stems from the following two transition qualities:
- Integrated (primary): The project supports the company's expansion of export activities by entering new markets.
- Competitive (secondary): The company will support part of its existing suppliers in obtaining the Zero Defect Manufacturing Capability. This is expected to lead to product quality improvements, reduction of waste, as well as decrease in costs.
Client Information
ULKER BISKUVI SANAYI AS
Founded in 1944, Ulker Biskuvi is one of Turkey's best-known confectionary brands, with a diverse product portfolio including biscuits, cakes, chocolates and other. The company exports its products to Europe, North Africa, CIS, the Middle East, North America and other, and has equity interests in international brands such as McVities and Godiva.
The company is 51.0% owned by Pladis Foods Limited (in turn 100% owned by Yildiz Holding), 1.97% by Yildiz Holding directly and the remaining stake (5.64%) is owned by Ulker family members. The remaining 41.4% is free float on Borsa Istanbul.
EBRD Finance Summary
EUR 75,000,000.00
Total Project Cost
EUR 75,000,000.00
Additionality
The EBRD provides comfort to the company in a large-sized facility, leading to a positive demonstration effect in international financial markets.
Environmental and Social Summary
Categorised B. The environmental and social risks associated with the company's activities are site specific and readily addressed through standard mitigation measures. Environmental and Social Due Diligence (ESDD) was undertaken by staff from the Bank's Environment and Sustainability Department as part of a previous project with the company and included meetings with company staff and site visit to the company's manufacturing facility in Gebze and Topkapi. The manufacturing facilities are located in industrial zones, with all the relevant environmental and operational permits in place. The company has an Environmental and Health and Safety policy, and a number of procedures and dedicated staff in place to oversee the implementation of those procedures. The company is certified to BRC, IFS and ISO22001 for food safety and ISO9001 for quality. Some of the plants have achieved the ISO14001 certificate for environmental management, as well as the ISO50001 for energy management.
As part of their sustainability initiatives, Ulker Biskuvi has also set a number of targets related to reduction of water use and waste generation, energy efficiency and carbon emission targets. The company is currently working towards harmonising all of those fragmented procedures and initiatives across their factories into an integrated Environmental, Health and Safety and Social Management System in line with international standards. The company's human resources policies and procedures are in check with the national law and our requirements. The company has a very good health and safety culture with the appropriate policies in place. Accidents and lost time injuries are all reported, with corrective measures identified and implemented continuously. Staff also receive regular medical examinations.
The company publishes a sustainability report on an annual basis on their website; and has a formal Stakeholder Engagement Plan in place.
Areas where further improvements are required to bring the company in line with EBRD's performance requirements were identified as part of the existing project and included in an Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP), which was approved by the client.
Technical Cooperation and Grant Financing
None
Company Contact Information
Mr. Cenker Ucan (Regional CFO)
[email protected]
90 216 524 25 00
90 216 316 43 44
www.ulkerbiskuvi.com.tr
Kisikli Mah. Ferah Cad. No:1 Buyuk Camlıca, Uskudar Istanbul, Turkey
PSD last updated
11 May 2020
Understanding Transition
Further information regarding the EBRD’s approach to measuring transition impact is available here.
Business opportunities
For business opportunities or procurement, contact the client company.
For business opportunities with EBRD (not related to procurement) contact:
Tel: +44 20 7338 7168
Email: [email protected]
For state-sector projects, visit EBRD Procurement:
Tel: +44 20 7338 6794
Email: [email protected]
General enquiries
Specific enquiries can be made using the EBRD Enquiries form.
Environmental and Social Policy (ESP)
The ESP and the associated Performance Requirements (PRs) set out the ways in which the EBRD implements its commitment to promoting “environmentally sound and sustainable development”. The ESP and the PRs include specific provisions for clients to comply with the applicable requirements of national laws on public information and consultation as well as to establish a grievance mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of stakeholders’ concerns and grievances, in particular, about environmental and social performance of the client and the project. Proportionate to the nature and scale of a project’s environmental and social risks and impacts, the EBRD additionally requires its clients to disclose information, as appropriate, about the risks and impacts arising from projects or to undertake meaningful consultation with stakeholders and consider and respond to their feedback.
More information on the EBRD’s practices in this regard is set out in the ESP.
Integrity and Compliance
The EBRD's Office of the Chief Compliance Officer (OCCO) promotes good governance and ensures that the highest standards of integrity are applied to all activities of the Bank in accordance with international best practice. Integrity due diligence is conducted on all Bank clients to ensure that projects do not present unacceptable integrity or reputational risks to the Bank. The Bank believes that identifying and resolving issues at the project assessment approval stages is the most effective means of ensuring the integrity of Bank transactions. OCCO plays a key role in these protective efforts, and also helps to monitor integrity risks in projects post-investment.
OCCO is also responsible for investigating allegations of fraud, corruption and misconduct in EBRD-financed projects. Anyone, both within or outside the Bank, who suspects fraud or corruption should submit a written report to the Chief Compliance Officer by email to [email protected]. All matters reported will be handled by OCCO for follow-up. All reports, including anonymous ones, will be reviewed. Reports can be made in any language of the Bank or of the Bank's countries of operation. The information provided must be made in good faith.
Access to Information Policy (AIP)
The AIP sets out how the EBRD discloses information and consults with its stakeholders so as to promote better awareness and understanding of its strategies, policies and operations following its entry into force on 1 January 2020. Please visit the Access to Information Policy page to find out what information is available from the EBRD website.
Specific requests for information can be made using the EBRD Enquiries form.
Independent Project Accountability Mechanism (IPAM)
If efforts to address environmental, social or public disclosure concerns with the Client or the Bank are unsuccessful (e.g. through the Client’s Project-level grievance mechanism or through direct engagement with Bank management), individuals and organisations may seek to address their concerns through the EBRD’s Independent Project Accountability Mechanism (IPAM).
IPAM independently reviews Project issues that are believed to have caused (or to be likely to cause) harm. The purpose of the Mechanism is: to support dialogue between Project stakeholders to resolve environmental, social and public disclosure issues; to determine whether the Bank has complied with its Environmental and Social Policy or Project-specific provisions of its Access to Information Policy; and where applicable, to address any existing non-compliance with these policies, while preventing future non-compliance by the Bank.
Please visit the Independent Project Accountability Mechanism webpage to find out more about IPAM and its mandate; how to submit a Request for review; or contact IPAM via email [email protected] to get guidance and more information on IPAM and how to submit a request. | https://www.ebrd.com/work-with-us/projects/psd/51840.html |
We can hear birdsong anywhere, whether we live in the city or in the country. Without the musical backdrop provided by our feathered friends, our gardens, parks, woods, fields and wetlands would be relatively silent - and much the poorer for it. Often we hear their calls, but cannot see the birds making them. This easy-to-use package of book and CD offers insight into the secret world of birds. The CD features 96 bird calls of species commonly found in a variety of habitats across Britain and the rest of Europe. Each audio track is numbered to coincide with the guide for quick reference.
The book also presents full-colour photographs of the birds and interesting text about their habits, feeding and nesting routines, as well as their calls. Invaluable for birders of all ages and abilities, this CD and book offer an ideal way to increase your knowledge of bird identification and help to understand their behaviour. It is a guide for birdwatchers of all ages and abilities, from expert to beginner. It is ideal for home use or to take on birding trips.
Hannu Jannes is an ornithologist and bird tour leader from Finland who has been fascinated by birds for many years and recorded their songs and calls in many countries around the world, building up a huge sound library in the process. Owen Roberts has developed an in-depth knowledge of birds over many years. He divides his time between North Wales and Cyprus. | https://www.nhbs.com/bird-songs-and-calls-book |
Did Child Restraint Laws Globally Converge? Examining 40 Years of Policy Diffusion.
The objective of the current study is to determine what factors have been associated with the global adoption of mandatory child restraint laws (ChRLs) since 1975. In order to determine what factors explained the global adoption of mandatory ChRLs, Weibull models were analyzed. To carry out this analysis, 170 countries were considered and the time risk corresponded to 5,146 observations for the period 1957-2013. The dependent variable was first time to adopt a ChRL. Independent variables representing global factors were the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank's (WB) road safety global campaign; the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic; and the United Nation's (UN) 1958 Vehicle Agreement. Independent variables representing regional factors were the creation of the European Transport Safety Council and being a Commonwealth country. Independent variables representing national factors were population; gross domestic product (GDP) per capita; political violence; existence of road safety nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and existence of road safety agencies. Urbanization served as a control variable. To examine regional dynamics, Weibull models for Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Commonwealth were also carried out. Empirical estimates from full Weibull models suggest that 2 global factors and 2 national factors are significantly associated with the adoption of this measure. The global factors explaining adoption are the WHO and WB's road safety global campaign implemented after 2004 (P <.01), and the UN's 1958 Vehicle Agreement (P <.001). National factors were GDP (P <.01) and existence of road safety agencies (P <.05). The time parameter ρ for the full Weibull model was 1.425 (P <.001), suggesting that the likelihood of ChRL adoption increased over the observed period of time, confirming that the diffusion of this policy was global. Regional analysis showed that the UN's Convention on Road Traffic was significant in Asia, the creation of the European Transport Safety Council was significant in Europe and North America, and the global campaign was in Africa. In Commonwealth and European and North American countries, the existence of road safety agencies was also positively associated with ChRL adoption. Results of the world models suggest that the WHO and WB's global road safety campaign was effective in disseminating ChRLs after 2004. Furthermore, regions such as Asia and Europe and North America were early adopters since specific regional and national characteristics anticipated the introduction of this policy before 2004. In this particular case, the creation of the European Transport Safety Council was fundamental in promoting ChRLs. Thus, in order to introduce conditions to more rapidly diffuse road safety measures across lagging regions, the maintenance of global efforts and the creation of road safety regional organizations should be encouraged. Lastly, the case of ChRL convergence illustrates how mechanisms of global and regional diffusion need to be analytically differentiated in order better to assess the process of policy diffusion.
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Despite having already landed an offer in the United States, He Jielin showed up at the job fair organized by Chinese companies recently just outside of Washington DC.
“I do have an offer here, but I don’t rule out going back to China,” He said when making his way through crowds gathering around the dozens of booths set up by Chinese companies to woo He and his peers.
A graduate this year of Information System Technology at The George Washington University, He is among about 1,000 Chinese students coming here mostly to seek opportunities to put what they have learned abroad into use back home.
Qi Hao, a GW undergraduate who helped organize the event, said the job fair is held because many Chinese students have showed a keen interest in pursuing a career back in China.
“I am definitely going to return to China after I complete my studies here,” a University of Maryland student who gave her name as Jiang said, “I feel more at ease working and living in a familiar environment.”
This sentiment is shared by many. When submitting CVs, some cite private reasons, including reuniting with family, but more are drawn to the great potential that they believe China has in further development.
“The market in China is much bigger, and with the same language and culture, I may reach a higher position. I might bump against a glass ceiling if I would stay here,” a GW junior student who gave his name as Li said.
Data have showed an increasing number of overseas Chinese students who go back to China to work. Li Haozhuan, CEO of the recruiting firm Liepin North America, said that there were about 480,000 students returning to China in 2017, 520,000 in 2018, and this year’s number is forecast to top 600,000.
“A lot of students see China as a fertile ground of artificial intelligence and 5G technologies, which are expected to spur future developments,” he said. “A trend we have observed is that more students are searching for summer internship opportunities in China during their sophomore or junior years, we see that as a strong intention of returning to China for a full-time job after they graduate,” Li said.
The Chinese companies are equally eager to find the right people. Tracy Ma, a human resource officer at the medical equipment company MicroPort, said her company has a thirst for foreign-educated students as it is poised to expand into foreign markets.
“We plan to nearly double our employee head count to 10,000 by 2025,” Ma said, adding that recruiting students from top-tier foreign universities is crucial.
According to Ma, her company needs students who excel in foreign languages and meanwhile understand foreign culture and markets. “If we see someone whom we really like, we’ll set up a position to suit that person,” she said.
“There is really a push and pull that the students are feeling,” Li, the recruiting expert, said. Chinese companies, especially those better integrated into the global economy, are courting overseas students while immigration policies and political environment in some Western countries are becoming less appealing to them.
Despite promising prospects, some warn that the path back to China can also have pitfalls for young professionals who missed the drastic changes at home over years.
Zhang Li, vice-president of International Data Group China, said that some of the overseas students are somewhat out of line with the demand of Chinese companies and the Chinese market.
“In the previous interviews, some asked for exorbitant salaries that are unrealistic in the Chinese job market, and some were ready to take any pay package on the table, indicating a lack of understanding of their self-worth.” she said.
The fact that the overseas Chinese students have been increasingly younger over years also contribute to the situation, according to Zhang, who noted that those who spend college life or even high school years abroad sure will face a cultural shock when they are back in China.
“The advice is to base expectations on up-to-date information about industry trends in China, and keep a close watch on the latest news of the target company,” the recruiting expert Li said. | https://getting2knowyou-china.com/2019/06/07/china-323-june-6-2019-why-many-chinese-students-are-considering-returning-to-china-to-live-and-work/ |
Network Working Group M. Allman Request for Comments: 2488 NASA Lewis/Sterling Software BCP: 28 D. Glover Category: Best Current Practice NASA Lewis L. Sanchez BBN January 1999 Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels using Standard Mechanisms Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved. Abstract The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable delivery of data across any network path, including network paths containing satellite channels. While TCP works over satellite channels there are several IETF standardized mechanisms that enable TCP to more effectively utilize the available capacity of the network path. This document outlines some of these TCP mitigations. At this time, all mitigations discussed in this document are IETF standards track mechanisms (or are compliant with IETF standards). 1. Introduction Satellite channel characteristics may have an effect on the way transport protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [Pos81], behave. When protocols, such as TCP, perform poorly, channel utilization is low. While the performance of a transport protocol is important, it is not the only consideration when constructing a network containing satellite links. For example, data link protocol, application protocol, router buffer size, queueing discipline and proxy location are some of the considerations that must be taken into account. However, this document focuses on improving TCP in the satellite environment and non-TCP considerations are left for another document. Finally, there have been many satellite mitigations proposed and studied by the research community. While these mitigations may prove useful and safe for shared networks in the future, this document only considers TCP mechanisms which are currently well understood and on the IETF standards track (or are compliant with IETF standards). This document is divided up as follows: Section 2 provides a brief outline of the characteristics of satellite networks. Section 3 outlines two non-TCP mechanisms that enable TCP to more effectively utilize the available bandwidth. Section 4 outlines the TCP mechanisms defined by the IETF that may benefit satellite networks. Finally, Section 5 provides a summary of what modern TCP implementations should include to be considered "satellite friendly". 2. Satellite Characteristics There is an inherent delay in the delivery of a message over a satellite link due to the finite speed of light and the altitude of communications satellites. Many communications satellites are located at Geostationary Orbit (GSO) with an altitude of approximately 36,000 km [Sta94]. At this altitude the orbit period is the same as the Earth's rotation period. Therefore, each ground station is always able to "see" the orbiting satellite at the same position in the sky. The propagation time for a radio signal to travel twice that distance (corresponding to a ground station directly below the satellite) is 239.6 milliseconds (ms) [Mar78]. For ground stations at the edge of the view area of the satellite, the distance traveled is 2 x 41,756 km for a total propagation delay of 279.0 ms [Mar78]. These delays are for one ground station-to-satellite-to-ground station route (or "hop"). Therefore, the propagation delay for a message and the corresponding reply (one round-trip time or RTT) could be at least 558 ms. The RTT is not based solely on satellite propagation time. The RTT will be increased by other factors in the network, such as the transmission time and propagation time of other links in the network path and queueing delay in gateways. Furthermore, the satellite propagation delay will be longer if the link includes multiple hops or if intersatellite links are used. As satellites become more complex and include on-board processing of signals, additional delay may be added. Other orbits are possible for use by communications satellites including Low Earth Orbit (LEO) [Stu95] [Mon98] and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) [Mar78]. The lower orbits require the use of constellations of satellites for constant coverage. In other words, as one satellite leaves the ground station's sight, another satellite appears on the horizon and the channel is switched to it. The propagation delay to a LEO orbit ranges from several milliseconds when communicating with a satellite directly overhead, to as much as 80 ms when the satellite is on the horizon. These systems are more likely to use intersatellite links and have variable path delay depending on routing through the network. Satellite channels are dominated by two fundamental characteristics, as described below: NOISE - The strength of a radio signal falls in proportion to the square of the distance traveled. For a satellite link the distance is large and so the signal becomes weak before reaching its destination. This results in a low signal-to-noise ratio. Some frequencies are particularly susceptible to atmospheric effects such as rain attenuation. For mobile applications, satellite channels are especially susceptible to multi-path distortion and shadowing (e.g., blockage by buildings). Typical bit error rates (BER) for a satellite link today are on the order of 1 error per 10 million bits (1 x 10^-7) or less frequent. Advanced error control coding (e.g., Reed Solomon) can be added to existing satellite services and is currently being used by many services. Satellite error performance approaching fiber will become more common as advanced error control coding is used in new systems. However, many legacy satellite systems will continue to exhibit higher BER than newer satellite systems and terrestrial channels. BANDWIDTH - The radio spectrum is a limited natural resource, hence there is a restricted amount of bandwidth available to satellite systems which is typically controlled by licenses. This scarcity makes it difficult to trade bandwidth to solve other design problems. Typical carrier frequencies for current, point- to-point, commercial, satellite services are 6 GHz (uplink) and 4 GHz (downlink), also known as C band, and 14/12 GHz (Ku band). A new service at 30/20 GHz (Ka band) will be emerging over the next few years. Satellite-based radio repeaters are known as transponders. Traditional C band transponder bandwidth is typically 36 MHz to accommodate one color television channel (or 1200 voice channels). Ku band transponders are typically around 50 MHz. Furthermore, one satellite may carry a few dozen transponders. Not only is bandwidth limited by nature, but the allocations for commercial communications are limited by international agreements so that this scarce resource can be used fairly by many different applications. Although satellites have certain disadvantages when compared to fiber channels (e.g., cannot be easily repaired, rain fades, etc.), they also have certain advantages over terrestrial links. First, satellites have a natural broadcast capability. This gives satellites an advantage for multicast applications. Next, satellites can reach geographically remote areas or countries that have little terrestrial infrastructure. A related advantage is the ability of satellite links to reach mobile users. Satellite channels have several characteristics that differ from most terrestrial channels. These characteristics may degrade the performance of TCP. These characteristics include: Long feedback loop Due to the propagation delay of some satellite channels (e.g., approximately 250 ms over a geosynchronous satellite) it may take a long time for a TCP sender to determine whether or not a packet has been successfully received at the final destination. This delay hurts interactive applications such as telnet, as well as some of the TCP congestion control algorithms (see section 4). Large delay*bandwidth product The delay*bandwidth product (DBP) defines the amount of data a protocol should have "in flight" (data that has been transmitted, but not yet acknowledged) at any one time to fully utilize the available channel capacity. The delay used in this equation is the RTT and the bandwidth is the capacity of the bottleneck link in the network path. Because the delay in some satellite environments is large, TCP will need to keep a large number of packets "in flight" (that is, sent but not yet acknowledged) . Transmission errors Satellite channels exhibit a higher bit-error rate (BER) than typical terrestrial networks. TCP uses all packet drops as signals of network congestion and reduces its window size in an attempt to alleviate the congestion. In the absence of knowledge about why a packet was dropped (congestion or corruption), TCP must assume the drop was due to network congestion to avoid congestion collapse [Jac88] [FF98]. Therefore, packets dropped due to corruption cause TCP to reduce the size of its sliding window, even though these packet drops do not signal congestion in the network. Asymmetric use Due to the expense of the equipment used to send data to satellites, asymmetric satellite networks are often constructed. For example, a host connected to a satellite network will send all outgoing traffic over a slow terrestrial link (such as a dialup modem channel) and receive incoming traffic via the satellite channel. Another common situation arises when both the incoming and outgoing traffic are sent using a satellite link, but the uplink has less available capacity than the downlink due to the expense of the transmitter required to provide a high bandwidth back channel. This asymmetry may have an impact on TCP performance. Variable Round Trip Times In some satellite environments, such as low-Earth orbit (LEO) constellations, the propagation delay to and from the satellite varies over time. Whether or not this will have an impact on TCP performance is currently an open question. Intermittent connectivity In non-GSO satellite orbit configurations, TCP connections must be transferred from one satellite to another or from one ground station to another from time to time. This handoff may cause packet loss if not properly performed. Most satellite channels only exhibit a subset of the above characteristics. Furthermore, satellite networks are not the only environments where the above characteristics are found. However, satellite networks do tend to exhibit more of the above problems or the above problems are aggravated in the satellite environment. The mechanisms outlined in this document should benefit most networks, especially those with one or more of the above characteristics (e.g., gigabit networks have large delay*bandwidth products). 3. Lower Level Mitigations It is recommended that those utilizing satellite channels in their networks should use the following two non-TCP mechanisms which can increase TCP performance. These mechanisms are Path MTU Discovery and forward error correction (FEC) and are outlined in the following two sections. The data link layer protocol employed over a satellite channel can have a large impact on performance of higher layer protocols. While beyond the scope of this document, those constructing satellite networks should tune these protocols in an appropriate manner to ensure that the data link protocol does not limit TCP performance. In particular, data link layer protocols often implement a flow control window and retransmission mechanisms. When the link level window size is too small, performance will suffer just as when the TCP window size is too small (see section 4.3 for a discussion of appropriate window sizes). The impact that link level retransmissions have on TCP transfers is not currently well understood. The interaction between TCP retransmissions and link level retransmissions is a subject for further research. 3.1 Path MTU Discovery Path MTU discovery [MD90] is used to determine the maximum packet size a connection can use on a given network path without being subjected to IP fragmentation. The sender transmits a packet that is the appropriate size for the local network to which it is connected (e.g., 1500 bytes on an Ethernet) and sets the IP "don't fragment" (DF) bit. If the packet is too large to be forwarded without being fragmented to a given channel along the network path, the gateway that would normally fragment the packet and forward the fragments will instead return an ICMP message to the originator of the packet. The ICMP message will indicate that the original segment could not be transmitted without being fragmented and will also contain the size of the largest packet that can be forwarded by the gateway. Additional information from the IESG regarding Path MTU discovery is available in [Kno93]. Path MTU Discovery allows TCP to use the largest possible packet size, without incurring the cost of fragmentation and reassembly. Large packets reduce the packet overhead by sending more data bytes per overhead byte. As outlined in section 4, increasing TCP's congestion window is segment based, rather than byte based and therefore, larger segments enable TCP senders to increase the congestion window more rapidly, in terms of bytes, than smaller segments. The disadvantage of Path MTU Discovery is that it may cause a delay before TCP is able to start sending data. For example, assume a packet is sent with the DF bit set and one of the intervening gateways (G1) returns an ICMP message indicating that it cannot forward the segment. At this point, the sending host reduces the packet size per the ICMP message returned by G1 and sends another packet with the DF bit set. The packet will be forwarded by G1, however this does not ensure all subsequent gateways in the network path will be able to forward the segment. If a second gateway (G2) cannot forward the segment it will return an ICMP message to the transmitting host and the process will be repeated. Therefore, path MTU discovery can spend a large amount of time determining the maximum allowable packet size on the network path between the sender and receiver. Satellite delays can aggravate this problem (consider the case when the channel between G1 and G2 is a satellite link). However, in practice, Path MTU Discovery does not consume a large amount of time due to wide support of common MTU values. Additionally, caching MTU values may be able to eliminate discovery time in many instances, although the exact implementation of this and the aging of cached values remains an open problem. The relationship between BER and segment size is likely to vary depending on the error characteristics of the given channel. This relationship deserves further study, however with the use of good forward error correction (see section 3.2) larger segments should provide better performance, as with any network [MSMO97]. While the exact method for choosing the best MTU for a satellite link is outside the scope of this document, the use of Path MTU Discovery is recommended to allow TCP to use the largest possible MTU over the satellite channel. 3.2 Forward Error Correction A loss event in TCP is always interpreted as an indication of congestion and always causes TCP to reduce its congestion window size. Since the congestion window grows based on returning acknowledgments (see section 4), TCP spends a long time recovering from loss when operating in satellite networks. When packet loss is due to corruption, rather than congestion, TCP does not need to reduce its congestion window size. However, at the present time detecting corruption loss is a research issue. Therefore, for TCP to operate efficiently, the channel characteristics should be such that nearly all loss is due to network congestion. The use of forward error correction coding (FEC) on a satellite link should be used to improve the bit-error rate (BER) of the satellite channel. Reducing the BER is not always possible in satellite environments. However, since TCP takes a long time to recover from lost packets because the long propagation delay imposed by a satellite link delays feedback from the receiver [PS97], the link should be made as clean as possible to prevent TCP connections from receiving false congestion signals. This document does not make a specific BER recommendation for TCP other than it should be as low as possible. FEC should not be expected to fix all problems associated with noisy satellite links. There are some situations where FEC cannot be expected to solve the noise problem (such as military jamming, deep space missions, noise caused by rain fade, etc.). In addition, link outages can also cause problems in satellite systems that do not occur as frequently in terrestrial networks. Finally, FEC is not without cost. FEC requires additional hardware and uses some of the available bandwidth. It can add delay and timing jitter due to the processing time of the coder/decoder. Further research is needed into mechanisms that allow TCP to differentiate between congestion induced drops and those caused by corruption. Such a mechanism would allow TCP to respond to congestion in an appropriate manner, as well as repairing corruption induced loss without reducing the transmission rate. However, in the absence of such a mechanism packet loss must be assumed to indicate congestion to preserve network stability. Incorrectly interpreting loss as caused by corruption and not reducing the transmission rate accordingly can lead to congestive collapse [Jac88] [FF98]. 4. Standard TCP Mechanisms This section outlines TCP mechanisms that may be necessary in satellite or hybrid satellite/terrestrial networks to better utilize the available capacity of the link. These mechanisms may also be needed to fully utilize fast terrestrial channels. Furthermore, these mechanisms do not fundamentally hurt performance in a shared terrestrial network. Each of the following sections outlines one mechanism and why that mechanism may be needed. 4.1 Congestion Control To avoid generating an inappropriate amount of network traffic for the current network conditions, during a connection TCP employs four congestion control mechanisms [Jac88] [Jac90] [Ste97]. These algorithms are slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit and fast recovery. These algorithms are used to adjust the amount of unacknowledged data that can be injected into the network and to retransmit segments dropped by the network. TCP senders use two state variables to accomplish congestion control. The first variable is the congestion window (cwnd). This is an upper bound on the amount of data the sender can inject into the network before receiving an acknowledgment (ACK). The value of cwnd is limited to the receiver's advertised window. The congestion window is increased or decreased during the transfer based on the inferred amount of congestion present in the network. The second variable is the slow start threshold (ssthresh). This variable determines which algorithm is used to increase the value of cwnd. If cwnd is less than ssthresh the slow start algorithm is used to increase the value of cwnd. However, if cwnd is greater than or equal to (or just greater than in some TCP implementations) ssthresh the congestion avoidance algorithm is used. The initial value of ssthresh is the receiver's advertised window size. Furthermore, the value of ssthresh is set when congestion is detected. The four congestion control algorithms are outlined below, followed by a brief discussion of the impact of satellite environments on these algorithms. 4.1.1 Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance When a host begins sending data on a TCP connection the host has no knowledge of the current state of the network between itself and the data receiver. In order to avoid transmitting an inappropriately large burst of traffic, the data sender is required to use the slow start algorithm at the beginning of a transfer [Jac88] [Bra89] [Ste97]. Slow start begins by initializing cwnd to 1 segment (although an IETF experimental mechanism would increase the size of the initial window to roughly 4 Kbytes [AFP98]) and ssthresh to the receiver's advertised window. This forces TCP to transmit one segment and wait for the corresponding ACK. For each ACK that is received during slow start, the value of cwnd is increased by 1 segment. For example, after the first ACK is received cwnd will be 2 segments and the sender will be allowed to transmit 2 data packets. This continues until cwnd meets or exceeds ssthresh (or, in some implementations when cwnd equals ssthresh), or loss is detected. When the value of cwnd is greater than or equal to (or equal to in certain implementations) ssthresh the congestion avoidance algorithm is used to increase cwnd [Jac88] [Bra89] [Ste97]. This algorithm increases the size of cwnd more slowly than does slow start. Congestion avoidance is used to slowly probe the network for additional capacity. During congestion avoidance, cwnd is increased by 1/cwnd for each incoming ACK. Therefore, if one ACK is received for every data segment, cwnd will increase by roughly 1 segment per round-trip time (RTT). The slow start and congestion control algorithms can force poor utilization of the available channel bandwidth when using long-delay satellite networks [All97]. For example, transmission begins with the transmission of one segment. After the first segment is transmitted the data sender is forced to wait for the corresponding ACK. When using a GSO satellite this leads to an idle time of roughly 500 ms when no useful work is being accomplished. Therefore, slow start takes more real time over GSO satellites than on typical terrestrial channels. This holds for congestion avoidance, as well [All97]. This is precisely why Path MTU Discovery is an important algorithm. While the number of segments we transmit is determined by the congestion control algorithms, the size of these segments is not. Therefore, using larger packets will enable TCP to send more data per segment which yields better channel utilization. 4.1.2 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery TCP's default mechanism to detect dropped segments is a timeout [Pos81]. In other words, if the sender does not receive an ACK for a given packet within the expected amount of time the segment will be retransmitted. The retransmission timeout (RTO) is based on observations of the RTT. In addition to retransmitting a segment when the RTO expires, TCP also uses the lost segment as an indication of congestion in the network. In response to the congestion, the value of ssthresh is set to half of the cwnd and the value of cwnd is then reduced to 1 segment. This triggers the use of the slow start algorithm to increase cwnd until the value of cwnd reaches half of its value when congestion was detected. After the slow start phase, the congestion avoidance algorithm is used to probe the network for additional capacity. TCP ACKs always acknowledge the highest in-order segment that has arrived. Therefore an ACK for segment X also effectively ACKs all segments < X. Furthermore, if a segment arrives out-of-order the ACK triggered will be for the highest in-order segment, rather than the segment that just arrived. For example, assume segment 11 has been dropped somewhere in the network and segment 12 arrives at the receiver. The receiver is going to send a duplicate ACK covering segment 10 (and all previous segments). The fast retransmit algorithm uses these duplicate ACKs to detect lost segments. If 3 duplicate ACKs arrive at the data originator, TCP assumes that a segment has been lost and retransmits the missing segment without waiting for the RTO to expire. After a segment is resent using fast retransmit, the fast recovery algorithm is used to adjust the congestion window. First, the value of ssthresh is set to half of the value of cwnd. Next, the value of cwnd is halved. Finally, the value of cwnd is artificially increased by 1 segment for each duplicate ACK that has arrived. The artificial inflation can be done because each duplicate ACK represents 1 segment that has left the network. When the cwnd permits, TCP is able to transmit new data. This allows TCP to keep data flowing through the network at half the rate it was when loss was detected. When an ACK for the retransmitted packet arrives, the value of cwnd is reduced back to ssthresh (half the value of cwnd when the congestion was detected). Generally, fast retransmit can resend only one segment per window of data sent. When multiple segments are lost in a given window of data, one of the segments will be resent using fast retransmit and the rest of the dropped segments must usually wait for the RTO to expire, which causes TCP to revert to slow start. TCP's response to congestion differs based on the way the congestion is detected. If the retransmission timer causes a packet to be resent, TCP drops ssthresh to half the current cwnd and reduces the value of cwnd to 1 segment (thus triggering slow start). However, if a segment is resent via fast retransmit both ssthresh and cwnd are set to half the current value of cwnd and congestion avoidance is used to send new data. The difference is that when retransmitting due to duplicate ACKs, TCP knows that packets are still flowing through the network and can therefore infer that the congestion is not that bad. However, when resending a packet due to the expiration of the retransmission timer, TCP cannot infer anything about the state of the network and therefore must proceed conservatively by sending new data using the slow start algorithm. Note that the fast retransmit/fast recovery algorithms, as discussed above can lead to a phenomenon that allows multiple fast retransmits per window of data [Flo94]. This can reduce the size of the congestion window multiple times in response to a single "loss event". The problem is particularly noticeable in connections that utilize large congestion windows, since these connections are able to inject enough new segments into the network during recovery to trigger the multiple fast retransmits. Reducing cwnd multiple times for a single loss event may hurt performance [GJKFV98]. The best way to improve the fast retransmit/fast recovery algorithms is to use a selective acknowledgment (SACK) based algorithm for loss recovery. As discussed below, these algorithms are generally able to quickly recover from multiple lost segments without needlessly reducing the value of cwnd. In the absence of SACKs, the fast retransmit and fast recovery algorithms should be used. Fixing these algorithms to achieve better performance in the face of multiple fast retransmissions is beyond the scope of this document. Therefore, TCP implementers are advised to implement the current version of fast retransmit/fast recovery outlined in RFC 2001 [Ste97] or subsequent versions of RFC 2001. 4.1.3 Congestion Control in Satellite Environment The above algorithms have a negative impact on the performance of individual TCP connection's performance because the algorithms slowly probe the network for additional capacity, which in turn wastes bandwidth. This is especially true over long-delay satellite channels because of the large amount of time required for the sender to obtain feedback from the receiver [All97] [AHKO97]. However, the algorithms are necessary to prevent congestive collapse in a shared network [Jac88]. Therefore, the negative impact on a given connection is more than offset by the benefit to the entire network. 4.2 Large TCP Windows The standard maximum TCP window size (65,535 bytes) is not adequate to allow a single TCP connection to utilize the entire bandwidth available on some satellite channels. TCP throughput is limited by the following formula [Pos81]: throughput = window size / RTT Therefore, using the maximum window size of 65,535 bytes and a geosynchronous satellite channel RTT of 560 ms [Kru95] the maximum throughput is limited to: throughput = 65,535 bytes / 560 ms = 117,027 bytes/second Therefore, a single standard TCP connection cannot fully utilize, for example, T1 rate (approximately 192,000 bytes/second) GSO satellite channels. However, TCP has been extended to support larger windows [JBB92]. The window scaling options outlined in [JBB92] should be used in satellite environments, as well as the companion algorithms PAWS (Protection Against Wrapped Sequence space) and RTTM (Round-Trip Time Measurements). It should be noted that for a satellite link shared among many flows, large windows may not be necessary. For instance, two long-lived TCP connections each using a window of 65,535 bytes, as in the above example, can fully utilize a T1 GSO satellite channel. Using large windows often requires both client and server applications or TCP stacks to be hand tuned (usually by an expert) to utilize large windows. Research into operating system mechanisms that are able to adjust the buffer capacity as dictated by the current network conditions is currently underway [SMM98]. This will allow stock TCP implementations and applications to better utilize the capacity provided by the underlying network. 4.3 Acknowledgment Strategies There are two standard methods that can be used by TCP receivers to generated acknowledgments. The method outlined in [Pos81] generates an ACK for each incoming segment. [Bra89] states that hosts SHOULD use "delayed acknowledgments". Using this algorithm, an ACK is generated for every second full-sized segment, or if a second full- size segment does not arrive within a given timeout (which must not exceed 500 ms). The congestion window is increased based on the number of incoming ACKs and delayed ACKs reduce the number of ACKs being sent by the receiver. Therefore, cwnd growth occurs much more slowly when using delayed ACKs compared to the case when the receiver ACKs each incoming segment [All98]. A tempting "fix" to the problem caused by delayed ACKs is to simply turn the mechanism off and let the receiver ACK each incoming segment. However, this is not recommended. First, [Bra89] says that a TCP receiver SHOULD generate delayed ACKs. And, second, increasing the number of ACKs by a factor of two in a shared network may have consequences that are not yet understood. Therefore, disabling delayed ACKs is still a research issue and thus, at this time TCP receivers should continue to generate delayed ACKs, per [Bra89]. 4.4 Selective Acknowledgments Selective acknowledgments (SACKs) [MMFR96] allow TCP receivers to inform TCP senders exactly which packets have arrived. SACKs allow TCP to recover more quickly from lost segments, as well as avoiding needless retransmissions. The fast retransmit algorithm can generally only repair one loss per window of data. When multiple losses occur, the sender generally must rely on a timeout to determine which segment needs to be retransmitted next. While waiting for a timeout, the data segments and their acknowledgments drain from the network. In the absence of incoming ACKs to clock new segments into the network, the sender must use the slow start algorithm to restart transmission. As discussed above, the slow start algorithm can be time consuming over satellite channels. When SACKs are employed, the sender is generally able to determine which segments need to be retransmitted in the first RTT following loss detection. This allows the sender to continue to transmit segments (retransmissions and new segments, if appropriate) at an appropriate rate and therefore sustain the ACK clock. This avoids a costly slow start period following multiple lost segments. Generally SACK is able to retransmit all dropped segments within the first RTT following the loss detection. [MM96] and [FF96] discuss specific congestion control algorithms that rely on SACK information to determine which segments need to be retransmitted and when it is appropriate to transmit those segments. Both these algorithms follow the basic principles of congestion control outlined in [Jac88] and reduce the window by half when congestion is detected. 5. Mitigation Summary Table 1 summarizes the mechanisms that have been discussed in this document. Those mechanisms denoted "Recommended" are IETF standards track mechanisms that are recommended by the authors for use in networks containing satellite channels. Those mechanisms marked "Required' have been defined by the IETF as required for hosts using the shared Internet [Bra89]. Along with the section of this document containing the discussion of each mechanism, we note where the mechanism needs to be implemented. The codes listed in the last column are defined as follows: "S" for the data sender, "R" for the data receiver and "L" for the satellite link. Mechanism Use Section Where +------------------------+-------------+------------+--------+ | Path-MTU Discovery | Recommended | 3.1 | S | | FEC | Recommended | 3.2 | L | | TCP Congestion Control | | | | | Slow Start | Required | 4.1.1 | S | | Congestion Avoidance | Required | 4.1.1 | S | | Fast Retransmit | Recommended | 4.1.2 | S | | Fast Recovery | Recommended | 4.1.2 | S | | TCP Large Windows | | | | | Window Scaling | Recommended | 4.2 | S,R | | PAWS | Recommended | 4.2 | S,R | | RTTM | Recommended | 4.2 | S,R | | TCP SACKs | Recommended | 4.4 | S,R | +------------------------+-------------+------------+--------+ Table 1 Satellite users should check with their TCP vendors (implementors) to ensure the recommended mechanisms are supported in their stack in current and/or future versions. Alternatively, the Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center tracks TCP implementations and which extensions they support, as well as providing guidance on tuning various TCP implementations [PSC]. Research into improving the efficiency of TCP over satellite channels is ongoing and will be summarized in a planned memo along with other considerations, such as satellite network architectures. 6. Security Considerations The authors believe that the recommendations contained in this memo do not alter the security implications of TCP. However, when using a broadcast medium such as satellites links to transfer user data and/or network control traffic, one should be aware of the intrinsic security implications of such technology. Eavesdropping on network links is a form of passive attack that, if performed successfully, could reveal critical traffic control information that would jeopardize the proper functioning of the network. These attacks could reduce the ability of the network to provide data transmission services efficiently. Eavesdroppers could also compromise the privacy of user data, especially if end-to-end security mechanisms are not in use. While passive monitoring can occur on any network, the wireless broadcast nature of satellite links allows reception of signals without physical connection to the network which enables monitoring to be conducted without detection. However, it should be noted that the resources needed to monitor a satellite link are non-trivial. Data encryption at the physical and/or link layers can provide secure communication over satellite channels. However, this still leaves traffic vulnerable to eavesdropping on networks before and after traversing the satellite link. Therefore, end-to-end security mechanisms should be considered. This document does not make any recommendations as to which security mechanisms should be employed. However, those operating and using satellite networks should survey the currently available network security mechanisms and choose those that meet their security requirements. Acknowledgments This document has benefited from comments from the members of the TCP Over Satellite Working Group. In particular, we would like to thank Aaron Falk, Matthew Halsey, Hans Kruse, Matt Mathis, Greg Nakanishi, Vern Paxson, Jeff Semke, Bill Sepmeier and Eric Travis for their useful comments about this document. References [AFP98] Allman, M., Floyd, S. and C. Partridge, "Increasing TCP's Initial Window", RFC 2414, September 1998. [AHKO97] Mark Allman, Chris Hayes, Hans Kruse, and Shawn Ostermann. TCP Performance Over Satellite Links. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems, March 1997. [All97] Mark Allman. Improving TCP Performance Over Satellite Channels. Master's thesis, Ohio University, June 1997. [All98] Mark Allman. On the Generation and Use of TCP Acknowledgments. ACM Computer Communication Review, 28(5), October 1998. [Bra89] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989. [FF96] Kevin Fall and Sally Floyd. Simulation-based Comparisons of Tahoe, Reno and SACK TCP. Computer Communication Review, July 1996. [FF98] Sally Floyd, Kevin Fall. Promoting the Use of End-to-End Congestion Control in the Internet. Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Networking. [Flo94] S. Floyd, TCP and Successive Fast Retransmits. Technical report, October 1994. ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/papers/fastretrans.ps. [GJKFV98] Rohit Goyal, Raj Jain, Shiv Kalyanaraman, Sonia Fahmy, Bobby Vandalore, Improving the Performance of TCP over the ATM-UBR service, 1998. Sumbitted to Computer Communications. [Jac90] Van Jacobson. Modified TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm. Technical Report, LBL, April 1990. [JBB92] Jacobson, V., Braden, R. and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions for High Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992. [Jac88] Van Jacobson. Congestion Avoidance and Control. In ACM SIGCOMM, 1988. [Kno93] Knowles, S., "IESG Advice from Experience with Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1435, March 1993. [Mar78] James Martin. Communications Satellite Systems. Prentice Hall, 1978. [MD90] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191, November 1990. [MM96] Matt Mathis and Jamshid Mahdavi. Forward Acknowledgment: Refining TCP Congestion Control. In ACM SIGCOMM, 1996. [MMFR96] Mathis, M., Mahdavi, J., Floyd, S. and A. Romanow, "TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options", RFC 2018, October 1996. [Mon98] M. J. Montpetit. TELEDESIC: Enabling The Global Community Interaccess. In Proc. of the International Wireless Symposium, May 1998. [MSMO97] M. Mathis, J. Semke, J. Mahdavi, T. Ott, "The Macroscopic Behavior of the TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm", Computer Communication Review, volume 27, number3, July 1997. available from http://www.psc.edu/networking/papers/papers.html. [Pos81] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, September 1981. [PS97] Craig Partridge and Tim Shepard. TCP Performance Over Satellite Links. IEEE Network, 11(5), September/October 1997. [PSC] Jamshid Mahdavi. Enabling High Performance Data Transfers on Hosts. http://www.psc.edu/networking/perf_tune.html. [SMM98] Jeff Semke, Jamshid Mahdavi and Matt Mathis. Automatic TCP Buffer Tuning. In ACM SIGCOMM, August 1998. To appear. [Sta94] William Stallings. Data and Computer Communications. MacMillian, 4th edition, 1994. [Ste97] Stevens, W., "TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms", RFC 2001,January 1997. [Stu95] M. A. Sturza. Architecture of the TELEDESIC Satellite System. In Proceedings of the International Mobile Satellite Conference, 1995. Authors' Addresses Mark Allman NASA Lewis Research Center/Sterling Software 21000 Brookpark Rd. MS 54-2 Cleveland, OH 44135 Phone: +1 216 433 6586 EMail: [email protected] http://roland.lerc.nasa.gov/~mallman Daniel R. Glover NASA Lewis Research Center 21000 Brookpark Rd. Cleveland, OH 44135 Phone: +1 216 433 2847 EMail: [email protected] Luis A. Sanchez BBN Technologies GTE Internetworking 10 Moulton Street Cambridge, MA 02140 USA Phone: +1 617 873 3351 EMail: [email protected] Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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Measuring Acute Pain Over Time in the Critically Ill Using the Multidimensional Objective Pain Assessment Tool (MOPAT).
A valid and reliable instrument is needed to assess acute pain in critically ill patients unable to self-report and who may be transitioning between critical care and other settings. To examine the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the Multidimensional Objective Pain Assessment Tool (MOPAT) when used over time by critical care nurses to assess acute pain in non-communicative critically ill patients. Twenty-seven patients had pain assessed at two time points (T1 and T2) surrounding a painful event for up to 3 days. Twenty-one ICU nurses participated in pain assessments and completed the Clinical Utility Questionnaire. Internal consistency reliability coefficient alphas for the MOPAT were .68 at T1 and .72 at T2. Inter-rater agreement during painful procedures or turning was 68% for the behavioral dimension and 80% for the physiologic dimension. Validity was evidenced by decreases (p < .001) in the MOPAT total and behavioral and physiologic dimension scores when comparing T1 and T2. Nurses found the tool clinically useful. The MOPAT can be used in the critical care setting as a helpful tool to assess pain in non-communicative patients. The MOPAT is unique in that the instrument can be used over time and across settings.
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Nur Aisyah Ong @ Carol Leena Ong (she/her)
Hi, I’m Aisyah hailing from the little red dot. I am a formally trained spatial designer yet, I’ve always found myself itching to venture into other disciplines. I’ve always perceived my expression as an extension of my individuality. Hence, my journey has been nothing but curious. I take pride in my honest exploration of trying to make sense of the world around me, drawing from my personal experiences.
Conventions of Public Spaces
Abstract
Singapore’s rapid development into a first world country has seen it being criticised for its ‘anti-public’ nature of its development. Citing the absence of participatory civic discourse to the threat of privatisation fuelled by land scarcity, it is hard for one to communicate succinctly what is lacking in Singapore’s public sphere leading to ‘boring’ spaces. There might be a lack of understanding during the design process in providing quality public spaces proven by superficial and inefficient measures.
This series of projects puts to test the threshold of conventions that occurs in a rather unassuming setting; a designated study corner in Chai Chee. This journey explores various tactics that challenges the boundaries through the method of pushing and flipping and subsequently looking at the boundless dimensionality of public spaces.
Ambivalence: The Unseeing of Spaces
Programmes are assigned boundaries and it has an impact on how we interact with our spaces. With pre-defined functions, it’s hard to break out of that box.
While Noguchi relied on his art training to sculpt his landscapes, I wanted to sculpt mine like an imaginative child. Based on the inspiring adventures of my childhood, this particular scene was reflective of the atmosphere I wanted to emulate.
An intuitive creation of landscape, drawing from the abstract, nonsensical structures of Dr. Seuss’ to fit into my void deck.
Wondering how to translate into a cohesive landscape by mimicking the childlike wonder of experiencing the environment in the landscape through;
(1) peering over something from a greater height and
(2) a sense of scale of how huge the world could be.
Without the familiar objects that makes for rather structured and mundane interaction, it requires for imagination and made-up rules for activities to work. Hence, activating the imagination of people in this space.
Surreal
It isn’t a design to be build, but to help us wonder about the limitations we have set for ourselves. How would a landscape as a void deck perform?
Types of Play
This landscape provides for varying levels and intensity of play from quiet to active, and interactive. The organic forms provide for differnt ways of engaging and manipulating.
Coexistence
Different age groups can also utilise these forms to carry out their own activity and inhabit in harmony.
Last Thoughts
This abstract exploration is rather encouraging for me as I can imagine the endless possibilities of its use. However, it appears that in spite of its flexibility there is a clear gap in how much people are willing to engage freely as we’re still conditioned by the conventions of these spaces.
Extra-ordinary
It’s so easy to lose the ability to see the magic in the ordinary of things. Caught up in endless exciting visuals we consume on social media, the beauty in everydayness gets ignored. To unlock the magic in the world requires playing with our environment, borrowing from guerilla art as an inspiration. They’re non-intrusive, spontaneous, and a great way to activate one’s imagination.
Photo Collection
Familiarity breeds contempt, leading to many overlooked surprises that somehow make the neighbourhood special. Each time I would often notice very different things, lending to its uniqueness in my eyes.
Video Collection
Intrigued by the concept of light, I set out to uncover the site with different intentions to verbalise the ever-changing everyday experience. Throughout the day, the atmosphere was night and day.
Magic in the Night
The coloured lights that come alive in the quiet of the night. It feels rather liberating to be cloaked by the night. The bright lights appear to be beacons of safety and like moths drawn to a flame, we seek out paths with lights to get our way home.
Day vs. Night
A comparison of lighting qualities at different times of the day. The daytime hides sheltered spaces but the night makes them pronounced. The night experience of the space is rather distoreted, void of the vibrant colours and shapes we enjoy in the day.
Precedent Studies
Guerilla art, known for its spontaneity, serves as a great inspiration for me. It is a reaction to the environment and feels rather personal. One artist in particular that I enjoy goes by the name of MOBSTR with his ‘Progressions’ work. It interacts with both space, the authorities and is open to passersby to observe the interactions.
Exhibit 01
These glass tiles are visible enough to hint movement happening on the other side through lights. I wanted to enhance that by creating mechanical tiles that follow the movement of the passerby. This installation would allow people to notice their own pace and presence in that space itself.
Exhibit 02
These frames lend an interesting way of painting the walls both in day time and night time. The artificial bulbs at night can create harsh shapes and the day would have a much softer effect.
Exhibit 03
The cats in this neighbourhood are beloved and spoiled plenty. This installation takes inspiration from John Barcus’ fantastical perspective of pipes and how it can provide an opportunity for cats to seek refuge or perch from higher ground.
Exhibit 04
Inspired by the appearance of night and day in below photograph, I wanted to create a distinct installation.
Reflection Although guerilla art may seem unrefined, it is honest and encapsulates the sentiment of the people towards their environment. I think this activity helps me to be more spontaneous in my processing of the space around me.
Boundless Dimensions
There exist versions of the world we will never know in the music that we don’t hear. This project provides a glimpse into the different ways people experience spaces beyond the reach and comprehension of physicality as spatial designers.
In fast-paced city life, it can be hard to take a pause and discover yourself when it is a struggle to keep on top of things. To learn your value as an individual and place in your world, not have your worth measured by your contributions to a cold, capitalist-driven society. While it remains a daunting task, some indulge through their music as they bear the mundanity of the everyday.
Ty Cullen kickstarted this video project (Hey New York! What Are You Listening To) in 2011, and it had since taken its own life when it began trending and emulated worldwide. Watching it in 2021 feels like a time capsule of these moments, which are somewhat nostalgic.
The medium of music is suited to the individual’s preference, background, and feelings. These glimpses of personalities give rise to varying imageries of how we experience spaces around us quite differently.
The added dimensionality beyond the physicality of space makes these same spaces feel capable of many experiences. This layout is a reading of the potential reasons why they’re listening to these particular songs/artists in their environment.
Singapore’s ‘tracklist’ conveys a strong sense of self and identity through the genre of music they identify it whether it is mainstream or alternative. However, this experience seems to be rather introspective and lack a relationship with their surroundings. They feel detached from their surroundings, thereby inauthentic.
Surrounded by monotonous and seemingly uninspiring public spaces, it is hard to be confident and embrace our individuality. Perhaps due to our cultural differences, we appear to be more conservative. But at what cost? Is it so bad to allow for the freedom for one to express themselves. Driven by site observations and storytelling, I’ve curated some playlists based on various personas I have observed at the site to tell their story of their void deck at Blk 32 Chai Chee Ave.
Upon the reflection of our interventions as spatial designers, I’ve realised that we are heavily dependent on organic inhabitation and adaptation of the spaces. The added dimension of individuality could perhaps lend to another path of adventure. One where we may better understand the intricacies of the collective occupation of a space. To be aware of the other.
Nostalgic Futures: Secret Eden
Kampung Lorong Buangkok (KLB) is the last kampung on mainland Singapore. There are plans for it to make way for urban redevelopment as indicated in the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Masterplan 2014. In its place, the kampung is supposed to be replaced by a 3-lane bi-directional highway, 2 schools (primary and secondary), and a public park. Much heritage will be lost. What our future generations want from an urban environment are fundamentally the same as everyone else today: safe and clean streets, access to green space, clean air, things to do, the ability to get around, the freedom to see friends, and somewhere to call home. Therefore, the design challenge is to produce viable, feasible and desirable proposals for the KLB site through speculative design.
Secret Eden
Kampong Lorong Buangkok has been described as a secret Eden, a jarring sight amidst the mass of modern, and pristine apartment blocks. The romanticism of the simplistic nature of kampong life has led to many fighting for the preservation of the ‘safe haven’. Having long withstood the allure of progression, its resident chooses to retain the community and way of life that it so cherishes.
The kampong spirit that many in concrete grid-like apartments yearn for is something that prevails in the haphazard kampong to this day. However, we seek to preserve the physical shell of the kampong, almost as if it holds the secret to attaining kampong spirit within its walls. We act like retaining its shell guarantees that future generations would be able to learn from our pasts and understand their roots.
To this assumption, we must challenge the notion that the physicality of the kampong allows them to immerse in the kampong life. Does the retention of the physical buildings translate the simplistic way of life, the community unique to kampong, and the rejuvenation of being surrounded by natural elements bode well in translation across generations? | https://gsashowcase.net/carol-leena-ong-nur-aisyah-ong/ |
About the Golden Coast area of North Devon
- this is the westward facing coastline of North Devon: a coast of vast sandy beaches and rocky headlands.
This coast, eroded by great seas and the prevailing westerly winds screaming in from the Atlantic in winter storms, is interspersed by the headlands of more resistant rocks at Down End, Baggy Point (NT) and Morte Point (NT). In summer, and on calmer days out of season, the beaches are popular with young families and surfers.
Saunton Sands, just under four miles long, is the southermost; backed by 2,000 acres of sand dunes some of which are over 100 feet high. The tide covers a gently shelving beach of golden sand, which at low tide is 600 yards wide. The beach is privately owned and the carparking charge pays for beach cleaning and other services including some well-maintained toilets; apart from a beach shop and quality cafe among the dunes, and the four star hotel on the hill above, there's little sign of man's influence - the long beach is bordered by the sea to the west and south, dunes to the east and rocky Down End to the north.
Beyond Down End is Croyde, a partly thatched village half a mile inland from its relatively small, sandy beach, again bordered by dunes: the beach is 600 yards across. North of Croyde is the wonderful Baggy Point, owned by the National Trust: freely accessible, Baggy provides a lovely setting for a gentle walk from the northern side of Croyde Beach, there are many seats to sit upon and gaze wistfully at the waves and distant Lundy isle.
North of Baggy is Woolacombe Sands, over two miles of golden beach, backed by sand dunes belonging to the National Trust. The southern end of Woolacombe Sands is known as Putsborough, this is a popular beach for young families, it has a stream flowing across it which can be fun to dam or divert. The central part of Woolacombe Sands is not suitable for water sports as tidal currents can be treacherous, but the northern end, at Woolacombe itself, offers extensive areas for bathers, with separately designated surfing stretches. The smaller beaches and coves around Morte Point (again National Trust) offer many different, even unusual, features well worth exploring.
All the National Trust lands on this coastline are freely accessible - please put a few coins in their collecting boxes or alternatively pay to park in their carparks at Woolacombe Warren (the sand dunes behind the beach, accessed from Woolacombe) or Croyde Bay (at the end of the road running around the northern side of Croyde Beach). | http://staynorthdevon.co.uk/eat_croyde_coast.htm |
Spain has a rich and diverse culture. Home to some of the world’s most impressive buildings and a long history, Spain is the home of many great places to visit. The following list will highlight just a few of the best and most famous locales.
La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
One of the most famous sites in Spain and perhaps the world, this iconic structure is certainly a sight to behold. Its incredible gothic architecture gives the Cathedral an unforgettable appearance, making it stand out and dominate that part of Barcelona’s skyline. The cathedral itself is still under construction despite construction having begun in 1882. The famous architect Antoni Gaudi began work on the building a year later in 1883. He worked on the cathedral for the rest of his life, and redesigned the initial structure into the radical design that is seen today. Gaudi worked on the project until his death in 1926 putting the cathedrals construction on hold for many years. Work resumed in the late 1940s and is not expected to be finished until 2026.
The cathedral makes a spectacular sight all year round.
The Alhambra
As one of the world’s most important sites for culture, architecture and art, the Alhambra is one of the most impressive historical buildings in the whole of Spain. The Alhambra is a late medieval fortress situated in the South of Spain in Granada. Its name translates as the ‘Red Palace’ which is apt due to the colours of the walls. The palace was constructed by the regions Muslim rulers the Berbers in the mid fourteenth century. Alhambra fell to the Christian forces of the Reconquista in the 1400s. The palace is home to amazing artworks and architecture which brings any visitor back in time to the late medieval age making the Alhambra a must to see.
The Guggenheim Museum
Regarded as on e of the most important architectural structures in Spain the Guggenheim museum is an amazing site to see before you even step through its doors. It stands on the banks of the Nervion River that runs through the city of Bilbao which is located in the North East of the country. The museum is made up of eleven thousand square meters of exhibition space and spread over nineteen galleries. The museum plays host to a range of Spanish artists but instead of hosting more traditional art it houses installations and more abstract art. For a strong dose of culture the Guggenheim museum is a must visit.
The Running of the Bulls, Pamplona
The world famous seven day long festival of Sanfermines takes places every year in the North Eastern city of Pamplona. The running of the bulls sees a small group of Bulls released through a closed section of the towns streets. Initially the festival was a chance for young men to show off their bravery.
The participants have to run in the same direction as the Bulls, and do their best to not get trampled. Anyone over the age of 18 is allowed to take part but they must not be under the influence of alcohol. In Pamplona a bull run takes place every morning of the festival. It’s recommended that as a visitor you watch rather than participate, but if you have the courage why not enter and prepare for the thrill of your life.
The festival takes place every year from the 6th to the 14th of July.
The Great Mosque Cathedral of Cordoba
Photo by Mihael Grmek.
This magnificent building was constructed by the regions Muslim rulers in the year 987. In previous centuries the building had been a church built by the Visigoths. In 1236 the city of Cordoba was captured by the Catholic Kings of the Reconquista who then restored the building to the Catholic Church, converting it from a Mosque into a Cathedral. The buildings most striking feature is the hypostyle hall which has 856 columns made of jasper, marble, granite and onyx. The structure is a must see for fans of history and culture.
Toledo
The ancient city of Toledo is one of the most important cultural sites in Spain. UNESCO named the city a world heritage site in 1986 for its cultural and heritage. The city is full of medieval and roman structures that are sure to please any sightseer. Like many of the towns and cities in the South of the country Toledo was once a Muslim controlled area and combines both aspects of Christian and Muslim influences.
Nou Camp Stadium, Barcelona
If you’re a fan of football then a visit to Barcelona’s Nou camp stadium is a must. The impressive stadium is the fifth largest football stadium in the world with a capacity of 99,000 supporters. Visiting the ground when a match is on is highly recommended as the atmosphere is incredible. | http://www.theexpathub.com/the-best-sights-to-see-in-spain/1025/ |
Hurricanes–Where are they now?
A casual viewer of the Weather Channel could be forgiven for thinking that the past few months have signaled the start of the biblical apocalypse. Natural disasters are nothing new, of course, but it certainly feels like they are occurring at a vastly increased rate. Hurricanes in particular have dominated recent news coverage; in the United States alone, the past couple months have seen the landfalls of 3 major hurricanes (Harvey, Irma, and Maria) and a narrow miss by a fourth (Jose).
These hurricanes happened in such quick succession that media coverage of each aftermath seems to have been swallowed up by coverage of the subsequent storm. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to follow up on the relief and rebuilding efforts for each hurricane– we will look at the various damage assessments, the progress that has already been made, and the roadblocks that are still impeding recovery from going forward. Also attached are links to reputable organizations to which you can donate if interested in aiding with the relief effort.
Hurricane Harvey
Harvey made landfall in southern Texas on August 25th as the largest hurricane to hit the United States since 2005. It had already wreaked considerable havoc on the islands of the Caribbean, and quickly proceeded to lay waste to major portions of Texas and Louisiana, with most of the infrastructure damage taking place in the population center of Houston. Authorities have confirmed at least 82 deaths, and initial damage cost estimates are on the order of $100 billion.
Recovery efforts are progressing; most infrastructure has been restored to working condition, and the main issue that remains is the restoration of thousands of homes and other buildings that were damaged by flooding, most of which lack flood insurance. Congress passed an emergency funding bill for hurricane relief on September 8 in response to Harvey, providing an extra $15 million to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (F.E.M.A.) for disaster relief. However, that money is not specifically earmarked for Harvey relief, and will undoubtedly be utilized in responding to Irma and Maria as well. All this to say, it is essentially unavoidable that more funding will be required soon.
Recent news about the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey has focused on a disagreement between Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner and Texas Governor Greg Abbott. Texas, like most states, has a $10 billion ‘rainy day’ reserve fund for emergencies, and Mayor Turner has requested that the fund be tapped to aid in recovery efforts. Governor Abbott contends that it would be fiscally irresponsible to use the funds without authorization from the state legislature. However, the Texas state legislature only convenes once every two years, and would not be in session to authorize any use of these funds until early 2019– clearly, a bit late to be of much use to Houston.
Hurricane Irma
Like Harvey, Irma terrorized the Greater Antilles and tore across the Caribbean before making landfall in the United States, hitting Florida early in the morning of September 10th. Various countries have reported 124 deaths in total, and while full cost estimates are not yet completed, they are expected to exceed $80 billion.
Since the nation was already in hurricane-response mode after Harvey, the immediate response in Florida was comparatively swift and well-organized. Thousands of National Guard troops were called out, and Navy ships were immediately sent to aid in recovery. While the damage from Hurricane Irma was obviously extensive, there was relatively little flooding in the aftermath, and infrastructure damage was therefore not nearly as severe.
Again, some emergency F.E.M.A. funds were approved in the aftermath of Harvey, but it is very apparent that both areas will need much more financial assistance moving forward. It remains to be seen what proportion of the cost will be covered by the federal government, and what will be covered by the state of Florida.
Hurricane Maria
Puerto Rico, less than two weeks after enduring a severe battering at the hands of Irma, was smashed with another, larger storm: Hurricane Maria. Extensive flooding dealt massive damage to the already-weakened infrastructure, and literally the entire power grid of the island was destroyed. Remarkably, only 34 deaths have been reported in Puerto Rico so far, though that number may still grow.
Right now, Puerto Rico needs food, water, and supplies. Beds, power generators, roofs, medications, and numerous other urgent necessities are currently scarce if not entirely unavailable for the 3.4 million Americans on the island. Massive amounts of aid have been sent from the mainland United States, though many worry it is not arriving quickly enough. Major ports on Puerto Rico were reopened on September 25, but infrastructure has been so thoroughly destroyed that many of the relief supplies are piling up in the ports and cannot efficiently be transported inland yet.
One delay that temporarily stalled aid from arriving was President Trump’s indecision over whether to waive the Jones Act. This act, officially entitled the Merchant Marine Act of 1920, is a huge and comprehensive piece of legislation. It includes specific protections for sailors’ rights, sets standards for ship maintenance, and lays out environmental requirements, among many other things. However, it also includes a provision stating that if any transport of goods is carried out between two US ports, it must be done so in a ship that is both made in the United States and primarily crewed by Americans. This was preventing a significant number of relief vessels from being allowed to dock and unload their supplies. This part of the Jones Act is routinely waived for matters of hurricane recovery: it was waived a few years ago following Hurricane Sandy, and short-term waivers were actually granted for both Hurricanes Harvey and Irma just weeks before Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico. It is unclear why President Trump was immediately willing to waive the act in the first two cases but dragged his feet on the third.
All of these recovery efforts are ongoing, and it may be months or even years before we know the full extent of the damage from these hurricanes. Huge sums of money will be expended, and thousands of lives will almost certainly never be the same. But to our credit, huge numbers Americans citizens and organizations have made countless contributions, monetary and otherwise, to aid in the recovery effort. If you would like to join in that effort, the following are links to lists of reputable charities working to rebuild and alleviate suffering from each hurricane. | http://politicalreview.byu.edu/2017/10/04/hurricanes-where-are-they-now/ |
The Power Plant Technology Instructor shall deliver the State of Michigan Curriculum as regulated by the Michigan Department of Education to students in the Health Careers program for Kent Career Technical Center.
About the Aviation Maintenance Program at KCTC: A program for high school Juniors and Seniors immersed in the operation of the busy Gerald R. Ford International Airport, where the thunder of jet engines and air-whipping helicopter blades become the daily soundtrack. Students will explore real world careers ranging from aeronautical engineering and aviation maintenance, to pilot, air traffic controller and more.
The classroom is our own 20,000 square-foot hangar complete with a variety of operational aircraft. This is where students disassemble, inspect, reassemble and operation check a variety of components, plus learn how to start and operate a turbine engine, start and taxi single engine aircraft, and begin earning professional certifications.
Job Qualifications:Must possess a valid Interim Occupational Certificate or Occupational Education Certificate in Aircraft Power Plant Technology (CIP Code 47.0608) or a State approved equivalent CIP Code and appropriate industry licensure.OR, if no Occupational Certificate (IOC) two full years (4,000 hours) of recent and relevant work experience in a welding field AND must possess a minimum of an Associate’s Degree
Prefer valid Michigan Professional/ Provisional Teacher Certification in a related science.
Must have current knowledge and experience with modern Aircraft Power Plant Technology and Aircraft Maintenance.
Must be able to develop and deliver curriculum, utilize best practice and web technologies to deliver instruction, develop authentic learning projects, and assess student learning.
Communication, organizational, and networking skills required.
Must possess excellent organizational skills, technology skills, be detail and team oriented, and have excellent communication skills.
Experience working with high school age students and diverse student population, preferred.
Other requirements are knowledge of the health care industry and the ability to meet college partner instructional requirements.
Demonstrates a strong commitment to equity, social justice and inclusion in all practices and position responsibilities.
Demonstrates the ability to examine the impact of education inequities in student achievement outcomes as it aligns with race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status.
Specific Duties & Responsibilities:Instruct students by lecturing, demonstrating, and using audiovisual aids and other materials to supplement presentations.
Effectively and safely integrate lab equipment to prepare students for the nationally-recognized Aircraft Electronic Technician (AET) certification.
Develop project based learning experiences and effectively integrate lab equipment into student learning and assessment.
Assign lessons and correct homework.
Administer tests to evaluate pupil progress, record results, and issue reports to inform parents of progress.
Keep attendance records.
Maintain a positive system of classroom management.
Meet with parents to discuss student progress and problems.
Participate in faculty and professional meetings, educational conferences, and teacher training workshops.
Perform related duties such as sponsoring one or more activities or student organizations, assisting pupils in selecting course of study, and counseling student in adjustment and academic problems.
Facilitate work based learning experiences for students (field trips, job shadows, internships, job placement).
Promote and market opportunities for Aircraft Power Plant Technology program and overall KCTC programs.
Provide evaluation and development of the Health Careers curriculum.
Ensure a safe lab and classroom environment
Specific Duties and Responsibilities:Provide development, delivery, and evaluation of the Aircraft Power Plant Technology curriculum to include related technical reading, writing, and mathematics.
Ensure a safe lab and classroom environment.
Monitor the safety and appropriateness of the equipment in a manner that aligns to current industry practice.
Monitor the budget, determine equipment/supply needs, and place orders.
Develop and maintain an Aircraft Power Plant Technology Advisory Committee and develop new industry partnerships.
Integrate technology to leverage the online capabilities of the Aircraft trainers and related online content and the Career and Employability curriculum using various Learning Management Systems
Have extensive knowledge and experience with aviation technologyOperate UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)
Understanding of various aviation electronic, communication, and navigation systems
Be able to read and decipher electronic schematics
The above is intended to describe the general content of and requirements for the performance of this position. It is not to be construed as an exhaustive statement of duties, responsibilities or requirements.
Salary: Per KIEA Master Agreement. Placement on the BA scale is required unless candidate holds a valid State of Michigan Standard CTE teaching certificate. (BA Step 1-3 = $45,556-$50,189/year).
Placement on BA+18, MA, or MA+ lanes is considered after receipt of a valid State of Michigan Standard CTE teaching certificate.
Benefits: Robust benefit package includes full medical, dental, and vision insurance; paid sick and personal days; generous tuition reimbursement program; State of Michigan School Employment retirement program; student loan forgiveness may be available through the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program for eligible Federal student loans.
Posting Dates: 6/24/2020-7/24/2020 (or until filled)
Distribution: External & Internal
To Apply: Kent Intermediate School District manages employment applications online. No hardcopy applications/resumes will be accepted for this position. Applications must be completed online at www.jobs.kentisd.org
Please note, due to the large number of applications, we are unable to attend to e-mail or telephone inquiries on application status.
All candidates will be timely notified regarding their application status.
The final candidate for this position will be required (at their cost) to furnish Kent Intermediate School District with a current Michigan State Police and FBI criminal records LiveScan check prior to our recommendation to hire.
It is the policy of the Kent ISD School Board that no student, staff member or candidate for any position in the District shall be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, national origin, creed, ancestry, age, gender/sex, sexual orientation, marital status, height, weight, veteran status, political belief or physical/mental disability which does not impair their ability to perform adequately in the individual’s particular position or activity, excluded from participation in, denied the benefit of, or to be subjected to discrimination in any program or activity for which the Kent ISD School Board is responsible for or receives financial assistance from the U.S. Department of Education. The Coordinator for Title IX, Section 504, the Age Discrimination Act and Title II is: Coni Sullivan, Esq., Assistant Superintendent for Human Resources and Legal Services. | https://amtjobopenings.com/job/rockford-public-schools-kent-michigan-usa-full-time-power-plant-technology-aircraft-instructor/ |
Recently, the Institute of Family Studies published a blog post taking on the difficulty with obtaining statistics on adopted children's educational outcomes. The author conducted an analysis of a longitudinal study starting in 1998 that captured data of 19000 kindergartners in which information from 160 adopted children and families could be found. From the data, the author concluded that adopted children, "display above-average levels of problem behavior, exhibit below-average levels of positive learning attitudes, and score below average on reading and math assessments, despite their advantaged family background." Three reasons were hypothesized to explain these disparity: attachment issues, past trauma, and "genetic endowment."
As this critique suggests, the report makes alarming generalizations regarding what we can know about adopted children from this data, and about attachment, trauma, and genetics. First, attachment should not be just casually mentioned considering how attachment theory and DSM criteria for attachment disorders is often misapplied in adoption to pathologize and blame children for their experiences. Second, addressing trauma was regarded as nearly hopeless. No credit is given to resiliency or post-traumatic growth. Third, the idea that adopted children are genetically inferior to their adoptive parents because birth parents must be genetically inferior, as evidenced by adoptive parent wealth and education, is outrageous at very best.
The Atlantic, no stranger to publishing adult-centric articles that pathologize children, took this one step further. Its highlight of the IFS post went so far as to say reading books to children, sharing family meals, and being involved in school makes adoptive parents more invested in their children. One study they linked to used these criteria (among others, such as owning a computer) to measure how invested adoptive parents are in raising children not biologically related to them. | http://www.thelostdaughters.com/2015_11_08_archive.html |
4 edition of Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia found in the catalog.
Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia
Claudine Salmon
Published
1981
by Editions de la Maison des sciences de l"homme in Paris
.
Written in English
Edition Notes
|Statement||by Claudine Salmon.|
|Genre||Bibliography.|
|Series||Etudes insulindiennes-Archipel ;, 3|
|Classifications|
|LC Classifications||Z7078 .S24 1981, PL5130.5 .S24 1981|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||588 p. :|
|Number of Pages||588|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL4269851M|
|ISBN 10||0835705927|
|LC Control Number||81015962|
Readers’ notes: 1. Malaysia and Indonesia are multicultural and multilingual countries. Therefore, ‘Malay’ and ‘Malaysian’ are not interchangeable. Similarly, ‘Javanese’ / ‘Bugis’ / etc. and ‘Indonesian’ are also not interchangeable. 2. Both Bahas. Singaporean Literature 1. Singaporean Literature 2. SINGAPOREAN LITERATURE The literature of Singapore comprises a collection of literary works by Singaporeans in any of the country's four main languages: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil.
Grace V. S. Chin focuses on the intersections between postcolonial and Southeast Asian literatures, with emphasis on race and gender in contemporary societies and diasporas. Her latest publication. By repeatedly exposing the contradictory allegations, the author shows the polyphonic reality of being Malay in Indonesia. The book is a product of extensive research and the author’s theoretical insight into Riau islanders, and should be a valuable resource for students and scholars interested in ethnicity and development in the Malay.
Ethnic relations between Chinese and Malays form the focus of discussion in the final section of the book. The intermarriages between Chinese and Malays that produced the peranakan-type cultures of the past occur only rarely today, and when they do, the Chinese spouse adopts Islam and becomes a member of the Malay community. A. Certified Indonesian/English Teacher with over 10 Years of Experience Over 10 years of teaching experience, I am a certified Indonesian/English teacher and translator. After working as an Indonesian teacher for Australian Defense Force (ADF) as well as an English lecturer at a university in Indonesia, now I have my own language school in Bandung/5().
The lock and key library
Data processing systems encyclopedia
Ski & snowboard Scotland
Gandhi
Consumer economics
Spirit of England
Select epigrams of Martial ...
Train ride.
Export processing zones & free trade zones
Castle Walk, Castle Centre Antrim
Weaponized
Prehistoric and Roman landscapes
With the Eagles
On the correct handling of contradictions among the people.
Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia: a provisional annotated bibliography. [Claudine Salmon] Home. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. Search. Search for Library Items Search for Lists Search for # Malay literature--Indonesia\/span>\n \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\n schema. Get this from a library.
Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia: a provisional annotated bibliography. [Claudine Salmon]. Malaysian literature is the collection of literary works produced in the Malay peninsula until and in Malaysia thereafter. Malaysian literature is typically written in any of the country's four main languages: Malay, English, Chinese and portrays various aspects of Malaysian life and comprises an important part of the culture of Malaysia.
84 rows A History of Modern Indonesia: Unlike any other history book about. Lie Kim Hok (Chinese: 李 金 福; pinyin: Lǐ Jīnfú; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lì Kim-hok; 1 November – 6 May ) was a peranakan Chinese teacher, writer, and social worker active in the Dutch East Indies and styled the "father of Chinese Malay literature".Born in Buitenzorg (now Bogor), West Java, Lie received his formal education in missionary schools and by the s was fluent in Cause of death: Typhus.
Indonesia is the Guest of Honour in this year’s Frankfurt Book Fair, taking place from October 14 to That means, for the first time, Indonesian literature is in the global spotlight at the Author: Manneke Budiman. Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia 作者: Claudine Salmon 出版社: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme 副标题: A provisional annotated bibliography (Etudes insulindiennes-Archipel) 出版年: 装帧: Unknown Binding ISBN: Author: Claudine Salmon.
The Malayan flora is one of the richest in the world. This book gives a brief systematic account of all the major groups of seed plants classified under 41 orders and families that are represented by native or naturalized plants in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.
Within each order, a list of families, an account of the diagnostic characters, a key to the families, and a brief note on. The Chinese in Indonesia form a significant minority of about three percent of the population, and have played a disproportionately important role in the country.
Given that Chinese Indonesians are not seen as indigenous to the country and are consistently defined against Indonesian nationalism, most studies on the community concentrate on examining their ambivalent position as Indonesia's.
作者: Claudine Salmon 副标题: A provisional annotated bibliography (Etudes insulindiennes-Archipel) isbn: 书名: Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia 出版社: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme 装帧: Unknown Binding 出版年: Malays (Malay: Orang Melayu, Jawi: أورڠ ملايو) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Malay Peninsula, eastern Sumatra of Indonesia and coastal Borneo, as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations — areas that are collectively known as the Malay locations are today part of the nations of Malaysia (Malay nation state), Brunei Australia: 33, The best books on Indonesia: start your reading here Hirata's autobiographical novel is an endearing and inspirational story of poor ethnic Malay students struggling against considerable odds Author: Pushpinder Khaneka.
Wang was born in Surabaya, Indonesia, inbut grew up in Ipoh, Malaysia. He enrolled in the University of Malaya in Singapore inwhere he studied English literature, history and economics.
8 Being proficient in Malay, Chinese and English, Wang was able to reflect the plurality of Malayan society in his works.
Inspired by the sweeping. Set up by a Muslim former student activist, the Chinese Indonesian Literature Museum fills an information gap in the history of ethnic Chinese people in.
Other articles where Bazaar Malay language is discussed: Malay language: A Malay pidgin called Bazaar Malay (mĕlayu pasar, “market Malay”) was widely used as a lingua franca in the East Indian archipelago and was the basis of the colonial language used in Indonesia by the Dutch.
The version of Bazaar Malay used in Chinese merchant communities in Malaysia is. Malaysian Literature 1. Malaysian Literature Panganiban, Erika A. TRIVIA. The name "Malaysia" is a combination of the word "Malay" and the Latin-Greek suffix "-sia“. The word "melayu" in Malay derived from the Tamil words "malai" and "ur" meaning "mountain" and "city, land", respectively.
"Malayadvipa" was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. There were series of comic books in the Malay-Indonesian language written by Chinese-Indonesian authors, an album filled with photos of Chinese. Malay (/ m ə ˈ l eɪ /; Malay: bahasa Melayu, بهاس ملايو ) is an Austronesian language spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as parts of Thailand.A language of the Malays, it is spoken by million people across the Strait of Malacca, including the coasts of the Malay Peninsula of Malaysia and the eastern coast of Sumatra in Indonesia and has been Language family: Austronesian.
Tahir Ungku., 1 book Hashim Awang., 1 book Abdullah Hussain, 1 book Meow Wah Chan, 1 book Nor Raudah Hj Siren., 1 book Azizi Haji Abdullah., 1 book Sahlan Mohd. Saman., 1 book Mahani Pengiran Haji Ahmad Pengiran Hajah, 1 book Talib Samat, 1 book Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1 book David J.
Banks, 1 book Kamariah Kamaruddin, 1 book Mohd. When the National Book Council invited me to be a judge for the Malay section of the Singapore Literature Prize, I’d no expectation of the kind of fiction I would encounter.
Apart from a few members of the “old guard”, such as Isa Kamari, I didn’t know if. Thus, many pioneers of Malay literature hailed from the province of North Sumatra in present-day Indonesia, in what can be thought of as a pan-Malay region. Hamzah Fansuri, a Sumatran Sufi writer born in the late 16 th century known for his composition of syair, is often referred to as one the earliest pioneers of written Malay poetry.
Animism lingers in these selected Southeast Asian stories that center around “hantu,” the Malay word meaning “ghost” or “spirit.” Here are ten books in which ghosts manifest themselves in vampires, virtuous spirits, and more—all set in Southeast Asia and told by the prominent Southeast Asian writers of our time.In Islam Translated, Ronit Ricci uses the Book of One Thousand Questions—from its Arabic original to its adaptations into the Javanese, Malay, and Tamil languages between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries—as a means to consider connections that linked Muslims across divides of distance and culture.
Examining the circulation of this. | https://debebuquxokiwagu.pacificwomensnetwork.com/literature-in-malay-by-the-chinese-of-indonesia-book-4312ld.php |
5 edition of Asia And Europe: Cooperating For Energy Security found in the catalog.
Published
September 2004
by Japan Center for International Exchange
.
Written in English
Edition Notes
|Contributions||Francois Godement (Editor), Françoise Nicolas (Editor), Taizo Yakushiji (Editor)|
|The Physical Object|
|Format||Paperback|
|Number of Pages||239|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL9038556M|
|ISBN 10||4889070745|
|ISBN 10||9784889070743|
Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books. My library. U.S. Security Policy in Asia: Implications for China-U.S. Relations, paper by Wu Xinbo, Visiting Fellow, Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, September , Author: Wu Xinbo.
The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (also known as the Helsinki Commission)—the brainchild of the courageous and tenacious Rep. Millicent Fenwick—was the result. Rep. Millicent Fenwick Millicent Fenwick was born in New York City on Febru Director for Policy Planning and Coordination. Director for Policy Analysis. Inspector-General. Director for Audit and Inspection. Spokesperson and Deputy Minister for Public Relations. Deputy Spokesperson. Director for Press Relations. Director for Public Relations. Director for Foreign Press Relations. Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs and.
China’s powerful position in Central Asia enabled the SCO to construct the most visible model of Beijing’s ‘New Security Concept’ policies, developed at the end of the Cold War and stressing the widespread use of informal strategic cooperation and community-building rather than hierarchical alliances such as NATO (Foot , p). With Cited by: 2. Energy security has many aspects: long-term energy security mainly deals with timely investments to supply energy in line with economic developments and environmental needs. On the other hand, short-term energy security focuses on the ability of the energy system to react promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance.
My Five Senses Grade 1 Houghton Mifflin Reading Big Book Plus
Catalogue of the Colonial Office Library, London
Mysteries and Marvels of Ocean Life
Handbook for nongame bird management and monitoring in the southeast region
German painting in our time
AdaNet prototype library
Case of cerebellar haemorrhage
craving
Man and nature
That siller
materials of demography
A new look at the different perspectives on energy security policies of European and Asian countries. The book explains the reasons for the failure of EU common energy policies and the deficiencies in the policies towards Central Asia.
It examines Chinese energy diplomacy, and the possibility of energy competition and cooperation in Northeast Asia. Get this from a library. Asia and Europe: cooperating for energy security. [François Godement; Françoise Nicolas; Taizō Yakushiji; Council for Asia-Europe Cooperation.; Institut français des relations internationales.; Institut français des relations internationales.
Centre Asie.;] -- "Energy security is an issue of common concern in Asia and Europe because of broad. Energy Cooperation and Security in Central Asia: The Possible Synergy between Hydrocarbon-Rich and Water-Rich Countries (Elena Shadrina) Assessing Energy Security in the Caspian Region: The Geopolitical Implications to European Energy Strategy (Ulviyye Aydin and Dina Azhgaliyeva).
This book is the result of a collaborative project between JCIE and the Council for Asia-Europe Cooperation (CAEC).
The book summarizes the work of several CAEC task forces and reviews the role of Asia-Europe cooperation in the contemporary world.
Asia-Europe Cooperation on Energy Security An Overview of Options and Challenges. “This edited volume joins the debates about changing power dynamics in Central Asia and its implications for regional security and cooperation.
the book provides quite a good geopolitically-realist lensed overview of politics in Eurasia.” (Irina Kustova, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.
68 (6), ). This chapter considers what it would take to build an energy cooperation regime in Northeast Asia. Energy is a growing source of insecurity in the region.
Led by the Chinese economic juggernaut, regional energy demand continues to rise, Cited by: 1. The EU and its partners in Central Asia, Eastern Europe and the Southern Caucasus have a mutual interest, as con- sumers, producers and transit States, in ensuring a stable and predictable framework for the fl ow of energy, including the modernisation of existing energy infrastructures and the establishment of new Size: 1MB.
Conflict, Security & Development in Asia, Caucasus & Europe. The Institute for Security and Development Policy regularly issues a variety of publications ranging from shorter Policy Briefs to more comprehensive studies in its Asia and Silk Road Papers series.
Enhancing Asia-Europe cooperation on energy security: Commission hosts First ASEM Energy Ministerial meeting. The 1 st ASEM Energy Ministerial Meeting is hosted by European Commissioners for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner and for Energy, Andris Piebalgs in Brussels 18 th June Foreign and Energy Ministers from Asia and Europe.
inter-action makes europe and Central Asia partners for increased cooperation. The strong eu commitment towards its eastern neighbours within the framework of the european neighbourhood Policy will also bring europe and Central Asia closer to each other, both in terms of political cooperation and economic development.
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping in September at Nazarbayev University. It is therefore natural that, for its launch, the NAC-NU Central Asia Studies Program, in partnership with GW’s Central Asia Program, seeks to disentangle the puzzle of the Belt and.
It also explores the potential for India and the EU to reach consensus in international governance forums, with particular emphasis on economic governance, as well as prospects for effective inter- regional cooperation on the main global security issues, such as peacekeeping and maritime security.
The Office of International Affairs has primary responsibility in the Department of Energy for international energy cooperation in energy, science, and technology. The Assistant Secretary for International Affairs (IA) advises the Secretary, Deputy Secretary and other relevant DOE leadership on strategic implementation.
of energy security, environment and sustainable development. The diversification of Southeast Asia’s energy supply through investments in renewables offers a viable option to support expansion and also achieve wider socio-economic and environmental benefits. energy cooperation and security in Europe and contributing to the further economic integration of our subcontinent.
A long term perspective is essential in cooperation on energy, particularly at this time of deep changes in energy systems.
Energy markets need to adapt to emerging new patterns of global energy demand, supply and Size: KB. OECD iLibrary is the online library of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) featuring its books, papers and statistics and is the gateway to OECD's analysis and data.
ISBN: X: OCLC Number: Description: xiii, pages ; 25 cm. Contents: Introduction / Bo Kong and Jae H. Ku --Energy competition and energy cooperation in Northeast Asia / Mikkal E. Herberg --Energy acquisition, usage, and China's engagement in Northeast Asian energy cooperation / Suyuan Sun --Japan's public-private approach to energy security cooperation.
The OSCE stands for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. With 57 States from Europe, Central Asia and North America, the OSCE is the world's largest regional security organization. Learn more. Jurisdiction. The subcommittee deals with all matters concerning U.S.
relations with the countries of East Asia and the Pacific as well as regional intergovernmental organizations like the Association of South East Asian Nations and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.
This subcommittee's regional responsibilities include all matters. The IAGS Journal of Energy Security (JES) relies solely on the generosity of our donors to be able to deliver information, research, insight and hard data on global energy security consider donating to the Journal of Energy Security to strengthen, broaden and deepen our global coverage.
IAGS is a publicly supported, nonprofit organization under .The technical cooperation programme is the Agency’s primary mechanism for transferring nuclear technology to Member States, helping them to address key development priorities in areas such as health and nutrition, food and agriculture, water and the environment, industrial applications, and nuclear knowledge development and management.
The programme also .The United States and Europe: Current Issues Congressional Research Service 2 EU institutions.1 The EU is also continuing efforts to develop a stronger Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP).2 Meanwhile, NATO remains the preeminent security institution of the Euro-Atlantic community. | https://dicarejesunyxak.angelstouch16.com/asia-and-europe-cooperating-for-energy-security-book-11391ez.php |
Of These Streets presents unique perspectives of Rochester, NY through the camera lens of three local photographers. These observers capture the random moments and chance encounters of these streets revealing the character of the city. Photographers include Jeremy Moule, Benjamin Osborne, & Jason Wilder.
Mark your calendars! July 21st there will be an artist talk & photo walk with the exhibiting artists. More information soon! | http://www.rocparent.com/events/streets-photographs_1/?occ_dtstart=2018-08-13T09:00 |
focus on: naturally occurring s – chemistry.this month we focus on 3 articles published in chemistry which report the use of naturally occurring s. as opposed to synthetic s, naturally occurring s are produced by living organisms in nature. classes of naturally occurring s include proteins, polynucleotides, polyisoprenes, lignin and polysaccharides.
composite materials - humans, examples, body, used.a composite material (or just composite) is a mixture of two or more materials with properties superior to the materials of which it is made. many common examples of composite materials can be found in the world around us. wood and bone are examples of natural composites.
geology 101 finals study flashcards | quizlet.a _ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like materials. rock an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons.
probing micro- and nano-scale elastic modulus variation in.probing micro- and nano-scale elastic modulus variation in organic-rich shale—a naturally occurring composite corinne e. packard, colorado school of mines
nanostructural organization of naturally occurring.journal of nanomaterials is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that aims to bring science and applications together on nanoscale and nanostructured materials with emphasis on synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications of materials containing true nanosize dimensions or nanostructures that enable novel/enhanced properties or functions.
wood - city college of san francisco.wood - a naturally occuring fiber-reinforced composite material wood is an example of a naturally occurring fiber-reinforced composite material. is an important structural material (u sed for houses, buildings, bridges, etc.) that, by tonnage, is used more than steel or concrete in the u.s.
naturally occurring composite.composite material - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia a composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with .. wood is a naturally occurring composite comprising cellulose fibres in a.
does wood count as a composite material? why or why not.wood can be considered as one of the best examples of a naturally occurring composite material. wood comprises of long cellulose fibres held together by a lignin and hemicellulose matrix. all comprising materials are weak materials individually but become much stronger on combination.
materials – jacuzzi baths.the naturally occurring minerals in the ground stone are then blended with resin, producing a composite as durable as it is beautiful. the baths and sinks made with this organic material provide exceptional strength, resilience and beauty.
composite material.wood is a naturally occurring composite comprising cellulose fibres in a lignin and hemicellulose matrix. engineered wood includes a wide variety of different products such as wood fibre board, plywood , oriented strand board , wood plastic composite (recycled wood fibre in polyethylene matrix), pykrete (sawdust in ice matrix), plastic-impregnated or laminated paper or textiles, arborite , formica (plastic) and micarta .
composite decking – grandustis decking.what is composite decking? wood plastic composite decking (wpc) is a factory-made decking product, which means that it is not naturally occurring like timber, although it gives a similar appearance to the outside of the house.
what is the best plank length for composite decking.composite decking usually comes in and ftplanks and railing or deck screws (for best results use screws specifically for composite material). here is a large list of approved composite decking manufacturers that you can planks are available in x dimensional boards in best kitchen flooring choices and lengths.
nanostructural organization of naturally occurring.this is the first report of a silica-chitin composite biomaterial found in rossella species. finally, the present work includes a discussion related to strategies for the practical application of silica-chitin-based composites as biomaterials. 1. introduction. this is the second paper on naturally occurring silica-based biocomposites of sponges origin.
naturally occurring composite highway guardrail.chapter 16 composite durability and aging in civil infrastructures chapter 16 composite , composite material behavior when subjected to the naturally occurring , projects for the use of composite materials for highway ,
preparation of zsm-5/mcm-41 composite using naturally.it was shown that the resulting zsm-5/mcm-41 composite possessed a well-ordered mesoporous mcm-41 phase and zsm-5 microporous phase. the composite was also compared with the mechanical mixture of zsm-5 and mcm-41 and the results showed that the structure of both materials was different.
examples of composite materials • innovative composite.examples of composite materials as the world-leader in composite manufacturing, ice uses a variety of composite materials to create high-quality, custom products of all shapes, sizes, and complexities.
properties of rigid-line inclusions as building blocks of.naturally occurring composites are known to favour shear stresses and use their staggered microstructures to transfer tensile loads into local shear stresses. rigid-line inclusions hinder transfer of a longitudinal load into areas close to their boundaries and generate significant longitudinal stresses under a transverse load.
composite materials science and engineering materials.the concise encyclopedia of composite materials provides a full and up-to-date account of composite materials, particularly fiber composites. the important mechanical properties of fiber composites are covered and discussed in the context of particulate composites and naturally occurring composite materials.
naturally occurring composite - environmentally friendly floor.a piece of wood is a composite, with long fibres of cellulose ( a very complex form of starch) that provide the strength, held together by a much.composite material - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. wood is a naturally occurring composite comprising cellulose fibres in a lignin and hemicellulose matrix. | https://www.lindeslane.com.au/deck3/11724-naturally-occurring-composite.html |
So far, you have developed a wide range of understanding and skills to assess families at risk. You have studied the behavior and attitudes of family members and have thought about stress, depression, value problems, and other personal issues. Your learning has included identifying specific signs of risk and seeing how they are experienced by family members. You now have a good feel for people, families, and their problems.
You also have learned about assessing how people get along. You are able to focus on relationships, communication, problem solving, and decision making. Additionally, you now know how to use some tools and shortcuts to determine the risk level for your family.
It is now time to bring your understanding and skills together. Here is an extended narrative of a family at risk. As you will see, the people in the narrative behave and reflect attitudes that are sometimes helpful and sometimes very risky. Your challenge is to identify the elements of risk, understand how bad outcomes follow from actions and events, and assess the risk for the family.
The narrative is divided into seven sections reflecting critical periods in the life of the family. The underlying events are true. This is the way it really happened. Many of the details and descriptions have been changed to protect the family's anonymity.
Were this a fictional family, all the motivations, events, and details would have been carefully crafted to answer all the reader's questions and to eliminate all gaps and inconsistencies. Real life is not so neat. You will need to use your developing insight and skills to fill in the gaps, understand the inconsistencies, and to somehow make sense of life in the real world.
You may want to skip the Risk Points sections your first time through the narrative. This will enable you to have the full picture in mind as you consider the points of risk.@ It also will facilitate your dynamic understanding. You will better see that a family is not static nor is it best understood as one event followed by another. Rather, your family grows and changes over time, with everything shaping and influencing everything. What happens today shapes tomorrow but also shapes your perception and understanding of what happened yesterday. In this sense, you never fully understand but have a dynamic understanding that shifts and changes over the years. | https://howtomatter.net/yfyf/yfyfp44.php |
Respect The Animals Famous Quotes & Sayings
List of top 57 famous quotes and sayings about respect the animals to read and share with friends on your Facebook, Twitter, blogs.
Top 57 Respect The Animals Quotes
#1. My mother taught me a lot about respect for all living things - for plants and animals. I am a vegetarian. I was brought up that way. - Author: David LaChapelle
#2. Recognize and respect Earth's beautiful systems of balance, between the presence of animals on land, the fish in the sea, birds in the air, mankind, water, air, and land. Most importantly there must always be awareness of the actions by people that can disturb this precious balance. - Author: Margaret Mead
#3. I am a vegan out of my love and respect for animals, as well as respect for myself. - Author: Davey Havok
#4. Why are we so concerned about whether other animals are like human beings or not? Because we are worried about whether we should consider them kinfolk of ours, relatives. If they are relatives of ours, then we should treat them with more respect than if they are not. - Author: Sydney M. Lamb
#5. I am fond of pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals. - Author: Winston S. Churchill
#6. My mother early on taught us to respect all animals, and I mean all animals - not just cats and dogs but rats and snakes and spiders and fish and wildlife, so I really grew up believing they are just like us and just as deserving of consideration. - Author: Joanna Lumley
#7. Having respect for animals makes us better humans.. - Author: Jane Goodall
#8. My respect and empathy towards animals includes sea dwellers too
from dolphins to fish to lobsters. So, of course, I wouldn't dream of eating them. - Author: Alexandra Paul
#9. The beliefs I was raised with - to respect animals and to be aware of nature, to understand that we share this planet with other creatures - have had a huge impact on me. - Author: Stella McCartney
#10. I'm always pushing for human responsibility. Given that chimpanzees and many other animals are sentient and sapient, then we should treat them with respect. - Author: Jane Goodall
#11. It was come as you are when visiting my blog, CiCI's Garden -otherwise what would be the point? Readers were welcomed to a virtual place where emotions were respected and affirmed, and encouragement was offered to those who longed to know that wounded hearts can heal - even if it takes a lifetime. - Author: EsthersChild
#12. PETA has a proven track record of success. Each victory PETA wins for the animals is a stepping stone upon which we build a more compassionate world for all beings - and we will never give up our fight until all animals are treated with respect and kindness. - Author: Bea Arthur
#13. This traditional woman grew up in a world where respect for the animals hunted was of paramount importance. A concept that, in many cases, differentiates the native from the non-native hunter. - Author: Ray Mears
#14. Steve Irwin did wonderful conservation work but I was uncomfortable about some of his stunts. Even if animals aren't aware that you are not treating them with respect, the viewers are. - Author: David Attenborough
#15. The man who has no self-respect, on the contrary, will imitate anybody and anything; sounds of nature and cries of animals alike; his whole performance will be imitation of gesture and voice. - Author: Plato
#16. I remember the evacuee children from towns and cities throwing stones at the farm animals. When we explained that if you did that you wouldn't have any milk, meat or eggs, they soon learned to respect the animals. - Author: Mary Wesley
#17. I respect animals. I have more sympathy for an injured or dead animal than I do for an injured or dead human being, because human beings participate and cooperate in their own undoing. Animals are completely innocent. There are no innocent human beings. - Author: George Carlin
#18. The animals possess a soul and men must love and feel solidarity with our smaller brethren. All animals are fruit of the creative action of the Holy Spirit and merit respect and they are as near to God as men are. - Author: Pope John Paul II
#19. Man is developed from an ovule, about 125th of an inch in diameter, which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals. - Author: Charles Darwin
#20. Even if only one person's respect for animals increases, then writing Talon would have been worthwhile. - Author: Christopher Gerard
#21. Those who wish to pet and baby wild animals "love" them. But those who respect their natures and wish to let them live normal lives, love them more. - Author: Edwin Way Teale
#22. Every living thing deserves our respect ... be it humble or proud, ugly or beautiful. - Author: Lloyd Alexander
#23. The same way he treats animals and other vulnerable individuals is the same way he'll relate to your feminine side. - Author: Nityananda Das
#24. I do love animals so much, and have a great respect for them emotionally and intellectually, because they are so different from human beings. - Author: Bryan Fuller
#25. We cannot talk with [animals] as we can with human beings, yet we can communicate with them on mental and emotional levels. They should, however, be accorded equality in that they should receive both compassion and respect; it is unworthy of us to exploit them in any way. - Author: Rebecca Hall
#26. In the Bhagavad-Gita, a book that I revere and respect, it's indicated that even women, along with animals, are capable of attaining enlightenment. - Author: Frederick Lenz
#27. All animals, including humans, have a right to lives of dignity and respect, without forced intrusions. - Author: Marc Bekoff
#28. Non-violence is more powerful than violence. Nature eliminates violent animals bit by bit. - Author: Amit Ray
#29. Animals need as much love and respect and care as we give people."
I consider this. I think about all the things I've seen and done, and I consider this.
"I think they're better off without that, baby," I say. "In fact I think they're doing okay. - Author: Bret Easton Ellis
#30. Compassion for humanity begins with compassion and respect for all beings. - Author: Jeffrey A. White
#31. Most Pagans are in agreement, treat yourself, others, animals and nature with respect. Just like many other religions the Pagan belief system often incorporates a desire to be a good person, kind, and understanding. There is no spread of hatred or violence. - Author: Ginger Valentine
#32. An appreciation of animals is good for a human, it can lead to a better understanding and respect for all living things. - Author: Henry Rollins
#33. My object will be, first, to show by what connections the history of the fossil bones of land animals is linked to the theory of the earth and why they have a particular importance in this respect. - Author: Georges Cuvier
#34. It goes without saying that the desire to accomplish the task with more confidence, to avoid wasting time and labour, and to spare our experimental animals as much as possible, made us strictly observe all the precautions taken by surgeons in respect to their patients. - Author: Ivan Pavlov
#35. Humanity's true moral test, its fundamental test, consists of its attitude towards those who are at its mercy: animals. And in this respect humankind has suffered a fundamental debacle, a debacle so fundamental that all others stem from it. - Author: Milan Kundera
#36. Above all, those to whom the care of young minds has been entrusted should see to it that they respect both the smallest and largest animals as beings which, like people, have been summoned to the joy of life ... - Author: Samson Raphael Hirsch
#37. Animals are not property or "things" but rather living organisms, subjects of a life, who are worthy of our compassion, respect, friendship, and support. - Author: Marc Bekoff
#38. PETA's campaign should be included in school curricula. If we can open children's hearts and minds to animals' needs, teach them to treat a dog or a chicken as if they feel fear and love and pain - as they do - then they will grow up to understand that we are all worthy of respect. - Author: Ingrid Newkirk
#39. Using love as a bait and replacing respect with ego-pampering makes you a skillful social animal; unfortunately, all kinds of animals are less evolved than human beings. Would you like to evolve? - Author: Saurabh Sharma
#40. Some Christians try to go to heaven alone, in solitude; but believers are not compared to bears, or lions, or other animals that wander alone; but those who belong to Christ are sheep in this respect, that they love to get together. Sheep go in flocks, and so do God's people. - Author: Charles Spurgeon
#41. Besides the respect of the lives of human beings, all the animals and plants should be on the list too. That is the real humanitarianism. - Author: Gautama Buddha
#42. Thus godlike sympathy grows and thrives and spreads far beyond the teachings of churches and schools, where too often the mean, blinding, loveless doctrine is taught that animals have no rights that we are bound to respect, and were only made for man, to be petted, spoiled, slaughtered or enslaved. - Author: John Muir
#43. This is my religion - we're all animals, perfect animals created in the infinite image and imagination of nature. It's a life not without pain and competition and suffering, but it can be a life of dignity and mutual respect. - Author: David Duchovny
#44. We should give the same respect to the lives of animals as we do to the lives of humans. - Author: Peter Singer
#45. We all love animals. Why do we call some "pets" and others "dinner? - Author: K.d. Lang
#46. Respect and affection for animals, particularly those who share our homes, recognize no geographic borders. - Author: Nick Clooney
#47. I'm even afraid of kittens. They bite too! But I respect animals. - Author: Rachel Zucker
#48. Well, I had an immense respect for Cirque du Soleil when I first say them in the '80s on a television show and just thought, you know, this group is really reinventing the circus, as you know. Because there wasn't three rings. There were no animals. - Author: Criss Angel
#49. Flidais nods in approval. "Respect for life. Good." | https://quotestats.com/topic/respect-the-animals-quotes/ |
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza was constructed as a regular pyramid with a square base. It was built with an approximate volume of 2,592,276 cubic meters and a height of 146.5 meters. What was the length of one side of its base, to the nearest meter?
a. 73
b. 77
c. 133
d. 230
2. The center of circle Q has coordinates (3, -2). If circle Q passes through R (7, 1), what is the length of its diameter?
a. 50
b. 25
c. 10
d. 5
Answers
Answer/////(1) 230m Answer/////(2) =10;/////////////
Only authorized users can leave an answer! | https://helptest.net/mathematics/51248/ |
As part of the security efficacy team, you will be responsible for ensuring the efficacy production services are running smoothly and optimally in production. You will create a build service monitoring dashboard and alerting tools to proactively identify production issues.
Job Responsibilities
Develop innovative ways to smartly measure, monitor & report service health
Build and develop monitoring tools and dashboards
Daily monitoring of service health and performance in production datacenters and generating trends and status reports.
Closely work with the engineering team to solve scalability and performance issues.
Preferred Qualifications
BS or MS in Computer Science or equivalent technical degree or related practical experience
Preferred Technical Skills
Experience in monitoring production services and systems
Good understanding of TCP/IP and Networking technologies
Excellent analytical, debugging & problem-solving skills.
Prior experience with Intrusion Prevention Systems and Firewalls is highly desired.
Experience with AWS, Azure, or GCP AND Cloud Technology (Docker, Kubernetes, Opensource technologies) is a plus.
Experience with linux shell operation, shell scripting.
A good understanding of security products like SWG, Web proxies, or cloud security solutions is a big plus. | https://www.techgig.com/jobs/IPS-Operation-Analyst/69156131 |
COVID-19 has forced a global emergency pivot to online learning, which has led to increased demand on both educators and learners, with a major impact on workloads, research careers, and mental health. Across the globe, academics complain of burnout, exhaustion, and lack of self-care. This has heightened the concern around the well-being of learners and staff (Czerniewicz et al, 2020; Imad, 2021) and has led to an increase in interest in approaches to teaching and learning that recognise the importance of care and compassion, such as humanising pedagogies (Pacansky-Brock, 2020); pedagogies of care (Bali, 2020) or trauma-informed approaches to pedagogy (Imad, 2021; SAMHSA, 2014; Costa, 2020).
Educators drawing on these approaches are concerned with their learners and their socio-emotional wellbeing. They see learning as happening when we learn in communities and when we feel we belong. Here the learning environment and the way we facilitate learning and community become as important as the course content. As Borkoski (2019) argues, “There is consensus in the literature about the benefits of a student’s sense of belonging. Researchers suggest that higher levels of belonging lead to increases in GPA, academic achievement, and motivation”
Designers often hear about “empathy”, “care”, “compassion”, “inclusive design”, and “trauma-informed” as part of their professional work. However, there is also a lack of consensus around the meanings thereof, or how accounting for them influences their learning design processes and outcomes. This contribution offers a critical engagement with these concepts, examining the relationships between these and their use in design models and approaches. We provide an alternative model that positions empathy and compassion along a continuum with design considerations that recognise and work with the power relationships between educators and learners to create opportunities for learner agency, participation, and empowerment. Our model draws from affect theory and is informed by perspectives on empathy, care, and compassion but is also underpinned by a social justice agenda. It involves choices and considerations that instructional designers or learning designers and educators make in their relationships with learners following a continuum of design approaches that exemplify the level of learner participation by designing to, for, with, by, and as learners (adapted from Wehipeihana, 2013).
In previous work (see for example Gachago et al, 2021), we have expanded the traditional instructional/learning design approach by integrating principles and activities from the design thinking literature to develop a learning design model that would put empathy at the centre of all design decisions.
Design thinking traditionally starts with developing a “persona”, which is a user archetype, visually represented, that helps to focus a design activity on a particular individual or user, in a specific context (Anvari & Richards, 2018; Van Zyl & De la Harpe, 2014). In this activity, participants are asked to imagine one typical learner in their class (this can be a real learner or a fictitious learner made up of many of the learners they have encountered in their teaching practice) and to describe this learner in detail (including demographic details, educational history, professional career, motivation, strengths, challenges and the like). It is important to give this person a name and to make them as authentic as possible. We use flip chart paper and whiteboard markers and participants present this persona to the rest of the group. Sometimes lecturers express their discomfort about “stereotyping” or “labelling” learners. We take care to address these concerns in a sensitive and empathetic manner (see Van Zyl & De la Harpe, 2014). The persona flip charts are pinned to the wall, serving as a constant reminder of the people we are designing with and for throughout the different stages of the learning design process. These personas can represent current learners and their challenges but also future learners, or graduate personas representing learners who have completed their course/qualification. This is a useful activity to unpack how graduate attributes can be integrated across curricula. However, we have also felt increasingly frustrated by two factors that seem to be implicit in learning design models drawing from design thinking.
- The assumptions about who learners are (as exemplified by the traditional persona activity, that many of our design processes start with), and designing a priori based on that, rather than in response to who the actual learners turn out to be, and how to create designs responsive to those different learners (and learners that might change with each iteration of a course)
- The use of empathy interviews and personas also does not question positionality or biases of the designers themselves when they conduct and interpret interviews and create and design for personas. Again, the choice of whom to interview, how to interpret this data, and how this impacts the development of personas is not impartial and is not the same as designing “with” the actual learners.
In this contribution, we are exploring what it would mean to replace empathy with compassion, which we see as more concerned with equity and justice, following educators writing about affect in the classroom such as Megan Boler (1999), and Michalinos Zembylas (2008; 2011). These authors argue that feeling empathy for the other is not enough, as it creates both distance (Boler, 1999) and a superficial understanding of difference (Zembylas, 2008). Rather, these authors call for a more critical engagement across difference, one that recognises the need to engage with difference both on a personal but also systemic level, emphasising a collective responsibility for the other, that motivates action. Elizabeth Segal (2007) defines this as going beyond the feeling-for or feeling-with an individual towards understanding the social and political structures of our society. This then is much more than “putting oneself in the other’s shoes,” but assumes responsibility for one’s own role in somebody else’s story. It creates urgency for practice, for action. This move from empathy to compassion is not an easy process and not always possible within contexts constrained by institutional requirements and limited resources.
We define compassion within the context of learning design along four dimensions: a desire to create more participative spaces, a recognition of power and positionality and how this affects our ability to participate, and finally a centreing of affect in the learning process. These three dimensions should then lead to a fourth dimension: the commitment to act towards more socially just learning design approaches, what we term praxis leaning on Paulo Freire’s work, who argues that we need both “reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it” (1970, p. 51).
In this chapter, we will first introduce the four dimensions that constitute our compassionate learning design model. The model is based on a desire for more participation, an understanding of positionality and power dynamics in the classroom, the importance of affect, and how care and our mutual responsibility for each other lead to action. We then provide examples of how these principles could work together in practice. We use the terms “educator” and “learners” in a sector agnostic way, inclusive of school and post-school teaching and learning settings. Drawing on notions of teaching as a design science (Laurillard, 2012) we also use the term “designers” to refer to educators and Instructional or Learning Designers.
Towards Compassionate Learning Design: The Praxis of Participation, Justice, and Care
How does this work on empathy and compassion in the classroom relate to our work in learning design? In particular in traumatic times as we have experienced over the last two years? We are deeply concerned with designing for social justice, and we see compassion as coming from a place of care, a sense of justice, a desire to empower through increased participation levels of learners, and a compulsion to act collectively to recognise and act upon the emotional and mental health challenges and social need within our community in a reciprocal manner. However, we are also acutely aware that we live in highly unequal contexts and that power dynamics rule our classrooms, our relationships with other educators and with learners, and the relationships of learners among each other. As Sarah Sentiles (2017) states, quoting Judith Butler: “We are bound by what differentiates us as unique and irreplaceable and by our responsibility to others we don’t understand. As Butler writes, ‘Your story is never my story.’ What’s required is staying in relationship, even when we can find no common ground. Especially when we can find no common ground” (para. 7). This is why Zembylas’ or Boler’s writings on compassion when listening to stories of trauma, while they write from different contexts (teacher education in Cyprus and Canada), are so useful for us to think through what compassionate learning design would look like.
Recognising that we are different from our learners, and they may be different from each other is an important starting point, as Sarah Sentiles (2017) reminds us: “The challenge is to learn to live with, and protect, what we can’t understand” (para. 6) It therefore seems essential not to assume that educators can fully know what learners want or need: “In the caring approach, we would prefer to advise: do unto others as they would have done unto them” (Noddings, 2012). Applied to education, we could say, “Do unto students as THEY would have done unto THEM” (Bali, 2021). But what does it mean to do to learners as they would want done unto them? How do we know what learners want done unto them, recognising our own positionality as educators in interpreting what learners need and how their needs might be addressed, and recognising the power dynamics among learners themselves?
We are influenced by several scholars who write on this. Firstly, Nancy Fraser (2005) developed the term “parity of participation”, ensuring that everyone has equal power of decision-making when they come to the table. It means that “all the relevant social actors […] participate as peers in social life” with an emphasis on the process involved “in fair and open processes of deliberation” (Fraser, 2005, p. 87). However, Fraser recognises that social injustice can occur across three dimensions: economic (access to resources), cultural (recognition), and political (representation). All three of these must be addressed in order for parity of participation to occur. Participation of “those who are intersectionally disadvantaged” is essential, along with recognition of their culture, “to ensure a more equitable distribution of design’s benefits and burdens; fair and meaningful participation in design decisions; and recognition of community-based design traditions, knowledge, and practices” (Costanza-Chock, 2018). However:
Our choices are deeply shaped by the structure of opportunities available to us so that a disadvantaged group comes to accept its status within the hierarchy as correct even when it involves a denial of opportunities… In turn, our agency and well-being are diminished rather than enhanced… Unequal social and political circumstances (both in matters of redistribution and recognition) lead to unequal chances and unequal capacities to choose. (Walker & Unterhalter, 2007, p. 6)
Therefore, simply creating a participatory space and inviting marginalised groups is unlikely to magically create equity, due to historical internalised and institutional oppressions. In order to achieve socially just participation, we must recognise that “justice needs care because justice requires the empathy of care in order to generate its principles” (White & Tronto, 2004, p. 427, citing Okin, 1990). We must also recognise variability in individuals’ capacities: “the notion that one model of care will work for everyone is absurd…humans vary in their abilities to give and receive care” (White & Tronto, 2004, p. 450). If we strive towards democratic care, we need to place ourselves in the positions of both caregivers and receivers:
[D]emocratic care requires switching perspectives and not just thinking about what we want. We need also to look at care from the standpoint of care-receivers, who will have different ideas about what kind of care they want or need to receive… In a “caring-with” democracy, we can set a goal of structuring institutions and practices so that each person’s individual preferences can be honored. (Tronto, 2015, p. 34)
Therefore our understanding of compassionate learning design has four dimensions:
- The desire to increase agency and participation of learners in their own learning process – PARTICIPATION
- An understanding of power and history and how that affects our ability to participate: our positionality and intersectionality and how they influence our critical pedagogy – JUSTICE
- A recognition of importance of affect and how that impacts learning: humanising, caring, and trauma-informed pedagogies – CARE
- The aforementioned dimensions resulting in a commitment to act, to take responsibility and move towards more socially just learning design – PRAXIS
Figure 2 shows the relationship between care as overarching principle, participation (parity) as process, and justice as a desired (even if never reached) goal—with praxis as the result of these intersecting elements.
Compassionate Learning Design as Participation, Justice, Care, and Praxis
Participation
“[R]adical pedagogy must insist that everyone’s presence is acknowledged…There must be an ongoing recognition that everyone influences the classroom dynamic, that everyone contributes” (bell hooks, 2014).
Humanising pedagogies draw from Paolo Freire (1970) and other critical pedagogues who describes humanising pedagogy as a revolutionary approach to teaching and learning that “ceases to be an instrument by which teachers can manipulate learner, but rather expresses the consciousness of the students themselves” (p. 51). Challenging the “banking system” of education, Freire advocates for learning that is based on problem-posing learning, dialogue, embodied learning, and democratic access to information to allow for transformative education. All of this needs the inclusion of learners in decision-making processes to create the space for dialogue and democrative education.
Wehipeihana’s (2013) model of Indigenous evaluation can be helpful in showing different approaches to participation. Her model is about Western evaluation with Indigenous groups, and the levels of doing so involve:
- TO: evaluation done TO indigenous group, Western experts know best, and this is the most harmful form of evaluation
- FOR: evaluation done FOR Indigenous groups but by Westerners, which is benevolent but patronizing
- WITH: done together but probably with Western ways of doing things. This is the first step towards participation
- BY: done by and led by Indigenous groups (representation) but possibly still using world views of the West or need to explain ways of doing things—i.e. bringing participants to a table where the table is already set
- AS: led by Indigenous people and also complete autonomy to do so with their worldview and not having to justify—i.e. participants design their own table
Inspired by this model, we adapt it to compassionate learning design: we replace the Westerner/Indigenous groups with Educator/Learners and start from a place of benevolence where the educator wishes to act empathetically, and moves towards learner participation where compassion lives. These different levels refer to their process of deciding how to do so. We work with considering the needs and interests of actual learners rather than fictitious personas, since personas can become “objectified assumptions [which] then guide product development to fit stereotyped but unvalidated user needs” (Costanza-Chock, 2018). We ask how our design decisions impact on who/what is included and excluded? We move along two axes of increasing learner agency (political representation and parity of participation as in Fraser’s work) in order to enhance learner empowerment and recognition (the cultural dimension of Fraser’s work). Our adapted model would be represented by Figure 3 and described as follows:
- TO: educator knows and anticipates what learners need and offers one solution they believe will alleviate suffering or enable learners to learn best. This comes from a place of care but does not involve learner participation; it assumes educator’s knowledge and expertise. More than anything, the educator prioritises the needs: they decide if the need for inclusion is paramount, or the need for economic security, or the need for something else, and because the educator has their own identity and positionality, they may not be fully aware of the spectrum of needs of learners, and which ones are a priority to tackle; they may make decisions about solutions that do not suit every learner.
- FOR: educator knows and anticipates what learners need, perhaps after asking them what they need via survey or asking in class, perhaps offering two solutions to choose from, thought of by the teacher independently without consulting with learners; it assumes educator has expertise. It is slightly better than the above because it involves some level of learner input, but again, the input from learners has to fit the boxes the educator has prioritised as important, and has decided can be open to some level of learner input, to the degree that the educator allows: learners make choices among options offered by the educator.
- WITH: educator and learners discuss needs and come up with a range of solutions together, but facilitated by the educator, probably within some institutionally-imposed restrictions. It involves nurturing learner agency, while maintaining overall power of setting parameters of negotiation in the hands of the educator. This can open the space for learners to bring in diverse needs and priorities not previously known to the educator, and to suggest strategies for addressing them not necessarily within the educator’s existing arsenal of possible solutions.
- BY: learners organise themselves (with light facilitation perhaps) to discuss their needs, suggest a range of solutions, usually coming up with solutions similar to ones used by facilitators in the past, and need approval of the educator in the end in order for their solutions to be “accepted” within the institution for a degree or a grade or accreditation.
- AS: learners organise themselves without constraints of facilitator or institution, and do not need to justify their worldview, approach or choices in the end. This is learner self-determination. This could occur within an educational institution in some extra-curricular experiences or in community engagement projects, or outside of formal education altogether.
The following dimensions are present throughout the process, and reflective praxis around these considerations helps to enable moving from educator-led to learner-generated and from empathetic to more compassionate learning designs. There may be institutional constraints on an educator’s ability to move towards more participatory levels in their practice, but it is important to enact as much empathy/compassion as possible within those constraints and to recognise the limitations within each level, while striving towards finding opportunities to enrich participation in areas where there is freedom to do so. Educators can also try to resist and advocate on an institutional level and form allyships for changing institutional policies and practices that go against caring, empathetic approaches, such as rigid grading policies.
Justice
Even as we move across these levels of self-determination of learners, we need to consider the unequal distribution of power between educators and learners and amongst learners themselves. We also need to question, to what extent, within formal educational contexts governed by institutional policies and external accreditation requirements, educators and learners can subvert and resist directives that reproduce injustice and reduce learner autonomy, as well as how historical constraints and oppressions have been internalised by some, and may influence their capacity to envision or express radical options. Moreover, as academic developers (or learning designers) supporting educators, we need to think of how encouraging and advocating for a compassionate design influences our process of working with educators who have different positionalities and teaching philosophies?
Is the role of the critical instructional/learning designer to advocate for particular pedagogical approaches based on their own values? Is their role to support educators implementing their own teaching philosophies? What if the educator’s teaching philosophy and approach goes against the values of compassionate design, if care and social justice are not at the forefront of their minds? What if they have internalised beliefs that compassion goes against rigour, or what if institutions discourage compassionate approaches? As bell hooks reminds us, “Teachers who care, who serve their students, are usually at odds with the environments wherein we teach” (bell hooks, 2003, p. 91).
In practice, this may mean that, for example, we find the following scenarios:
An educator in a university may not have control over learning outcomes as they are predetermined by their department, but they can for example work “with” learners to decide on a range of assessments that can be used to meet those outcomes, and the rubrics may be created “by” learners working together. Underlying this praxis should be values of compassion and social justice, such that learners working together strive towards equitable processes and outcomes for each other and not just for their own parochial interests or ones they naturally empathise with based on their intersectional identities and past experiences.
In another situation, an educator teaching a graduate course may have freedom to co-create learning outcomes “with” learners, possibly having different groups of learners having different outcomes, and have learners work independently to develop their own individual assessments and assessment criteria (“as”), with feedback from the class community, but without requiring educator approval.
In both of these models, the educators’ own positionality and intersectional identities and experiences of learners need to be considered, as any collaborative negotiation among learners is not inherently equitable, and learners unused to making choices and decisions are not necessarily well-prepared to participate in empowering ways (EquityXDesign, 2016). Sarah Sentiles writes: “The challenge is to learn to live with, and protect, what we can’t understand… For the theorist Judith Butler, the ethical surfaces not when we think we know the most about each other, but when we have the courage to recognize the limits of what we know. Like Levinas, she proposes an ethical system based on difference, on relationships with others unlike you” (2017).
Activities that could be included in learning design processes that would allow educators and learners to reflect on their positionality are, for example, co-creating empathy maps and persona activities, not only for learners but also educators. If one maps the actual, not imagined, learner personas and educator personas, one might be able to see where overlaps are but also where gaps in understanding could occur. Other examples are Meta-Empathy Maps, which consider not only individual circumstances, but also institutional and structural conditions, that either include or exclude learners (EquityXDesign, 2016). Enriching these design activities with storytelling spaces allows for lived experience to surface and for a deepening of relationships between educators and learners and learners among themselves. Also raising awareness of the challenges of working across differences in co-design spaces is important and there are useful guidelines for working with and across hierarchies. In general, creating spaces for pause, for meta reflection, for preparing and supporting collaboration alongside the collaboration itself is recommended if one desires to create spaces that are truly participatory (see for example Ngoasheng et al, 2019 or Bradshaw, 2017).
Care
“To teach in a manner that respects and cares for the souls of our students is essential if we are to provide the necessary conditions where learning can most deeply and intimately begin” (bell hooks, 2014).
Over the last year, approaches to teaching and learning that centre care and concerns for learners’ well being have gained traction. Michelle Pacansky-Brock (2020) for example developed four principles for a humanising online pedagogy, that prioritises and serves connection and a feeling of belonging, “the connective tissue between students, engagement, and rigor” (ibid, p. 2):
- Trust: As educators, it is our responsibility to intentionally cultivate learner trust, and one way to do it is by practising “selective vulnerability” (Hammond, 2014 cited in Pacansky-Brock, 2020) in the online communities we build with our learners. As examples she mentions choosing to share aspects of our life that portray us as a real person—telling stories about a personal struggle we worked through or recording a video while cooking dinner or walking our dog.
- Presence involves intentional efforts to construct our authentic self through brief, imperfect videos to ensure our learners know we are in this journey with them (Costa, 2020). Verbal and nonverbal cues add context to our communications, which is particularly important to support culturally diverse learners.
- Awareness is achieved by learning about who our learners are and how we can support them.
- Empathy requires us to slow down, see things through our learners’ eyes without judgement, be flexible, and support them towards their goals.
In similar fashion, Maha Bali (2020) advocates for a pedagogy of care, which allows us to get to know our learners and our learners to get to know us. This means making ourselves vulnerable, modelling sharing, so our learners become comfortable to share with us. As bell hooks suggests “empowerment cannot happen if we refuse to be vulnerable while encouraging learners to take risks.” Bali calls this a hospitable environment, where everyone is given the space to choose whether and how to share. She also emphasises the importance of empathy with learners, while understanding and recognising that one can never fully understand what the other is going through. In Bali’s model, educators enact relational care (Noddings, 2012) at various levels: At the course design/planning level, in habitual practices in the classroom, in the ways they respond to learners in the class environment, and finally, in their one-on-one interactions with learners. Crucial to this notion is combining both equity and care (Bali & Zamora, 2020; Bali & Zamora, 2022a), manifesting in “democratic care” (Tronto, 2015), “parity of participation” (Fraser, 2005) and/or “Intentionally Equitable Hospitality (Bali et al, 2019; Bali & Zamora, 2022b). Some elements of this need to occur at an institutional level, or else the burden of affective care will fall on a few individuals, and the care will be selective and only ameliorative, rather than systemic or transformative. Short-term examples of institutional care can be seen in the establishment of “meeting free weeks” or institutional leave days for all employees (including academics and support staff). An example with more longer-term impacts of this in practice is how the University of Michigan Dearborn helped resist the use of remote proctoring technologies that reproduce inequalities and increase learner anxiety (see Silverman et al, 2021). They recognized that asking all educators to change their exams into alternative assessments would be a heavy burden of labor hours, and so they hired human graders to help grade these more complex assessments, instead of asking educators to accept the additional workload. Another example (see Bali & Zamora, 2022a) would be institutional support for learners with disabilities, where an allyship between a center for disability services, IT accessibility support, and teaching faculty exists so that individual educators did not have to scramble to find solutions for teaching learners with hearing or visual disabilities on a case by case basis.
Trauma-informed approaches to pedagogy have been used in higher education by educators with neuroscience and trauma and resilience training such as Mays Imad (2021, 2020) and Karen Costa (2020). Both draw on the Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) definition of trauma and its six principles that guide a trauma-informed approach: safety, trustworthiness and transparency, peer support, collaboration and mutuality, empowerment and choice; and cultural, historical and gender issues. SAMHSA (2014) defines trauma as “an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on the individual’s functioning and physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being.”
Mays Imad (2020) brings the notion of trauma into a Higher Education space and argues that trauma-informed pedagogy involves awareness of learners’ past and present experiences, and how this impacts their well-being and ability to learn. Imad suggests that learning cannot happen when learners are dealing with trauma. She shows, from neuroscience research, how emotions influence learning. Therefore there needs to be space within the learning experience to engage and reflect on emotions. It is only “when our nervous system is calm, [that] we are able to engage socially, be productive, and process new information in order to continue to learn and grow—and to feel we are living meaningful and fulfilled lives” (p.2). She argues that in times of COVID-19, making space for engaging with trauma was particularly important, as both learners and staff experienced trauma, primary or secondary, which happens when learners and teachers witness each others’ trauma and transfer trauma to others. Experiences of trauma include sickness and loss of family and friends, loss of employment, or “just” the experience of month-long isolation and loss of contact.
From our experience, before the pandemic, educators in general saw concerns around mental health and learner well-being not necessarily as integral to their own classroom practice, but rather as something to be “outsourced” to the university counselling centre and something they had little control over—they neither felt that their classrooms were spaces that could contribute to learners’ anxiety or depression, nor as spaces that could help promote wellbeing of learners without necessarily becoming counselling or therapy sessions.
With the pandemic we started seeing more educators recognise trauma (our own and that of our learners) as part of their classroom practice and the recognition that how they design learning matters in terms of how to respond to this trauma, to ensure that learners feel safe, empowered and connected. We recognize that some disciplines lend themselves to more space for engaging emotions. However, checking in with learners about how they feel each day, being attuned to how we assign them work and how it makes them feel, and discussing how they feel when working on a difficult project are all practices that can happen in any course or any discipline. Educators can redesign their courses in ways that better enable learners to heal and succeed with the support of their community despite the trauma they experience.
Trauma-informed approaches aim at reducing uncertainty to foster a sense of safety, level communication to help forge trust, reaffirm or re-establish goals to create meaning, make intentional connections to cultivate community, and centre well-being and care. The word “trauma” has been used in a more collective sense as well in the pandemic context as a shared traumatic experience, given diverse positionalities we know that individuals have been affected differently.
Commitment to praxis (reflection and action)
Once these three dimensions (participation, justice, and care) are in place, we believe that the fourth dimension comes to play, i.e. where educators can commit to action, in our case to a more socially just learning design. Table 1 integrates Weihipehana’s participation model with our elements of compassion learning design, to allow us to think through the various stages of participation, justice, and care. We are thinking through important questions or design considerations, such as who is the individual (or group) making key decisions, who has final approval power, what kind of conditions are conducive to this level, and examples for that level of participation and how justice and care would appear in each of them. This is thinking-in-process and we would appreciate feedback and further development by readers.
|PARTICIPATION|
|TO||FOR||WITH||BY||AS|
|Who takes decisions?||Educator takes design decisions based on anticipation / experiences from previous learners / courses (ie through a persona activity)||Educator takes decisions based on what is known from preliminary knowledge from actual learners (ie through surveys / focus groups))||Educator and learner take decisions together, facilitated by educator who sets constraints what possible (ie in a co-design process)||Learners take decisions with participation by lecturer, but are in charge, lecturer sets some constraints (student as partners)||Learners take decisions, process led by learners, educators not necessarily involved/do not approve (student-led designs)|
|Approval||Educator||Educator
|
and
Learners
|Educator
|
and
Learners
|Learners
|
and
Educator
|Learners|
|Conditions||Educator constrained by institutional requirements, such as set curricula, accreditation requirements, unified assessments etc.||Educator constrained by institutional requirements, such as set curricula, accreditation requirements, unified assessments etc but educator has some agency in terms of setting teaching and learning activities, assessments etc.||Certain amount of flexibility and agency for educator to set parameters, such as learning objectives, curricula, T&L activities, assessments||High level of flexibility and agency for educator to set parameters, such as learning objectives, curricula, T&L activities, assessments||Complete freedom, learning happens outside institutional constraints|
|JUSTICE|
|TO||FOR||WITH||BY||AS|
|Little reflection on power and hierarchies||Some reflection as educator responds to learners’ feedback.||Reflection on power and hierarchies and how this affects collaboration between educator and learners is critical. Need for a parallel process to reflect on how power affects on participation.||Reflection on power and hierarchies and how this affects collaboration between educator and learners is critical. Need for a parallel process to reflect on how power affects on participation||Focus on reflection on how power dynamics affect relationships between learners themselves. Educator’s role is to lay the foundations for this but not be involved in the actual decisions|
|CARE|
|TO||FOR||WITH||BY||AS|
|Educator decides what learners may need and anticipates ways to care||Educator surveys learners, and this informs options the educator offers learners||Educator and learners openly discuss care needs and rights, and options||Learners drive the process to establish and implement strategies for care, educators approves, experiences of trauma integrated into curriculum||Learners establish strategies for caring for each other, experiences of trauma become the curriculum|
|PRAXIS (EXAMPLES)|
|TO||FOR||WITH||BY||AS|
|Multisection mathematics course, unified assessments/ curriculum, but educator takes account of of previous learner’ struggles/needs and creates flexible deadlines and culturally relevant examples and authentic assessments (all educator pre-defined)||Multisection business course, but educator has some leeway over assessments but not learning outcomes. Surveys learners at the beginning of the semester and selects options of assessment based on learner interests and needs. Educator pre-defines different options and negotiates some deadlines and such with learners.||Elective course where educator has freedom over learning outcomes and assessments Educator always in negotiation with learners over learning outcomes and assessments BUT educator sets the “rules for engagement”, facilitates the discussion, and makes final decisions. Educator can negotiate grading criteria and grades with learners, but ultimately holds power over final grades||Co-curricular community-based learning course with an educator as “advisor” but learners lead in terms of where to go, what to do, how to do it. Learners decide on grading criteria, but an educator still officially sets a grade||Extracurricular activity, completely learner-led
|
Community engagement / Adult Education settings.
Educators not involved in assigning a “grade” at all
Table 1: Participation levels across Weihipehana’s (2013) model adapted for compassionate learning design
Conclusion
Compassionate learning design involves reflection of and attention to who makes choices in teaching and learning and the implications thereof. We argue that considering the intersecting dimensions of participation, justice, care, and praxis provides a helpful approach to learning design that is both compassionate and critical. In addition to contextual factors that constrain participation levels, designing for learner positionalities is a practice that educators, IDs/LDs, and co-designers of learning opportunities often do not fully understand. Also better understanding one’s own positionality and how this drives particular designs over others is important. When designing in times of uncertainty and flexibility, we believe that educators and learners need to be conscious of intentionality and agility around cultivating compassion. We encourage readers to see this as a developmental and social process that is forever changing as you collaborate with fellow educators, IDs/LDs, and learners and grow your praxis over time.
References
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Bali, M., Caines, A., Hogues, R., Dewaard, H. & Christian, F. (2019). Intentionally equitable hospitality in hybrid video dialogue: The context of virtually connecting. eLearn Magazine. Retrieved March 29, 2022 from https://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=3331173
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Chilblains are a medical condition that affect both the body and the mind of the affected individual. It is caused by the cold which leads to blood circulation problems in the body’s extremities. This pathology comes in various forms that include oedemas, sensations of acute pain and the formation of crevasses and vesicles on the skin.
Chilblains are an affection caused by the cold that affects certain individuals whose body is unable to withstand low temperatures. Persons at risk are mainly women and children given that they are frequently exposed to a wet and humid environment. The risk is even greater when an individual is already subject to blood circulation problems. The areas of the body that are most affected are the fingers and toes although, in general, it is the extremities that are affected (hands, feet, nose and ears). This condition usually manifests itself through sharp, shooting pain that feels like stinging needles. Actually, it is a decrease in blood flow and a defective veinous return that are responsible for the pain.
Chilblains first manifest themselves through red blotches appearing on the affected body part, followed by a certain degree of muscle stiffness and loss of sensitivity. Oedemas can also appear on the fingers and toes. Thick patches also start to cover up the skin on the body’s extremities, which become cold and painful. They may be even more painful once they start to warm up. Sometimes, the fingers or toes may crack and ulcers or blisters may appear, which results in shooting pain that often lasts for a very long time. This pain is caused by the vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the affected body part and it is because they are not sufficiently supplied in blood that theycause painful sensations.
To relieve the pain caused by chilblains, the affected body parts need to be progressively warmed up, in 30°C (86°F) water for example. Lesions that affect the skin through red patches or other deformations are not irreversible although, if left untreated, the affected areas remain sensitive to the cold. You need to proceed to treatments according to the symptoms present and that can relieve the pain in a relatively short period of time. As an example, Arsenicum album 4 or 5 CH is suitable for burns that are relieved by heat and 3 doses of this remedy should be taken daily. Regarding Nitricum acidum, its use is recommended for lesions accompanied by cracking skin and bleeding. Ramunculus bulbosus 4 to 5 CH can be taken 3 times a day to deal with pain worsened by cold and damp weather. Localized treatment can also be undertaken by resorting to Agaricus 4% ointment, which needs to be applied on the affected areas 2 to 3 times a day. For preventive treatment in winter, take a dose of Agaricus muscarius 9 CH or a dose of Secale cornutum 9 CH, a dose consisting of 5 granules, and requiring daily intake.
It is mandatory to consult a doctor when blisters filled with a whitish or blackish liquid start to form, when regular doses of painkillers are ineffective or when a heightened sensibility to the cold lasts several weeks. Other manifestations should not be neglected either. For example, if loss of sensitivity affects the injured body part of if a change in pigmentation occurs, one needs to seek medical attention from a health professional.
• Agaricus Muscarius
• Arsenicum Album
• Nitricum Acidum
• Ranunculus Bulbosus
• Secale Cornutum
Good to know: Today, homoeopathy has several available products and processes that can be used to fight against chilblains. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) is an excellent anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant homoeopathic remedy that increases one’s resistance to the cold and fatigue. | http://www.homeopathyguide.net/pathologies/chilblains/ |
The word depression is used to describe various and sometimes overlapping experiences. To many people being depressed means feeling sad, ‘blue’, downhearted, disappointed, detached or upset. However, a person can feel all these emotions without being ‘clinically’ depressed. Feelings of sadness or the ‘blues’ are generally brief and have slight effects on normal functioning.
Clinical depression is an emotional, physical and cognitive (thinking) state that is intense and long-lasting and has more negative effects on a person’s day-to-day life. Approximately one in five people will experience an episode of clinical depression in their lifetime.
It is also important to distinguish depression from the sadness we naturally experience after loss, such as during bereavement. Although the grief associated with loss is often intense and long lasting, such emotions are a healthy response to loss and allow people to adjust to their new life circumstances. Depression on the other hand, can have significant and detrimental effects on many aspects of a person’s life. It is generally important to consider what is causing and maintaining the depression for improvement to take place. This may involve a person approaching life stresses or relationships differently, making lifestyle changes, regaining selfesteem or reconnecting with his or her values.
Finally, it is helpful for depressed people to understand what depression is and isn’t. It is not something to be ashamed of or to feel guilty about. It is not a character flaw or a sign of weakness, or a lack in discipline or personal strength. It is not just a ‘mood’ that someone can snap out of’. Most importantly, depression is not permanent – that is, the chances for recovery are very good. A number of psychological and pharmacological treatments (antidepressant medication) are effective, affordable and readily available.
The causes of depression are often not due to one factor but are likely to be the result of a number of inter-related factors. Factors that may play a role in the development of depression are listed below.
Hereditary
There is evidence that some people have a genetic predisposition to developing depression. Having a family history of depression does not mean that a person will necessarily develop depression, but it does mean that the risk of developing depression can be higher than if there is no family history. There are usually other situational factors involved such as a stressful life event or chronic illness that may act as a trigger for the onset of a depressive episode.
Biochemical
People who are depressed demonstrate abnormal functioning of some chemicals in the brain. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring chemicals that send signals from one part of the brain to the next. In people who are depressed the mood-regulating neurotransmitters do not function normally, which interferes with signals sent to the brain and causes mood to be affected.
Stress
Stressful life events can act as a trigger for depression. While most people will experience some level of depressed mood following a stressful event such as a relationship break-up, this often reduces over time. However, for some people the depressed mood will persist and lead to clinical depression. There is evidence that life events that put a person at a higher risk for depression are those that impact on the person’s self-esteem, such as experiencing a relationship breakdown or a financial or job loss.
Personality
Some personality types are more likely to develop depression. There is evidence that people who experience high anxiety levels, are very sensitive to criticism, or have a perfectionist personality have a higher risk of developing depression.
Loss of interest in pleasurable activities and daily routine
People who experience depression are often unable to complete daily tasks and do not enjoy activities they previously took pleasure in. They miss out on positive experiences associated with a sense of achievement and on the pleasure derived from completing daily tasks. The people around them may also suffer as a result.
Worrying and negative thinking
People with depression often worry about the future and have negative thoughts about themselves and their circumstances. These thinking patterns are very unhelpful in that they reduce a person’s ability to focus on recovery and tend to increase their vulnerability to other unhealthy emotions and behaviours.
Irritability, agitation and fatigue
People with depression often experience irritability and agitation, and may complain of exhaustion. Sometimes they feel frustrated with their rate of recovery or the level of support available and annoyed that they don’t have the energy to do anything. They may become more easily upset with those around them. Irritability, agitation and fatigue are often made worse by changes in sleeping patterns and other symptoms associated with depression, such as negative thinking.
Changes in sleeping patterns
Changes in sleeping patterns (either sleeping too much or having trouble sleeping) are common in individuals experiencing depression. Disruptive sleeping patterns can make a person feel worse and make routine communication and activities seem overly difficult and frustrating.
Hopelessness
People who are depressed usually feel trapped or hopeless about their situation, and suicidal thoughts and feelings are commonly experienced. When their mood lifts these feelings are replaced with a more positive perspective and options for the future.
There are two major forms of treatment for depression that may be used individually or in combination, depending on the type of depression.
Psychological treatments
Psychological treatments for depression provide a supportive environment for a person to work through difficulties. Psychologists help by providing skills and strategies to change negative thinking patterns and behaviours that contribute to depression and to lessen underlying sensitivity to future episodes of depression. There are a number of psychological treatments that have research evidence supporting their effectiveness.
Antidepressant medications
One defining aspect of clinical depression is a change in the balance of chemicals in the brain that impact on mood. When some specific chemicals in the brain are very low or lacking, this can contribute to feelings of low mood, sadness and fatigue. Antidepressant medications are drugs that help restore the brain’s chemical balance to improve mood.
Combination treatments
For some types of depression, particularly more severe depression, a combination of both antidepressant medication and psychological treatment has been shown to be most helpful. Antidepressant medication helps change a person’s mood and increases their responsiveness to psychological treatment. The psychological treatment provides support and strategies to change depressed thinking and behaviour, and improves long-term coping skills to minimise future relapse. Your general practitioner will be able to provide you with more information on these treatment options.
Loss of interest in pleasurable activities and daily routine
There is evidence to show that increasing activity levels and participating in pleasurable experiences can help reduce depressive symptoms. The following points provide guidelines for increasing pleasurable activities and the sense of accomplishment you experience.
· Make a list of activities you need to complete as well as some that you find (or used to find) enjoyable. Make sure you write down as many activities as you can. Remember to also list activities that are only marginally enjoyable.
· Plan to take part in an activity each day. Activities should be achievable and should provide a sense of accomplishment when completed. Include enjoyable activities and try to increase the amount of time each day available for these.
· Think about what you have accomplished once you have completed a daily task. When participating in pleasurable activities, think about their enjoyable aspects. Talk to others about activities they enjoy and reflect on positive experiences.
· Remember that during a depressive episode you often lack motivation to work through daily routines and things you enjoyed previously may not seem as enjoyable. Focus on the positive, no matter how small, and remember that as you recover, the enjoyment you experience will increase.
Worrying and negative thinking
Changing negative thinking patterns and reducing worry is not as easy as it may seem. This is an area where people often require the assistance of a psychologist or other mental health professional. Below are some suggestions for learning to control worry and reduce negative thinking.
· Take time to think about how realistic your negative thoughts are. Try to find some different and more helpful thoughts and explanations for circumstances. Write down some of these more helpful ways of thinking.
· Avoid excessively discussing negative thoughts and feelings with colleagues, family or friends. Instead, try to focus on positive aspects of situations. Negative thinking and dwelling on negative topics will not help you feel better.
· Keep yourself busy and your mind focused on tasks. Avoid unstructured time where you have nothing planned, as your mind may wander and dwell on negative themes.
· Try to think positively. There are many things you can do to address the cognitive (thinking) component of depression. These include: making a list of your skills,
talents, and achievements; identifying the three most beautiful things in your environment; reminiscing about a time when you were really happy, successful or content.
· Set aside a daily “worry time” of 15 minutes when you do nothing but ruminate about your problems. Once this time is finished, leave all your concerns behind and begin working on thinking more positive thoughts. If during the day you begin to focus on your worries, remind yourself that there is a designated time for this and move your thoughts away from your problems. After some time of practising this, people often complain that they have difficulty filling 15 minutes with their worries.
· Keep a journal of your thoughts. Identify negative and unhelpful thoughts and try to correct them.
· Do not make any major life decisions, such as quitting your job or breaking up a relationship, while depressed. Remember, you may not be seeing yourself, the world, or the future in a clear way when you are depressed.
Irritability, agitation and fatigue
Being irritable or agitated is a normal part of depression. It is important that people close to you are aware of this so that they can be more patient and understanding, rather than annoyed and unsupportive. Below are some tips to help you deal with irritability and agitation.
· Make sure you take the time to educate and advise key support people, such as close friends, family and colleagues, of what you are going through. Help them to understand that if you appear irritable or agitated it is not because you are unhappy with them, but rather because you are recovering from depression. Thank them for
their support and provide feedback on how they can best continue to support you.
· When you are feeling irritable or agitated, stop and settle yourself down. Ask yourself what is driving your emotions. If it is negative thinking, then use strategies outlined previously to tackle negative thoughts. If you are tired, pace out your workload to allow for this. If you feel unmotivated, try and incorporate some enjoyable activities into your schedule.
· Practise regular relaxation and meditation activities and organise regular times to talk with a support person about how you are coping and implementing new coping skills. By taking time out to relax regularly and to communicate with supportive people, you greatly reduce the impact of potentially irritating and frustrating experiences.
· Be as active as possible despite fatigue. Try to schedule activities to fill up the spare hours of the day. Activities may include exercise, social interaction or even routine household chores. If activity seems impossible, try to force yourself to do three things each day, such as getting out of bed, getting changed out of your pyjamas and
brushing your hair. Even the smallest amount of activity is better than no activity at all.
Changes in sleeping patterns
Regular healthy sleeping patterns are extremely important for people recovering from depression. Listed below are a few key points to assist you in establishing healthy sleeping patterns.
· Make sure you get up around the same time every morning regardless of how tired you feel.
· Avoid sleeping during the day or taking naps in the early evening.
· Reduce tea and coffee intake to a maximum of four cups per day and do not have any tea or coffee after 4pm.
· If you wake up during the night, do not lie in bed trying to sleep for more than 30 minutes at a time. Get up, go to another room and engage in a relaxing activity, such as reading, listening to music or a relaxation exercise. When you feel sleepy, return to bed and sleep.
Hopelessness
If you feel that your situation is hopeless and particularly if suicidal thoughts are present, it is essential to seek help and to speak to someone about how you are feeling.
· Speak to someone you trust who you know will listen and try to understand how you are feeling. It is important to be honest with this person about any plans you might have to harm yourself. It is in your best interests to allow them to protect you.
· As much as possible, spend time with others so that you are not alone.
· Call a crisis line or seek help from a mental health professional.
· If urges to act out the suicidal thoughts become overwhelming, a brief stay in an inpatient clinic might be extremely beneficial.
· Remember that these feelings will pass.
To read more about depression, go to the following websites or phone the listed services:
· beyondblue Australia
www.beyondblue.org.au
Phone: 1300 22 4636
· Black Dog Institute
www.blackdoginstitute.org.au
Phone: (02) 9382 4523
Anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling of fear or impending disaster and reflects the thoughts and bodily reactions a person has when they are presented with an event or situation that they cannot manage or undertake successfully. When a person is experiencing anxiety their thoughts are actively assessing the situation, sometimes even automatically and outside of conscious attention, and developing predictions of how well they will cope based on past experiences.
Although some anxiety is a normal response to a stressful situation, when the anxiety level is too high a person may not come up with an effective way of managing the stressful or threatening situation. They might “freeze”, avoid the situation, or even fear they may do something that is out of character.
Anxiety generally causes people to experience the following responses:
An intense physical response due to arousal of the nervous system leading to physical symptoms such as a racing heartbeat.
A cognitive response which refers to thoughts about the situation and the person’s ability to cope with it. For someone experiencing high anxiety this often means interpreting situations negatively and having unhelpful thoughts such as “This is really bad” or “I can’t cope with this”.
A behavioural response which may include avoidance or uncharacteristic behaviour including aggression, restlessness or irrational behaviour such as repeated checking.
An emotional response reflecting the high level of distress the person is experiencing.
There is no one cause of high anxiety. Rather, there are a number of factors that may contribute to the development of anxious thoughts and behaviour. Some causes of anxiety are listed below.
Hereditary factors
Research has shown that some people with a family history of anxiety are more likely (though not always) to also experience anxiety.
Biochemical factors
Research suggests that people who experience a high level of anxiety may have an imbalance of chemicals in the brain that regulate feelings and physical reactions. Medication that helps to correct this imbalance can relieve some symptoms of anxiety in some people.
Life experiences
Certain life experiences can make people more susceptible to anxiety. Events such as a family break-up, abuse, ongoing bullying at school, and workplace conflict can be stress factors that challenge a person’s coping resources and leave them vulnerable to experiencing anxiety.
Personality style
Certain personality types are more at risk of high anxiety than others. People who have a tendency to be shy, have low self-esteem, and a poor capacity to cope are more likely to experience high levels of anxiety.
Thinking styles
Certain thinking styles make people more at risk of high anxiety than others. For instance, people who are perfectionistic or expect to be in constant control of their emotions are more at risk of worrying when they feel stress.
Behavioural styles
Certain ways of behaving also place people at risk of maintaining high anxiety. For instance, people who are avoidant are not likely to learn ways of handling stressful situations, fears and high anxiety.
Confusion
Trembling
Sweating
Faintness/dizziness
Rapid heartbeat
Difficulty breathing
Upset stomach or nausea
Restlessness
Avoidance behaviour
Irritability
Psychological treatment, particularly cognitive-behaviour therapy, has been found to be very effective in the treatment of anxiety. Cognitive behaviour therapy is made up of two components. The first component, cognitive therapy, is one of the most common and well supported treatments for anxiety. It is based on the idea that a person’s thoughts in response to an event or situation causes the difficult feelings and behaviours (i.e., it is often not an event that causes distress but a person’s interpretation of that event). The aim of cognitive therapy is to help people to identify unhelpful beliefs and thought patterns, which are often automatic, negative and irrational, and replace them with more positive and helpful ways of thinking. The second component of cognitive-behaviour therapy involves assistance with changing behaviours that are associated with anxiety, such as avoidance or restlessness. These may be dealt with through learning relaxation techniques and through changes in the way that certain situations are handled.
Other treatments used to address anxiety include medication and making lifestyle changes such as increasing exercise, reducing caffeine and other dietary changes.
Your general practitioner or psychologist will be able to provide you with more information on these treatment options.
Identification of stress and trigger factors
The first step in managing anxiety is to identify the specific situations that are making you stressed or anxious and when you are having trouble coping. One way to do this is to keep a diary of symptoms and what is happening when anxiety occurs. It is also helpful to identify any worrying thoughts as this can lead to finding ways to solve the specific problem that is of concern.
People tend to have a greater ability to manage stressful events than they sometimes realise. Once you have identified a specific situation that is causing the anxiety, problem-solving is a useful technique to help resolve anxiety by addressing the problem. Structured problem solving involves the following steps:
Identify the problem. When you have identified the situations that are contributing to your anxiety, write down the problem and be very specific in your description, including what is happening, where, how, with whom, why, and what you would like to change.
Come up with as many options as possible for solving the problem, and consider the likely chances that these will help you overcome your problem.
Select your preferred option.
Develop a plan for how to try out the option selected and then carry it out.
If this option does not solve the problem remember that there are other options to try.
Go back to the list and select your next preferred option.
Breathing exercises
When people feel anxious they often breathe more rapidly. This rapid breathing can lead to many of the unpleasant feelings such as light-headedness and confusion that may be experienced when anxious. Learning a breathing technique to slow down breathing can often relieve symptoms and help a person to think more clearly. The following simple breathing technique can slow down breathing and reduce symptoms of anxiety. You should begin by timing your breathing and then complete the following steps.
Breathe in through your nose to the count of three (3 seconds) and say to yourself: “IN, TWO, THREE”.
Breathe out through your nose, again counting to three, and say to yourself: “RELAX, TWO, THREE”.
Keep repeating this for two to three minutes, and then time your breathing.
This breathing technique can be used to slow down breathing whenever a person feels anxious and can be done anywhere without anyone else noticing.
Relaxation techniques
People who feel anxious most of the time report that they have trouble relaxing. Knowing how to release muscle tension is an important anxiety treatment. Relaxing can bring about a general feeling of calm, both physically and mentally. Learning a relaxation technique and practising it regularly can help a person to maintain a manageable level of anxiety. A psychologist or other health professional can teach you relaxation techniques or they can be self-taught by using books or CDs that guide you through the steps.
Thought management
Thought management exercises are useful when a person is troubled by ongoing or recurring distressing thoughts. There is a range of thought management techniques. For instance, gentle distraction using pleasant thoughts can help take attention away from unpleasant thoughts. Alternatively, one can learn ‘mindfulness techniques’ to redirect attention from negative thinking. A simple technique is ‘thought replacement’ or using coping statements. Develop a set of statements that will counteract worrying thoughts (e.g., “This is difficult but I have been through it before and have got through it okay”, “Hang in there, this will not last much longer”).
Substitute one of the reassuring or coping statements for the troubling thought. The choice of thought management technique will depend on the type of anxiety problem. A psychologist can help you decide on thought management strategies that are likely to be most helpful.
Lifestyle changes
Plan to take part in a pleasant activity each day. This doesn’t have to be something big or expensive as long as it is enjoyable and provides something to look forward to that will take your mind off your worries.
Increase exercise. Regular exercise will help to reduce anxiety by providing an outlet to let off stress that has been built up in your body.
Reduce caffeine intake.
Caffeine is a stimulant and one of its side-effects is to keep us feeling alert and awake. It also produces the same physiological arousal response that is triggered when we are subjected to stress. Too much coffee will keep us tense, and aroused, leaving us more vulnerable to anxiety.
Reduce alcohol intake. Alcohol is frequently used to help deal with stress, anxiety and depression. However, too much alcohol leaves us more vulnerable to anxiety and depression.
Improve time-management skills. Having a busy lifestyle can add daily pressure to your life and serve to increase stress and anxiety. Much of this stress may be associated with poor time management. Plan and schedule time throughout the day but be prepared to be flexible. Ensure to plan some rest time and some leisure activities and be realistic about time limitations, not scheduling too much into the day.
For some people the feeling of high anxiety can become severe and interfere with their functioning, making it difficulty for them to cope with normal daily demands. If this high anxiety persists over a long period of time an anxiety disorder may be diagnosed. Almost 30 per cent of the population will experience some form of anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. A range of anxiety disorders can be diagnosed depending on the symptoms experienced. People with an anxiety problem can frequently experience a number of specific anxiety disorders at the same time. If a person is concerned about having an anxiety disorder it is important to seek professional help to determine the best form of treatment to manage the anxiety.
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
This disorder involves persistent and excessive worry, often about daily situations like work, family or health, with associated physical symptoms. This worry can be difficult to control, leading to problems in concentration, restlessness and difficulty sleeping.
Specific phobia
People with a specific phobia experience extreme anxiety and fear if exposed to a particular feared object or situation. Common phobias include fear of flying, spiders and other animals, heights or small spaces.
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder occurs when a person has sudden surges of overwhelming fear that come without warning. These panic attacks often only last a few minutes, but repeated episodes may continue to occur.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
In OCD a person has repeated, upsettingthoughts called obsessions (e.g., “there are germs everywhere”). To make these thoughts go away, the person will often perform certain behaviours, called compulsions, over and over again (e.g., repeated hand washing). These compulsions can take over a person’s life and while people with OCD usually know that their obsessions and compulsions are an over-reaction, they can’t stop them.
Social Anxiety Disorder
In Social Anxiety Disorder the person has severe anxiety about being criticised or negatively evaluated by others. This leads to the person avoiding social events and being afraid of doing something that leads to embarrassment or humiliation.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD can occur after exposure to a frightening and traumatic event. People with PTSD re-experience the traumatic event through memories and/or dreams, they tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event, and are extremely sensitive to normal life experiences that are associated with the event.
Anger is a normal human emotion and when it is managed properly it is not a problem. Everyone gets angry, and mild anger can sometimes be useful to express strong feelings and deal with situations.
However, if anger is expressed in harmful ways, or persists over a long period of time, then it can lead to problems in relationships at home and at work and can affect the overall quality of your life. This Tip Sheet can help you understand anger and learn better ways to handle and express it.
Anger may be related to other problems such as an injury to the brain, or drug or alcohol use. It is important to get professional help for these problems.
Anger is an emotion that can range from mild annoyance to intense rage. It is a feeling that is accompanied by biological changes in your body. When you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure rise and stress hormones are released. This can cause you to shake, become hot and sweaty and feel out of control.
When people have angry feelings, they often behave in angry ways too. Angry behaviours include yelling, throwing things, criticising, ignoring, storming out and sometimes withdrawing and doing nothing.
Anger can often lead to violence if not properly controlled and some people use anger as an excuse for being abusive towards others. Violence and abusive behaviour gives someone power and control over another person usually through creating fear.
Anger is often associated with frustration – things don’t always happen the way we want and people don’t always behave the way we think they should. Anger is usually linked with other negative emotions or is a response to them. You may be feeling hurt, frightened, disappointed, worried, embarrassed or frustrated, but may express these sorts of feelings as anger. Anger can also result from misunderstandings or poor communication between people.
Men and women often, but not always, manage and express anger in different ways. With men, anger may be the primary emotion, as many men believe that anger is a more legitimate emotion to express in a situation. Often men find it harder to express the feelings underneath the anger, like hurt, sadness or grief. For women the reverse may often be true – the anger gets buried under tears.
Anger becomes a problem when it creates trouble for you with other people, your work, your health, day-to-day living or the law. Anger is also a problem when other people around you are frightened, hurt or feel they cannot talk to you or disagree with you in case you become angry.
Some signs that anger is a problem are outlined here.
Anger involves verbal, emotional, physical or psychological abuse.
You feel angry a lot of the time.
People close to you are worried about your anger.
Anger is leading to problems with personal relationships and work.
You think you have to get angry to get what you want.
Anger seems to get bigger than the event that set it off.
Anger lasts for a long time, and well after the triggering event has passed.
Anger affects other situations not related to the original event.
You are becoming anxious or depressed about your anger.
You are using alcohol or other drugs to try to manage your anger.
You are getting angry with the people who are closest to you, or with people who are less powerful than you, rather than dealing with the situation that sparked off your anger in the first place.
Anger is not usually a good solution to problems, even if it seems helpful in the short term. Unmanaged anger creates problems – sometimes for you and often for others around you. People with poor anger management are more likely to have problems with personal relationships or work, verbal and physical fights and/or damaged property.
They can also experience anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, psychosomatic illnesses and problems with alcohol or drugs. It is important to manage anger before it leads to other serious problems.
Some people used to believe that venting anger was beneficial. Researchers have now found that ‘letting it rip’ actually escalates anger and aggression and does nothing to resolve the situation.
On the other hand, sitting on your anger and not expressing it may lead to the pressure cooker experience that many people are familiar with.
Expressing some feelings of anger in a controlled way, rather than bottling it up, gives you an opportunity to release some of your underlying feelings, so that you can start to tackle the issues that are making you angry.
Anger management is about understanding your anger and why it happens. It is about learning and practising better ways of expressing anger, and knowing how to prevent it from occurring in the first place.
Specifically, anger management is about knowing the triggers and early warning signs of anger, and learning techniques to calm down and manage the situation before it gets out of control.
Identify triggers and warning signs of anger
The first step in being able to manage your anger is to recognise the situations that make you angry and identify your body’s warning signs of anger.
List things that can trigger your anger
Make a list of the things that often set off your anger (for example, running late for an appointment and not being able to find a car park, your teenager leaving dirty dishes in the sink or a co-worker blaming you for something you didn’t do). If you know ahead of time what makes you angry, you may be able to avoid these things or do something different when they happen.
Notice the warning signs of anger in your body
Notice the things that happen to your body that tell you when you are getting angry (for example, heart pounding, face flushed, sweating, jaw tense, tightness in your chest or gritting your teeth). The earlier you can recognise these warning signs of anger, the more successful you will probably be at calming yourself down before your anger gets out of control.
Learn strategies for managing anger
There are a number of different ways of managing anger and some strategies will suit you better than others.
Control your thinking
When you’re angry, your thinking can get exaggerated and irrational. Try replacing these kinds of thoughts with more useful, rational ones and you should find that this has an effect on the way you feel. For example, instead of telling yourself ‘I can’t stand it, it’s awful and everything’s ruined’, tell yourself ‘It’s frustrating, and it’s understandable that I’m upset about it, but it’s not the end of the world and getting angry is not going to fix it’.
Develop a list of things to say to yourself before, during and after situations that may make you angry. It is more helpful if these things focus on how you are managing the situation rather than what other people should be doing. Psychologists call this type of thinking ‘self talk’.
Before:
‘I’ll be able to handle this. It could be rough, but I have a plan.’
‘If I feel myself getting angry, I’ll know what to do.’
During:
‘Stay calm, relax, and breathe easy.’
‘Stay calm, I’m OK, s/he’s not attacking me personally.’
‘I can look and act calm.’
After:
‘I managed that well. I can do this. I’m getting better at this.’
‘I felt angry, but I didn’t lose my cool.’
Take time out
If you feel your anger getting out of control, take time out from a situation or an argument. Try stepping out of the room, or going for a walk. Before you go, remember to make a time to talk about the situation later when everyone involved has calmed down. During a time out, plan how you are going to stay calm when your conversation resumes.
Use distraction
A familiar strategy for managing anger is to distract your mind from the situation that is making you angry. Try counting to ten, playing soothing music, talking to a good friend, or focusing on a simple task like polishing the car or folding laundry.
Use relaxation
Relaxation strategies can reduce the feelings of tension and stress in your body. Practise strategies such as taking long deep breaths and focusing on your breathing, or progressively working around your body and relaxing your muscles as you go.
Learn assertiveness skills
Assertiveness skills can be learnt through self-help books or by attending courses. These skills ensure that anger is channelled and expressed in clear and respectful ways. Being assertive means being clear with others about what your needs and wants are, feeling okay about asking for them, but respecting the other person’s needs and concerns as well and being prepared to negotiate. Avoid using words like ‘never’ or ‘always’ (for example, ‘You’re always late!’), as these statements are usually inaccurate, make you feel as though your anger is justified, and don’t leave much possibility for the problem to be solved.
Try to acknowledge what is making you angry
Acknowledge that a particular issue has made you angry by admitting it to yourself and others. Telling someone that you felt angry when they did or said something is more helpful than just acting out the anger.
Make sure you think about who you express your anger to, and take care that you aren’t just dumping your anger on the people closest to you, or on people who are less powerful than you (for example, don’t yell at your partner, children, dog or cat when you are really angry with your boss).
Sometimes it can help to write things down. What is happening in your life? How do you feel about the things that are happening? Writing about these topics can sometimes help give you some distance and perspective and help you understand your feelings. Work out some options for changing your situation.
Rehearsing anger management skills
Use your imagination to practise your anger management strategies. Imagine yourself in a situation that usually sets off your anger. Imagine how you could behave in that situation without getting angry. Think about a situation where you did get angry. Replay the situation in your mind and imagine resolving the situation without anger.
Try rehearsing some anger management strategies with a friend. Ask them to help you act out a situation where you get angry, so that you can practise other ways to think and behave. Practise saying things in an assertive way.
Eating disorders describe a range of problems associated with eating, food and body image. Unfortunately, in our society it is common for individuals to feel unhappy about their bodies and to be dieting or worrying about food. When these problems are extreme or interfere with an individual’s normal activities and quality of life, these concerns are considered to be psychological disorders.
The most serious eating disorder is anorexia nervosa, which is characterised by dangerously low body weight. Bulimia nervosa is not so frequently life-threatening, but seriously affects the wellbeing of sufferers and can have serious medical complications. This condition is characterised by binge eating and subsequent behaviours that are engaged in to compensate for the binge. Many individuals suffer from other equally unhealthy and disturbing patterns of eating, which are not easily classified. These are known as Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS).
Eating disorders mainly affect females but approximately one in ten individuals with an eating disorder is male. It is difficult to accurately estimate the frequency of occurrence of eating disorders due in part to the secretive nature of the disorder. In Australia, anorexia nervosa affects approximately 0.5 per cent of females, bulimia nervosa 2-3 per cent and EDNOS 2-3 per cent.
Individuals with an eating disorder have significant problems with eating habits, weight management practices and attitudes about weight and body shape. These eating-related attitudes and behaviours have numerous negative consequences including:
Low self-esteem, depression, shame and guilt
Obsession and anxiety
Interference with normal daily activities
Alienation from self and often social withdrawal
Physiological consequences, which are potentially life-threatening.
The key clinical feature of anorexia nervosa is the individual’s deliberate goal to achieve and maintain a low body weight at which the body does not function normally. About half those with anorexia nervosa achieve this weight loss by dieting and avoiding foods. Others may achieve weight loss by a combination of dieting and use of purging behaviours, such as vomiting or use of laxatives. Excessive exercise is increasingly being used to reduce weight.
Another key feature of anorexia nervosa includes an intense and irrational fear of body fat and weight gain. In addition, individuals frequently possess a misperception of their body weight and shape to the extent that they may feel or see themselves as fat, when actually they are emaciated. A further important feature of anorexia nervosa is that sufferers believe their value as a person rests with their thinness – other aspects of personality and relationships are not important in comparison.
These key psychological features contribute to drastic weight loss and a defiant refusal to maintain a healthy weight for height and age. Food, calories, weight and weight management dominate the person’s life. Often the individual becomes obsessed with eating behaviour, which can be reflected in strange eating rituals or the inability to eat in front of others. It is not uncommon for people with anorexia to collect recipes and prepare meals for family and friends but not eat the meals themselves.
There is often conflict with anyone who tries to encourage eating, and withdrawal from social situations, especially when eating may be involved.
There are potentially fatal aspects of anorexia nervosa. In the short-term, starvation may result in physical changes associated with problems such as heart complications or failure. Calcium may be lost from bones, which may result in osteoporosis in the long term.
The key feature of bulimia nervosa is the re-occurrence of uncontrolled periods of binge-eating, followed by behaviours designed to compensate for the binge. During a binge, the individual may consume large amounts of food in a rapid, automatic and powerless fashion. A sense of loss of control over eating is a key feature.
The binge eating may evoke the sensation of anger and other negative feelings and creates physical discomfort and anxiety about weight gain. Thus, after a binge, the individual uses some form of compensatory behaviour to counteract the effect of the food eaten, such as extreme dieting, fasting or use of excessive exercise. The compensation may also take the form of a purging behaviour such as self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse.
Individuals who binge or purge tend to be highly critical of themselves and have very low self-esteem. They may feel ashamed of their behaviour and withdraw from social gatherings, fearing they will be found out. They may also feel helplessly trapped in this cycle. These feelings are frequently very damaging emotionally and physically, as binge eating and purging behaviours may, like anorexia nervosa, result in metabolic and hormonal changes. Individuals suffering from anorexia and bulimia nervosa share many similar attitudes towards food and weight and shape.
Both groups may have a distorted body image, an intense fear of fat, an excessive preoccupation with food and body weight, and the strong conviction that a slim body shape is absolutely crucial for selfacceptance. Unlike anorexia nervosa, those with bulimia nervosa are, by definition, a normal weight or above. A person who is a very low weight but also binge eats and purges is described as having anorexia nervosa.
In our society there are many people who experience difficulties with eating behaviours, weight issues and body image problems that can severely affect their lives. These individuals often benefit from psychological help. They may show several features associated with eating disorders but not fulfil the criteria for a complete disorder.
For example, a person may not eat a very large amount of food but still engages in purging behaviours. Alternatively, a person may have experienced drastic weight loss and has a persistent drive for thinness, but does not fulfil all the diagnostic criteria for anorexia. Some research suggests that EDNOS can have the same life-threatening consequences as anorexia and therefore these disorders also require vigorous treatment.
One disorder which comes under the EDNOS category is binge eating disorder (BED). This problem is characterised by recurrent episodes of binge eating but is not followed by unhealthy compensatory behaviours. These binges are accompanied by a sense of loss of control and are associated with low self-esteem and depression and, in some cases, weight gain. As in the case of bulimia, treatments for binge eating disorder are usually very effective.
Unfortunately, the shame which often accompanies bulimia nervosa and binge eating problems often prevents seeking help. However, if an eating related problem is causing distress then it is important to seek professional help.
There are many suggested theories of the factors involved in the development of eating disorders, but there is no single consensus on a cause. Most research acknowledges that the development of eating disorders involves a complex set of interactions between cultural, social, family, personality and physical factors (including genetic factors).
Our culture has an unrelenting idealisation of thinness and the ‘perfect’ body is synonymous with beauty and success. Research suggests that this social environment encourages dieting, and dieting predisposes an individual towards eating problems. In the case of bulimia nervosa particularly, the physiological effects of dietary restriction may trigger binge eating.
In addition, feelings of inadequacy, depression, anxiety and loneliness, as well as problematic family and personal relationships, may also contribute to the development of eating disorders. Once the pattern has started, eating disorders may become self-perpetuating. Dieting, bingeing and purging help some people to cope with painful emotions and to gain a degree of control of their lives.
However, at the same time, these behaviours undermine physical health, self-esteem and a sense of competence and control. In anorexia nervosa, starvation frequently contributes to a lack of flexible thinking, which may make change difficult. In almost all cases of eating disorders the individual will possess negative core beliefs about themselves that can trigger and/or maintain the disorder.
Many people with eating disorders do not seek treatment for their problems. There are numerous reasons for this. In the case of anorexia nervosa, the individual may not perceive that they have a problem, or may be deeply afraid of the weight gain that will be encouraged or enforced in treatment. In bulimia nervosa, individuals may not seek help as they are ashamed and fear the stigma attached to eating disorders, they may not believe they can be helped, they may not be able to afford treatment, or appropriate treatment may not be readily available. In males, eating disorders may be overlooked because these conditions are more unusual in males.
However, finding appropriate help and treatment for eating disorders is essential – the sooner, the better. The longer abnormal eating behaviours persist, the more difficult it is to overcome the disorder and its effects on the body.
Fortunately, effective treatments for eating disorders are available. Family therapy has been shown to be especially helpful for children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. When a person is dangerously thin, long-term treatment and/or hospitalisation may be required. As anorexia nervosa is a complex disorder, it is best treated with a team of professionals including psychiatrists, psychologists, general practitioners, dietitians, social workers and nurses. All Australian States have an eating disorder foundation that can provide valuable resources and information about treatments that are available.
Bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder may be effectively treated. Cognitive behaviour therapy in particular is widely recognised as being effective, usually requiring regular outpatient visits over a number of months. In addition, anti-depressant medication can be very valuable in reducing the urge to binge.
Psychologists are frequently crucial sources of psychological intervention and can play a vital role in helping people with eating disorders to identify and challenge the negative beliefs about themselves that are maintaining the disorder. Psychological therapy often involves education regarding eating disorders and the influence of the social environment. It typically assists individuals to learn about their eating patterns and beliefs, and provides strategies to help change dysfunctional attitudes and behaviours. Another important element of psychological therapy includes changing attitudes towards weight and body image.
Individuals can gain an understanding of factors that put them at risk of eating concerns and learn ways to manage these situations. Building self-esteem and improving self-awareness are usually vital elements of therapy for individuals with an eating disorder. Enhancing social and family functioning can also be an imperative part of recovery. To ensure that improvements are maintained, treatment also focuses on relapse prevention, providing individuals with the skills necessary to manage possible setbacks in the future.
An essential thing to remember is that people can and do recover from eating disorders. Finding the right professional help can be of great benefit in this process.
In collaboration with a psychologist, the help of a dietitian and a GP or psychiatrist is recommended. A dietitian is helpful to advise on diet and eating regimens, and a GP or psychiatrist may treat medical complications and monitor medication – especially anti-depressant medications if they have been prescribed.
Family and friends offering support and encouragement can play an important role in the success of the treatment program.
Potentially traumatic events are powerful and upsetting incidents that intrude into daily life. They are usually defined as experiences which are life threatening, or where there is a significant threat to one’s physical or psychological wellbeing.
The same event may have little impact on one person but cause severe distress in another individual. The impact that an event has may be related to the person’s mental and physical health, level of available support at the time of the event, and past experience and coping skills.
Situations and events that can lead a person to experience psychological trauma include:
> Acts of violence such as an armed robbery, war or terrorism
> Natural disasters such as bushfire, earthquake or floods
> Interpersonal violence such as rape, child abuse, or suicide of a family member or friend
> Involvement in a serious motor vehicle or workplace accident.
Other less severe but still stressful situations can also trigger traumatic reactions in some people.
Many people have strong emotional or physical reactions following experience of a traumatic event. For most, these reactions subside over a few days or weeks. For some, the symptoms may last longer and be more severe. This may be due to several factors such as the nature of the traumatic event, the level of available support, previous and current life stress, personality, and coping resources.
Symptoms of trauma can be described as physical, cognitive (thinking), behavioural (things we do) and emotional.
Physical
Excessive alertness, on the look-out for signs of danger
Easily startled
Fatigue/exhaustion
Disturbed sleep
General aches and pains
Cognitive (thinking)
Intrusive thoughts and memories of the event
Visual images of the event
Nightmares
Poor concentration and memory
Disorientation
Confusion
Behavioural
Avoidance of places or activities that are reminders of the event
Social withdrawal and isolation
Loss of interest in normal activities
Emotional
Fear
Numbness and detachment
Depression
Guilt
Anger and irritability
Anxiety and panic
As long as they are not too severe or last for too long, the symptoms described above are normal reactions to trauma. Although these symptoms can be distressing, they will settle quickly in most people. They are part of the natural healing process of adjusting to a very powerful event, making some sense out of what happened, and putting it into perspective. With understanding and support from family, friends and colleagues the stress symptoms usually resolve more rapidly. A minority of people will develop more serious conditions such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, or alcohol and drug problems.
There are several things you can do to look after yourself and promote recovery from a traumatic event or situation. The following points provide some general advice.
>Recognise that you have been through a distressing experience and give yourself permission to experience some reaction to it. Don’t be angry with yourself for being upset.
>Remind yourself that you are not abnormal and that you can and are coping.
>Avoid overuse of alcohol or other drugs to cope.
>Avoid making any major decisions or big life changes.
>Do not try to block out thoughts of what has happened. Gradually confronting what has happened will assist in coming to terms with the traumatic experience.
>Don’t ‘bottle up’ your feelings – share your experiences with others when opportunities arise. This may feel uncomfortable at times, but talking to understanding people that you trust is helpful in dealing with trauma.
>Try to maintain a normal routine. Keep busy and structure your day.
>Make sure you do not unnecessarily avoid certain activities or places.
>Allow yourself time to rest if you are feeling tired, and remember that regular exercise is important.
>Let your friends and family know of your needs. Help them to help you by letting them know when you are tired, need time out, or need a chance to talk or just be with someone.
>Make time to practise relaxation. You can use a formal technique such as progressive muscle relaxation, or just make time to absorb yourself in a relaxing activity such as gardening or listening to music. This will help your body and nervous system to settle and readjust.
I>f the trauma that you experience stirs up other memories or feelings from a past unrelated stressful occurrence, or even childhood experiences, try not to let the memories all blur together. Keep the memories separate and deal with them separately.
>Express your feelings as they arise. Whether you discuss them with someone else or write them down in a diary, expressing feelings in some way often helps the healing process.
You should seek professional assistance if the symptoms resulting from the trauma are too distressing or last for more than a couple of weeks. Warning signs may include:
>Being unable to handle the intense feelings or physical sensations
>Feeling numb and empty
>Continuing to experience strong distressing emotions
>Continuing to have physical symptoms of being tense, agitated, and on edge
>Continuing to have disturbed sleep and/ or nightmares
>Having no-one to support you and with whom you can share your feelings and emotions
>Having relationship problems with friends, family and colleagues
>Increasing your use of alcohol or drugs.
Most people who experience a traumatic event will not require treatment. Most will work through their anxiety with support from close friends and family. However, for some people the response to the trauma can be debilitating and treatment from a trained mental health professional will be needed to help the person to recover.
Treatments for a severe trauma response include trauma-focused psychological interventions. These focus on providing education, stress management techniques, and helping the person to confront feared situations and distressing memories. Medication, particularly some of the new antidepressant drugs, can often be useful alongside trauma-focused psychological approaches.
PTSD is a clinical condition that may develop in some people following exposure to a traumatic event. PTSD involves three main groups of symptoms:
Re-experiencing the trauma in the form of intrusive memories, nightmares or flashbacks
Avoidance of reminders and numbing of emotional responsiveness
Hyperarousal – feeling jumpy and on edge.
PTSD is very distressing and can lead to serious ongoing problems with social relationships and the ability to work or carry out normal daily activities. PTSD usually requires professional assistance as these problems tend not to resolve by themselves with the passage of time.
Depression, anxiety disorders (such as panic, phobias, and general anxiety) and alcohol or drug disorders may also develop following trauma in some people. These conditions may occur with, or in the absence of, PTSD.
Other resources on psychological trauma and PTSD
The Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health (www.acpmh.unimelb.edu.au) website contains useful information for trauma survivors, their families, and health practitioners. Free copies of consumer and practitioner versions of the Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Adults with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can be downloaded. (These guidelines are also available from www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/mh13syn.htm).
The US National Center for PTSD (www.ncptsd.va.gov) website also contains a range of useful resources for consumers and practitioners, as well as links to several other useful sites.
Positive ageing is a term used to describe the process of maintaining a positive attitude, feeling good about yourself, keeping fit and healthy, and engaging fully in life as you age.
Ageing is often associated with many rewarding experiences. It is however also a time when significant changes might occur. For example, some people experience changes in physical functioning, social networks, employment, and bereavement can become more common. Keeping a positive attitude toward ageing is particularly important as it allows you to continue to feel good and have a sense of control as you face another part of the life cycle. As people age it is natural for them to move in and out of periods of positive ageing. Those who age positively live longer and healthier lives, and enjoy a good quality of life.
A survey conducted by the Australian Psychological Society (APS) found there are many common challenges experienced by older people. The most common difficulties were around:
>Maintaining health and fitness
>Maintaining social networks and activities
>Feelings of sadness and loss
>Ensuring financial security
>Decreases in mobility, and
>An increased reliance on others
How you manage, think about and cope with these sorts of challenges can affect how well you cope with getting older.
There are a number of ways to prevent, delay or manage some of the physical, psychological, social and personal challenges people face as they age – some of these are described below.
Maintaining a positive attitude
The way you feel about yourself and the ageing process can affect how you view life and the extent to which you are involved in activities and the opportunities life offers. If you can make choices and have control over important aspects of your life, and take part in and enjoy activities, you are more likely to feel good about yourself and get more out of life.
Staying connected
Social interaction and relationships with others are associated with positive ageing and feeling optimistic about life. Maintaining social networks through membership of clubs, engaging in voluntary work and keeping in touch with family encourages interaction with others, prevents isolation and promotes good mental health and physical activity.
Keeping the brain active
Keeping the brain active, alert and flexible can promote good mental health and positive ageing throughout the lifespan. Having an active mind can be as simple as reading a book, learning a new hobby or problem solving (e.g. doing crosswords). Learning new skills is exercise for the brain and makes it work a little harder.
Managing stress
Stress is a natural part of life that can be challenging to manage. Stress can result from positive experiences (e.g. having grandchildren) or negative ones (e.g. bereavement), and affects people in different ways. High levels of stress can affect physical and mental health (e.g. heart disease, depression), the quality of relationships and financial security. The way you respond to stress and daily hassles is often a good predictor of whether you will age positively, and how much you will enjoy life.
One major stressor that a lot of older people face is having to become a carer. Caring for a spouse or a family member can be very demanding. If you become a carer you need to ensure that you are looking after yourself to avoid burnout, isolation, illness and mental health problems. Keeping as free from stress as possible, and learning how to effectively cope with unavoidable stress, can promote positive ageing in all areas of your life.
Some good ways to manage stress and cope with daily hassles include:
Thinking things through before getting upset (e.g. calling a friend for advice, writing things down)
Relaxing when feeling tense (e.g. exercise, deep breathing) Using stress management skills, such as problem solving or goal setting
Volunteering or seeking part-time employment
Many older people find part-time employment or voluntary work rewarding and a chance to give something back to the community. Any type of work can help to keep your mind sharp and can provide a social network outside of the home and family.
Engaging in physical activity
Exercise is a great way to minimise the risk of a chronic condition such as heart disease or diabetes occurring or becoming worse. Taking part in leisure activities that you find interesting and suitable for your level of physical functioning is an effective way of becoming more active. Physical activity can also provide social interaction through being outdoors, engaging with others, or by becoming a member of an activity program or club.
It is important to remember that as you age, your physical capabilities are likely to change. Seeking guidance from a health professional before engaging in strenuous activity can reduce any risks involved.
Having regular medical checkups
Older people who have fewer medical conditions have a better quality of life, better mental health and are less restricted in their daily activities. By having regular medical check-ups, engaging in illness prevention (e.g. not smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation) and having regular tests or check-ups (e.g. blood pressure, dental) you can help to reduce the possible onset of chronic conditions.
There are many resources and organisations that can help support people to achieve positive ageing.
The Australian Government provides a phone and internet service which is a single point of access to government and non-government resources for Australians over 50 years of age. This service provides information on a range of topics including health, finances, work, volunteering,lifestyle, events and discussion forums.
Website: www.seniors.gov.au
Phone: 1800 500 853 (Aged and Community Care Infoline)
If you find it difficult to change your diet, cut down alcohol consumption, stop smoking or motivate yourself to exercise more and get out for social activities, a psychologist can help. Psychologists are trained to help people manage emotional stress and adjust to difficult life circumstances, as well as treat psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Psychologists can also support a person to maintain healthy behaviours, such as exercise, and change risky behaviours, such as smoking.
Psychologists also work with individuals and their families affected by dementia by providing strategies to manage memory difficulties, initial support at the time of diagnosis and continued support as the condition progresses.
People tend to choose the substances that help them in some way, such as increasing pleasure, or decreasing emotional or physical pain. As alcohol and other drugs act directly on the central nervous system, they can seem to be predictable and effective ways to change how a person feels – at least in the short-term.
Substance use is often associated with important social rituals such as celebration, socialising, relaxation, healing, spirituality and commiseration. In some groups, clubs or communities, alcohol or other drug use can be seen as part of belonging to the group.
The choice of substance is influenced by the particular needs the person is trying to meet. Because different people may experience the same drug in different ways, it is hard to know why an individual has their particular pattern of substance use without getting to know more about what it means for them. The availability and cultural norms associated with different substances can also influence individual preferences.
With time, some people can find their alcohol or other drug use becomes problematic, because the harm or risk of harm associated with the substance use outweighs the benefits. Substance use may be a problem when you:
>Have difficulty meeting responsibilities at home, work or school
>Use more than you intended despite wanting to cut down or quit
>Have recurring problems with health, safety, relationships, finances or the law through the substance use
>Need the substance to cope with everyday life or particular experiences
>Organise other events or needs around your substance use
>Need increasing amounts of the substance to have the same effect
>Feel sick or moody without the substance, but feel normal upon resuming use
>Have tried unsuccessfully to reduce or cease use.
>Find yourself using as a way to maintain your friendships.
We often tend to think of the immediate harm associated with what drug is being used, how much and how often. But substance-related risks or harm can occur at any stage of drug use, including:
>How you get hold of the substance (e.g. raising the money or risks in buying the substance)
>How you put the substance into your body (e.g. drink, eat, inhale, smoke, snort, or inject)
>The effect of the drug on your body (e.g. increased heart rate, unconsciousness or long-term liver damage)
>What you do while under the influence of the drug (e.g. increased risk taking or neglect of other responsibilities)
>What happens when you cease to use (e.g. depression when “coming down” or withdrawal symptoms).
It can sometimes be hard to admit that your alcohol or other drug use has become a problem, especially if you still enjoy aspects of the drug use. Think about whether you would like to change your use in some way, such as:
>What you use
>How much you use
>When or how often you use
>Method of use
>Where you use
>Who you use with
>What you do to get hold of or afford the drug
>What you do while under the influence of the drug.
It can be useful to ask yourself what are the helpful and not so helpful consequences of using the substance, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of cutting down or quitting. These questions are particularly useful in identifying what goals you would like to set for yourself in changing your substance use, and the challenges that you might experience in working toward achieving those goals.
It helps to identify what needs the substance use is meeting, and find alternative ways of meeting those needs.
>Experience pleasure or relaxation
>Feel more confident or assertive
>Socialise or feel a sense of belonging
>Have a break from problems
>Cope with painful feelings or memories
>Pass the time
>Complete other goals or tasks
>Delay or avoid doing unpleasant tasks
>Prevent the onset of withdrawal symptoms
>Do what you would ‘normally do’ – it’s a habit.
While substance use may help to meet these needs in the short term, prolonged use of substances over time may be less effective in meeting these needs, as well as creating additional problems such as those noted previously. Just as it takes time to develop substance use habits, it sometimes takes a while before the alternative solutions feel natural and effective. Finding other ways to meet your needs can involve trial and error. Instead of looking for one solution that will replace the substance, it usually helps to replace the use with a variety of alternatives.
People often experience strong urges to use the substance when they first try to cut down or stop their use. The following suggestions have been found to be useful by some people to cope with cravings:
>Work out when you are most likely to experience cravings and plan how you intend to cope with them before they happen
>Identify when the craving starts – it is easier to deal with cravings before they become more powerful
>Remind yourself that cravings are a normal part of cutting down and that they will pass with time – the less you give into cravings the weaker they become
>Try to find something to distract yourself with – even if you only delay using the substance
>Talk to someone supportive
>Try to work out when you are more likely to crave the substance – e.g. in certain situations, with particular people, or when you feel a certain way – and plan ahead how you will deal with each situation when it comes up.
>It is a good idea to plan alternative activities for the times you would normally use alcohol or other drugs, but you may also need to look at broader changes to your lifestyle or coping strategies.
Some people choose to cut down their use rather than stop immediately, either to regain control over their use or as a step toward stopping completely. It is advisable to seek medical advice prior to cutting down or ceasing use, as some people experience severe withdrawal symptoms. Seek medical assistance if you become unwell during a reduction in substance use.
The following strategies have been found to be useful in cutting down:
>Plan your use – set limits on the day, time and amount being used
>Try to have at least two substance free-days a week
>Fit your substance use around other priorities
>Plan ahead how you will deal with times you might find difficult – you may need to avoid some situations at first
>Delay the first use and each use after that
>Don’t try to keep up with others – go at your own pace
>Ask a friend to support you
>Find something else to do to take your mind off wanting to use for example it can help to take up a new hobby
>Identify friends who support your efforts to change and who you feel comfortable with – you may initially decide to spend less time with friends who use the substance you are trying to reduce
>Decide how you intend to respond to friends who might offer you the substance before you see them – such as “Not tonight”, “No, but you go ahead”, “No, doctor’s orders” or simply “No, thanks”
>Remind yourself of the good things about cutting down
>Seek some counselling
>Talk to a GP about pharmacological treatments
>Join a support group
>Identify other things you have in common with friends apart from substance use.
Reward your efforts to change, even if you don’t always meet your goals. Changing habits can be difficult, and being hard on yourself just tends to make it worse. Try not to rely on will-power alone – it’s a hard way for anyone to change their habits.
Try a range of strategies to cut down or quit. Each time you try to make changes, ask yourself what you could do differently next time and what you would still do the same. You may choose to get some help along the way. But the most important thing is to keep trying. It’s worth it.
If you have tried making some of the changes suggested in this brochure and found it difficult, it could be time to speak with a psychologist who specialises in alcohol and other drug use issues. They can help you to work out where you are getting stuck in making changes and help you to develop strategies that are relevant to you.
If you are using substances to cope with other difficulties, psychologists can also help you to find other ways to deal with these problems. These problems might include grief and loss, abuse, trauma, relationship break ups, low self-esteem, or overwhelming emotions such as anger, anxiety or depression.
It can also be valuable to seek help when someone you care about has a problem with alcohol or other drug use, as it can be an emotionally difficult and draining experience. Psychologists can assist you to find ways to deal with challenging situations and look after yourself. | https://www.kym-kilpatrick.com/info-sheets/ |
Early Childhood: Where Learning Begins. Mathematics: Mathematical Activities for Parents and Their 2- to 5-Year-Old Children.
Fromboluti, Carol Sue; Magarity, Diane, Ed.; Rinck, Natalie
Noting children's inclination for things mathematical, this booklet of activities was written to help parents: use home activities to challenge their children's minds; to help parents and children enjoy mathematics; and to help parents ask their children questions that will get them thinking. The activities in the booklet require no special equipment or detailed planning, and can be incorporated into children's daily routines. The activities are intended to promote the learning and development of the "whole child," and build language skills, thinking and problem-solving abilities, social skills, large and small motor development, and general knowledge, as well as mathematics skills. Following directions for proceeding at the child's own pace, the booklet begins with an introduction to the big concepts in mathematics, with some general strategies for helping children learn them. The booklet then presents the suggested mathematics activities for specific areas of the daily routine: "Getting Up in the Morning,""At the Grocery Store," and "Meal Time." Activities in each section are marked as to level of difficulty. The booklet's appendix lists children's books and other resources that deal with different math topics. (HTH)
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Language Acquisition, Learning Activities, Learning Processes, Mathematics Activities, Preschool Children, Preschool Education
ED Pubs, P.O. Box 1398, Jessup, MD 20794-1398; Tel: 877-433-7827 (Toll Free).
Publication Type: Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Parents
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: National Inst. on Early Childhood Development and Education (ED/OERI), Washington, DC. | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED430734 |
At Columbia Business School, I teach courses in the full-time MBA program, the PhD Program, and several Executive Education Programs. Below are some highlights about the courses and specialized sessions that I have taught over the past few years.
POWER, INFLUENCE, AND NETWORKS
This course provides students with a set of tools for understanding and managing power and political dynamics.
A fundamental component of success for a leader is having a clear understanding of power and influence processes and knowing how to act on that knowledge. Ultimately, organizations are political entities where power and influence are key mechanisms by which things get accomplished.
After taking this course students will be better able to understand the distribution and sources of power within organizations; building their own sources of power; formulate strategies for enhancing their social networks and for understanding how these social connections may be rich sources of power and influence; leverage influence styles and communicate with others more effectively; and anticipate and guard against the pitfalls of power, such that they can use power and influence in an authentic and ethical manner. | https://mabelabraham.com/teaching |
The Board hereby resolves to establish a Board committee to be known as the Human Resource Committee.
2. Objectives
The objective of the Committee is to ensure that the Human Resource Department’s functions and the activities are carried out in an efficient and effective manner in order to achieve the company’s overall business objectives.
3. Membership
The committee shall be appointed by the Board. All committee members shall be independent non-executive directors of the company. The committee shall consist of not less than three (3) members.
The quorum of the Committee shall be two (2) members.
4. Attendance at Meetings
The committee shall meet monthly. However, emergency meetings may be called from time to time, as and when appropriate. Management invitees shall be the Deputy Managing Director – Human Resource and Administration, and or the Industrial Relations Manager and any other Department Head which may be required by the Committee when necessary.
The secretary of the committee shall be the Company Secretary.
5. Duties and Responsibilities
- Review, analyse and make recommendations to the Board for improvement that will increase efficiency in the following areas: o HR Strategies, systems, policies and procedures o Impact and effectiveness of the human resource functions o Compliance with HR related budgetary projections and targets
- Assess the Human Resource’s strategic plans, including human resource planning, compensation, training and development initiatives and employee assistance, wellness and welfare programmes to determine if they are in keeping with the company’s business objectives and make recommendations to the Board as is necessary.
- Direct periodic human resource audit to ascertain if systems, policies, procedures and functions are being consistently applied and take appropriate action.
- Review and approve Human Resource Department’s monthly reports to the Board.
- Review staffing request/requirement, relating to senior management, and make necessary recommendations to the Board.
- Provide Board guidelines on union negotiations and industrial relations issues/matters.
- Advise the Board on organizational restructuring and/or specific changes in organizational/departmental structure, as is necessary. | https://jutc.gov.jm/governance/human-resource-development-committee/ |
This study investigates Europe’s motives to develop the independent satellite navigation system known as Galileo despite the existence of America’s successful global positioning system (GPS). The study begins by analyzing both systems to familiarize the reader with global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and to provide an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of GPS and Galileo, as well as the systems’ similarities and differences. Although the two systems have different founding principles, they employ similar infrastructures and operational concepts. In the short term, Galileo will provide better accuracy for civilian users until GPS upgrades take effect. But performance is only part of the rationale. The author contends that Europe’s pursuit of Galileo is driven by a combination of reasons, including performance, independence, and economic incentive. With Galileo, Europe hopes to achieve political, security, and technological independence from the United States. | http://www.gutenberg.us/eBooks/WPLBN0002170140-GPS-Versus-Galileo--Balancing-for-Position-in-Space-by-Scott-W-Beidleman.aspx |
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