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Finding a 14,300-year-old pet puppy perfectly frozen and preserved in the Siberian permafrost is a big deal. Being able to extract and sequence its DNA is a bigger deal. Being able to extract and sequence its RNA is a HUGE deal – ancient RNA has rarely been found, let alone extracted and sequenced, before. That’s the big news out of Siberia where scientists have done just that on a frozen puppy that still looks almost as cute as it did 14,300-years ago. Good boy! “Ancient DNA researchers have previously been reluctant to attempt to sequence ancient RNA because it is generally more unstable than DNA, and more prone to enzymatic degradation.” Dr. Oliver Smith, a specialist in Evolutionary Genomics at the University of Copenhagen and the Natural History Museum of Denmark, explained to Sci-News why we rarely hear about ancient RNA. First, some terminology. RNA is like a single strand copy of a DNA molecule that is used to transfer genetic information from DNA to proteins. A transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells, while a genome is the collection of all DNA present in the nucleus and the mitochondria of a somatic (non-reproductive) cell. Because its job is basically done after completing a transfer, RNA is quickly broken down by enzymes – except in one wolf or possibly wolf-dog hybrid pet puppy who had the bad luck to be flash-frozen in what is now Tumat, Siberia, near the end of the Pleistocene era some 14,300 years ago. “Puppies are very rare, because they have thin bones and delicate skulls.” Sergei Fyodorov, head of exhibitions at the Mammoth Museum of the North-Eastern Federal University, describes the exciting discovery in 2011. While looking for frozen mammoths, hunters in Tumat found the first known frozen remains of a puppy. With attention focused on that area, they found a second in 2016 that was better preserved with intact skin, fur and internal organs. (Photos here.) Initial research determined that the pups were likely from the same litter and that one had a completely preserved brain (which was removed) and a full belly of twigs and grass which the scientists believed it ate out of desperation after falling into a hole it never escaped from. Once the DNA extraction was completed, Smith and his team decided to try for ancient RNA and were shocked to find it preserved in the pup’s liver, cartilage and muscle tissue. “To our delight, we found that not only did we find RNA from various tissues, but in some case the signal was so strong that we could distinguish between tissues in a way that makes biological sense.” Is this a big deal? According to Smith, this puppy’s transcriptome surpassed the next oldest transcriptome by at least 13,000 years. In his study, published recently in PLOS Biology, Smith explains that viruses have RNA genomes and the ability to understand ancient gene regulation will help us better understand our own evolution and the environmental stresses caused by viruses that have impacted it. While not related to its RNA, the fact that this puppy appears to be a wolf-dog hybrid means it was probably a pet at a time long before it was assumed that domestication began. While it had a sad demise, this puppy now has the distinction of being “man’s best friend” at two separate time in history. Top that, cats! Source: Mysterious Universe Ancient Ancient papyrus “Book of the Dead” and hundreds of other artifacts found in Egypt Ancient sarcophagi, statues, toys, funerary masks and other artifacts, including papyrus from the Book of the Dead, were discovered during the excavation of the necropolis in Saqqara, 30 kilometers south of Cairo. According to experts, the finds are about four thousand years old. The Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced that the sarcophagi were found in 22 burial mounds at a depth of 10 to 12 meters. Among the finds was a four-meter scroll of papyrus from the Book of the Dead. The ancient Egyptians believed that hymns and texts from the Book of the Dead helped the recently deceased walk through the underworld. According to the famous Egyptologist Zaha Hawass, the finds date back to the Sixth Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 2323 BC to 2150 BC. e. More than 50 wooden coffins dating from the later “New Kingdom”, between 1570 and 1069. BC e., were also opened on Sunday. He also believes the artifacts will help bring back tourists to Egypt who have almost stopped arriving due to the pandemic. The country has previously stimulated the tourism sector with the help of new archaeological finds. Later this year, authorities are planning to open the Great Egyptian Museum, also known as the Giza Museum. Earlier excavations at Saqqara focused on the step pyramid of Djoser, one of the first in ancient Egypt. Egyptian Antiquities Minister Khaled al-Anani notes that “the finds of Saqqara are not yet exhausted.” In 2020, more than a hundred sarcophagi, about 2500 years old, were found in Saqqara. Saqqara 3000 years ago was actively used for burials and was the main necropolis of Memphis – the capital of Ancient Egypt. Now it belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Ancient Tibetan Secrets Vaults and Aircraft Weapons From the Mahabharata, an ancient Indian poem of unusual volume, we learn that someone named Asura Maya possessed a vimaana of about 6 m in circumference, equipped with four strong wings. This poem is a treasure trove of information pertaining to conflicts between gods who resolved their differences using weapons that are obviously as deadly as those we can use. In addition to “bright missiles”, the poem describes the use of other deadly weapons. “Indra’s dart” is operated with a round “reflector”. When turned on, it gives off a beam of light, which, being focused on any target, immediately “devours it with its power.” In one particular case, when the hero, Krishna, pursues his enemy, Salva, in the sky, Saubha made Shalva’s vimana invisible. Unafraid Astra – means weapons of mass destruction and many other types of terrible weapons are described quite authentically in the Mahabharata, but the most terrible of them was used against Vrish. The narration says: “Gurkha, flying on his fast and powerful vimaana, threw a single projectile charged with all the power of the Universe at the three cities of Vrishi and Andhak. A red-hot column of smoke and fire, bright as 10,000 suns, rose in all its splendor. An unknown weapon, the Iron Thunderbolt, a gigantic messenger of death who turned to ashes the entire race of the Vrishis and the Andhaks.” It is important to note that these types of records are not isolated. They correlate with similar information from other ancient civilizations. The effects of this iron lightning contain an ominously recognizable ring. Obviously, those who were killed by her were burned so that their bodies were not recognizable. Astra: weapon of mass destruction of the gods Astra appears before us as a supernatural weapon used by a particular deity. The mastery or use of a weapon required the knowledge of a mantra or invocation, Astra will play a very important role in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, where they are used in great battles by archers such as Rama, Karna or Bhishma. In fact, there is a suspicion that, as in the case of the Vimanas, some Asters work on the basis of mercury, or very similar liquids, which can circulate, rotating almost at the speed of light. There are several dozen different Astra, according to their “operating model” and characteristics. Each main god had his own Astra, endowed with a certain power. For example, Devastra was the mythical equivalent of the modern traditional rocket; The asurastra that destroyed the asuras was the mythical equivalent of modern biological missiles. Many say that 30,000 years ago the gods destroyed the asuras with nuclear weapons – but this is most likely a matter of opinion and interpretation of ancient texts in the modern sense. Also mentioned is the fearsome and destructive Brahmastra, the gift of Brahma (the Creator), the mythical equivalent of modern nuclear weapons. As mentioned in the epic sagas of India, the power of Brahmaster is capable of destroying the entire world. This is how the Mahabharata (Vanaparvan, chapters 168-173) describes the battle in which the warrior Arjuna – the great hero – fought against the horde of Asuras: Indra, the lord of heaven, demanded that Arjuna destroy the entire army of Asuras. These thirty million demons lived in fortresses located in the depths of the seas . Indra, the lord of the heavens, gave his own vimana to Arjuna, piloted by his clever assistant Matali. In the fierce battle that unfolded, the Asuras caused crushing rains, but Arjuna marched against them with a divine weapon that managed to drain all the water … Arjuna fired a deadly projectile that destroyed the entire city of the proud. Information about a number of ancient artifacts was obtained in 1929 during the interrogation of the Trotskyist Y. Blumkin, who had previously participated in the NKVD expeditions to Tibet, in connection with the sale of secret information about the weapons of the “civilization of the gods” to German and Japanese intelligence services. Y.Blyumkin’s betrayal in fact allowed the leadership of the Third Reich to use the high technologies of the “civilization of the gods”, which were later used by the Nazis to create a secret base in Antarctica, as well as to create various types of “weapons of retaliation.” “As I already told my investigator, on a business trip to Tibet in 1925, with the order of the head of the Tibetan state, the Dalai Lama 13, I was taken to underground halls and shown some so-called artifacts – weapons of the gods, preserved on Earth from 15-20 thousand years before our These weapons are kept in separate rooms. I wrote about this in detail in my reports … The characteristics of the weapon are approximately as follows: 1. Giant forceps – “Wajaru”. With their help, precious metals are smelted. If you melt gold at the temperature of the sun’s surface (6 thousand degrees C), then the gold flares up and turns into powder for 70 seconds. This powder was used in the construction of huge mobile stone platforms. If this powder is poured onto the platform, then its weight is lost to a minimum. The powder was also used in medicine in the treatment of incurable diseases and for the elite – mainly the leaders used it for food to prolong their lives. 2. Bell – the so-called “Shu-tzu”, with the help of which you can blind for a while a large army or an entire army. Its mode of action consists in transforming electromagnetic waves at a certain frequency, which the human ear does not perceive, but acts directly on the brain. This is a very strange weapon. With his help, the Indian prophet Arjuna won big battles, causing his enemies to panic. I have not seen how this weapon works. I saw the units themselves in the underground halls, and a member of the Council of Tibet gave me explanations about the technical characteristics that I passed on to the Germans, or rather to the representative of German military intelligence, Mr. von Stilhe. I met Shtilhe in Europe on a business trip abroad. In addition to the technical characteristics of these two units, I also gave Shtilhe information about another weapon of the gods. This weapon remained from about 8-10 thousand years BC, it was discovered in underground cities under the ice of Antarctica in the area of Queen Maud Land. As far as I know, in order to get there, you need a key and a rite of passage, since this place is guarded by guards. These devices can move both under water and in the air, and they do it at great speed. They move on special round-shaped aircraft, which are not like airplanes and airplanes known to us. I also told their technical characteristics to Shtilhe … I also informed Shtilhe about objects that are located in all parts of the world in the mountains. With the help of these objects, in one moment it is possible to destroy all cities and industrial centers of all countries on earth, regardless of the state and social system. As far as I understood from the explanations at the Headquarters and as I pointed out about this in my articles, in all parts of the world there are spheres dug into the mountains made of extra strong metal that cannot be sawed or blown up. Within these spheres are certain mechanisms that, when activated, generate a cloud similar to the sun. This cloud erupts into the atmosphere, it is controllable, i.e. can move along a certain trajectory. It explodes in the right place. The air defense system of ancient civilizations or civilizations is a separate huge mystery that we still have to solve. Now it becomes quite understandable the “secret” stamp imposed on the official research of artifacts of ancient civilizations, as well as why, at the official level, all these research and the artifacts themselves are hushed up or denied. The targeted campaigns to falsify our real history are also becoming understandable. In addition, this information sheds light on the question of what kind of vehicles attacked the squadron of American Admiral Richard Byrd near Queen Maud Land in 1947. Ancient Ancient recipe books are like a panacea for modern diseases! Six months ago, the world media reported that the mixture, created according to the Old English medical book of the 9th century, destroyed up to 90 percent of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, one of the antibiotic-resistant strains of this bacterium that causes barley in the eyes. Only the antibiotic vancomycin, the main drug used in the treatment of MRSA, had the same effect. And the drug, which was recently awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine, would not have surprised the doctors of Ancient China. Chinese pharmacologist Tu Yuyu discovered the drug artemisinin in the 70s, which cures malaria. But the plant from which this substance is obtained, wormwood (Artemisia annua L), has been used to treat fevers, including those caused by malaria, as early as the 3rd or 4th centuries. Tu Yuyu invented a cure for malaria after reading traditional Chinese medicine texts that described herbal recipes. The path to discovery and recognition was very difficult because hundreds of plant species had to be tested. In addition, the political atmosphere in China in the 70s was difficult. But her tenacity paid off. Artemisinin has now become an important antimalarial drug. Her story is unusual in modern medicine. However, artemisinin is far from the only substance isolated from plants. Another malaria drug, quinine, is made from the bark of the officinalis L tree found in the rainforests of South America. The pain reliever morphine was isolated from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L), and the poison strychnine from the tree Strychnos nux-vomica L. These plants were used in medicine for centuries and even millennia before chemists were able to isolate their most active components. Is it possible that physicians can discover new drugs simply by studying ancient medical treatises, as did Tu Yuyu or English specialists? The answer to this question is ambiguous. Ancient pharmacological texts in Chinese, Arabic, Greek, or any other ancient language are not easy to study for a number of reasons. Ancient recipe books Ancient pharmacological texts are usually a list of recipes without explanation, whether they were used, and in what cases. Submit your favorite cookbook. You hardly cook all the recipes from it. If you do not make notes in it, then no one will know what recipes you tried, and so much you liked them. Commentaries are rarely found in ancient pharmacological books. It is often difficult to determine which plants are listed in an ancient recipe. Nowadays, the Linnaean system is used to classify plants, where the genus and species of the plant are indicated. But before the Linnaean system became generally accepted, the classification of plants was extremely erratic. Different local names could be used to denote the same plant. This means that it is not always possible to accurately determine which plants are discussed in the book. If we cannot accurately translate the names in old recipes, how can we evaluate their effectiveness? Disease definitions also have links to local culture. This means that each nation has a different definition of the disease. For example, the ancient Greeks and Romans considered fever to be a disease, but in modern medicine it is seen as a symptom of the disease. The millennial collection of recipes “Kitab al-tabih”, written by Ibn Sayar al-Warak. In the Greek and Roman texts, there are many descriptions of wave-like fever, that is, a fever that repeats every few days. In modern medicine, wave-like fever is a symptom of malaria, but it is also a symptom of other diseases. Should scientists searching for new cures for malaria test all ancient Greek and Roman remedies for “wave-like fever”? Holistic Medicine The most important aspect, according to medical historians, is that each medical system must be considered holistically. This means that it is wrong to focus only on those aspects of ancient medicine that are successful by modern standards, and brush aside everything else. Although there are effective medicines in ancient medicine, many of them are useless or even harmful. For example, in our time, hardly anyone will dare to be treated by taking huge doses of hellebore, as the ancient Greeks did. But even with these shortcomings, there is great potential in ancient medical books for new drug discovery. This requires collaboration between pharmacologists, historians and ethno-pharmacologists who study traditional medicine from different cultures. Such cooperation is not an easy process, because each of the specialists feels that they speak different languages. But the great examples mentioned above remind us that the result can be outstanding, especially when looking for cures for common diseases. The inhabitant of “The scariest house in Britain” is sure that she lived with a poltergeist for years A “mysterious explosion” in Sasovo in 1991 from the newly declassified CIA documents on UFO reports The mystery of the “Mandalorian” with a Jetpack flying behind a plane is revealed The Ganzfeld Effect: How To Experience Strong Hallucinations Without Drugs The mystery of the Nazca geoglyphs: they can be a spaceship landing pad or a water delivery complex Peruvian court names Gates, Soros and Rockefeller as “creators” of the COVID-19 pandemic “An unpleasant truth”. Japanese futurist predicted new pandemics In China, three UFOs attacked a “rocket” and it exploded with incredible effects (VIDEO) Everyone is waiting for the beginning of the Apocalypse from the New Year while an Israeli mystic warns of a “new plague” approaching 150 thousand years old Metal pipes in Tibet, contradict the official history DO NOT MISS Aliens among us: could Mars be the cradle of life on earth? The hypothesis that life originated on Mars and only from there was brought to Earth can be called unusual, but... “Guardians” of governments and people: World elite have found a way to rule nations This week, the Vatican entered into a partnership agreement with a certain “Council for Inclusive Capitalism”. On December 8 and 9,... US official: “Roswell wreckage was from an alien flying saucer” What Major Jesse Marshall, who was in charge of investigations at the scene, reveals in his diary – He denounces... On December 4, many UFOs appeared at night over the pyramids of Giza in Egypt Something strange happened in the sky above the pyramids of Giza, on the night of December 3, when luminous objects... Astronomers have recorded more than a thousand mysterious round spots. What could they be? Astronomers at Australia’s ASKAP radio telescope complex have reported that they have discovered strange circles of radio emission in space. According... Trending - Conspiracy Theories2 weeks ago Peruvian court names Gates, Soros and Rockefeller as “creators” of the COVID-19 pandemic - Fact or fiction3 weeks ago “An unpleasant truth”. Japanese futurist predicted new pandemics - Aliens & UFO's4 weeks ago In China, three UFOs attacked a “rocket” and it exploded with incredible effects (VIDEO) - Apocalypse & Armageddon4 weeks ago Everyone is waiting for the beginning of the Apocalypse from the New Year while an Israeli mystic warns of a “new plague” approaching - Fact or fiction3 weeks ago 150 thousand years old Metal pipes in Tibet, contradict the official history - Bizzare & Odd3 weeks ago Mysterious energy source melts Tel Aviv sidewalks, leading to the evacuation of several buildings in Israel - Science & Technology3 weeks ago The goal of human civilization is to create AI and disappear?	https://www.soulask.com/14300-year-old-siberian-pet-puppy-reveals-the-first-ancient-rna/
Maintains machinery and mechanical equipment such as engines, motors, pneumatic tools, conveyor systems, and production machines and equipment. Responsible for performance of building maintenance tasks in one or more fields (e.g. carpentry; electrical; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); plumbing, etc.). Performs general cleaning. May provide some direction to other employees. ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES - Performs minor electrical maintenance to include but not be limited to replacement or repair of fixtures (e.g. wall switches and outlets, incandescent and fluorescent bulbs and tubes, ballast, sockets, fuses, minor appliances, cords, etc.) using appropriate hand, power and specialty tools. - Performs minor plumbing maintenance (e.g. replacement or repair of leaks in drains and faucets, unclogging of drains, trenching and laying new lines, replacing drain hoses on washers and similar devices, etc.). - Performs minor painting, carpentry and masonry work (e.g. preparing surfaces and using brush, sprayer, or roller to apply paints, stains, and varnishes, hanging doors, fitting locks and handles, etc.). - Reconfigures, installs, positions, and mounts modular offices and space (e.g. furniture, wall panels, work surfaces, storage bins, lighting, file cabinets, etc.) to accommodate user needs and maximize office space using various hand, power and specialty tools, dollies and hand trucks. - Prepares the surfaces and paints various structures and equipment (e.g. walls, refrigerators, evaporative coolers, floors, roofs, doors, restroom facilities, etc.) to preserve wood and metal parts from corrosion and maintain a safe, comfortable working environment using various painting equipment and related tools (e.g. sprayers, rollers, brushes, thinners, etc.). - May manage staff that cleans rooms, hallways, lobbies, lounges, rest rooms, corridors, elevators, stairways, parking lots, and other work areas. - Observes mechanical devices in operation and listens to their sounds to locate causes of trouble. - Repairs or replaces defective parts. Installs special functional and structural parts in devices. - Changes faulty motors, compressors, coil units, expansion valves and other constituent parts. - Inspects distribution components for suitable volume, pressure, temperature, and velocity. - May manage the maintenance staff through delegation, policy and procedure administration, assignment of work responsibilities, planning, organizing, directing and follow-up of the work assignment. - Uses a variety of hand and power tools, electric meters, and materials handling equipment in performing duties. - Coordinates subcontract of routine servicing of equipment as part of measures to prevent breakdowns and malfunctions, which could thwart production activities - Keeps record of maintenance activities to track the lifespan of equipment. - Assists with the install of new equipment, utilizing the knowledge of machine operation in choosing good quality machines for purchase; test machines to determine their durability; return low performing machines in exchange for better ones whenever necessary. - Responsible for the management of maintenance systems associated with high performing manufacturing organizations (Root Cause Analysis, Reliability-Centered Maintenance, etc.) while focusing on maximum plant capacity, while minimizing cost. - Assigns proper scheduling of work to maximize task completion with minimal plant disruption, reduction in unscheduled downtime while lowering costs and creating higher plant efficiency. - Maintains outside building maintenance. - Focuses on solving conflict, not blaming; Problems are addressed immediately and corrected as soon as possible, followed-up to ensure the situation has been addressed/resolved, and shared with the supervisor to learn from experiences. - Demonstrates responsibility and accountability for creating a professional, safe, and clean environment evidenced by: being at work on time to perform assigned duties, following the policies of Granite State Manufacturing, always wearing safety glasses in designated areas, maintaining a neat and orderly work area, and following safety practices to prevent errors. - Demonstrates commitment to teamwork by establishing effective relationships and networks with both managers/directors and workers, and collaborating with them to accomplish shared purposes and goals. - Abides by GSM Code of Ethics and Business Conduct standards and strictly observe all U.S. and foreign laws and regulations. QUALIFICATIONS, SKILLS, AND ABILITIES - Must be able to work in both our Manchester, NH and Nashua, NH locations. - High school or technical school education; and a minimum of five years of experience in building maintenance, HVAC, plumbing, machine maintenance, and carpentry. - State of New Hampshire electrician’s license is preferred. - Proficient in electro mechanics, pneumatics, and hydraulics. - Basic understanding of electrical, plumbing and carpentry. - Ability to read and interpret schematics and drawings. - Experienced in PLC controllers and process instrumentation. - Self-starter dedicated to continual quality improvement. - Ability to read and interpret documents such as safety rules, operating and maintenance instructions, and procedure manuals. Ability to write routine reports and correspondence. - Ability to add, subtract, multiply, and divide in all units of measure, using whole numbers, common fractions, and decimals. Ability to compute rate, ratio, and percent and to draw and interpret bar graphs. - Ability to apply common sense understanding to carry out detailed general written or oral instructions. Ability to deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in standardized situations. - Must be flexible enough to work in all areas of operation per the direction of the supervisor. - Ability to define problems, collect data, establish facts, and draw conclusions. Ability to interpret standard operating procedures and policies.	https://capd.mit.edu/jobs/granite-state-manufacturing-equipment-and-facilities-maintenance-technician/
Kajab Engineering Services Limited – We are an engineering company that specializes in Telecommunications and satellite engineering. KAJAB has professionals that are well-trained and knowledgeable in handling Network Optimization and RF Sites planning which includes RF Site Survey, RF Planning, RF Optimization, Drive Test, Drive Test Data Analysis and project management. KAJAB also engages in In-Building Solutions and Distributed Antenna System deployment. Our Engineers handle Microwave link engineering which includes detailed link engineering, path engineering analysis, line of site survey, technical site survey and well-documented survey reports. We are recruiting to fill the position of Project Assistant. Job Role To work along with the project manager in carrying out day to day activities on project related matters. Principal Responsibility Assist on project deliveries from customer request to execution and project hand over. Work with the field engineers to carry out Site Survey (TSS) and Project executions. Manage, Control and Coordinate the process. Collect, analyze and submit report on weekly basis. Requirements - Minimum HND or B.Sc. in computer science computer engineering or any IT related disciplines. - 0 – 2 years working experience within the telecoms or other IT related field will be an added advantage. - You also can apply if you have no experience in telecoms or IT and willing to learn on the job. - Strong verbal and written communication. - Must be tech-savvy - Excellent analytical and problem solving skill. - Great teamwork ability. - Ability to deliver on tasks with little supervision. - Strong work ethic and attention to detail. Application closing date Not specified. Don’t Keep! Kindly Share:	https://jobfound.online/empleo/project-assistant-2/
3 Mins Read A global summit on food security may be dominated by big businesses at the expense of grassroots movements and smallholder farmers’ interests, according to the United Nations’ former food expert Olivier De Schutter. The accusation has been sparked by the appointment of former Rwandan agriculture minister Agnes Kalibata to lead the event, despite her links with the agro-industry. The former UN special rapporteur on the right to food Olivier De Schutter says that the decision for Agnes Kalibata to lead the UN food systems summit will risk prioritising big businesses and will threaten the credibility of the gathering to bring about necessary sustainable change. The key summit on food security is due to take place in 2021 and is a crucial step to make the global agriculture system more sustainable and climate-resilient. “There is a big risk that the summit will be captured by corporate actors who see it as an opportunity to promote their own solutions,” said De Shutter. Kalibata has been linked to a number of agro-industry businesses, especially in her role as the president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), which has been accused of promoting damaging practices against smallholder farmers. Created in 2006 as an Africa-led institution, it has been funded over the years by a number of government agencies from the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. Critics of the organisation say that it has worked to further open up African markets to corporate monopolies that control commercial seeds, genetically modified crops and fossil fuel-heavy synthetic fertilisers and pesticides that leach contaminants into soil and waterways. A number of other food security groups have protested against the appointment of Kalibata. In February, 179 organisations from 83 countries signed a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General António Guterres, who appointed her to serve as his envoy to the summit. It said that her appointment represents a “deliberate attempt to silence the farms of the world.” With 820 million people currently living in hunger and an escalating climate crisis, the need for significant global action to fix the broken food system is urgent. Experts and signatories to the letter expressed that the involvement of Agra would likely “result in another forum that advances the interests of agribusiness at the expense of farmers and the planet.” Especially in Asia, a region lagging behind on progress on the Global Goals, and is acutely vulnerable to the dangers of food insecurity given its ballooning population and growing climate threats, more must be done to clamp down on corporate farming interests. In addition to placing burdens on the environment, agribusinesses are also associated with damaging social impacts. Monsanto, for instance, famously forced farmers in India to adopt a strain of Bt Cotton in the 1990s, which led to economic losses and unleashed a spate of farmer suicides that the community is now fighting back with their own native seeds. Lead image courtesy of Neil Palmer / Flickr.	https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/is-food-security-un-summit-backed-by-agrochemical-farming-giants/
Pregnancy is a major event in life. I believe I understand that pregnant mothers are actively doing work. What are the precautions during pregnancy? What are the details of your life worth noting? Following 25 things you need to know when you are pregnant. 1. Don’t take medicine in the flu If pregnant women catch a cold, if there is no clear evidence of bacterial infection, such as tonsillitis, high blood pressure, cough and jaundice, turbulence, etc., antibiotics cannot be used. Cough medicines and cough medicines are generally safe, but antitussives containing iodine preparations should not be used for pregnant women. 2. Early treatment of pregnant women’s diarrhea Diarrhea in pregnant women may lead to miscarriage or premature delivery. First of all, don’t eat, rehydration appropriately, to make up for the loss of water and electrolytes due to diarrhea, especially potassium ions, and to replenish the lost calories. Pregnant women can prepare some easy-to-digest porridge. While rehydrating, carefully observe whether the fetus is in good condition and whether there are signs of miscarriage or premature delivery. If the condition of the fetus is abnormal, go to the hospital for treatment immediately. 3. Correct the sleeping posture during pregnancy In the first trimester (1~3 months), pregnant women can enter the sleeping position freely, mainly adopting comfortable postures, such as supine or side lying position. If you are sleeping, or you are sleeping, you should change it. During the second trimester of pregnancy (4 to 7 months), care should be taken to protect the abdomen during this period to avoid direct influence from external forces. If pregnant women have polyhydramnios or twin pregnancies, they need to sleep in a lateral position, which can make the pregnant woman more comfortable. If the pregnant woman feels her legs, lie on her back and smooth her legs with a soft pillow. In the third trimester of pregnancy (8-10 months), the left side should be taken during this period. This position can correct the enlargement of the right uterus, reduce the pressure of the uterus on the abdominal aorta and radial artery, and increase the blood supply of the fetus, which is beneficial to the growth and development of the fetus. 4. Vaginal bleeding: If you find vaginal bleeding, even if there is only a small amount, you should go to the hospital for treatment immediately. Even vaginal bleeding seems to have stopped. Although a small amount of vaginal bleeding may not be important to the mother, it can also be a sign of some serious problems. Therefore, an immediate physical examination is required to confirm that there is no problem with the mother and fetus and eliminate the possibility of complications. 5. Abnormal vaginal discharge: If the leucorrhea is dark in the early stages of pregnancy, smells or itching, the expectant mother needs to seek medical attention. If there is only a large amount of leucorrhea, but no smell, it will not cause itching, no special color, this is a normal sign of pregnancy, there is no special treatment. 6. Stomach pain: Women have many symptoms when they are pregnant. For example, common stomach pain is one of them. If it is caused by a physiological change, as the body gradually adapts. It will be relieved. In many cases, it falls into this category. 7. Diarrhea: Mothers-to-be do not need to worry about whether the diarrhea is bad, but also look at the number of bowel movements in a day. If it reaches four or five times, they have to see a doctor and explain the situation to the doctor. Once diarrhea, the main treatment is proper fluid replacement. Make up for the loss of water and electrolytes due to diarrhea, especially potassium ions, and supplement the heat loss due to diarrhea 8. Pregnant woman’s stomachache: In the third trimester, when the mother-to-be is resting at night, she sometimes suffers from abdominal pain due to false contractions. It usually only lasts a few seconds. The intermittent time lasted for several hours without feeling of falling. Symptoms can be relieved during the day. If the expectant mother suddenly feels that the lower abdomen continues to ache, it may be due to premature delivery or a ruptured uterus. Go to the hospital in time and not delay time. 9. Foods that pregnant women cannot eat: 1) Raw beans: Green beans, lentils, red kidney beans, white kidney beans, etc. are poisoned when fresh or heated. 2) Raw milk: Raw soybeans contain toxic ingredients. If you eat uncooked soy milk raw, it will cause food poisoning. 3) Cassava: Cassava roots, stems and leaves contain toxic substances. If you eat raw or uncooked cassava or drink its soup, it can cause poisoning. Toxins can cause nerve paralysis and even permanent paralysis. 4) Sprouted potatoes: The toxins in the sprouting parts of potatoes, solanine are dozens to hundreds of times higher than the meat parts. Once ingested, mild disturbance of consciousness and breathing difficulties may lead to heart failure and respiratory center. Paralysis leads to death.	https://boxym.com/blog/9-things-you-need-to-know-when-you-are-pregnant/
Planning your human resource management dissertation may involve many steps. The key to writing the best paper possible is to plan your time wisely and choose an excellent topic. Your topic choice not only sets the pace for the project. It allows you to become a knowledgeable expert on the topic. Have a goal you want to achieve with the project; it could be the real key to creating a significant paper. Here are some points to remember while preparing your content. The right topic is something you can discuss with plenty of information through personal interests. With HR topics for dissertation content, you need to know how to present information and where to go to get data. Be passionate about your idea and consider different sources to gather data. Devote time toward getting to know your idea to show you are an expert. Know what pieces of information is necessary to get your point across. Get to know other perspectives about the topic from others in the field. Work toward making your content stand out and understand want information is needed to make a great presentation. Making plans for the project should include reviewing guidelines in further detail, establishing an outline, and creating a writing schedule or a general idea of when to work on the project. These actions will make it easy for you to stick to the deadline and ensure your content is perfect for your topic. Guidelines for the project will detail what is expected of you. The outline structures content but help keep discussion points and research data on target with your main idea. The writing schedule keeps the project in perspective while helping you utilize your time wisely. There are different options to keep in mind if you need help with your project. There are writing services available with professional writers if you want assistance for a recruitment and selection dissertation project. There are homework help sites providing tips on how to complete your project along with advice on editing, revisions, and samples if you need a study model. Your colleagues can provide feedback on where to get help for writing or ideas for a topic. Your instructor can review what you have so far and give insight on how to develop your idea.	http://bartonarts.org/topic-examples/human-resource.html
Fresh Del Monte Produce has joined the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), which is working to drive climate change action by enabling companies to set science-based emissions reduction targets. Fresh Del Monte Produce is the first global marketer of fruits and vegetables to commit to reducing its carbon footprint in an effort to limit global warming to less than 2 °C. The company will be working with SBTi to develop its target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Today, all bananas grown by Fresh Del Monte in Costa Rica, as well as 74% of all pineapples grown by the company that are sold in North America and Europe, are sourced from carbon neutral farms. Fresh Del Monte’s recent update to its 2018-2019 Corporate Sustainability Report includes the development and launch of its Environmental Action Tool and database to track company-wide greenhouse gas emissions for the first time in the company’s history.	https://www.packworld.com/home/news/21206022/fresh-del-monte-produce-commits-to-science-based-target-initiative
BACKGROUND DETAILED DESCRIPTION 1. Field This disclosure relates generally to data processing systems, and more specifically, to a system and method for monitoring debug events. 2. Related Art Data value breakpoints involve comparing both a data access address, as well as the data associated with the data access address, in order to determine whether a breakpoint exception should be generated. However, as in typical pipelined processors, data may not be available until many cycles after an access address is available. Therefore, there is uncertainty about where exactly the breakpoint happened in the instruction stream, since one or more instructions following the data access may be executed in the interval in which the access data is not yet available. In one data processing system available today, additional stalls are added to the natural execution in order to prevent any instructions from executing in the interval in which the access data is not yet available. However, this requires additional overhead and perturbs normal execution timing, which may be undesirable during debug. When debugging code, it is often difficult to know which instructions actually resulted in a debug exception being taken. For example, in the case of data value breakpoints, both a data access address comparison and a data value comparison with the accessed data are performed, and a comparison result may trigger a debug exception which interrupts normal instruction stream execution. Data may be returned for an access many cycles following the initiation of the access, which is triggered by supplying a data access request and the access address. The lag between a data address compare on the requested access and a data value compare on the received data may make it especially difficult to determine which instruction in the instruction stream actually resulted in the instruction stream interrupt. In one embodiment, an offset value may be used to indicate how many instructions have executed between the instruction which caused the data value breakpoint and the point in the instruction stream at which the breakpoint exception is actually taken. In this manner, improved debug functionality may be achieved. As used herein, the term “bus” is used to refer to a plurality of signals or conductors which may be used to transfer one or more various types of information, such as data, addresses, control, or status. The conductors as discussed herein may be illustrated or described in reference to being a single conductor, a plurality of conductors, unidirectional conductors, or bidirectional conductors. However, different embodiments may vary the implementation of the conductors. For example, separate unidirectional conductors may be used rather than bidirectional conductors and vice versa. Also, plurality of conductors may be replaced with a single conductor that transfers multiple signals serially or in a time multiplexed manner. Likewise, single conductors carrying multiple signals may be separated out into various different conductors carrying subsets of these signals. Therefore, many options exist for transferring signals. The terms “assert” or “set” and “negate” (or “deassert” or “clear”) are used herein when referring to the rendering of a signal, status bit, or similar apparatus into its logically true or logically false state, respectively. If the logically true state is a logic level one, the logically false state is a logic level zero. And if the logically true state is a logic level zero, the logically false state is a logic level one. Each signal described herein may be designed as positive or negative logic, where negative logic can be indicated by a bar over the signal name or an asterix (*) following the name. In the case of a negative logic signal, the signal is active low where the logically true state corresponds to a logic level zero. In the case of a positive logic signal, the signal is active high where the logically true state corresponds to a logic level one. Note that any of the signals described herein can be designed as either negative or positive logic signals. Therefore, in alternate embodiments, those signals described as positive logic signals may be implemented as negative logic signals, and those signals described as negative logic signals may be implemented as positive logic signals. Brackets are used herein to indicate the conductors of a bus or the bit locations of a value. For example, “bus 60 [7:0]” or “conductors [7:0] of bus 60” indicates the eight lower order conductors of bus 60, and “address bits [7:0]” or “ADDRESS [7:0]” indicates the eight lower order bits of an address value. The symbol “$” preceding a number indicates that the number is represented in its hexadecimal or base sixteen form. The symbol “%” or “0b” preceding a number indicates that the number is represented in its binary or base two form. FIG. 1 10 10 10 12 14 16 18 20 18 12 12 18 18 illustrates a data processing system consistent with an embodiment of the invention. Data processing system may be a system-on-chip. Data processing system may be implemented on a single integrated circuit or on a plurality of integrated circuits. Data processing system includes a processor , an external debug circuitry , an I/O module , and a memory , which may be coupled via bus . In alternate embodiments, memory may be any type of memory and may be located on the same integrated circuit as processor , or on a different integrated circuit than processor . Memory may be any type of memory, such as, for example, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), non-volatile memory (e.g. Flash), etc. Also, memory may be a memory or other data storage located within another peripheral or slave or on a different integrated circuit. FIG. 2 FIG. 1 FIG. 2 12 10 12 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 40 12 10 20 34 40 40 42 44 44 41 42 12 14 44 34 35 is a block diagram of processor associated with data processing system of . Processor may include an instruction pipe , execution units , instruction fetch unit , control circuitry , general purpose registers , load/store unit , bus interface unit (BIU) and internal debug circuitry . Processor may communicate with other components of data processing system via bus coupled to BIU . Internal debug circuitry may be coupled to external debugging units, such as an IEEE ISTO-5001 compliant Nexus™ debugging unit via debug port shown in . Nexus™ is a trademark of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. located in Austin, Tex. Debug port may be a serial interface, such as JTAG, or may be implemented as a parallel port, a combination of serial and parallel ports, or as an Ethernet port. Internal debug circuitry may include debug registers and debug control circuitry . Debug control circuitry may include one or more offset counters which may be used to determine a number of instructions, if any, that complete instruction execution between an instruction that caused a debug event and a point in instruction execution when the debug event is processed. Debug registers may include bits grouped in fields for controlling various debug related events, including instruction breakpoints, data breakpoints, watchpoints, and other messaging associated with debugging. These debugging resources may be shared between processor and external debug circuitry . Also, debug control circuitry may communicate addresses and data with BIU by way of conductors . FIG. 3 42 12 12 12 14 40 42 50 0 43 1 2 3 4 42 45 1 2 45 42 47 1 2 47 42 49 51 1 2 53 1 2 42 51 53 Referring now to , registers within debug registers may also be provided for storing one or more address comparison values, address ranges, and data match values for implementing instruction and/or data access breakpoint and watchpoint events, and other debug control criteria. These address and data values, along with various control criteria, are used to determine when processor accesses one or more predetermined instruction addresses or data addresses for the purpose of generating a breakpoint or watchpoint event, which can cause processor to begin exception processing for a debug exception when internal debug mode is active, or cause processor to enter a debug halted mode in which it responds to commands provided by external debug circuitry through the debug port of internal debug unit when external debug mode is active. By way of example, debug registers may include various debug control registers, including debug control register (DBCR) and other debug control registers (DBCR, DBCR, DBCR, and DBCR). Debug registers may further include instruction address compare registers (IAC and IAC). Instruction address compare registers may store instruction addresses for address comparison purposes. Debug registers may further include data address compare registers (DAC and DAC). Data address compare registers may store data access addresses for address comparison purposes. Debug registers may further include debug status register , debug counters (DBCNT and DBCNT), and data value compare registers (DVC and DVC). Debug registers may be a part of the user's software programming model. Debug counters may be configured to count-down when one ore more count-enabled events occur. When a count value reaches zero, a debug count event may be signaled, and a debug interrupt may be generated, if enabled. Data value compare registers may store data values for data comparison purposes. 10 14 12 14 14 42 42 FIG. 2 In internal debug mode, these register resources are managed by software, and no external debug circuitry usage is required. Software may configure the registers through data movement using move to and from special purpose register instructions which are programmers model software instructions to initialize the individual debug registers for performing software-based debugging activities, in which enabled debug events cause software debug interrupts to occur. A software interrupt handler may then perform various desired activity which is determined by the software programmer of data processing system . In external debug mode, external debug circuitry is assigned ownership of these shared debug event configuration registers, and when a configured debug event occurs, processor may enter a halted state and wait for a command to be provided by external debug circuitry . Software no longer has control of the shared debug resources when external debug mode is enabled. External debug circuitry may access the shared debug resources, including debug registers directly via the debug port (as shown in ), which may be, for example, implemented as a JTAG TAP port. In one embodiment, debug registers may be mapped as JTAG data registers with register selection encodings contained within one or more fields for the various JTAG instructions, which provide for read and write accesses to the registers by the debugger through JTAG IR and DR operations. 12 10 40 12 12 Sharing of a single set of registers requires fewer processor resources to be implemented, and this simplifies the programming model for the user of data processing system . Internal debug unit monitors activity within processor and in response to detecting one or more predetermined conditions based on stored debug configuration information, may generate one or more data breakpoint events, instruction breakpoint events, instruction execution events such as a branch or trap taken event, an instruction completion event, and the like. In this manner of operation, processor functions as can be appreciated by those skilled in the art. FIG. 4 FIG. 1 FIG. 4 FIG. 4 FIGS. 5 and 6 50 50 42 40 50 50 50 52 54 58 60 1 62 2 64 1 66 2 68 1 70 2 72 50 50 56 61 74 50 50 50 is a diagram of a debug control register associated with the data processing system of . Debug control register may be included as part of debug registers , which may further be included as part of internal debug unit . Debug control register may be used to store debug configuration information. Although illustrates a specific embodiment of the present invention which uses specific bit fields, alternate embodiments of the present invention may use different bit fields having different numbers of bits in each field. The specific bit fields depicted in are shown only for illustrative purposes. By way of example, debug control register may include 32 bits. Debug control register may include bit fields labeled as: EDM , IDM , ICMP , BRT , IAC, IAC, DAC, DAC, DVC, and DVC. These bit fields are merely exemplary and debug control register may include fewer or additional bit fields. In addition, these bit fields may be arranged differently. Debug control register may also include reserved bit fields , , and , which may be used in the future. The functionality of the various bit fields is explained with respect to below. By way of example, debug control register may be a writeable register that may also be readable and which may be part of the user's software programming model. In alternate embodiments of the present invention, debug control register may not be a control register in the user's software programming model, but instead may be implemented outside of the user's software programming model. Any type of storage circuitry may be used to implement debug control register . FIG. 5 FIG. 4 FIG. 6 FIG. 6 FIG. 4 FIGS. 5 and 6 50 52 52 50 14 10 52 52 50 54 58 60 6 7 61 50 1 62 1 2 62 1 66 1 66 2 68 2 68 1 1 70 2 72 16 31 shows, in a tabular form, functionality of a portion of debug control register of . EDM bit may indicate whether the external debug mode is enabled or disabled. When EDM bit is set to 1, for example, control registers, such as debug control register are placed under exclusive control of external debug circuitry and data processing system software cannot write information to these control registers. Alternatively, when EDM bit is set to 1, software cannot write to specific portions of debug control registers. Thus, EDM bit is used to selectively block certain reset events from clearing information stored in debug control register and other debug resources, which may contain debug control and setup information. IDM bit may indicate whether internal debug mode is enabled or disable, thus indicating whether debug exceptions are enabled or disabled. ICMP bit may be used to indicate whether instruction complete debug events are enabled or disabled. BRT bit may be used to indicate whether branch taken debug events are enabled or disabled. Bits : may be reserved for future use. With reference now to , shows, in a tabular form, functionality of a portion of the debug control register of . IAC bit may be used to indicate whether instruction address compare debug events are enabled or disabled. IAC bit may be used to indicate whether instruction address compare 2 debug events are enabled or disabled. DAC bits may be used to indicate whether data address compare 1 debug events are enabled or disabled. If enabled, DAC bits also indicates for which type of storage accesses data address compare 1 debug events are enabled (for example, for store-type data storage accesses, for load-type data storage accesses, or for either load-type or store-type data storage accesses). DAC bits may be used to indicate whether data address compare 2 debug events are enabled or disabled. If enabled, DAC bits also indicates for which type of storage accesses data address compare debug events are enabled (for example, for store-type data storage accesses, for load-type data storage accesses, or for either load-type or store-type data storage accesses). DVC bits may be used to indicate whether a data value compare 1 qualifier is enabled or not. DVC bits may be used to indicate whether a data value compare 2 qualifier is enabled or not. Bits : may be reserved for future use. Although describe a specific number of bit fields for providing different configuration information associated with debug events, different number of bit fields than shown in these figures may also be used. FIG. 7 FIG. 1 FIG. 7 FIG. 7 FIG. 8 49 49 42 40 49 49 49 76 78 80 1 82 2 84 3 86 4 88 1 90 1 92 2 94 2 96 98 49 49 100 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 is a diagram of a debug status register associated with the data processing system of . Debug status register may be included as part of debug registers , which may further be included as part of internal debug unit . Debug status register may be used to store status information on debug events. Although illustrates a specific embodiment of the present invention which uses specific bit fields, alternate embodiments of the present invention may use different bit fields having different numbers of bits in each field. The specific bit fields depicted in are shown only for illustrative purposes. By way of example, debug status register may include 32 bits. Debug status register may include bit fields labeled as: IDE , ICMP, BRT , IAC, IAC, IAC, IAC, DACR , DACW , DACR , DACW , and DAC_OFST . These bit fields are merely exemplary and debug status register may include fewer or additional bit fields. In addition, these bit fields may be arranged differently. Debug status register may also include reserved bit fields , which may be used in the future. The functionality of the various bit fields is explained with respect to below. Also, in referring to debug status register , setting a bit refers to storing a logic level one and clearing a bit refers to storing a logic level zero. By way of example, debug status register may be a register whose bits are set via hardware, and read and cleared via software and which may be part of the user's software programming model. In alternate embodiments of the present invention, debug status register may not be in the user's software programming model, but instead may be implemented outside of the user's software programming model. In one embodiment, debug status bits of debug status register are set by debug events only while internal debug mode is enabled or external debug mode is enabled. Also, in one embodiment, when debug interrupts are enabled, a set bit in debug status register may cause a debug interrupt to be generated, where the debug interrupt handler is responsible for clearing debug status register bits prior to returning to normal execution. Furthermore, any type of storage circuitry may be used to implement debug status register . FIG. 8 FIG. 7 FIG. 6 FIG. 6 FIG. 6 FIG. 6 49 76 78 80 1 82 1 2 84 2 3 86 3 4 88 4 1 90 1 1 66 1 1 92 1 1 66 1 2 94 2 2 68 2 2 96 2 2 68 2 98 13 31 shows, in a tabular form, functionality of debug status register of . IDE bit is used to indicate occurrence of an imprecise debug event and thus may be set to one if debug exceptions are disabled and a debug event causes its respective debug status register bit to be set to one. That is, although a debug event may occur, debug exceptions may remain disabled because an interrupt cannot yet occur due to a current state of the pipeline. ICMP bit may be set to one if an instruction complete debug event occurred. BRT bit may be se to one if a branch taken debug event occurred. IAC bit may be set to one if an IAC debug event occurred. IAC bit may be set to one if an IAC debug event occurred. IAC bit may be set to one if an IAC debug event occurred. IAC bit may be set to one if an IAC debug event occurred. DACR bit may be set to one if a read-type DAC debug event occurred while DAC bits equal %10 or %11 (indicating that DAC debug events are enabled for load-type data storage accesses, as shown in ). DACW bit may be set to one if a write-type DAC debug event occurred while DAC bits equal %01 or %11 (indicating that DAC debug events are enabled for store-type data storage accesses, as shown in ). DACR bit may be set to one if a read-type DAC debug event occurred while DAC bits equal %10 or %11 (indicating that DAC debug events are enabled for load-type data storage accesses, as shown in ). DACW bit may be set to one if a write-type DAC debug event occurred while DAC bits equal %01 or %11 (indicating that DAC debug events are enabled for store-type data storage accesses, as shown in ). DAC_OFST bits may be used to indicate a data address compare offset. In one embodiment, bits to are reserved for possible future use. 1 2 50 1 1 2 2 1 90 1 92 2 94 2 96 1 1 2 2 42 47 53 1 70 50 1 1 1 1 1 12 76 1 FIGS. 9-11 If a data value compare qualifier is indicated for DAC or DAC in debug control register , then a data access address match as well as a data value match (for the data value associated with the data access address) must occur for a DVC DAC or a DVC DAC debug event to be indicated. That is, the respective one of DACR bit , DACW bit , DACR bit , and DACW bit is not set to indicate a DVC DAC or a DVC DAC debug event until a data value match occurs as well. Note that the values to be matched can be stored in debug registers , such as in data address compare registers and data value compare registers . For example, if DVC bit of debug control register is set, then DAC debug events are qualified by a data value compare, meaning that for a DVC DAC debug event to be indicated, the address must match the DAC data address compare register and the associated data value for that address must match the DVC data value compare register. However, due to the pipelined nature of processor , data may not be available for comparison until many cycles after an access address is available. Furthermore, even once the data is available and a DVC DAC is indicated, the instruction stream may not be interruptible at that moment (that is, debug exceptions may be disabled) meaning that the actual data value breakpoint may not be taken at the moment a DVC DAC is indicated. In this case, the IDE bit can be set to to indicate an imprecise debug event in which a debug exception cannot be taken at the time a debug event is indicated. That is, the actual data value breakpoint cannot be taken until debug exceptions are enabled, which may occur at different (and unpredictable) points in the subsequent instruction stream, as will be discussed in reference to . Once a debug exception is taken, interrupt handling begins and the debug event is processed. 98 98 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 98 98 76 FIGS. 9-11 DAC_OFST bits may therefore be used to indicate a number of instructions that have executed between the instruction which caused a DVC DAC to be indicated and the point at which a data value breakpoint occurs and a debug exception is taken. DAC_OFST bits may be used to store the “offset-1” of the saved DSRR value from the address of the load or store instruction which took a data address compare debug exception. Note that DSRR corresponds to debug save restore register , and the saved DSRR value corresponds to the return pointer for a breakpoint interrupt. Therefore, if a data value breakpoint occurs, the saved DSRR address value corresponds to the address value of the instruction following the last instruction executed prior to interrupt handling. In this manner, it can be determined how many instructions have executed within the interval between the address which caused the DVC DAC and the point at which the instruction stream is interrupted to take the data value breakpoint. This allows a user to determine which instruction was actually the one which caused the data value breakpoint. In one embodiment, DAC_OFST bits is normally set to %00, and a DVC DAC will set this field to %01, %10, or %11, which represents the “offset-1”. Examples will be provided below with respect to . However, note that if a simultaneous translation look-aside buffer miss (also referred to as a DTLB error) or data storage interrupt (e.g. DSI) error occurs due to an access permissions error or other access-related error, DAC_OFST bits may be set to %00 and IDE bit may be set to 1. In these cases, note that the data associated with the address may not ever be available due to one of these errors occurring. FIGS. 9-11 FIGS. 9-11 0 1 2 3 0 41 0 0 0 1 1 1 66 1 1 70 1 1 1 0 1 90 1 47 0 1 53 0 0 2 2 2 68 2 72 2 90 Different situations and conditions can affect the number of instructions executed between the time the data address compare is performed and the time at which the data value breakpoint is actually taken. illustrate timing diagrams which illustrate how a series of four load instructions (represented by I, I, I, and I, where I causes a DVC DAC debug event) results in different DAC offset values. These DAC offset values, which can be kept track of by DAC offset counter , represent or encode a number of instructions executed between I and the point in time at which a debug exception is taken for a data value breakpoint after a DVC DAC for I is indicated. For , it is assumed that I generates a DVC DAC debug event. Therefore, DAC bits is %10 or %11, such that DAC debug events are enabled for load-type data storage accesses, and DVC bit is set to indicate that DAC debug events are qualified by a data value compare. The corresponding status bit for the DVC DAC debug event for I is DACR bit , which would not be set until each of an address value compare and a data value compare for the same access result in a match. In this example, for the data address compare, note that the DAC value in data address compare registers may be used for comparison with the data address computed by I, and, for the data value compare, note that the DVC value in data value compare registers may be used for comparison with the resulting load data associated with I. In alternate embodiments, I may correspond to a DAC DVC, using DAC bits , DVC bit , DACR bit , etc. FIGS. 9-11 FIGS. 9-11 FIGS. 9-11 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 22 12 12 12 Note that each of is described in reference to a six-stage pipeline, including the following stages: fetch, decode, effective address (EA)/E, memory (mem)/E, memory (mem)/E, and writeback. Note that this is provided as an example pipeline for instruction pipe of processor ; however, alternate embodiments may include different pipelines having, for example, a different number of stages. Operation of an instruction pipeline, such as the 6-stage pipeline referred to in , is known in the art and will therefore not be described in detail herein. Also, each of include a clock signal which may correspond to a processor clock of processor . The processor clock can be a system clock or a clock that is provided to only a portion of processor , and can be generated as known in the art. FIG. 9 FIG. 1 0 1 2 0 3 10 1 1 4 3 35 44 10 1 47 20 34 1 4 1 44 1 0 1 1 1 70 1 0 0 0 2 2 18 34 20 35 44 0 1 53 6 1 44 1 0 1 53 1 1 1 90 Referring to , I enters the fetch stage in clock cycle , enters the decode stage in clock cycle , enters the EA/E stage in clock cycle where an effective address for is calculated, and then enters the mem/E stage in clock cycle . Therefore, the effective address is ready at the end of clock cycle and is provided on the address portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that an address compare can be performed between the effective address of and the DAC value stored in data address compare registers . (Note that the address may also be placed at this point on bus by BIU .) This DAC address compare is performed in clock cycle , as indicated by the positive pulse in a DAC address compare signal which can be a control signal asserted within debug control circuitry to indicate that a DAC address compare match is occurring for instruction I. However, since DAC requires a DVC qualifier (due to the setting of DVC bit ), a DACR debug event is not yet indicated, even though the address compare results in a match. Instruction processing continues because the data associated with I (which is to be retrieved in response to the I load instruction) is not yet available for a data value compare. I then proceeds into the mem/E stage during which the data is being loaded from memory (such as, for example, memory of ). This loaded data may be available at the end of this stage (and received, for example, by BIU via bus ) and is then provided on the data portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that a data value compare can be performed between the loaded data value associated with I and the DVC value stored in data value compare registers . Therefore, the data value compare is performed in the next clock cycle, clock cycle , as indicated by the positive pulse in a DVC data compare signal which can be a control signal asserted within debug control circuitry to indicate that a DVC data compare match is occurring for instruction I. Upon a match with the stored DVC value in data value compare registers , a DVC DAC debug event is indicated, thus hardware sets DACR bit . 1 1 0 6 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 8 1 1 8 9 1 1 3 0 3 2 3 3 0 3 0 3 Note that upon detection of a DVC DAC on I within cycle , DAC offset counter is cleared to 0 and enabled to start counting with each subsequent instruction completed. The pipeline cannot yet be interrupted in clock cycle , though, because I and I are in the memory stages (mem and mem) and thus must be completed prior to further processing of pending debug exceptions, since once memory accesses are initiated they cannot be interrupted, but must be completed. Subsequent memory accesses are not initiated however, since the DVC DAC exception is now pending. Each memory access for I and I is considered completed after entering the writeback stage. Note that I (the later of instructions I and I) is in the write back stage in clock cycle , after which pending debug exceptions can be taken and interrupt handling can begin. That is, interrupt handling of the DVC DAC debug event does not begin until after clock cycle (for example, in clock cycle ). Note that at the time the DVC DAC is detected, I is only in the EA/E stage of the pipeline and can thus be killed. That is, the instruction stream is interrupted at I (i.e. the debug exception is taken after execution of I, prior to execution of I). Normal execution may therefore be restarted with I again after interrupt processing is complete. Therefore, the DSRR register may store the address of I since this corresponds to the return pointer for the data breakpoint debug interrupt. Following completion of the debug interrupt handler software routine, normal execution is restarted by executing a return from interrupt instruction, which uses the value saved in DSRR as a pointer to the instruction to be returned to (I in this case) to continue normal (non-interrupt) instruction execution. 1 1 8 1 2 7 8 98 49 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 0 98 0 0 0 3 0 98 0 Note that with each subsequent instruction completed after the DAC offset counter is cleared upon detection of a DVC DAC debug event, the DAC offset counter is incremented by 1 until a debug exception is taken (at which point interrupt handling occurs). Therefore, the DAC offset counter increments to 2 in clock cycle , since subsequent instructions I and I complete in clock cycles and respectively, and therefore, DAC_OFST bits of debug status register is set to %10. That is, the number of instructions which executed after the instruction which caused the DVC DAC (I, in this example) and prior to the debug event interrupt processing is 2, which is stored as the DAC_OFST. In this case, a user can know that, once a data value breakpoint occurs, it is not the previous instruction (I, in this example) which actually caused the data value breakpoint, but it is additional instructions previous to the I (where this value of “2” corresponds to the DAC_OFST). The instruction that is 2 additional instructions previous to I is I, which did cause the data value breakpoint in the current example. As discussed above with DAC_OFST bits , if a DVC DAC occurs, this indicates “offset-1” of the saved DSRR value from the address of the instruction which took a DAC debug exception (which is I). The offset of the saved DSRR value (corresponding to the address of I in this example) from I is 3, and thus DAC_OFST bits indicates 2, which is “3−1”. Note that in alternate embodiments, different boundaries can be used to calculate the DAC_OFST or different counting methods may be used to allow DAC_OFST to indicate I in this example. FIG. 10 FIG. 1 FIG. 9 0 1 2 0 3 0 1 1 4 35 44 0 1 47 1 0 4 1 1 1 1 70 1 0 0 0 2 2 18 5 0 0 11 13 5 0 5 6 35 44 7 1 1 53 1 1 1 90 Referring to , I enters the fetch stage in clock cycle , enters the decode stage in clock cycle , enters the EA/E stage in clock cycle where an effective address for I is calculated, and enters the mem/E stage in clock cycle . The effective address is provided on the address portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that an address compare can be performed between the effective address of I and the DAC value stored in data address compare registers . This DAC address compare for I is performed in clock cycle , and an address compare match occurs as indicated by the positive pulse in the DAC address compare signal. However, since DAC requires a DVC qualifier (due to the setting of DVC bit ), a DACR debug event is not yet indicated, even though the address compare results in a match. Instruction processing continues because the data associated with I (which is to be retrieved in response to the I load instruction) is not yet available for a data value compare. I then proceeds into the mem/E stage during which the data is being loaded from memory (such as, for example, memory of ). However, in clock cycle , the load data for I is stalled by a memory wait state. (Note that the stall of I results in a pipeline stall in which each of - is also stalled in clock cycle .) Thus, rather than the load data for I being provided at then end of clock cycle (as in ), it is not provided until the end of clock cycle on the data portion of conductors to debug control circuitry . The data value compare is then performed in the next clock cycle, clock cycle , and a data match occurs as indicated by the positive pulse in a DVC data compare signal. Upon a match with the stored DVC value in data value compare registers , a DVC DAC debug event is indicated, thus hardware sets DACR bit . 1 1 0 7 7 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 0 1 1 8 1 1 8 9 2 1 2 2 0 2 0 2 FIG. 10 Note that upon detection of a DVC DAC on I within cycle , DAC offset counter is cleared to 0 and enabled to start counting with each subsequent instruction completed. The pipeline cannot yet be interrupted in clock cycle , though, because I is in a memory stage (mem) and thus must be completed prior to further processing of pending debug exceptions since once memory accesses are initiated, they cannot be interrupted, but must be completed. Subsequent memory accesses are not initiated however, since the DVC DAC exception is now pending. However, in the example of , instruction I returns a DSI error which indicates that access permissions were violated and thus memory will not be returning any load data for I. Therefore, even though I is also in a memory stage (mem), it can be killed due to the DSI error. I, which is in the EA/E stage, can also be killed, since it has not yet begun a memory access which normally occurs in pipeline stage mem. Instruction I is in the write back stage in clock cycle , after which pending debug exceptions can be further processed so that a debug exception can be taken and interrupt handling can begin. That is, interrupt handling of the DVC DAC debug event does not begin until after clock cycle (for example, in clock cycle ). Therefore, the instruction stream is interrupted at I (i.e. the debug exception is taken after execution of I, prior to execution of I). Normal execution may then be restarted with I again after interrupt processing for the debug interrupt is complete. Therefore, the DSRR register may store the address of I since this corresponds to the return pointer for the data breakpoint debug interrupt. Following completion of the debug interrupt handler software routine, normal execution is restarted by executing a return from interrupt instruction, which uses the value saved in DSRR as a pointer to the instruction to be returned to (I in this case) to continue normal (non-interrupt) instruction execution. 1 1 98 49 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 98 0 0 0 2 0 98 0 Note that with each subsequent instruction completed after the DAC offset counter is cleared upon detection of a DVC DAC, the DAC offset counter is incremented by 1 until a debug exception is taken (at which point interrupt handling occurs). Therefore, the DAC offset counter only increments to 1 in the current example, and therefore, DAC_OFST bits of debug status register is set to %01. That is, the number of instructions which executed after the instruction which caused the DVC DAC (I, in this example) and prior to the debug event interrupt processing is 1, which is stored as the DAC_OFST. In this case, a user can know that, once a data value breakpoint occurs, it is not the previous instruction (I, in this example) which actually caused the data value breakpoint, but it is 1 additional instruction previous to I. The instruction that is 1 additional instruction previous to I is I, which did cause the data value breakpoint in the current example. As discussed above with DAC_OFST bits , if a DVC DAC occurs, this indicates “offset-1” of the saved DSRR value from the address of the instruction which took a DAC debug exception (which is I). The offset of the saved DSRR value (corresponding to the address of I in this example) from I is 2, and thus DAC_OFST bits indicates 1, which is “2−1”. Note that in alternate embodiments, different boundaries can be used to calculate the DAC_OFST or different counting methods may be used to allow DAC_OFST to indicate I in this example. FIG. 11 FIG. 1 0 1 2 0 3 0 1 1 4 35 44 0 1 47 1 4 0 1 1 1 1 70 1 0 0 0 2 2 18 10 5 35 44 10 6 1 1 53 1 1 1 90 Referring to , I enters the fetch stage in clock cycle , enters the decode stage in clock cycle , enters the EA/E stage in clock cycle where an effective address for I is calculated, and enters the mem/E stage in clock cycle . The effective address is provided on the address portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that an address compare can be performed between the effective address of I and the DAC value stored in data address compare registers . This DAC address compare is performed in clock cycle for I and an address match occurs, as indicated by the positive pulse in a DAC address compare signal. However, since DAC requires a DVC qualifier (due to the setting of DVC bit ), a DACR debug event is not yet indicated, even though the address compare results in a match. Instruction processing continues because the data associated with I (which is to be retrieved in response to the I load instruction) is not yet available for a data value compare. I then proceeds into the mem/E stage during which the data is being loaded from memory (such as, for example, memory of ). The load data for is ready at then end of clock cycle , and is provided on the data portion of conductors to debug control circuitry . The data value compare for is then performed in the next clock cycle, clock cycle , and a data match occurs as indicated by the positive pulse in a DVC data compare signal. Upon a match with the stored DVC value in data value compare registers , a DVC DAC debug event is indicated, thus hardware sets DACR bit . 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 12 6 1 3 7 1 1 0 6 7 1 0 1 1 0 1 98 49 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 FIG. 11 Upon detection of a DVC DAC on I within cycle , DAC offset counter is cleared to 0 and enabled to start counting with each subsequent instruction completed. In the example of , note that I, in the memory stage mem, caused an error due to an address translation miss in the translation look-aside buffer (TLB), and thus I does not continue executing. (Note that a TLB is not illustrated in the drawings, but could be located, along with a memory management unit (MMU), in processor , as known in the art, where both the TLB and MMU may operate as known in the art). Therefore, in clock cycle , all of instructions I-I can be killed. Therefore, debug exceptions can be immediately enabled for clock cycle , so that a debug exception can be taken and interrupt handling can begin. That is, interrupt handling of the DVC DAC debug event for instruction I can begin after clock cycle (for example, in clock cycle ). Therefore, the instruction stream is interrupted at I (i.e. the debug exception is taken after execution of I, prior to execution of I). Execution may then begin with I again after interrupt processing is complete. Therefore, the DSRR register may store the address of I since this corresponds to the return pointer for the data breakpoint debug interrupt. In the current example, the DAC offset counter remains at 0; therefore, DAC_OFST bits of debug status register remain %00. That is, the instruction which caused the DVC DAC (I, in this example) is the instruction previous to instruction which was interrupted (I). Normal execution may then be restarted with I again after interrupt processing for the debug interrupt is complete. Therefore, the DSRR register may store the address of I since this corresponds to the return pointer for the data breakpoint debug interrupt. Following completion of the debug interrupt handler software routine, normal execution is restarted by executing a return from interrupt instruction, which uses the value saved in DSRR as a pointer to the instruction to be returned to (I in this case) to continue normal (non-interrupt handling) instruction execution. Therefore, note that the timing of a data value breakpoint with respect to a DVC DAC can vary depending on various factors, many of which are unpredictable and not known before hand. Through the use of a DAC_OFST, though, once the debug exception is actually taken, a user can determine which instruction actually caused the data value breakpoint (i.e. actually caused a debug exception to be taken). 76 76 In some circumstances, such as when the user has disabled debug interrupts by explicitly masking them with an interrupt mask control, IDE bit notifies the user that a debug event (such as a DVC DAC debug event) has occurred, but that it is imprecise because debug exceptions have been globally disabled by the user. That is, even though a debug event has occurred, debug exceptions are currently masked by the user. Therefore, once the debug exception is actually taken after debug interrupts have been unmasked, the DAC_OFST value cannot be used to precisely determine which instruction caused the debug exception to occur, since many instructions may be executed prior to the user unmasking the debug interrupts again. IDE bit may used by software to qualify the validity of DAC_OFST in this case, since it will not reflect the actual number of instructions executed. FIGS. 12-16 FIGS. 12-16 FIG. 12 FIG. 13 FIG. 14 FIG. 15 FIG. 16 49 98 0 1 2 0 1 2 201 208 209 212 213 215 216 218 219 220 illustrate, in tabular form, various examples illustrating occurrence of DAC and DVC DAC debug events and in one embodiment, the resultant updates of debug status register , such as for DAC_OFST bits . In the table of , a series of three instructions, I, I, and I, are used for each of the examples. The first instruction, I, is a load/store class instruction, the second instruction, I, is a load/store class instruction unless otherwise specified, and the third instruction, I, is a load/store instruction unless otherwise specified. Note that includes rows -, includes rows -, includes rows -, includes rows -, and includes rows -. 201 0 202 0 203 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 76 98 0 0 0 204 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 76 98 0 0 0 205 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 1 1 203 204 76 205 76 203 204 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 205 10 0 1 0 Referring to row of the table representing an example, it is assumed that I results in a DTLB error and no DAC debug event. In this case, a DTLB exception is taken and no update to the debug status registers is performed. Row represents an example in which I results in a data storage interrupt (DSI) error and no DAC debug event. In this case, a DSI exception is taken and no update to the debug status registers is performed. Row represents an example in which I results in a DTLB error; however, a DACx debug event is indicated (e.g. a DAC or DAC debug event). In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW) and IDE bit is set, and DAC_OFST bits is set to %00. The DSRR register points to I (i.e. stores the address of I). Row represents an example in which I results in a DSI error; however, a DACx debug event is indicated (e.g. a DAC or DAC debug event). In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW) and IDE bit is set, and DAC_OFST bits is set to %00. The DSRR register points to I (i.e. stores the address of I). Row represents an example in which I causes a DACx debug event (e.g. a DAC or DAC debug event). In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %00. The DSRR register points to I (i.e. stores the address of I). Note that for the conditions indicated in Rows and , IDE bit is set, however for Row , IDE bit is not set. This is used to indicate that the DAC_OFST setting of %00 for Rows and is indicating that instruction I caused the interrupt to occur, and that the saved program counter value in DSRR is pointing to I and not to the normal position (I) when a debug interrupt is taken on I due to a DAC or DAC event. This occurs because there is also a simultaneous DTLB or DSI exception on I, and thus I should be re-executed following the debug interrupt, since it has not completed execution. On re-execution, the DAC, DAC events may be disabled by the user, and the normal DTLB or DSI exception is then taken and handled as appropriate. For Row however, instruction has completed execution, thus the saved DSRR value points to I, with a DAC_OFST value of %00, and IDE is cleared, indicating the normal boundary condition in DSRR for a DAC_OFST value of %00. 206 220 0 1 1 2 2 206 1 3 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 98 0 Rows - represent various examples in which I causes a DVCx DACx debug event (e.g. either a DVC DAC or DVC DAC debug event). Row represents an example in which I causes no exceptions and can be any instruction and I causes no exceptions and is not a load/store type of instruction. In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DVCx DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %01. The DSRR register points to the instruction after I. By examining DAC_OFST bits it can be determined that I caused the DVCx DACx event. 207 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 2 208 1 1 1 2 2 98 0 1 98 0 FIG. 9 FIG. 11 Row represents an example similar to that of in which I causes no exceptions and I causes no exceptions, but I is a load/store class instruction. In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DVCx DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %10. The DSRR register points to the instruction after I. In this example, instruction I should be allowed to complete, since it had begun a memory access. Row represents an example similar to that of in which I causes a DTLB error and no DAC. In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DVCx DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %00. The DSRR register points to I, since it incurred a DTLB error, and did not complete execution. By examining DAC_OFST bits it can be determined that I caused the DVCx DACx event. 209 1 1 1 2 2 98 0 1 210 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 1 1 1 211 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 1 1 1 208 211 1 Row represents an example in which I causes a DSI error and no DAC. In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DVCx DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %00. The DSRR register points to I, since it incurred a DSI exception and did not complete. Row represents an example in which I causes a DTLB error and a DACy (e.g. a DAC or DAC debug event). In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DVCx DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %00. The DSRR register points to I. In this case, the DACy event for I is not reported, since it should be re-executed anyway due to the DTLB error on I. Row represents an example in which I causes a DSI error and a DACy (e.g. a DAC or DAC debug event). In this case, the debug exception caused as a result of the DVCx DACx debug event is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %00. The DSRR register points to I. In this case, the DACy event for I is not reported, since it should be re-executed anyway due to the DTLB error on I. Note that for the examples of rows -, the I exception is masked; however, this is implementation dependent and may differ on other processors. 212 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 213 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 0 2 Row represents an example in which I causes a DACy (e.g. a DAC or DAC debug event). In this case, the debug exception is taken, the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %01. The DSRR register points to I. Row represents an example in which I causes a DVCy DACy (e.g. a DVC DAC or DVC DAC debug event) and is a normal load/store instruction and in which I is not a load/store instruction. In this case, the debug exception is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %01. The DSRR register points to I. Note also that in this case, if x equals y, then the resultant state of the debug status registers and DSRR may be indistinguishable from the “no DACy” case (i.e. the case in which I does not cause a DACy). 214 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 0 2 Row represents an example in which I causes a DVCy DACy (e.g. a DVC DAC or DVC DAC debug event) and is a normal load/store instruction and in which I is a load/store instruction which does not cause an exception. In this case, the debug exception is taken after I completes, since it had begun a memory access, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %10. The DSRR register points to the instruction after I. Note also that in this case, if x equals y, then the resultant state of the debug status registers and DSRR may be indistinguishable from the “no DACy” case (i.e. the case in which I does not cause a DACy). 215 1 1 1 2 2 2 216 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 0 2 2 Row represents an example in which I causes a DVCy DACy (e.g. a DVC DAC or DVC DAC debug event) and is a normal load/store instruction and in which I causes a DSI error. Row represents an example in which I causes a DVCy DACy (e.g. a DVC DAC or DVC DAC debug event) and is a normal load/store instruction and in which I causes a DTLB error. In either of these cases, the debug exception is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %01. The DSRR register points to I. Note also that in this case, if x equals y, then the resultant state of the debug status registers and DSRR may be indistinguishable from the “no DACy” case (i.e. the case in which I does not cause a DACy). Also, note that in these cases, instruction I is masked; however, this behavior is implementation dependent and may differ on other processors. 217 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 0 1 2 Row represents an example in which I causes a DVCy DACy (e.g. a DVC DAC or DVC DAC debug event) and is a normal load/store instruction and in which I is a normal load/store instruction or a multiple word load/store instruction which causes a DACy or a DVCy DACy. In this case, the debug exception is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %10. The DSRR register points to the instruction after I. Note also that in this case, if x equals y, then the resultant state of the debug status registers and DSRR may be indistinguishable from the “no DACy” case (i.e. the case in which I or I does not cause a DACy). 218 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 1 2 0 0 2 Row represents an example in which I causes a DVCy DACy (e.g. a DVC DAC or DVC DAC debug event) and is a multiple word load/store instruction and in which I is any instruction. In this case, the debug exception is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %01. The DSRR register points to I. In this case, since I loads or stores multiple registers, there is sufficient time to prevent I from accessing memory, once the DVCx DACx condition occurs for I, thus it may be killed. Note also that in this case, if x equals y, then the resultant state of the debug status registers and DSRR may be indistinguishable from the “no DACy” case (i.e. the case in which I does not cause a DACy). 219 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 2 Row represents an example in which I is any instruction and does not cause an exception and in which I is a normal load/store or multiple word load/store instruction which causes a DSI error and which may or may not cause a DAC. In this case, the debug exception is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %01. The DSRR register points to I. Also, note that in this case, instruction I is masked; however, this behavior is implementation dependent and may differ on other processors. 220 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 98 0 2 0 2 Row represents an example in which I is any instruction and does not cause an exception and in which I is a normal load/store or multiple word load/store instruction which causes a DACy or a DVCy DACy. In this case, the debug exception is taken, and the corresponding DACx bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), the corresponding DACy bit field is set (e.g. DACR, DACW, DACR, DACW), and DAC_OFST bits is set to %10. The DSRR register points to the instruction after I. Note also that in this case, if x equals y, then the resultant state of the debug status registers and DSRR may be indistinguishable from the “no DACy” case (i.e. the case in which I does not cause a DACy). FIG. 17 FIG. 1 FIG. 17 FIG. 17 FIGS. 7 and 8 FIG. 17 FIG. 7 FIG. 17 49 49 76 78 80 1 82 2 84 3 86 4 88 1 90 1 92 2 94 2 96 102 104 106 108 110 49 76 78 80 1 82 2 84 3 86 4 88 1 90 1 92 2 94 2 96 102 106 98 98 102 106 104 108 is a diagram of a debug status register associated with the data processing system of in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In the example of , debug status register includes bit fields labeled as: IDE , ICMP , BRT , IAC, IAC, IAC, IAC, DACR , DACW , DACR , DACW , DAC_OFSTA , OCCA , DAC_OFSTB , and OCCB . The example of may also include reserved bit fields which may be reserved for future use. Note that the descriptions provided above (such as, for example, in the discussions of ) with respect to debug status register and bit fields IDE , ICMP , BRT , IAC, IAC, IAC, IAC, DACR , DACW , DACR , and DACW also apply to , and therefore will not be repeated here. Unlike the example of , though, the example of includes multiple DAC offset fields (e.g. DAC_OFSTA and DAC_OFSTB ) rather than the DAC_OFST . The use of multiple DAC offset fields allows for the ability to keep track of multiple offsets, where each DAC offset field may operate as described above in reference to DAC_OFST . However, due to the existence of multiple DAC offset fields, each DAC offset field (e.g. DAC_OFSTA and DAC_OFSTB ) has a corresponding occurred field (e.g. OCCA and OCCB , respectively). 102 1 1 2 2 102 0 98 0 0 0 102 102 104 106 106 0 106 106 108 76 98 DAC_OFSTA bits may therefore be used to indicate a number of instructions that have executed between an instruction which caused a first DVC DAC to be indicated (either a DVC DAC or a DVC DAC) and the point at which a data value breakpoint occurs and a debug exception is taken for a DVC DAC. DAC_OFSTA bits may be used to store the “offset-1” of the saved DSRR value from the address of the load or store instruction which took a first data address compare debug exception in the same manner as DAC_OFST . As discussed above, the DSRR corresponds to debug save restore register , and the saved DSRR value corresponds to the return pointer for a debug interrupt. In this manner, it can be determined how many instructions have executed within the interval between the address which caused a first DVC DAC and the point at which the instruction stream is interrupted to take a data value breakpoint (where that data value breakpoint may be taken as a result of the first DVC DAC or of another DVC DAC. This allows a user to determine which instruction caused the first DVC DAC. In one embodiment, DAC_OFSTA bits is normally set to %00, and a DVC DAC will set this field to %00, %01, %10, or %11, which represents the “offset-1”. Since DAC_OFSTA bits is normally set to %00 by default, OCCA may be set upon the occurrence of a first DVC DAC, to indicate that DAC_OFSTA is holding a value indicative of a DVC DAC offset. DAC_OFSTB bits may therefore be used to indicate a number of instructions that have executed between an instruction which caused a second DVC DAC to be indicated and the point at which a data value breakpoint occurs and a debug exception is taken for a DVC DAC. DAC_OFSTB bits may be used to store the “offset-1” of the saved DSRR value from the address of the load or store instruction which took a second data address compare debug exception. In this manner, it can also be determined how many instructions have executed within the interval between the address which cause a second DVC DAC and the point at which the instruction stream is interrupted to take a data value breakpoint (where again, the data value breakpoint may be taken as a result of the first DVC DAC or the second DVC DAC.) In one embodiment, DAC_OFSTB bits is normally set to %00, and a DVC DAC will set this field to %00, %01, %10, or %11, which represents the “offset-1”. Since DAC_OFSTB bits is normally set to %00 by default, OCCB may be set upon the occurrence of a second DVC DAC. (Also, as described above, note that if a simultaneous DTLB error or DSI error occurs for a DVC DAC, the corresponding DAC offset bits may be set to %00 and IDE bit may be set to 1, as discussed above in reference to DAC_OFST bits .) 102 104 104 108 Therefore, note that a number of instructions may result in DVC DACs, and at the point an instruction stream is interrupted to take a data value breakpoint, each of the offset fields DAC_OFSTA and DAC_OFSTB , assuming that the corresponding occurrence bit is set, can indicate which instruction(s) in the instruction stream caused a DVC DAC which may have resulted in the data value breakpoint. If both OCCA bit and OCCB bit are set, indicating that two DVC DACs occurred, a user may use the corresponding offset value to indicate which instruction actually caused each DVC DAC, but it may be necessary for the user to actually determine which of these two instructions (i.e. which of the two DVC DACs) actually resulted in the data value breakpoint which interrupted the instruction stream. FIG. 18 FIG. 17 FIG. 18 FIG. 18 FIG. 18 FIG. 18 0 4 0 2 12 12 represents a timing diagram illustrating use of multiple offset fields, as discussed in reference to . For the example of , it is assumed that that each of I-I are load instructions, and that I generates a first DAC DVC debug event (DVCx DACx, where x can be either 1 or 2) and I generates a second DAC DVC debug event (DVCy DACy, where y can be either 1 or 2). is also described in reference to a six-stage pipeline; however, alternate embodiments may include different pipelines having, for example, a different number of stages. Operation of an instruction pipeline, such as the 6-stage pipeline referred to in , is known in the art and therefore will not be described in detail herein. Also, includes a clock signal which may correspond to a processor clock of processor . The processor clock can be a system clock or a clock that is provided to only a portion of processor , and can be generated as known in the art. FIG. 18 FIG. 1 0 1 2 0 3 0 1 1 4 3 35 44 0 1 2 47 20 34 0 4 44 1 70 2 72 0 0 0 2 2 18 34 20 35 44 0 53 6 44 53 1 90 2 94 0 1 1 2 2 Referring to , I enters the fetch stage in clock cycle , enters the decode stage in clock cycle , enters the EA/E stage in clock cycle where an effective address for I is calculated, and then enters the mem/E stage in clock cycle . Therefore, the effective address is ready at the end of clock cycle and is provided on the address portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that an address compare can be performed between the effective address of I and the DAC values (DAC and DAC) stored in data address compare registers . (Note that the address may also be placed at this point on bus by BIU .) This DACx address compare is performed for instruction I in clock cycle , and a match occurs, as indicated by the positive pulse in a DAC address compare signal which can be a control signal asserted within debug control circuitry to indicate that a DACx address compare is being performed and a match has occurred. However, since DACx requires a DVCx qualifier (due to the setting of a DVCx bit, e.g. DVC bit or DVC bit ), a debug event is not yet indicated, even though the DACx address compare results in a match. Instruction processing continues because the data associated with I (which is to be retrieved in response to the I load instruction) is not yet available for a data value compare. I then proceeds into the mem/E stage during which the data is being loaded from memory (such as, for example, memory of ). This loaded data may be available at the end of this stage (and received, for example, but BIU via bus ) and is then provided on the data portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that a data value compare can be performed between the loaded data value associated with I and the DVCx value stored in data value compare registers . Therefore, the data value compare is performed in the next clock cycle, clock cycle , and a match occurs, as indicated by the positive pulse in a DVCx data compare signal which can be a control signal asserted within debug control circuitry to indicate that a DVC data compare is occurring. Upon a match with the stored DVCx value in data value compare registers , a DVCx DACx debug event is indicated, thus hardware sets the corresponding status bits (e.g. DACR bit or DACR bit , depending on whether I caused a DAC DVC or a DAC DVC. 0 6 41 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 8 1 1 8 9 3 0 3 3 0 13 0 3 Note that upon detection of a DVCx DACx on I within cycle , DAC offset A counter is cleared to 0 and enabled to start counting with each subsequently completed instruction. (DAC offset A counter may be included in counters .) The pipeline cannot yet be interrupted in clock cycle , though, because I and I are in the memory stages (mem and mem) and thus must be completed prior to further processing of pending debug exceptions since once memory accesses are initiated, they cannot be interrupted, but must be completed. Subsequent memory accesses are not initiated however, since the DVCx DACx exception is now pending. Each memory access for I and I is considered completed after entering the writeback stage. Note that I (the later of instructions I and I) is in the write back stage in clock cycle , after which pending debug exceptions can be processed so that a debug exception can be taken and interrupt handling can begin. That is, interrupt handling of the DVC DAC debug event cannot begin until after clock cycle (for example, clock cycle ). Note that at the time the DVCx DACx is detected, I is only in the EA/E stage of the pipeline and can thus be killed. That is, the instruction stream is interrupted at I. Execution may therefore begin with I again after interrupt processing is complete. Therefore, the DSRR register may stored the address of since this corresponds to the return pointer for the data breakpoint debug interrupt. Following completion of the debug interrupt handler software routine, normal execution is restarted by executing a return from interrupt instruction, which uses the value saved in DSRR as a pointer to the instruction to be returned to (I in this case) to continue normal (non-interrupt) instruction execution. 8 102 49 104 0 Note that with each subsequent instruction completed after the DAC offset A counter is cleared upon detection of a DVCx DACx debug event, the DAC offset A counter is incremented by 1 until a debug exception is taken (at which point interrupt handling occurs). Therefore, the DAC offset A counter increments to 2 in clock cycle , and therefore, DAC_OFSTA bits of debug status register is set to %10 and OCCA bit is also set. That is, the number of instructions which executed after the instruction which caused the DVCx DACx (I, in this example) and prior to the interrupt processing is 2, which is stored as the DAC_OFSTA. 2 0 5 5 35 44 2 1 2 47 20 34 6 44 1 70 2 72 2 2 2 2 2 18 34 20 35 44 2 53 8 44 53 1 90 2 94 2 1 1 2 2 FIG. 1 Note that I enters the EA/E stage in clock cycle . Therefore, the effective address is ready at the end of clock cycle and is provided on the address portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that an address compare can be performed between the effective address of I and the DAC values (DAC and DAC) stored in data address compare registers . (Note that the address may also be placed at this point on bus by BIU .) This DACy address compare is performed in clock cycle , and a match occurs, as indicated by the positive pulse in a DACy address compare signal which can be a control signal asserted within debug control circuitry to indicate that a DAC address compare is being performed, and a match is occurring. However, since DACy requires a DVCy qualifier (due to the setting of a DVCy bit, e.g. DVC bit or DVC bit ), a debug event is not yet indicated, even though the DACy address compare results in a match. Instruction processing continues because the data associated with I (which is to be retrieved in response to the I load instruction) is not yet available for a data value compare. I then proceeds into the mem/E stage during which the data is being loaded from memory (such as, for example, memory of ). This loaded data may be available at the end of this stage (and received, for example, but BIU via bus ) and is then provided on the data portion of conductors to debug control circuitry so that a data value compare can be performed between the loaded data value associated with I and the DVCy value stored in data value compare registers . Therefore, the data value compare is performed in the next clock cycle, clock cycle , and a match occurs as indicated by the positive pulse in a DVCy data compare signal which can be a control signal asserted within debug control circuitry to indicate that a DVC data compare is being performed and a match is occurring. Upon a match with the stored DVCy value in data value compare registers , a DVCy DACy debug event is indicated, thus hardware sets the corresponding status bits (e.g. DACR bit or DACR bit , depending on whether I caused a DAC DVC or a DAC DVC). 2 8 41 8 1 2 0 2 3 8 106 49 108 2 106 108 Note that upon detection of a DVCy DACy on I within cycle , DAC offset B counter is cleared to 0 and enabled to start counting with each subsequent instruction completed. (DAC offset B counter may be included in counters .) The pipeline, in clock cycle , has not yet been interrupted since both I and I must complete prior to a data value breakpoint being taken in response to the DVCx DACx caused by I. Therefore, the data corresponding to I is also returned, allowing for a DVCy DACy to occur prior to taking a debug exception. As described above, the instruction stream is interrupted at I after cycle , meaning that the DAC offset B counter is not incremented and remains at zero upon taking the debug exception. Therefore, DAC_OFSTB bits of debug status register is set to %00 and OCCB bit is also set (this will allow a user to know that a %00 indicates an actual offset value and not just a default value returned when no second DVC DAC has occurred). Therefore, the number of instructions which executed after the instruction which caused the DVCy DACy (I, in this example) and prior to the interrupt processing is 0. In this manner, note that DAC_OFSTB bits and OCCB bit can provide information on a debug event (e.g. DVCy DACy) which occurs between a first debug event (e.g. DVCx DACx) and a point at which the debug exception for that first debug event is taken. FIG. 18 8 102 104 104 108 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 2 41 Therefore, note that in the example of , two DVC DACs occur, each caused by a different instruction, prior to taking a debug exception after cycle . Using DAC_OFSTA bits and DAC_OFSTB bits , along with the corresponding OCCA bit and OCCB bit it is known that each of I (2 additional instructions prior to previous instruction I, corresponding to the point which the instruction stream is interrupted) and I (0 additional instruction prior to previous instruction I, corresponding to the point at which the instruction stream is interrupted) caused a DVC DAC. A user can then decipher which one actually resulted in the data value breakpoint (which, in this example, was I, which caused the first DVC DAC, DVCx DACx). Note also, that x and y may be different such that I causes a DVC DAC or a DVC DAC and I causes the other of DVC DAC and DVC DAC. Alternatively, x may equal y, such that both I and I cause either a DVC DAC or a DVC DAC. Also, note that in one embodiment, DAC A offset counter and DAC B offset counter may be located within offset counter(s) . Therefore, it can be appreciated how one or more offset values may be used to help determine a number of instructions which execute between a debug event occurring and a debug exception being taken (i.e. between a debug event occurring and interrupt handling for the debug event commencing). This may allow for improved debugging in which a user can use these one or more offset values to better understand which instruction actually caused a debug exception to be taken. Although the above descriptions have been provided with respect to DVC DAC debug events which result in data value breakpoints, these offset values (such as DAC_OFST, DAC_OFSTA, and DAC_OFSTB) may be used for other types of debug events. That is, offset fields such as DAC_OFST, DAC_OFSTA, and DAC_OFSTB may be used to indicate the number of instructions which execute between any type of debug event occurring and a corresponding debug exception being taken (i.e. between any type debug event occurring and interrupt handling for the particular debug event commencing). Also, note that knowing the number of instructions which have executed since a debug event has occurred, rather than the location of the instruction which has caused the event may be helpful, since it can be understood that the same instruction (with the same location) may be executed multiple times before a pipeline boundary is reached at which the instruction stream may be interrupted for a pending debug event, thus location information may be insufficient on its own to determine the actual sequence of events. In one embodiment, a system includes a pipelined processor for executing a plurality of instructions by sequentially fetching, decoding, executing and writing results associated with execution of each instruction, and debug circuitry coupled to the pipelined processor for monitoring execution of the instructions to determine when a debug event occurs and generating a debug exception to interrupt instruction processing flow, the debug circuitry further including control circuitry for indicating a value representative of a number of instructions, if any, that complete instruction execution between an instruction that caused the debug event and a point in instruction execution when the debug exception is taken. In a further embodiment, the control circuitry of the debug circuitry further includes a counter for counting and providing a count value as the value representative of the number of instructions that complete instruction execution following the instruction that caused the debug event. In yet a further embodiment, the count value is greater than zero indicating that processing of the debug event is imprecise. In another further embodiment, the debug circuitry indicates that one or more additional instructions that complete instruction execution following an instruction that caused the debug event also caused a debug event to occur. In another further embodiment, the pipelined processor executes at least two instructions that each cause a debug event and the control circuitry further includes a plurality of counters, each counter providing a respective count value determined by a number of additional instructions that complete instruction execution following a respective one of the at least two instructions that cause the debug event. In another further embodiment, the debug circuitry further includes a debug status register having a field for holding the value representative of the number of additional instructions, if any, that complete instruction execution following the instruction that caused the debug event until the predetermined point in instruction execution when the debug exception is taken. In another further embodiment, the debug circuitry determines that a debug event has occurred in response to decoding one of the plurality of instructions, comparing an address formed by the pipelined processor with one or more predetermined debug addresses to determine if a data address match has occurred, and comparing a data value accessed by the pipelined processor with one or more predetermined data values to determine if a data value match has occurred, the debug event requiring a match of both comparing operations to occur. In another embodiment, a system includes pipelined processing circuitry for executing a plurality of instructions by sequentially fetching, decoding, executing and writing results associated with execution of each instruction, and debug circuitry coupled to the pipelined processing circuitry for monitoring execution of the instructions by selectively comparing one or more debug addresses with an address formed by instruction execution and selectively comparing at least one debug data value with data formed by instruction execution, the debug circuitry determining when both comparisons result in a match and, in response, indicating a debug event, the debug circuitry indicating a number of instructions executed after an instruction that caused the debug event until the predetermined point in instruction execution when a data value breakpoint is taken. In a further embodiment of the another embodiment, the data value breakpoint is imprecise and the test circuitry further includes a register having a bit field that indicates whether an imprecise data value breakpoint has occurred. In another further embodiment of the another embodiment, the test circuitry further comprises a status register for indicating status information regarding events occurring between when the debug event occurs and when the data value breakpoint is taken. In yet a further embodiment, one of the events occurring between when the debug event occurs and when the data value breakpoint is taken further includes a second debug event. In another further embodiment of the another embodiment, the debug circuitry further includes a counter for counting and providing a count value of the number of instructions that complete instruction execution following the instruction that caused the debug event. In another further embodiment of the another embodiment, the debug circuitry further includes a status debug register having a field for holding a value for indicating the number of additional instructions, if any, that complete instruction execution following the instruction that caused the debug event until the predetermined point in instruction execution when the data value breakpoint is taken. In yet another embodiment, a method includes executing a plurality of instructions by sequentially fetching, decoding, executing and writing results associated with execution of each instruction, monitoring execution of the instructions to determine when a debug event occurs, generating a debug exception to interrupt instruction processing flow, and indicating a number of instructions, if any, that complete instruction execution between an instruction that caused the debug event and a point in instruction execution when the debug exception is taken. In a further embodiment of the yet another embodiment, the method further includes counting and providing a count value of the number of instructions that complete instruction execution following the instruction that caused the debug event. In a further embodiment, the method further includes forming a count value that is greater than zero indicating that processing of the debug event is imprecise. In another further embodiment of the yet another embodiment, the method further includes determining that one or more additional instructions that complete instruction execution following an instruction that caused the debug event also caused a debug event to occur. In another further embodiment of the yet another embodiment, the method further includes determining that at least two instructions each cause a debug event, and storing in differing counters a respective count value of a number of additional instructions that complete instruction execution following each of the at least two instructions. In another further embodiment of the yet another embodiment, the method further includes providing a debug status register in the debug circuitry, the status register having a field for holding a value for indicating the number of additional instructions, if any, that complete instruction execution following the instruction that caused the debug event until the predetermined point in instruction execution when the debug exception is taken. In another further embodiment of the yet another embodiment, the method further includes determining that a debug event has occurred in response to decoding one of the plurality of instructions, comparing an address formed by the pipelined processor with one or more predetermined debug addresses to determine if a data address match has occurred, comparing a data value form by the pipelined processor with one or more predetermined data values to determine if a data value match has occurred, the debug event requiring a match of both comparing operations to occur. Because the apparatus implementing the present invention is, for the most part, composed of electronic components and circuits known to those skilled in the art, circuit details will not be explained in any greater extent than that considered necessary as illustrated above, for the understanding and appreciation of the underlying concepts of the present invention and in order not to obfuscate or distract from the teachings of the present invention. The term “program,” as used herein, is defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A program, or computer program, may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. FIG. 1 Some of the above embodiments, as applicable, may be implemented using a variety of different information processing systems. For example, although and the discussion thereof describe an exemplary information processing architecture, this exemplary architecture is presented merely to provide a useful reference in discussing various aspects of the invention. Of course, the description of the architecture has been simplified for purposes of discussion, and it is just one of many different types of appropriate architectures that may be used in accordance with the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the boundaries between logic blocks are merely illustrative and that alternative embodiments may merge logic blocks or circuit elements or impose an alternate decomposition of functionality upon various logic blocks or circuit elements. Thus, it is to be understood that the architectures depicted herein are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In an abstract, but still definite sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. 10 10 10 10 Also for example, in one embodiment, the illustrated elements of system are circuitry located on a single integrated circuit or within a same device. Alternatively, system may include any number of separate integrated circuits or separate devices interconnected with each other. Also for example, system or portions thereof may be soft or code representations of physical circuitry or of logical representations convertible into physical circuitry. As such, system may be embodied in a hardware description language of any appropriate type. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that boundaries between the functionality of the above described operations merely illustrative. The functionality of multiple operations may be combined into a single operation, and/or the functionality of a single operation may be distributed in additional operations. Moreover, alternative embodiments may include multiple instances of a particular operation, and the order of operations may be altered in various other embodiments. 10 18 10 All or some of the software described herein may be received elements of data processing system , for example, from computer readable media such as memory or other media on other computer systems. Such computer readable media may be permanently, removably or remotely coupled to an information processing system such as data processing system . The computer readable media may include, for example and without limitation, any number of the following: magnetic storage media including disk and tape storage media; optical storage media such as compact disk media (e.g., CD-ROM, CD-R, etc.) and digital video disk storage media; nonvolatile memory storage media including semiconductor-based memory units such as FLASH memory, EEPROM, EPROM, ROM; ferromagnetic digital memories; MRAM; volatile storage media including registers, buffers or caches, main memory, RAM, etc.; and data transmission media including computer networks, point-to-point telecommunication equipment, and carrier wave transmission media, just to name a few. Although the invention is described herein with reference to specific embodiments, various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. Any benefits, advantages, or solutions to problems that are described herein with regard to specific embodiments are not intended to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all the claims. The term “coupled,” as used herein, is not intended to be limited to a direct coupling or a mechanical coupling. Furthermore, the terms “a” or “an,” as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. Also, the use of introductory phrases such as “at least one” and “one or more” in the claims should not be construed to imply that the introduction of another claim element by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim element to inventions containing only one such element, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an.” The same holds true for the use of definite articles. Unless stated otherwise, terms such as “first” and “second” are used to arbitrarily distinguish between the elements such terms describe. Thus, these terms are not necessarily intended to indicate temporal or other prioritization of such elements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention is illustrated by way of example and is not limited by the accompanying figures, in which like references indicate similar elements. Elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a data processing system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a processor associated with the data processing system of , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating exemplary debug registers associated with the data processing system of . FIG. 4 FIG. 3 is a diagram of a debug control register associated with the debug registers of , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 5 and 6 FIG. 4 show, in a tabular form, functionality of a portion of the debug control register of , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 FIG. 3 is a diagram of a debug status register associated with the debug registers of , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 FIG. 7 shows, in a tabular form, functionality of a portion of the debug status register of , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 9-11 FIG. 2 illustrate timing diagrams illustrating different examples of operation of the processor of . FIGS. 12-16 show, in tabular form, various exemplary data address compare (DAC) events and their corresponding results. FIG. 17 FIG. 3 is a diagram of a debug status register associated with the debug registers of , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 18 FIG. 2 illustrates a timing diagram illustrating an example of operation of the processor of .
How to prevent your hair from getting tangled? 1. Conditioning your hair and hair extension. Conditioning your hair, keep the hair of the water, so that the hair becomes more smooth; every one or two weeks to use deep-fat membrane for care, hair membrane as far as possible in the hair end use, to avoid contact with the hair root. 2. Use a wide-tooth comb. Using a wide-toothed comb to comb the hair, combing down from the top of the head can effectively remove entanglement. 3. Brush your hair with a soft brush and gently brush your hair before bathing or before going to bed. 4. To protect your hair, when sleeping hair will be tangled, sleep when the hair braided or wrapped in a towel to sleep, you can effectively remove the tangles. 5. Select the right care products, do not use any alcoholic products, alcohol-based products will make your hair dry, more likely to lead to tangles.	https://www.kabeilu.com/article-172-How+to+prevent+your+hair+from+getting+tangled.html
1. What's your name and where are you from? My Name is Crystal, and I was born and raised in New York. 2. What is your hair type? My hair is composed of 2 different textures. I am a 3c in the crown area, and a 4a all over the rest of my head. 3. When did you go natural and what made you do it? I went back to natural hair last year, May 17th, 2013. I originally started my healthy hair care journey on youtube, to teach ladies about caring for relaxed hair, and learn from them. After learning more information about how chemicals affect our hair growth, I began to texlax my hair. Soon after I started to transition for about a year and 3 months to my natural hair, before my big chop. It’s the happiest decision I ever made. 4. What was the most challenging thing about going natural? The most challenging thing about going natural, was the idea of cutting my long relaxed hair off, in exchange for my tight coils. When your ends are relaxed, they make your curls appear elongated, but as soon as you do your big chop... shrinkage occurs. I was afraid of how I would look, and how others would perceive me. Would my own natural hair suit me? Accepting my natural beauty was the hardest challenge. 5. What is your weekly regimen? Due to being a beauty blogger, I am always changing hair styles a few times a week, and I accumulate a large amount of product build up. I will co-wash my hair mid-week to allow my hair to be more workable, and moisturized/seal for the next style. I will then cleanse, and deep condition my hair once a week. I am always paying attention to what exactly my hair needs. Due to my hair being protein sensitive. I also monitor my hair closely to ensure it does not become over moisturized. 6. What is your daily morning regimen? My morning routine, is taking my hair out of however I wrapped it in satin the night before, and grabbing my favorite oil (usually coconut oil) to apply to my hair. I usually flat twist my hair, so I would use the oil to take down the twist to avoid frizz. If my hair is a wash and go, or second day hair, I may give my hair a light spritz, with my aloe mixture, and scrunch or run a bit of oil through my hair, shake and go. 7. What is your daily night time regimen? Usually at night I will moisturize and seal my hair, especially my ends with oil. I re-flatwist my hair with a curling creme if necessary, and place my satin bonnet on my head. If my hair is not frizzy and still full of curl definition after the day's events, I will just pineapple my hair with a satin scarf, and thats it! 8. Do you use heat on your hair at all? I have flat ironed my hair twice since I have been natural, and blow dried my hair once. I usually avoid heat, and choose to air dry my hair. I do sometimes use heating caps, for my deep conditioning sessions. 9. Do you braid your hair? If so, how often do you do so in a year? I put braids in my hair, as a protective style to give my hair a break. I do it once a year, if I choose to, in the summer time. 10. Wide-tooth comb or Denman brush? I mostly finger detangle, due to my fine hair strands. Whenever I choose to do a heavy duty detangling session, I use both items. The Wide-tooth comb first to get ride of any knots, and then the Denman brush to catch any shed hair, and smooth my hair. I love the denman brush. 11. Is your hair normally loose or in a protective-do? If it was up to me I would mostly wear my hair out and loose. I love having free, big hair. However, that usually leads to tangles, and breakage for me. Thus, during the school year I opt to having my hair in a protective style, underneath my wigs. 12. Have you ever had a hair tragedy? What was it? How did you recover from it? My most devastating, traumatic hair moment, occurred during my freshman year of college in Michigan. I was unaware of the effects of hard water vs soft water. Since my hair was not accustomed to Michigan’s hard water, it began to break, appear and feel dry, stick together, and barely absorbed or retained any moisture. I couldn’t figure out if it was a protein or moisture overload. After searching all over the internet I found out about the effects of hard water, and mineral deposits. I went straight to Sally’s and bought the ION Hard Water Shampoo, which did the trick, in clarifying my hair. I began to wash my hair with jugs of purified water, until the next year when I was able to get my own suite, and buy a filtered shower head. 13. What's your biggest tip for maintaining healthy or long hair? LEAVE YOUR HAIR ALONE. I retained so much length, when I stopped playing with my hair, and over manipulating it. I know it is a hard task, especially if you love experimenting with your hair. However, when I protected my hair under wigs, moisturized it with a spritz a few times a week, sealed the ends with oil and deep conditioned once a week, it became much more healthy. I retained more length and was able to see so much more growth. 14. Where can we find you online? (blog, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube etc). Get your FREE ebook on How To Grow Long, Healthy Natural Kinky or Curly Hair. Want to be featured as a Queen of Kinks, Curls & Coil? Here's how to apply. Comments are closed. \| \| Who's The Queen of Kinks? You are! Everyone is the queen of their own kinks, curls & coils. On this blog you can enjoy the natural hair journeys of dozens of curly queens.	https://www.nenonatural.com/queens/queen-crystal-queen-of-kinks-curls-coilstm-neno-natural1
This research is conducted in order to evaluate the purpose of studying the customer relationship practices and customer satisfaction in PHEI that offers undergraduate degrees in Malaysia. According to the results obtained, it proves that CRM practices contain more positive effect on its customer satisfaction. The sample size used was only focused on PHEI that offer undergraduate programmes in Malaysia. According to the research conducted, there are few limitations that disclose the exact relationship between CRM and Customer Satisfaction. Education industry has become one of the major growing industries in Malaysia with various numbers of competitors. Thus, this study allows policy makers of PHEI to focus and implement CRM practices that would have an increase of direct positive impact of satisfaction for their customers. The study conducted also helps to evaluate not only CRM and satisfaction but also evaluate the effect of the Gender and Age Group factors that reflects on the relationship. Downloads Published How to Cite Issue Section All articles published in Journal of Advances in Linguistics are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.	https://rajpub.com/index.php/ijrem/article/view/7356
ATFB9; HHBIRK1; HHIRK1; IRK1; Kir2.1; LQT7; SQT3 The KCNJ2 gene is associated with autosomal dominant Andersen-Tawil syndrome, also known as long QT syndrome (LQTS), type 7 (MedGen UID: 327586), short QT syndrome (SQTS) (MedGen UID: 400662), and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) (PMID: 22589293). Additionally, the KCNJ2 gene has preliminary evidence supporting a correlation with autosomal dominant atrial fibrillation (MedGen UID: 462781). KCNJ2 Order this gene as a single gene test. Invitae tests that include this gene: Pathogenic KCNJ2 variants are associated with ~60% of clinical cases of Andersen-Tawil syndrome, a subtype of LQTS. Overall, KCNJ2 is associated with an unknown percentage of clinical cases of LQTS. KCNJ2 is also a rare cause of SQTS and causes an unknown percentage of CPVT and atrial fibrillation cases. The KCNJ2 gene encodes the potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 2. The electrical activity of muscle is controlled by the movement of potassium, sodium and calcium ions across the cardiac muscle cells. Mutations in genes that encode potassium channels or subunits are a common cause of inherited cardiac arrhythmias. KCNJ2 OMIM: 60681 Clinical condition The KCNJ2 gene is associated with Andersen-Tawil syndrome (also known as long QT syndrome [LQTS] type 7), short QT syndrome (SQTS), and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Additionally, preliminary evidence also supports a correlation between the KCNJ2 gene and autosomal dominant atrial fibrillation (AFib; PMID: 23684683, 19862833, 21787999). Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) is a multisystem disorder that primarily involves periodic paralysis (episodic muscle weakness), cardiac arrhythmias, and dysmorphic features. The cardiac arrhythmias are ventricular and may also show prolonged QTc and enlarged U wave on electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG). These arrhythmias can result in recurrent syncope, seizure-like activity, or sudden cardiac arrest/death. Individuals with ATS usually also have a combination of physical findings that can include low-set ears, widely spaced eyes, small lower jaw, curving of the pinky finger (fifth-digit clinodactyly), webbed fingers (syndactyly), short stature, and scoliosis (MedGen UID: 327586; GeneReviews. Andersen-Tawil syndrome. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1264/. Accessed June 2017). LQTS, SQTS, and CPVT are cardiac arrhythmia conditions that primarily affects the electrical system of the heart. The abnormal heart beats in these arrhythmia conditions can lead to palpitations, dizziness (pre syncope), fainting (syncope), seizure-like activity, and in some cases, sudden cardiac arrest/death, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Symptoms can present in both children and adults and may be triggered by exercise, acute emotion, homeostatic imbalance, and use of certain medications (PMID: 24093767). AFib is a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by rapid, chaotic beats originating from the top chambers of the heart. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, palpitations, and weakness, along with an increased risk for cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or stroke (MedGen UID: 462781; PMID: 25215263). Gene information The KCNJ2 gene encodes the inwardly rectifying potassium channel, subfamily J, member 2 (Kir2.1), which plays a key role in a cell’s ability to generate and transmit electrical signals. The Kir2.1 protein forms ion channels that are active in skeletal and cardiac muscle. In skeletal muscle, the channels aid in the muscle contraction and relaxation that drive physical movement. In the heart, the channels help recharge the cardiac muscle after each heartbeat to maintain normal heart rhythm. Additionally, a role for KCNJ2-derived channels in bone development has been suggested but is less clear. These channels are activated by a molecule PIP2, whose binding is required for normal channel function (National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference. KCNJ2 gene. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/KCNJ2. Accessed June 2017; PMID: 17221872, 23684683). Inheritance Pathogenic variants in KCNJ2 have autosomal dominant inheritance. This means that an individual with a pathogenic variant has a 50% chance of passing it to their offspring. Pathogenic KCNJ2 variants can be inherited or occur de novo. Clinically, these variants exhibit reduced penetrance and variable expression (PMID: 12163457, 22589293). Approximately 60% of individuals with ATS will have all three of the major ATS features (i.e., periodic paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and physical findings), while 80% of individuals with ATS will have at least two of the three major features (PMID: 12163457). Management ATS is managed symptomatically with oral potassium and/or diet and lifestyle modifications for episodic weakness. Arrhythmias, present with or without the other feature of ATS, are managed depending on clinical presentation, with options including lifestyle modification, medication, surgery, and device therapy (PMID: 24093767). Review date: June 2017 Invitae is a College of American Pathologists (CAP)-accredited and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified clinical diagnostic laboratory performing full-gene sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis using next-generation sequencing technology (NGS). Our sequence analysis covers clinically important regions of each gene, including coding exons, +/- 10 base pairs of adjacent intronic sequence in the transcript listed below. In addition, analysis covers the select non-coding variants specifically defined in the table below. Any variants that fall outside these regions are not analyzed. Any specific limitations in the analysis of these genes are also listed in the table below. Based on validation study results, this assay achieves >99% analytical sensitivity and specificity for single nucleotide variants, insertions and deletions <15bp in length, and exon-level deletions and duplications. Invitae's methods also detect insertions and deletions larger than 15bp but smaller than a full exon but sensitivity for these may be marginally reduced. Invitae’s deletion/duplication analysis determines copy number at a single exon resolution at virtually all targeted exons. However, in rare situations, single-exon copy number events may not be analyzed due to inherent sequence properties or isolated reduction in data quality. Certain types of variants, such as structural rearrangements (e.g. inversions, gene conversion events, translocations, etc.) or variants embedded in sequence with complex architecture (e.g. short tandem repeats or segmental duplications), may not be detected. Additionally, it may not be possible to fully resolve certain details about variants, such as mosaicism, phasing, or mapping ambiguity. Unless explicitly guaranteed, sequence changes in the promoter, non-coding exons, and other non-coding regions are not covered by this assay. Please consult the test definition on our website for details regarding regions or types of variants that are covered or excluded for this test. This report reflects the analysis of an extracted genomic DNA sample. In very rare cases, (circulating hematolymphoid neoplasm, bone marrow transplant, recent blood transfusion) the analyzed DNA may not represent the patient's constitutional genome.	https://www.invitae.com/en/physician/genes/20289/
Off-campus UMass Amherst users: To download dissertations, please use the following link to log into our proxy server with your UMass Amherst user name and password. Non-UMass Amherst users, please click the view more button below to purchase a copy of this dissertation from Proquest. (Some titles may also be available free of charge in our Open Access Dissertation Collection, so please check there first.) Numerical analysis of mixing in variable density turbulent flows Abstract In this study, high-resolution direct numerical simulations of mixing in turbulent flows, subject to a change in density, are performed. Attention is focused on the binary mixing between two streams of fluids, with a variable density step, in a decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow. Since experimentation is limited by the length of the wind tunnels and by difficulties in aligning the virtual origins of the scalar and velocity fields, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) box with periodic boundary conditions in two directions and a free slip boundary condition in the density step direction was used and proved able to virtually eliminate these limitations. The flow field simulated was a temporally developing mixing layer, which avoids the requirement of specifying inflow/outflow-boundary conditions. The temporal layer model in the simulation considers the flow by employing a Galilean space-time transformation to concentrate on the small section of the flow field that moves with average flow velocity. The computational algorithm in the (DNS) uses the Fourier pseudo-spectral method to compute spatial derivatives for the velocity and density fields, and a fractional step method involving the third order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor and corrector to advance the governing equation in time. We approached this binary mixing problem by assuming Fick's law of diffusion and zero Mach number flow, in which low speed, non-reactive species, small temperature fluctuations, and no heat generation or heat release are applied. The results demonstrate the variable density effects in three different cases, where the density ratio sρ varies between 2, 5, and 10. Also a comparison with the constant density case, where sρ is equal to one, is shown. Planer statistics results were developed for these cases and comparisons with some existing models and predictions for variable density flow are considered. Profiles for the kinetic energy (k), kinetic energy dissipation rate (ε), length scale, and time scale across the mixing layer are demonstrated for the variable density simulations. Then, at a given point in time, comparison between variable density cases are presented to show the variable density effects. Also, testing the kinetic energy initialization method and weather constant or variable initial kinetic energy profile across the layer are going to effect the flow is answered. And the variable density effects on the turbulent kinematic viscosity (νt), and turbulent Schmidt number (Sct) are considered. Enstrophy production as a result of vorticity generation is then examined. Vorticity and enstrophy are computationally and experimentally very demanding to obtain; however, when they are resolved to the proper scale, they can describe the physical phenomena and help to understand more about the nature of the interaction between turbulent structures and density development in variable density turbulent flows. Subject Area Mechanical engineering Recommended Citation Alshayji, Adel E, "Numerical analysis of mixing in variable density turbulent flows" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest. AAI3336942.	https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3336942/
Since there will be disputes in specific instances about the application of each of the foregoing rights as well as some disciplinary disputes between managers and managed, a system for fair settling of those disputes is necessary. The participants' confidence in the justness of their system must be maintained if the system is to continue. Therefore, the settlement of rule violations must be equitable, by an authority independent of management. Just as democratization adds representative organs and substantially alters the executive process of enterprises, so too are distinct adjudicative organs discovered to be necessary in the workplace. However, this adjudicative component seldom has differentiated itself out as fully from the legislative and executive bodies in democratized firms as has the judiciary process in our national political system (Livingston and Thompson,1963: 354-410). Also, the adjudicative component seems not to have been developed as intensively in many democratized firms as have many of the components mentioned so far—in particular, participation and economic return. Therefore, to show the full range of possibilities and to be able to anticipate future developments, our analysis first had to uncover the principles inherent in any judicial process and then match those against the experience to date in democratized firms. Three functions of judicial process seem to have primary relevance to workplace self-management: - To settle infractions of the rules in a just manner; - To uphold and be the last-resort enforcer of basic rights; and - To protect the by-laws (constitution) of the enterprise from violation by any member, be he manager or managed.	https://www.workdemoc.com/includes/pages/8-comp5-indepjud.html
Manages a claims unit within a geographic area. This includes review, adjusting and payment of claims within a particular line of business. May handle one or a combination of the following lines of business within a geographic territory: property damage. Direct supervision of claims representatives. Other responsibilities include managing customer complaint/ satisfaction, expense control, monitoring loss cost objectives, and supporting cross-functional and cross-claims specialty coordination. May be required to lead local recruiting teams and actively partner with HR and claims leadership to develop an annual workforce plan. Education: Undergraduate degree or post-graduate studies preferred. The ideal candidate will possess: Licenses/Designations: State licensing where required. Successful completion of required/applicable claims certification training/classes. Experience: Eight years related experience in claims settlement, handling, or management. Supervisory, training and/or claims consulting experience preferred. Knowledge: In-depth knowledge of claims files handling, investigation and settlement processes and procedures. Legal issues/litigation process as it relates to claims. Claims Best Practices and quality file review procedures. Insurance industry operations including understanding of sales and underwriting functions. Claims operations practices, procedures and related systems. Skills/Competencies: Excellent customer focus to proactively identify and understand customer needs. Oral and written communication skills for frequent contact with claims representatives, claimants, policyholders, claims field management. Demonstrated decision-making skills, including the ability to recognize, analyze and improve claims performance situations such as loss control, LAE, customer satisfaction, employee development and engagement. Ability to supervise and train claims representative in all aspects of claims processes. Effective listening, oral and written communication skills necessary for customer contact, negotiation, presentations, project management, and personnel management. Ability to make decisions, establish priorities, and set strategic directions. Ability to organize and deal with a variety of situations, discern problems and recommend/implement resolutions. Proven ability to operate personal computer with proficient use of claims and business software.Values: Regularly and consistently demonstrates the Nationwide Values and Guiding Behaviors.Staffing Exceptions to the above Minimum Job Requirements must be approved by: Business Unit Executive and Human Resources.JOB CONDITIONS:Working Conditions: Office or Field claims environment. May require ability to sit and use telephone and personal computer for extended periods of time. Must be able to operate an automobile and have a valid driver's license with a safe driving record. Must be able to make physical inspection of accident scenes and property and/or property loss sites. Must be able to climb ladders, balance at various heights, stoop, and bend and/or crawl to inspect vehicles and/or structures. Must be able to work out-of-doors in all types of weather. Must be willing to work irregular hours and to travel with possible overnight requirements. Must be available to work catastrophes (CAT) requiring travel to CAT sites with multiple on-site responsibilities and/or for extended periods of time; including holidays and weekends. Credit/Background Check: Due to the fiduciary accountabilities within this job, a valid credit check and/or background check will be required as part of the selection process. ADA: The above statements cover what are generally believed to be principal and essential functions of this job. Specific circumstances may allow or require some people assigned to the job to perform a somewhat different combination of duties.	https://jobs.magazine.org/jobs/13116896/property-field-claims-manager-mississippi-arkansas-61129
**************************************************** The ‘‘officially released’’ date that appears near the beginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the beginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the ‘‘officially released’’ date appearing in the opinion. In no event will any such motions be accepted before the ‘‘officially released’’ date. All opinions are subject to modification and technical correction prior to official publication in the Connecti- cut Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of discrepancies between the electronic version of an opinion and the print version appearing in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Con- necticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest print version is to be considered authoritative. The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears on the Commission on Official Legal Publications Electronic Bulletin Board Service and in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be repro- duced and distributed without the express written per- mission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. **************************************************** STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. DEMETRIOS KEHAYIAS (AC 35958) DiPentima, C. J., and Gruendel and Beach, Js.* Argued September 15, 2015—officially released January 12, 2016 (Appeal from Superior Court, judicial district of Tolland, Mullarkey, J.) Norman A. Pattis, with whom, on the brief, was Brittany B. Paz, for the appellant (defendant). Emily Graner Sexton, special deputy assistant state’s attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Matthew C. Gedansky, state’s attorney, and Charles W. Johnson, assistant state’s attorney, for the appellee (state). Opinion GRUENDEL, J. The defendant, Demetrios Kehayias, appeals from the judgments of conviction, rendered after a bench trial, of one count each of disorderly conduct in violation of General Statutes § 53a-182; risk of injury to a child in violation of General Statutes § 53- 21; criminal violation of a protective order in violation of General Statutes § 53a-223; and reckless endanger- ment in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-63. The defendant contends on appeal that (1) the evidence was insufficient to convict him of the last three charges; and (2) the trial court improperly excluded evidence probative of the complaining witness’ motive to fabricate, thereby infringing the defendant’s sixth amendment right to present a defense. We affirm the judgments. On February 26, 2011, the defendant was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct in violation of § 53a-182. On July 21, 2011, he was arrested again and was charged with risk of injury to a child in violation of § 53-21; criminal violation of a protective order in violation of § 53a-223; and reckless endangerment in the second degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a- 64. Thereafter, the state filed two long form informa- tions. The first information charged the defendant with disorderly conduct in violation of § 53a-182 (a) (1); and the second information charged him with risk of injury to a child in violation of § 53a-21 (a) (1), criminal viola- tion of a protective order in violation of § 53a-223 (a), and reckless endangerment in the first degree in viola- tion of § 53a-63 (a). The defendant pleaded not guilty to all four counts, which then were consolidated for trial. The defendant waived his right to a jury trial and chose instead to be tried by the court. The defendant was convicted on all four counts and sentenced to twenty-five months imprisonment with ninety-five months special parole. This appeal followed. The record reveals the following facts. In early 2011, the defendant was in a legal dispute with the victim, K, over visitation and custody rights as to their one year old son, L.1 At the time, K had full custody of L, and the defendant was allowed two hours of supervised visitation with him in the home of the defendant’s par- ents on weekend days. K would deliver L to the defen- dant at 2 o’clock in the afternoon and then return to retrieve him at 4 o’clock. On February 26, 2011, when K returned to pick up L, she parked her car in the driveway of the home of the defendant’s parents, walked up to the door, and knocked. The defendant came to the door, carrying L. Instead of handing L to K, which K described as their typical practice, the defendant walked right past K’s outstretched arms toward her car. K followed him to the rear passenger side, where she kept a car seat for L. K again extended her arms to take L, but the defendant refused; he said that he wanted to put L in the car seat because L was sleeping. K responded, ‘‘[J]ust give him to me.’’ The defendant pushed L toward K and said, ‘‘Here, you f’ing c-u-n-t . . . .’’ The defendant started walking away and calling K various names. K said to him that he should not talk to her like that in front of L. The defendant turned back around so that he faced K again, swore, and displayed his middle finger. He also put out his hand with his thumb up and his index finger extended toward K, mimicking a handgun, and said, ‘‘[b]oom, one of these days . . . .’’ L remained in K’s arms throughout this exchange. As the defendant began walking away again, the defendant’s mother came to the door. K yelled to her that the defendant should not call K names in front of L. K then secured L in his car seat. As she did so, the defendant pulled out his cell phone and said into it, ‘‘South Windsor Police Department, please.’’ K heard this, and as she was backing out of the driveway, the defendant repeatedly mouthed the word ‘‘boom’’ at her while making the gun hand gesture. K recorded much of the incident on a small digital device. It was this incident that gave rise to the disorderly conduct charge. On July 21, 2011, K was driving her mother, M, and L to pick up K’s nephew from a summer program in Manchester. It was a sunny, clear day. The trio rode in M’s car, the windows of which were not tinted, so as to permit an observer to see through them and identify the passengers. K merged onto Interstate 84 and was driving in the far right lane. Suddenly, a Jeep came ‘‘out of nowhere in front of’’ K and ‘‘slam[med] on his brake.’’ K tried to apply her brakes to avoid colliding with the Jeep but realized that she did not have enough time to come to a full stop. Accordingly, she swerved off of the road onto the shoul- der to avoid impact. K observed that the car was a Jeep Wrangler with the ability to become a convertible, which the defendant possessed at the time of the inci- dent. K and M saw immediately that the defendant was the driver. The defendant was wearing a baseball cap and sunglasses, as was his habit. The defendant extended his middle finger at K and M and then sped off. After stopping at the roadside, K immediately got out to tend to L, who had vomited on himself during the incident and was crying. Shortly after the July 21, 2011 incident occurred, K made a criminal complaint at the state police troop C barracks. After she did so, the state trooper with whom she spoke, Trooper Jamie Sanders, called the defendant to ask him to come in for questioning. He did so that same day, accompanied by his lawyer. He arrived in a Jeep Wrangler, and he was wearing a Boston Red Sox baseball cap. The defendant admitted to Trooper Sand- ers that he had been on Interstate 84, going in the same direction as K, earlier in the day. The defendant also admitted that he had pulled in front of a vehicle and braked, but claimed that he did not know who it was. As a result of this incident, the defendant was charged with risk of injury to a child, criminal violation of a protective order and reckless endangerment in the first degree. I The defendant first claims that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of any of the three counts alleged in connection with the July 21, 2011 highway incident2 because (1) K’s and M’s ability to identify the driver of the Jeep was impaired by his hat and sunglasses, by the high stress level that the incident induced, and by K’s motive to testify falsely, and (2) no evidence adduced by the state indicated that the defendant knew K’s and L’s whereabouts such that he could have acted with the general intent required to violate the protective order. We are not persuaded. ‘‘The standard of review employed in a sufficiency of the evidence claim is well settled. [W]e apply a two part test. First, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom the [fact finder] reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence established guilt beyond a reason- able doubt . . . . This court cannot substitute its own judgment for that of the jury if there is sufficient evi- dence to support the [fact finder’s] verdict. . . . ‘‘While the [fact finder] must find every element proven beyond a reasonable doubt in order to find the defendant guilty of the charged offense, each of the basic and inferred facts underlying those conclusions need not be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . If it is reasonable and logical for the [fact finder] to conclude that a basic fact or an inferred fact is true, the [fact finder] is permitted to consider the fact proven and may consider it in combination with other proven facts in determining whether the cumulative effect of all the evidence proves the defendant guilty of all the elements of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . ‘‘On appeal, we do not ask whether there is a reason- able view of the evidence that would support a reason- able hypothesis of innocence. We ask, instead, whether there is a reasonable view of the evidence that supports the [fact finder’s] verdict of guilty.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Michael H., 291 Conn. 754, 759, 970 A.2d 113 (2009). ‘‘[T]he inquiry into whether the record evidence would support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt does not require a court to ask itself whether it believes that the evidence . . . established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . Instead, the rele- vant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’’ (Internal quota- tion marks omitted.) State v. Morgan, 274 Conn. 790, 801, 877 A.2d 739 (2005). The fact that the state’s case against a defendant turns upon the credibility of witnesses does not make it insufficient to support a conviction. See State v. Oso- ria, 86 Conn. App. 507, 514, 861 A.2d 1207 (2004) (‘‘[t]he defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is primarily a challenge to the credibility of [a certain witness’] testimony, which provided a sufficient eviden- tiary basis for the conviction’’), cert. denied, 273 Conn. 910, 870 A.2d 1082 (2005). Responding to the defen- dant’s allegation that a key state’s witness was not credi- ble in part because he testified against the defendant under a plea bargain, the court in Osoria demurred: ‘‘Questions of whether to believe or to disbelieve a competent witness are beyond our review. As a reviewing court, we may not retry the case or pass on the credibility of witnesses. . . . Our review of factual determinations is limited to whether those findings are clearly erroneous. . . . We must defer to the trier of fact’s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses that is made on the basis of its firsthand observation of their conduct, demeanor and attitude. . . . The arguments raised by the defendant on appeal with regard to [the witness’] credibility are arguments that the defendant properly raised at trial before the jury; they were fodder for the [fact finder’s] consideration in determining what weight to afford [the witness’] credibility, but are not the proper subject of an appeal.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 514–15. Further- more, ‘‘because the [fact finder] has the opportunity to observe the conduct, demeanor and attitude of the witnesses and to gauge their credibility, [i]t is axiomatic that evidentiary inconsistencies are for the [fact finder] to resolve, and it is within the province of the [fact finder] to believe all or only part of a witness’ testi- mony.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Morgan, supra, 274 Conn. 800. The evidentiary strand common to the defendant’s conviction of each of the three charges arising from the highway incident of July 21, 2011, was the identity of the driver of the Jeep. The thrust of the defendant’s insufficiency claim is that this strand was lacking and that its absence rendered the state’s case against him threadbare.3 ‘‘It is black letter law that in any criminal prosecution, the state bears the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant’s identity as one of the perpetrators of the crime charged.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Fleming, 111 Conn. App. 337, 343, 958 A.2d 1271 (2008), cert. denied, 290 Conn. 903, 962 A.2d 794 (2009). Identity may be proven through the testimony of eye- witnesses even if that is the only evidence of it. See, e.g., id., 344; State v. Morgan, supra, 274 Conn. 802; State v. Rivera, 74 Conn. App. 129, 138, 810 A.2d 824 (2002); State v. Smith, 57 Conn. App. 290, 298–99, 748 A.2d 883, cert. denied, 253 Conn. 916, 754 A.2d 164 (2000). Moreover, ‘‘[t]he trier of fact determines with finality the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be accorded their testimony. . . . Any part of a witness’ testimony may be believed or disbelieved by the trier of fact. . . . This court does not retry the case or evalu- ate the credibility of the witnesses.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Gainer, 51 Conn. App. 563, 575–76, 724 A.2d 521 (1999). In this case, the evidence was sufficient to prove that the defendant was the person who committed the crimes of July 21, 2011. The court heard the testimony of K and M that they recognized the defendant immediately after he drove in front of them and braked. Indeed, the testimony of K, M, and the defendant made clear that K and M had known the defendant well for several years because K and the defendant had been involved romantically. K testified that the Jeep was ‘‘[l]ess than a car length’’ away from her when both cars stopped. She further testified that she saw the defendant’s face in profile and recognized him immediately, notwith- standing his hat and sunglasses; in fact, she testified that the defendant invariably wore such hats. M made corresponding observations. The court also had in evi- dence the testimony of Trooper Sanders, who noted that when the defendant arrived at the state police barracks shortly after the highway incident, he was wearing a Boston Red Sox baseball cap that matched K’s description. Trooper Sanders also testified that the defendant had admitted to him that he had cut off and braked in front of a car on the highway, although he claimed not to have known whose car it was. The court made clear that its findings and the resulting finding of guilt rested on the credibility of the principal witnesses. Specifically, the court found K ‘‘to be very credible, while admittedly she has a strong interest in the custody of her son.’’ By contrast, the court ‘‘did not find [the defendant] credible either in his demeanor, [or] in his facts . . . .’’ ‘‘We must defer to the trier of fact’s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses that is made on the basis of its firsthand observation of their conduct, demeanor and attitude.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Osoria, supra, 86 Conn. App. 515. Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the court’s finding of guilt; see State v. Morgan, supra, 274 Conn. 801; the evidence was sufficient to prove that K and the defendant had known each other for a long period of time, that the defendant purposefully maneu- vered his vehicle in front of hers at highway speeds and braked, causing her car to come to an abrupt stop and to swerve off of the main roadway, and that both K and M properly identified the defendant as the perpe- trator of these acts, and, therefore, that the defendant was the person who committed the crimes charged. The defendant’s attempts to discredit K’s and M’s testimony are unavailing at this juncture. Using the Wade factors for measuring the reliability of eyewitness identifications; see United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228, 87 S. Ct. 1926, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1149 (1967); the defen- dant argues that K did not have an adequate opportunity to observe the driver of the Jeep because he was wear- ing a hat and sunglasses; and also that she was under a high level of stress, which impaired her ability to make an accurate identification.4 See id. The defendant also argues that K’s motive and bias against him led her to misidentify him as the driver. ‘‘The arguments raised by the defendant on appeal with regard to [the witness’] credibility are arguments that the defendant properly raised at trial before the [fact finder]; they were fodder for the [fact finder]’s consideration in determining what weight to afford [the witness’] credibility, but are not the proper subject of an appeal.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Osoria, supra, 86 Conn. App. 515. All of the defendant’s arguments challenge K’s credibility by suggesting that she either mistook or fabricated her identification of the defendant. As Osoria and similar cases suggest, these arguments fall short because we cannot review, let alone overturn, the court’s credibil- ity judgments.5 II The defendant next claims that the court improperly curtailed his impeachment of K for motive to fabricate and bias against him by (1) preventing him from cross- examining her about family court proceedings concern- ing his visitation rights as to L; and (2) excluding from evidence a videotape showing part of a visit with and custody exchange of L in the defendant’s home, each in violation of the sixth amendment right to present a defense. We disagree. A We turn first to the defendant’s claim that the court violated his sixth amendment right to present a defense by refusing to allow him to ask a question on cross- examination about what transpired on a certain date in family court. We reject the defendant’s claim. Before delving into the law that guides our analysis, we set forth our standard of review.6 ‘‘The court’s discre- tion [to exclude evidence], however, comes into play only after the defendant has been permitted cross- examination sufficient to satisfy the sixth amendment [to the United States constitution]. . . . The sixth amendment . . . guarantees the right of an accused in a criminal prosecution to confront the witnesses against him. . . . The primary interest secured by confronta- tion is the right to cross-examination . . . . As an appropriate and potentially vital function of cross- examination, exposure of a witness’ motive, interest, bias or prejudice may not be unduly restricted. . . . Compliance with the constitutionally guaranteed right to cross-examination requires that the defendant be allowed to present the jury with facts from which it could appropriately draw inferences relating to the wit- ness’ reliability. . . . [P]reclusion of sufficient inquiry into a particular matter tending to show motive, bias and interest may result in a violation of the constitu- tional requirements of the sixth amendment. . . . In determining whether such a violation occurred, [w]e consider the nature of the excluded inquiry, whether the field of inquiry was adequately covered by other questions that were allowed, and the overall quality of the cross-examination viewed in relation to the issues actually litigated at trial.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Hedge, 93 Conn. App. 693, 697–98, 890 A.2d 612, cert. denied, 277 Conn. 930, 896 A.2d 102 (2006). ‘‘The . . . question, therefore, is whether the defen- dant’s cross-examination of the victim satisfied the con- stitutional standards required by the sixth amendment. . . . The constitutional standard is met when defense counsel is permitted to expose to the jury the facts from which [the] jurors, as the sole triers of fact and credibility, could appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability of the witness. . . . [W]e consider the nature of the excluded inquiry, whether the field of inquiry was adequately covered by other questions that were allowed, and the overall quality of the cross-exami- nation viewed in relation to the issues actually litigated at trial. . . . Put another way, our threshold inquiry is whether this constitutional standard has been met. . . . ‘‘Next, [i]f we conclude that the court improperly restricted the defendant’s opportunity to impeach a wit- ness for motive, interest, bias or prejudice, we then proceed with a harmless error analysis. . . . Whether such error is harmless in a particular case depends upon a number of factors, such as the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Fernando R., 103 Conn. App. 808, 819–20, 930 A.2d 78, cert. denied, 284 Conn. 936, 937 A.2d 695 (2007). Finally, we note that ‘‘[a]lthough only relevant evi- dence may be elicited through cross-examination . . . [e]vidence tending to show motive, bias or interest of an important witness is never collateral or irrelevant. [Indeed, it] may be . . . the very key to an intelligent appraisal of the testimony of the [witness]. . . . Accordingly, cross-examination to elicit facts tending to show that a witness’ testimony was motivated by bias may not be unduly restricted.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Christian, 267 Conn. 710, 748, 841 A.2d 1158 (2004). The following additional facts are relevant to the disposition of these claims. On cross-examination, K testified that L had been given her last name rather than the defendant’s, that she had not originally claimed the defendant to be L’s father, that she had ‘‘never asked [for] or wanted’’ child support payments from the defendant, that she deliberately did not tell the defendant that L had been born, that she had not intended that he ever find out about L’s birth, that she did not want the defendant around her or her son because the defendant had threatened them, that she suggested to him that she would not name him as the father and ask for child support in exchange for his leaving her and L alone, that she had filed for a civil restraining order against the defendant, that she told the family court that she did not want the defendant to have any visitation time with L, that she wanted the defendant not to have any contact with her or L, and that her new husband wanted to adopt L. After this testimony, defense counsel asked K the question that precipitated the defendant’s sixth amend- ment claim: ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: Okay. All right. And now what happened, if you remember, on March 14, 2011, when you went back into family court; what happened to [the defendant] and his visitation with [L]? ‘‘[The Prosecutor]: Objection. Relevance. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: I’m claiming it. ‘‘[The Prosecutor]: Why are we worried about what happened on March 14? Nothing [is] alleged to have happened that day. Doesn’t go to an element of the crime. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: I’m claiming it, Your Honor. Because, as the defendant will testify, certain things did happen as a direct consequence. ‘‘[The Prosecutor]: Is he claiming that this witness had control over what happened at the court date on March 14? ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: Yes. ‘‘The Court: Sustained. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: Sustained . . . . His visitation with [L] was essentially terminated; wasn’t it as a result of this arrest? ‘‘[The Prosecutor]: Objection. Same ground. Same question in a different form. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: Motive, Your Honor. ‘‘[The Prosecutor]: This witness didn’t control what happened. ‘‘The Court: Not the question. You can ask her about her motive. You can’t ask her about [the family court judge’s] philosophy. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: No, I didn’t, Your Honor. I didn’t ask her to— ‘‘The Court: Sure, you did. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: When he went to court on— ‘‘The Court: What went into [the family court judge’s] mind to make whatever decision he made. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: No. ‘‘The Court: No? ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: I didn’t ask to explain [the family court judge’s]— ‘‘The Court: Well, she can’t terminate the visitation. Only one of us can terminate the visitation. ‘‘[Defense Counsel]: Yes, Your Honor.’’ As an initial matter, we note that the confusion in this colloquy obscured the fact that the question did seek relevant evidence. ‘‘ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evi- dence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is material to the determination of the proceeding more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.’’ Conn. Code Evid. § 4- 1. As our Supreme Court observed, ‘‘[e]vidence tending to show motive, bias or interest of an important witness is never collateral or irrelevant.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Christian, supra, 267 Conn. 748. Although defense counsel, perhaps mistakenly, ini- tially agreed that he was asserting that K had control over happenings in family court, defense counsel shortly afterward made clear that his question was directed to K’s motive to manufacture the defendant’s prosecution to wrest his parental rights from him. Defense counsel’s question about what happened on a family court date shortly after the first of the two events for which the defendant was being prosecuted could have revealed a nexus between the criminal and family cases. This nexus could in turn have suggested, albeit circumstantially, that it was K’s design to fabricate or exaggerate recent events to obtain a favorable result in the family court proceedings. The question then becomes whether the court prop- erly excluded the testimony, notwithstanding its rele- vance as evidence of bias. The threshold inquiry is whether the court’s restriction on the defendant’s cross- examination of K regarding her motive in the case vio- lated the defendant’s sixth amendment right of confron- tation. See State v. Fernando R., supra, 103 Conn. App. 819–20. ‘‘The constitutional standard is met when defense counsel is permitted to expose to the jury the facts from which [the] jurors, as the sole triers of fact and credibility, could appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability of the witness. . . . [W]e con- sider the nature of the excluded inquiry, whether the field of inquiry was adequately covered by other ques- tions that were allowed, and the overall quality of the cross-examination viewed in relation to the issues actu- ally litigated at trial.’’ (Internal quotation marks omit- ted.) Id., 819. In so inquiring, reviewing courts have declined to hold that a defendant’s confrontation right was violated by limits on cross-examination when the defendant was allowed to ask other questions about the same motive, bias, or interest. In State v. Lubesky, 195 Conn. 475, 481–82, 488 A.2d 1239 (1985), our Supreme Court acknowledged that although it was ‘‘proper’’; id., 482; for the defendant to have asked a crucial state’s witness regarding his hope for leniency in pending prosecutions in exchange for his testimony, the exclusion of a single question on the subject after the witness had already admitted that there were charges pending against him and that he hoped for leniency in exchange for his testimony did not violate the defendant’s right of con- frontation. Id., 482–83. Similarly, in State v. Wilson, 188 Conn. 715, 721, 453 A.2d 765 (1982), the court concluded that although an excluded question asking how many felony charges were pending against the witness code- fendant should have been allowed, the defendant’s right of confrontation was not violated because he was allowed to ask questions probing not only the witness’ own involvement in the crime, but also the fact that he was then incarcerated, was a codefendant, had other criminal cases pending, and stood to receive leniency in the pending case because he was testifying against the defendant. Id. In State v. Hackett, 182 Conn. 511, 519–20, 438 A.2d 726 (1980), our Supreme Court con- cluded that the trial court had not erred in excluding a single question asking an accomplice who had agreed to testify for the state whether his attorney had begun plea negotiations with the state before the date of his plea agreement, which was in evidence. Id. The court noted that the defendant had not only put the witness’ plea bargain into evidence, but also had cross-examined him extensively on his hope for leniency or immunity in the disposition of his own case. Id. The court concluded: ‘‘Looking at the record as a whole, we cannot find error in the failure to allow the disputed question to be asked. One adverse ruling in more than 200 pages of extensive cross-examination is not an undue restriction of legiti- mate inquiry into bias, interest, motive, or expectation of leniency.’’ Id., 520. State v. Milum, 197 Conn. 602, 500 A.2d 555 (1985), demarcates the constitutional boundary between per- missible and impermissible limits on cross-examination for bias, motive, or interest. In Milum, our Supreme Court found error where the trial court refused to allow the defendant to ask the victim at all about either the victim’s pending civil suit arising from the same events against the defendant, or about the victim’s demand for $25,000 in exchange for her recommendation of a suspended sentence for the defendant. Id., 607–608. The court did not characterize the trial court’s ruling as a mere, permissible limit on cross-examination, but rather as an impermissible ‘‘denial’’ of it because a potential source of bias remained wholly hidden from the jury. See id., 614. Because the court in the present case merely limited, and did not preclude, inquiry into a specific motive that already had been robustly developed on cross- examination, the defendant’s right of confrontation was not violated. As in Lubesky, Wilson, and Hackett, the defendant extensively cross-examined the witness about her specific interest in the outcome of the crimi- nal case—namely, to use that case for the purpose of excising the defendant from her child’s life. Defense counsel successfully got her to admit on the witness stand that she had given her son her own last name, that she had not only declined to name the defendant as her son’s father but had made no attempt to inform him—and indeed had never intended that he learn—of the child’s birth, that she had never demanded child support payments from the defendant and had even offered that she would promise never to do so in exchange for his promise to leave her and her son alone, that she wanted the defendant never to have any contact with her or her son and had filed for a civil restraining order to that end, and even that her new husband wanted to adopt her son. Unlike in Milum, K’s interest in the outcome was not completely concealed from the fact finder by a total bar on cross-examination on the subject. Indeed, the court specifically acknowledged in its findings that it had considered the issue, noting that ‘‘quite frankly, [it] found [K] to be very credible, while admittedly she has a strong interest in the custody of her son.’’ The defendant cites State v. Baltas, 311 Conn. 786, 91 A.3d 384 (2014), in support of his argument that the court’s limit on cross-examination of K violated his right of confrontation. But Baltas reinforces, rather than dis- rupts, the pattern described previously. In Baltas, the court excluded cross-examination of a complaining wit- ness on the subject of her rocky relationship with her stepfather, one of the victims of the crimes at issue in Baltas. See id., 794–95. The court also excluded external evidence, which would have been introduced through another witness, of the fact that the complaining wit- ness’ father had recently received a large sum of money that the complaining witness and the defendant mutu- ally wanted to acquire. Id., 796. No other such evidence was apparently allowed. Our Supreme Court therefore determined that as in Milum and unlike in Lubesky, Wilson, and Hackett, the trial court completely pre- cluded an inquiry into motive rather than merely confin- ing it to constitutionally allowable dimensions. Id., 804. This case, however, is one of confinement and not of preclusion. As we discussed previously, the defendant was allowed to cross-examine K at length about her substantial interest in the outcome of the case. The confrontation clause does not require more; the court’s ruling did not violate the defendant’s right of confron- tation. B We turn next to the defendant’s claim that the court violated his sixth amendment right to present a defense by excluding from evidence a certain video recording, which, in the defendant’s estimation, would have impeached K’s testimony. We reject this claim. The following additional facts and procedural history are relevant. Testifying about the routine that she and the defendant followed at the end of visits between L and the defendant, K said that ‘‘typically,’’ she would drive into the defendant’s driveway, get out of her car, walk up to the door, and knock, at which point the defendant would come to the door carrying L and hand him to K. K then contrasted this routine with the events of February 26, 2011. Responding to K’s account of a typical custody exchange, the defendant proposed to offer into evi- dence a videotape that was taken about two weeks before February 26, 2011, and that showed part of a visit between L, K, and the defendant in the defendant’s home. The defendant argued that the videotape impeached K’s testimony because it showed them together in the house with L and because it showed the defendant carrying L out to the car. The defendant argued that these depictions were inconsistent with K’s account of prior custody exchanges. The prosecutor objected on the grounds that K had not been confronted with the video while on the witness stand and that the video was irrelevant. The trial court sustained the objection, finding the video irrelevant because it did not impeach K’s testimony that the baby was ‘‘typically’’ passed from the defendant to K at the door at the end of visits. In so ruling, the court pointed out that K had said ‘‘typically’’ rather than ‘‘universally,’’ presumably meaning that the video was not necessarily inconsistent with her testimony. The law regarding impeachment by extrinsic evi- dence largely mirrors that of impeachment by cross- examination, which we discussed previously. ‘‘Impeachment of a witness for motive, bias and interest may also be accomplished by the introduction of extrin- sic evidence. . . . The same rule that applies to the right to cross-examine applies with respect to extrinsic evidence to show motive, bias and interest . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Ferguson, 260 Conn. 339, 350–51, 796 A.2d 1118 (2002). ‘‘The trial court has wide discretion to determine the relevancy of evidence and the scope of cross-examina- tion. Every reasonable presumption should be made in favor of the correctness of the court’s ruling in determining whether there has been an abuse of discre- tion.’’ State v. Barnes, 232 Conn. 740, 746–47, 657 A.2d 611 (1995). Furthermore, ‘‘[t]o establish an abuse of discretion, [the defendant] must show that the restric- tions imposed upon [the] cross-examination were clearly prejudicial.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Castro, 196 Conn. 421, 426, 493 A.2d 223 (1985). ‘‘The proffering party bears the burden of establishing the relevance of the offered testimony. Unless such a proper foundation is established, the evidence . . . is irrelevant.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Barnes, supra, 747. ‘‘When the trial court excludes defense evidence that provides the defendant with a basis for cross-examination of the state’s witnesses, however, such exclusion may give rise to a claim of denial of the right to confrontation and to present a defense.’’ State v. Casanova, 255 Conn. 581, 592, 767 A.2d 1189 (2001). The defendant’s claim that the court’s ruling to exclude his proffered evidence violated his right of con- frontation presupposes that the evidence was relevant to impeach K for motive, bias, or interest. But even if we assume, without deciding, that the evidence was relevant for this purpose, the defendant’s right of con- frontation was not violated for substantially the same reasons recited previously regarding the court’s exclu- sion of a single question on cross-examination.7 The court made an isolated ‘‘adverse ruling’’ that excluded a single piece of evidence whose relevance to impeach was dubious at best, and whose exclusion did not vio- late the defendant’s right of confrontation. The defen- dant questioned K at grueling length and in excruciating detail about her interest in the outcome of the case— the custody of her child. K made no attempt whatsoever to conceal this interest; rather, she readily and plainly admitted it at every turn. It certainly was not wholly excluded from the fact finder’s consideration: as noted previously, the court in its findings explicitly acknowl- edged K’s bias. The defendant was given ample opportu- nity to exhibit K’s bias, and he took full advantage of that opportunity. His sixth amendment right of confron- tation accordingly was not violated. The judgments are affirmed. In this opinion the other judges concurred. * This appeal originally was heard before a panel of this court consisting of Judge Gruendel, Judge Beach and Justice Borden. Thereafter, Chief Judge DiPentima replaced Justice Borden. Chief Judge DiPentima has read the record and briefs, and listened to the recording of oral argument, prior to participating in this decision. 1 In accordance with our policy of protecting the privacy interests of the victims of the crimes of risk of injury to a child and criminal violation of a protective order, we decline to identify the victims or others through whom the victims’ identities may be ascertained. 2 The defendant does not specifically challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction of disorderly conduct; thus, we do not consider it here. 3 The defendant also argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he acted with the general intent required to violate the protective order, but his argument, although framed in terms of general intent, amounts to a circumstantial case that the defendant was not present—in other words, identity. 4 The defendant did not and does not argue that the identifications were constitutionally or statutorily inadmissible; see United States v. Wade, supra, 388 U.S. 228; State v. Outing, 298 Conn. 34, 47–48, 3 A.3d 1 (2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1225, 131 S. Ct. 1479, 179 L. Ed. 2d 316 (2011); General Statutes § 54-1p. 5 The defendant suggested at oral argument before this court that certain language in Lapointe v. Commissioner of Correction, 316 Conn. 225, 268, 112 A.3d 1 (2015), might have modified the role of reviewing courts with respect to credibility determinations by lower courts in some circumstances. The defendant admitted, however, that the issue had not been briefed for argument, and we will not address it here. 6 We discuss only the standard of review for claims of constitutional error because the defendant has not raised or briefed the issue of whether the court committed nonconstitutional, evidentiary error by excluding the cross- examination questions. 7 We refer here to our previous, analogous discussion of what constitutes undue restriction of the right of cross-examination. See State v. Hackett, supra, 182 Conn. 520.
Kidneys are the organs that help filter waste products from the blood and excess fluid from the body. These waste products and excess fluid are removed through the urine. The kidneys are also involved in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production in the body. If the kidneys are in danger and their function is impeded, the entire health is at risk. Symptoms of kidney failure are due to the build-up of waste products in the body that may cause weakness, shortness of breath, lethargy, and confusion. There are numerous causes of kidney failure, and treatment of the underlying disease may be the first step in correcting the kidney abnormality. In order to keep your body strong and healthy, it is very important to recognize the signs of kidney damage. 1. Swelling Swelling of hands, feet, face, legs and ankles may be a result of the inability of the kidneys to remove excess fluid from the body. Therefore, unexpected swelling in such areas could be a manifestation of kidney failure. 2. Changes in Urination The kidneys make urine, so when the kidneys are failing, the urine may change. These are some of the symptoms: - Feeling the need to get up at night to urinate. - Urine may be foamy or bubbly. - Urinating more often, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine. - Urinating less often, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark-colored urine. - The urine may contain blood. - Feeling pressure or have difficulty urinating. 3. Skin Rash Kidneys remove wastes from the bloodstream. When the kidneys fail, the build-up of wastes in your blood can cause severe itching. The skin becomes dry and irritated due to waste build-up in the blood. While ointment and creams can help on the surface, they can’t solve the problem of kidney damage related rashes. 4. Fatigue The kidneys produce a hormone called EPO, or erythropoietin, which is responsible for making red blood cells and carrying oxygen. Damaged kidneys make less EPO telling the bone marrow to make new red blood cells and there’s an insufficient oxygen supply. One reason for fatigue can be anemia, a shortage of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. 5. Shortness of Breath Kidney damage can lead to shortness of breath, which leaves the body starved of oxygen. Therefore, kidney failure is sometimes confused with asthma or heart failure, because fluid can build up in the lungs. 6. Metallic Taste in Mouth Kidney damage may result with a feeling of metallic taste in the mouth. This is attributed to the waste accumulation in the blood. Moreover, waste build-up in the body can cause bad breath, changes in taste, or an aversion to protein foods like meat. 7. Pain Damaged kidneys may result in back pain. This is so because the kidneys are located on either side of the spine in the back. Kidney infections and kidney stones are also associated with spasms and a severe pain. 8. Trouble Concentrating and Dizziness When the kidneys are damaged, your brain is not getting enough oxygen. This can lead to memory problems, trouble with concentration, and dizziness.	https://www.polytrendy.com/8-signs-that-kidney-is-in-danger/
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--- abstract: 'We show that the classical Szasz analytic function $S_N(f)(x)$ is obtained by applying the pseudo-differential operator $f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})$ to the Bergman kernels for the Bargmann-Fock space. The expression generalizes immediately to any smooth polarized noncompact complete toric [Kähler ]{}manifold, defining the generalized Szasz analytic function $S_{h^N}(f)(x)$. About $S_{h^N}(f)(x)$, we prove that it admits complete asymptotics and there exists a universal scaling limit. As an example, we will further compute $S_{h^N}(f)(x)$ for the Bergman metric on the unit ball.' address: 'Department of Mathematics, Johns Hopkins University, USA' author: - Renjie Feng title: Szasz Analytic Functions and Noncompact Kähler Toric Manifolds --- Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered} ============ Introduction ------------ In [@Z1], S. Zelditch relates the classical Bernstein polynomials [@B] to the Bergman kernel for the Fubini-Study metric on ${{{\mathbb C}}{{\mathbb P}}}^m$, and then generalizes this relation to any smooth polarized compact [Kähler ]{}toric manifold. In this article, we will further generalize the construction to any smooth polarized noncompact complete toric [Kähler ]{}manifolds, and introduce the generalized Szasz analytic function. In the model case of the Bargmann-Fock space (see subsection \[bf\]), the generalized Szasz analytic function is the classical Szasz analytic function [@S]: For any $f\in C^{\infty}({{\mathbb R}}^m)$, $$\label{SZASZ} S_{h^N_{BF}}(f)(x) = e^{-N\\|x\\|}\sum _{\alpha \in {{\mathbb Z}}_+^m}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{(Nx)^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}$$ where $\\|x\\|=x_1+\cdots+x_m$, $\alpha=(\alpha_1,\ldots, \alpha_m)$ is a lattice point in ${{\mathbb Z}}_+^m$, $\alpha!=\alpha_1!\cdots \alpha_m!$ and $x^{\alpha}=x_1^{\alpha_1}\cdots x_m^{\alpha_m}$. In [@S], O. Szasz proved that if $f(x)$ is a smooth Schwartz function, then $S_{h^N_{BF}}(f)(x)$ converges to $f(x)$ uniformly on any compact subset of ${{\mathbb R}}_{+}^m$, i.e., he generalized the Bernstein polynomials to the infinite interval. In section \[F\], we show that the classical Szasz analytic function can be expressed in term of the the Bargmann-Fock space in two ways. Let $e^{i\theta}=(e^{i\theta_1},\ldots,e^{i\theta_m})$ be the standard $\mathbb{T}^m$ action on ${{\mathbb C}}^m$ and denote $D_{\theta}=(\frac{1}{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}},\ldots, \frac{1}{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{m}})$ where $\frac{1}{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{j}}$ are generators of $\mathbb{T}^{m}$ action, in Lemma \[fgh\], we show: $$\label{pbvuytre} S_{h^N_{BF}}(f)(x)=\frac{1}{B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)}f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})B_{h^N_{BF}}(e^{i \theta}z,z)\|_{\theta=0,\,\,z=\mu^{-1}_{h_{BF}}(x)}$$ where $B_{h_{BF}^N}$ is the Bergman kernel for the Bargmann-Fock space, $\mu_{h_{BF}}=(\|z_1\|^2,\ldots, \|z_m\|^2)$ is the moment map with respect to ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ action and the hermitian metric $h_{BF}=e^{-\\|z\\|^2}$, where $\\|z\\|^2=\|z_1\|^2+\cdots+\|z_m\|^2$. And for any $f\in C_0^{\infty}({{\mathbb R}}^m)$, $f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})$ is defined by the spectral theorem: $$\label{laghdhs}f(N^{-1}D_{\theta}) e^{i \langle \xi, \theta \rangle} = f(\frac{\xi}{N}) e^{i \langle \theta, \xi \rangle},$$ In Lemma \[TUY\], $S_{h^N_{BF}}(f)$ can also be expressed in term of the symplectic potential as $$\label{symp}S_{h_{BF}^N}(f)(x) = \frac{1}{B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)}\sum_{\alpha\in {{\mathbb Z}}^m_+}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{e^{N(u_{BF}(x)+\langle\frac{\alpha}{N}-x,\nabla u_{BF}(x)\rangle)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h_{BF}^{N}}}\|_{z=\mu_{h_{BF}} ^{-1}(x)}$$ where $u_{BF}(x)$ is the symplectic potential for the Bargmann-Fock space. Both formulas (\[pbvuytre\]) and (\[symp\]) can be generalized to any smooth polarized noncompact complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifold $(M,\omega)$, where $\omega \in H^{(1,1)}(M,{{\mathbb Z}})$ is a ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ invariant [Kähler ]{}form. Let $(L,h)$ be a polarization of $M$, i.e., a positive hermitian holomorphic line bundle such that the curvature satisfies $R(h)=\omega$ (see subsection \[toric manifold\]). Let $\mu_h(z)$ be the moment map associated to $(L,h) \rightarrow (M,\omega)$, let $P$ be the image of the moment map $\mu_{h}(z)$. In section \[djghsfdf\], we define the generalized Szasz analytic functions $S_{h^N}(f)$ for $(L,h)$ by using the Bergman kernel and the symplectic potential (see Definition \[hgfd\]). Main results ------------ Our first result is that the generalized Szasz analytic function admits a complete asymptotics and each coefficient can be derived from the complete asymptotics of the Bergman kernel. \[BBa\] Let $(L, h) \rightarrow (M, \omega)$ be a positive hermitian holomorphic line bundle over a noncompact complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifold with a proper moment map $\mu_h(z)$. Assume the hermitian metric $h$ and [Kähler ]{}form $\omega$ are toric invariant and $R(h)=\omega$. Let $f\in C^{\infty}_0({{\mathbb R}}^m)$ and denote $K$ as the compact support of $f$. Let $S_{h^N}(f)(x)$ be the generalized Szasz analytic function in the sense of Definition \[hgfd\]. If there exists $\gamma>0$ such that $R(h)>- \gamma Ric(\omega)$, then there exists complete asymptotics on the compact subset $\mu_h^{-1}(K)\subset M$: $$S_{h^N}(f)(x) = f(x) + {\mathcal{L}}_1 f(x) N^{-1} + {\mathcal{L}}_2 f(x) N^{-2} + \cdots + {\mathcal{L}}_n f(x) N^{-n} + O(N^{- n - 1})$$ for any positive integer $n$ as $N$ goes to infinity, where ${\mathcal{L}}_j$ is a differential operator of order $2j$ depending only on the curvature of the metric $h$; the expansion may be differentiated infinitely many times. In our next theorem, we study the boundary behavior of generalized Sazsz analytic function. To be more precise, we study the behavior of $S_{h^N}(f)(x)$ when $x$ tends to a corner or some facets of $P$. In order to do this, we focus on the neighborhood with radius $1/N$ around a corner or a point on some facets, and by using the dilation operator, we magnify the neighborhood by the factor $N$ to get a neighborhood independent of $N$, then it leads to a universal scaling formula which is similar to Poisson Limit Law. We first consider the behavior of $S_{h^N}(f)(x)$ as $x$ tends to a corner of $P$. We pick a vertex $V$ of $P$, i.e., the image of a fixed point of the real torus ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ action on $M$ under the moment map. We use affine transformations to map $V$ to be the origin and all facets that meet at $V$ to the hyperplanes $x_j=0$. In these new coordinates, we may write the symplectic potential near the origin as [@A; @SoZ]: $$\label{corndgd}u_{{\varphi}}(x)=\sum_{j=1}^mx_j \log x_j +h(x)$$ where $h(x)$ is a smooth function on $P$. Now consider the operator $D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1} $ where $D_{\frac{1}{N}}$ is the dilation operator defined by $D_{\frac{1}{N}} f(x) = f(\frac{ x}{N})$. By Definition \[hgfd\] of generalized analytic functions, we have$$\label{scaling}\begin{array}{lll}(D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1} )f(x)&=&\frac{1}{B_{h^{N}}(\mu_h^{-1}(\frac{x}{N}),\mu_{h}^{-1}(\frac{x}{N}))}\mathcal{D}_{h^{N}}f(x)\quad{where} \\ && \\ \mathcal{D}_{h^{N}}f(x) &=&\sum_{\alpha\in NP\cap {{\mathbb Z}}^m }f(\alpha)\frac{e^{N(u_{{\varphi}}(\frac{x}{N})+\langle\frac{\alpha}{N}-\frac{x}{N},\nabla u_{{\varphi}}(\frac{x}{N})\rangle)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h^{N}}}\end{array}$$where $\mu_h(z)$ is the moment map and $u_{{\varphi}}(x)$ is the symplectic potential associated to the [Kähler ]{}toric manifold. Then we show that $S_{h_{BF}^1}(f)$ is the universal scaling limit of $D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1}$ as $N$ goes to infinity. More generally, we consider the boundary behavior of $S_{h^N}(f)(x)$ as $x$ tends to some facets of $P$. In this wall case, we dilate in the variables transverse to the boundary of $P$: We again use the affine transformation so that the facets that meet at a corner are given by $x_j=0$, write $x=(x',x'')\in {{\mathbb R}}^m$ where $x'=(x_1,\ldots,x_k) \in {{\mathbb R}}^k$ and $x''=(x_{k+1},\ldots,x_m) \in {{\mathbb R}}^{m-k}$, then define the dilation operator $\hat D_{\frac{1}{N}} f(x',x'')=f( \frac{x'}{N},x'')$. We show that $\hat D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}\hat D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1}$ tends to $S_{h_{BF}^1}(f_{x''})(x')$ as $N$ goes to infinity. Here, $f_{x''}(x')$ means we fix the variables $x''$ and consider $f(x',x'')$ as a function of $x'$ and $S_{h_{BF}^1}(f_{x''})(x')$ is the classical Szasz analytic functions with respect to variables $x'$. \[ghfhgg\]With all assumptions in Theorem \[BBa\], there exist differential operators $b_{j}$ such that for $f\in C_0^{\infty}({{\mathbb R}}^m)$, $$\label{corner}(D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1} )f(x) = S_{h_{BF}^1}(f)(x) + b_1(f)(x)N^{-1}+\cdots +b_n(f)(x)N^{-n}+O(N^{-n-1})$$ for any positive integer $n$. In particular, $$b_{1}(f)(x)=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j}a_{ij}(x)\left(e^{-\\|x\\|}\sum_{\alpha \in {{\mathbb Z}}_+^m}f_{ij}(\alpha)\frac{x^\alpha}{\alpha!}\right)$$ where $f_{ij}=\frac{\partial ^2 f}{\partial x_i\partial x_j}$ and $(a_{ij}(x))_{i,j}$ denotes the matrix $M^2(x)\nabla^2 h(0)$ where h(x) is defined by (\[corndgd\]) and $M(x)=diag\{x_1,x_2,...,x_m\}$ is the diagonal matrix where $x=(x_1,\cdots, x_m )$. More generally, in the wall case, there exist differential operators $c_j$ such that $$\label{wall}(\hat D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}\hat D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1} )f(x',x'') = S_{h_{BF}^1}(f_{x''})(x') + c_1(f)(x',x'')N^{-1}+\cdots +c_n(f)(x',x'')N^{-n}+ O(N^{-n-1})$$ Just as Bernstein’s polynomials can be expressed in terms of binomial random variables, the classical Szsaz analytic function can be expressed in terms of Poisson random variables (see section \[example\]). Theorem \[ghfhgg\] also has a probalilistic interpretation: if $M$ is $\mathbb{CP}^{1}$ with Fubini-Study metric, then $S_{h_{FS}^N}(f)(x)$ becomes the classical Bernstein polynomial [@Z1]: $$S_{h_{FS}^N}(f)(x)=\sum_{k=0}^N {N \choose k}f(\frac{k}{N})(1-x)^{N-k}x^k$$ Thus, $$(D_{\frac{1}{N}}S_{h_{FS}^N}D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1})f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{N}{N \choose k}f(k )(1-\frac{x}{N})^{N-k}(\frac{x}{N})^{k}$$ Then (\[corner\]) reads $$\label{possionge} \sum_{k=0}^{N}{N \choose k}f(k )(1-\frac{x}{N})^{N-k}(\frac{x}{N})^{k}=\sum_{k=0}^\infty e^{-x}\frac{x^k}{k!}f(k)+b_1(f)(x)N^{-1}+\cdots .$$ Now we compute the second term $b_1(f)(x)$: On the [Kähler ]{}toric manifold $({{{\mathbb C}}{{\mathbb P}}}^1, \omega_{FS})$, the symplectic potential is, $$u_{FS}(x) = x \log x + (1 - x) \log(1 - x)$$ thus $h(x)$ is just $(1 - x) \log(1 - x)$, hence, $$b_1(f)(x) =\frac{1}{2}x^2\left(e^{-x}\sum_{\alpha =0}^{\infty}f''(\alpha)\frac{x^\alpha}{\alpha!}\right)$$ Equation (\[possionge\]) refines the Poisson Limit Law [@R] which says that $${N \choose k} (1-\frac{x}{N})^{N - k} (\frac{x}{N})^k \rightarrow e^{-x} \frac{x^k}{k!} \,\,\, \mbox{as}\,\,\, N\rightarrow \infty$$ Thus our result that $D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1}$ admits complete asymptotics generalizes the Poisson Limit Law to any [Kähler ]{}toric manifold. In section \[example\], we will further compute the generalized Szasz analytic function for the unit ball with the Bergman metric. And we will give some probabilistic interpretation of some generalized Szasz analytic functions: we will relate $({{{\mathbb C}}{{\mathbb P}}}^1, \omega_{FS})$ with binomial distribution, the Bargmann-Fock space with Poisson distribution and the Bergman metric on the unit disk with Pascal distribution. Notations: Throughout the article, denote $\|z\|^2$ as the vector $(\|z_1\|^2, \ldots, \|z_m\|^2)$, then ${\varphi}(\|z\|^2)$ is denoted as a function of $\|z_1\|^2, \ldots, \|z_m\|^2$ and denote $z^{\alpha}=z_1^{\alpha_1}\cdots z_m^{\alpha_m}$. Acknowledgements: I am sincerely grateful to Prof. S. Zelditch for his patience to guide me to this beautiful math world. I also want to thank the referee for many helpful comments in the original version. This paper will never come out without their helps and many suggestions. Background {#fhdshd} ========== [Kähler ]{}toric manifolds {#toric manifold} -------------------------- In this section, we discuss some basic properties of complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifolds, see [@A; @F; @G; @KL; @Z1] for more details. \[kjhhgggf\]A complex $m$-dimensional [Kähler ]{}toric manifold is a smooth complete [Kähler ]{}manifold $(M,\omega)$ equipped with an effective Hamiltonian holomorphic real torus $\mathbb{T}^m={{\mathbb R}}^m/2\pi{{\mathbb Z}}^m $ action and with a corresponding proper moment map $\mu : M \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m$. For example, any bounded pseudoconvex Reinhardt Domain with smooth boundary equipped with its Bergman metric is a noncompact complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifold. An open set $X \subset {{\mathbb C}}^m$ is a Reinhardt domain if $(z_1, \cdots, z_m) \in X$ implies that $(e^{i\theta_1}z_1, \cdots, e^{i\theta_m}z_m) \in X$, i.e., it’s closed under the real torus ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ action. On any bounded pseudoconvex Reinhardt Domain $X$, there exists a complete [Kähler ]{}metric: the Bergman metric ${\varphi}_B$ [@DO]. Furthermore, ${\varphi}_B$ is invariant under ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ action, hence ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ acts on $X$ in a Hamiltonian way with respect to the Bergman metric, which implies that $(X, \frac{i}{2}\partial\bar\partial {\varphi}_B)$ is a complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifold. As an example, we will consider the case of the unit ball in section \[example\]. Let $(M, \omega)$ be a complex $m$-dimensional complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifold, then there exists an open dense obit $M^o \cong {{\mathbb R}}^m \times i{{\mathbf T}^m}^m$. On the open dense obit, we have the following local logarithmic coordinate [@A]: $$z=(z_1,\ldots, z_m)=(e^{\frac{\rho_1}{2}+i\theta_1},\ldots , e^{\frac{\rho_m}{2}+i\theta_m})$$ where $\rho=(\rho_1,\ldots , \rho_m) \in {{\mathbb R}}^m$ and $\theta=(\theta_1,\ldots, \theta_m) \in [0,2\pi]^m$. Thus we can denote $$e^{i\theta}=(e^{i\theta_1},\ldots,e^{i\theta_m})$$ as the ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ action on the open orbit of $M$ and denote $$D_{\theta}=(\frac{1}{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}},\ldots,\frac{1}{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{m}})$$ where $\{\frac{1}{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{k}},k=1,\ldots, m \}$ are generators of $\mathbb{T}^{m}$ action. We denote $$e^{\rho}=(e^{\rho_1},...,e^{\rho_m})=(\|z_1\|^2, \ldots, \|z_m\|^2)$$ Now assume $\omega$ is an integral $(1,1)$ form and assume $\omega$ is ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ invariant. Then there is a positive hermitian holomorphic line bundle $L \rightarrow M$ and an invariant hermitian metric $h$ on $L$ such that the curvature of $h$ satisfies $R(h)=\omega$. Here, the curvature of a hermitian metric $h$ is defined by: $$\label{ddsfgds}R(h)=-\frac{i}{2}\partial\bar \partial \log \\|e_L\\|^2_h$$ where $e_L$ denotes a local holomorphic frame of $L$ over an open set $U \subset M$, and $\\|e_L\\|_h=h(e_L,e_L)^{\frac{1}{2}}$ denotes the $h$-norm of $e_L$. The [Kähler ]{}form is locally given by $\omega=\frac{i}{2}\partial \bar\partial {\varphi}(z)$, where the associated hermitian metric has the form $h=e^{-\frac{{\varphi}}{2}}$. Since $\omega$ is invariant under the real $\mathbb{T}^m$ action, then the [Kähler ]{}potential ${\varphi}$ must be of the form $${\varphi}(z)={\varphi}(\|z\|^2)={\varphi}(e^{\rho})$$ hence, $$\omega=\frac{i}{2}\sum_{j,k}\frac{\partial^2{\varphi}}{\partial\rho_k \partial \rho_j}dz_j\wedge d\bar z_k$$ By a slight abuse of notation, we denote the [Kähler ]{}potential in the logarithmic coordinates by ${\varphi}(\rho)$. For example, in the Fubini-Study case, the [Kähler ]{}potential is ${\varphi}(z)={\varphi}(\|z\|^2)=\log (1+\|z_1\|^2+\cdots+\|z_m\|^2)$ and we denote ${\varphi}(\rho)=\log(1+e^{\rho_1}+\cdots +e^{\rho_m})$. Positivity of $\omega$ implies that ${\varphi}$ is a strictly convex function of $\rho \in {{\mathbb R}}^m$. The real torus ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ acts on $M$ in a Hamiltonian way with respect to $\omega$, and its moment map $\mu_{h} :M \to \mathbb{R}^m $ is given by: $$\mu_{h}(z_{1}, . . . , z_{m}) = \nabla _{\rho}\varphi(\rho) \,\label{utye}$$ We denote $P$ as the image of $\mu_h(z)$, then $P$ is a noncompact polyhedral set which is called the moment polyhedral set. $P$ in fact can be defined by a set of inequalities of $$\langle x, v_r\rangle \geq \lambda _r, \,\,\, r = 1, \ldots, d$$ where $v_r$ is a primitive element of the lattice and inward-pointing normal to the $r$-th $(n-1)$- dimensional face of $P$. The symplectic potential $u_{{\varphi}}$ defined on $P$ associated to the [Kähler ]{}potential is the Legendre dual of ${\varphi}(\rho)$ with respect to variables $\rho$, defined as follows: for any $x = (x_1, \ldots, x_m) \in P$, there is a unique $\rho \in {{\mathbb R}}^m$ such that $x = \nabla_\rho {\varphi}$. Then the Legendre dual is defined to be the convex function $$u_{\varphi}(x_1, \ldots, x_m) = \langle x, \rho \rangle -{\varphi}(\rho)$$ on $P$. By Legendre duality, we have the following pair, $$\label{dualone}x=\nabla_\rho {\varphi}(\rho), \,\,\, \rho=\nabla _x u_{\varphi}(x)$$ There exists a canonical [Kähler ]{}metric and symplectic potential, defined as follows: Let $\ell_r : {{\mathbb R}}^m \rightarrow {{\mathbb R}}$ be the affine functions, $$\ell_r(x)=\langle x, v_r \rangle -\lambda_r$$ Then the canonical symplectic potential is defined by $$u_0(x) =\sum_{r=1}^d \ell_r (x)\log \ell_r(x)$$ which in turn corresponds to a canoncial [Kähler ]{}potential [@G]. Every symplectic potential has the same singularities on the boundary $\partial P$ as the canonical symplectic potential, and must be in the form of [@A]: $$\label{sympotential}u_{\varphi}(x) = u_0(x) + g(x)$$ where $g(x)$ is smooth on $P$, and the matrix $G_{\varphi}(x) = \nabla^2 _xu_{\varphi}(x)$ is positive definite on $P^o$ which is the interior of $P$. We also denote by $H_{\varphi}(\rho) =\nabla^2_\rho {\varphi}(e^\rho)$ the Hessian of the [Kähler ]{}potential on the open orbit in $\rho$ coordinates. By Legendre duality again, $$\label{dualtwo}H_{\varphi}(\rho)= G^{-1}_{\varphi}(x),\,\,\, \mu_h(e^\rho)=x$$ Bergman kernel --------------- In this section, we first review the definition of the Bergman kernel for any polarized [Kähler ]{}manifold. Then we sketch the proof of the existence of the complete asymptotics of the Bergman kernel on the diagonal. ### Definition Let $( M, \omega)$ be a complete [Kähler ]{}manifold of dimension $m$ (over ${{\mathbb C}}$). Let $(L,h)\rightarrow M$ be a positive hermitian holomorphic line bundle. Assume there is a hermitian metric $h$ on $L$ such that the curvature $R(h)=\omega$. $h$ induces a hermitian metric $h^{N}$ on $L^{N}$ by $\\|{e_{L}^{\otimes N}}\\|_{h^{N}}=\\|{e_{L}}\\|_{h}^{N}$, where $e_L$ is a local holomorphic frame. Locally we can write $\omega=\frac{i}{2} \partial \bar \partial {\varphi}$, thus $h= e^{-\frac{{\varphi}}{2}}$ and $h^N=e^{-\frac{N{\varphi}}{2}}$. Let $H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N})$ be the weighted space of all $L^{2}$ global holomorphic sections of the line bundle $L^{N}$. This means for each local frame $e_{L}$ of $L$ , we can write each section of $H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N})$ as $s=f e^{\otimes N}_{L}$, where $f$ is a holomorphic function and satisfies: $$\\|s\\|^2_{h^N}=\int _M \|f\|^2 e^{-N {\varphi}} \frac{\omega ^{m}}{m!}< \infty$$ Thus $H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N})$ will be a Hilbert space with the natural inner product $Hilb_N(h)$ induced by $h^{N}$: $$\label{gfsgsh} \langle s_{1},s_{2}\rangle _{Hilb_N(h)}= \int_{M} h^{N}(s_{1},s_{2})\frac{\omega ^{m}}{m!}=\int _M f_1\bar f_2 e^{-N {\varphi}} \frac{\omega ^{m}}{m!}$$ where $s_{1}=f_1e^{\otimes N}_L,s_{2}=f_2e^{\otimes N}_L\in H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N})$. We define the Bergman kernel as the orthogonal projection from the $L^2$ sections to the holomorphic $L^2$ sections with respect to the inner product $Hilb_N(h)$, $$B_{h^N}: L^{2}(M,L^{N})\rightarrow H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N})$$ Furthermore, if $\{s_{j}\}_{j=1} ^{}$ is an orthonormal basis of $H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N})$, then: $$B_{h^N}(z,w)=\sum_{j=1}^{}s_j(z)\otimes \overline{s_j(w)} \label{ldh}$$ Note that in the compact case, the dimension of $H^0_{L^{2}}(M, L^N)$ is finite, but in the noncompact case, it is generally infinite. ### Bergman kernel for toric manifolds Let $(M,\omega)$ be a polarized complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifold and assume $\omega$ is ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ invariant. Let $(L,h)$ be a positive hermitian holomorphic line bundle over $M$ such that $R(h)=\omega$, then we have the following proposition [@F; @G]: \[monim\]The global holomorphic sections of $L^N$ are $$H^{0}(M,L^{N}) = \bigoplus_{\alpha \in NP\cap \mathbb{Z}^m } \mathbb{C} \cdot z^{\alpha}$$ For convenience, throughout the article, we assume that for each $\alpha\in \mathbb{Z}^m \cap NP $, $$\label{assume} \\|z^{\alpha}\\|^2_{h^N} =\int_M z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}e^{-N{\varphi}} \frac{\omega^m}{m!}<\infty$$ Under this assumption, we have $$H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N}) = \bigoplus_{\alpha \in NP\cap \mathbb{Z}^m } \mathbb{C} \cdot z^{\alpha}$$ But this assumption is not necessary, without this condition, some $z^\alpha$ may be not in the space of holomorphic $L^2$ sections, but our results and arguments are still valid as long as we have complete asymptotics of Bergman kernel. Now claim that all such monomials in fact form an orthogonal basis of $H^{0}_{L^2}(M,L^{N})$ with respect to the inner product $Hilb_N(h)$. This can be seen if we integrate on the dense open obit $M^o \cong {{\mathbb R}}^m \times i{{\mathbf T}^m}^m$: $$\begin{array}{lll} \langle z^{\alpha}, z^{\beta}\rangle_{Hilb_N(h)} &=& \int_M z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\beta}e^{-N{\varphi}} \frac{\omega^m}{m!} =\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^m \times i{{\mathbf T}^m}^m} z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\beta}e^{-N{\varphi}} \frac{\omega^m}{m!} \\ && \\&= &\left (\int_{[0,2\pi]^m} e^{i\langle \alpha-\beta,\theta \rangle}d\theta\right) \left( \int _{{{\mathbb R}}^m}e^{\langle \frac{\rho}{2}, \alpha+\beta \rangle }e^{-N{\varphi}(\rho)} \det H_{\rho}({\varphi})d\rho \right) \\ && \\&= & \delta _{\alpha,\beta} \int _{{{\mathbb R}}^m}e^{\langle \frac{\rho}{2}, \alpha+\beta \rangle }e^{-N{\varphi}(\rho)} \det H_{\rho}({\varphi})d\rho\end{array}$$ where $H_{\rho}({\varphi})$ is the Hessian of ${\varphi}(\rho)$ with respect to $\rho \in {{\mathbb R}}^m$. Thus by identity (\[ldh\]), the Bergman Kernel off the diagonal is $$\label{ddsdgdsg}B_{h^N}(z,w)=\sum _{\alpha\in NP\cap \mathbb{Z}^m }\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar w^{\alpha}e^{-\frac{N{\varphi}(\|z\|^2)}{2}-\frac{N{\varphi}(\|w\|^2)}{2}}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|_{h^{N}}^{2}}$$ ### Complete asymptotics Let $(L,h)$ be a positive hermitian holomorphic line bundle over the compact [Kähler ]{}manifold $(M,\omega)$. Assume $R(h)=\omega$, then the Bergman kernel on the diagonal admits complete asymptotics which is the well known Tian-Yau-Zelditch Theorem [@T; @Z2], a very nice proof is given in [@BBS]. For the noncompact case, the similar result hold: \[A\] Let $(M,\omega)$ be a complex $m$-dimensional noncompact complete [Kähler ]{}manifold, let $(L,h)\to (M,\omega)$ be a positive hermitian holomorphic line bundle such that $R(h)=\omega$. Assume there exists $\gamma>0$, such that $R(h)>-\gamma Ric(\omega)$, then on any compact subset $K \subset M$, for the Bergman kernel on the diagonal, we have: $$B_{h^N}(z,z)=\sum_{j}\\|s_{j}(z)\\|_{h^{N}}^{2}=N^{m}(1+a_{1}(z)N^{-1}+a_{2}(z)N^{-2}+\cdots ) \label{CX}$$ where $a_{n}(z)$ are smooth on $ K$. In particular, for the complete [Kähler ]{}toric manifold with the [Kähler ]{}potential ${\varphi}(\|z\|^{2})$, on any compact subset, we have: $$B_{h^N}(z,w)= e^{N({\varphi}(z \cdot \bar{w})-\frac{1}{2 } ({\varphi}(\|z\|^{2})+{\varphi}(\|w\|^{2})))}A_{N}(z,w) \,\, mod N^{-\infty} \label{FUNN}$$ where ${\varphi}(z\cdot \bar{w })$ is the almost analytic extension of ${\varphi}(\|z\|^{2})$ and $A_{N}(z,w)= N^{m}(1+a_{1}(z,w)N^{-1}+\cdots)$ a semi-classical symbol of order $m$. Sketch of the proof: The proof follows the one in [@BBS]. Locally, we fix our small coordinate neighborhood to be the unit ball $B^m$ of ${{\mathbb C}}^m$, $u$ is a holomorphic function on $B^m$, we can define the local expression of the norm of a section of $L^N$ over $B^m$ as: $$\\|u\\|^2_{h^N, loc}=\int_{B^m}\|u\|^2e^{-N{\varphi}}\frac{\omega^m}{m!}$$In Proposition 2.7 of [@BBS], it’s proved that: for any positive integer $k$, there exists a local asymptotic Bergman kernel: $$B_{h^N,loc}^k=N^m(1 + a_{1}(z,\bar w)N^{-1}+...+ a_{k}(z,\bar w)N^{-k}) \label{cxz}$$ where $a_{j}(z,\bar w)$ are defined in a fixed neighborhood of $z$ explicitly given such that:$$u(x)=\langle \chi u, B_{h^N,loc}^k \rangle_{h^N,loc}+O(N^{-k-1})\\|u\\|_{h^N,loc}\label{cxzfgh}$$ where $\chi$ is a smooth function supported in the unit ball $B^m$ and equal to one on the ball of radius 1/2. This estimate is a local property, it will be automatically true for the noncompact [Kähler ]{}manifold. Next, globally, they show that there exists a uniform $\delta>0$, whenever $d(z,w)<\delta$, we have: $$B_{h^N}(z,w)=B_{h^N,loc}^{k}(z,w)+O(N^{m-k-1})\label{ct}$$ This estimate imply that the difference between the local Bergman kernel and the global one is up to a small error term. Thus we can get the complete asymptotics of $B_{h^N}(z,w)$ by the complete asymptotics of $B_{h^N,loc}^{k}(z,w)$. In our noncompact case, if we can prove (\[ct\]) for any fixed compact subset $K$, then Theorem \[A\] follows. In order to prove (\[ct\]), first choose $\chi$ as the cut-off function equal to $1$ in a neighborhood of $z$ which is large enough to contain $w$. In the estimate (\[cxzfgh\]), let’s choose $u=B_{h^N}(z,w)$, then we have $$B_{h^N}(z,w)=\langle\chi B_{h^N}, B_{h^N,loc}^k \rangle_{h^ N}+O(N^{-k-1}\\|B_{h^N}\\|) \label{cvbnmt}$$ By Theorem 2.1 in [@Be], there exist a constant $C_K$ which depends on $K$ such that we have upper bound for the Bergman kernel $$B_{h^N}(z,w)\leq C_KN^m$$ then $$B_{h^N}(z,w)=\langle\chi B_{h^N}, B_{h^N,loc}^k \rangle_{h^ N}+O(N^{m-k-1})\label{cvbnmt}$$ Next let’s estimate $$v_{N}(z,w)=\chi B_{h^N,loc}^{k}(z,w)- \langle \chi B_{h^N,loc}^{k},B_{h^N}\rangle_{h^N}$$ Since the inner product is the Bergman projection, $v_{N}(z,w)$ will be the $L^2$-minimal solution to the $\bar \partial$-equation $$\bar \partial v_{N}= \bar \partial (\chi B_{h^N,loc}^{k})$$ Because of the curvature assumption $R(h)>-\gamma Ric(\omega)$, we can apply the Hömander $L^2$-$\bar{\partial}$ estimate (Theorem 5.1 in [@D]). Then we have the square norm estimate $$\\|v_{N}(z,w)\\|_{h^N}^2 \leq O(k^{-j})$$ for any positive integer $j$. Then by Cauchy integral formula in a ball around $z$ of radius $1/N^{1/2}$, we have the pointwise estimate $$\|v_{N}(z,w)\|^2 \leq O(k^{-j})$$ Thus $$B_{h^N}=B_{h^N,loc}^k -v_{N}+O(N^{m-k-1})=B_{h^N,loc}^k +O(N^{m-k-1})$$Then the theorem follows the complete asymptotics of $B_{h^N,loc}^k$. Finally, refer to [@SZ] for the proof of the last statement about the Bergman kernel off diagonal over the [Kähler ]{}toric manifold. Note that, in the proof we have to restrict the Bergman kernel to any compact subset to ensure the existence of the uniform constant $C_K$ and we also need the curvature assumption to ensure Hömander $L^2$-$\bar{\partial}$ estimate. \[F\] Bargmann-Fock space and Classical Szasz Analytic Functions ================================================================= In this section, we first discuss some basic properties of the Bargmann-Fock space, then relate the classical Szasz analytic function with it. Bargmann-Fock space {#bf} -------------------- The Bargmann-Fock space is the space of entire functions on $\mathbb{C}^{m}$ which are $L^{2}$ integral with respect to the Bargmann-Fock metric, i.e., $\mathcal{H}^{2}(\mathbb{C}^{m},\pi^{-m} e^{-N\\|z\\|^{2}}dz d\bar{z})$. This space is a Hilbert space and the orthonormal basis is given by monomials [@SZ]: $$\left\{\frac{z^{\alpha}}{\sqrt{\frac{\alpha!}{N^{m+\|\alpha\|}}}},\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{+}^{m}\right\}$$ where we denote $\|\alpha\|=\|\alpha_1\|+\cdots+\|\alpha_m\|$. Then it’s easy to get the Bergman kernel on the diagonal for the Bargmann-Fock space $$\begin{array}{lll} B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)&=&\sum _{\alpha \in {{\mathbb Z}}^m_+}\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h_{BF}^{N}}} e^{ -N\\|z\\|^{2}}= \sum _{\alpha\in {{\mathbb Z}}^m_+}\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}}{\frac{\alpha!}{N^{m+\|\alpha\|}}} e^{ -N\\|z\\|^{2}}=N^{m} \label{UIO}\end{array}$$ In the Bargmann-Fock space, the Kähler potential for the [Kähler ]{}manifold ${{\mathbb C}}^m$ is $$\varphi(\|z\|^2) =\\|z\\|^{2}=\|z_1\|^2+\cdots+\|z_m\|^2$$ i.e., ${\varphi}(\rho)= e^{\rho_1}+\cdots + e^{\rho_m}$. Thus the moment map is $$\mu_{h_{BF}} (z_{1}, \ldots, z_{m})= \nabla_{\rho}{\varphi}(\rho)= (\|z_{1}\|^{2}, \ldots, \|z_{m}\|^{2})\label{RTYE}$$ In view of this moment map, the moment polyhedral set for the [Kähler ]{}toric manifold ${{\mathbb C}}^m$ with the Euclidean metric is the orthant $\mathbb{R}^{m}_{+}$. The symplectic potential defined on $\mathbb{R}^{m}_{+}$ which is the Legendre dual of $\varphi(\rho)$ with respect to the variable $\rho$ is given by$$u_{BF}(x)=\sum_{j=1}^{m} x_{j}\log x_{j}-\sum_{j=1}^{m} x_{j}\label{NM}$$where $x=(x_1,\ldots, x_m) \in \mathbb{R}^{m}_{+}$. Two relations ------------- In this subsection, we get two relations between the Bargmann-Fock space and the classical Szasz analytic function. First if we apply the pseudo-differential operator $f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})$ to the Bergman kernel off diagonal for the Bargmann-Fock space, we have \[fgh\]Assume $f$ is a smooth Schwartz function on ${{\mathbb R}}^m_+$, then the classical Sazsz analytic function can be expressed in term of the Bergman kernel as: $$S_{h_{BF}^N}(f)(x)=\frac{1}{B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)}f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})B_{h^N_{BF}}(e^{i \theta}z,z)\|_{\theta=0,\,\,z=\mu^{-1}_{h_{BF}}(x)}\label{poiuytre}$$ The key is to rewrite the Bergman kernel off the diagonal as $$\label{poi}\begin{array}{lll} B_{h_{BF}^N}(e^{i\theta}z,z)&=&\sum _{\alpha\in \mathbb{Z}_+^m}e^{i\langle\alpha,\theta\rangle}\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h_{BF}^{N}}} e^{ -N\\|z\\|^{2}}=e^{ -N\\|z\\|^{2}}\sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_+^m}e^{i\langle\alpha,\theta\rangle}\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}}{\frac{\alpha!}{N^{m+\|\alpha\|}}} \\ && \\ & = &N^{m}e^{-N\\|x\\|}\sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_+^m}\frac{(Nx)^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}e^{i\langle\theta,\alpha\rangle},\,\, \mbox{when}\, x=\mu_{h_{BF}}(z)\end{array}$$ About the operator $f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})$ which is defined by identity (\[laghdhs\]), we have the following general formula: $$\label{general}f(N^{-1}D_{\theta}) \psi(e^{i\theta}w)\|_{\theta=0} = \int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\hat{f}(\xi)\psi(e^{i\frac{\xi}{N}}w)d\xi$$for any smooth function $\psi$. Now we apply the operator $f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})$ on both sides of (\[poi\]) and use the fact $B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)=N^{m}$, then we complete the proof by $$\begin{array}{lll} && \frac{1}{B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)}f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})B_{h^N_{BF}}(e^{i \theta}z,z)\|_{\theta=0,\,\,z=\mu^{-1}_{h_{BF}}(x)} \\ && \\ & = & e^{-N\\|x\\|}\sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_+^m}\frac{(Nx)^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^m}\hat f(\xi) e^{i\langle \xi,N^{-1}\alpha\rangle}d\xi= e^{-N\\|x\\|}\sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_+^m}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{(Nx)^{\alpha}}{\alpha!} \end{array}$$ We can also get another relation: \[TUY\]The classical Szasz analytic function can also be expressed by the symplectic potential of the Bargmann-Fock space as $$\begin{array}{lll}S_{h_{BF}^N}(f)(x) & = & \frac{1}{B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)}\sum_{\alpha\in {{\mathbb Z}}^m_+}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{e^{N(u_{BF}(x)+\langle\frac{\alpha}{N}-x,\nabla u_{BF}(x)\rangle)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h_{BF}^{N}}}\|_{z=\mu_{h_{BF}} ^{-1}(x)} \end{array}$$ where $\mu_{h_{BF}} (z)$ is the moment map, $B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)$ is the Bergman kernel for the Bargmann-Fock space, $u_{BF}(x)$ is the symplectic potential over the orthant $\mathbb{R}^{m}_{+}$. A simple calculation shows that the Szasz terms may be expressed in terms of the symplectic potential as $$\frac{ e^{-N\\|x\\|}(Nx)^{\alpha}}{\frac {\alpha !}{N^{m+\|\alpha\|}}}=\frac{e^{N(u_{BF}(x)+\langle\frac{\alpha}{N}-x,\nabla u_{BF}(x)\rangle)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h_{BF}^{N}}}\,\,\, ,z=\mu_{h_{BF}} ^{-1}(x)$$Thus $$\begin{array}{lll}S_{h_{BF}^N}(f)&=& e^{-N\\|x\\|}\sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_+^m}\frac{(Nx)^{\alpha}}{\alpha!}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})= N^{-m}\sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_+^m}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{ e^{-N\\|x\\|}(Nx)^{\alpha}}{\frac {\alpha !}{N^{m+\|\alpha\|}}} \\ && \\ & = &\frac{1}{B_{h_{BF}^N}(z,z)}\sum_{\alpha \in {{\mathbb Z}}^m_+}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{e^{N(u_{BF}(x)+\langle\frac{\alpha}{N}-x,\nabla u_{BF}(x)\rangle)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h_{BF}^{N}}} \end{array}$$ \[djghsfdf\] Generalized Szasz Analytic functions ================================================= Definition ---------- We now generalize the two relations we get in the last section to any polarized [Kähler ]{}toric manifold to define the generalized Szasz analytic function. Following notations and assumptions in section \[fhdshd\], we have \[hgfd\]Let $f \in C_{0}^{\infty}({{\mathbb R}}^m)$, we define the generalized Szasz analytic function of $f(x)$ by the symplectic potential as: $$\begin{array}{lll}\label{djgh}S_{h^N}(f)(x)&=&\frac{1}{B_{h^{N}}(z,z)}\mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x) \,\,\mbox{where} \\ && \\ \mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x) &=&\sum_{\alpha\in {{\mathbb Z}}^m \cap NP}f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{e^{N(u_{{\varphi}}(x)+\langle\frac{\alpha}{N}-x,\nabla u_{{\varphi}}(x)\rangle)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h^{N}}} \label{dddss} \end{array}$$ where $z$ and $x$ are related by the moment map $z=\mu_{h}^{-1}(x)$. The following proposition says that this definition also generalizes Lemma \[fgh\] to any noncompact toric [Kähler ]{}manifold: \[SBERG\]$S_{h^N}(f)$ is the generalized Szasz analytic functions defined above, then $$S_{h^N}(f)(x)=\frac{1}{B_{h^N}(z,z)}f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})B_{h^N}(e^{i \theta}z,z)\|_{\theta=0,\,z=\mu_{h}^{-1}(x)}$$ By identity (\[ddsdgdsg\]), we have $$\label{off}B_{h^N}(e^{i\theta}z,z)=\sum _{\alpha\in \mathbb{Z}^m \cap NP}\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}e^{-N{\varphi}(\|z\|^2)}e^{i\langle\alpha,\theta\rangle}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|_{h^{N}}^{2}}$$ Each term in the Bergman kernel can be expressed in term of symplectic potential as $$\label{ddsdgdsdddg}\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}e^{-N{\varphi}(\|z\|^2)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|_{h^{N}}^{2}}=\frac{e^{N(u_{{\varphi}}(x)+\langle\frac{\alpha}{N}-x,\nabla u_{{\varphi}}(x)\rangle)}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|^{2}_{h^{N}}}\,, \mbox{when} \, \mu_{h}(z)=x$$ this follows from the pair of identities, $$z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}=e^{\langle\alpha, \nabla u_{{\varphi}}(x)\rangle}, \,\, {\varphi}(\|z\|^2)=\langle x, \nabla u_{{\varphi}}(x)\rangle-u_{{\varphi}}(x)\,, \mbox{when} \, \mu_{h}(z)=x$$ Now apply the general formula (\[general\]) to (\[off\]), we have $$\label{dfddvdsdgdsdddg}\begin{array}{lll}f(N^{-1}D_{\theta})B_{h^N}(e^{i \theta}z,z)\|_{\theta=0,z=\mu_{h}^{-1}(x)}&=& \left(\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\hat{f}(\xi)B_{h^N}(e^{i \frac{\xi}{N} }z,z)d\xi\right) \|_{z=\mu_{h}^{-1}(x)}\\ && \\ & = & \sum_{\alpha\in \mathbb{Z}^m \cap NP}\left(\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}e^{-N{\varphi}(\|z\|^{2})}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|_{h^{N}}^{2}} \int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\hat{f}(\xi)e^{i\langle \frac{\alpha}{N},\xi\rangle}d\xi\right)\|_{z=\mu_{h}^{-1}(x)}\\ && \\ & = &\left(\sum _{\alpha\in \mathbb{Z}^m \cap NP} f(\frac{\alpha}{N})\frac{z^{\alpha}\bar z^{\alpha}e^{-N{\varphi}(\|z\|^{2})}}{\\|z^{\alpha}\\|_{h^{N}}^{2}}\right)\|_{z=\mu_{h}^{-1}(x)}\\ && \\ & = &\mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x) \end{array}$$ in the last step, we use the identity (\[ddsdgdsdddg\]). Thus we complete the proof by dividing $B_{h^N}(z,z)$ on both sides. Complete asymptotics --------------------- Let’s turn to the proof of Theorem \[BBa\] which says that $S_{h^N}(f)$ admits complete asymptotics. First claim: there exist differential operators $\mathcal{N}_j$ such that $$\mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x)=N^m f(x)+N^{m-1}\mathcal{N}_1f(x)+\cdots$$ where $\mathcal{N}_j$ are computable from the complete asymptotics of $B_{h^N}(z,z)$. To prove the claim, we denote $K$ as the compact support of $f(x)$, thus $ \mu_h^{-1}(K)$ will be a compact subset of $M$ since $\mu_h$ is proper. Thus by formula (\[FUNN\]), on $ \mu_h^{-1}(K)$ we have: $$B_{h^N}(z,w)= e^{N({\varphi}(z \cdot \bar{w})-\frac{1}{2 } ({\varphi}(\|z\|^{2})+{\varphi}(\|w\|^{2})))}A_{N}(z,w) \,\, mod N^{-\infty}$$ where ${\varphi}(z\cdot\bar w)$ is the holomorphic extension of ${\varphi}(\|z\|^2)$ and $A_{N}(z,w)$ admits a complete asymptotics. Let’s choose $w=e^{iN^{-1}\xi}z$, then $$\label{dgcvfsag}B_{h^N}(e^{iN^{-1}\xi}z,z)= e^{N({\varphi}(e^{iN^{-1}\xi}\|z\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|z\|^{2}))}A_{N}(ze^{iN^{-1}\xi},z)\,\, mod N^{-\infty}$$ where $e^{iN^{-1}\xi}\|z\|^{2}$ is the vector $(e^{iN^{-1}\xi_1}\|z_1\|^{2},\ldots , e^{iN^{-1}\xi_m}\|z\|^{m})$. Plug (\[dgcvfsag\]) into the first line of equation (\[dfddvdsdgdsdddg\]), we have following crucial expression: $$\label{dgfsag}\begin{array}{lll} \mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x)&=&\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\hat{f}(\xi)e^{i\langle \xi,N^{-1}D_{\theta} \rangle}B_{h^N}(e^{i \theta}z,z)\|_{\theta=0, z=\mu_h^{-1}(x)}d\xi \\ && \\ & = & \left(\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^m}\hat{f}(\xi)B_{h^N}(e^{iN^{-1}\xi}z,z)d\xi \right)\|_{z=\mu_h^{-1}(x)}\\ && \\ & = &\left(\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\hat{f}(\xi) e^{N({\varphi}(e^{iN^{-1}\xi}\|z\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|z\|^{2}))}A_{N}(e^{iN^{-1}\xi}z,z)d\xi\right)\|_{z=\mu_h^{-1}(x)} \end{array}$$ To the phase of this integral, following the one in [@Z1], we have $$\label{dgdffsag}\begin{array}{lll}{\varphi}(e^{iN^{-1}\xi} \|z\|^{2})-{\varphi}(\|z\|^{2})&=&\int_{0}^{1}\frac{d}{dt}{\varphi}(e^{itN^{-1}\xi } \|z\|^{2})dt\\ && \\ & = &iN^{-1}\int_{0}^{1}\langle\nabla_{\rho}{\varphi}(e^{itN^{-1}\xi+\rho}),\xi\rangle\ dt\\ && \\ & = &iN^{-1}\langle\nabla_{\rho}{\varphi}(e^{\rho}),\xi\rangle+\frac{1}{2}(iN)^{-2}\int_{0}^{1}(t-1)^{2}\nabla_{\rho}^{2}{\varphi}(e^{itN^{-1}\xi+\rho}){\xi}^{2} dt \\ && \\ & = &iN^{-1}\langle \mu_h(z),\xi\rangle+\frac{1}{2}(iN)^{-2}\nabla_{\rho}^{2}({\varphi}(e^{\rho}))\xi^{2}+O(N^{-3})\\ && \\ & = &iN^{-1}\langle\mu_h(z),\xi\rangle-\frac{1}{2}N^{-2}\langle H_{{\varphi}}(\rho)\xi,\xi\rangle +O(N^{-3}) \end{array}$$ where $H_{{\varphi}}(\rho)=\nabla_{\rho}^{2}({\varphi}(\rho))$ is the Hessian of the [Kähler ]{}potential with respect to $\rho$ variables. Thus we can rewrite (\[dgfsag\]) as the following estimate, $$\mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x)= \int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\hat{f}(\xi) e^{i\langle\mu_h(z),\xi\rangle}e^{-\frac{1}{2}N^{-1}\langle H_{{\varphi}}(\rho)\xi,\xi\rangle +O(N^{-2})}A_{N}(ze^{iN^{-1}\xi},z)d\xi$$ Apply the Taylor expansion to the factor $e^{-\frac{1}{2}N^{-1}\langle H_{{\varphi}}(\rho)\xi,\xi\rangle +O(N^{-2})}$, one obtains a new amplitude $\tilde{A}_N$ such that $$\mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x)= \int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\hat{f}(\xi) e^{i\langle\mu_h(z),\xi\rangle}\tilde{A}_{N}(ze^{iN^{-1}\xi},z)d\xi$$ The amplitude $\tilde{A}_N$ has an expansion of the form, $$\tilde{A}_N(ze^{iN^{-1}\xi},z)=N^m +N^{m-1}a_1+O(N^{m-2})$$ where each coefficient $a_j$ is smooth. Thus by the inversion formula of the Fourier transformation, we have: $$\mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(\mu_h(z))= N^{m}f(\mu_h(z))+N^{m-1}[-\frac{1}{2}\langle H_{{\varphi}}(\rho)D_{x},D_{x}\rangle f(\mu_h(z))+a_{1}(z,z)f(\mu_h(z))]+O(N^{m-2})$$ Thus we get the claim since $\mu_h(z)=x$. Dividing $\mathcal{N}_{h^{N}}f(x)$ by $B_{h^N}(z,z)$ and using the complete asymptotics of $B_{h^N}(z,z)$ completes the proof of Theorem \[BBa\]. \[AA\]Scaling asymptotics -------------------------- ### Proof of Theorem \[ghfhgg\] We now turn to the proof of Theorem \[ghfhgg\]. Now pick up a vertex $V$ of $P$, i.e., the image of a fixed point of ${{\mathbf T}^m}^m$ action on $M$ under the moment map. We use the affine transformation to map $V$ to the origin and all facets that meet at $V$ to the hyperplanes $x_j = 0$. Let $\mu_h(\tilde z_N) =\frac{ x} {N}$ , denote $H_{\varphi}(\tilde \rho _N)$ as the Hessian of the [Kähler ]{}potential evalued at the point $\tilde \rho_N$ where $\|\tilde z_N\|^2= e^{\tilde \rho_N}$. Since $\frac{ x} {N}$ is near the origin as $N$ large enough, in these new coordinates, we may write the symplectic potential (\[sympotential\]) near the origin as (p.42 in [@SoZ]): $$u_{{\varphi}}(x)=\sum_{j=1}^mx_j \log x_j +h(x)\label{hx}$$ where $h(x)$ is a smooth function on $P$. First, the Hessian of the symplectic potential can be decomposed into the sum, $$G_{\varphi}(x)=\sum_{j=1}^m\frac{1} {x_j}\delta_{jj}+\nabla^2 h:= M(\frac{1}{x})+\nabla^2 h(x)$$Thus by formula (\[dualtwo\]) of Legendre duality, $$H_{\varphi}(\tilde \rho_N)=G_{\varphi}^{-1}(\frac{x}{N})=(M(\frac{N}{x})+\nabla^2 h(\frac{x}{N}))^{-1}$$ Thus, $$H_{\varphi}(\tilde \rho_N)=M(\frac{x}{N})-M(\frac{x}{N})^2\nabla^2 h(\frac{x}{N})+\cdots$$ Apply the Taylor expansion to the matrix $\nabla^2 h(\frac{x}{N})$ at $0$, we have the complete asymptotics $$\label{matrixexpansion}H_{\varphi}(\tilde \rho_N)=M(\frac{x}{N})-M(\frac{x}{N})^2\nabla^2 h(0)+\cdots$$ Second, by formula (\[dualone\]) of Legendre duality, $$\tilde \rho_N=\nabla_x u_{\varphi}(\frac{x}{N})=(\log \frac{x_1}{N}, \ldots, \log \frac{x_m}{N})+\nabla h(\frac{x}{N})+\stackrel{\rightarrow}{1}$$ Apply Taylor expansion to the vector $\nabla h(\frac{x}{N})$ at $0$, we have $$\|\tilde z_N\|^2=e^{\tilde \rho_N}=( \frac{x_1}{N}e^{1+h_{x_1}(0)+h_{x_1x_1}(0) \frac{x_1}{N}+\cdots},\ldots,\frac{x_m}{N}e^{1+h_{x_m}(0)+h_{x_mx_m}(0) \frac{x_m}{N}+\cdots} )$$ which implies that $\|\tilde z_N\|^2$ admits complete expansion by Taylor expansion. For example, for the $j$-th element, we have $$\label{zexpansion} \|\tilde z_{N,j}\|^2= (1+h_{x_j}(0))\frac{x_j}{N}+h_{x_jx_j}(0)(\frac{x_j}{N})^2+\cdots$$ Now denote $f_{N}(x)=D_{\frac{1}{N}}^{-1}f(x)$, then apply identity (\[dgfsag\]), we have: $$\begin{array}{lll}&&(D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}D^{-1}_{\frac{1}{N}})f(x)=D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}f_N(x)\\ &&\\ &=& D_{\frac{1}{N}}\left( \int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\widehat{f_N}(\xi) e^{N({\varphi}(e^{i\frac{\xi}{N}}\|z\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|z\|^{2}))}A_{N}(z,ze^{i\frac{\xi}{N}})/B_{h^N}(z, z)d\xi\right), \mbox{where} \,\, z=\mu^{-1}_h(z)\end{array}$$ Use the fact $\widehat{f_N} = N^{-m} \hat{f}(\xi/N)$ to get $$\frac{1}{N^m} D_{\frac{1}{N}}\left (\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\widehat{f}(\frac{\xi}{N}) e^{N({\varphi}(e^{i\frac{\xi}{N}}\|z\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|z\|^{2}))}A_{N}(z,ze^{i\frac{\xi}{N}})/B_{h^N}(z, z)d\xi\right), \mbox{where} \,\, z=\mu^{-1}_h(z)$$ Now do the final dilation to get: $$\label{ddd} \frac{1}{N^m}\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\widehat{f}(\frac{\xi}{N}) e^{N({\varphi}(e^{i \frac{\xi}{N} }\|\tilde z_N\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|\tilde z_N\|^{2}))}A_{N}(\tilde z_N,\tilde z_Ne^{i\frac{\xi}{N}})/B_{h^N}(\tilde z_N,\tilde z_N) d\xi ,\,\, \mbox{where} \,\, \tilde z_N=\mu^{-1}_h(\frac{x}{N})$$ To the phase in the integral (\[ddd\]), recall asymptotic expansion (\[dgdffsag\]), we have $$\label{dddhghsd}\begin{array}{lll}&&{\varphi}(e^{iN^{-1}\xi }\|\tilde z_N\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|\tilde z_N\|^{2})\\ &&\\&=&iN^{-1}\langle \mu_h(\tilde z_N),\xi\rangle-\frac{1}{2}N^{-2}\langle H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde\rho_N)\xi,\xi \rangle +O(N^{-3})\\ &&\\ &=&\langle e^{iN^{-1}\xi } - 1,\frac{ x }{N}\rangle +\frac{1}{2}N^{-2}\langle[M(\frac{x}{N})-H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde \rho_N)]\xi,\xi \rangle+ O(N^{-3})\end{array}$$ where in the last step, we replace $iN^{-1}\langle \mu_h(\tilde z_N),\xi\rangle$ by the following Taylor expansion: $$\langle e^{iN^{-1}\xi } - 1,\frac{ x }{N}\rangle= iN^{-1} \langle \frac{x}{N}, \eta\rangle-\frac{1}{2}N^{-2}\langle M(\frac{x}{N})\xi,\xi \rangle+O(N^{-2})$$ where $e^{iN^{-1}\xi } - 1$ denotes the vector $( e^{iN^{-1}\xi_1 } - 1, \ldots, e^{iN^{-1}\xi_m } - 1)$. Thus, we can rewrite (\[ddd\]) as $$\frac{1}{N^m}\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\widehat{f}(\frac{\xi}{N}) e^{\langle e^{i N^{-1}\xi} - 1, x \rangle}e^{\frac{1}{2}N^{-1}\langle[M(\frac{x}{N})-H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde \rho_N)]\xi,\xi \rangle+O(N^{-2})} A_{N}(\tilde z_N,\tilde z_N e^{i \frac{\xi}{N}})/B_{h^N}(\tilde z_N, \tilde z_N) d \xi\label{ssss}$$Now change variables to $\eta=\xi/N$ to get $$\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\widehat{f}(\eta) e^{\langle e^{i\eta} - 1, x \rangle}e^{\frac{N}{2}\langle[M(\frac{x}{N})-H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde \rho_N)]\eta,\eta \rangle+O(N^{-2})} A_{N}(\tilde z_N,\tilde z_N e^{i \eta})/B_{h^N}(\tilde z_N, \tilde z_N) d \xi\label{ssss}$$The factor $e^{\frac{N}{2}\langle[M(\frac{x}{N})-H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde \rho_N)]\eta,\eta \rangle+O(N^{-2})}$ admits complete asymptotics. This can be seen from (\[matrixexpansion\]) that $M(\frac{x}{N})-H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde \rho_N)$ admits complete asymptotics. And the first two terms are given by:$$e^{\frac{N}{2}\langle[M(\frac{x}{N})-H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde \rho_N)]\eta,\eta \rangle+O(N^{-2})}=1+\frac{1}{2N}\langle M^2(x)\nabla^2 h(0)\eta, \eta \rangle +O(N^{-2})$$ The factor $A_N/B_{h^N}$ admits complete asymptotics, $$A_N/B_{h^N} =\frac{ N^m(1+a_1(\tilde z_N, \tilde z_Ne^{iN^{-1}\xi})N^{-1}+\cdots )} { N^m(1+a_1(\tilde z_N, \tilde z_N)N^{-1}+\cdots )}$$ In the toric case, by the formula in [@BBS], we know that each coefficient $a_j(z, z)$ must be in the form of $a_j(\|z\|^2)$; $a_j(z,w)$ is the almost holomorphic extension of $a_j(z, z)$, which implies that $a_j(z, e^{iN^{-1}\xi}z)$ is a function of $a_j(e^{iN^{-1}\xi}\|z\|^2)$. Thus we can rewrite, $$A_N/B_{h^N} =\frac{ N^m(1+a_1(e^{iN^{-1}\xi}\|\tilde z_N\|^2)N^{-1}+\cdots )} { N^m(1+a_1(\|\tilde z_N\|^2)N^{-1}+\cdots )}$$ We know from (\[zexpansion\]) that $\|\tilde z_N\|^2$ admits complete expansion, thus if we apply the Taylor expansion to each coefficient $a_j$ at $0$, then we get complete asymptotics of $A_N/B_{h^N}$. The first two terms of complete asymptotics are given by: $$A_N/B_{h^N} = 1 + O(N^{-2})$$ Sine both factors $e^{\frac{N}{2}\langle[M(\frac{x}{N})-H_{{\varphi}}(\tilde \rho_N)]\eta,\eta \rangle+O(N^{-2})}$ and $A_N/B_{h^N}$ admit complete asymptotics, the integral (\[ssss\]) admits complete asymptotics, i.e., $D_{\frac{1}{N}} S_{h^N}D^{-1}_{\frac{1}{N}}$ admits complete asymptotics. The leading term of the complete asymptotics is given by: $$\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\widehat{f}(\xi) e^{\langle e^{i\eta} - 1, x\rangle} d\eta= \sum _{\|\alpha\|=0}^{\infty}e^{-\\|x\\|}\frac{x^\alpha}{\alpha!}\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^m} \widehat{f}(\eta)e^{i\langle \alpha, \eta\rangle}d\eta= e^{-\\|x\\|}\sum _{\|\alpha\|=0}^{\infty}f(\alpha)\frac{x^\alpha}{\alpha!}=S_{h_{BF}^1}f(x)$$ And the second term which is the coefficient of $N^{-1}$ is given by: $$\begin{array}{lll}b_1(f)(x)&=&\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^m} \hat f(\eta)e^{\langle e^{i\eta}-1, x\rangle}\left(\langle \frac{1}{2}M^2(x)\nabla^2 h(0)\eta, \eta\rangle \right)d\eta\\ &&\\ &=&\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j}a_{ij}(x)\left(e^{-\\|x\\|}\sum_{\alpha \in {{\mathbb Z}}^m_+} f_{ij}(\alpha)\frac{x^\alpha}{\alpha!}\right) \end{array}$$where $(a_{ij}(x))_{i,j}$ denotes the matrix $M^2(x)\nabla ^2h(0)$ and $f_{ij}$ is the partial derivative $\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x_i\partial x_j}$. Now we sketch the proof of the identity (\[wall\]) where we only rescale variables $ x'$ and fix the rest $x''$. In this case, we use the following Slice-orbit coordinates [@SoZ]: Assume $\{F_j\}_{j=1}^{m}$ are all facets which have a common vertex at $0$. Let $F=\cap_{j=1}^k F_j$ be a $(m-k)$-dimensional (open) face. Then by angle-action coordinates, we can split the torus action into two parts $\mathbb{T}^{m}=\mathbb{T}^{k}\times \mathbb{T}^{m-k}$, where $\mathbb{T}^{k}$ is the stabilizer at $\mu_h^{-1}(F)$, and we can split all coordinates into two parts corresponding to $\mathbb{T}^{k}$ and $\mathbb{T}^{m-k}$ action: We can split $z=(z^{'},z^{''})\in \mathbb{C}^{k}\times \mathbb{C}^{m-k}$ where $(0,z^{''})$ is a local coordinate of the submanifold $\mu_h^{-1}(\bar F)$, where $\bar F$ is the closure of $F$. In addition, we have the decomposition of the moment map $\mu_h(z)=(\mu_h^{'}(z),\mu_h^{''}(z))$, where $\mu_h^{''}(z)$ (resp. $\mu_h^{'}(z)$) is the moment map for the Hamiltonian $\mathbb{T}^{m-k}$ (resp. $\mathbb{T}^{k}$) action on the [Kähler ]{}toric submanifold with $z^{'}=0$ (resp. $z^{''}=0$). Denote $\varsigma=(\eta, \xi)$ and $\mu_h(z)=(\frac{x'}{N},x'')$, follow the steps in (\[ddd\]), $$\begin{array}{lll} &&(\hat D_{\frac{1}{N}}S_{h^N}\hat D^{-1}_{\frac{1}{N}})f(x',x'')\\&&\\&=&N^{-k}\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{m}}\widehat{f}(\frac{\eta}{N},\xi) e^{N({\varphi}(e^{iN^{-1}\varsigma }\| z\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|z\|^{2}))}A_{N}( z, ze^{i N^{-1} \varsigma})/B_{h^N}( z, z) d\xi d\eta \end{array}$$ To the phase of this integral, recall the expansion (\[dgdffsag\]), we have $$\begin{array}{lll}{\varphi}(e^{iN^{-1} \varsigma}\|\mu_h ^{-1}(\frac{x}{N})\|^{2})- {\varphi}(\|\mu_h ^{-1}(\frac{x}{N})\|^{2})&=&iN^{-1}\langle \mu_h( z), \varsigma\rangle-\frac{1}{2}N^{-2}\langle H_{{\varphi}}(\rho) \varsigma, \varsigma \rangle +O(N^{-3})\\ &&\\ &=&iN^{-1}\langle\mu''( z),\xi\rangle+\langle\mu'( z),e^{iN^{-1}\eta}-1\rangle+O(N^{-2})\end{array}$$ where in the last step, we follow the steps in (\[dddhghsd\]). Change variable $\eta/N$ to $\zeta$ and use the asymptotics of $A_N/B_{h^N}$ to get $$\begin{array}{lll}(\hat D_{\frac{1}{N}}S_{h^N}\hat D^{-1}_{\frac{1}{N}})f(x',x'')&=& N^{-k}\int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{k}}\hat{f}(\frac{\eta}{N},\xi) e^{i\langle x'',\xi\rangle}e^{\langle x^{'}, e^{iN^{-1}\eta}-1\rangle}d\xi d\eta+O(N^{-1})\\&&\\&=& \int_{{{\mathbb R}}^{k}}\hat{f}(\zeta,\xi) e^{i\langle x'',\xi\rangle}e^{\langle x^{'}, e^{i\zeta}-1\rangle}d\xi d\zeta+O(N^{-1})\\&&\\&=&e^{-\\|x^{'}\\|}\sum _{\alpha \in {{\mathbb Z}}^k_+}\frac{x^{'\alpha}}{\alpha!}f_{x^{''}}(\alpha)+O(N^{-1})\\&&\\&=&S_{h_{BF}^1}(f_{x''})(x')+O(N^{-1})\end{array}$$ where $f_{x''}(x')$ means we fix the variable $x''$ and consider $f(x',x'')$ as a function of $x'$ and $S_{h_{BF}^1}(f_{x''})(x')$ is the Szasz analytic functions with respect to variables $x'$. Examples of generalized Szasz analytic functions {#example} ================================================ \[E\]$B^m $ with the Bergman metric ----------------------------------- In this subsection, we further compute the generalized Szasz analytic functions for the canonical line bundle over $B^m$ with the Bergman metric. We denote the unit ball as: $$B^m=\left\{(z_1,\ldots, z_m)\in {{\mathbb C}}^m\|\\|z\\|^{2}=\|z_1\|^{2}+\cdots +\|z_m\|^{2}< 1 \right\}$$ There is a classical [Kähler ]{}metric on $B^m$, under the logarithmic coordinates, this [Kähler ]{}potential is $$\varphi(z) =-\log (1-\\|z\\|^{2})$$ Thus we denote $${\varphi}(\rho)=-\log({1-e^{\rho_1}-\cdots-e^{\rho_m}})$$ So the moment map is: $$\mu_{h_B}(z_{1}, . . . , z_{m}) = \nabla _{\rho}\varphi(\rho) =(\frac{\|z_{1}\|^{2}}{1-\\|z\\|^{2}},\cdots , \frac{\|z_{m}\|^{2}}{1-\\|z\\|^{2}}) \label{eieie}$$ Thus the moment polyhedral set is $ {{\mathbb R}}_+^m$. Denote $\\|x\\|=\sum_{j=1}^{m}x_{j}$ where each $x_j>0$, then the sympletic potential is $$u_B(x)=\sum_{j=1}^{m}x_{j}\log x_{j}-(1+\\|x\\|)\log(1+\\|x\\|) \label{efffieie}$$ Now let’s compute the Bergman kernel for the line bundle $L^N \to B^m$ with the Bergman metric where $L$ is the canonical line bundle . First, we have the Bergman kernel for the line bundle $\mathcal{O}(N) \to \mathbb{CP}^m$ with the Fubini-Study metric [@Z1]: $$B_{h^{N}_{FS}}(z,w)=\frac{(N+m)!}{N!}(\frac{(1+\langle z,w\rangle)}{\sqrt{1+\\|z\\|^{2}}\sqrt{1+\\|w\\|^{2}}})^{N}$$ where $\langle z,w\rangle =z_1\bar w_1+\cdots+z_m\bar w_m$. Since $B^m$ is dual to $\mathbb{CP}^{m}$ as a symmetric space in the sense of S. Helgason [@H], its Bergman kernel should replace the term $1+\\|z\\|^{2}$ in $B_{h^{N}_{FS}}$ by $1-\\|z\\|^{2}$. The hyperplane line bundle $\mathcal{O}(1) \to \mathbb{CP}^{m}$ carries a natural positive Fubini-Study metric, then the canonical bundle $\mathcal{O}(-m-1)\rightarrow \mathbb{CP}^{m}$ will be negative curved. By the duality again, the reverse is true on $B^m$. Hence, we also need to change the sign of the exponent to get [@K] $$B_{h_B^{N}}(z,w)=\frac{(N+m)!}{N!}(\frac{(1-\langle z,w\rangle)}{\sqrt{1-\\|z\\|^{2}}\sqrt{1-\\|w\\|^{2}}})^{-N}$$ On the diagonal we have $$B_{h_B^{N}}(z,z)=\frac{(N+m)!}{N!}\label{kkjhgfjl}$$ For simplicity, let’s compute the generalized Szasz analytic functions for the unit disc when $m=1$, the same results are valid for higher dimension. In this case, by simple computation $$\\|z^{j}\\|^{2}_{h_B^{N}}=\frac{j!\Gamma(N-1)}{\Gamma( N+j)}$$ where $\Gamma(n)=(n-1)!$. Thus the orthonormal basis is $$\left\{\sqrt{\frac{\Gamma( N+j)}{j!\Gamma(N-1)}}z^{j}, \,\,\ j \geq 0, \,\,\,N\geq 2\right\}\label{kjkjhl}$$ Hence, $$\label{dfggdfddf}\begin{array}{lll}S_{h_B^{N}}(f)(x) &=& \frac{1}{B_{h_B^{N}}(z,z)}\sum _{j = 0}^{\infty}f(\frac{j}{N})\frac{e^{N(u_B(x)+\langle\frac{j}{N}-x,\nabla u_B(x)\rangle)}}{\\|z^{j}\\|^{2}_{h_B^{N}}} \\ &&\\ &=& \frac{(1+x)^{-N}}{B_{h_B^{N}}(z,z)}\sum _{j=0}^{\infty}f(\frac{j}{N})\frac{(\frac{x}{1+x})^{j}}{\\|z^{j}\\|^{2}_{h_B^{N}}}\\&&\\ &=&\frac{N-1}{N+1}\cdot (1+x)^{-N}\sum _{j=0}^{\infty}(N)_{j}f(\frac{j}{N})\frac{(\frac{x}{1+x})^{j}}{j!}\\&&\\ &=& (1+x)^{-N}\sum _{j=0}^{\infty}(N)_{j}f(\frac{j}{N})\frac{(\frac{x}{1+x})^{j}}{j!}+O(\frac{1}{N})\end{array}$$ where $(N)_{j}=N(N+1)\cdots (N+j-1)$. Hence, in view of Theorem \[BBa\], we have the following estimate : $$(1+x)^{-N}\sum _{j=0}^{\infty}(N)_{j}f(\frac{j}{N})\frac{(\frac{x}{1+x})^{j}}{j!} \to f(x) ,\,\,\,as \,\,\, N \to \infty$$ Probabilistic interpretation ----------------------------- In this subsection, we give some probabilistic interpretation of the generalized Szasz analytic functions. It’s suffice to consider the $1$-dimensional case. ### $\mathbb{CP}^1$ and binomial distribution Recall in [@Z1] that if we take the [Kähler ]{}toric manifold as $\mathbb{CP}^1$ with Fubini-Study metric, then the generalized Szasz analytic function $S_{h_{FS}^{N}}(f)$ becomes the classical Bernstein polynomial , where $f\in C^{\infty}([0,1])$. Assume $X$ is the independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trial which yields success with probability $x \in (0,1)$. $X$ has the $N+1$ values $j=0,1, \cdots, N$ with the probability $$P_{\mathbb{CP}^1, N}(X=j)= {N \choose j}x^j(1-x)^{N-j}. \,\,\,$$Thus we have $$\begin{array} {lll} E(f(\frac{X}{N}))=\sum_{j=0}^N f(\frac{j}{N}){N \choose j} x^j(1-x)^{N-j}=S_{h_{FS}^{N}}(f)\end{array}$$ ### ${{\mathbb C}}$ and Poisson distribution Recall that if we take our [Kähler ]{}toric manifold as ${{\mathbb C}}$ with the Bargmann-Fock metric, then the generalized Szasz analytic function becomes the classical Szasz analytic function $S_{h_{BF}^{N}}(f)$, where $f\in C_0^{\infty}([0,\infty))$. The Poisson distribution $X$ describes the number of independent events occurring in a fixed period of time. $X$ has the infinite number values $j=0,1,2 \cdots$ with the probability $$P_{{{\mathbb C}}, N}(X=j)=e^{-Nx}\frac{(Nx)^j}{j!}\,\,\,$$where $Nx>0$ representing the average arrival rate during the period. Thus we have $$\begin{array} {lll} E(f(\frac{X}{N}))=\sum_{j=0}^ {\infty} f(\frac{j}{N})e^{-Nx}\frac{(Nx)^j}{j!}=S_{h_{BF}^{N}}(f)\end{array}$$ ### Disk and Pascal distribution Recall that the Pascal distribution is the probability distribution of failures before the first success in a series of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials. Assume the independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trial yields success with probability $p \in (0,1)$. And denote $q=1-p$, then for any integer $j\geq N$, denote $P_{B,N}(X=j)$ as the probability of the event that there are exact $N-1$ successful trials among $X_{1},X_{2},\ldots ,X_{j-1}$ and $X_{j}$ is the successful trial. Hence we have $$P_{B,N}(X=j)={j-1 \choose N-1}p^{N}q^{j-N},\,\,\, j=N,N+1,N+2 \cdots$$ If $f(x)$ is smooth with compact support on $[0,\infty)$, then we have: $$S_{h_B^{N}}(f)(x)= E(f(\frac{X}{N}))+ O(\frac{1}{N})$$ where $X$ is Pascal distribution and the probability of the successful trial is $p=\frac{1}{1+x}$. By the fact $p=\frac{1}{1+x}$ and $q=\frac{x}{1+x}$, we have $$\begin{array}{lll}E(f(\frac{X}{N})) &=& \sum _{j\geq N}f(\frac{j}{N}){j-1 \choose N-1}p^{N}q^{j-N}\\&&\\&=&p^{N}\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}f(\frac{j}{N}){N+j-1 \choose N-1}q^{j} \\&&\\&=& (1+x)^{-N}\sum_{j}(N)_{j}f(\frac{j}{N})\frac{(\frac{x}{1+x})^{j}}{j!}\\&&\\&=& S_{h_B^{N}}(f)(x)- O(\frac{1}{N})\end{array}$$ in the last step we use the estimate (\[dfggdfddf\]). [HHHH]{} M. 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Climate change can be a slippery concept to wrap our minds around. The timeline from when we started putting carbon into the atmosphere, to the hopes for 100% renewable energy, is nearly 200 years. Some of the most dramatic effects, like melting glaciers, are taking place on stages far removed from many of our everyday lives. But depending on where you live— and what community you are part of— many of the impacts are already here. And they are pilling up disproportionately in poorer communities across the world. The concept of climate justice calls us to pay close attention to who is reaping the benefits of a fossil fuel-powered lifestyle and who is bearing the brunt of the impacts. Climate justice is a still-developing and fluid concept that draws a lot from environmental justice, a movement that addresses the social and health impacts of pollution on low income and minority communities. Here in the US, environmental justice galvanized around years of studies that show how minority groups have a much higher rate of illness and death due to exposure to all types of pollution, from tailpipe exhaust to factory smoke, to the fallout from mountaintop mining. Recent studies have expanded this trend from a mostly urban demographic, finding a similar pattern of impact from the effects of nitrogen dioxide (from cars and industrial sources) on minorities across all states, cities and rural regions. Leaders in the environmental justice movement, like the NAACP, seek to challenge policies that unfairly put minorities in harm's way, while building the power of these communities to voice their concerns when it comes to siting and regulating sources of pollution. Other non-profits, like Green For All, are championing inner city and low-income community solutions, jobs and opportunities as the country works to develop a new green economy. Climate justice shares the environmental justice perspective of addressing the unequal distribution of impacts. But here’s the distinction: while environmental justice targets the sources and causes of pollution, climate justice tackles the global problem of climate change and the burden of disasters, and resource shortages on low-income and minority communities. When you look at the race and class disparities that came out after Hurricane Katrina wreaked havoc on New Orleans, a disturbing picture of climate justice in the US starts to gel. Racial inequality already exists in America, in terms of which minorities live where, what services they can expect, and how they are treated by police and authorities. And that's just to start. A tragic natural catastrophe, like Katrina, only amplified a long history of inequity, showing the nation a tragic picture of which groups are allowed a stake in disaster relief. The pollution from a nearby coal power plant may be the cause of asthma, but climate change caused by burning fossil fuels is leading to heat waves that make asthma even worse. Often the problems are subtle but systemic: higher electricity bills may lead to people on fixed incomes going without power, while increased storms can lead to mold blooming in substandard housing units. In California, where a record drought continues to parch the state, water usage is sharply divided across class lines, with poorer communities skipping baths while richer ones continue to hose down their vast lawns. Meanwhile, some poor and rural California communities have seen their wells go dry for years, and are relying solely on donated water. It’s unclear whether state legislation aiming to conserve resources with higher water prices will have much affect on affluent communities who can simply afford to pay almost any cost. Climate change is only making things tougher for poor, minority communities that live predominately in harm's way without equal resources, economically or socially, to prepare or recover. From hurricanes to droughts, climate justice is a tale of extremes— both in terms of weather and access to what’s needed to adapt and survive. That makes it even more critical that all communities have equal representation in disaster planning, resource allocation, relief, and other avenues of adapting to increasingly volatile natural impacts. Which is why leading civil rights groups, like the NAACP, are teaming up with environmental non-profits, like the Sierra Club, to address the issues at stake. Check out NAACP’s “Game Changers” for a breakdown of the climate justice topic, or try one of these 20 things they suggest we can do to help make positive change. Locally, communities hardest hit from Katrina are organizing on their own to fight back against urban and suburban development that would once again make them more vulnerable to flooding. On the west coast, non-profits, like California Water Foundation, are working to reform the Golden State’s outdated and dysfunctional water management. California is also on the front line of reaping a huge benefit to solving climate change— the chance to rethink how we do things in the first place, and make things right from the start. An exciting example is California’s cap-and-trade system, which sets a limit on carbon pollution emitted by industry, and then auctions off a limited number of permits for those emissions. This basically puts a market price on carbon, generating over $872 million for the state since the program was set up 18 months ago. Now, California is committing one quarter of that revenue to housing public transit projects in the low income and minority communities that are experiencing the highest impacts from pollution. It’s a huge win for environmental justice advocates, and an example of using progress on limiting carbon emissions to help solve the core issues of climate justice. California’s cap-and-trade system isn’t rocket science. In fact, President Obama proposed a national cap-and-trade system in his first term, only to be derailed by partisan politics. In other worlds, we have the solutions to do this, right now. Let’s keep the pressure up for a broad and long-lasting agreement this December at the UN Climate Summit in Paris— 100% renewable by 2050 is the path we need to take to curb climate change.	https://www.benjerry.com/values/issues-we-care-about/climate-justice/climate-justice-in-america
If someone wanted to go to the most distant place on Earth from any human presence, their destination would be in a remote point located in the South Pacific. Point Nemo (a Latin word meaning “Nobody”), also known as the Pacific Pole of Inaccessibility, is at coordinates 48°52.6’S 123°23.6’W. And what is there? Well, nothing, besides a lot of water. You can see here its location on Google Maps: The nearest coast is 2,688 kilometers away, and is on Ducie Island, in the British archipelago of Pitcairn. To give us an idea, it is a slightly greater distance than the one that separates Madrid from Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, in a straight line. And it is also a somewhat greater distance than the one that separates the city of San Antonio (Texas) from Albany, the capital of the State of New York, in a straight line. Its distance from the western coast of Chile is more than 4,200 kilometers. It is a greater distance than the one that separates the cities of New York and Bogotá in a straight line. The Spaceship Graveyard Point Nemo has a curious relationship with space. And it is that the closest human presence that you could have in that place is in the International Space Station (ISS), since it orbits at a height of between 413 and 422 kilometers above the earth’s surface. But there is yet another link between Point Nemo and space. This is the so-called Spaceship Graveyard, an area located in the South Pacific that precisely has its center at Point Nemo. Due to its inaccessibility and the enormous distance between that point and populated areas of the planet, the site was chosen decades ago by several space agencies to crash spacecraft when they end their useful life. A total of 263 spacecraft crashed in that area between 1971 and 2016, mostly Russian, but also American, European, Japanese and Chinese. Among the ships resting in those waters is the Mir Space Station and six of the Salyut space stations. The ISS is also expected to crash in that area when it is removed. A terrifying city of extraterrestrial origin near Point Nemo There is a third relationship between Point Nemo and space, but this one has to do with literature. And it is that the famous writer H.P. Lovecraft placed his mythical and terrifying city of R’lyeh very close to that point. In his account “The Call of Cthulhu” (1928) he defined it as a “nightmare corpse-city” that “was built in measureless eons behind history by the vast, loathsome shapes that seeped down from the dark stars. There lay great Cthulhu and his hordes, hidden in green slimy vaults.” In case someone does not know what the Cthulhu is, it is the huge creature that you can see on these lines. But remember that Lovecraft’s stories were fictional. If someday a crashing spaceship stirs up something terrible under those waters, chances are the creature pissed off by the impact is a whale. The ‘Bloop’, a strange underwater ultrasound detected in that area Of course, there are those who believe that the Cthulhu thing is not an invention. In 1997, a strange underwater ultrasound known as “Bloop” was detected in that area. You can listen to it here: This phenomenon gave rise to all kinds of speculation. Some attributed it to blue whales, and others remembered the famous Lovecraft myth. In 2012, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) solved the mystery, noting that these strange sounds “are consistent with icequakes generated by large icebergs as they crack and fracture.” \| \| Don't miss the news and content that interest you. Receive the free daily newsletter in your email: The mail subscription service to Counting Stars will allow you to receive in your mailbox a daily email with the new posts published in this blog. It is a free service. Once you have entered your email in this box and press the "Click to subscribe" black button, you will receive a confirmation email in your mailbox to activate your subscription. If at any time you want to unsubscribe, you only just have to click the link that you will find at the bottom of each newsletter. You must login to comment. Click here to login. If you have not registered yet, click here to sign up.	https://www.outono.net/elentir/2022/06/16/point-nemo-the-most-inaccessible-place-and-its-relationship-with-space-and-strange-sounds/
One can view building performance, energy efficiency and water efficiency through many lenses. Together these views create a spectrum or ranking of performance by which such efficiency is frequently judged. At one end of this spectrum there are merely code compliant buildings (buildings that if they performed any worse would be "illegal"), and at the other end of the spectrum are regenerative buildings that pay back the resources they used to be built over their lifespan, or faster. All buildings fall in this spectrum; ones that range from LEED aspirational, to AIA 2030 Compliant, to LEED Platinum, to Net Zero Energy (NZE). Most of the third party systems are steadily looking to improve the performance of the baseline as well, including the USGBC, ASHRAE and others. The Living Building Challenge Project at Georgia Tech is at one end of this spectrum - a project that has net positive energy, water and waste as well as Living Building Challenge 3.1 Certification as mandated project goals. It is a 40,000 gsf project made up of teaching labs, student commons and classrooms. In the mindset of Georgia Tech's Quality Enhancement Plan, Serve Learn Sustain, the Living Building Project at Georgia Tech will demonstrate the most advanced measures of sustainability possible in the current built environment. The success of the Living Building Project at Georgia Tech is not limited to one building. Instead, to succeed is to ensure the project is replicable in terms of cost, materials, and technologies across campus and throughout the US. This project will not only be a learning facility, but a facility to learn from. The project is currently in design and is expected to start construction in late 2017. This presentation will look at the spectrum of project performance from similar building types and identify what strategies from the Living Building Project are common on other projects. We will then review how and to what extreme they have been implemented on this project as well as discuss the improved performance we are expecting from pushing strategies to the limit. Examples of strategies explored will likely include: - Separation of latent and sensible loads from each other and from ventilation loads - Expansion of the comfort zone - Daylighting - Water budgeting We propose that this presentation is part of an on-going series that tracks the progress of the project, including construction and post-occupancy metering and tracking to demonstrate the success (or lack thereof) for the strategies. Learning Objectives - Learning Objective 1: Participants will be able to understand how to evaluate the use of energy in buildings and what strategies may be available to reduce that use. - Learning Objective 2: Participants will learn about measurement tools for accessing building energy performance and water use during design and after occupancy. - Learning Objective 3: Participants will gain an understanding of the energy use and water use in laboratories and understand the strategies available to Owners and Design teams to help make buildings more efficient. - Learning Objective 4: Participants will learn how the early design and programming process can impact overall energy use and be able to select strategies for reducing it. For more than 15 years Joshua has lead large, multi-faceted design teams focused on sustainable design. During his career he has managed a broad spectrum of projects, ranging from large research labs for major universities to interpretive and education centers. He has worked extensively on projects involving challenging sustainable criteria, including net positive water and net positive energy projects. He holds degrees from Washington University in St. Louis and Arizona State University. Note: I2SL did not edit or revise abstract or biography text. Abstracts and biographies are displayed as submitted by the author(s).	http://ww.i2sl.org/conference/2017/abstracts/c1_gassman.html
different varieties of seeds in the farmers fields. We have also taken up field trails to test the potential of various verities by way of supplying quality seed, fertilizers and other inputs. As per the instructions of Minister of Agriculture and Farmers welfare, Govt. of India we have organized capacity building Programme and exhibition for farmers to increase the awareness levels of farmers on using pesticides in PPP mode on 30-10-2017. To address the unemployment problem of the rural youth and to impart training in providing sustainable income activities to SHGs members for making agriculture remunerative for retaining them in agriculture, KVK has organized several training programmes such as integrated crop management, post harvesting technologies, vermicomposting, dairy & poultry farming, mushroom cultivation and candle making etc. We also acts as nodal agency in undertaking capacity building activities so as to enable unemployed to make use of learned skills directly for generating meaningful income. Identification of specific field level problems faced by the farmers is another important area where was adequately dealt with in adopted villages of KVK by the Scientists. It also enables the Scientists to come in direct contact with large number of farmers as well as in demonstrating the benefits of adopting modern technologies in agriculture. We also conduct various extension activities as a potential means to directly relate the latest cultivation methods/technologies evolved in research stations into farmers fields with an intention to create awareness among the farmers. To address issues related to technology dissemination, KVK publishes literature in agriculture and allied fields as a part of creating awareness among the farmers by way of leaflets/brochures. Seed production by the KVK was taken up both at KVK instructional farm and through village seed production programme in participatory mode to meet the seed requirements of the farmers to certain extent. As directed by the Director, ATARI, ICAR-Zone-X, Hyderabad we are also involving in celebrations of important days ppp mode. Sankalp Se Siddhi: Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi while addressing a farmer’s rally in Bareilly, UP on 28th February, 2016 shared his vision on Doubling Farmers Income by the time the nation celebrates 75 years of Independence in the year 2022. As per the directions of ATARI (ICAR) and SVVU, Tirupati we have also organized farmers meeting on 21st August 2017 at Guntur involving Hon’ble Union Minister, Hon’ble State Ministers, MLA’s of the District, University officers from SVVU & ANGRAU and entire district administration. Swachhta hi Sewa : Mahila Kisan Diwas : World Soil Day & Kissan Sammelan on 05-12-2017 : With an aim to empower the farmers towards production of various agriculture and allied commodities and educate about the establishment of different units at village level we are maintaining different demo units at KVK instructional farm. To establish the bull mother farm of proven germ psalm of Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred animals.To test the adaptability and productive.	https://svvu.edu.in/extension-stations/kvk-guntur/activities.aspx
CLAIM OF PRIORITY TECHNICAL FIELD BACKGROUND SUMMARY DETAILED DESCRIPTION Physiology Therapies Devices/Systems/Methods This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/231,372, filed on Sep. 2, 2008, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,010,198, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/972,154, filed on Sep. 13, 2007, which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This application relates generally to medical devices and, more particularly, to systems, devices and methods for delivering neural stimulation and avoiding physiological habituation to the neural stimulation. Neural stimulation has been proposed as a therapy for a number of conditions. Examples of neural stimulation therapies include neural stimulation therapies for respiratory problems such a sleep disordered breathing, blood pressure control such as to treat hypertension, cardiac rhythm management, myocardial infarction and ischemia, heart failure, epilepsy, depression, pain, migraines, eating disorders and obesity. Neural stimulation therapies can involve intermittent neural stimulation. At the 2006 European Society of Cardiology meeting, De Ferrari et al. showed preliminary results from a study of chronic vagal nerve stimulation study in heart failure patients, where Class III heart failure patients were provided six months of therapy, uncontrolled, using an implantable vagal stimulator designed to reduce heart rate. The stimulator delivered selective efferent stimulation to the vagus nerve, targeted to slow the heart rate, and used sensed heart rate as a negative feedback therapy control that delivers vagus nerve stimulation when the heart rate is elevated and shuts off vagus nerve stimulation when the heart rate falls below a threshold. The stimulator continuously delivered vagus nerve stimulation when the heart rate is elevated, and synchronized the vagus nerve stimulation with the heart rate. The data indicated improvement over the first three months with regression over the next three months. De Ferrari et al. hypothesized that the regression was due to the severity and unstoppable progression of the underlying disease. In addition or alternative to the hypothesis that the regression is due to the progression of the underlying disease in human studies, another possible explanation or contributing factor for the regression observed in the preliminary results is physiological habituation to the vagus nerve stimulation therapy delivered in the study. The present subject matter is based on a developed neural stimulator prototype used in multiple animal studies that does not exhibit the regression illustrated in the presented results of the De Ferrari et al. study. An embodiment relates to a method for delivering a vagal stimulation therapy to a vagus nerve, including delivering a neural stimulation signal to non-selectively stimulate both afferent axons and efferent axons in the vagus nerve according to a predetermined schedule for the vagal stimulation therapy, and selecting a value for at least one parameter for the predetermined schedule for the vagal stimulation therapy to control the neural stimulation therapy to avoid physiological habituation to the vagal stimulation therapy. The parameter(s) include at least one parameter selected from the group of parameters consisting of a predetermined therapy duration parameter for a predetermined therapy period, and a predetermined intermittent neural stimulation parameter associated with on/off timing for the intermittent neural stimulation parameter. An embodiment relates to a method including, using an external device to program at least one neural stimulation schedule parameter for controlling a scheduled neural stimulation therapy of an implantable neural stimulator, and delivering the scheduled neural stimulation therapy using the implantable neural stimulator, including delivering non-selective neural stimulation to both afferent and efferent axons of a vagus nerve. The neural stimulation schedule parameter(s) includes at least one parameter with a value selected to control the neural stimulation therapy to avoid physiological habituation to the vagal stimulation therapy. The neural stimulation schedule parameter(s) includes at least one parameter selected from the group of parameters consisting of at least one predetermined therapy duration parameter for a predetermined therapy period, and at least one predetermined intermittent neural stimulation parameter associated with on/off timing for the intermittent neural stimulation parameter. A neural stimulator embodiment includes a neural stimulation delivery system and a controller operationally connected to the neural stimulation delivery system. The neural stimulation delivery system is adapted to non-selectively stimulate both afferent axons and efferent axons in a vagus nerve. The controller includes a neural stimulation scheduler to control neural stimulation from the neural stimulation system according to a predetermined schedule. The predetermined schedule includes at least one parameter with a value selected to avoid physiological habituation to the neural stimulation. The parameter(s) include at least one parameter selected from the group of parameters consisting of a predetermined therapy duration parameter for a predetermined therapy period, and a predetermined intermittent neural stimulation parameter associated with on/off timing for the intermittent neural stimulation parameter. This Summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details about the present subject matter are found in the detailed description and appended claims. Other aspects will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof, each of which are not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. The following detailed description of the present subject matter refers to the accompanying drawings which show, by way of illustration, specific aspects and embodiments in which the present subject matter may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the present subject matter. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present subject matter. References to “an”, “one”, or “various” embodiments in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references contemplate more than one embodiment. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of legal equivalents to which such claims are entitled. An embodiment of the present subject matter provides vagus nerve stimulation for heart failure therapy, where the vagus nerve stimulation therapy avoids or prevents habituation to the therapy and maintains the efficacy of the vagus nerve stimulation therapy. According to various embodiments, the heart failure therapy (or other vagus nerve stimulation therapy) of the present subject matter provides non-selective stimulation of the vagus nerve, such that both efferent and afferent vagal axons are stimulated, and delivers the stimulation according to a stimulation schedule independent of the sensed heart rate. The afferent stimulation may be important in avoiding the habituation effect. Stimulation of the afferent axons in the vagus nerve stimulates a baroreflex. The naturally occurring baroreflex mechanism involves a neural pathway from an afferent neural pathway to the central nervous system through an efferent neural pathway to nerves that control dilation/constriction of the blood vessel. Sensory nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure, referred to as baroreceptors, function as a receptor for the baroreflex mechanism. If the central nervous system senses an increase in blood pressure from sensory nerve endings sensitive to pressure through an afferent pathway, the central nervous system controls nerves to, among other things, dilate blood vessels to reduce pressure. It is believed that neural stimulation delivered on demand (during periods of elevated heart rate as delivered by the stimulator in the Farrari et al. study) will be primarily delivered while the patient is awake, as the patient likely has lowered heart rate during sleep. As heart failure reverses with the delivery of therapy, the heart rate will slow. It is believed that a heart failure therapy involving on-demand, selective efferent vagus nerve stimulation targeted to slow heart rate does not avoid physiological habituation to the efferent stimulation of the vagus nerve. Further, the negative feedback control based on sensed heart rate for the efferent vagus nerve stimulation causes the heart failure therapy to be withdrawn (the duration of stimulation over a period of time becomes less) as the heart failure reverses with the delivery of therapy. Rather, some embodiments of the present subject matter chronically deliver intermittent or continuous stimulation according to a schedule that delivers the vagus nerve stimulation for at least a minimum time per day. For example, intermittent stimulation, even at the same 24-hour average duty cycle, would be designed to be delivered for at least a specified number of hours per day. It is believed that prolonged neural stimulation, such as a duty cycle over 50%, may result in physiological adaptation to the stimulation. Some embodiments of the present subject matter limit the duty cycle of continuous neural stimulation delivered during a scheduled neural stimulation session. For example, an embodiment limits the duty cycle to below 50%. Some embodiments limit the stimulation period for the intermittent stimulation cycle. For example, some embodiments limit the stimulation period to a time under five minutes, such that a new neural stimulation train will begin within five minutes of the previous neural stimulation train. Some embodiments, for example, deliver neural stimulation on the order of ten seconds per minute (duty cycle≈17%; neural stimulation period≈1 minute; duration of neural stimulation train≈ten seconds). Provided below, for the benefit of the reader, is a brief discussion of physiology and therapies. The disclosure continues with a discussion of various device, system and method embodiments. The automatic nervous system (ANS) regulates “involuntary” organs, while the contraction of voluntary (skeletal) muscles is controlled by somatic motor nerves. Examples of involuntary organs include respiratory and digestive organs, and also include blood vessels and the heart. Often, the ANS functions in an involuntary, reflexive manner to regulate glands, to regulate muscles in the skin, eye, stomach, intestines and bladder, and to regulate cardiac muscle and the muscle around blood vessels, for example. The ANS includes the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is affiliated with stress and the “fight or flight response” to emergencies. Among other effects, the “fight or flight response” increases blood pressure and heart rate to increase skeletal muscle blood flow, and decreases digestion to provide the energy for “fighting or fleeing.” The parasympathetic nervous system is affiliated with relaxation and the “rest and digest response” which, among other effects, decreases blood pressure and heart rate, and increases digestion to conserve energy. The ANS maintains normal internal function and works with the somatic nervous system. The heart rate and force is increased when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, and is decreased when the sympathetic nervous system is inhibited (the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated). An afferent nerve conveys impulses toward a nerve center. An efferent nerve conveys impulses away from a nerve center. Stimulating the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can have effects other than heart rate and blood pressure. For example, stimulating the sympathetic nervous system dilates the pupil, reduces saliva and mucus production, relaxes the bronchial muscle, reduces the successive waves of involuntary contraction (peristalsis) of the stomach and the motility of the stomach, increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose by the liver, decreases urine secretion by the kidneys, and relaxes the wall and closes the sphincter of the bladder. Stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system (inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system) constricts the pupil, increases saliva and mucus production, contracts the bronchial muscle, increases secretions and motility in the stomach and large intestine, increases digestion in the small intention, increases urine secretion, and contracts the wall and relaxes the sphincter of the bladder. The functions associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are many and can be complexly integrated with each other. Vagal modulation may be used to treat a variety of cardiovascular disorders, including heart failure, post-MI remodeling, and hypertension. These conditions are briefly described below. Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome in which cardiac function causes a below normal cardiac output that can fall below a level adequate to meet the metabolic demand of peripheral tissues. Heart failure may present itself as congestive heart failure (CHF) due to the accompanying venous and pulmonary congestion. Heart failure can be due to a variety of etiologies such as ischemic heart disease. Hypertension is a cause of heart disease and other related cardiac co-morbidities. Hypertension occurs when blood vessels constrict. As a result, the heart works harder to maintain flow at a higher blood pressure, which can contribute to heart failure. Hypertension generally relates to high blood pressure, such as a transitory or sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to induce cardiovascular damage or other adverse consequences. Hypertension has been arbitrarily defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mm Hg. Consequences of uncontrolled hypertension include, but are not limited to, retinal vascular disease and stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy and failure, myocardial infarction, dissecting aneurysm, and renovascular disease. Cardiac remodeling refers to a complex remodeling process of the ventricles that involves structural, biochemical, neurohormonal, and electrophysiologic factors, which can result following a myocardial infarction (MI) or other cause of decreased cardiac output. Ventricular remodeling is triggered by a physiological compensatory mechanism that acts to increase cardiac output due to so-called backward failure which increases the diastolic filling pressure of the ventricles and thereby increases the so-called preload (i.e., the degree to which the ventricles are stretched by the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole). An increase in preload causes an increase in stroke volume during systole, a phenomena known as the Frank-Starling principle. When the ventricles are stretched due to the increased preload over a period of time, however, the ventricles become dilated. The enlargement of the ventricular volume causes increased ventricular wall stress at a given systolic pressure. Along with the increased pressure-volume work done by the ventricle, this acts as a stimulus for hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium. The disadvantage of dilatation is the extra workload imposed on normal, residual myocardium and the increase in wall tension (Laplace's Law) which represent the stimulus for hypertrophy. If hypertrophy is not adequate to match increased tension, a vicious cycle ensues which causes further and progressive dilatation. As the heart begins to dilate, afferent baroreceptor and cardiopulmonary receptor signals are sent to the vasomotor central nervous system control center, which responds with hormonal secretion and sympathetic discharge. It is the combination of hemodynamic, sympathetic nervous system and hormonal alterations (such as presence or absence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity) that ultimately account for the deleterious alterations in cell structure involved in ventricular remodeling. The sustained stresses causing hypertrophy induce apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) of cardiac muscle cells and eventual wall thinning which causes further deterioration in cardiac function. Thus, although ventricular dilation and hypertrophy may at first be compensatory and increase cardiac output, the processes ultimately result in both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. It has been shown that the extent of ventricular remodeling is positively correlated with increased mortality in post-MI and heart failure patients. The present subject matter relates to systems, devices and methods for providing neural stimulation, such as vagus nerve stimulation, and further relates to delivering neural stimulation therapy (NST) with parameter(s) selected to avoid habituation. Various embodiments provide a stand-alone device, either externally or internally, to provide neural stimulation therapy. The present subject matter can be implemented in cardiac applications for neural stimulation or in non-cardiac applications for neural stimulation where a diverse nerve (such as the vagus nerve) is stimulated. For example, the present subject matter may deliver anti-remodeling therapy through neural stimulation as part of a post-MI or heart failure therapy. The present subject matter may also be implemented in non-cardiac applications, such as in therapies to treat epilepsy, depression, pain, obesity, hypertension, sleep disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Various embodiments provide systems or devices that integrate neural stimulation with one or more other therapies, such as bradycardia pacing, anti-tachycardia therapy, remodeling therapy, and the like. Neural Stimulation Therapies Examples of neural stimulation therapies include neural stimulation therapies for respiratory problems such a sleep disordered breathing, for blood pressure control such as to treat hypertension, for cardiac rhythm management, for myocardial infarction and ischemia, for heart failure, for epilepsy, for depression, for pain, for migraines and for eating disorders and obesity. Many proposed neural stimulation therapies include stimulation of the vagus nerve. This listing of other neural stimulation therapies is not intended to be an exhaustive listing. Neural stimulation can be provided using electrical, acoustic, ultrasound, light, and magnetic therapies. Electrical neural stimulation can be delivered using any of a nerve cuff, intravascularly-fed lead, or transcutaneous electrodes. A therapy embodiment involves preventing and/or treating ventricular remodeling. Activity of the autonomic nervous system is at least partly responsible for the ventricular remodeling which occurs as a consequence of an MI or due to heart failure. It has been demonstrated that remodeling can be affected by pharmacological intervention with the use of, for example, ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers. Pharmacological treatment carries with it the risk of side effects, however, and it is also difficult to modulate the effects of drugs in a precise manner. Embodiments of the present subject matter employ electrostimulatory means to modulate autonomic activity, referred to as anti-remodeling therapy or ART. When delivered in conjunction with ventricular resynchronization pacing, also referred to as remodeling control therapy (RCT), such modulation of autonomic activity may act synergistically to reverse or prevent cardiac remodeling. One neural stimulation therapy embodiment involves treating hypertension by stimulating the baroreflex for sustained periods of time sufficient to reduce hypertension. The baroreflex is a reflex that can be triggered by stimulation of a baroreceptor or an afferent nerve trunk. Baroreflex neural targets include any sensor of pressure changes (e.g. sensory nerve endings that function as a baroreceptor) that is sensitive to stretching of the wall resulting from increased pressure from within, and that functions as the receptor of the central reflex mechanism that tends to reduce that pressure. Baroreflex neural targets also include neural pathways extending from the baroreceptors. Examples of nerve trunks that can serve as baroreflex neural targets include the vagus, aortic and carotid nerves. Myocardial Stimulation Therapies Various neural stimulation therapies can be integrated with various myocardial stimulation therapies. The integration of therapies may have a synergistic effect. Therapies can be synchronized with each other, and sensed data can be shared between the therapies. A myocardial stimulation therapy provides a cardiac therapy using electrical stimulation of the myocardium. Some examples of myocardial stimulation therapies are provided below. A pacemaker is a device which paces the heart with timed pacing pulses, most commonly for the treatment of bradycardia where the ventricular rate is too slow. If functioning properly, the pacemaker makes up for the heart's inability to pace itself at an appropriate rhythm in order to meet metabolic demand by enforcing a minimum heart rate. Implantable devices have also been developed that affect the manner and degree to which the heart chambers contract during a cardiac cycle in order to promote the efficient pumping of blood. The heart pumps more effectively when the chambers contract in a coordinated manner, a result normally provided by the specialized conduction pathways in both the atria and the ventricles that enable the rapid conduction of excitation (i.e., depolarization) throughout the myocardium. These pathways conduct excitatory impulses from the sino-atrial node to the atrial myocardium, to the atrio-ventricular node, and thence to the ventricular myocardium to result in a coordinated contraction of both atria and both ventricles. This both synchronizes the contractions of the muscle fibers of each chamber and synchronizes the contraction of each atrium or ventricle with the contralateral atrium or ventricle. Without the synchronization afforded by the normally functioning specialized conduction pathways, the heart's pumping efficiency is greatly diminished. Pathology of these conduction pathways and other inter-ventricular or intra-ventricular conduction deficits can be a causative factor in heart failure, which refers to a clinical syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function causes cardiac output to fall below a level adequate to meet the metabolic demand of peripheral tissues. In order to treat these problems, implantable cardiac devices have been developed that provide appropriately timed electrical stimulation to one or more heart chambers in an attempt to improve the coordination of atrial and/or ventricular contractions, termed cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Ventricular resynchronization is useful in treating heart failure because, although not directly inotropic, resynchronization can result in a more coordinated contraction of the ventricles with improved pumping efficiency and increased cardiac output. Currently, a common form of CRT applies stimulation pulses to both ventricles, either simultaneously or separated by a specified biventricular offset interval, and after a specified atrio-ventricular delay interval with respect to the detection of an intrinsic atrial contraction or delivery of an atrial pace. CRT can be beneficial in reducing the deleterious ventricular remodeling which can occur in post-MI and heart failure patients. Presumably, this occurs as a result of changes in the distribution of wall stress experienced by the ventricles during the cardiac pumping cycle when CRT is applied. The degree to which a heart muscle fiber is stretched before it contracts is termed the preload, and the maximum tension and velocity of shortening of a muscle fiber increases with increasing preload. When a myocardial region contracts late relative to other regions, the contraction of those opposing regions stretches the later contracting region and increases the preload. The degree of tension or stress on a heart muscle fiber as it contracts is termed the afterload. Because pressure within the ventricles rises rapidly from a diastolic to a systolic value as blood is pumped out into the aorta and pulmonary arteries, the part of the ventricle that first contracts due to an excitatory stimulation pulse does so against a lower afterload than does a part of the ventricle contracting later. Thus a myocardial region which contracts later than other regions is subjected to both an increased preload and afterload. This situation is created frequently by the ventricular conduction delays associated with heart failure and ventricular dysfunction due to an MI. The increased wall stress to the late-activating myocardial regions is most probably the trigger for ventricular remodeling. By pacing one or more sites in a ventricle near the infarcted region in a manner which may cause a more coordinated contraction, CRT provides pre-excitation of myocardial regions which would otherwise be activated later during systole and experience increased wall stress. The pre-excitation of the remodeled region relative to other regions unloads the region from mechanical stress and allows reversal or prevention of remodeling to occur. Cardioversion, an electrical shock delivered to the heart synchronously with the QRS complex, and defibrillation, an electrical shock delivered without synchronization to the QRS complex, can be used to terminate most tachyarrhythmias. The electric shock terminates the tachyarrhythmia by simultaneously depolarizing the myocardium and rendering it refractory. A class of CRM devices known as an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) provides this kind of therapy by delivering a shock pulse to the heart when the device detects tachyarrhythmias. Another type of electrical therapy for tachycardia is anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP). In ventricular ATP, the ventricles are competitively paced with one or more pacing pulses in an effort to interrupt the reentrant circuit causing the tachycardia. Modern ICDs typically have ATP capability, and deliver ATP therapy or a shock pulse when a tachyarrhythmia is detected. FIG. 1 100 101 102 103 101 104 105 103 105 100 106 100 107 illustrates a neural stimulator device embodiment. The illustrated device is adapted to deliver chronic neural stimulation. The device can be designed as an implantable device or an external device. A device embodiment includes an implantable device that provides chronic vagus nerve stimulation. The illustrated device includes a non-selective vagus nerve stimulation therapy delivery system adapted to deliver a neural stimulation signal to the neural stimulation electrode(s) or transducer(s) to deliver the neural stimulation therapy. Examples of neural stimulation electrodes include nerve cuff electrodes, intravascularly placed electrodes, and transcutaneous electrodes. Examples of neural stimulation transducers includes ultrasound, light and magnetic energy transducers. A controller appropriately controls the neural stimulation therapy delivery system to provide the appropriate neural stimulation signal to the electrode(s)/transducer(s) that results in a desired neural stimulation therapy. The illustrated device includes a memory to store programmable parameters . The controller implements a neural stimulation therapy using the programmable parameters. Examples of programmable parameters , any one or more of which can be stored in the memory, include a therapy duration parameter, a therapy period, as well as a duty cycle, and a stimulation therapy for intermittent stimulation. The programmable parameters can also include parameters used to adjust the intensity of the neural stimulation therapy, such as amplitude, frequency, pulse width, and stimulation schedule parameters. The illustrated device includes a transceiver adapted to communicate with an external device (e.g. programmer) for use in receiving programming instructions. The illustrated device includes at least one port for receiving neural stimulation therapy inputs or neural stimulation feedback inputs (including both therapy and feedback inputs according to some embodiments). The input can receive a communication from a device programmer, for use by a physician or patient in changing the programmable parameters based on observed conditions. The input can receive a feedback from physiologic sensors used to monitor physiologic responses to the neural stimulation. Examples of such sensors used to provide feedback for the transition protocol include heart rate and blood pressure sensors. 100 108 103 103 109 101 110 111 112 113 The illustrated device includes a clock/timer , used by the controller to control timing of the neural stimulation signals for the neural stimulation therapy. The illustrated controller includes a neural stimulation scheduler , which uses the clock/timer and schedule parameter(s) to control the stimulation delivered by the delivery system . The scheduler uses at least one schedule parameter selected to avoid physiological habituation to the neural stimulation therapy. Some scheduler embodiments use a duration parameter(s) to control the therapy duration per therapy period, and some scheduler embodiments use a therapy period parameter to control a duration of time before a subsequent therapy is applied. For example, some embodiments use a therapy period of approximately one day, and use a therapy duration of approximately 8 hours each day. These parameter(s) can represent limits (e.g. maximum, minimum, range) for the parameter values. Some embodiments, for example, use the therapy duration parameter as a minimum value, such that at least that duration of the therapy will be applied per therapy period (e.g. at least 8 hours of therapy per day). The delivered therapy can be intermittent or continuous. Some scheduler embodiments use parameter(s) to control intermittent stimulation during the therapy period, such as duty cycle or stimulation period . The duty cycle represents the percentage of time during which stimulation is delivered for a stimulation period. A therapy period (e.g. on the order of a day) can include many stimulation periods (e.g. less than five minutes or on the order of one minute). Some embodiments limit the duty cycle to less than approximately 50%, some embodiments limit the duty cycle to less than approximately 25%, and some embodiments limit the duty cycle to a range between 10% and 20%. A scheduler embodiment implements a protocol where neural stimulation is delivered for approximately ten seconds every minute (e.g. duty cycle of approximately 17% and a stimulation period of approximately one minute). The scheduler parameters can include start and stop parameters, start and duration parameters, or other parameters that can be used to control the schedule of neural stimulation. Some of the parameter examples can be derived from others (e.g. start and stop times can be derived from start and duration). Some embodiments of the scheduler program or limit the stimulation period, where a train of neural stimulation pulses occurs with each stimulation period. For example, some embodiments limit or program the stimulation period to a value less than five minutes, and some embodiments limit or program the stimulation period to a value on the order of one minute (e.g. 50 seconds). 103 114 107 114 109 The illustrated controller also includes a module to control neural stimulation intensity . Therapy inputs and/or therapy feedback can be used to appropriately adjust one or more stimulation parameter(s) to increase, decrease or maintain a desired neural stimulation intensity. For example, the amplitude, frequency, and/or pulse width of a neural stimulation pulse train can be adjusted to titrate the neural stimulation intensity. Some embodiments adjust the neural stimulation schedule to adjust the neural stimulation intensity. Examples of schedule parameters include therapy duration, start/stop times, stimulation period, stimulation train duration per stimulation period, and duty cycle. For embodiments that allow some schedule parameters to be modified, as illustrated by the line between the neural stimulation schedule in the neural stimulation intensity module and the neural stimulation scheduler , the scheduler limits the extent of any allowed modifications to the schedule parameters. For example, the duty cycle of the stimulation can be adjusted to a value less than or equal to the maximum duty cycle (e.g. 50%) permitted by the scheduler or within a range of duty cycles permitted by the scheduler. In another example, the therapy duration can be adjusted to a value greater than or equal to the minimum value (e.g. 8 hours per day) for the duration of the therapy permitted by the controller. Advanced patient management systems can be used to enable the patient and/or doctor to adjust parameter(s) to avoid observed or sensed habituation, or to adjust therapy intensity. The inputs can be provided by computers, programmers, cell phones, personal digital assistants, and the like. The patient can call a call center using a regular telephone, a mobile phone, or the internet. The communication can be through a repeater, similar to that used in Boston Scientific's Latitude patient management system. In response, the call center (e.g. server in call center) can automatically send information to the device to adjust or titrate the therapy. The call center can inform the patient's physician of the event. A device interrogation can be automatically triggered. The results of the device interrogation can be used to determine if and how the therapy should be adjusted and/or titrated to improve the transient response. A server can automatically adjust and/or titrate the therapy using the results of the device interrogation. Medical staff can review the results of the device interrogation, and program the device through the remote server to provide the desired therapy adjustments and/or titrations. The server can communicate results of the device interrogation to the patient's physician, who can provide input or direction for adjusting and/or titrating the therapy. FIGS. 2 and 3 FIGS. 2 and 3 FIG. 2 FIG. 3 FIG. 3 FIG. 2 Various embodiments of the present subject matter relate to neural stimulation therapy (NST) that includes intermittent neural stimulation. Some of the terms used to discuss intermittent stimulation are illustrated in . Intermittent neural stimulation can be delivered using a duty cycle of a stimulation period. plot neural stimulation intensity against time. illustrates variable stimulation periods (SP) and duty cycles (DC), and illustrates constant stimulation periods (SP) and duty cycles (DC). Each duty cycle can include a train of neural stimulation pulses. The duty cycle and stimulation period need not be constant throughout the NST. For example, the duration or frequency of the duty cycle can be adjusted to adjust an intensity of the NST. Also, the start and/or stop of the duty cycle can be dependent on enabling conditions. The duty cycle and/or stimulation period can be adjusted in every subsequent stimulation period. Unless expressly disclosed otherwise herein, “stimulation period” and “duty cycle” are not intended to only encompass constant values that result in neural stimulation in a precise periodic manner (e.g. ), but rather is intended to include intermittent neural stimulation where therapeutically-effective or prophylactically-effective neural stimulation is delivered for a time and then not delivered for a time, and then delivered for a time (e.g. ). The neural stimulation delivered during the duty cycle can be delivered using a variety of neural stimulation techniques, such as stimulation that uses electrical, ultrasound, thermal, magnetic, light or mechanical energy. Electrical neural stimulation is used in this document as an example of neural stimulation. In electrical stimulation, for example, a train of neural stimulation pulses (current or voltage) can be delivered during a duty cycle of stimulation. Stimulation waveforms can be square pulses or other morphologies. The stimulation pulses can be monophasic or biphasic pulses. In addition to controlling the schedule of the neural stimulation to avoid physiological habituation to the stimulation, some embodiments also implement a protocol designed to mimic the effects of the naturally-occurring pulse pressure, as provided in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/962,845, filed Oct. 12, 2004 (U.S. Published Application 2006/0079945). As discussed therein, the baroreflex adapts to increased baroreflex stimulation. Static or constant baroreflex stimulation causes a quick or immediate response which gradually diminishes. Over time, the baroreflex resets and returns to the baseline response, which renders static stimulation ineffective. Thus, baroreflex adaptation poses a problem for sustaining baroreflex therapy that effectively inhibits SNA. FIG. 4 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 illustrates baroreflex adaptation using a relationship between carotid sinus pressure , sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) . Internal pressure and stretching of the arterial wall, such as that which occurs at the carotid sinus, naturally activates the baroreflex and the baroreflex inhibits SNA. The carotid sinus pressure, the SNA and the MAP are illustrated for the following four time segments: (1) relatively low and constant carotid sinus pressure indicated at ; (2) relatively high and constant carotid sinus pressure indicated at ; (3) relatively high and pulsed carotid sinus pressure indicated at ; and (4) a return to a relatively high and constant carotid sinus pressure indicated at . 418 422 420 423 When the carotid sinus pressure is relatively low and constant, as illustrated at , the SNA is relatively high and constant, and the pulsating MAP is relatively high. When the carotid sinus pressure is increased to a relatively high and constant pressure at transition , the SNA and MAP initially decrease due to the baroreflex and then increases due to the quick adaptation of the baroreflex to the increased carotid sinus pressure. However, when the carotid sinus pressure pulsates similar to naturally-occurring blood pressure pulses, as illustrated at , the SNA and MAP decrease to relatively low levels and are maintained at these relatively low levels. When the carotid sinus pressure changes from a pulsed to constant pressure at transition , the SNA and MAP both increase again due to the adaptation of the baroreflex. Some embodiments modulate the baroreflex stimulation to mimic the effects of the naturally-occurring pulse pressure and prevent baroreflex adaptation. FIG. 5 524 525 526 527 528 529 illustrates a method to periodically modulate neural stimulation, according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. At , it is determined whether neural stimulation is to be provided. Upon determining that neural stimulation is to be provided, neural stimulation is applied with periodic modulation to mimic pulsatile pressure, as generally illustrated at . In various embodiments, the periodic modulation, or other variation, of the neural stimulation signal is based on detected pulsatile information such as a detected pulse rate and/or a detected pulse phase . Some embodiments further base the periodic modulation based on detected feedback parameters , such as detected respiration, detected nerve traffic, detected blood pressure, and the like. These feedback parameters allow the stimulation to be tailored to achieve a desired effect. 101 FIG. 1 An embodiment of the neural stimulation therapy delivery system illustrated in uses neural stimulation waveforms disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/468,135, filed Aug. 29, 2006. According to an embodiment, the stimulation circuitry is configured to deliver a waveform for neural stimulation with the following approximate parameters: frequency=20 Hz; pulse width=300 microseconds; amplitude=1.5-2.0 mA. This waveform can be delivered as a pulse train applied either continuously or intermittently (e.g., with a duty cycle=10 sec ON, 50 sec OFF) in order to provide, for example, anti-remodeling therapy to post-MI or heart failure patients. Such stimulation may be applied either chronically or periodically in accordance with lapsed time intervals or sensed physiological conditions. This waveform has been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies to be a particularly effective anti-remodeling therapy when applied to the vagus nerve in the cervical region, where the stimulation may be applied through either a nerve cuff or a transvascular lead. The stimulating configuration for delivering the waveform may be any of the configurations described in this document such as either a bipolar configuration or a unipolar configuration with a far-field subcutaneous return electrode. The stimulation circuitry may be either dedicated to delivering neural stimulation or may be configured to also deliver waveforms suitable for CRM. FIGS. 6 and 7 FIG. 6 FIG. 7 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 A neural stimulation waveform may be delivered with phases of alternating polarity, referred to herein as first and second phases. For example, the waveform may be delivered as monophasic pulses with a bipolar stimulating configuration and with a “bipolar switch” so that the phase of the monophasic pulses is alternated in each consecutive pulse train. That is, a pulse train with monophasic pulses having first phases of one polarity is then followed by a pulse train with monophasic pulses having second phases of the opposite polarity. show example waveforms as would be produced by recording the potential between the stimulation electrodes. shows an example of such a waveform in which a monophasic pulse train MPT having first phases FP of positive polarity is followed by a monophasic pulse train MPT having second phases SP of negative polarity. In another embodiment, the stimulation circuitry may be configured to deliver a pulse train with biphasic pulses so that the first phase alternates with the second phase (i.e., each consecutive pulse in the train alternates in polarity). shows an example of a biphasic pulse train BPT having first phases FP and second phases SP that alternate in polarity. Such biphasic pulse trains with alternating polarities or a series of monophasic pulses trains having alternating polarities may be applied continuously or on a periodic or intermittent basis for a specified period of time. FIGS. 8 and 9 FIGS. 6 and 7 FIGS. 8 and 9 FIG. 8 FIG. 9 show example waveforms as would be produced by a capacitive discharge pulse output circuit, which correspond to the waveforms of , respectively. With a capacitive discharge pulse output circuit, the voltage amplitude of each pulse is not constant as is the case with a current source pulse output circuit. thus show pulses in which the voltage rises to an initial value and then decays as the output capacitor discharges. Also, the circuitry may incorporate a passive recharge between monophasic pulses in order to dissipate afterpotentials from the stimulation electrodes. shows such passive recharge cycles where the output circuitry is switched in a manner that causes the voltage between pulses overshoots slightly in a direction opposite to the pulses and decays to zero as the afterpotentials between the stimulation electrodes discharge. Passive recharge is not needed in the case of biphasic pulses as each pulse discharges the afterpotential produced by the preceding pulse. shows an interphase delay IPD between biphasic pulses. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to minimize or even eliminate this delay. FIGS. 10 and 11 FIG. 10 FIG. 11 1030 1031 1031 1032 1133 1134 1134 1135 1136 illustrate embodiments of circuitry for delivering stimulation pulse trains as described above. In , a current source pulse output circuit outputs current pulses between stimulation electrodes A and B in accordance with command inputs from the controller . The command inputs from the controller specify the timing of the pulses, pulse widths, current amplitude, and polarity. illustrates an embodiment in which a capacitive discharge pulse output circuit is used to output voltage pulses between stimulation electrodes A and B in accordance with command inputs from the controller . In this embodiment, the command inputs from the controller specify the timing of the pulses, pulse widths, voltage amplitude, and pulse polarity. In order for the controller to specify a voltage amplitude that results in a desired current amplitude for the pulses, the lead impedance may be measured by lead impedance measurement circuit . The output capacitor of the pulse output circuit may then be charged to the appropriate voltage for each pulse. In order to monitor the lead impedance, the controller is programmed to periodically, or upon command from a user via telemetry, charge the output capacitor to a known voltage level, connect the output capacitor to the stimulation leads to deliver a stimulation pulse, and measure the time it takes for the capacitor voltage to decay by a certain amount (e.g., to half of the initial value). In order to minimize patient discomfort, the lead impedance procedure should be performed using as low a voltage as possible. In one embodiment, the controller is programmed to use a first voltage amplitude (e.g., 1 volt) and then compare the measurement count (i.e., the capacitor decay time) to a specified minimum value CntZMin. If the measurement count is below CntZMin, the current delivered during the test is deemed too small for the measurement to be accurate. A second measurement pulse is then delivered at a higher second voltage (e.g., 2 volts). If that count is again below CntZMin, a third measurement pulse is delivered at a still higher third voltage (e.g., 4 volts). With a typical stimulation lead, this procedure limits the measurement current to between roughly 1 mA and 0.6 mA. In an embodiment, with either a biphasic pulse train or a series of monophasic pulse trains having alternating polarities, the stimulation parameters for the first and second phases may be adjusted separately. For example, the pulse widths and amplitudes for the first and second phases of a biphasic pulse train may be selected to be the same or different. In the case of a series of monophasic pulse trains having alternating polarities, the pulse width, pulse amplitude, duty cycle, and frequency for each of the first and second phases may be selected to be the same or different. In an embodiment, advantage is taken of an empirical finding that stimulation of the vagus nerve with pulses of different polarities can have different effects. It has been found that vagal stimulation with alternating polarities, delivered as either a biphasic pulse train or by monophasic pulse trains with alternating polarities, results not only in the desired therapeutic effect for preventing or reversing cardiac remodeling as described above, but also with a reduction of undesired side effects. Such side effects from vagal stimulation may include, for example, hoarseness and coughing due to vagal innervation of the larynx. In order to achieve an optimum balance between therapeutic effects and undesired side effects, a neural stimulation waveform with alternating polarities may be applied over time while varying the pulse amplitudes and pulse widths for each polarity. As the pulse amplitudes and widths are varied, a clinical determination may be made as to the therapeutic benefit provided and the extent of any undesired side effects. For example, a biphasic pulse train or a series monophasic pulse trains with alternating polarities may be applied in which the pulse amplitude and pulse width for one polarity are titrated to a therapeutic dose. The pulse amplitude and pulse width for the opposite polarity are then adjusted to control the presence of side-effects. Which one of the two polarities of the pulse train is responsible for producing therapeutic benefits and which polarity is responsible for reducing side effects may be determined empirically. Such a titration procedure may be performed by a clinician after implantation of the device, where the stimulation parameters such as pulse width and amplitude are adjusted via telemetry. The device could also be configured to automatically titrate the therapeutic dose to a target amplitude within a specified period of time. For example, such a titration could be performed rapidly during the first 1-2 weeks after an MI, which has been shown in pre-clinical studies to be the time where the greatest therapeutic benefit is achieved. The pulse frequency, pulse width, pulse amplitude, pulse polarity, and bipolar/unipolar stimulation configuration can be programmable parameters, the optimal settings of which depend upon the stimulation site and type of stimulation electrode. The device may also be equipped with different sensing modalities for sensing physiological variables affected by neural stimulation. The device may then be programmed to use these variables in controlling the delivery of neural stimulation. FIG. 12 1237 1238 1239 illustrates a system including an implantable medical device (IMD) and an external system or device , according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. Various embodiments of the IMD include NS functions or include a combination of NS and CRM functions. The IMD may also deliver biological agents and pharmaceutical agents. The external system and the IMD are capable of wirelessly communicating data and instructions. In various embodiments, for example, the external system and IMD use telemetry coils to wirelessly communicate data and instructions. Thus, the programmer can be used to adjust the programmed therapy provided by the IMD, and the IMD can report device data (such as battery and lead resistance) and therapy data (such as sense and stimulation data) to the programmer using radio telemetry, for example. According to various embodiments, the IMD stimulates/inhibits a neural target using non-selective vagus nerve stimulation delivered using a predetermined schedule and with schedule parameter(s) selected to avoid physiological habituation to the vagus nerve stimulation. The external system allows a user such as a physician or other caregiver or a patient to control the operation of the IMD and obtain information acquired by the IMD. In one embodiment, external system includes a programmer communicating with the IMD bi-directionally via a telemetry link. In another embodiment, the external system is a patient management system including an external device communicating with a remote device through a telecommunication network. The external device is within the vicinity of the IMD and communicates with the IMD bi-directionally via a telemetry link. The remote device allows the user to monitor and treat a patient from a distant location. The patient monitoring system is further discussed below. The telemetry link provides for data transmission from implantable medical device to external system. This includes, for example, transmitting real-time physiological data acquired by IMD, extracting physiological data acquired by and stored in IMD, extracting therapy history data stored in implantable medical device, and extracting data indicating an operational status of the IMD (e.g., battery status and lead impedance). Telemetry link also provides for data transmission from external system to IMD. This includes, for example, programming the IMD to acquire physiological data, programming IMD to perform at least one self-diagnostic test (such as for a device operational status), and programming the IMD to deliver at least one therapy. FIG. 13 1340 1341 1342 1343 1342 1343 illustrates a system including an external device , an implantable neural stimulator (NS) device and an implantable cardiac rhythm management (CRM) device , according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. Various aspects involve a method for communicating between an NS device and a CRM device or other cardiac stimulator. In various embodiments, this communication allows one of the devices or to deliver more appropriate therapy (i.e. more appropriate NS therapy or CRM therapy) based on data received from the other device. Some embodiments provide on-demand communications. In various embodiments, this communication allows each of the devices to deliver more appropriate therapy (i.e. more appropriate NS therapy and CRM therapy) based on data received from the other device. The illustrated NS device and the CRM device are capable of wirelessly communicating with each other, and the external system is capable of wirelessly communicating with at least one of the NS and the CRM devices. For example, various embodiments use telemetry coils to wirelessly communicate data and instructions to each other. In other embodiments, communication of data and/or energy is by ultrasonic means. Rather than providing wireless communication between the NS and CRM devices, various embodiments provide a communication cable or wire, such as an intravenously-fed lead, for use to communicate between the NS device and the CRM device. In some embodiments, the external system functions as a communication bridge between the NS and CRM devices. FIGS. 14-15 18 19 and - illustrate system embodiments adapted to provide vagal stimulation, and are illustrated as bilateral systems that can stimulate both the left and right vagus nerve. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, upon reading and comprehending this disclosure, that systems can be designed to stimulate only the right vagus nerve, systems can be designed to stimulate only the left vagus nerve, and systems can be designed to bilaterally stimulate both the right and left vagus nerves. The systems can be designed to stimulate nerve traffic (providing a parasympathetic response when the vagus is stimulated), or to inhibit nerve traffic (providing a sympathetic response when the vagus is inhibited). Various embodiments deliver unidirectional stimulation or selective stimulation of some of the nerve fibers in the nerve. FIG. 14 1444 1445 1445 1446 illustrates a system embodiment in which an implantable medical device (IMD) is placed subcutaneously or submuscularly in a patient's chest with lead(s) positioned to stimulate a vagus nerve. According to various embodiments, neural stimulation lead(s) are subcutaneously tunneled to a neural target, and can have a nerve cuff electrode to stimulate the neural target. Some vagus nerve stimulation lead embodiments are intravascularly fed into a vessel proximate to the neural target, and use electrode(s) within the vessel to transvascularly stimulate the neural target. For example, some embodiments stimulate the vagus using electrode(s) positioned within the internal jugular vein. Other embodiments deliver neural stimulation to the neural target from within the trachea, the laryngeal branches of the internal jugular vein, and the subclavian vein. The neural targets can be stimulated using other energy waveforms, such as ultrasound and light energy waveforms. Other neural targets can be stimulated, such as cardiac nerves and cardiac fat pads. The illustrated system includes leadless ECG electrodes on the housing of the device. These ECG electrodes are capable of being used to detect heart rate, for example. Heart rate can be used as a feedback to titrate the neural stimulation intensity. However, the neural stimulation is delivered based upon a predetermined schedule with schedule parameter(s) selected to avoid physiological habituation to the vagus nerve stimulation, and is not initiated on-demand based on the heart rate. FIG. 15 1544 1545 1546 illustrates a system embodiment that includes an implantable medical device (IMD) with satellite electrode(s) positioned to stimulate at least one neural target. The satellite electrode(s) are connected to the IMD, which functions as the planet for the satellites, via a wireless link. Stimulation and communication can be performed through the wireless link. Examples of wireless links include RF links and ultrasound links. Examples of satellite electrodes include subcutaneous electrodes, nerve cuff electrodes and intravascular electrodes. Various embodiments include satellite neural stimulation transducers used to generate neural stimulation waveforms such as ultrasound and light waveforms. The illustrated system includes leadless ECG electrodes on the housing of the device. These ECG electrodes are capable of being used to detect heart rate, for example. Heart rate can be used as a feedback to titrate the neural stimulation intensity. However, the neural stimulation is delivered based upon a predetermined schedule with schedule parameter(s) selected to avoid physiological habituation to the vagus nerve stimulation, and is not initiated on-demand based on the heart rate. FIG. 16 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 illustrates an implantable medical device (IMD) having a neural stimulation (NS) component and a cardiac rhythm management (CRM) component according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. The illustrated device includes a controller and memory . According to various embodiments, the controller includes hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to perform the neural stimulation and CRM functions. For example, the programmed therapy applications discussed in this disclosure are capable of being stored as computer-readable instructions embodied in memory and executed by one or more processors. For example, therapy schedule(s) and programmable parameters can be stored in memory. According to various embodiments, the controller includes a processor to execute instructions embedded in memory to perform the neural stimulation and CRM functions. The illustrated neural stimulation therapy can include any neural stimulation therapy, such as a vagus nerve stimulation therapy for heart failure. Various embodiments include CRM therapies , such as bradycardia pacing, anti-tachycardia therapies such as ATP, defibrillation and cardioversion, and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The illustrated device further includes a transceiver and associated circuitry for use to communicate with a programmer or another external or internal device. Various embodiments include a telemetry coil. 1649 1655 1656 1657 1650 1655 1656 The CRM therapy section includes components, under the control of the controller, to stimulate a heart and/or sense cardiac signals using one or more electrodes. The illustrated CRM therapy section includes a pulse generator for use to provide an electrical signal through an electrode to stimulate a heart, and further includes sense circuitry to detect and process sensed cardiac signals. An interface is generally illustrated for use to communicate between the controller and the pulse generator and sense circuitry . Three electrodes are illustrated as an example for use to provide CRM therapy. However, the present subject matter is not limited to a particular number of electrode sites. Each electrode may include its own pulse generator and sense circuitry. However, the present subject matter is not so limited. The pulse generating and sensing functions can be multiplexed to function with multiple electrodes. 1648 1658 1659 1660 1658 1650 1659 1660 1661 The NS therapy section includes components, under the control of the controller, to stimulate a neural stimulation target and/or sense parameters associated with nerve activity or surrogates of nerve activity such as blood pressure and respiration. Three interfaces are illustrated for use to provide neural stimulation. However, the present subject matter is not limited to a particular number interfaces, or to any particular stimulating or sensing functions. Pulse generators are used to provide electrical pulses to transducer or transducers for use to stimulate a neural stimulation target. According to various embodiments, the pulse generator includes circuitry to set, and in some embodiments change, the amplitude of the stimulation pulse, the pulse width of the stimulation pulse, the frequency of the stimulation pulse, the burst frequency of the pulse, and the morphology of the pulse such as a square wave, triangle wave, sinusoidal wave, and waves with desired harmonic components to mimic white noise or other signals. Sense circuits are used to detect and process signals from a sensor, such as a sensor of nerve activity, blood pressure, respiration, and the like. The interfaces are generally illustrated for use to communicate between the controller and the pulse generator and sense circuitry . Each interface, for example, may be used to control a separate lead. Various embodiments of the NS therapy section only includes a pulse generator to stimulate a neural target. The illustrated device further includes a clock/timer , which can be used to deliver the programmed therapy according to a programmed stimulation protocol and/or schedule. FIG. 17 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1768 1762 shows a system diagram of an embodiment of a microprocessor-based implantable device, according to various embodiments. The controller of the device is a microprocessor which communicates with a memory via a bidirectional data bus. The controller could be implemented by other types of logic circuitry (e.g., discrete components or programmable logic arrays) using a state machine type of design. As used herein, the term “circuitry” should be taken to refer to either discrete logic circuitry or to the programming of a microprocessor. Shown in the figure are three examples of sensing and pacing channels designated “A” through “C” comprising bipolar leads with ring electrodes A-C and tip electrodes A-C, sensing amplifiers A-C, pulse generators A-C, and channel interfaces A-C. Each channel thus includes a pacing channel made up of the pulse generator connected to the electrode and a sensing channel made up of the sense amplifier connected to the electrode. The channel interfaces A-C communicate bidirectionally with the microprocessor , and each interface may include analog-to-digital converters for digitizing sensing signal inputs from the sensing amplifiers and registers that can be written to by the microprocessor in order to output pacing pulses, change the pacing pulse amplitude, and adjust the gain and threshold values for the sensing amplifiers. The sensing circuitry of the pacemaker detects a chamber sense, either an atrial sense or ventricular sense, when an electrogram signal (i.e., a voltage sensed by an electrode representing cardiac electrical activity) generated by a particular channel exceeds a specified detection threshold. Pacing algorithms used in particular pacing modes employ such senses to trigger or inhibit pacing. The intrinsic atrial and/or ventricular rates can be measured by measuring the time intervals between atrial and ventricular senses, respectively, and used to detect atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 The electrodes of each bipolar lead are connected via conductors within the lead to a switching network controlled by the microprocessor. The switching network is used to switch the electrodes to the input of a sense amplifier in order to detect intrinsic cardiac activity and to the output of a pulse generator in order to deliver a pacing pulse. The switching network also enables the device to sense or pace either in a bipolar mode using both the ring and tip electrodes of a lead or in a unipolar mode using only one of the electrodes of the lead with the device housing (can) or an electrode on another lead serving as a ground electrode. A shock pulse generator is also interfaced to the controller for delivering a defibrillation shock via shock electrodes and to the atria or ventricles upon detection of a shockable tachyarrhythmia. 1774 1775 1776 1777 1774 1775 1776 1777 Neural stimulation channels, identified as channels D and E, are incorporated into the device for delivering parasympathetic stimulation and/or sympathetic inhibition, where one channel includes a bipolar lead with a first electrode D and a second electrode D, a pulse generator D, and a channel interface D, and the other channel includes a bipolar lead with a first electrode E and a second electrode E, a pulse generator E, and a channel interface E. Other embodiments may use unipolar leads in which case the neural stimulation pulses are referenced to the can or another electrode. Other embodiments may use tripolar or multipolar leads. In various embodiments, the pulse generator for each channel outputs a train of neural stimulation pulses which may be varied by the controller as to amplitude, frequency, duty-cycle, and the like. In this embodiment, each of the neural stimulation channels uses a lead which can be intravascularly disposed near an appropriate neural target. Other types of leads and/or electrodes may also be employed. A nerve cuff electrode may be used in place of an intravascularly disposed electrode to provide neural stimulation. In some embodiments, the leads of the neural stimulation electrodes are replaced by wireless links. 1778 1762 The figure illustrates a telemetry interface connected to the microprocessor, which can be used to communicate with an external device. The illustrated microprocessor is capable of performing neural stimulation therapy routines and myocardial (CRM) stimulation routines. Examples of NS therapy routines include a vagus nerve stimulation therapies to treat ventricular remodeling, hypertension, and heart failure. The present subject matter is not limited to a particular neural stimulation therapy. Examples of myocardial therapy routines include bradycardia pacing therapies, anti-tachycardia shock therapies such as cardioversion or defibrillation therapies, anti-tachycardia pacing therapies (ATP), and cardiac resynchronization therapies (CRT). FIG. 18 1844 1879 1845 illustrates an IMD placed subcutaneously or submuscularly in a patient's chest with lead(s) positioned to provide a CRM therapy to a heart, and with lead(s) positioned to stimulate and/or inhibit neural traffic at a neural target, such as a vagus nerve, according to various embodiments. According to various embodiments, neural stimulation lead(s) are subcutaneously tunneled to a neural target, and can have a nerve cuff electrode to stimulate the neural target. Some lead embodiments are intravascularly fed into a vessel proximate to the neural target, and use transducer(s) within the vessel to transvascularly stimulate the neural target. For example, some embodiments target the vagus nerve using electrode(s) positioned within the internal jugular vein. FIG. 19 1944 1979 1945 illustrates an IMD with lead(s) positioned to provide a CRM therapy to a heart, and with satellite transducers positioned to stimulate/inhibit a neural target such as a vagus nerve, according to various embodiments. The satellite transducers are connected to the IMD, which functions as the planet for the satellites, via a wireless link. Stimulation and communication can be performed through the wireless link. Examples of wireless links include RF links and ultrasound links. Although not illustrated, some embodiments perform myocardial stimulation using wireless links. Examples of satellite transducers include subcutaneous electrodes, nerve cuff electrodes and intravascular electrodes. FIG. 20 2080 2080 2082 2083 2084 2080 2085 2084 2082 2083 2084 2086 2082 2082 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of an external system . The external system includes a programmer, in some embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment, the external system includes a patient management system. As illustrated, the external system is a patient management system including an external device , a telecommunication network , and a remote device . The external device is placed within the vicinity of an implantable medical device (IMD) and includes an external telemetry system to communicate with the IMD. The remote device(s) is in one or more remote locations and communicates with the external device through the network , thus allowing a physician or other caregiver to monitor and treat a patient from a distant location and/or allowing access to various treatment resources from the one or more remote locations. The illustrated remote device includes a user interface . According to various embodiments, the external device includes a neural stimulator, a programmer or other device such as a computer, a personal data assistant or phone. The external device , in various embodiments, includes two devices adapted to communicate with each other over an appropriate communication channel, such as a computer by way of example and not limitation. The external device can be used by the patient or physician to provide side effect feedback indicative of patient discomfort, for example. According to various embodiments, the device, as illustrated and described above, is adapted to deliver neural stimulation as electrical stimulation to desired neural targets, such as through one or more stimulation electrodes positioned at predetermined location(s). Other elements for delivering neural stimulation can be used. For example, some embodiments use transducers to deliver neural stimulation using other types of energy, such as ultrasound, light, magnetic or thermal energy. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that, the modules and other circuitry shown and described herein can be implemented using software, hardware, and combinations of software and hardware. As such, the terms module and circuitry, for example, are intended to encompass software implementations, hardware implementations, and software and hardware implementations. The methods illustrated in this disclosure are not intended to be exclusive of other methods within the scope of the present subject matter. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, upon reading and comprehending this disclosure, other methods within the scope of the present subject matter. The above-identified embodiments, and portions of the illustrated embodiments, are not necessarily mutually exclusive. These embodiments, or portions thereof, can be combined. In various embodiments, the methods are implemented using a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave or propagated signal, that represents a sequence of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors cause the processor(s) to perform the respective method. In various embodiments, the methods are implemented as a set of instructions contained on a computer-accessible medium capable of directing a processor to perform the respective method. In various embodiments, the medium is a magnetic medium, an electronic medium, or an optical medium. The above detailed description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 100 illustrates a neural stimulator device embodiment. The illustrated device is adapted to deliver chronic neural stimulation. FIG. 2 illustrates an example of variable stimulation periods (SP) and duty cycles (DC). FIG. 3 illustrates an example of constant stimulation periods (SP) and duty cycles (DC). FIG. 4 illustrates baroreflex adaptation using a relationship between carotid sinus pressure, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). FIG. 5 illustrates a method to periodically modulate neural stimulation, according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. FIGS. 6 and 7 show example waveforms as would be produced by recording the potential between stimulation electrodes. FIGS. 8 and 9 show example waveforms as would be produced by a capacitive discharge pulse output circuit. FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate embodiments of circuitry for delivering stimulation pulse trains. FIG. 12 1238 illustrates a system including an implantable medical device (IMD) and an external system or device, according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. FIG. 13 illustrates a system including an external device, an implantable neural stimulator (NS) device and an implantable cardiac rhythm management (CRM) device, according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. FIG. 14 illustrates a system embodiment in which an implantable medical device (IMD) is placed subcutaneously or submuscularly in a patient's chest with lead(s) positioned to stimulate a vagus nerve. FIG. 15 illustrates a system embodiment that includes an implantable medical device (IMD) with satellite electrode(s) positioned to stimulate at least one neural target. FIG. 16 illustrates an implantable medical device (IMD) having a neural stimulation (NS) component and a cardiac rhythm management (CRM) component according to various embodiments of the present subject matter. FIG. 17 shows a system diagram of an embodiment of a microprocessor-based implantable device, according to various embodiments. FIG. 18 illustrates an IMD placed subcutaneously or submuscularly in a patient's chest with lead(s) positioned to provide a CRM therapy to a heart, and with lead(s) positioned to stimulate and/or inhibit neural traffic at a neural target, such as a vagus nerve, according to various embodiments. FIG. 19 illustrates an IMD with lead(s) positioned to provide a CRM therapy to a heart, and with satellite transducers positioned to stimulate/inhibit a neural target such as a vagus nerve, according to various embodiments. FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of an external system.
Simultaneous bilinguals are far less numerous than children who acquire their two languages successively (certainly less than 20 percent of bilingual children). Although there is some variability in the rate of language acquisition among bilingual children, as there is among monolingual children, the main milestones are reached within the same age spans in the two groups. (…) As concerns the first word spoken, we’ve known for quite some time that monolingual and bilingual children do not differ; this takes place at around eleven months, on average. Other reported similarities between monolingual and bilingual children are: sounds or sound groups that are easier to produce appear sooner than those that are more difficult, some words are overextended, utterances slowly increase in length, simpler grammatical constructions are used before more complex ones, and so on. Most children become bilingual in a successive manner. That is, they learn one language in the home and then a second language at school or in the outside community. They therefore already have a language when they start acquiring the second one, and they can use their first language, to some extent at least (researchers diverge on the extent), in acquiring the new language. Learners can be very different from one another. They may come from different cultural, linguistic, and social groups; they may be of different ages; they may have different cognitive abilities (for example, perceptual skills, pattern recognition skills), as well as different attitudes toward trying new things and taking risks. Some will indeed actively venture forth, even if they make mistakes, while others will be more reserved, and sometimes the outcome of the latter approach may be more successful. This article really nails it all. Although my kids are raised trilingual since birth. They definately have pronounciation problems in their minority languages. We do have to pay special attention to this. And the risk taking is so clearly seen in my two kids. The eldest would not take any risk and chooses not to say something she is not sure about, where the youngest just has a go and shrugs his shoulders or has a big laugh when it is wrong.	http://www.multilingualliving.com/2010/11/15/extracts-from-bilingual-life-and-reality-chapter-15/
I first noticed the work of Denise Green, an Australian residing in New York since 1969, at the New Image Painting exhibition held by the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1978. Her paintings, along with those of Susan Rothenberg and Robert Moskowitz, marked a revival of the image or sign within the gestural field—a painterly concept generated by Jasper Johns more than two decades earlier. The year 1978 was also when the term “pluralism” became widely used, but only a handful of critics seem to use it correctly. Few understood that “pluralism” was an inevitable response to the breakdown of the Greenbergian hierarchy of aesthetic judgment. In her book, Metonymy in Contemporary Art: A New Paradigm (University of Minnesota Press, 2005), Green outlines her understanding of Greenberg’s formalist position and her complaints against it, which are complex, far-reaching and personal. From her perspective as an Australian, Greenberg’s reluctance to accept narrative structures in painting precluded his ability to embrace multicultural art. She goes on to show that Aboriginal art in Australia has no meaning in formalist terms because its meaning rests on telling a story related to the community, and the manner in which that story in embedded within the artist’s imagery. Were it not for the evocation of narrative, these paintings would be inaccessible to the majority of Western viewers. Metonymy—a term coined by the ethnologist Claude Levi-Strauss (as cited by Dr. Roland Moenig in his superb catalog essay for Green’s retrospective, reviewed below)— assigns no specific meaning to signs, as opposed to symbolism, which sets up a direct one-to-one correspondence between a sign and its referent, as in medieval iconography. Rather, it allows meaning to spread “in all directions, absorbing and conjoining ever new aspects of reality (near and far, conscious and unconscious, present and past …)” For Green, Aboriginal sand paintings—and, by association, her paintings—are less about form than about meaning; they are not about duality, but fusion and wholeness—an argument that emanates from traditional Eastern aesthetics. If Greenberg’s formalism held that all signs point inward, namely, to the medium itself (i.e., that painting is essentially about painting and sculpture is about sculpture), Green affirms abstract painting’s capacity to evoke personal feelings from the unconscious. Denise Green is a painter and a critic. While she unequivocally puts painting at the forefront of her activity, she has written extensively on issues in contemporary art, often raising difficult issues that others refuse to confront. For example, in Chapter Two of Metonymy, she argues that the German critic Walter Benjamin understood the mechanical arts (photography and film) much better than he understood painting and sculpture or other arts created by hand. Given his limitations in understanding non-mechanical aesthetics, he saw politics as the logical direction of art’s purpose and often ignored the religious and ritualistic aspects of art. From Green’s perspective, this distanced Benjamin from understanding “the Eastern notion of time” that is less linear than cyclical. His socio-political agenda is strictly western and therefore dualistic in its analytic precept. The sign and referent are too rigid, and therefore function in opposition to much Eastern philosophy, which tends to play with the openness of meaning in given structures, such as the mandala in painting, or even in certain ideograms and cursive forms of calligraphy. Green cites the “concentric nests” posited by the Indian poet and linguist, A. K. Ramanujan, in which narratives read as “encompassments” of the soul. Thus, Green’s Metonymy is about returning art to a kind of primal thinking and feeling where sensations move in and through the mind/body rather than functioning outside the terms of internal experience. Green’s retrospective exhibition ran throughout the summer months of 2006 at the Museum Kurhaus in the Rhineland town of Kleve—the hometown of Joseph Beuys, whose early studio was, at one time, in a downstairs room in an unrenovated section of the museum (formerly an old bath house redesigned in the early nineties by Walter Nikkels). Beuys’ work has been an inspiration for Green since the seventies, especially his interest in shamanism and myth. The retrospective, curated by Roland Moenig, is a superbly outlined exhibition of paintings and drawings, beginning from 1972 to the present, that reveals the consistency of her visual themes—such as Etruscan vases, windows, architecture, ladders, oriental fans, flowers, vertical stripes, and occasional figures—and the artist’s commitment to her ideas. There is a unforced quality throughout this accounting of her work, which begins with a watercolor of the “World Trade Center Plaza” (1975) and ends with two large triptychs entitled “A Rose is a Rose is a Rose” (2005), one predominantly in red, the other in yellow, dedicated to A.K. Ramanujan and inspired by the memory of the Mother. Also included are an extensive series of ink drawings from 1976 in which Green represents singular objects in a square space, including sections of architecture, both ancient and contemporary, as well as a figure, a sledge, a leaf, even a hybrid animal. In 1977 she proceeded to paint these objects on large square canvases. Two of the most striking paintings from this series are of the sledge, entitled “To Beuys #2”, and another from the following year, “To a Bearded Lady” (1978) in which a flat black “ghost vase” (as they are sometimes called) is asymmetrically positioned on a dense violet square with a series of thin vertical white lines beside it. Over the years, Green’s paintings have remained mostly within the square format with occasional forays into rectilinear space, as in two exemplary mural-size paintings done at the time of the attack on the World Trade Center. One, entitled “Surveillance #2” (2001), is painted in two panels. The objects represented on each panel include vases, fans, and generic, medieval-looking towers, painted with red and violet glazing. The other, entitled “Re-Witnessing” (2001), reiterates the theme of the vertical bands from the 1972 watercolor, “World Trade Center Plaza” but this time using ghost vases, amphorae, and two overlapping fans. The effect is quite moving given that “Re-Witnessing” was painted nearly thirty years after the watercolor. The two works might serve as historical bookends related to the artist’s experience of having lived with these iconic towers since they were built, always within close visual proximity to her studio. Finally, there is a site-specific installation designed by Green based on a series of small 35.5 cm square panels (approximately 13 inches)—painted largely in earth tones with red, green, and yellow glazes—focusing on a single object, an L-shaped block of carved stone. The stone is a fragment from the Frauenkirche, the famous Baroque cathedral in Dresden, which was destroyed by the Allies in the Second World War. The fragment was given to the artist by one of the workmen rebuilding the cathedral, and it became the leitmotif for Green’s painting/installation, entitled (as a group), the “Square Column Series” (2006). Each painted panel, which depicts the fragment in isometric perspective, is placed in a straight vertical configuration of four to five panels. Six vertical groupings have been beautifully installed in the rear of the museum’s lower level. The “Square Column Series” is the culmination of many of Denise Green’s motifs over more than three decades—not only from a formal point of view (as much as she eschews formalism) but from narrative and semiotic themes as well. Green’s metonymic link with the destroyed Frauenkirche is not unrelated to that of the World Trade Center nearly a half-century later. Not that one wartime catastrophe symbolizes another or is any greater than another; rather, both are interconnected as monuments within history that have disappeared in a fervor of violence. From a more intimate point of view, Green has often reflected on the death of her father and mother by means of imagery taken from another place and time; this is a more personal interpretation of the metonymic paradigm, in which the unconscious revelation of grief comes to the surface. Without forcing the issue, Green is trying to restore to painting a sense of reality that is beyond repression and anxiety, and thus, to explain how painting can still perform in a way that commercial media and advertising cannot. Her paintings are not about reflecting the times. She is not painting mirrors. Instead, they are about being in the center of time, within time, and open to the possibility of significance. ContributorRobert C. Morgan Robert C. Morgan is a non-objective painter who lectures on art and writes art criticism. In 2017, he was given an overview of his career as an artist at Proyectos Monclova in Mexico City. Known primarily for his writing and curatorial projects, Morgan has published numerous books and catalogues internationally, now translated into 20 languages. His anthologies of criticism on Gary Hill and Bruce Nauman were published in 2000 and 2002 respectively through Johns Hopkins Press. www.robertcmorgan.com RECOMMENDED ARTICLES The frame that suffocates the imageBy Amy Knight Powell OCT 2020 \| Critics Page On one of the prints he designed in support of the 1968 student protests in France, Asger Jorn scrawled: break the frame that suffocates the image. Rochelle Feinstein: Image of an ImageBy David Carrier FEB 2019 \| ArtSeen What can an abstract painting represent? Rochelle Feinstein offers a plenitude of answers. Image of an Image is the most challenging retrospective that I have recently had the pleasure of viewing. Sarah Charlesworth: Image LanguageBy Robert C. Morgan MAY 2020 \| ArtSeen The majority of what is presented at the Printed Matter exhibition is drawn from Charlesworth’s seemingly infinite collection of photographic imagery, taken from various sources in various working contexts. This exhibition represents the systemic basis of Charlesworths research and highlights the fundamental archival elements that define her life’s work. Wayne Thiebaud 100: Paintings, Prints, and DrawingsBy Hearne Pardee NOV 2020 \| ArtSeen Visitors seeking comfort in paintings of desserts will find old favorites like Pies, Pies, Pies (1961), but the larger body of Thiebauds works challenges us with levels of visual invention and expressive depth that link the visionary potential of comics to his disciplined investigation of the image and its material field.	https://brooklynrail.org/2006/10/artseen/denise-green
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC OR AS A TEXT FILE VIA THE OFFICE ELECTRONIC FILING SYSTEM STATEMENT REGARDING PRIOR DISCLOSURES BY THE INVENTOR OR JOINT INVENTOR Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (1) Field of the Invention (2) Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98 The disclosure relates to caddy devices and more particularly pertains to a new caddy device for storing tools and objects on a folding ladder. The prior art relates to caddy devices. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An embodiment of the disclosure meets the needs presented above by generally comprising a box that has a sloped side that is positionable against a back set of legs of a folding ladder when the folding ladder is deployed. A mount is coupled to the box and the mount comprises a leg and a foot. The leg rests on a top step of the ladder for retaining the box on the ladder. The foot rests against a front set of legs of the ladder to inhibit the box from sliding away from the ladder. A pair of stops is each coupled to the box. Each of the stops abuts against the back legs of the ladder thereby inhibiting the box from sliding laterally off of the ladder. There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the disclosure in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the disclosure that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. The objects of the disclosure, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the disclosure, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) The disclosure will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a ladder caddy assembly according to an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 2 is a bottom view of an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 3 is a left side view of an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 4 is a top view of an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 5 is a perspective in-use view of an embodiment of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIGS. 1 through 5 10 With reference now to the drawings, and in particular to thereof, a new caddy device embodying the principles and concepts of an embodiment of the disclosure and generally designated by the reference numeral will be described. FIGS. 1 through 5 10 12 14 16 18 18 12 20 22 24 24 26 28 30 14 22 32 12 As best illustrated in , the ladder caddy assembly generally comprises a box that has a sloped side that is positionable against a back set of legs of a folding ladder when the folding ladder is deployed. The box has a basal wall , a top wall and an outer wall extending therebetween. The outer wall has a front side , a first lateral side , a second lateral side and the sloped side . The top wall has a primary opening extending into an interior of the box for storing objects. 22 34 12 34 28 24 32 22 36 12 36 28 24 32 36 The top wall has a plurality of apertures each extending into the interior of the box to insertably receive an elongated tool, such as a screwdriver or the like, for storage. Each of the apertures is positioned between the first lateral side of the outer wall and the primary opening . The top wall has a plurality of the secondary openings each extending into the interior of the box to insertably receive an elongated tool for storage. Each of the secondary openings is positioned between the first lateral side of the outer wall and the primary opening . Additionally, each of the secondary openings is elongated and may have a rectangular shape. 14 20 22 22 20 12 38 38 28 30 24 12 38 22 12 38 40 42 38 44 40 42 38 The sloped side angles outwardly between the basal wall and the top wall such that the top wall has a width that is greater than a width of the basal wall . The box includes pair of wings and each of the wings extends away from a respective one of the first lateral side and the second lateral side of the outer wall of the box . Each of the wings is aligned with the top wall of the box and each of the wings has a top surface and a bottom surface . Additionally, each of the wings has a slot extending through the top surface and the bottom surface for gripping each of the wings . 46 46 12 48 12 46 50 52 50 46 54 56 26 24 12 52 46 57 58 14 24 12 A pair of dividers is provided and each of the dividers is removably positionable in the box for defining a plurality of compartments in the box . Each of the dividers has a front edge and a back edge . The front edge of each of the dividers slidably engages a respective engagement on an inside surface of the front side of the outer wall of the box . The back edge of each of the dividers slidably engages a respective engagement on an inside surface of the sloped side of the outer wall of the box . 60 12 60 62 64 62 61 18 12 18 64 62 64 66 18 60 12 18 64 14 24 12 62 68 68 70 A mount is coupled to the box and the mount comprises a leg and a foot . The leg rests on a top step of the folding ladder for retaining the box on the folding ladder . The foot angles away from the leg and the foot rests against a front set of legs of the folding ladder . In this way the mount inhibits the box from sliding away from the folding ladder . The foot slants away from the sloped side of the outer wall of the box . The leg has an upper surface and the upper surface has a well extending downwardly therein for storing objects. 72 62 60 72 72 68 62 72 70 A pair of magnets is each coupled to the leg of the mount . Each of the magnets magnetically engages metallic objects, such as nails, screws or other loose objects, for storage. Each of the magnets is positioned on the upper surface of the leg . Additionally, each of the magnets is positioned on opposite sides of the well from each other. 74 74 12 74 14 12 74 66 18 12 18 74 76 14 74 20 12 62 60 74 28 30 24 12 A pair of stops is provided and each of the stops is coupled to the box . Each of the stops is positioned on the sloped side of the box . Additionally, each of the stops abuts against the back legs of the folding ladder thereby inhibiting the box from sliding laterally off of the folding ladder . Each of the stops is positioned on an outer surface of the sloped side and each of the stops extends between the basal wall of the box and the leg of the mount . Each of the stops is positioned adjacent to a respective one of the first lateral side and the second lateral side of the outer wall of the box . 12 60 18 18 18 74 12 60 18 72 18 In use, the box and the mount are positioned on top of the folding ladder when the folding ladder is deployed. Thus, tools and other objects can be stored on top of the folding ladder . Additionally, each of the stops inhibits the box and the mount from sliding laterally off of the folding ladder . Nails, screws or other loose metallic objects can be stored on each of the magnets thereby inhibiting the nails, screws or other loose objects from rolling off of the folding ladder . With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of an embodiment enabled by the disclosure, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by an embodiment of the disclosure. Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the disclosure. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the disclosure to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the disclosure. In this patent document, the word “comprising” is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be only one of the elements.
Do you like this video? Play Sound Contents History Calizuma and his warrior wizards found a valley in the Himalayas and altered their appearance to seem as man-apes, to attract there the Silver Surfer. While he thought he was teaching them, they were subtly penetrating and controlling his mind, in order for him to serve the Undying Ones. Calizuma was eventually defeated by the Defenders, who took him down by striking him with all their power at once. Powers and Abilities Powers He was a magician powerful enough that it took all four original Defenders to defeat him. He is a skilled illusion-caster and could project mystical bolts of energy from his hands among other abilities. See Also - 2 appearance(s) of Calizuma (Earth-616) - 1 mentions of Calizuma (Earth-616) - 3 image(s) of Calizuma (Earth-616) Links and References Footnotes Like this? Let us know!	https://marvel.fandom.com/wiki/Calizuma_(Earth-616)
Example: Q: Does Venus exhibit retrograde motion? (1 mark) A: No. This is because Venus orbits the Sun and not the Earth. The first part is correct: Venus does not exhibit retrograde motion. But the explanation is incorrect: the reason Venus doesn't exhibit retrograde motion is because it's closer to the Sun than we are. Mars for example also orbits the Sun and not the Earth, but does exhibit retrograde motion. Do I award 1 mark or 0? On the one hand, for obvious reasons, the grading scheme only covers whether the student said "yes" or "no". Based on that, I should award 1 mark. Further, if the student hadn't written the incorrect explanation, then the answer is perfect, and it feels wrong to penalize the student for going beyond what the question asks for. On the other hand, the explanation is clearly incorrect and the student should've known the correct explanation (it's part of the curriculum). It also feels wrong to award full marks for semi-incorrect answers. For example, if the student had written something silly such as "This is because Venus is made of Swiss cheese", do I still award 1 mark?! Ideally, I'd award 0.5 marks, but for various reasons fractional scores aren't permissible.	https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/123593/in-a-yes-no-question-student-gives-the-right-answer-and-a-unnecessary-but-wrong/123680
As the internet has become more integral to the US economy and our lives, it is important that we are working not only to build computer or digital skills but also advocating for internet availability, especially in poorer neighborhoods. The Brookings Institute has put together excellent analysis and a really nifty digital interface that can show both the availability of ‘broadband’ or internet access as well as the subscription rate in different urban areas. The Brookings analysis shows, for instance, that in Jackson, MS, over 15% of the population has no access to internet and in Birmingham, AL, about 10% of the population has no access. Even access does not mean that most people buy or subscribe to broadband. Subscription rates could be low either because households cannot afford subscription or do not have the digital literacy or capability. In Greensboro-High Point, NC for instance 23% of the population lives in areas with very poor subscription rates. The interactive maps show details down to census tract levels. This is very important for many reasons. Internet is very important for kids in school to help develop their digital capabilities and also enable them access to the internet for homework. Households can also potentially cut cable TV spending for entertainment and use digital streaming platforms with newer TVs. And increasingly, internet access is also important for access to various services, including training platforms as well as access to jobs. This also underscores the importance of digital literacy in the communities that the National Fund serves. I feel that digital skills should be an essential part of any workforce development program to help prepare workers for the future.	https://nationalfund.org/broadband-availabilitysubscription-and-computer-or-digital-skills/
Hayam K Nazif1, Azza A El Shaheed2, Karima A.I. El-Shamy3, Manal A Mohsen2, Nevein N Fadl3, Rehab S.I. Moustafa2, 1 Department of Medical Studies, Institute of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Cairo, Egypt 2 Department of Child Health, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt 3 Department of Medical Physiology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt Correspondence Address: Background/aim Obesity and iron deficiency are the most common nutritional disorders in the world. The aim of this work was to assess the iron status, including serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation, serum ferritin and soluble serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), among obese Egyptian adolescents. Patients and methods A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 80 adolescents aged 12-14 years who attended the Nutritional Clinic of the National Research Centre. They were divided into two equal groups of 40 adolescents each: the obese group and the nonobese group. Thorough clinical examination including anthropometric measurements was performed. Haemoglobin level was assessed using the cyanmethaemoglobin method. Serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin and sTfR were analysed using ELISA. Results Obese adolescents revealed significantly lower levels of haemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation, and significantly higher diastolic blood pressure and higher TIBC and sTfR, compared with the nonobese group. Obese adolescents had higher frequency of iron deficiency anaemia compared with nonobese adolescents (80 vs. 17.5%). Conclusion Weight loss programmes for obese adolescents are essential for correction of iron status. Iron fortification for obese adolescents is recommended.	https://www.new.asmr.eg.net/printarticle.asp?issn=1687-4293;year=2015;volume=10;issue=2;spage=76;epage=81;aulast=Nazif
The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) will hold a public meeting from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. on Wednesday, February 8, 2023 to discuss proposed improvement projects to the Interstate 4 (I-4) interchange at Apopka-Vineland Road (State Road (S.R.) 535). The purpose of this project located in Orange County is to partially reconstruct the interchange to enhance safety and improve access to and from westbound I-4 and to add capacity to I-4. The public meeting is being held to present information and to receive community feedback. Learn more about the I-4 and Apopka-Vineland Road project. The meeting will provide residents and motorists with details about the proposed improvement projects and a potential timeline for construction. Design engineers will be on-site to answer questions and explain the proposed improvements with the help of large display maps, video, and informational handouts. Attendees can comment on and ask questions about the projects. The Department is offering multiple ways for the community to participate in the meeting. All participants, regardless of which platform they choose, will participate in the same live meeting. Virtual Option: Interested persons may join the Virtual Public Meeting (VPM) from a computer, tablet, or mobile device at 5 p.m. A VPM is a free live presentation or webinar over the internet. For this option, advance registration is required by visiting fdot.tips/i4meeting . Once registered, participants will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the meeting online. Please note, Internet Explorer cannot be used to register or attend this webinar. If joining online, please allow adequate time to log in to view the presentation in its entirety. Phone Option (Listen Only): Participants may join the meeting in listen-only mode by dialing 562-247-8422 and entering the passcode 834-249-252 when prompted. In-Person Open House Option: Participants may attend in person by going to the Floridays Resort Orlando at 12562 International Drive, Orlando, FL 32821 anytime between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. to view a looping presentation and project displays, speak with project team members, and submit comments or questions. If attending in person, please remember to follow all safety and sanitation guidelines. If you are feeling unwell, please consider attending the meeting virtually or by phone.	https://i4beyond.com/public-meeting/i4-at-apopka-vineland-road-s-r-535-interchange-public-meeting/
It is easy to overlook the importance of those fledgling Greek farmers, but they were a unique phenomenon for mankind. In the developed civilizations outside of Greece, agriculture was centralized and highly bureaucratic, with Kings considered semi-divine, wielding power in societies where concepts of individual liberty meant very little. By contrast, the Greek civilization that would emerge with the rise of the independent farmer fostered an idea of an active political and communal life, had a limited bureaucracy and lacked the separate castes of priests and full time bureaucrats that were present in other Mediterranean and Near East civilizations. It was a society in which secular, speculative natural philosophy rooted in reason could emerge and flourish. In short, Western civilization emerged on a foundation of free, independent farmers who privately owned and worked their own land. Confidence in the permanence of the ownership of their own land led farmers to invest in their improvement, and cultivated a recognizable set of characteristic values: strong family units, self reliance, skepticism of government interference, distrust of taxation and a respect for property rights and individual freedom. Independent and outspoken, the family farmer embodied virtues that underpinned democracy. These traces run throughout Western history. The significance of the independent farmer was reflected in the political and military importance of the Hoplite class in ancient Greece. These farmer-citizen-soldiers personified the polis, the wider community. Even as the Greek City States fell into decline the farmer-citizen-soldier ideal remained present in Western thought. The early expansion of Republican Rome rested on its fighting men, and these were independent farmers able to afford the necessary equipment. It was men like Cincinnatus who came to be looked upon as the Roman ideal. An aristocrat who worked his own land, he was twice nominated dictator when Rome was in peril, and twice he held power for no longer that absolutely necessary, returning to his farm when his job was done. As the Republic became a victim of its own success and large scale slave plantations emerged in the Italian countryside, writers such as Cato, Cicero and Virgil would praise the virtue of the independent farmer, lament his demise and argue that the moral fiber of Rome was also declining hand in hand. Decades later, many would compare George Washington to Cincinnatus. Revolutionary officers, well schooled in the classics, established the Society of the Cincinnati to promote and preserve the ideals and beliefs of the American Revolution. The leading founding fathers were all landholders, and America was not unique in this regard. Farming communities are natural opponents of oppressive and alien regimes. The British discovered this in the Revolutionary War, as did the French Republic in the Vendee, Napoleon in Spain and the British Empire again against the Boers. While George Washington may have represented the ideal, it was Thomas Jefferson who was the most prominent agrarian of the Founding Fathers. In a letter written in 1785 Jefferson stated that “Cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens. They are the most vigorous, the most independent, the most virtuous, and they are tied to their country and wedded to its liberty and interests by the most lasting bonds”. For Jefferson, the only sound base for a free democratic Republic was a society comprised of independent landholding farmers. He would write to George Washington in 1787, expressing his belief that “Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real wealth, good morals, and happiness.” Jefferson believed, as did his classical predecessors, that farming was not simply an economic mode of life, a means to an end. It was something more, and the farmer impacted the culture, society and morals of the wider nation. The farmer looked not to others to live, but to the earth and to heaven. He was not dependent on patronage, and had no need to cater to others, and it was these individuals that Jefferson believed would be the bedrock of the new American Republic and the best defenders of liberty. This was not just romantic idealism on the part of Jefferson. The young American nation would see three armed anti-tax revolts from farmers in less than eighteen years. 1786 saw Shay’s Rebellion in Massachusetts, 1791 the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, and in 1799 Fries’s Rebellion—once again in Pennsylvania. If vigilance was the price of liberty, it was the independent farmer who seemed most willing to bear the cost. Given the idealization of the yeoman farmer as a bastion of independence and individuality, it is then no surprise that Marxism would see the farmer and his rural community as a threat. Farmers, conservative in nature, untrusting of interfering government and largely self reliant, were incompatible with the ideals espoused by Marx, who dismissed the “idiocy of rural life”, as well as the abolition of private property fundamental to farming—two of the ten planks outlined in the Communist Manifesto are clearly focused at undermining the rural ideals of individuality and independence. “Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state, the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan” and “Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries, gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equitable distribution of population over the country” can only been seen as an implicit recognition by the opponents of private property and personal freedom as to how important a farming community is to fostering and preserving such beliefs. Within this wider historic context, one can only look at the current state of American farming with a great unease. The family farm has long been on the decline. Sixty years ago there were over six million farms in America, now less than two million remain. Three percent of farms earning more than $500,000 in sales account for 44% of US agricultural production. The average farmer earned only $8,000 in 1996. In contrast the packaged food company ConAgra can boast revenues of over ten billion dollars. Farming is becoming anonymous, industrial and harmful. The family farm is being strangled not by economic turmoil, environmental catastrophe or disease, but by pen and ink—government rules and regulations have a disproportionately negative impact on small-scale farms. These small operations do not have the flexibility and size to absorb the needless regulations and the changing whims and demands of bureaucrats, while the current structure of subsidies also favors quantity over quality. The latest attack on the family farm to come from the Federal Government, involving restrictive child labor laws, was, we are thankful to say, abandoned, but it is representative of the draconian and detached manner in which small farmers have been treated by successive governments. In addition to this domestic threat of a meddling and stifling government, globalization is also hastening the decline of the American farm. The costs of “free” trade are being felt on our farms as they are in our factories, but farmers are in a more difficult position than factory owners, mobile laborers or skilled workers. Farmers are connected to a fixed landscape with knowledge invested in the characteristics of their locality. To apply the cold and simplistic arguments of free trade and globalization to farming is naive in the extreme. Those who would do so would do well to bear in mind the wisdom of Adam Smith, who in his “Wealth of Nations” declared farming the most natural occupation for man and thought of farming as the most productive of economic enterprises, and crucial to the well being of all. In a modern world that favors mobility and those who have no attachment to place, small family farmers can only stand to lose. Farmers and the practice of farming must receive special consideration. This is not just a practice that produces jobs and goods to be consumed, but a way of life that sustains unique traditions, cultures and human links to the landscape. The increased diversity of land use, stewardship of the environment, community empowerment and local economic benefits all act to boost the wider well being of our nation. Some might argue that the decline of the family farm and the communities they support parallel the decline of the nation as a whole. For most of its history America was predominantly rural in character, with farmers being the most active of political citizens. Neither serving nor ruling, it was the independent farmer that came nearest to realizing the American dream. You don’t have to subscribe to Marxism to agree that the dominant economic mode of life has a large impact on the character of a society. Nor do you have to be a romanticist to feel unease about the health of a society that rests on ever centralizing, commercializing and impersonal urban centers. The rural landscape acts as a mirror of the wider civilization, and the reflection cast in America is an unhealthy one.	https://www.homestead.org/homesteading-history/farmer-civilization-liberty/
the water collected is used only for irrigation. Irrigation is defined as water used only for garden, lawn, nursery and agricultural uses such as growth, leaching, cooling, treating, humidifying, frost protection and replenishment of soil. are of a colour and finish that complements the existing building(s). It is preferred that tanks be located so they are not in front of your dwelling and do not affect the amenity of your neighbours. Where a reticulated water system is available, Council does not recommend the use of rainwater for human consumption, bathing, food preparation and utensil washing. When a cross-connection with rainwater and town water supply is required, please contact Council's plumbing section for the advice on the types of backflow protection and other issues. A licensed plumber needs to be engaged for any regulated work such as installing rainwater tanks for any other use than irrigation.	https://www.gympie.qld.gov.au/rainwater-tanks
The Asian Development Bank has underscored the need for exploring the potential of the Meghna River as an alternative water source for the Dhaka dwellers. It also describes the fragile state of the city’s current drinking water supply due to increasing demand and surface contamination. The donor agency made the remarks at its publication for August 2019, titled ‘Protecting the Meghna River: a sustainable water resource for Dhaka’ which was published at its website on Wednesday. In the publication, ADB assess the threats the Meghna River faces and identify the protection measures needed to ensure that; so that it can become a sustainable and safe supply of drinking water. These measures include designating ecological critical areas, promoting cleaner industrial production, monitoring pollution, controlling wastewater discharges and pesticide use, and empowering local stewardship of the river. As per the publication, In Dhaka, Bangladesh, mounting pressures have forced decision makers and planners to look for alternate sources of drinking water. Surface water near the city is heavily contaminated, and groundwater under the city is insufficient to meet current demand. Furthermore, rapid population growth is putting additional strain on an already scarce resource. Fortunately, a viable solution exists in the Meghna River, which is located a mere 30 kilometers east of Dhaka. In the coming years, this source is expected to provide more than 40 per cent of the drinking water for Dhaka’s 20 million residents. For this to be a feasible solution, a number of steps need to be taken in order to ensure the sustainability of this water source. The quality of Meghna River water is still reasonably good, but scenarios suggest it could become too polluted for drinking within the next 5 years. For protecting the river from pollution, ADB observed that strong monitoring and enforcement by the government will be necessary to avoid pollution and maintain good water quality supply in the Meghna River. The joint institutional setup by Department of Environment and Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority and collaboration with local administration should be an effective arrangement, and avoiding river pollution by declaring an Ecological Critical Area for the protection of biodiversity will in turn protect the two water intake points. The newly declared economic zones in the Meghna River area should have state-of-the-art production methods with adequate treatment facilities or central Effluent Treatment Plant to minimizs the waste load to the river. Small and medium-sized industries that do not have an ETP or operate poorly must be brought under compliance, and cleaner production is recommended to reduce discharge load and maximize profit. Municipal solid waste and wastewater should not be directly discharged into the river. The DOE should take appropriate action in applying its regulatory instruments like site clearances and environmental clearance certificates. It should require all new development proposals along the Meghna River to include assessment of the cumulative impacts on water quality. The river water quality monitoring programme conducted under the Technical Assistance should be continued by the government and a continuous monitoring system with an early warning facility should be established at both intake points. Together, these measures executed in earnest should help in protecting the water quality of the Meghna River for Dhaka’s sustainable water supply. Want stories like this in your inbox?	http://www.newagebd.net/article/82110/adb-for-protecting-meghna-for-sustainable-water-supply-to-dhaka
How to get the most out of a virtual-reality headset When it comes to VR, the most important thing you need to know is that you don’t have to wear one to experience the best virtual-theater experience. And that’s where a lot of people’s minds have gone, and the Oculus Rift comes in handy. But there’s a lot to learn when it comes down to how to use a headset. Here are some things you should know about how to set up your virtual reality headset. How do I set up my headset? When you’re looking at the Oculus Touch controllers on a stand or stand-alone stand, it’s easy to see that they have buttons that you can click to control the camera. To access your favorite feature on the Oculus, you’ll want to move the cursor to the top of the screen. To do this, simply move your cursor from the top to the bottom of the display, and click and drag it to move your camera to that spot. You can then click and hold on the cursor, and a little motion will trigger the camera to shoot. If you’re not used to this, you may want to get used to the clicky, clicky action. Once you’ve got your cursor to a spot on the screen, it’ll be possible to click the buttons on your VR headset to change the orientation of your camera. You’ll then need to move that cursor back and forth between the Oculus display and the position of your virtual camera. The cursor should always stay in the center of the virtual camera, which is a good thing if you’re going to shoot with a virtual camera that’s not currently facing you. If you have multiple virtual cameras, you can move your virtual ones to any other point on the display. This allows you to see what’s coming up on your display without having to click a button. This is especially helpful if you’ve made the switch to a different virtual camera and want to keep your camera facing the same direction as your camera is currently facing. You can also click and move your Oculus camera to the same spot as your virtual eye by clicking and dragging it to the left or right of your display. This is where you want to make sure you’re using the correct motion for your Oculus. For example, if you were looking at your Oculus display from the side, you would want to click and pull down your virtual head. If your virtual eyes are looking up from the sides, they would click and rotate to match up with the motion of your Oculus eyes. The right hand side of the Oculus is where your eyes should be looking, and your virtual left hand side is where they should be pointing. You want to aim your virtual right eye at the top left corner of the VR display. The same thing goes for your virtual chest. If it’s up, your virtual body should be down, and vice versa. If the virtual chest is down, your head should be facing forward, and if it’s forward, your body should face back. You should be aiming your virtual torso for the side of your face with your left hand. You should be targeting the side that you’re standing on, and pointing your virtual arms to the side you’re sitting on. When you’ve done all of this, it should look something like this:You should also note that the Oculus displays are rotated 90 degrees every time you move your mouse or use the Oculus touchpad. This means that if you try to rotate the Oculus up or down by more than a degree, you will experience a strange effect known as “rotating eye.” It should also be noted that the camera on the top is always on, so your virtual view is always the same. The Oculus Touch controller is one of the most popular and useful VR headsets on the market. You could also try the Samsung Gear VR or the Oculus Tracker, but the Oculus has been out for quite some time. If not for the Oculus headset, you’d be looking at a lot more expensive hardware than this. In order to set the Rift up to work with the Oculus and get the best VR experience, you need two things: the headset itself and the software that will make it work. The Oculus Rift is available for purchase from Amazon for $600, or you can pick it up directly from Oculus for $500. If Oculus wants to sell a Rift at retail, they typically have it priced at $800, so it’s not uncommon to see them offering $800 and up. If the headset is sold out, it might be worth picking up the Oculus Starter Bundle, which includes the headset, headset accessories, and two additional games. The bundle includes: The Rift headset, the Oculus Trackpad accessory, and three additional games that will work with it. You may want a third game for extra immersion if you plan to use the headset with other controllers. The Starter Bundle is only available on the Amazon platform, and it is only valid for the US.	https://binbirdemo.com/tag/landscape-design-software/
299 F.3d 1138 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Benjamin J. DIAZ-JUAREZ, Defendant-Appellant. No. 01-50263. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. Argued and Submitted February 12, 2002. Filed August 15, 2002. Katherine Kimball, San Diego, CA, for the defendant-appellant. Patrick K. O'Toole, United States Attorney, Mark A. Inciong, Assistant United States Attorney, U.S. Attorney's Office, San Diego, CA, for the plaintiff-appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California; Howard B. Turrentine, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CR 00-2380 HBT. Before FERGUSON, TASHIMA, and GRABER, Circuit Judges. Opinion by Judge TASHIMA; Concurrence by Judge GRABER; Dissent by Judge FERGUSON. OPINION TASHIMA, Circuit Judge. 1 Defendant-Appellant Benjamin Diaz-Juarez ("Diaz") entered a conditional guilty plea to conspiracy to distribute marijuana and methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1), while reserving his right to appeal. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(a)(2). He now appeals the district court's denial of his motion to suppress evidence based on an assertedly illegal investigatory stop. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm. I. BACKGROUND 2 Shortly after midnight on June 29, 2000, Border Patrol agent Arturo Rodriguez ("Agent Rodriguez"), a four-and-a-half-year Border Patrol veteran, observed Diaz traveling south on Tierra del Sol Road, approximately five miles north of the United States/Mexico border. Agent Rodriguez's suspicions were aroused initially because residents of the local community generally were not out at that time of night. The area also was known for illegal alien crossings and smuggling activity, and there had been reports that large, military-style duffel bags, presumably filled with contraband, were about to be moved north across the border. 3 Based on this initial suspicion, Agent Rodriguez followed Diaz. While doing so, he noticed that the vehicle was not registered in the area, the rear of the vehicle bounced erratically over small bumps, the rear of the vehicle appeared raised and the suspension modified, and the vehicle was slowing and speeding in a manner suggesting that the driver was unfamiliar with the area. 4 Agent Rodriguez stopped Diaz approximately one-quarter mile from the border. Diaz admitted that he was an illegal alien and indicated that he was headed to the Makin' Bacon Ranch to look after the owner's pigs. Diaz was taken into custody for processing and voluntary return to Mexico. No inspection of the vehicle or other inquiry into possible drug — or alien — smuggling activity was conducted at that time. 5 At approximately 6:30 that morning, Agent Rodriguez prepared a "Record of Deportable/Inadmissible Alien," documenting the stop, in which he noted that the Makin' Bacon Ranch is in an area known for smuggling activity. Shortly thereafter, agents seized 269.5 pounds of marijuana at the Makin' Bacon Ranch. While in custody for processing, Diaz implicated himself in a conspiracy to smuggle the marijuana seized at the ranch. Agents then searched Diaz's backpack, finding a glass pipe and five small packages of methamphetamine. 6 After he was indicted, Diaz moved to suppress evidence, contending that the investigatory stop was illegal. At the suppression hearing, the district court concluded that Agent Rodriguez had reasonable suspicion and denied Diaz's motion. It held that "[t]his officer had every right to stop that vehicle, because he believed based on the totality of the circumstances that criminal activity was afoot." II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 7 Whether an investigatory stop is supported by reasonable suspicion presents a mixed question of law and fact. United States v. Garcia-Camacho, 53 F.3d 244, 245 (9th Cir.1995). While we review mixed questions of law and fact de novo, United States v. Duarte-Higareda, 113 F.3d 1000, 1002 (9th Cir.1997), factual determinations underlying this inquiry are reviewed for clear error, United States v. Garcia-Acuna, 175 F.3d 1143, 1146 (9th Cir.1999). III. DISCUSSION 8 The Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures extends to the brief investigatory stop of a vehicle. See United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 878, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975). Accordingly, an officer may not detain a motorist without "reasonable suspicion." United States v. Rodriguez, 976 F.2d 592, 594 (9th Cir.1992), amended by 997 F.2d 1306 (9th Cir.1993). Reasonable suspicion consists of "specific, articulable facts which, together with objective and reasonable inferences, form the basis for suspecting that the particular person detained is engaged in criminal activity." Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Reasonable suspicion may not be "based on broad profiles which cast suspicion on entire categories of people without any individualized suspicion of the particular person to be stopped." United States v. Rodriguez-Sanchez, 23 F.3d 1488, 1492 (9th Cir.1994), overruled in part on other grounds by United States v. Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d 1122, 1131-32 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 889, 121 S.Ct. 211, 148 L.Ed.2d 148 (2000). 9 In the context of stops made near a border, the Supreme Court has identified a non-exclusive set of factors that may be considered in determining whether reasonable suspicion exists: (1) characteristics of the area in which a vehicle is encountered; (2) proximity to the border; (3) usual traffic patterns on the particular road; (3) previous experience with alien traffic; (4) recent illegal border crossings in the area; (5) erratic or evasive driving behavior; (6) aspects of the vehicle; and (7) the behavior or appearance of the driver. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. at 884-85, 95 S.Ct. 2574. 10 While an officer should consider these factors in light of experience detecting illegal entry and smuggling, "experience may not be used to give the officers unbridled discretion in making a stop." Nicacio v. United States INS, 797 F.2d 700, 705 (9th Cir.1985), overruled in part on other grounds by Hodgers-Durgin v. de la Vina, 199 F.3d 1037, 1045 (9th Cir.1999) (en banc). An investigatory stop must be based on facts, not the "mere subjective impressions of a particular officer," United States v. Hernandez-Alvarado, 891 F.2d 1414, 1416 (9th Cir.1989), and the inferences drawn by the officer must be objective and reasonable, United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981). 11 Diaz argues that Agent Rodriguez did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop. Relying primarily on this court's analyses in United States v. Sigmond-Ballesteros, 247 F.3d 943 (9th Cir.2001), superseded by 285 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir.2002), and United States v. Arvizu, 217 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir.2000), rev'd, 534 U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002), Diaz argues that his driving behavior, the characteristics of his vehicle, and the suspicion of contraband-laden duffel bags just south of the border, all have innocent explanations; accordingly, he argues, this court may not factor them into its reasonable suspicion analysis. 12 This argument, however, is unavailing. In United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002), the Supreme Court reaffirmed that the proper reasonable suspicion analysis considers the combination of factors motivating an investigatory stop to determine whether they support a finding of reasonable suspicion under the "totality of the circumstances." 122 S.Ct. at 750. Individual factors that may appear innocent in isolation may constitute suspicious behavior when aggregated together. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 9-10, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989). While some of the factors that led Agent Rodriguez to stop Diaz may, when viewed in isolation, be innocently explainable, when viewed in their totality, they create reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. 13 First, Agent Rodriguez's original suspicion of Diaz, while itself insufficient to justify the investigatory stop, was grounded in objectively identifiable facts. Initially, Diaz was on Tierra del Sol Road at a very unusual time. Agent Rodriguez knew from experience that it was unusual to encounter traffic so late in the area; thus, it was understandable that Diaz's presence aroused Agent Rodriguez's suspicion.1 See United States v. Tiong, 224 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir.2000). Additionally, as Agent Rodriguez testified, Tierra del Sol Road was located in a high-crime area.2 While Diaz's presence in a high-crime area cannot alone provide reasonable suspicion that he had committed or was about to commit a crime, Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 52, 99 S.Ct. 2637, 61 L.Ed.2d 357 (1979), Agent Rodriguez could consider this fact in forming reasonable suspicion, Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000). Finally, Agent Rodriguez encountered Diaz close to the border,3 shortly after receiving reports that contraband was poised for smuggling into the United States. While the Supreme Court has cautioned that "[r]oads near the border carry not only aliens seeking to enter the country illegally, but a large volume of legitimate traffic as well," Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. at 882, 95 S.Ct. 2574, proximity to the border may be considered as a factor in the reasonable suspicion calculus, id. at 884, 95 S.Ct. 2574. 14 Second, Agent Rodriguez's initial suspicion ripened into reasonable suspicion as he observed Diaz's unusual car and driving behavior. Agent Rodriguez determined that Diaz's vehicle was registered out of the area, and he observed the vehicle slowing and speeding in a manner consistent with a driver who did not know the area. Agent Rodriguez further observed that Diaz's vehicle bounced erratically over small bumps and that the rear of the vehicle appeared raised and the suspension modified, which he knew to be common characteristics of vehicles used for smuggling. While there were potentially innocent explanations for Diaz's unusual car and driving behavior, Agent Rodriguez correctly considered these factors in light of his pre-existing suspicion. Given that Agent Rodriguez's suspicions had already been piqued by objective, particularized facts, and that these suspicions compounded further as Agent Rodriguez followed Diaz, we conclude that the threshold of reasonable suspicion was crossed and that the totality of circumstances justified Agent Rodriguez's investigatory stop of Diaz. IV. CONCLUSION 15 The district court did not err in concluding that, under the totality of the circumstances, Agent Rodriguez reasonably suspected Diaz of criminal activity. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the district court denying Diaz's motion to suppress evidence obtained from Agent Rodriguez's investigatory stop. 16 AFFIRMED. Notes: 1 The dissent's reliance onSigmond-Ballesteros, see dissent at 1145, in which we held that driving at 4:20 a.m. was of little probative value, see 285 F.3d at 1125, is misplaced. Unlike Tierra del Sol Road, which is in an isolated area, the highway involved in Sigmond-Ballesteros was a major highway used by long-distance commuters who "would ordinarily leave El Centro around that time." Id. 2 The dissent takes issue with the fact that this is a high-crime areaSee dissent at 1145. That, however, is what the district court found: "And in addition, this is an area that's notorious for smuggling ... almost on every shift the Border Patrol apprehends people on a daily basis crossing through this Tierra del Sol area." That finding is not clearly erroneous. 3 The dissent argues that Diaz's conduct was suspicionless because he was "traveling towards the border as if toleave the United States, not to enter it." Dissent at 1146. In doing so, it either misconstrues the record or speculates about Diaz's intent. Contrary to the dissent's suggestion, nothing in the record supports that Diaz intended to leave the United States. Moreover, although Diaz was traveling in the general direction of the border (south), that was also the direction of the Makin' Bacon Ranch. And, in fact, Diaz later confirmed to Agent Rodriguez that he was headed for the Makin' Bacon Ranch, which is within one mile of the border. 17 GRABER, Circuit Judge, concurring. 18 I concur in the majority opinion. I write separately only to respond to an implication in the dissent that evidence of an immigration violation could be suppressed if reasonable suspicion for the stop were lacking. 19 One's identity is not a fact that can be suppressed. United States v. Guzman-Bruno, 27 F.3d 420, 421-22 (9th Cir.1994). Because the stop of Defendant led directly to no criminal charge, but only to processing for deportation, his identity as a non-citizen turned out to be the only operative fact uncovered during the stop. Thus, the border patrol agent correctly understood the legal effect of a lack of reasonable suspicion; he discovered nothing during the stop that could be suppressed. See id. (affirming conviction for being a deported alien found within the United States, notwithstanding an illegal arrest). 20 FERGUSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting. 21 I respectfully dissent. Although the majority purports to apply the "totality of the circumstances" test, it fails to examine all of the relevant circumstances. Consequentially, the majority undermines the fundamental protections guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment. The majority's holding allows an officer to stop any person who is cautiously driving close to the border shortly after midnight. Because of this troubling implication, I must dissent. 22 The majority determines that the totality of the circumstances gave rise to an objective showing of reasonable suspicion in this case. The majority finds that Agent Rodriguez's suspicion was initially aroused because of the time at which Diaz-Juarez1 was driving, his presence in a "high-crime" area, his proximity to the border, and earlier reports regarding drug smuggling activity nearby. Maj. Op. at 1142. It then finds that Agent Rodriguez's "initial suspicion ripened into reasonable suspicion" upon observing the characteristics of Diaz-Juarez's 1992 Mercury Grand Marquis, its "out of the area" registration, and his driving behavior. Maj. Op. at 1142. 23 As stated by the majority, we must examine whether all of the factors, taken together, "sufficed to form a particularized and objective basis" for stopping Diaz-Juarez's vehicle. United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744, 753, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002); United States v. Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir.2002) (amended opinion). A factor does not become irrelevant simply because it is "readily susceptible to an innocent explanation." Arvizu, 122 S.Ct. at 751 (noting that "this sort of divide-and-conquer analysis" is impermissible). Logically, then, we must consider all the details surrounding the circumstances of the stop. 24 The majority omits pertinent details surrounding Diaz-Juarez's stop. Thus, in accordance with the standard set forth in Arvizu, I will discuss each factor raised by the majority and the erroneous omissions made by it, then determine whether all of the circumstances sufficiently support a finding of reasonable suspicion. See Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1121-26 (utilizing a similar framework for its discussion). Viewing each fact properly in light of all the circumstances, I find that Agent Rodriguez failed to articulate a particularized and objective showing of reasonable suspicion. I. 25 I will discuss each of the following factors in turn: (1) the time of the stop and local traffic patterns, (2) Diaz-Juarez's presence in a "high-crime" area, (3) his proximity to the border and earlier reports regarding drug smuggling activity close to the border, (4) characteristics of the vehicle driven by Diaz-Juarez, (5) the vehicle registration, and (6) his driving behavior. A Time of the Stop and Traffic Patterns 26 The majority states that "Diaz[-Juarez] was on Tierra del Sol Road at a very unusual time." Maj. Op. at 1142. However, Diaz-Juarez was driving at 12:20 a.m. — a time that many would not consider "very unusual." In fact, driving at this hour appears rather normal considering that Tierra del Sol Road is located in a farming and residential community with a 24-hour grocery store, a restaurant, a gas station with a 24-hour deli, and numerous private residences. In addition, the road is within a few miles of a tourist information center, a casino, a resort with ten cabins, and a recreational vehicle park with additional campgrounds.2 27 The majority relies on Agent Rodriguez's statement that there was not typically traffic in the area after midnight. However, the government has presented no other evidence that indicates Diaz-Juarez's travel on Tierra del Sol Road at 12:20 a.m. was suspicious or "very unusual." For this reason, "the time of day has very little, if any, probative value." Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1125 (finding the fact that the defendant was driving at 4:20 a.m. was of little probative value because there was no evidence of its unusual nature, other than the border patrol agent's statement); cf. United States v. Tiong, 224 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir.2000) (finding that the defendant's turn down a non-direct side road at 5:30 a.m. towards a "reasonably suspected smugglers' rendezvous" and his return "a few minutes later with a new passenger" was "objective and highly suspicious"). B. Presence in a "High-Crime" Area 28 The majority also relies on the fact that Tierra del Sol Road is located in a "high-crime" area. Again, the majority relies solely on the testimony of Agent Rodriguez. In his testimony, Agent Rodriguez noted that narcotics had been seized in the area approximately once every two weeks and that illegal aliens were detained daily during the shift change.3 However, there is no indication in the record that this stop occurred during the shift change. 29 "The citing of an area as `high-crime' requires careful examination by the court, because such a description, unless properly limited and factually based, can easily serve as a proxy for race or ethnicity." United States v. Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d 1122, 1138 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc); see Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1124 (finding that the particular highway was "of only minimal significance" because the agent's general statements regarding the notoriety of the route for smuggling were insufficient to establish its notoriety, and further noting that this "general proposition" was insufficient to establish reasonable suspicion). Specific data, not "mere war stories[,]" are required to establish that an area deserves to be termed a "high-crime area." Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1139 n. 32. This is particularly true with respect to "populated areas" or "areas in which people typically carry on legitimate activities (including areas where people frequently camp or hike)." Id. As we emphasized in Montero-Camargo, "we must be particularly careful to ensure that a `high crime' area factor is not used with respect to entire neighborhoods or communities in which members of minority groups regularly go about their daily business...." Id.; see Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1124. 30 Agent Rodriguez testified that Tierra del Sol Road "was located in a high-crime area," relying on his speculative observations.4 Maj. Op. at 1142. This testimony was a far cry from the "specific data" required to support the assertion that the stop took place in a "high-crime" area.5 See id. In this case, the area where the stop occurred is one in which people carry on daily activities (such as farming, grocery shopping, and dining out) and other legitimate activities (such as gaming, visiting a resort, and camping). Thus, the majority errs by characterizing the area of the stop as a "high-crime" area.6 Cf. id. at 1127, 1138-39 (characterizing a specific stretch of the highway as a "high-crime" area because it was an "isolated and unpopulated spot in the middle of the desert" and could not be observed from the border patrol checkpoint). 31 C. Proximity to the Border and Reports Regarding Drug Activity 32 The majority also notes that Agent Rodriguez's suspicions were raised by Diaz-Juarez's proximity to the border because he had recently received reports that drugs were poised at the border for smuggling. However, the majority overlooks the fact that Agent Rodriguez stopped Diaz-Juarez based solely on his suspicions of a possible immigration violation. Thus, the recent reports regarding possible drug smuggling were of little import. Furthermore, although Diaz-Juarez was in close proximity to the border, Agent Rodriguez stopped him less than a mile from the border, after Diaz-Juarez had been driving southbound towards the United States-Mexico border for at least five miles. It is hard to believe that one's suspicion could be reasonably aroused for possible illegal entry or alien smuggling when the driver is traveling towards the border as if to leave the United States, not to enter it.7 Thus, both of these factors should be given little probative value. D. Characteristics of the Vehicle 33 Another factor raised by the majority is Agent Rodriguez's observations that Diaz-Juarez's car bounced erratically over small bumps and that the rear of the vehicle appeared to be raised and the suspension modified. Aspects of a vehicle may be taken "into account in deciding whether there is reasonable suspicion to stop a car in the border area." United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 884-85, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975). However, even assuming that the car driven by Diaz-Juarez bounced erratically and its suspension appeared raised,8 these modifications are not dispositive as to the reasonableness of Agent Rodriguez's suspicion. See United States v. Rodriguez, 976 F.2d 592, 595 (9th Cir.1992) (finding no reasonable suspicion even though the agents observed that the car appeared to be "heavily loaded" and "kind of floated" over bumps in the road), amended by 997 F.2d 1306 (9th Cir.1993) (amendments not relevant to discussion); see also United States v. Garcia-Camacho, 53 F.3d 244, 246 (9th Cir.1995) (finding no reasonable suspicion even though the agent observed that the truck appeared "heavily ladened based on the way it reacted to bumps"). E. Vehicle Registration 34 The majority also cites Agent Rodriguez's determination that Diaz-Juarez's car was registered "out of the area," as one of the factors supporting reasonable suspicion. Maj. Op. at 1142. This characterization is misleading. The car was registered in Chula Vista. Chula Vista is located approximately 75 miles from where the stop occurred. In fact, it is one of several major cities located in the vicinity and can be easily reached via the Interstate 8 freeway. Thus, a car registered in Chula Vista would not appear extraordinary, but rather a part of the legitimate, daily traffic traversing Tierra del Sol Road. 35 In addition, even if the majority is correct in characterizing Chula Vista as "out of the area," it accords this fact an excessive amount of probative weight. None of our previous cases cited this fact in such a manner. We have previously held that a lack of valid registration or license gives rise to reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. See, e.g., United States v. Perez, 37 F.3d 510, 514 (9th Cir.1994). Outside of this context, we have only given probative weight to vehicle registration when it appeared suspicious when viewed in direct concert with other facts or circumstances. See Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1139 (finding that, when a tip had recently been received about two cars with Mexican license plates that would make a U-turn before the checkpoint and when two cars with Mexican license plates later appeared and were driving in tandem, both the "tandem driving" and the Mexican plates could be given some "direct weight," even though neither constituted "substantial factors, either singly or together."). In Arvizu, the Supreme Court indicated that the fact that a car was registered to an address nearby an area notorious for alien and drug smuggling is relevant to our reasonable suspicion determination. 122 S.Ct. at 749. However, in its analysis, the Court did not give this fact much probative value. Id. at 753 (omitting this factor from its reasonable suspicion analysis and noting that "some factors may be more probative than others"). 36 Agent Rodriguez did not testify that he believed that the car lacked valid registration or that the car had been stolen.9 In addition, there were no other facts, such as the tip in Montero-Camargo, that were acting in direct concert with the fact that the car was registered in Chula Vista. Finally, Agent Rodriguez did not believe the registration was suspicious because the address in Chula Vista was located in an area notorious for drug and alien smuggling. Rather, he merely found it suspicious because it was registered "out of the area," even though Chula Vista was a mere 75 miles away. Thus, although we are required to consider all of the facts and circumstances under the totality of the circumstances test, we should give this factor, i.e., a car registered and driven in California, little probative weight. See United States v. Jimenez-Medina, 173 F.3d 752, 755 (9th Cir.1999) (noting that the defendant's truck registration in Arizona when the stop occurred in Arizona was not suspicious because the truck was "legally registered and properly licensed"). F. Driving Behavior 37 The majority relies on Agent Rodriguez's observation that the vehicle was "slowing and speeding in a manner consistent with a driver who did not know the area." Maj. Op. at 1142. However, the majority omits other relevant circumstances regarding the factor. In particular, Tierra del Sol Road is unlit and contains numerous curves, including one that is at a 90-degree angle. Given the nature of the road, it is not surprising that Diaz-Juarez would slow down and speed up, as he navigated his way down Tierra del Sol Road. Moreover, as discussed above, legitimate traffic such as tourists, campers, and visitors interested in the casino would likely proceed with caution in driving down such a road. 38 "The law of this circuit teaches us that the presence of such facts as driver preoccupation, slow speed, movement within one's own lane of traffic, and even coming from the wrong neighborhood do not give rise to legally sufficient `reasonable suspicion.'" Jimenez-Medina, 173 F.3d at 755. We have "frowned on speed of the vehicle as a basis for reasonable suspicion ..., pointing out that the government has argued both increases and decreases in speed constitute `suspicious' conduct, creating a `heads I win, tails you lose' trap for drivers who do not maintain constant speed." Id. (quoting Garcia-Camacho, 53 F.3d at 247); see also Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1122 ("We are unwilling to place [cautious] motorists in a `damned if you do, equally damned if you don't' situation.") (quoting Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1136). 39 The record does not establish the speed at which Diaz-Juarez was driving or the speed to which he decelerated or accelerated.10 In addition, the record does not reveal whether these fluctuations occurred during curves or straightaways. Accordingly, although we must consider this factor, it should be given little probative weight. Otherwise, we would punish drivers for proceeding cautiously on dark, unlit, curvy roads, placing them in an impermissible "lose-lose" situation. See Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1122; Jimenez-Medina, 173 F.3d at 755. II. 40 With the full circumstances of the case now discussed, I will address these factors in sum under the "totality of the circumstances" test. See Arvizu, 122 S.Ct. at 751-52. Diaz-Juarez was traveling southbound on Tierra del Sol Road at 12:20 a.m. Agent Rodriguez's suspicions were allegedly aroused because residents of the community were generally not out at that time. However, a sufficient number of residents were apparently out in the late evenings to provide enough business for a 24-hour grocery store and a 24-hour deli in the area. Also, visitors stayed at the resort, went to the casino, and camped nearby. Agent Rodriguez considered it a "high crime" area because of illegal alien crossings and smuggling activities that had occurred in the vicinity. In addition, he had recently heard reports that contraband was dropped off in an area immediately south of the border. 41 However, upon observing Diaz-Juarez, Agent Rodriguez did not suspect him of smuggling drugs. He suspected Diaz-Juarez was involved in some type of immigration violation because of the alleged modifications to the car, i.e., the rear was raised and the suspension was modified. He also thought that the registration was suspicious because it was from Chula Vista, a city located 75 miles away. Moreover, Agent Rodriguez believed that the Diaz-Juarez's deceleration and acceleration suggested a driver who was unfamiliar with the area. He found this driving behavior suspicious, despite the nature of the road and the fact that visitors stayed at the resort and patronized the local casino. Finally, it is worth noting that Agent Rodriguez believed an illegal alien could be pulled over for an immigration violation, even if there was no reason to make the stop.11 42 These factors considered in their totality did not suffice to form a particularized and objective basis for Agent Rodriguez's stop of Diaz-Juarez. See Rodriguez, 976 F.2d at 596. In Rodriguez, we considered whether the following factors amounted to a showing of reasonable suspicion: (1) location of the incident on a highway in a high crime area; (2) the lack of acknowledgment or eye contact between the suspect and the agents; (3) the type of car; (4) the characteristics of the car (i.e., it appeared to be weighed down in the rear); and (5) the driving behavior of the defendant (i.e., driving attentively and cautiously). Id. We found that these factors were insufficient to establish reasonable suspicion. Id.; see also Garcia-Camacho, 53 F.3d at 246 (finding no reasonable suspicion when the passenger looked at the agent with a "surprised" and "terrified" look, the truck was delayed in pulling over, and other factors almost identical to those discussed in Rodriguez); cf. United States v. Rodriguez-Sanchez, 23 F.3d 1488, 1493 (9th Cir.1994) (finding reasonable suspicion existed for the stop because certain facts distinguished the case from Rodriguez, including the defendant's rapid exit from the border checkpoint and sudden weaving across lanes without signaling), overruled in part on other grounds by Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1134 n. 22. 43 The majority relies in part on Agent Rodriguez's experience to justify the weight it accords these factors. However, this experience cannot overcome the sum of the factors, which do not amount to reasonable suspicion. "Although law enforcement officials are entitled to assess the facts in light of their experience, experience may not be used to give the officers unbridled discretion in making a stop." Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1126 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 44 Accordingly, the factors considered in their totality are insufficient to establish reasonable, particularized suspicion in this case. See Rodriguez, 976 F.2d at 596. Here, Agent Rodriguez saw a man in an older car with a possibly modified suspension slowing down and speeding up while driving southward toward the United States-Mexico border on a curvy, unlit road, shortly after midnight. See Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1127 (holding that reasonable suspicion was not established by the facts that a man driving a large pick-up truck at 4:20 a.m. in an alleged high-crime area close to the border). This profile could fit "hundreds or thousands of law abiding daily users" of the roads in Southern California. Rodriguez, 976 F.2d at 596. As we recently warned, "[this] `profile' depicts `a very large category of presumably innocent travelers, who would be subject to virtually random seizures were the Court to conclude that as little foundation as there was in this case could justify a seizure.'" Sigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1127 (quoting Reid v. Ga., 448 U.S. 438, 441, 100 S.Ct. 2752, 65 L.Ed.2d 890 (1980) (per curiam)). This is exactly what the majority has done here. Because of its holding, hundreds of innocent travelers and some residents can and probably will be subject to seizures for driving late at night in an old car, close to the border. Unfortunately, many of the travelers will be racial or ethnic minorities, particularly those of Latin or Spanish descent. See Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1131-35 (discussing the growing Hispanic population in the United States, particularly in the border states, and holding that "Hispanic appearance ... may not be considered as a relevant factor where particularized or individualized suspicion is required."). 45 Under Arvizu, we cannot pick and choose which factors to consider. 122 S.Ct. at 751. At the same time, a multitude of minimally probative factors cannot meet the requirements of reasonable suspicion, i.e., "a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity." Rodriguez, 976 F.2d at 594; see Arvizu, 122 S.Ct. at 750. Here, the majority has made "much ado about nothing," creating reasonable suspicion out of many little nothings. When the totality of all the circumstances creates nothing that involves reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, then to hold otherwise violates the fundamental protections guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment. Moreover, it is worth repeating that, in this case, the agent testified under oath at the suppression hearing that he believed an illegal alien could be pulled over for an immigration violation, even if there was no reason to make the stop. For the reasons stated above, I must dissent. Notes: 1 While I recognize that the majority refers Defendant/Appellant Benjamin Diaz-Juarez as "Diaz," I will refer to him as "Diaz-Juarez." 2 Diaz-Juarez introduced a brochure for the Live Oak Springs Resort during the suppression hearingSee generally Live Oak Springs Resort: Romantic Mountain Getaway, at http://www.liveoaksprings.com; Golden Acorn Casino, at http://www.goldenacorncasino.com. 3 As discussed further below, Agent Rodriguez stopped Diaz-Juarez solely on the suspicion of an immigration violation. Thus, Agent Rodriguez's observations regarding the narcotics smuggling is of lesser relevance 4 In fact, Agent Rodriguez was unable to provide an approximate number of arrests that occurred in the specific zone that includes Tierra del Sol Road 5 The majority asserts that we should defer to the District Court's finding that Tierra del Sol Road is in a "high-crime" area, noting that the finding is not clearly erroneous. Maj. Op. at 1142 n. 2. However, we cannot defer to the District Court's findings when it incorrectly applies the law in reaching these findingsSigmond-Ballesteros, 285 F.3d at 1120, 1124 (finding that the agent's general statements were insufficient to establish that the area was notorious for alien smuggling, even though the district court had found that the stop occurred in "an area known for alien smuggling"). Here, the District Court failed to "examine with care the specific data underlying [the] assertion[,]" merely relying on Agent Rodriguez's war stories. Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1139 n. 32. 6 Even assuming the majority's characterization is accurate, "an individual's presence in a high crime area isnot enough to support reasonable, particularized suspicion that the individual in question has committed or is about to commit a crime." Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1138 (citing Brown v. Tex., 443 U.S. 47, 52, 99 S.Ct. 2637, 61 L.Ed.2d 357 (1979)). 7 The majority argues that I either misconstrue the record or speculate about the intent. Maj. Op. at 1142 n. 3. However, the record clearly establishes the fact that Diaz-Juarez was driving southbound for approximately five miles. I do not state that Diaz-Juarez actually intended to leave the United States. Rather, I merely discuss the inferences that can be drawn from this fact. From these inferences, I reach the conclusion that this fact seems somewhat incongruous with someone intending to illegally enter or bring others illegally into the country In support of its argument, the majority points to the fact that Diaz-Juarez did not intend to leave the United States as evidenced by his statement to Agent Rodriguez after the stop. Maj. Op. at 1142 n. 3. However, the majority incorrectly relies on evidence discovered after the stop occurred. In evaluating the totality of the circumstances, we must look at the circumstances that led to the stop. Adoption of the majority's newly-created standard, i.e., evidence after the stop may be considered in the reasonable suspicion analysis, would destroy any protection left under the totality of the circumstances test. If we were to apply this erroneous standard to the present case, we would also need to consider the fact that Agent Rodriguez rewrote his report a month subsequent to the stop, after an attorney and agent from the DEA asked him to supplement his report because they needed more information. The original report stated that the factors Agent Rodriguez considered before the stop were: (1) the driver's unfamiliarity with the area, (2) the car's changing of speeds, and (3) the car's erratic bouncing over very small road bumps. However, the rewritten report added the following factors: (1) the reports of drug smuggling activities, (2) the alteration to the car's suspension, and (3) the vehicle registration. If we consider post-stop evidence, which we must under the majority's standard, we could infer that these changes were an attempt to "cook the books." 8 Unfortunately, we cannot verify whether the car had been modified. The government does not know what happened to the car after the Drug Enforcement Agency ("DEA") chose not to seize it. Thus, Diaz-Juarez's attorney has not been given the opportunity to examine the car 9 Moreover, Agent Rodriguez had called dispatch to verify the license plate, at which time he discovered that the car was registered in Chula Vista 10 During the suppression hearing, Agent Rodriguez admitted that he did not know the speed limit on Tierra Del Sol Road 11 In her concurrence, Judge Graber asserts that I imply that "evidence of an immigration violation [in particular one's identity] could be suppressed if reasonable suspicion for the stop were lacking." Concurring Op. at 11949. It appears that this assertion is based on my recitation of the fact that Agent Rodriguez did not believe that reasonable suspicion was necessary for a stop. Judge Graber misconstrues my argument. From our caselaw, it is clear that one's identity cannot be suppressedSee United States v. Guzman-Bruno, 27 F.3d 420, 422 (9th Cir.1994). However, other evidence, such as Diaz-Juarez's statement to Agent Rodriguez that he was on his way to the Makin' Bacon Ranch, can and should have been suppressed because they arose from an illegal stop. Thus, although Diaz-Juarez's identity cannot be suppressed and he should have been removed from the country, the evidence regarding his criminal charges should have been suppressed as fruits of the poisonous tree.
While there are reasons to feel optimistic about the recovery in the domestic economy, we’re going to look at a reason to feel anxious about that recovery, namely, the precarious state of South Africa’s consumers. Now, don’t get me wrong. It’s absolutely true that consumers are in a better position now than they were at the low ebb of South Africa’s recession in 2008/9. However, “better” is not quite the same thing as “great”. There are, in fact, some major problems facing South African consumers, and these problems threaten to undermine the progress the economy has made. The most serious problem is the extent of consumer indebtedness. There can be little doubt that South Africans have been on a credit binge over the last few years. Although consumers’ debt-to-disposable-income ratio has improved over the last 18 months or so, according to Stanlib economist Kevin Lings, this is more the result of rising income than of falling debt. Notes Lings, “In the fourth quarter of 2010, the ratio of household debt to disposable income eased to 77.6% compared with 78.7% in the third quarter, and a recent peak of 82.0% in the second quarter of 2008. The steady reduction in the debt to income ratio partly reflects the fact that consumers has become more cautious around debt, but also the fact that household incomes have risen. The point is that, while South Africans’ debt-to-disposable income ratios have improved, this does not mean that they have reduced their debt; incomes have simply grown faster than debt, and thus made it appear as if debt levels were falling, when in fact debt has continued to rise. Looking ahead, it’s unrealistic to expect that household income will continue to grow fast enough to keep reducing consumers’ debt burden. As interest rates and inflation begin to rise towards the end of this year, wage increases will be more subdued, and debts will begin to weigh more heavily on consumers as their monthly instalments increase with rising rates. This does not bode well for borrowers. Already, with rates at their lowest levels in decades, high levels of debt are having a negative effect and a lot of South Africans have credit problems. The most recent data from the National Credit Regulator indicate that there are a great number of people struggling to properly manage their debt. The proportion of consumers with good credit records has steadily declined since 2008, while the proportion of impaired records, adverse listings, and judgments and administrative orders has grown. What’s worse, this situation is likely to worsen over time. This is bad news. The South African economy is heavily reliant on consumer spending – according to Sheshi Kaniki, senior economist at Momentum, consumption expenditure accounts for about 60% of GDP, so when consumers don’t spend, the economy suffers. Obviously, the state of South Africa’s consumers is a problem, and one that can only be alleviated by those consumers taking a proactive approach to reducing their debt levels. Unfortunately, there is little evidence that this is happening, and little likelihood of it happening in the future. Overall, South Africans have poor financial habits. South Africans’ marginal propensity to consume (this is measure of what percentage of each additional rand of disposable income a person is likely to spend) is basically 100%, meaning that South Africans spend virtually every additional rand of disposable income that they earn, and save none of it. The national savings rate, per Reserve Bank data, is effectively 0%. These habits of overspending, over-borrowing, and under-saving are deeply entrenched, and very hard to change. But unless South African households start to manage their money better, the country’s fragile recovery could face a serious challenge.	http://www.lucidliving.co.za/money-management/appetite-for-credit-causes-indigestion/
toolkit for congress to tackle the food monopoly crisis Family Farm Action Alliance has developed a comprehensive toolkit for the 117th Congress to tackle the dangerous levels of consolidation in today’s food system. Our policy recommendations are based on conclusions from the pivotal report, “The Food System: Concentration and Its Impacts,” authored by leading food system experts Dr. Mary Hendrickson, Dr. Phil Howard, Emily Miller, and Dr. Doug Constance. This toolkit sets out a course of action for Congress to implement change in “The Food System” report’s six key points of intervention: - Curbing Globalized Concentration: We must ensure the power to make decisions about the agrifood system lies in the hands of those who produce and consume food directly. - Implementing Anti-Racist Food and Farm Policy: Historic discrimination and exploitation of BIPOC farmers, ranchers, and workers must be actively addressed and remedied. - Prioritizing Resilience, Not Efficiency: Policy to increase competition, independence, social justice, and success of smaller entities will ensure a long-lasting, resilient agrifood system. - Redefining the Status Quo: Everything from property rights, to feeding livestock, to rural development must be rethought in ways that acknowledge social and ecological consequences. - Supporting Local and Regional Food Systems: As we rein in the power held by industrial agricultural corporations, we must simultaneously build a support system for farmers, ranchers, workers, and communities. - Transitioning to a Just and Resilient Agrifood System: As we transition to a brighter food system, we must not pull out the rug beneath farmers and ranchers stuck in the endless cycles of contracting and debt imposed by industrial agricultural interests. Download the Toolkit Policy Recommendations to the 117th Congress: an introduction to the issues and a deep dive into specific policy recommendations. Concise action steps for each point of intervention: walks elected officials through three levels of action they can choose to take, including refiling or co-sponsoring previously developed legislation, pushing for administrative action, or becoming a champion of an issue area. - Curbing globalized concentration - Implementing anti-racist food and farm policy - Prioritizing resilience, not efficiency - Redefining the status quo - Supporting local and regional food systems - Transitioning to a just and resilient agrifood system Table of legislative packages filed previously: highlights points of intervention contained in each.	https://greenhorns.org/blog/toolkit-for-congress-to-tackle-the-food-monopoly-crisis/
Fundamental Properties of Functional Magnetic Materials Abstract: Magnetic properties of powders, thin films and single crystals have been investigated using magnetometry methods. This thesis provides analysis and conclusions that are supported by the results obtained from spectroscopic and diffraction measurements as well as from theoretical calculations.First, the magnetic behavior of transition metal (TM) doped ZnO with respect to doping, growth conditions and post annealing has been studied. Our findings indicate that the magnetic behavior stems from small clusters or precipitates of the dopant, with ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic interactions. At the lowest dopant concentrations, the estimated cluster sizes are too small for high resolution imaging. Still, the clusters may be sufficiently large to generate a finite spontaneous magnetization even at room temperature and could easily be misinterpreted as an intrinsic ferromagnetic state of the TM:ZnO compound.Second, influence of lattice strain on both magnetic moment and anisotropy has been investigated for epitaxial MnAs thin films grown on GaAs substrates. The obtained magnetic moments and anisotropy values are higher than for bulk MnAs. The enhanced values are caused by highly strained local areas that have a stronger dependence on the in-plane axis strain than out-of plane axis strain.Finally, spin glass behavior in Li-layered oxides, used for battery applications, and a double perovskite material has been investigated. For both Li(NiCoMn)O2 and (Sr,La)MnWO6, a mixed-valence of one of the transition metal ions creates competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions resulting in a low temperature three-dimensional (3D) spin glass state. Additionally, Li(NiCoMn)O2 with large cationic mixing exhibits a percolating ferrimagnetic spin order in the high temperature region and coexists with a two-dimensional (2D) frustrated spin state in the mid temperature region. This is one of the rare observations where a dimensional crossover from 2D to 3D spin frustration appears in a reentrant material. This dissertation MIGHT be available in PDF-format. Check this page to see if it is available for download.	https://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/2227b24848/
The College Square Mall in Morristown said two bears have been spotted in the area this week, and one of the animals was caught on camera hanging around the entrance to some stores. The bruin was recorded at the mall's main entrance, as well as at the entrance to an AMC movie theater. "Check out our visitor this morning looking for showtimes of Space Jam at AMC College Square 12," the mall said in a Facebook post. "In all seriousness, please be cognizant of two bears in our area. Do not approach or feed the bears." Officials said the bear sightings were reported to the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, but personnel said they would only respond if a bear is seen acting aggressively.
Q: How to test encrypting algorithms? We have to implement the DES algorithm. We want to code some functions, but we don't know how to test our DES algorithm. Are there any well-known tools/libraries that we can use to test our encrypting and decrypting functions? We need a 3rd party tool to tell people that our version really works. A: I assume that you are using DES as part of 3DES and for 3DES the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has published a large number of test vectors that can be used for verifying your implementation: http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cavp/index.html Additionally you can test interoperability (encryption/decryption) with other known libraries such as OpenSSL. If the encrypted ciphertext respectively decrypted plaintext is identically the possibility that your implementation is correct is high.
The invention discloses a lightning protection detection system. The lightning protection detection system comprises a timing device, a cloud end platform, a response module, a control center, a plurality of transceivers, a communication module, a power supply module, a direct lightning detection module, a grounding resistance detection module, an RAM memory, an information transceiving module, a plurality of positioning devices, and a user terminal. The direct lightning detection module comprises a surge protection device and a lightning protection device detector. The control center comprises a data processing unit and an intelligent display terminal. The lightning protection detection system is advantageous in that real-time on-line detection is realized, and detection data is transmitted to the cloud end platform in a timed way; the control center is used to acquire data from the cloud end platform for analysis, and is used to store the acquired data and analysis results in the RAM memory, and is used to check the data by the intelligent display terminal, or is used to transmit an instruction to the user terminal.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE This disclosure relates to providing virtual items to users of a virtual world, and in particular, providing virtual items to users of an online game when the online game is systematically unavailable. BACKGROUND Applications, including online games, may be systematically unavailable. Such systematic unavailability may include circumstances when the application is taken offline for routine maintenance (e.g., when the server is taken offline) or when the application is unexpectedly unavailable (e.g., when the application server crashes). When applications are offline those applications cannot generate revenue from users. Additionally, some users may never return to the application, such as an online game, and the opportunity to generate from those users may be forever lost. SUMMARY One aspect of the disclosure relates to providing an alternative virtual shop interface to users of an online game that would be triggered by an indication that the online game is systematically unavailable. In the alternative virtual shop interface, users may purchase virtual items (e.g., virtual goods, virtual resources, virtual currency, and/or other virtual items) usable within the online game. The alternative virtual shop interface may be accessed separately from the online game. For example, the alternative virtual shop interface may be accessed through a separate server from the online game. The alternative virtual shop interface may be provided when the online game server is systematically unavailable. For example, the online game server(s) may be unavailable due to being taken offline for maintenance, when the online game server is offline unexpectedly, such as when the online game server has crashed, and/or at other times. In some implementations, the alternative virtual shop interface may comprise a separate payment system compared to the virtual shop interface accessible through the online game. In some implementations, users may utilize resource or currency balances held in their game accounts even while the online game server is unavailable. The alternative virtual shop interface may offer discounted prices for virtual items compared to the virtual shop interface accessible through the online game. Offering discounted rates may provide the user with a positive experience while the online game is systematically unavailable. Administrator-selected parameters may be used to configure the alternative virtual shop interface. For example, certain administrator-parameters may include an indication of the type of virtual item available for purchase through the alternative virtual shop, the associated user cost for the virtual items, when the alternative virtual shop is available to users, and/or other parameters associated with the alternative virtual shop. The alternative virtual shop interface may include a notification of the discounted rates for the virtual items offered through the alternative virtual shop compared to the virtual shop accessible through the online game, providing an incentive to users to purchase virtual items. Upon an indication that the online game server(s) has become available, the virtual items purchased by the users through the alternative virtual shop may become available to the users in the online game, such that the virtual items purchased through the alternative virtual shop interface by users are reconciled with inventories of virtual items available to users in the online game. For example, the server(s) providing access to the online game may be configured to reconcile user accounts with those associated with the server(s) providing the alternative virtual shop interface upon an indication that the online game has become available. In some implementations, the virtual shop interface may be available to users matching a set of defined parameters. For example, Server(s) providing the alternative virtual shop may be configured to provide the alternative virtual shop to users having met and/or exceeded a threshold progress value when the online game is systematically unavailable. Server(s) providing the alternative virtual shop may be configured to provide the alternative virtual shop to users having an indication that they have purchased in excess of a threshold amount of virtual currency and/or spent in excess of a threshold amount of real world currency in the online game may gain access to the alternative virtual shop interface when the online game is systematically unavailable, and configured to not provide the alternative virtual shop to those users who do not. In some implementations, a system for providing virtual items to users of a virtual world may be provided that includes two or more servers. The server(s) may be configured to communicate with one or more client computing platforms according to a client/server architecture. The users of the system may access the system and/or a virtual space (e.g., a virtual world, a game space, an online game, etc.) via the client computing platforms. The system for providing virtual items to users of a virtual world may comprise one or more physical processors configured by computer-readable instructions to perform various functions. The one or more physical processors may be configured to execute an instance of an online game, and to facilitate user participation in the online game by effectuating transmission of information related to the instance of the online game to client computing platforms on which views of the online game are presented to users. The one or more physical processors may be configured to effectuate presentation of a shop interface to users in conjunction with the presentation of views of the online game, wherein the shop interface is configured to facilitate presentations to users of offers to sell virtual items usable within the game in exchange for consideration. Such consideration may include an amount of real world currency and/or an amount of virtual currency exchanged by the user for virtual items. The system may be configured to detect if the online game is systematically unavailable to users. The online game may be systematically unavailable to users when the game has been purposefully made unavailable to users by an administrator. For example, the online game and/or the one or more server(s) providing the online game may have been disabled by administrator(s) for maintenance. The online game may be systematically unavailable to users when the online game has been made unavailable to users due to a malfunction of the system. For example, the online game may be unavailable due to the malfunctioning of the server providing the online game, or the one or more connections between the client computing device and the server providing the online game being interrupted and/or other reasons for a malfunction of the system. In response to detecting that the online game is presently systematically unavailable, the system may be configured to effectuate presentation of an alternative virtual shop interface to users. The alternative virtual shop interface may be accessed over the Internet separately from the online game. The alternative virtual shop interface may be configured to present to users offers to sell the virtual times usable within the game. As such, the system may be configured to present an alternative virtual shop interface to a first user in response to detection that the online game is presently systematically unavailable to the first user, wherein the alternative virtual shop interface may be accessed over the Internet by the first user separately from the online game. The offers to sell virtual items may be provided in exchange for less consideration through the alternative virtual shop interface than the offers to sell the virtual items through the shop interface presented in conjunction with the online game, thereby incentivizing users to accept offers presented in the alternative virtual shop interface. In this manner, the online game being systematically unavailable to users of the online game may be a more positive experience for the users and avoid loss of users who would otherwise not return to the online game. The offers presented through the shop interface associated with the online game may include a first offer to sell a first set of one or more virtual items for a first consideration amount, and the offers presented through the alternative virtual shop interface may include a second offer to sell the first set of one or more virtual items for a second consideration amount that is less than the first consideration amount. As such the first offer to sell virtual items to the first user through the alternative virtual shop interface may have a second consideration amount that is less than the first consideration amount of the offer to sell virtual items provided to the first user through the shop interface associated with the online game. In this manner, the user may be incentivized to accept the second offer when the online game is systematically unavailable, thereby generating revenue for the online game provider when the online game is systematically unavailable. The virtual items purchased through the alternative virtual shop interface may become available to a purchaser once the online game becomes available. For example, where the online game is provided by an online game server and the alternative virtual shop interface is provided by an alternative virtual shop server, the user account associated with the online game and managed by the online game server is reconciled with the virtual items purchased by the user through the alternative virtual shop interface, such that the virtual items purchased by the user through the alternative virtual shop interface become available to the user in the online game. The one or more physical processors may be configured by computer-readable instructions to redirect the view presented on the client computing device and/or provide a link on the client computing device to the alternative virtual shop interface in response to detecting that the game is systematically unavailable. The view presented to the first user through the client computing device associated with the first user may be automatically redirected to the alternative virtual shop interface upon a determination that the online game is systematically unavailable to the first user. The view presented to the first user through the client computing device associated with the first user may be of a link to the alternative virtual shop interface wherein the user may select and/or enter an indication of a desire to be directed to the alternative virtual shop interface. The one or more physical processors may be configured by computer-readable instructions to facilitate entry and/or selection of one or more parameters associated with the one or more sets of virtual items, by an administrator. The one or parameters may include the consideration amount associated with the virtual items. The system may be configured to facilitate entry by the administrator of a consideration amount for the one or more offers for the sale of virtual items through the alternative virtual shop interface. The consideration amount for the offer to sell virtual items through the alternative virtual shop interface may be a defined amount, or may be a set percentage of the consideration amount for the offer to sell the same or similar virtual items through the shop interface associated with the online game. The virtual items of the offers to sell virtual items may include virtual items usable by users in the online game. The virtual items of the offers to sell virtual items may include virtual currency usable by the users in the virtual space. These and other features, and characteristics of the present technology, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates a system for providing virtual items to users of a virtual world, in accordance with one or more implementations. FIG. 2 illustrates a virtual shop interface associated with an online game, in accordance with one or more implementations. FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative virtual shop interface, in accordance with one or more implementations. FIG. 4 illustrates a method for providing virtual items to users of a virtual world, in accordance with one or more implementations. FIG. 5 illustrates a method for providing virtual items to users of a virtual world, in accordance with one or more implementations. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 10 12 14 12 10 16 14 10 14 12 14 12 14 16 illustrates a system for providing virtual items to users of a virtual world. The system may comprise a first server and a second server . The first server may be configured to provide an online game in a virtual space to users of the system through client computing platforms associated with the users. The second server may be configured to provide other services and/or experiences to users of the system . For example, second server may be an alternative virtual shop server providing users the ability to purchase virtual items outside of the online game provided by the first server . The second server may be configured to provide information about the online game and/or one or more users of the online game, such as statistical information, a level of progress, and/or one or more game metrics without the user having to log into the online game. The servers , may be configured to communicate with each other and/or one or more client computing platforms according to one or more client/server architectures. 18 10 12 14 12 16 16 14 16 Providing the virtual space may include hosting the virtual space over a network . In some implementations, system may include one or more virtual space servers , one or more system servers , and/or other components. The virtual space, or online game, server may be configured to communicate with one or more client computing platforms according to a client/server architecture to provide the virtual space to users via the client computing platforms . The second server may be configured to communicate with the client computing platforms upon an indication that the online game is systematically unavailable to the users. FIG. 2 12 14 24 26 28 30 32 38 40 42 With reference to , the servers , may be configured to execute one or more computer program components. The computer program components may include one or more of a virtual space component , a user component , a shop component , a server status component , a merge component , an alternative user component , an alternative shop component , an administrator component and/or other components. 26 10 26 12 14 16 20 The user component may be configured to access and/or manage one or more user profiles and/or user information associated with users of the system . For example, user component may be configured to manage a first user account associated with a first user, and a second user account associated with a second user. The one or more user profiles and/or user information may include information stored by server , server , one or more of the client computing platforms , one or more third party resources , and/or other storage locations. The user profiles may include for example, information identifying users (e.g., a username or handle, a number, an identifier, and/or other identifying information) within the virtual space and/or online game, security login information (e.g., a login code or password), virtual space and/or online game account information, subscription information, virtual currency account information (e.g., related to currency held in credit for a user), relationship information (e.g., information related to relationships between users in the virtual space), virtual space and/or online game usage information, demographic information associated with users, interaction history among users in the virtual space and/or online game, information stated by users, purchase information of users, browsing history of users, a client computing platform identification associated with a user, a phone number associated with a user, and/or other information related to users. 24 12 16 24 16 18 16 16 16 The space component may be configured to implement the instance of the virtual space executed by the computer components to determine state of the virtual space. The state may then be communicated (e.g., via streaming visual data, via object/position data and/or other state information) from server to client computing platforms for presentation to users. The space component may be configured execute an instance of an online game playable in the virtual space, and to facilitate user participation in the online game by effectuating transmission of information related to the instance of the online game to client computing platforms on which views of the online game are presented to users. Transmission of the state may be accomplished via network . The state determined and transmitted to a given client computing platform may correspond to a view for a user character in an online game being controlled by a user via the given client computing platform . The state determined and transmitted to a given client computing platform may correspond to a location in the virtual space and/or online game. The view described by the state for the given client computing platform may correspond, for example, to the location from which the view is taken, the location the view depicts, and/or other locations, a zoom ratio, a dimensionality of objects, a point-of-view, and/or view parameters of the view. One or more of the view parameters may be selectable by the user. 16 The instance of the virtual space and/or online game may comprise a simulated space that is accessible by users via clients (e.g., client computing platforms ) that present the views of the virtual space to a user. The simulated space may have a topography, express ongoing real-time interaction by one or more users, and/or include one or more objects positioned within the topography that are capable of locomotion within the topography. In some instances, the topography may be a 2-dimensional topography. In other instances, the topography may be a 3-dimensional topography. The topography may include dimensions of the space, and/or surface features of a surface or objects that are “native” to the space. In some instances, the topography may describe a surface (e.g., a ground surface) that runs through at least a substantial portion of the space. In some instances, the topography may describe a volume with one or more bodies positioned therein (e.g., a simulation of gravity-deprived space with one or more celestial bodies positioned therein). The instance executed by the computer components may be synchronous, asynchronous and/or semi-synchronous. 24 24 The above description of the manner in which state of the virtual space and/or online game is determined by space component is not intended to be limiting. Furthermore, the use of virtual space and online game is not intended to be limiting. Both terms may be used either separately or interchangeably and may refer to consistent or inconsistent items and/or concepts. The space component may be configured to express the virtual space and/or online game in a more limited or more rich manner. For example, views determined for the virtual space representing the state of the instance of the virtual space may be selected from a limited set of graphics depicting an event in a given place within the virtual space. The views may include additional content (e.g., text, audio, pre-stored video content, and/or other content) that describes particulars of the current state of the place beyond the relatively generic graphics. For example, a view may include a generic battle graphic with a textual description of the opponents to be confronted. Other expressions of individual places within the virtual space are contemplated. 24 Within the instance(s) of the virtual space and/or game executed by space component , users may control characters, objects, simulated physical phenomena (e.g., wind, rain, earthquakes, and/or other phenomena) and/or other elements within the virtual space to interact with the virtual space and/or each other. The user characters may include avatars. As used herein, the term “user character” may refer to an object (or group of objects) present in the virtual space that represents an individual user. The user character may be controlled by the user with which it is associated. The user controlled element(s) may move through and interact with the virtual space (e.g., non-user characters in the virtual space, other objects in the virtual space). The user controlled elements controlled by and/or associated with a given user may be created and/or customized by the given user. The user may have an “inventory” of virtual goods and/or currency that the user can use (e.g., by manipulation of a user character or other user controlled element, and/or other items) within the virtual space. 16 16 12 24 The users may participate in the instance of the virtual space by controlling one or more of the available user controlled elements in the virtual space. Control may be exercised through control inputs and/or commands input by the users through client computing platforms . The users may interact with each other through communications exchanged within the virtual space. Such communications may include one or more of textual chat, instant messages, private messages, voice communications and/or other communications. Communications may be received and entered by the users via their respective client computing platforms . Communications may be routed to and from the appropriate users through one or more servers (e.g., through space component ). The instance of the virtual space and/or the game that takes place therein may be persistent. That is, the virtual space and/or the game may continue on whether or not individual players are currently logged in and/or participating in the game. A player that logs out of the virtual space and then logs back in some time later may find the virtual space has been changed through the interactions of other players with the virtual space during the time the player was logged out. These changes may include changes to the simulated physical space, changes in the player's inventory, changes in other player's inventories, changes experienced by non-player characters, and/or other changes. 28 50 16 12 50 52 52 54 52 28 54 54 62 64 62 60 64 66 68 28 28 FIG. 3 FIGS. 1 and 2 The shop component may be configured to effectuate presentation of a shop interface to users in conjunction with presentation of views of the online game, wherein the shop interface is configured to facilitate presentations to users of offers to sell virtual items usable within the game in exchange for consideration. Such consideration may include an amount of real world currency and/or an amount of virtual currency. The consideration may be exchanged, by the user, for the virtual items. illustrates a user interface presented to users on one or more client computing platforms (as shown in ), provided by the game server(s) . The user interface may provide a representation of an online game to the user. Within the representation of the online game a user may cause entry and/or selection of an indication of a desire to enter the virtual shop interface . In response to an interaction by the user of the online game , the shop component may be configured to effectuate presentation of a shop interface to users in conjunction with presentation of views of the online game wherein the shop interface is configured to facilitate presentations to users of offers to sell virtual items usable within the game in exchange for consideration. The presentation to users of offers to sell virtual items may comprise an indication of the virtual item and an indication of the consideration the user is required to exchange for the virtual item. For example, virtual item is offered in the virtual shop for an amount of consideration equal to 10 gems. Virtual item is offered to users in the virtual shop for an amount of consideration equal to 40 gems. Virtual currency may take any form, for example, virtual currency may in the form of gems, stones, metals, credits, dollars, and/or any other representation of a virtual currency. The virtual shop component may be configured to present offers for the sale of virtual items for consideration in the form of real currency. For example, the shop component may be configured to facilitate the presentation of offers to exchange real currency for virtual currency usable by the users in the online game. 54 56 58 58 54 60 60 60 52 52 28 54 28 Within the presentation of the virtual shop interface , user information may be provided such as identifying information of the user and one or more attributes and/or game play metrics of the user. For example, one or more attributes and/or game play metrics of the user may comprise an indication of the amount of virtual currency held in credit for the user, an indication of the inventory of the user, an indication of levels of one or more parameters of the user, such as strength, speed, skill, power, special abilities and/or other parameters. The shop interface may comprise one or more tabs . Tabs may be panels, views, control buttons and/or other graphical representations of one or more groupings within the virtual shop. One tab may be a tab indicating that the user may obtain virtual currency for using in the online game , other tabs may include virtual items that are usable in the online game by the user. Virtual items usable in the online game may be broken further by category or type, such as weapons, tools, clothing, food, resources and/or other virtual item categories within the virtual space and/or online game . When the shop component is causing the virtual shop interface to present offers to users to sell virtual currency in exchange for consideration, wherein the consideration is an amount of real currency, the shop component may be supported by an e-commerce component configured to facilitate obtaining real world currency from the users for the online game provider. 10 52 52 52 52 12 52 10 12 52 12 16 12 52 The system may be configured to detect if the online game is systematically unavailable to users. The online game may be systematically unavailable to users when the game has been purposefully made unavailable to users by an administrator. For example, the online game and/or the one or more servers providing the online game may have been disabled by one or more administrators for maintenance. The online game may be systematically unavailable to users when the online game has been made unavailable to users due to a malfunction of the system and/or game server(s) . For example, the online game may be unavailable due to the game server providing the online game having a malfunction or the one or more connections between the client computing device and the game server providing the online game being interrupted and/or other reasons. 10 30 10 30 16 14 14 36 36 12 38 40 14 34 12 The system and/or server status component may be configured to detect that the online game is presently systematically unavailable. In response to detecting that the online game is presently systematically unavailable, the system and/or the server status component may be configured to direct client computing platforms associated with users of the online game to communicate with an alternative server, such as alternative server . The alternative server may have one or more processors configured to execute one or more computer program components. For example, the one or more processors of the alternative server(s) may be configured to effectuate execution of an alternative user component , an alternative shop component , an administrator component and/or one or more other components. The alternative server and the one or more associated processors may be configured to execute one or more computer programs in the same or similar manner as the game server . FIG. 4 70 52 40 70 74 70 74 18 52 70 70 72 72 72 72 74 54 74 is an illustration of an alternative interface in accordance with one or more implementations. In response to a determination that the online game is systematically unavailable to users, the alternative shop component may be configured to effectuate presentation of an alternative interface such as an alternative virtual shop interface to users. The alternative interface and/or alternative virtual shop interface may be accessed over a network , such as the Internet, separately from the online game . In the alternative virtual shop interface , users may purchase virtual items (e.g., virtual goods, virtual resources, virtual currency, and/or other virtual items) usable within the online game. The alternative interface may be configured to present a notification to users. The notification may present information to the users that the online game is currently systematically unavailable. The notification may present information to users of a discount and/or reduction in the amount of consideration required to be exchanged for the virtual items, thus providing a positive experience when the online game is systematically unavailable. The notification may present information to users of additional types of virtual items available through the alternative virtual shop interface that are unavailable through the shop interface . In some implementations, users may utilize resource or currency balances held in their game accounts even while the online game server is unavailable to accept one or more of the offers presented through the alternative shop interface . 70 10 40 70 52 70 18 52 70 76 78 The alternative virtual shop interface may be configured to present to users offers to sell the virtual items usable within the game. As such, the system and/or alternative shop component may be configured to present an alternative virtual shop interface to a first user in response to detection that the online game is presently systematically unavailable to the first user, wherein the alternative virtual shop interface may be accessed over a network , such as the Internet, by the first user separately from the online game . The alternative virtual shop interface may be configured to present an offer to sell virtual item for an amount of consideration . 70 54 52 62 54 64 76 74 76 78 64 62 76 62 86 78 64 The offers to sell virtual items may be provided in exchange for less consideration through the alternative virtual shop interface than the offers to sell the virtual items through the shop interface presented in conjunction with the online game , thereby incentivizing users to accept offers presented in the alternative virtual shop interface. For example, virtual item offered through the shop interface for an amount of consideration equaling twenty gems is offered through the alternative virtual shop interface as virtual item for an amount of consideration equaling sixteen gems, thereby giving the user a 20% discount in the cost of the virtual item. The virtual shop interface may comprise one or more discount notifications associated with offers to sell virtual items. For example, virtual item having a consideration amount less than consideration amount for virtual item , wherein virtual items and are the same, may have an indication of the difference between alternative consideration amount and the consideration amount when the game is available. 74 74 54 52 The alternative virtual shop interface may be configured to provide offers to users to purchase virtual currency in exchange for an amount of consideration wherein the consideration is real world currency. Virtual currency obtained through the alternative virtual shop interface may be provided at a discount compared to the virtual currency offered through the shop interface in conjunction with the online game . 54 52 62 64 74 76 78 64 62 74 78 62 54 52 The offers presented through the shop interface associated with the online game may include a first offer to sell a first set of one or more virtual items for a first consideration amount and the offers presented through the alternative virtual shop interface may include a second offer to sell the first set of one or more virtual items for a second consideration amount that is less than the first consideration amount . As such the second offer to sell virtual items to the first user through the alternative virtual shop interface may have a second consideration amount that is less than the first consideration amount of the offer to sell virtual items provided to the first user through the shop interface associated with the online game . In this manner, the user may be incentivized to accept the second offer when the online game is systematically unavailable, thereby generating revenue for the online game provider when the online game is systematically unavailable. 74 54 52 74 80 80 82 82 74 84 84 84 52 52 40 74 40 The alternative virtual shop interface may comprise the same elements as the shop interface presented in conjunction with the online game . For example, the alternative virtual shop interface may comprise information about the user. User information may be provided such as identifying information of the user and one or more attributes and/or game play metrics of the user. For example, one or more attributes and/or game play metrics of the user may comprise an indication of the amount of virtual currency held in credit for the user, an indication of the inventory of the user, an indication of levels of one or more parameters of the user, such as strength, speed, skill, power, special abilities and/or other parameters. The alternative virtual shop interface may comprise one or more tabs . Tabs may be panels, views, control buttons and/or other graphical representations of one or more groupings within the virtual shop. One tab may be a tab indicating that the user may obtain virtual currency for using in the online game Other tabs may include virtual items that are usable in the online game by the user. Virtual items usable in the online game may be broken further by category or type, such as weapons, tools, clothing, food, resources and/or other virtual item categories within the virtual space and/or online game . When the alternative shop component is causing the virtual shop interface to present offers to users to sell virtual currency in exchange for consideration, wherein the consideration is an amount of real currency, the alternative shop component may be supported by an e-commerce component configured to facilitate obtaining real world currency from the users for the online game provider. 38 26 74 38 38 The alternative user component may be configured to manage one or more alternative user accounts of the users of the online game. The alternative user accounts may be configured to store an inventory of the users of the online game. The alternative user accounts may comprise the same or similar information as the user accounts managed by the user component described above. An indication of the virtual items purchased through the alternative virtual shop interface may be stored in the alternative user accounts associated with the users managed by the alternative user component . For example, the alternative user accounts managed by the alternative user component may include a first alternative account associated with a first user and a second alternative account associated with a second user. 74 52 52 12 74 14 12 74 52 52 The virtual items purchased through the alternative virtual shop interface may become available to the user once the online game is no longer systematically unavailable. For example, where the online game is provided by an online game server and the alternative virtual shop interface is provided by an alternative server , the user account associated with the online game and managed by the online game server may be reconciled with the virtual items purchased by the user through the alternative virtual shop interface , such that the virtual items purchased by the user through the alternative virtual shop interface become available to the user in the online game once the online game is no longer systematically unavailable. FIG. 2 32 12 32 12 14 16 10 32 26 38 10 32 26 38 52 32 26 74 38 While illustrates the merge component being initiated and implemented by the online game server , the merge component , may be implemented by one or more of the game server , the alternative server , client computing devices and/or other computing components in the system . The functions of the merge component may be performed by the user component , the alternative user component and/or other components in any or all of the computing devices of system . The merge component may be configured to reconcile the user accounts managed by the user component with the alternative user accounts managed by the alternative user component . For example, upon an indication that the online game is no longer systematically unavailable, the merge component may update the first user account of the first user managed by the user component with the virtual items obtained by the first user through the alternative virtual shop interface and stored in the first alternative user account managed by the alternative user component . 32 38 52 74 74 While the online game is available to users, the merge component may be configured to maintain the alternative user accounts managed by the alternative user component updated with the information associated with the users of the online game. When the online game is systematically unavailable a record of the current status of the user will be maintained in the alternative user accounts. In this manner, when the users are presented with the alternative virtual shop interface they will have a complete, or nearly complete, record of status of their user accounts, enabling them to view their current inventories. Users may be able to exchange individual ones or groups of ones of virtual items in their inventories for other virtual items through the alternative virtual shop interface . 22 36 16 16 74 52 16 74 52 16 74 74 The one or more physical processors , may be configured by computer-readable instructions to redirect the view presented on the client computing device and/or provide a link on the client computing device to the alternative virtual shop interface , in response to detecting that the online game is systematically unavailable. The view presented to the first user through the client computing device associated with the first user may be automatically redirected to the alternative virtual shop interface upon a determination that the online game is systematically unavailable to the first user. The view presented to the first user through the client computing device associated with the first user may be of a link to the alternative virtual shop interface wherein the user may select and/or enter an indication of a desire to be directed to the alternative virtual shop interface . 22 36 42 10 42 74 74 52 52 The one or more physical processors , may be configured by computer-readable instructions and/or the administrator component may be configured to facilitate entry and/or selection of one or more parameters associated with the one or more sets of virtual items by an administrator. The one or parameters may include the consideration amount associated with the virtual items. The system and/or administrator component may be configured to facilitate entry by the administrator of a consideration amount for the one or more offers for the sale of virtual items through the alternative virtual shop interface . The consideration amount for the offer to sell virtual items through the alternative virtual shop interface may be a defined amount or may be a set percentage of the consideration amount for the offer to sell the same or similar virtual items through the shop interface associated with the online game. The virtual items of the offers to sell virtual items may include virtual items usable by users in the online game . The virtual items of the offers to sell virtual items may include virtual currency usable by the users in the online game . 12 14 16 20 18 12 14 16 20 The online game server , the alternative server , client computing platforms and/or external resources may be operatively linked via one or more electronic communication links. For example, such electronic communication links may be established, at least in part, via a network such as the Internet and/or other networks. It will be appreciated that this is not intended to be limiting, and that the scope of this disclosure includes implementations in which servers and , client computing platforms and/or external resources may be operatively linked via some other communication media. 16 16 10 20 16 16 A given client computing platform may include one or more processors configured to execute computer program components. The computer program components may be configured to enable an expert or user associated with the given client computing platform to interface with system and/or external resources and/or provide other functionality attributed herein to client computing platforms . By way of non-limiting example, the given client computing platform may include one or more of a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet computing platform, a NetBook, a Smartphone, a gaming console, and/or other computing platforms. 20 10 10 20 10 The external resources may include sources of information, hosts and/or providers of virtual environments outside of system , external entities participating with system and/or other resources. In some implementations, some or all of the functionality attributed herein to external resources may be provided by resources included in system . 12 34 22 14 44 34 12 14 12 14 18 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 FIG. 2 The game server may include electronic storage , one or more processors and/or other components. The alternative server may include electronic storage , one or more processors and/or other components. The components of game server may be the same or similar to the components of alternative server . The servers and may include communication lines, or ports to enable the exchange of information with a network and/or other computing platforms. Illustration of servers and in is not intended to be limiting. The servers and may include a plurality of hardware, software and/or firmware components operating together to provide the functionality attributed herein to servers and . For example, servers and may be implemented by a cloud of computing platforms operating together as servers and . 34 44 34 44 12 14 12 14 34 44 34 44 34 44 22 36 12 14 16 12 14 Electronic storage and may comprise electronic storage media that electronically stores information. The electronic storage media of electronic storage and may include one or both of system storage that is provided integrally (i.e., substantially non-removable) with servers and and/or removable storage that is removably connectable to servers and via, for example, a port (e.g., a USB port, a firewire port, etc.) or a drive (e.g., a disk drive, etc.). Electronic storage and may include one or more of optically readable storage media (e.g., optical disks, etc.), magnetically readable storage media (e.g., magnetic tape, magnetic hard drive, floppy drive, etc.), electrical charge-based storage media (e.g., EEPROM, RAM, etc.), solid-state storage media (e.g., flash drive, etc.) and/or other electronically readable storage media. The electronic storage and may include one or more virtual storage resources (e.g., cloud storage, a virtual private network and/or other virtual storage resources). Electronic storage and may store software algorithms, information determined by processors and , information received from servers and , information received from client computing platforms , and/or other information that enables servers and to function as described herein. 22 36 12 14 22 36 22 36 12 14 22 36 22 36 22 26 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 22 36 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 22 36 FIG. 2 Processor(s) and are configured to provide information processing capabilities in servers and , respectively. As such, processors and may include one or more of a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information. Although processors and are shown in as a single entity in each server and , this is for illustrative purposes only. In some implementations, processors and may include a plurality of processing units. These processing units may be physically located within the same device, or processors and may represent processing functionality of a plurality of devices operating in coordination. The processors and may be configured to execute components , , , , , , , and/or other components. Processors and may be configured to execute components , , , , , , , and/or other components by software, hardware, firmware, some combination of software, hardware and/or firmware and/or other mechanisms for configuring processing capabilities on processor and . 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 22 36 22 36 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 22 36 24 26 28 30 32 37 40 42 FIG. 2 It should be appreciated that although components , , , , , , , and/or other components are illustrated in as being co-located within processing units and , in implementations in which processors and include multiple processing units, one or more of components , , , , , , , and/or other components may be located remotely from the other components. The description of the functionality provided by the different components , , , , , , , and/or other components described herein is for illustrative purposes, and is not intended to be limiting, as any of components , , , , , , , and/or other components may provide more or less functionality than is described. For example, one or more of components , , , , , , , and/or other components may be eliminated, and some or all of its functionality may be provided by other ones of components , , , , , , , and/or other components. As another example, processors and may be configured to execute one or more additional components that may perform some or all of the functionality attributed below to one of components , , , , , , , and/or other components. FIG. 5 FIG. 5 90 90 90 90 illustrates a method for providing virtual items to users of a virtual world. The operations of method presented below are intended to be illustrative. In some embodiments, method may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the operations of method are illustrated in and described below is not intended to be limiting. 90 90 In some embodiments, method may be implemented in one or more processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information). The one or more processing devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of the operations of method in response to instructions stored electronically on an electronic storage medium. The one or more processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hardware, firmware and/or software to be specifically designed for execution of one or more of the operations of method xx. 92 30 At an operation whether an online game is available to users may be determined. Such operations may be performed by a server status component, such as server status component in accordance with some implementations. 94 92 24 At an operation in response to a determination at operation that the online game is available to users, an instance of the online game may be implemented. Such operations may be performed by a space component, such as space component , in accordance with some implementations. 96 28 24 At an operation presentation of a shop interface to users may be effectuated in conjunction with presentation of views of the online game. Such operations may be performed by a shop component and/or a space component, such as shop component and space component , in accordance with some implementations. 98 92 40 At an operation , in response to a determination at operation that the online game is systematically unavailable to users, presentation of an alternative virtual shop interface accessed separately from the online game is effectuated. Such operations may be performed by an alternative shop component, such as alternative shop component , in accordance with some implementations. 100 30 At an operation whether an online game is available to users may be determined. Such operations may be performed by a server status component, such as server status component , in accordance with some implementations. 102 100 32 At an operation , in response to a determination at operation that the online game is available to users, the user accounts associated with the users of the online game are reconciled with the alternative user accounts associated with the users, such that the virtual items obtained by users through the alternative virtual shop interface become available to the users in the online game. Such operations may be performed by a merge component, such as merge component , in accordance with some implementations. Although the present technology has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred implementations, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the technology is not limited to the disclosed implementations, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present technology contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any implementation can be combined with one or more features of any other implementation.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) This U.S. non-provisional application and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0159948, filed Nov. 25, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND Technical Field Related Art One or more example embodiments relate to technology for arranging contents on a service screen. An Internet service may provide a service screen in which various types of contents are included through a web or an application. The contents in the service screen may be arranged in a predetermined template according to service contents. As an example of technology for providing a service screen, technology for providing content information configured using a plurality of categories is known. SUMMARY One or more example embodiments provide methods and/or systems that may provide an administration (admin) tool for content arrangement. One or more example embodiments provide methods and/or systems that may produce a content set in a card-type object unit and may arrange contents. One or more example embodiments provide methods and/or systems that may automatically arrange contents using an object including an automatic editing element. According to an aspect of at least one example embodiment, there is provided a content arrangement method performed by a computer apparatus including at least one processor configured to execute computer-readable instructions included in a memory. The content arrangement method may include, by the at least one processor, providing a cue card list that is a card-type dedicated object for content arrangement, and arranging a content set in a card unit using a cue card selected from the cue card list. The cue card may include at least one editing element associated with content arrangement. The cue card may include at least one template for content arrangement according to a type of the cue card. The arranging may include mapping the content set to the cue card, is the content set having been selected based on a content consumption pattern of each user for each user using an Internet service according to a type of the cue card. The arranging may include mapping the content set to the cue card, is the content set having been selected based on ranking data by content consumption of all users using an Internet service according to a type of the cue card. The arranging may include mapping the content set to the cue card, the content set associated with a keyword input or selected by an administrator according to a type of the cue card. The arranging may include converting content provided from a content provider to data in a common format, and mapping data of each content included in the content set to a template of the cue card. The content arrangement method may further include, by the at least one processor, displaying the cue card in which the content set is arranged on at least one service area. The content arrangement method may further include, by the at least one processor, changing a position of the cue card that is displayed on the service area based on a content consumption pattern of all service users. The content arrangement method may further include, by the at least one processor, terminating displaying of the cue card based on at least one of a content display time, a content consumption status, and a content consumption amount for the cue card that is displayed on the service area. The content arrangement method may further include, by the at least one processor, providing an AB test function for experimenting content consumption by setting an experimental condition, the experimental condition including a target characteristic for the cue card in which the content set is arranged. According to an aspect of at least one example embodiment, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable record medium storing instructions that when executed by a processor, causes processor computer apparatus to run the aforementioned content arrangement method. According to an aspect of at least one example embodiment, there is provided a computer apparatus including at least one processor configured to execute computer-readable instructions included in a memory. The at least one processor may be configured to cause the computer apparatus to provide a cue card list that is a card-type dedicated object for content arrangement, and arrange a content set in a card unit using a cue card selected from the cue card list. According to some example embodiments, it is possible to produce a content set in a card unit by arranging contents using a card-type dedicated object for content arrangement and to display the content set produced in the card unit on a plurality of service areas. According to some example embodiments, it is possible to reduce or minimize editing effort of an administrator and to arrange desired or optimized contents by providing an object including an automatic editing element as a dedicated object for content arrangement. Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network environment according to at least one example embodiment; FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a computer apparatus according to at least one example embodiment; FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method performed by a computer apparatus according to at least one example embodiment; FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a data processing process for content display according to at least one example embodiment; and FIGS. 5 to 13 illustrate examples of describing an interface of an administration (admin) tool for content arrangement according to at least one example embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION One or more example embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example embodiments, however, may be embodied in various different forms, and should not be construed as being limited to only the illustrated embodiments. Rather, the illustrated example embodiments are provided as examples so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concepts of this disclosure to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, known processes, elements, and techniques, may not be described with respect to some example embodiments. Unless otherwise noted, like reference characters denote like elements throughout the attached drawings and written description, and thus descriptions will not be repeated. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups, thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed products. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. Also, the term “exemplary” is intended to refer to an example or illustration. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which example embodiments belong. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and/or this disclosure, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Software may include a computer program, program code, instructions, or some combination thereof, for independently or collectively instructing or configuring a hardware device to operate as desired. The computer program and/or program code may include program or computer-readable instructions, software components, software modules, data files, data structures, and/or the like, capable of being implemented by one or more hardware devices, such as one or more of the hardware devices mentioned above. Examples of program code include both machine code produced by a compiler and higher level program code that is executed using an interpreter. A hardware device, such as a computer processing device, may run an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications that run on the OS. The computer processing device also may access, store, manipulate, process, and create data in response to execution of the software. For simplicity, one or more example embodiments may be exemplified as one computer processing device; however, one skilled in the art will appreciate that a hardware device may include multiple processing elements and multiple types of processing elements. For example, a hardware device may include multiple processors or a processor and a controller. In addition, other processing configurations are possible, such as parallel processors. Hereinafter, some example embodiments will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The disclosed example embodiments relate to technology for arranging contents displayed on a service screen. A content arrangement system according to the example embodiments may be implemented by at least one computer apparatus, and a content arrangement method according to the example embodiments may be performed through at least one computer apparatus included in the content arrangement system. Here, a computer program according to an example embodiment may be installed and run on the computer apparatus. The computer apparatus may perform the content arrangement method according to the example embodiments under control of the executed computer program. The computer program may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable record medium to computer-implement the content arrangement method in conjunction with the computer program. FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 illustrates an example of a network environment according to at least one example embodiment. Referring to , the network environment may include a plurality of electronic devices , , , and , a plurality of servers and , and a network . is provided as an example only. A number of electronic devices or a number of servers is not limited thereto. Also, the network environment of is provided as an example only among environments applicable to the example embodiments. The environments applicable to the example embodiments are not limited to the network environment of . 110 120 130 140 110 120 130 140 110 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 FIG. 1 Each of the plurality of electronic devices , , , and may be a fixed terminal or a mobile terminal that is configured as a computer apparatus. For example, the plurality of electronic devices , , , and may be a smartphone, a mobile phone, a navigation device, a computer, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a tablet PC, and the like. For example, although illustrates a shape of a smartphone as an example of the electronic device , the electronic device used herein may refer to one of various types of physical computer apparatuses capable of communicating with other electronic devices , , and , and/or the servers and over the network in a wireless or wired communication manner. 170 170 170 The communication scheme is not limited and may include a near field wireless communication scheme between devices as well as a communication scheme using a communication network (e.g., a mobile communication network, wired Internet, wireless Internet, a broadcasting network, etc.) includable in the network . For example, the network may include at least one of network topologies that include a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a campus area network (CAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), a broadband network (BBN), and the Internet. Also, the network may include at least one of network topologies that include a bus network, a star network, a ring network, a mesh network, a star-bus network, a tree or hierarchical network, and the like. However, they are provided as examples only. 150 160 110 120 130 140 170 150 110 120 130 140 170 Each of the servers and may be configured as a computer apparatus or a plurality of computer apparatuses that provides an instruction, a code, a file, content, a service, etc., through communication with the plurality of electronic devices , , , and over the network . For example, the server may be a system that provides a service to the plurality of electronic devices , , , and connected over the network . For example, the service may include a content arrangement management service, a search service, a content providing service, a social network service, a map service, a translation service, and the like. FIG. 2 FIG. 2 110 120 130 140 150 160 200 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computer apparatus according to at least one example embodiment. Each of the plurality of electronic devices , , , and or each of the servers and may be implemented by the computer apparatus of . FIG. 2 200 210 220 230 240 210 200 210 210 210 210 210 230 210 200 170 Referring to , the computer apparatus may include a memory , a processor , a communication interface , and an input/output (I/O) interface . The memory may include a permanent mass storage device, such as a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), and a disk drive, as a non-transitory computer-readable record medium. The permanent mass storage device, such as ROM and a disk drive, may be included in the computer apparatus as a permanent storage device separate from the memory . Also, an OS and at least one program code may be stored in the memory . Such software components may be loaded to the memory from another non-transitory computer-readable record medium separate from the memory . The other non-transitory computer-readable record medium may include, for example, a floppy drive, a disk, a tape, a DVD/CD-ROM drive, and a memory card. According to other example embodiments, software components may be loaded to the memory through the communication interface , instead of the non-transitory computer-readable record medium. For example, the software components may be loaded to the memory of the computer apparatus based on a computer program installed by files received over the network . 220 210 230 220 220 210 The processor may be configured to process instructions of a computer program by performing basic arithmetic operations, logic operations, and I/O operations. The computer-readable instructions may be provided from the memory or the communication interface to the processor . For example, the processor may be configured to execute received instructions in response to the program code stored in the storage device, such as the memory . The processor may include a plurality of processors, and at least one or more of the processors may be separate from the computer apparatus and connected to the computer apparatus. 230 200 220 200 210 170 230 200 230 200 230 220 210 200 The communication interface may provide a function for communication between the communication apparatus and another apparatus, for example, the aforementioned storage devices. For example, the processor of the computer apparatus may forward a request or an instruction created based on a program code stored in the storage device such as the memory , data, and a file, to other apparatuses over the network under control of the communication interface . Inversely, a signal, an instruction, data, a file, etc., from another apparatus may be received at the computer apparatus through the communication interface of the computer apparatus . For example, a signal, an instruction, data, etc., received through the communication interface may be forwarded to the processor or the memory , and a file, etc., may be stored in a storage medium, for example, the permanent storage device, further includable in the computer apparatus . 240 250 240 250 200 The I/O interface may be a device used for interface with an I/O device . For example, an input device may include a device, such as a microphone, a keyboard, a mouse, etc., and an output device may include a device, such as a display, a speaker, etc. As another example, the I/O interface may be a device for interface with an apparatus in which an input function and an output function are integrated into a single function, such as a touchscreen. The I/O device may be configured as a single apparatus with the computer apparatus . 200 200 250 FIG. 2 According to other example embodiments, the computer apparatus may include a number of components greater than or less than a number of components shown in . However, there is no need to clearly illustrate many components according to the related art. For example, the computer apparatus may include at least a portion of the I/O device , or may further include other components, for example, a transceiver, a database (DB). Hereinafter, some example embodiments of a method and system for content arrangement are described. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method performed by a computer apparatus according to at least one example embodiment. 200 200 200 The computer apparatus according to the example embodiment may provide a client with a management service for content arrangement through connection to a dedicated application installed on the client or a website/mobile site related to the computer apparatus . A computer-implemented content arrangement system may be configured in the computer apparatus . For example, the content arrangement system may be implemented in a form of a program that independently operates or may be configured in an in-app form of a specific application to run on the specific application. FIG. 3 FIG. 3 220 200 220 220 220 220 Referring to , to perform the content arrangement method of , the processor of the computer apparatus may include at least one component. Depending on example embodiments, the components of the processor may be selectively included in or excluded from the processor . Also, depending on example embodiments, the components of the processor may be separated or merged for representations of functions of the processor . 220 220 200 310 330 220 220 210 FIG. 3 The processor and the components of the processor may control the computer apparatus to perform operations S to S included in the content arrangement method of . For example, the processor and the components of the processor may be configured to execute an instruction according to a code of at least one program and a code of an OS included in the memory . 220 220 220 200 Here, the components of the processor may be representations of different functions of the processor performed by the processor in response to an instruction provided from the program code stored in the computer apparatus . 220 210 200 220 310 330 The processor may read a desired instruction from the memory , to which instructions associated with control of the computer apparatus are loaded. In this case, the read instruction may include an instruction for controlling the processor to perform the following operations S to S. 310 330 310 330 FIG. 3 The following operations S to S may be performed in order different from order of , and a portion of operations S to S may be omitted or an additional process may be further included. 220 220 The processor provides an administration (admin) tool capable of arranging content to be displayed on a service screen to an administrator of a content provider side that provides content to an Internet service platform. For example, the processor may provide a management service for each media company such that a person in charge in a corresponding media company may edit its own content arrangement according to a content type. FIG. 3 FIG. 4 310 220 220 401 220 402 220 402 Referring to , in operation S, the processor may abstract content provided from a content provided in a data format that may be processed in an Internet service platform. Referring to , the processor may perform abstraction of data to process external data in various formats, such as articles, blogs, posts, etc., inside a platform. The processor may convert main content of original content, for example, a type, a title, and a body of the content to data in a common format. The processor may convert corresponding content to the data in the common format, for example, eXtensible Markup Language (XML), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), HyperText Markup Language (HTML)+Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), etc., to make content received (e.g., displayed) in various display areas of the Internet service. 320 220 403 220 402 In operation S, the processor may generate edit data in a cue card unit by mapping abstracted data of each content to a template of a cue card selected by an administrator of a content provider side for a content set that includes at least one content. Here, the cue card refers to a card-shaped object as a dedicated object for content arrangement. The admin tool may include a function of providing a cue card list for a cue card selection, a function of providing a template list for each cue card for a template selection of a cue card, and a function of providing a content list arrangeable in a cue card for a content selection. The cue card may include at least one editing element associated with content arrangement and may include at least one different editing element for each cue card. A portion of cue cards may include an automatic editing element to reduce or minimize editing effort of the administrator. The cue card may include a cue card of a manual editing element capable of directly editing all of a template and content and a cue card of an automatic editing element that is automatically filled with a desired or optimized content set. That is, the processor may easily map a content set to various shapes of cue cards using the abstracted data, that is, the data in the common format. 330 220 403 220 403 In operation S, the processor may display the edit data in a cue card unit, that is, the cue card in which the content set is arranged on at least one service area. The processor may display, on a plurality of service pages, the cue card (e.g., the edit data ), in which arrangement of the content set is completed. 220 401 402 402 Therefore, the processor provides the admin tool capable of processing the external data in various formats, such as articles, blogs, and posts, to the data in the common format and arranging the data in various card-shaped objects. The administrator may manually or automatically arrange his or her own content on a cue card in various shapes using the admin tool. Here, the content produced using the cue card may be displayed on a plurality of areas of the Internet service. The cue card that provides convenience of content arrangement is further described as follows. FIGS. 5 to 13 illustrate examples of describing a cue card for content arrangement according to at least one example embodiment. FIG. 5 220 500 220 510 500 Referring to , in response to receiving a cue card addition request through a service screen, that is, an admin tool screen of an administrator access authority, the processor provides a cue card selection interface screen for selecting a cue card. The processor provides a cue card list that includes different shapes and editing elements through the cue card selection interface screen . 510 501 502 503 504 505 506 The cue card list may include a direct edit cue card that allows an administrator to directly edit all of a template and content, a keyword cue card in which contents desired or optimized for a keyword input from the administrator are automatically arranged, a ranking cue card in which ranking data according to content consumption of users is applied, a personal recommendation cue card in which contents desired or optimized for an individual user are automatically arranged, a channel-linked cue card in which contents of each channel is automatically arranged in linkage with a service channel, and a data-linked cue card in which linked contents are automatically arranged for each type. 502 In the keyword cue card , a keyword-related content set, for example, a content set that includes a keyword or a content set of a type related to the keyword may be automatically arranged based on a keyword directly input from the administrator or a keyword selected by the administrator from among issue keywords recommended by a system. 503 503 In the ranking cue card , a content set automatically selected based on ranking data that is generated based on content consumption of the entire users may be arranged. The ranking data may be generated based on various criteria such as a number of reads, a number of comments, feedback (likes, etc.), age, gender, etc., according to content consumption. In the ranking cue card , a content set aggregated based on criteria selected by the administrator, for example, content viewed by many users and content with many comments may be automatically arranged. 504 504 In the personal recommendation cue card , a content set automatically selected according to a personal content consumption pattern of a user may be arranged. The personal content consumption pattern of the user may be analyzed. Here, in the personal recommendation cue card , a recommendation content set personalized for a corresponding user may be automatically arranged in the entire content pools or in a content pool selected by the administrator based on the personal content consumption pattern of the user. 510 For at least a portion of cue cards included in the cue card list , a template shape and a number of arrangeable contents for content arrangement may be determined or predetermined for each cue card. FIG. 6 510 220 600 220 610 600 Referring to , when the administrator selects a cue card desired to be added from the cue card list , the processor provides a template selection interface screen for selecting a template. The processor may provide a template list including templates in different formats selectable for each cue card through the template selection interface screen . At least one template for arranging a content set according to a type of a cue card may be provided. A template selection process may be omitted for a cue card having a template in a single fixed format. FIG. 7 610 220 700 220 710 700 710 700 701 710 702 Referring to , in response to a selection on a template from the template list , the processor provides a content selectin interface screen for selecting content. The processor provides a content list for selecting a content set to be arranged in a cue card through the content selection interface screen . The content list may include the entire content pools of the content provider or a content pool corresponding to a type of a cue card selected by the administrator and may include an interface for inputting a user selection for each content. The content selection interface screen may include a search interface for retrieving content from the content list using a keyword and a recommendation interface for requesting a content recommendation through an artificial intelligence (AI)-based recommendation system. 710 701 220 710 703 700 FIG. 8 The administrator may select content to be arranged on a cue card from the content list or may select the content through a search using the search interface . Referring to , the processor may sort and display contents selected from the content list on a selection list of the content selection interface screen in selection order. 220 702 702 700 220 703 FIG. 9 In addition to a scheme in which the administrator directly selects content, the processor may request the content recommendation through the recommendation interface . Referring to , when the administrator requests the content recommendation through the recommendation interface on the content selection interface screen , the processor may automatically add a recommendation content set based on a content consumption pattern of users to the selection list . The administrator may directly select the entire content set desired to add to a cue card or may request content recommendation to automatically configure a recommendation content set. In some example embodiments, the administrator may directly select a portion of the content set desired to be arranged on the cue card and may request a remaining thereof through content recommendation to configure the recommendation content. 700 703 703 703 The content selection interface screen may further include an interface capable of adjusting order of content included in the selection list . For example, when content is selected from the selection list and moved to a desired position, order of the content may be automatically changed. The administrator may select a content set that the administrator desires to arrange on a cue card and then may adjust order of content as desired order in the selection list . FIG. 10 700 220 1000 1004 220 1004 1000 Referring to , when selection of a content set is completed through the content selection interface screen according to a type of the cue card, the processor may provide a cue card editing screen including an interface for modifying a cue card title. In the case of a cue card having a manual editing element for a title, the processor may provide the interface for modifying the cue card through the cue card editing screen in addition to selection of the content set. FIG. 11 FIG. 5 502 510 500 220 1100 220 1110 1100 Referring to , when the administrator selects the keyword cue card from the cue card list of the cue card selection interface screen of , the processor provides a keyword selection interface screen for selecting a keyword instead of performing a process of selecting a content set. For example, the processor may provide an issue keyword list including issue keywords corresponding to a sudden increase in a number of runtime searches through the keyword selection interface screen . 1110 220 When the administrator selects at least one keyword from the issue keyword list , the processor may automatically select a content set including the selected keyword or a content set of a type associated with the selected keyword as a content set that the administrator desires to arrange on the cue card. 1100 1101 1110 1102 1110 The keyword selection interface screen may further include a selection list that includes a keyword selected from the issue keyword list and a search interface for searching for a keyword from the issue keyword list . 1101 1101 In selecting a content set that the administrator desires to arrange on a cue card, a plurality of keywords may be included in the selection list . In this case, content related to a corresponding keyword may be selected by the same weight for each keyword. As another example, if a plurality of keywords is included in the selection list , a content selection weight may be determined based on keyword order. For example, when the administrator selects three keywords, a content set may be configured to include content of a first keyword by 50%, content of a second keyword by 30%, and content of a third keyword by 20%. 1100 1103 1101 When a content selection weight is differently determined based on keyword order, the keyword selection interface screen may further include an interface capable of automatically arranging keyword order of the selection list in update order of issue keywords or directly chanting order by the administrator. 1100 1104 1110 The keyword selection interface screen may further include a view more interface for verifying content related to a corresponding keyword for each keyword included in the issue keyword list . FIG. 12 1104 1110 220 1220 502 Referring to , when the administrator selects the view more interface for a specific keyword from the issue keyword list , the processor may provide a related content list that includes contents related to a corresponding keyword. The administrator may verify related content of each keyword in a process of selecting a keyword to add the keyword cue card . FIG. 13 FIG. 5 503 510 500 220 1300 220 1310 1300 Referring to , when the administrator selects the ranking cue card from the cue card list of the cue card selection interface screen of , the processor provides a ranking data selection interface screen for selecting ranking data instead of performing a process of selecting a content set. The processor provides an aggregation criterion list including aggregation criteria for determining a ranking of content through the ranking data selection interface screen . 220 1310 1310 The processor may automatically select a content set aggregated based on a criterion selected by the administrator from the aggregation criterion list as a content set that the administrator desires to arrange on a cue card. In the case of an aggregation criterion list , a duplicate selection is possible and a content set aggregated based on a corresponding criterion may be arranged on the cue card for each aggregation criterion selected by the administrator. 220 220 The processor may display a cue card added by the administrator on at least one service area and may automatically change a position of the added cue card to make it possible to increase or maximize user consumption. By analyzing content consumption propensity of each user according to a time or a day of week in which content is consumed and a content production cycle, a content consumption pattern of all users may be learned through a machine learning model. An admin tool for content arrangement may include an automatic cue card arrangement function. When the administrator selects the automatic cue card arrangement function, the processor may automatically change a position of the cue card to make it possible to increase or maximize user consumption based on a machine learning result for the content consumption pattern of the entire users. For example, a cue card including headline news may be provided above other cue cards from 7 to 9 o'clock and, after that, a position of the cue card may be moved below other cue cards. 220 The admin tool for content arrangement may include an automatic cue card termination function for automatically terminating displaying of a cue card added by the administrator. When the administrator selects the automatic cue card termination function, the processor may automatically terminate displaying of a corresponding cue card based on a content display time, a reduction in a consumption amount, and a total consumption status of an individual user for each cue card. 220 The admin tool for content arrangement may include an AB test function capable of experimenting content consumption of a user according to addition and arrangement of a cue card. The administrator may select a cue card and arrangement to be tested and may set an experimental condition that includes a characteristic (e.g., an age and a gender) of a target to be displayed and a number of persons, and an experiment duration. Therefore, the processor may perform an AB test under the experimental condition set by the administrator for the cue card and the arrangement selected by the administrator and may provide a result report according to the AB test to the corresponding administrator. According to some example embodiments, it is possible to produce a content set in a card unit by arranging contents using a card-type dedicated object for content arrangement and to display the content set produced in the card unit on a plurality of service areas. Further, according to some example embodiments, it is possible to reduce or minimize editing effort of an administrator and to arrange desired or optimized contents by providing an object including an automatic editing element as a dedicated object for content arrangement. According to some example embodiments, abstraction of data may be performed with respect to external data in various formats, such as articles, blogs, posts, etc., inside a platform. In other words, main content of original content, for example, a type, a title, and a body of the content to data may be converted in a common format, for example, XML, JSON, HTML+CSS, etc. Accordingly, the main content converted in a common format may be easily rendered in various display areas of the Internet services, without going through a different conversion process for each original content. Thus, computing resources may be substantially reduced, thereby enabling relatively fast display of the main content on various display areas of the Internet services. The systems or the apparatuses described above may be implemented using hardware components, software components, and/or a combination thereof. For example, the apparatuses and the components described herein may be implemented using one or more general-purpose or special purpose computers, such as, for example, a processor, a controller, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a digital signal processor, a microcomputer, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic unit (PLU), a microprocessor, or any other device capable of responding to and executing instructions in a defined manner. The processing device may run an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications that run on the OS. The processing device also may access, store, manipulate, process, and create data in response to execution of the software. For simplicity, the description of a processing device is used as singular; however, one skilled in the art will be appreciated that a processing device may include multiple processing elements and/or multiple types of processing elements. For example, a processing device may include multiple processors or a processor and a controller. In addition, different processing configurations are possible, such as parallel processors. The software may include a computer program, a piece of code, an instruction, or some combination thereof, for independently or collectively instructing or configuring the processing device to operate as desired. Software and/or data may be embodied permanently or temporarily in any type of machine, component, physical equipment, virtual equipment, computer storage medium or device, or in a propagated signal wave capable of providing instructions or data to or being interpreted by the processing device. The software also may be distributed over network coupled computer systems so that the software is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. The software and data may be stored by one or more computer readable storage mediums. The methods according to the above-described example embodiments may be configured in a form of program instructions performed through various computer devices and recorded in non-transitory computer-readable media. The media may also include, alone or in combination with the program instructions, data files, data structures, and the like. The media may continuously store computer-executable programs or may temporarily store the same for execution or download. Also, the media may be various types of recording devices or storage devices in a form in which one or a plurality of hardware components are combined. Without being limited to media directly connected to a computer system, the media may be distributed over the network. Examples of the media include magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tapes; optical media such as CD-ROM and DVDs; magneto-optical media such as floptical disks; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as ROM, RAM, flash memory, and the like. Examples of other media may include recording media and storage media managed by an app store that distributes applications or a site, a server, and the like that supplies and distributes other various types of software. Examples of a program instruction may include a machine language code produced by a compiler and a high-language code executable by a computer using an interpreter. While this disclosure includes specific example embodiments, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various alterations and modifications in form and details may be made in these example embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents. For example, suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and/or if components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner, and/or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents.
The central nervous system (CNS), is a series of nerves and cells which are known as neurons. These neurons will transmit signals between parts of the body. It is through neurotransmitters and electrical currents how neurons will communicate to the brain. A central nervous system disorder includes many diseases which relate to the spinal cord and/or brain such as; arthritis, seizures, inflammatory diseases, types of cancers and neuropathy. This paper will look at how cannabinoids can have effects in preclinical models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders, and also the potential they have as therapeutics in clinical trials. Each of these disorders vary in general but all have in common the loss of function to the nervous system circuits. Cannabis sativa wields a number of phytocannabinoids in addition to the main psychoactive THC constituent. Anecdotal studies have shown that it has a therapeutic value in treating CNS disorders and this has lead to the support of a solid body of preclinical studies that are focused on the therapeutic growth of non THC cannabinoids. Animal models of diseases have influenced human clinical trials on CNS diseases. Sativex, a cannabinoid based medicine, is an oromucosal spray that contains delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) as well as specific minor cannabinoids and other non-cannabinoid components. Sativex has been effective in treating multiple sclerosis related spasticity and chronic pain from cancer. Overall, where THC has been displayed to be a good treatment in animal models, the adverse events that follow CB1 agonism need to be looked at so the clinical benefit can be realised patients. The mixture of THC and CBD in a medicine shows good promise in terms of safety and tolerability in the clinic, suggesting that THC does not preclude the growth of medicines suitable for global use. Based on measurements of cerebrospinal fluid levels in rat, this paper has found that a dose of 100 mg/kg of CBD can reduce central nervous system related pain. This paper has also found that CBD doses as high as 1200 mg can be safe and well tolerated in human trials. The future of cannabinoids as a safe and effective agent in fighting CNS disorders looks promising, therapeutically and pharmacologically.	https://cannabismd.com/research/phytocannabinoids-as-a-therapeutic-for-cns-disorders/
The Sociology department believes that every individual pupil can achieve personal excellence. The department’s aim is to nurture thoughtful and motivated young sociologists. They should be able to critically examine the world around them and believe in their ability to change their community for the better through the understanding of the diverse society in which they live. There is an emphasis on how people live together in society as a whole and how they interact with each other whether in small groups, communities or large organisations. Sociology strives to engage students to understand not only the ways in which society’s structures influences our daily lives, but also the ways in which we help in shaping the structure of society. A qualification in sociology will provide you with many key skills, including logical thinking, planning, research and negotiation – all of which can be used in a variety of careers. Many go into social work – community projects, charity work, welfare advisors and other areas of social services. Other careers include civil service, prison officers, journalists, police and teaching. The Sociology department are proud of the diverse topics chosen, including Family, Education, Crime and Religion. The course is designed to give students the opportunity to focus on their own experience of the social world, whilst encouraging them to build on this knowledge by analysing and reflecting on different aspects of society. At both Key Stage 4 and 5 the Sociology curriculum challenges pupils to look beyond appearances and set aside their own personal beliefs to enable them to grow in compassion and kindness. It empowers pupils with intellectually challenging ideas and concepts and essential skills of critical thinking. We encourage pupils to make mistakes, and learn from them, so they succeed in being resilient, courageous individuals who explore society using their sociological imagination. Please click on the link below to see our Programme of Study for Sociology:	http://www.greatfieldsschool.com/?page_id=12488
Soft skills have become just as, if not more, important than technical skills to hiring managers in recent years. Soft skills are skills such as emotional intelligence, people or social skills, communication ability, along with character and personality traits. Companies are no longer only looking for a candidate who can do a given job, but rather someone who will fit in, or thrive, within their company’s culture. With the coronavirus pandemic, we have shifted from a candidate’s to an employer’s job market, so you will likely have a larger candidate pool from which to choose. However, the pandemic has also brought new skills to be top priorities; adaptability, flexibility, and agility. While those skills were beneficial a year ago, they are critical now. For senior-level positions, many companies are now also valuing employers who can “roll up their sleeves” and get the job done. Most companies have seen budgets tightening, so managers are now wearing multiple hats to fill numerous roles to get the job done. But, how can you judge all that from an interview? First, your team needs to collectively decide what soft skills are the highest priority for your organization. Look as to how and why your company works. Examine factors, including company culture, values, relationships with customers, and even team sizes. Now prepared with that information, describe the ideal candidate for that position. This model will allow you to determine which 4 or 5 skills are of the highest importance for the role you are trying to fill and focus on those. Now, when you are performing your interview, you can compare your interviewee to the ideal candidate you created. Use open-ended questions to allow your candidate to fully explain themselves. Further, do not hesitate to ask them to go on, or elaborate; you want to enable the candidate to reveal themselves in a new way. Refer back to the STAR interview technique, and frame your questions to allow for your candidate to describe a situation, task, action, and a result. Questions such as “Can you discuss a time when you had to manage your team through a difficult situation” or “What are your actions if employees disagree with your decision”, will allow you to really get to know your candidate. Finally, do not forget to use your candidate’s references. If you are looking for someone who is a team player, why not call those references and ask how they work in a team environment?	https://convergehrsolutions.com/interviewing-for-soft-skills/
Activities on the GetYourGuide marketplace are ranked by a combination of factors including popularity, diversity, availability, customer rating, cancellation rate, performance over time, and amount of revenue generated. The must-see attractions in Jaen are: Plaza del Pósito Saint Catherine's Castle, Jaén Plaza Santa María, Jaen International Museum of Art Íbero San Lorenzo's Arch The best indoor activities in Jaen for rainy days are: These are the best activities when you are visiting Jaen on a budget: Want to discover all there is to do in Jaen? Click here for a full list.	https://activities.vueling.com/jaen-l2875/workshops-classes-tc79/
Evaluating Information, Part 1: Introduction With all the information out there, how do you know what you find is reliable? How do you know if it is appropriate and relevant to your specific research needs? Evaluating the credibility and usefulness of the information you find is an important step in the research process. This module will introduce you to general criteria for evaluating sources. Outcomes After completing the series of three evaluation modules, you will be able to - Evaluate the usefulness and relevance of any source. - Define and apply evaluation criteria to any source. - Use quality sources of information for your research.	https://iris.everettcc.edu/iris/evaluate/evaluate_intro/evaluate_info_intro.shtml
The market is failing to deliver affordable housing choice for a large and growing section of the community. Affordable housing is essential to improved economic productivity, social growth and environmental sustainability of our cities and communities. Without improved affordable housing supply our liveability is at serious risk. All levels of government, the private sector, the not-for-profit sector and the community can work together, with the support of expert advice, to develop and deliver new market-based solutions to provide affordable and market housing outcomes. I work collaboratively with organisations supporting them to consider options and solutions to meet their objectives. My approach is informed by up-to-date international and local evidence, and practical experience in market-led practice and feasibility, affordable housing policy and structures and Government and market constraints. I tailor my services to your requirements, working with you to develop and deliver strategies and policies to achieve sustainable and deliverable affordable development outcomes. Affordable Development Outcomes provides strategic advice tailored to meet your project objectives. Read the latest news and articles relating to affordable housing policy and development.	http://affordabledevelopmentoutcomes.com.au/
Crane Worldwide provides full client support through the initial days of the Brexit transition On the 31st December 2020, at 11pm, the Brexit transition period between the United Kingdom and the European Union came to an end. Although a UK-EU trade deal was announced on the 24th December, customs processes are now a requirement for trade between the United Kingdom and the European Union. With a new customs technology system in place and new document procedures required, Crane Worldwide stepped up to assist A.M. Shellfish, a wholesaler of superior Scottish fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Based in Aberdeen, an urgent shipment of live product needed a cross border delivery to France with a departure date of 2nd January. Leading up to the Brexit transition date, France closed its borders with the UK due to a new variant of the Coronavirus that had been detected in the United Kingdom. It was widely reported that perishable goods and in particular Scottish seafood could be impacted by delays at the border, highlighting the need for a seamless post-Brexit approach to avoid backlogs. On the day of the Brexit transition coming to an end, our client had an urgent need to export its live goods from Scotland to Spain and Portugal. This was a time sensitive shipment due to the live product and the requirement to reach its destination was by the 3rd January. Due to the urgent nature, a simple border crossing was required to meet the target delivery date. With a new customs entry procedure in place and newly implemented technology there was fear amongst both hauliers and forwarders that backlogs and delays would be caused due to the new process. The Crane Worldwide Logistics team was ready to navigate the new Brexit customs landscape. Receiving the request for assistance on December 31st, the day the new customs procedures were required, and the new year festivities ahead, the team stepped into action. On January 2nd, two trailers of live shellfish departed Inverurie, Scotland and made their way to Portsmouth, UK, for a ferry crossing in the early morning of the 3rd January. Customs entries were made on the newly implemented system by the Crane Worldwide team in Aberdeen and successful clearance of the goods in Caen, France was made that evening, supported by Crane Worldwide’s supply chain partners. “Thanks very much for all of your support over the past few days, it’s been pretty stressful for everyone and I really don’t know where we would have been without the dedication of your team” Whilst many forwarding agents and manufacturers have delayed shipments so that the new Brexit process could be tested, this urgent shipment could not wait. With a sense of urgency, a key element of The Crane Way, the Crane Worldwide team enabled a successful border crossing and the live goods were successfully delivered by A.M Shellfish to their clients in both Spain and Portugal. The border crossing procedures are currently being put to the test as road traffic flows between the UK and the European Union begin to increase after the festive period, regardless of the potential challenges ahead, Crane Worldwide UK is ready to support clients with Brexit trade advisory, customs support and warehouse storage. Let one of our client advocates build a solution that fits your logistics needs.	https://craneww.com/knowledge-center/case-studies/brexit/
Monica is the lead Project Manager of the Phillips Packing House, providing oversight of construction estimates, contracts, schedules, quality assurance, safety compliance, and closeout. She leads the project team with focused collaboration and resilient composure. Monica has 30 years of expertise in the building industry including leadership roles in sustainable master planning, historic preservation, construction management, owner’s representation, and innovative design-build. Prior to CSP, Monica was a freelance real estate consultant, involved on numerous urban revitalization projects for local developers including historic tax credits, commercial, mixed-use, multifamily housing, and boutique design-build. Prior to this, she was a Design/Build Project Manager for the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission in the Prince George’s County Park Planning and Development unit where she managed a complex master plan of capital improvement projects, green infrastructure, plus design and construction management for historic parkland. During her tenure at the Maryland-based Struever Bros. Eccles & Rouse, she led large-scale commercial construction projects as the general contractor and refined her expertise in historic preservation, green building, and adaptive reuse. She is a professionally trained architect who has worked for national architectural firms, served as a Trustee for the Maryland Historical Trust, CHAP Grant Administrator for the National Trust of Historic Preservation, and IEBC Liaison on the International Building Code Advisory Council. Monica obtained a Bachelor of Science in Architectonics as well as a Bachelor of Architecture & Planning professional degree from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. and studied at the College of Fine Arts at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, PA. She also received certified training through Design Build Institute of America, International Living Future Institute, National Historic Preservation Commission, and Maryland Department of the Environment.	https://www.crossstpartners.com/about/monica-wharton/
Several months ago, Lancet Psychiatry published a study, led by Gemma Lewis, that found sertraline (brand name Zoloft) ineffective for treating depression, even for people with severe symptoms. However, despite this finding, the researchers went on to suggest the drug be prescribed to people who do not have a diagnosis of depression or anxiety. Mad in America covered that article at the time. After some controversy, Lancet Psychiatry has decided to spend an issue addressing the criticisms of that article. In it are three new re-assessments of the study by other researchers. Michael P. Hengartner led the first group at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland. His article provides an overview of the study results: The results were “negative regarding the effects of sertraline on the primary outcome of depressive symptoms at week 6 (effect size 0.09), and there was only a marginal effect at week 12 (effect size 0.18). There was no interaction between sertraline and baseline severity, indicating that sertraline did not lead to a clinically meaningful reduction in depressive symptoms in patients with mild and severe depression.” Hengartner and his co-authors write that the results have been spun by “the media and various experts” who argued that the drug would still be helpful to those with severe symptoms. However, Hengartner notes that the original article belies this assumption. The authors of the original article wrote: “Many people in our sample had very severe depression, suggesting that there is uncertainty about the prescription of antidepressants in primary care at all levels of severity.” The original study also found some slight improvements in anxiety and overall well-being. Of note, these were secondary outcomes, and the participants did not have diagnoses of anxiety disorders. This became a major “positive finding” of the study. Hengartner and his co-authors suggest that this is misleading, as it is a “very small” effect “of questionable practical relevance to patients.” Hengartner also indicates that the result could be due to unblinding in the placebo group—a whopping 81% of the participants in the placebo group figured out that they weren’t taking the active drug. A second re-analysis of the study was conducted by Asger Sand Paludan-Müller and Klaus Munkholm at the Nordic Cochrane Center. They found that even the positive outcomes on anxiety and overall mental health were slight—far below the minimum clinically meaningful improvement. They also took issue with the use of secondary outcomes, which were added to the study at a later date. Finally, they suggested that the methods used for reporting adverse events might have underestimated the harms of sertraline use. Bruce Arroll wrote the third re-appraisal of the study at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. His analysis of the data demonstrated that improvement classified as “response” at the 12-week time point was “3.25 times more likely to be a placebo response than a medication response.” That means that a large number of those who receive the medication would have improved anyway. This group of people is exposed to the harms of the drug unnecessarily. Hengartner and his co-authors agree: “It is unknown whether minimal short-term benefits might outweigh the drugs’ potential for severe long-term harm.” Gemma Lewis and Glyn Lewis, two of the original authors of the study from several months ago, were also given space to reply to these criticisms. In their rebuttal, they take issue with the statistical methods used by Paludan-Müller and Munkholm and defend their use of secondary analyses, as well as their methods for reporting adverse events. However, in contrast to their previously published statements—in which they suggested that even people without depression or anxiety should also receive sertraline—Lewis and Lewis took a more nuanced view at this time. They write:	https://www.madinamerica.com/2019/12/researchers-set-record-straight-sertraline-zoloft/
The Terminal Building in Lavrio, services passengers travelling from and to Lavrio port and is integrated into the general modernization and upgrade design of the specific port. The project concerns a "Green building" with green roofs that combines the industrial design of previous centuries to the present, adopting architectural elements and materials of Lavrio city such as steel and stone. The terminal complex is composed of two buildings that are joined via a steel construction with glazing, composing a large atrium. Waiting areas, arrivals and departures sections, offices, canteens/restaurants 600m2, restrooms and auxiliary spaces such as storage rooms and areas for electromechanical installations are being included in the terminal building. The landscape area contains parking lots as well as waiting shelters for passengers.	https://en.aktor.gr/special_projects/arthro/construction_of_terminal_building_port_of_lavrio-15392913/
Coronavirus: Simple Strategies to Stay Safe *This blog post is a resource, and it is only intended to identify agents that may boost your immune system. It is not meant to recommend any treatments, nor have any of these been proven effective against COVID-19. None of these practices are intended to be used in lieu of other recommended treatments. Always consult your physician or healthcare provider prior to initiation. For up-to-date information on COVID-19, please consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at www.cdc.gov. Coronavirus continues to make headlines. While there is much that is unknown about this novel form of the virus, it is important to realize that there are simple strategies available to boost the immune system and help prevent COVID-19. Learn easy ways to increase health and guard against viruses. What is Coronavirus COVID-19? COVID-19 is part of a large family of coronaviruses. Named for the crown-like spikes on their surface, this group of common viruses may cause upper respiratory and flu-like symptoms. The Missouri State Department of Health offers a toll free hotline available 24/7 for guidance on COVID-19. If you are experiencing symptoms, contact the statewide public hotline at 877-435-8411. The World Health Organization encourages a balanced, fact-based approach while avoiding a pandemic of fear: “If you are not in an area where COVID-19 is spreading or have not travelled from an area where COVID-19 is spreading or have not been in contact with an infected patient, your risk of infection is low. It is understandable that you may feel anxious about the outbreak. Get the facts from reliable sources to help you accurately determine your risks so that you can take reasonable precautions.” (1) Specific strategies can strengthen the body and immune system to guard against all viruses, including COVID-19. Simple Strategies for Boosting the Immune System are Important Thinking of a virus as a seed and the immune system as soil quality may help illustrate the importance of prevention and boosting the immune system. Just as a seed cannot grow in unsupportive terrain, such as rocky soil, equipping the body’s terrain is crucial so that unfriendly invaders don’t take root. Simple strategies can include everyday preventative measures, diet and lifestyle strategies and specific immune support through vitamins and supplementation. 1. Everyday Preventative Measures for COVID-19 and Viruses Day in and day out, you can protect yourself with simple measures. Proper handwashing and avoiding touching your face may seem basic, but is important not to dismiss. A study of people in an office setting found participants touched their face around 16 times per hour, and noted this contact spreads pathogens and may predict respiratory infection. (2) When soap and water aren’t available, opt for an alcohol-based hand-sanitizer. Also, since COVID-19 is spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact, distance is important. If someone is ill, maintaining at least 6 feet between you and the infected is recommended. (3) Cough into an elbow or a tissue, and stay home if you feel unwell. Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces that are frequently touched. 2. Diet and Lifestyle Strategies for COVID-19 and other Viruses Supporting the body with solid nutrition, sleep and stress-management are foundational. Supportive Nutritional Strategies Stay hydrated by making water a priority. Skip sugary sodas. Take your body weight, divide it by two and consider making that number the amount of ounces of water you consume each day. Make a rainbow on your plate. Colorful fruits and vegetables mean increased phytonutrients, the plant-chemicals that can increase the body’s resilience. Picking a whole food, low inflammatory diet means a higher consumption of foods naturally higher in immune-supporting vitamins. Adding foods with antiviral properties, such as garlic and honey may be considered. (4, 5) Since the digestive tract and immune system are linked, address leaky gut issues to boost immunity. Probiotic-rich foods or just a probiotic may be helpful. Supportive Lifestyle Strategies Aim for at least 8 hours of sleep each night. Increased sleep increases white blood cells. Loss of sleep can increase susceptibility to viruses. Manage stress. Emotional and physiological stress can lower immune function. Since stress can be unavoidable at times, find ways to manage and process emotional stress through intentional practices such as mindfulness, meditation or prayer. (6) Don’t underestimate the power of fresh air and outdoor movement, even if it’s just a stroll in the park. Laughter can combat stress and may be helpful in boosting the immune system. (7) 3. Immune-Boosting Strategies There are many ways to support the immune system with specific supplements and health-promoting interventions. - Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps the body fight infection and may be helpful for coronavirus. (8) - Vitamin D can also be considered since those with adequate levels have been shown to have lower rates of infection during cold and flu season. (9) - Zinc supports white blood cell functioning and may shorten duration or frequency of infection. (10) - Elderberry syrup has antiviral properties that may be beneficial in decreasing the length and severity of a cold or flu. (11) We’re here to support you Lastly, as you navigate the information in the media each day about the unfolding situations regarding COVID-19, remember these simple measures that can be foundational to health and prevention. Sources: - "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - ReliefWeb." 10 Mar. 2020, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/COVID19.pdf. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020. - "PubMed - NCBI." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18357546. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020. - "Interim Guidance: Healthcare Professionals 2019-nCoV \| CDC." 28 Feb. 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-criteria.html. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020. - "Aged Garlic Extract Modifies Human Immunity \| Oxford Academic." 13 Jan. 2016, https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/146/2/433S/4584824. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. - "Honey: its medicinal property and ...." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609166/. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. - "Mindfulness meditation may ease anxiety, mental stress ...." 5 Aug. 2019, https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/mindfulness-meditation-may-ease-anxiety-mental-stress-201401086967. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. - "Humor and Laughter May Influence Health IV. Humor ... - NCBI." 5 Dec. 2007, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686627/. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020. - "Vitamin C Infusion for the Treatment of ...." 11 Feb. 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04264533. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020. - "Study confirms vitamin D protects against colds and flu ...." 15 Feb. 2017, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/02/study-confirms-vitamin-d-protects-against-cold-and-flu/. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020. - "Efficacy of Zinc Against Common Cold Viruses - Journal of the ...." https://www.japha.org/article/S1544-3191(15)31790-8/fulltext. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. - "Nutrients \| Free Full-Text \| Elderberry Supplementation ... - MDPI." https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/4/182. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020.	https://www.drmichaelschoenwalder.com/coronavirus-simple-strategies-to-stay-safe/
If you're out and about early Saturday, you just might spot them. They'll be your slightly "enthusiastic" gardening neighbors and friends ("fervent" is really a better word) jumping into their cars or catching rides at a weekend morning time usually reserved for slippers, coffee and fighting the kids and the tabby cats for the rocking chair in front of the fire. These green thumb folks, or those wanting to turn thumbs to green or those not even really caring if the plants make it or not but who like to hear about growing things will be on their way to the Clatsop County Fairgrounds. There, starting at 8 a.m., they will register for the annual Clatsop County Master Gardener Spring Garden Seminar, perhaps get a refill on coffee and jockey for the best seats to hear Portlander Lucy Hardiman talk about getting her hands dirty. With lessons on bees and soil building later in the day, joined by talks on trees and evergreens, fuchsias and lawns, I imagine the doors on the fecund fairgrounds exhibit hall will burst open later that afternoon with a legion of gardeners tumbling out in search of something to plant, pick or prune. Gardening is alive and well on the coast, in no small part to the efforts of the Clatsop County Master Gardener Association to spread the word through events such as the annual Spring Garden Seminar, and to give time back to the community, as in the 2,165 hours that local Master Gardeners gave to service projects in 2002. "We are a diverse bunch in terms of our own backgrounds, our gardening experience and even the conditions we garden in," Pacific County, Wash., gardener Terri Shields wrote me recently. She's a Clatsop County Master Gardener and holds the position of secretary this year in that organization. "That's what makes our group so interesting." I will tell you that our new president gardens near Elsie; the president-elect is out in Brownsmead; the vice-president is in Seaside; the treasurer is in Warrenton; the state representative lives along the Lewis & Clark River and the alternate rep. is on a city lot smack dab in the middle of Astoria. As in the past, Extension Agent Justin Williams has had to turn people away this year from the Clatsop County Master Gardener training because of its popularity, Shields said. And, thanks to events such as the Spring Garden Seminar, the group's largest fund-raising event of the year, the local Master Gardener Association foresees continuing its outreach. In addition to the classes, a plant sale and raffle will help bring in money so that the Clatsop County Master Gardeners can continue to blossom and grow. If you decide to attend Saturday's events, here is a list of the classes from which you can choose. Hardiman, a sixth-generation Oregonian whose garden has been featured in national publications and who regularly graces garden shows and magazine pages, will speak from 9 to 10:30 a.m. There are breaks between each session, and box lunches will be available for sale at the noon break. Meanwhile, you can choose one of the following classes for Session 2, which runs from 10:50 a.m. to noon: "Backyard Beekeeping for Your Garden," with Michael Bunch and Thom Trusewicz, offers insight into honeybee hierarchy, jobs in the hive, the life cycle of bees and beekeeping equipment, among other bee topics. If you want to become a beekeeper, you can get an introduction, or if you simply want to learn more about honeybees and how they benefit our gardens, you can learn that, too. "Hardy Fuchsias" is a chance to learn from Don and Betty Jean Wagoner, the owners of Fuchsialand.com, about fuchsias in your garden and how properly to build your own hanging fuchsia baskets and mixed containers. Don Wagoner has worked in the nursery industry for years and the Wagoners will offer fuchsia start plants for sale at the Garden Seminar, with a portion of the proceeds to be donated to the Clatsop County Master Gardener program. Session 3, which lasts from 12:45 to 2 p.m., features two class choices. They are: "Revitalizing Your Soil the Natural Way With Humus," a discussion by soil biologist Melissa Finn about the symbiotic relationship between microscopic soil critters and plants in your garden. Finn works with Nature's Needs in North Plains, Oregon's only living soil farm. Organic humus can revitalize your soil, meaning stronger, healthier plants and less reliance upon chemicals. Humus will be available for purchase at the Seminar, again with some profits going toward the Master Gardener Program. "Lawn Care: The Path to a Sensible, Healthy Lawn" is Nehalem garden consultant and landscape specialist Joe Balden's take on "managing your lawn instead of it managing you!" The final session from 2:30 to 3:30 p.m. features two classes: "Evergreen Perennials for Year-Round Interest" marks a return to the Spring Garden Seminar by Amy Cathcart of Blooming Nursery in Cornelius, who has talked in the past about ornamental grasses. She will offer suggestions for what she says are "beautiful, reliable, evergreen perennials that provide drama and interest to the garden year-round." "Trees in Your Landscape: A Guide to Caring for Ornamentals and Fruit Trees" features Joe Balden, who in addition to his landscape expertise is a certified arborist. A longtime Master Gardener, Balden will discuss all aspects of tree care, including selection, planting tips, pruning techniques and how to evaluate tree health. Other attractions include local vendors, the annual plant sale, a raffle for specialty baskets, a chance to wander through the Master Gardeners' Demonstration Garden outdoors and judging for the third annual People's Choice Contest. People who attend the seminar will vote for their favorite garden display, which has been created and entered by a current Master Gardener, and the winner will receive $25. Cathy Peterson belongs to the Clatsop County Master Gardener Association. "In the Garden" runs weekly in Coast Weekend. Please send comments and gardening news to "In the Garden," The Daily Astorian, P.O. Box 210, Astoria, OR 97103 or online to peterson@pacifi er.com If you go ...The Clatsop County Master Gardeners' Spring Garden Seminar is from 8 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Saturday at the Clatsop County Fairgrounds, 92937 Walluski Loop. The registration fee is $18. Students are free with identification. Register at the door, or by picking up a registration form from the Oregon State University Extension Office, Room 210, 2001 Marine Drive. For more information, call (503) 325-8573.	https://www.dailyastorian.com/life/in-the-garden-green-thumbs-to-convene-at-fairgrounds/article_37902387-372e-55a3-87fe-fac5e34d8549.html
Purchase this article with an account. or S. Kohl, V. B. D. Kitiratschky, B. Wissinger; A Comprehensive Genetic Screen of Patients With Autosomal Dominant Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2010;51(13):2587. Download citation file: © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present) Purpose: : Cone (CD) and cone-rod dystrophies (CRD) are characterized by decreased visual acuity, color vision deficiency and photophobia, and in case of CRD by progressive loss in peripheral vision and night blindness. CD and CRD can be inherited as an autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant (ad) and X-linked trait. To date ten genes have been associated with the rare autosomal dominant forms of adCD and adCRD. In some instances only a single report describing mutation(s) in the respective gene has been published. Since systematic investigations for these genes in patients with adCD and adCRD are lacking, 51 unrelated patients and families with this rare diagnosis were collected and analyzed to determine the prevalence and mutation spectrum of PRPH2, CRX, GUCA1A, GUCY2D, AIPL1 and UNC119 gene mutations in this cohort. PITPNM3 had already been excluded in an earlier collaboration project. Methods: : Mutation screening and segregation analysis was performed by DNA sequencing of PCR amplified genomic DNA applying BigDye sequencing chemistry (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany), except for mutation scanning in GUCY2D which was performed by PCR/RFLP analysis. Novel sequence variants were excluded in 100 healthy control individuals. Results: : We identified ten novel and five already published mutations in 24 families with adCD and adCRD: two independent patients and families carried mutations in CRX (4%), four in GUCA1A (8%), six in PRPH2 (12%) and twelve patients and families with adCD and adCRD were shown to have mutations in GUCY2D (24%). No pathogenic variants were identified in AIPL1 and UNC119. Conclusions: : Our analysis shows that mutations in the known genes account for 47% of all adCD and adCRD cases, while 53% remain unsolved giving evidence for further genetic heterogeneity. GUCY2D is the major gene for these disorders, followed by PRPH2, GUCA1A and CRX. Mutations in AIPL1, UNC119 and PITPNM3 seem to be rare causes of adCD and adCRD, and further studies are required to evaluate their contribution to these phenotypes.	https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2371244
We are awestruck by the wonders of the realm of dreams. Our subconscious ideas and sentiments may be accessed via it, giving us a way to better comprehend our natural feelings. A slew of symbolic meanings is sent by familiar objects and animals in your sleep. What do you think it means if you see a flock of cardinals in the sky in your dreams? Dreams are seen as a glimpse into the future and represent our current state of mind. There are many distinct ways they appear to us in our dreams, each with its own unique set of symbols and meanings. They amaze us, yet the act of learning about them is fascinating in and of itself. Cardinal dreams have a variety of meanings, and we’re going to go a bit further into them today. The Symbolism of the Cardinal Cardinals are among nature’s most stunningly gorgeous creatures. They are very elusive and difficult to find. There is never a moment in which they are sluggish or sluggish. In North America, they are a species of songbird with a large beak. It is the state bird of seven different states throughout the country. Cardinals have a significant part in the world of symbolism, as well. Because of their bright red hue, they are instantly recognizable. The cardinal is seen as a representation of a turning point in your life in Latin. Cardinals represent both unity and variety in Christian history. The cardinal is a sign of commitment, love, and courting in Native American folklore, making it a vital aspect of Native American culture. Cardinals carry their symbolic meaning into dreams just like they do in waking life. The reason we’re here is to provide you with further information on the same. Dreams about Cardinals and Their Symbolic Meanings What does it signify if you have a dream about Cardinal? Is it significant in any way? Dreaming about cardinals may mean many different things to different people. In dreams, cardinals are interpreted in the same way that they are in the real world. Cardinals may appear in your dreams, and you may see them take flight in your dreams as well. Both good and negative meanings may be derived from these words. In addition to representing vigor and a desire to achieve one’s goals via hard work, persistence, and commitment, they may also portend good fortune in the future. They are also a symbol of harmony and compassion. Symbolism is present in all four cardinal dream sequences in varying degrees. The following is a list of some of the more prevalent ones. 1. Love and Devotion Moods In the case of cardinals, a mate is for life. Seeing them in a dream indicates that you will have pleasant romantic encounters in the near future. If you’re lucky, you’ll find someone who will adore and love you unconditionally. You’re going to fall in love with them and commit your life to them. In this partnership, you will learn about the values of balance, accountability, and understanding in the context of a healthy relationship. If you’re single, these dreams indicate that you’ll have a meaningful relationship in the future. You and your spouse may also sense a fresh affection for one other in the wake of these dreams if you’re currently dating. 2. Optimism Cardinal in Dreams – What They Mean and How to Understand Them Dream Cardinals are very active and vivacious creatures. Your future is likely to be filled with bursts of energizing energy if you see them in your dreams. Rationality and steadiness, two critical life skills, will become second nature to you. You’ll be driven, but you’ll also have a firm grasp of the need of being steady and patient. In other circumstances, you may reevaluate the areas in which you are putting your efforts. Your outlook on life is contagious, and you should keep it that way for your own benefit. It’s pointless to spend time and effort on things that don’t matter. Dreams like this emphasize the need for perseverance, enthusiasm, and a positive outlook in the face of adversity. 3. Good Luck Cardinals have long been associated with luck and health. They often represent the same things in dreams as well. If you’re having these dreams, it’s a sign that your dedication and perseverance in both your professional and personal life will pay off soon. In the most unexpected of ways, success is likely to come to you soon. Promotions or monetary rewards are two examples of this. If you want to see how your ideas work out, you need to pay attention to the tiniest of details. That good luck and accomplishments are going to show up when you least expect them to happen. 4. Intense Emotions and Pressures Why do I keep having dreams about Cardinal? Does this dream symbolize anything to you? In other cases, cardinal dreams might be a sign that your life is rife with anxiety and stress. You’re feeling buried behind a mountain of unfinished business. You feel anxious and insecure since you’re always pursuing your ideal life and career. Alternatively, your desire may appear unrealistic since you couldn’t devote all of your time to achieving it. Your subconscious is telling you to start small and work your way up to the bigger goals you’ve set for yourself. When you’re aiming for total success, it helps to have them all in one place. 5. The Power of Enthusiasm All-weather birds and Cardinals thrive in the most inhospitable conditions. It’s important to remember that this broad characteristic might show itself in a variety of dream forms. When things become tough, it’s important to keep your head up and keep going, as cardinals do in the midst of the harshest of conditions. This dream tells you that your inner ambition and passion will keep you going, even in the face of adversity, and that you will persevere in the days ahead. Scenarios As we’ve seen, there are a plethora of underlying meanings and implications to each of the cardinal dreams. Paying attention to the subtleties and nuanced meanings of their words can help you better comprehend their message. Every dream sequence has its own unique meanings and ramifications for your waking life. To help you better understand cardinal dreams, we’ve collected a list of the most typical ones. Dreaming of a Cardinal Lifting Off in the Sky You may see a cardinal flying in your dreams, which is the most common of these visions. To say “I’m happy” in this way conveys happiness and pleasure. A time in your life when you are content with your work and social life has arrived. No matter how long it has taken you to get to this point in your life, you have no regrets about it. If you’re having trouble communicating or associating, this dream can be an indication. It aims to help you communicate your ideas and feelings to others so that you may work together to boost each other up. Imagining a Red-Winged Blackbird Perched on Your Windowsill You may encounter a cardinal perched on your window sill in numerous of your dreams. There are also far-reaching ramifications to seemingly generic dreams. According to this, you should establish and communicate clear energy boundaries in your personal and professional life. This is particularly relevant to empaths. Understanding the value of expressing “no” and being able to express yourself is critical to your well-being. Furthermore, it implies that you shouldn’t rely on the opinions of others to guide your course of action. A Cardinal Crossing Your Path In A Dream You may come upon a cardinal in several other sequences. There is a slew of ramifications to this. Keeping your feet firmly on the ground, even in the face of success, is the most fundamental of them all. In the same way, it outlines the measures you must take to realize your goals. The success of your vision is dependent on your ability to be inspired and encouraged to continue in order to make your ideal aims a reality. To see the fruits of your labor, you must persevere until the finish. I’m Dreaming of a Cardinals Trio A pair of cardinals may appear to you in your dreams on occasion. Many things may be gleaned from this. In other circumstances, it emphasizes the need for collaboration in achieving particular goals in your life. This might be in reference to any significant initiatives that you are responsible for leading and completing in conjunction with others. In other cases, these dreams are a reminder of the necessity of being a good parent. There’s a chance that you and your spouse may meet the newest member of the family. Because you’ll have to learn to cope with specific problems as parents jointly, the need of practising good and collaborative parenting is brought to the fore. The Presence Of A Dead Cardinal In My Head In order to dream about Cardinal, you must first understand what it means. Meaning of the cardinal in dreams Seeing a dead cardinal in your nightmares might cause you concern and anxiety. On the other hand, this isn’t always a terrible thing. The death of a cardinal in your dream indicates the end of one phase and the beginning of a new one, as cardinals are viewed as harbingers of good fortune. You may have just started a new job or moved to a new place, and you’re now in a new period of your life. Dreams about dead cardinals are omens of similar future events. New pleasant encounters are expected to help you grow as a person, according to these people. FAQs – What Is It Like To Dream Of A Blue Cardinal? It doesn’t matter if blue cardinals don’t really exist; they’ve always symbolized loyalty and understanding in our minds. Dreams involving blue cardinals have the same meanings as those involving red cardinals. Your ideas and intellectual experiences are reflected in these symbols, which are related to the air and water. As you continue on your path to success, keep these things in mind. Other times, blue cardinals are a sign of a distinctive or uncommon object, as well. The appearance in dreams of a blue cardinal, which is almost nonexistent in the real world, represents an unexpected event or circumstance that is about to occur. Seeing a Yellow Cardinal in Your Dreams Is Meaningful. There have only been a few reports of seeing a yellow cardinal. It’s a good sign when you see them in your dreams because it reveals significant aspects you should pay attention to in the future. Care and feeding are prominent themes in these visions. Yellow cardinals in dreams may also indicate that you have the courage to take on new challenges. This is especially true if you encounter one when awake. As a result, you are not afraid to take risks and show off your abilities. In addition, these birds are a sign of good fortune and optimism. They imply that you’re going to find a way to express yourself freely. When you see a brown cardinal in your dreams, what does it mean? Brown cardinals may appear to you in your dreams on occasion. Symbolic of many things, they are also a good example of this. The most common interpretation is that they represent a state of readiness. You’ve waited a long time to take action on something you’ve been thinking about for a long time. You’ve been eagerly awaiting the opportunity to try something new and exciting. This is a message that now is the time to put your ideas into action, in such circumstances. I guarantee you’ll have a great time when you try something new and exciting. The message from this dream is to be curious and open to new experiences, rather than being stuck in routines. Exploring and experiencing new things may be life-changing for you. If you dream about a cardinal flying through a window, what does it mean? In your nightmares, you may also witness a cardinal slamming against your glass. This has a sour taste in my mouth. A close friend or family member might be in difficulty. Financial setbacks, debt, or even life-threatening diseases and injuries fall under this category. The dream may also be a sign of impending death in your immediate social group in very severe circumstances. This might be seen as a warning sign to be especially careful when it comes to other people’s safety. Keep in contact with those you care about even if you’re swamped with work. Instead of losing your cool in the midst of a crisis, pay attention to how they are behaving. Conclusion It is awe-inspiring every time we visit the realm of dreams. If you had a cardinal-themed dream, we hope we were able to provide some light on what to expect. All of these dreams have many connotations that may be interpreted in light of your own experiences in order to have a deeper understanding of your own feelings. As a result of these dreams, you’ve gained a greater understanding of their significance. Always keep in mind that your dreams are an expression of your ideas and emotions. With an open mind and a tranquil spirit, they should be addressed!	https://bnnfeed.com/dream-about-cardinal/
Why do disaster recovery plans fail? Disaster recovery plans can easily fail if the plan’s procedures are not described in sufficient detail. That’s because during tests, plans may be executed successfully even if they are not sufficiently detailed. … But in the event of a real disaster these staff may not be available. What are the disadvantages of a disaster recovery plan? After developing disaster recovery plans for the last twenty years, I’ve found five key weaknesses many businesses have with their plans: - There is no plan. - The plan is wrong or inadequate. - The plan relies on the wrong technology. - The plan is not properly tested. - The plan has insufficient information management. What could happen to a company if IT failed to create a disaster recovery plan? Business Interruption You not only lose revenue but also employee productivity. In the case of any disaster, however minor, and your organisation does not have a disaster recovery plan to enable a prompt resumption of normal operations, in the same location or elsewhere, you will lose money and employee productivity. What are the disadvantages of not having a disaster recovery plan? According to Aveco, 20 percent of companies will suffer fire, flood, power failures, terrorism or hardware or software disaster. Of those without a DRP: 80 percent will fail in just over a year. 43 percent will not even re-open. What is failure recovery plan? What is a disaster recovery plan? A disaster recovery plan is a blueprint for dealing with an unplanned event and its potentially negative consequences for your organization. It’s a guidebook, or a plan, which sets out how you’ll restore or maintain critical business functions in a crisis. What are some of the issues associated with disaster recovery? We look at some key pitfalls in disaster recovery, such as failing to plan, not testing the plan, not protecting backups, poor communication and neglecting the human element. What is the risk of not having a business continuity plan? Financial loss may be among other consequences of a lack of a business continuity plan. The cost of business interruption varies from $5.8 million due to fire or explosion, $4.4 million due to a storm, or $0.55 million due to water damages†. The longer the downtime is, the higher the losses. What are the advantages of a disaster recovery plan? Here are the top 4 benefits of disaster recovery planning: - Cost-Efficiency. Disaster recovery plans have multiple components. … - Increased Employee Productivity. A disaster recovery plan will have to be executed by the right people. … - Greater Customer Retention. … - A Better Understanding of Scalability. Why is IT wise for an Organisation to have an ICT disaster plan? Preventing the loss of the organization’s resources such as hardware, data and physical IT assets. Minimizing downtime related to IT. Keeping the business running in the event of a disaster. What is continuity risk? Different from cyberattacks, these business continuity risks include physical security breaches, such as unauthorized building access, vandalism to a building and its facilities, fraud and civil disturbances. Natural and man-made disasters that could impact business continuity. Fire. Is it possible for any business to be immune to loss how? Data is your business’ most valuable asset, which makes protecting it a critical piece of your business’ IT security measures. Data loss can happen as result of a wide range of causes, some preventable, and some completely unexpected. What is a business impact assessment? A business impact analysis (BIA) predicts the consequences of disruption of a business function and process and gathers information needed to develop recovery strategies. Potential loss scenarios should be identified during a risk assessment. What is lack of continuity in business? Statistics show that 80% of organisations that are faced with a significant business discontinuity, and do not have in place adequate and appropriate plans to ensure business continuity, do not survive the event. … What will happen if we did not apply a contingency plan? Without having a contingency plan in place, you don’t have a risk management recovery plan, which reduces the chances of project success, even if that project plan was made with planning software. Contingency planning applies to any business venture. What is the importance of being prepared in case of disaster? Being prepared can reduce fear, anxiety, and losses that accompany disasters. Communities, families, and individuals should know what to do in the event of a fire and where to seek shelter during a powerful storm.	https://awordtotheworld.com/entrepreneurship/what-are-the-main-reasons-that-businesses-fail-to-develop-business-recovery-plans.html
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of long-term induced hyperthyroidism on the body weight and egg production. In addition the relationships between hyperthyroidism and some reproductive parameters were studied. A total of seventy 47-week-old Cobb 500 breeder hens were randomly allotted to two treatment groups (5 replicates of 7 hens each). Thyroxine was orally administered to the hyperthyroid group (0.3 mg/bird/day) for 100 consecutive days during which the body weight and egg production were recorded on a weekly basis. Effect of hyperthyroidism on plasma T4 levels was significant; but, the T3 level was not affected. Results indicated a significant decreasing effect of thyroid hormones on body weight. Thyroid hormones had no effect on egg production; however, the treatment × time (wk) interaction effect was significant on egg production. Ovarian and oviductal weight were not different between the control and hyperthyroid hens. Administration of thyroxine to breeder hens decreased the diameter of F1 follicles. Keywords - Akhlaghi, A., Zamiri, M. J., Jafari Ahangari, Y., Nejati Javaremi, A., Rahimi Mianji, G., Mollasalehi, M. R., Shojaie, H., Akhlaghi, A. A., Deldar, H., Atashi, H., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z. & Zhandi, M. (2012). Maternal hyperthyroidism is associated with a decreased incidence of cold-induced ascites in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 91, 1165-1172. - Akhlaghi, A., Zare Shahneh, A.,Zamiri, M. J., Nejati Javaremi, A. & Rahimi Mianji, G. (2009). Effect of transient postpubertal hypo- and hyperthyroidism on reproductive parameters of Iranian broiler breeder hens. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 5602-5610. - Asmundson, V. S. & Pinsky, P. (1935). The effect of the thyroid on the formation of the hen’s egg. Poultry Science, 14, 99-104. - Bilezikian, J. P., Loeb, J. & Gammon, D. E. (1980). Induction of Sustained Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism in the Turkey: Physiological and Biochemical Observations. Poultry Science, 59, 628-634. - Boulakoud, M. S. & Goldsmith, A. R. (1991). Thyroxine treatment induces changes in hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone characteristic of photorefractoriness in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 82, 78-85. - Decuypere, E., Buyse, J., Scanes, C. G., Huybrechts, L. & Kühn, E. R. (1987). Effects of hyper- or hypothyroid status on growth, adiposity and levels of growth hormone, somatomedin c and thyroid metabolism in broiler chickens. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 27, 555-565. - Decuypere, E., Van As, P., Van der Geyten, S. & Darras, V. M. (2005). Thyroid hormone availability and activity in avian species: A review. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 29, 63-77. - Decuypere, E. & Verheyen, G. (1986). Physiological basis of induced moulting and tissue regeneration in fowls. Worlds Poultry Science Journal, 42, 56-66. - Gilbert, A. (1971). The ovary. In: Bell, D.J. and Freeman, B.M. (eds) Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, Vol. 3. Academic Press, London, pp. 1163-1202. - Jacquet, J. M., Seigneurin, F. & De Reviers, M. (1993). Effect of thyroxine on testicular function, circulating luteinising hormone and pituitary sensitivity to luteinising hormone‐releasing hormone in the cockerel (Gallus domesticus). British Poultry Science, 34, 803-814. - Lien, R. J. & Siopes, T. D. (1991). Influence of thyroidectomy on reproductive responses of male domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). British Poultry Science, 32, 405-415. - McNabb, F. M. A. (2007). The Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in birds and its role in bird development and reproduction. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37, 163-193. - McNabb, F. M.A. & King, D. B. (1993). Thyroid hormone effects on growth, development and metabolism. In: Pang PKT, Scanes, CG, Schreibman, MP (eds) The Endocrinology of Growth, Development, and Metabolism in Vertebrates, , Academic Press, New York, pp. 393-417. - Moore, G. E., Harvey, S. Klandorf, H. & Goldspink, G. (1984). Muscle development in thyroidectomised chickens (Gallus domesticus). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 55, 195-199. - NRC. (1994). Nutrient requirements for poultry. (National Research Council: New York). - Rousseau, K., Le Belle, N., Sbaihi, M., Marchelidon, J., Schmitz, M. & Dufour, S. (2002). Evidence for a negative feedback in the control of eel growth hormone by thyroid hormones. Journal of Endocrinology, 175, 605-613. - SAS. (2003). User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1 Edition. Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. - Sauer, M. J., Cookson, A. D., McDonald, B. J. & Foulkes, J. A. (1982). The use of enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of hormones with particular reference to the determination of progesterone in unextracted whole milk. In: Wardley RC and Crowther JR (eds) The ELISA, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Netherlands, pp: 271-296. - Scanes, C. G., Marsh, J., Decuypere, E. & Rudas, P. (1983). Abnormalities in the plasma concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and growth hormone in sex-linked dwarf and autosomal dwarf White Leghorn domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Journal of Endocrinoogy, 97, 127-135. - Sechman, A. (2013). The role of thyroid hormones in regulation of chicken ovarian steroidogenesis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 190, 68-75.	https://ijas.ut.ac.ir/article_67835.html?lang=en
Major Causes of Bus Accidents and Knowing My Rights Following the Accident in California – 2020 Guide Just like most other car crashes, bus accidents are often preventable. Examples of such incidents include those caused by reckless or otherwise negligent drivers, or mechanical failures resulting from a lack of proper vehicle care. Still, others are not entirely within the control of the bus driver or their employing agency, as weather events like rain and snow can severely hamper road safety. Whether you are the passenger or the drive, after this type of accident in California one of the most important steps you can take is to contact an experienced bus accident attorney at Salamati Law who will protect your legal rights and ensure you receive the compensation that you deserve. What Causes Bus Accidents in California? Source: nbcnews.com Firstly, it must be established that there are several different types of buses that operate within the state of California. These are all exposed to various driving conditions according to the demographic and geographic region they serve. For this reason, each bus type will be predisposed to certain traffic pressures that increase their risk of becoming involved in a collision, some more than others. A general overview of the events and habits that lead to bus accidents includes the following causative factors: Overcompensating (e.g., swerving back into one lane to correct drifting into other traffic lanes) Abrupt stops Driving off the road Drowsy driving The leading causes of bus accidents also slightly differ based on the type of bus involved. For instance, school bus accidents are most often caused by the driver’s failure to respect traffic laws, especially yielding when appropriate and remaining inside one lane. On the other hand, Greyhound bus drivers drive for much longer distances than most, so they are more inclined to drowsiness, which endangers all parties within and near the vehicle. Further, tour buses often transport excited bunches of people, so these drivers tend to be quite reckless, often speeding and even driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In all these instances, whether you were a passenger on the bus or driving of a vehicle that was sharing the road at the time, you would have the right to pursue legal action following the accident. If the fault lies with the bus driver, then you have every right to seek compensation for the damages inflicted upon you and the resulting financial losses. Never should you be expected to cover such damages that were no fault of your own, even if the negligent party happens to be a member of your local or state government. What to Know About Filing a Claim for Bus Accidents Source: stocksy.com No matter who or what agency the bus driver operates under, your right to pursue legal action in an effort to recover compensation must be upheld. As you exercise this right, you must be aware of the laws in your locale to do so in a timely, legal manner. These laws may differ according to your location and type of service the bus driver was providing (e.g., private busing versus public or government-provided). When filing a claim against a government bus driver (e.g., the driver of a school bus or city bus), there are a few presiding statutes to be aware of. The most important of these include: Statute of Limitations: Although this law varies slightly by state, it holds victims to a predetermined timeline in which they are allowed to pursue legal action for damages incurred in their accident. The average period extends for about two years. However, there are further limitations in the case of filing legal claims against government bodies. For example, if the bus driver was the employee of a Metropolitan or Municipal Transit Authority (MTA) vehicle, you will only have six months to begin your claim since the bus belongs to the city or county. Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA): This legislation is primarily what makes it so difficult to press charges against a bus driver (or any employee of the federal, state, or local government, for that matter). This law is closely related to the doctrine of sovereign immunity (also known as “crown immunity”), wherein government entities must grant explicit permission for civilians to file lawsuits against them. The FTCA allows certain types of lawsuits to be filed against these entities; however, your case must be founded on highly specific details and request what the law deems a “fair” amount in compensation. Source: kncifm.com Though you still have the right to sue, acting against a private bus driver (i.e., the driver of a charter or tour bus) will be slightly different. Instead of filing a claim against the city or a specific municipal department, you will need to take up action against the company that owns the bus and employs the driver. For example, if you were the passenger of a charter bus that was on its way to a wedding or another event, and the driver was operating the vehicle erratically, you would file a lawsuit against both the driver and the company. If, on the other hand, the driver was controlling the vehicle in a safe and responsible manner, but mechanical failures led to a dangerous crash, you might sue any or all of the following: The manufacturer of the bus, if it was discovered that flawed components were the cause of the malfunction. The transportation company, if you find that they neglected to appropriately care for the bus. The touring agency, as they may have knowingly booked your group’s trip while aware of the bus’s poor condition. Source: jnylaw.com As you can see, there are a number of caveats that must be considered in your approach to filing a lawsuit in the aftermath of a bus accident. Your case will depend heavily on even the most minute details of the incident, so you must do everything in your power to document the case in its entirety, representing all influential factors as thoroughly and accurately as possible. When you are ready, get in touch with an accident lawyer, as it is also your right to acquire legal protection as you seek compensation. Your lawyer will walk you through each step of the litigation process. As your case progresses, you will be supplied with sound advice to ensure that you make only the best decisions for both your finances and wellbeing.
President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih has called on all atoll, island and city councils to provide their support to the government in implementing decentralised development nationwide. The President made this statement during his meeting with the North Miladhunmadulu Atoll Lhaimagu Island Council and Women's Development Committee (WDC), earlier this afternoon at the Secretariat of the Lhaimagu Island Council. President Solih reiterated that councils now have the authority and financial autonomy to shape the direction taken in the development of their constituencies. He urged them to use the resources provided to them to best benefit their constituents. Councillors raised several concerns from residents of Lhaimagu Island, centred mainly on augmenting the ongoing expansion of the local harbour, coastal protection and improvements to electricity service. Members of the council further noted that the island requires healthcare upgrades and the establishment of police presence, among other needs pertinent to the progress of the Lhaimagu Island. Addressing the concerns raised during the meeting, President Solih advised the council to approach the proper government agency regarding the augmentations to the ongoing harbour expansion project. He shared the latest updates of developmental projects and programmes ongoing and planned for the island. In this regard, he said that with the reform of the police service, Lhaimagu Island would have locally stationed police, stating that he would highlight their request to prioritise their island. He also said he would raise the issues shared by the council to the relevant government agencies to find swift solutions. Following the meeting, the President and First Lady visited the site of Lhaimagu Harbour expansion project. The First Lady also visited and toured Lhaimagu School and later met with a group of women at the harbour. Lhaimagu Island is the second destination in the President and First Lady’s ongoing three-day trip to North Miladhunmadulu Atoll and North Maalhosmadulu Atoll. Cabinet ministers, senior executives from the President’s Office and a delegation of high-level government officials accompany the President and First Lady on this trip.	https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/25094
Browsing by Subject "National security -- Southeast Asia" Now showing items 1-2 of 2 - Cooperative security and the balance of power in ASEAN and ARF (Routledge, 2012-11) Emmers questions the dichotomy implicit in this interpretation and investigates what role the balance of power really plays in such cooperative security arrangements and in the calculations of the participants of ASEAN and the ARF. He offers a thorough analysis of the influence the balance of power has had on the formation and evolution of the ASEAN and ARF and reveals the co-existence and inter-relationship between both approaches within the two institutions. - Human security in Southeast Asia (Routledge, 2010) There is a growing interest in human security in Southeast Asia. This book firstly explores the theoretical and conceptual basis of human security, before focusing on the region itself. It shows how human security has been taken up as a central part of security policy in individual states in Southeast Asia, as well as in the regional security policy within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The book discusses domestic challenges for human security including the insurgencies in southern Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia. ...	https://repository.nida.ac.th/browse?type=subject&value=National%20security%20--%20Southeast%20Asia
Higher Education Students' Loans Board HESLB executes one of the key mandates in administering loans to students pursuing higher education. Every year, the Board prepares the Loan Application almanac to guide on the process of loan issuance to needy and eligible students. As per the almanac, Loan Application Window opens once annually. Both undergraduate and postgraduate students who are eligible are invited to apply. Criteria on eligibility and the application process is stipulated in the Loan Application Guideline for the respective year which can be downloaded on this site. Prospective applicants are encouraged to read the guidelines carefully, prepare the prerequisites and make their application online through the Online Application and Management System (OLAMS). The loan application process is denoted as below:	http://www.heslb.go.tz/About_loan_Application?lang=
NESCAC promotes Mental Health Awareness Week For schools across our conference, this week is NESCAC Mental Health Awareness Week. But what does “awareness” mean? It’s a question the Student Athlete Advisory Committee, or SAAC, asked ourselves as we planned the events for the week. Being aware of your mental health is about taking time to reflect, treating your feelings as real and valid and about understanding that, especially at Middlebury, as much as everyone else may look like they have it figured out, everyone is going through something. But there’s more to this week than mental health awareness. We want to promote concrete ways to take care of your mental health, and there’s a number of activities planned to do it. Go to a spin class on Thursday, or a yoga class on Friday afternoon. Support your classmates by wearing green on Friday, or cheer at any of the athletic events this weekend. Try to keep your phones away. Lastly, we want to note that one of the best ways to support your mental health is through service and appreciation. Take the time to enjoy the beauty of the mountains, and go out of your way to thank a custodian, dining hall employee, coach, or friend. Find the things that work for you, and hopefully each week moving forward can be its own Mental Health Week.
Education is an integral part of pig production and vital to keep pace with technical advances and the constant demand for greater efficiency. However, formal training opportunities in pig husbandry have dwindled during the past two decades. Jane Jordan asks where the sector’s new blood will come from Recruitment continues to be a significant problem for the pig industry. Those who are already working in the sector are keen to progress, but attracting new entrants is very difficult. With high unemployment in many rural areas and school leavers desperate for jobs, why is the pig industry struggling to find personnel? Image is perhaps the biggest factor here as few people realise that modern pig production is a rather high-tech, food production business offering a decent wage and career progression. Farm assurance standards, welfare codes and a need for high-health status and greater efficiency means production systems must be well managed – and what’s good for pigs is also good for people. The vice principal at East Anglia’s Easton and Otley College, Clive Bounds, believes the academic focus of the current education system is partly to blame. “The agricultural industry has changed significantly with enormous rationalisation, but farm businesses still need staff and there’s a strong demand for students,” he explains. “But young people are not forthcoming, and that’s probably because of the way UK education is structured.” With the primary focus for education centred on league tables and GCSE qualifications, the provision for vocational certificates – where 14-16-years-olds would spend one day a week at a college, pursuing practically based training and workplace experience – have been significantly capped. Fewer youngsters are now exposed to the land-based industries because there’s limited funding available for day-release courses. As a consequence, there are fewer students and entrants moving into agriculture/horticulture and most are unaware of the career prospects available in areas such as pig production. “We have a significant disconnect between the academic learning and vocational education and we do need to bridge that gap,” Clive adds. “It’s not that students don’t like farming, it’s that they don’t really know much about it or the employment opportunities it offers.” There’s also a considerable misconception about primary food production, where society as a whole doesn’t seem to value the commitment and expertise required to get food from farm to plate. Most people don’t see the countryside as a manufacturing industry or as a place to work, and there’s a lot of negativity associated with farming. The terminology used in the industry also needs updating. Livestock technician is more applicable to a stockman’s role these days than pigman. IT and computer skills are very much part of the job, alongside stock skills and a key understanding of health and welfare. But a job like this also requires practical aptitude and empathy with animals, skills that aren’t easy to demonstrate in the classroom or via examinations. According to Clive, many of the youngsters at Easton and Otley find formal, classroom-based education difficult, whereas the more practical route enables them to learn effectively. Again, it’s about making the connection between, say, the numeracy/literacy requirements of an academic education and how that can be integrated alongside vocational roles. “For example, if you weigh pigs to select for market, you must collect and process data, then analyse it and work out what these figures are telling you,” he says. “It’s numeracy and literacy working in practice and many youngsters can grasp these fundamentals far easier from a practical perspective than they can through classroom tuition. “And while they’re here achieving this, they’re also learning about land-based industries and the career opportunities they can offer.” As an industry, the pig sector must address these issues. Clive says other vocational sectors, such as construction and the engineering industry, probably experience the same recruitment problems. He believes reconnecting young folk with practical education options, rather than focusing purely on academic routes, could provide some solutions. The farming sector needs young entrants that are employable and skills such as reliability, good communication and commitment are vitally important. More specific, job-related skills can be learned once they’re in work and vocational training supports this premise. The pig sector needs to be brave and seek out potential recruits from places where agriculture may not be on the radar. With the school leaving age now set at 18 years of age, there could be a multitude of youngsters looking at vocational qualifications that provide clear prospects of progressive employment and a decent wage. The pig industry ticks many of these boxes; it now needs to sell itself to a younger generation where farming is not necessarily in the blood.	https://www.pig-world.co.uk/features/training/do-we-need-a-replacement-policy-for-farm-staff.html?shared=email&msg=fail
Teachers often fear teaching phrasal verbs, but it doesn’t have to be so tough. “When I got in, I took my coat off, hung it up on the hanger, and turned on the television as I settled in for the night.” This sentence may not make a native English speaker think twice, it may even make us feel a bit cozy, but to an English learner this represents one of the most baffling elements of the language. The infamous phrasal verb, where two words, each with its own definition, come together to create something completely new with a totally different set of rules and meanings. Students around the world love to express their hatred for these little demons, questioning the very purpose of their existence. But it is our responsibilities to make them see how important they are for their overall fluency. We need to break them down and present them in a way that is not overwhelming, or difficult, or scary. It isn’t easy, but our students will be much better off if we can pull it off. Here are some tips and tricks I use to teach phrasal verbs in a way students can wrap their heads around. 1. Drop the list So many books and exam prep courses present lists of phrasal verbs for students to memorize. This is the worst way to teach phrasal verbs. While it alerts them to the specific words they need to memorize, how are they supposed to catch the nuance of each word? How do they get the context to know when to toss it casually into a sentence? That’s the whole point, isn’t it? Memorizing a list may help your students identify when they need to use a specific word to fill in a blank on a test, but when it comes to using phrasal verbs, they will still be completely lost. 2. Keep it relevant Typically, teachers will select a list of phrasal verbs to introduce such as this. - Take off - Take on - Take over - Take out - Take in These words do have one thing in common, the word ‘take’. However, this list simply reinforces the misconception students already have about phrasal verbs…that they can determine the meaning from the words used. Think about it, do ‘take off’ and ‘take out’ really have anything to do with each other? One involves an airplane and the other garbage. It will only make it more difficult to use them in context later on. Now compare it to this list. - Move away - Grow up - Split up - Make up - Come back While these phrasal verbs have little to do with each other at first glance, they all have to do with changes in our lives. One could easily put together a story of a girl who grew up, split up with her boyfriend, moved away, made up with him over the phone, and finally came back home. There are endless activities you could carry out with this list of words that will all reinforce the use and meanings of the vocabulary. When you are selecting the words to use, remember to always keep it relevant. 3. Use stories We have established that lists are not the way to present phrasal verbs, so how should we introduce them to our students? The best way I have found is through a story. Writers use phrasal verbs all the time and it won’t be difficult to find a passage that contains a few of them. Or, if you have the time, get a handful of phrasal verbs with a common theme and write a short story of your own. Even if you don’t consider yourself a writer, your students will love your ingenuity! 4. It’s just vocabulary It is tempting to try to approach phrasal verbs as their own topic, but at the end of the day there isn’t much that distinguishes them from any other type of vocabulary. Once you move your students past the idea that they can predict the meaning of a phrasal verb based on the verb and preposition used, you should constantly reinforce the idea that a phrasal verb is just another vocabulary word to learn. A great way to reinforce this is by introducing phrasal verbs along with other vocabulary words. Instead of having a class dedicated solely to learning ten different phrasal verbs, include two or three in the vocabulary of a given lesson. Check out this vocabulary list from a class about writing to a pen pal. - Keep busy - Work out - In shape - Stressed - Series - Hilarious - Work hard The focus of this class is the present perfect continuous tense, not the vocabulary itself, but notice that there are as many expressions in this list as there are words. We see the phrasal verb ‘work out’ hidden among the other vocabulary. As the students learn and practice this vocabulary, they begin to see phrasal verbs as just another word they need to remember. 5. Practice, practice, practice Like with anything in English, the real learning comes from practice. There are tons of activities you can do with your students to practice phrasal verbs, such as… - Write a story using the phrasal verbs they have learned - Create a dialogue - Play games such as taboo, Pictionary, or charades. - Have a debate The important thing is that you aren’t simply introducing and explaining what a phrasal verb is or how it is used, but giving your students an opportunity to feel out the context and how to use it. Practice, practice, practice and give them lots of repetition. Conclusion Almost every student I have ever worked with has dreaded learning phrasal verbs. It can be extremely tempting for them to avoid them in conversation. After all, most phrasal verbs can be expressed using other vocabulary. Students can just as easily say I discovered it as I found it out. And it is just as easy for teachers to avoid focusing on phrasal verbs for the same reasons. The important thing is that a student is understood, isn’t it? English is a language full of nuance. While find out and discover may be synonyms, the conversation takes on a different feel when we use phrasal verbs. It feels more casual, more fluid. And unfortunately, those students who don’t learn how to use phrasal verbs will always lack a certain fluency they provide. So phrasal verbs are important, and students don’t want to learn them. With the tips provided in this article, hopefully you will have the tools to get past that hurdle and help your students build the fluency they need!	https://zippylessons.com/teaching-phrasal-verbs/
Historic monsoon sparks rise in swift water rescues TUCSON, Ariz. (KOLD News 13) - With this record-breaking monsoon, we are seeing a high number of swift water rescues. Pima County Sheriff Deputy Marissa Hernandez says these swift water rescues aren’t just dangerous for those in need of help. “When people pass those barricades or drive through the water, they’re putting themselves at risk and they’re putting our first responders at risk,” she said. First responders are getting more of those calls this year. Swift water rescues are at the highest number we’ve seen in at least five years. Here are the numbers from the Pima County Sheriff’s Department: 2017: 34 rescues 2018: 37 rescues 2019: 37 rescues 2020: 10 rescues 2021: 69 rescues (as of August 18) From 2017 through 2019 rescuers responded to fewer than 40 rescues each year. “Those three years really seem to be kind of average as far as the number of rescues were concerned,” said KOLD Chief Meteorologist Erin Christiansen. She went on to explain what was happening with our weather those years. “As far as monsoons of 2017, ‘18, and ‘19 were concerned, ‘17 and ‘18 had above average rainfall.” Monsoon 2020, however, was a very dry year. “Second driest monsoon on record,” said Christiansen. Not to mention, there was a pandemic that kept many people staying home. That year, PCSD responded to 10 swift water rescues. However, for 2021, they’ve had 69 rescues so far. So, what’s behind the dramatic spike? “Take the fact that we have double the wildfire coverage area from the last two years because we really didn’t have much rain to test the wildfire burn scars in 2020, double the amount of rain, and probably double the amount of visitors who are here from other parts of the country and it kind of stands to reason we would see double the number of people who are getting caught up in flash floods and needing to be rescued,” said Christiansen. Also on the frontlines of these rescues: Northwest Fire, Tucson Fire, and Golder Ranch. Since July 1, 2021, they have responded to 98 swift water and stranded vehicle calls. That’s 276 hours of response time. Northwest Fire Chief Josh Zent says the number of calls they’re responding to is taking a toll. ”They are running back-to-back calls,” he said. “So they have to keep ready, keep operationally prepared, keep the equipment ready so it’s a lot busier for them.” Zent also emphasizes the impact of so many swift water rescues. ”Those are high-resource demand and high-risk for our folks and very dangerous for the public,” he said. While crews have seen a lot of swift water emergencies so far this year, monsoon isn’t over yet. It officially ends September 30. There is a so-called “Stupid Motorist Law” in Arizona. It basically means any driver who goes around barricades and needs to be rescued can be billed for the cost of their rescue. PCSD says of the rescues so far this year, no one has been billed. They say if someone is in need of help, they do not want anything to discourage them from making that potentially life-saving call. To learn more about this law, click HERE.
- This event has passed. Picnic at the Elliotts’ July 16 @ 5:00 PM - 8:00 PM Hosts: Jack & Rosemary Collins, Bill & Dottie Elliott A main dish (lasagna) and flatware will be provided. Please bring a side dish (e.g., vegan options, veggie or fruit salad, bread…) or dessert to pass, your beverage of choice. Bring lawn chairs and games, along with your donation for Hope Clinic (food, non-food basics), for a huge backyard gathering, plus bonfire with s’mores. Since both the Collins’ and Elliott families volunteer at Hope Clinic once a month (with other Knox folks), they will be wearing their Hope Clinic T-shirts!	https://knoxannarbor.org/event/picnic-at-the-elliotts/
Hall of Great Mirrors where large receptions, royal weddings and ambassadorial presentations were held. The King passes through the Hall every day on his way to the chapel. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was ratified in this hall, thus ending World War I The Palace of Versailles The Palace of Versailles The Queen's Apartment consists of four rooms The apartment was occupied by each queen in succession, the last being Marie-Antoinette In this room the queens of France gave birth to their royal children in public view The Palace of Versailles Painting of Marie-Antoinette and her children by Mme Vigee-Lebrun First Previous Photos 25 - 36 of 51 Next Last View slideshow Bookmark and Share: Versailles About this Album Images:	https://www.travelsignposts.com/destination/France/Versailles?page=3
St. Paul United Church of Christ" Welcome! Worship Children Worship & Wonder Music in Worship Sermon Audio Archive (before 2021) Worship Bulletins Adults 55+ Ministries Adult Christian Education Adult Fellowship Children & Youth Children Worship & Wonder Nursery: Infant to Pre-School Age JAM Kids: Elementary School Kids IMPACT: Middle School Kids 180 Degrees: High School Age Confirmation Open Gym Our Community Open Gym Outreach Ministries Supported Local Missions About St. Paul’s Common Questions Connect with St. Paul’s Our History St. Paul’s Staff United Church of Christ « Back to Events Happy New Year! Start: January 1, 2020 Venue: St. Paul's United Church of Christ Phone: 812-425-1522 Address: Google Map 2227 West Michigan Street, Evansville, IN, United States, 47712 View Larger Map Happy 2020! The church office and building will be closed on New Year’s Day.	https://www.stpaulsuccevansville.org/event/happy-new-year-2/
When we think of leaders we don’t often think of failures, but one of the hallmarks of the best leaders is knowing how to fail well. Every successful person is someone who has failed at something—and in some cases, many things—but without ever regarding themselves as a failure. They take risks, and sometimes the risks work out and sometimes things go wrong, but they remain positive and determined throughout. Just as beginning skiers start out by being taught how to fall without injuring themselves, leaders should be taught, coached and supported in facing adversity and failure without shaking their confidence. Part of that process is developing the right attitude about failure by considering its benefits. Here are some of the most important: Failure keeps us focused on our strengths. One of the principal differences between a winner and a loser is that a winner always concentrates on what they can do instead of the things they can’t. When you find an area of weakness—and we all have them—work to leverage it into a strength and use it to your advantage. Failure teaches us to be flexible. Flexibility is key to success. Always be willing to vary your approaches to problems and circumstances to see what works best. Failure teaches us to rethink what we deserve. Remember, you are what you think—so if you think failure happens because you don’t deserve success, it’s time to rethink. If you internalize failure and blame yourself, you’ll continue to find ways to fail. But if you externalize it, it will help you keep the right perspective. Take responsibility for your actions, but don’t allow yourself to take failure personally. Failure reminds us that everything is temporary. Nothing ever stays the same; everything has an ebb and flow. Don’t allow yourself to view failure as a permanent state of being, or you’ll risk getting stuck in bad patterns. Failure shows us it’s not fatal. When leaders fail, they see it as a momentary event, not a life sentence. It’s not the end of the world, but a chance to project yourself ahead and see yourself having overcome and persevered. Failure disciplines our expectations. Failure can be helpful in learning how to manage expectations. It takes time, effort and discipline to overcome a setback. You learn to approach each day with realistic expectations and not get down when things don’t work out. The greater the accomplishment, the greater the challenge, the more a realistic orientation is required. Failure instructs us to keep trying. Every leader knows that in order to succeed, you have to learn to try and try again. Take a page from highly successful individuals and learn to keep moving forward no matter what happens. Lead from within: It is possible to cultivate a positive attitude about yourself no matter what circumstances you find yourself in. That’s leadership at its core. N A T I O N A L B E S T S E L L E R The Leadership Gap: What Gets Between You and Your Greatness After decades of coaching powerful executives around the world, Lolly Daskal has observed that leaders rise to their positions relying on a specific set of values and traits. But in time, every executive reaches a point when their performance suffers and failure persists. Very few understand why or how to prevent it. Additional Reading you might enjoy: - 12 Successful Leadership Principles That Never Grow Old - A Leadership Manifesto: A Guide To Greatness - How to Succeed as A New Leader - 12 of The Most Common Lies Leaders Tell Themselves - 4 Proven Reasons Why Intuitive Leaders Make Great Leaders - The One Quality Every Leader Needs To Succeed - The Deception Trap of Leadership Photo Credit: iStockPhotos The post Why It’s Important For Leaders to Fail Well appeared first on Lolly Daskal.	http://schools.entrechat.org/tag/failure/
Mountain bike race that drew hundreds to Redding gets new venue in last-minute change A high school mountain bike competition that's growing in popularity will not be returning to Redding this year after organizers made a last-minute change in venue. The National Interscholastic Cycling Association (NICA) contest was scheduled for this weekend on the trails at Swasey Recreation Area, but the site does not have enough parking to accommodate the traffic the event draws. The two-day race is now scheduled the weekend of April 16 at Granite Bay near Folsom Lake, said Hilari Freeman, a science teacher at Shasta High School and head volunteer coach of the Redding Composite High School mountain bike team. The number of teenagers participating in the race has grown from about 400 in October 2021 to 800 this month, and the Swasey area can’t support all the cyclists, Freeman said. Among the entries are 40 kids from Shasta County. “It’s disappointing but understood,” she said. Competitors are coming from as far south as San Luis Obispo and as far north as the Oregon border, said Vanessa Hauswald, executive director of NorCal Interscholastic Cycling League, the group that organizes the competition. The league began in 2001 with just a handful of riders and has expanded to include 2,500 students and 1,000 registered volunteer coaches, Hauswald said. This year the organization grew to include 806 junior high students, too, under the junior development program, she said. The league has sustainably grown 20% every year since 2001. 'They're fast' and they're coming to Redding:Elite teen mountain bikers ready to race The Bureau of Land Management, which is tasked with overseeing the public area, tried to accommodate the league’s event and allowed organizers to use the Swasey trails if they could find a way to logistically accommodate the parking, said Jennifer Mata, field manager. The area can fit 300 vehicles at a given time, she said. During the league’s competition in 2020, they worked with Grant Elementary School District to serve as a site for overflow parking for nearly 1,000 participants and the vehicles that came with the event, she said. The league was informed of the parking limitation in December and ultimately decided to move the event to safely handle family parking, she said. Updates:New omicron strain of COVID-19 enters Shasta County “We’re just as disappointed, but we also have to be good neighbors to the people who surround our recreational facility and don’t want to cause a safety issue by having hundreds of overflowing vehicles without a place to park,” Mata said. Although the race has been moved from Redding to Granite Bay, “a bunch of our (NorCal league) families are still going to go up there and ride, not race,” said Hauswald about Swasey Recreation Area. “People love Redding; it’s such a great place to ride. The community has been very welcoming to all of us,” she said. Nada Atieh is a Report For America corps member and education reporter focusing on childhood trauma and the achievement gap for the Redding Record Searchlight. Follow her on Twitter at @nadatieh_RS. Help local journalism thrive by subscribing today! And if you are able, please consider a tax-deductible gift toward her work.	https://www.redding.com/story/news/2022/03/31/norcal-cycling-league-high-school-race-goes-redding-granite-bay/7223307001/
Hello, I’m Kamran, Photographer. I create photos with knowledge and passion. This site, is my portfolio, Hope you enjoy! Photography is an art It’s about finding extra-ordinary In an ordinary place My Specialties - Artwork & Museum photography - Industrial Photography - 360 VR Photography - Photo Studio - Architecture Photography - Food Photography - Product photography Fresh Skills & Perspective Over 10 years of experience in Photography, Videography, Virtual Photography, Artwork Photography, Architectural, and Industrial Photography . Photography graduate with a Bachelor degree . Successfully directed and designed many works for different clients . Proficient in Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Lightroom, Easy pano tour weaver,	http://kamransafari.com/pages/about/
Experienced Anesthesiologist Assistant with proficiency in delivery of anesthetic care and pain management under the supervision of a licensed anesthesiologist. Professional yet approachable personality able to effectively communicate with patients, medical staff, physicians, vendors and families. Proficient in field-applicable procedures and methods of laboratory work, operating room care and use of anesthesia. Worked in conjunction with anesthesiologist for design and execution of anesthesia plans. Ensured optimum patient comfort and safety. Monitored patient status by means of cardiac monitors, vitals readings and other standard methods. Executed remedial procedures as called for. Managed course of preoperative tests and medications. Worked with clinicians toward assessment of patient risks, best course of action and treatment, as well as other aspects of anesthesia provision. Intubated and performed airway intervention as needed. Provided post-operative ventilator support and recovery acute pain management. Provided instruction and training to other staff members regarding benefits, attributes, delivery methods and characteristics of anesthesia as well as indicators and symptoms of patient condition. Ensured all pre-operative consents and documents were appropriately completed, signed and in patient records as required. Provided family consultations, patient advice, vendor liaising, staff communications and other communications as directed by the anesthesiologist or according to standard duties.	https://www.myperfectresume.com/how-to/healthcare/anesthesiologist-assistant
Overweight or obese women may not detect cancerous breast lumps until they are much larger and more difficult to treat, a Swedish study has found. Researchers from the Karolinksa Institute studied more than 2,000 women who developed breast cancer between 2001 and 2008, all of who had been receiving mammograms every 18 months to two years, as is standard in Sweden. They found that women with higher body mass indexes (BMIs) were more likely to have a larger tumour when detected than women who were slimmer. Lead author of the study, Fredrik Strand, said this was either because the tumours were harder to detect because overweight women have larger breasts or because their tumours grew faster. Women who are overweight are already at greater risk of developing breast cancer and, unfortunately, larger tumours carry a worse prognosis. Therefore, these women may need more frequent mammograms to help spot tumours early, say the researchers. Women who are judged to be at greater risk of developing breast cancer – such as those with a family history – are already offered more frequent screening. Speaking about the findings of the study, Strand said: “Our study suggests that when a clinician presents the pros and cons of breast cancer screening to the patient, having high BMI should be an important 'pro' argument”. 27/01/2016 The United States Congress designated January as Cervical Health Awareness Month, which is why we have decided to do a short piece on the disease. According to American Cancer Society research, cervical cancer used to be the number one cause of cancer death in the United States for women. However, thanks to increased awareness and regular screening campaigns, the number of deaths from cervical cancer has dropped by more than 50% over the past 30 years. But despite all the good work that’s been done so far to combat the disease, some 12,900 new cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed in the US alone last year and over 4,000 women died because of the disease, which suggests that there is possibly more that could still be done to tackle this particular form of cancer. Cervical cancer is most common in women under the age of 50, yet very rarely occurs in women under the age of 20. Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) cause almost all cases of cervical cancer and 40% of these HPVs can be transmitted during sexual intercourse. Two specific types – HPV-16 and HPV-18 – are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. Other risks factors for cervical cancer include: having a family history of the disease; a weakened immune system; long-term mental stress; and smoking. Taking contraceptive pills has also been found to increase a woman’s risk of cervical cancer. The importance of regular cervical cancer screening is highlighted by the fact that the disease presents very few symptoms in its early stages. Only when it becomes invasive do more noticeable symptoms start to occur, such as abnormal bleeding between periods and after sexual intercourse; heavy or prolonged periods; unusual vaginal discharge; and/or pain during sex. Official guidance from the US Preventative Services Task Force (UPSTF) says that women aged between 21 and 65 years old should undergo a Pap test every three years. So if you’re a woman you haven’t had a Pap test within the last three years, you should make an appointment with your appropriate medical physician as soon as possible. Photo via: http://www.cancerbox.org/cervical-cancer 23/09/2014 Even if you feel absolutely fine and a picture of health, there are a number of routine medical tests that you should have later in life. In one of our previous posts we focussed on important medical tests for men and women over 40. Today’s post will look at specific guidelines for men aged over 40-years-old and should be considered in addition to the tests outlined in our aforementioned post above. Colon Cancer Screening Men aged under 50 do not necessarily need to undergo colon cancer screening unless there is a strong family history of the disease or if you have had inflammatory bowel disease in the past. If you are between 50 and 75, however, you should get routinely checked for colon cancer, which could involve a stool test every year or a colonoscopy every 10 years. Prostate Cancer Screening Most men should undergo prostate cancer screening when they reach the age of 50. However, men with a family history of the disease should consider prostate cancer checks earlier in life as a precaution. European-wide trials have shown that prostate cancer screening can reduce deaths from the disease by as much as 20%. Testicular Examination Examining your own testicles can identify abnormalities but the fact remains that most testicular lumps are not cancerous. However, if you do find any testicular lumps it is important to get them examined by a medical professional. Testicular cancer treatment is much more effective when started earlier, so consult medical advice if you find anything untoward. 23/09/2014 If you’re a woman over the age of 40 you should undergo routine health check-ups, even if you aren’t exhibiting any symptoms or feeling unwell. Some of these tests will probably be new to you but they are ultimately important. The earlier that cancers and other conditions are detected, the greater chance of a full recovery. Therefore, the following screening tests for women should be carried out in addition to the ones outlined in our previous blog post. Cervical Cancer Screening Even though cervical cancer screening tests are regular occurrences for women of all ages, it is important that you continue them as you get older. During screening, a doctor or nurse will use a speculum to hold your vagina open and gently collect some cells from your cervix using a small brush. These cells are subsequently tested in a laboratory and if your sample is normal, you will be invited for another test every three years until you reach the age of 49, after which time the screening schedule is extended to every five years until you reach the age of 64. Breast Cancer Screening Depending on your medical history and country of residence, you will usually be invited for a mammogram between your 50th and 53rd birthday. However, you should get into the habit of regularly checking your breasts and seeking medical advice if you detect anything unusual. Breast cancer screening is designed to pick up any signs of breast cancer at an early stage, making any subsequent treatment more likely to be effective. During your screening you’ll be asked to undress to the waist and your breasts will be X-rayed two times. Bone Test Osteoporosis affects both men and women but it is more common in women over the age of 50. The primary symptom of the disease is a tendency for bones to fracture easily. A DEXA bone scan will help determine if you have Osteoporosis or are at risk of developing it in the future. The scan itself is a special type of X-ray that measures your bone mineral density – hence why it is also known as a bone density scan – and is quick and painless. 03/06/2014 ONCOLOGY AND HAEMATOLOGY PERSONALISED CARE ADHERING TO THE LATEST CANCER TREATMENTS PROTOCOLS The medical team that supports you is made up of internationally renowned healthcare professionals from different areas of specialty. They work within the health care facility where you receive your treatment and in connection with your doctors. Your support is comprehensive and includes care and additional support you may need during and after your treatment (psychological, fatigue management, advice on your diet ...). Cancer Screening and Early Detection Screening is a process that aims to identify, at the earliest and in the absence of symptoms, lesions that may be cancerous or develop into cancer. The value of screening is that cancer can be detected earlier, patients can be provided with better care and the impact of treatment is reduced. For all requests, you must first send us a completed medical record via our secure platform as well as your medical history. This will allow us to put you in touch with the best French specialists who can discuss the treatments options suitable for you. Incomplete or unreadable medical documents will not be accepted. Choose an institution To be allowed to treat cancer, French healthcare institutions have to meet a number of conditions that are a guarantee that you to be well supported. You are free to choose the institution where you want to be treated. 15/01/2014 Everybody dreads being told that they, or someone close to them, has cancer. Even with fantastic developments in detection and treatment it is still a very scary prospect and having the best medical care available can make people more at ease and able to fight the illness as best they can. In France healthcare institutions have to meet certain conditions that ensure any patient with cancer has the guarantee that they will be very well supported. If the institutions do not meet these conditions then they cannot provide cancer treatment. You can therefore be certain that is you have been given the diagnosis that no-one wants to hear that you have options to be able to access the healthcare system that has been ranked number one by the World Health Organisation. Travelling to France to receive treatment may seem like a unnecessary journey, however, the treatment you receive will be first rate and comprehensive. France Surgery offers a medical team to support you that is made up of internationally renowned healthcare professionals that will provide comprehensive care both during and after your treatment, which includes psychological support, fatigue management, dietary advice.	https://france-surgery.com/en/news_temp.php?req_n_news_tag=cancer%20screening
When practicing visualization techniques, think about what you want instead of what you don’t. Bringing things into your life in a positive way will attract the positive. When you focus with passion you are able to put emotionally charged energy into what you’re doing, and you’ll be more dedicated to seeing that through to accomplishment. You’ll be energetically attached to the outcome, increasing the chances of its occurrence and open to opportunities that may not have always appeared beforehand. How do you implement meditation and visualization practices into your real life?!	http://bebetterempowerment.com/tag/sleep
Digiday :: Snapchat is starting to work on a crucial part of any growing digital ad business: an API that would let third-party technology partners plug in and start buying ad spots. RFERL :: The European Union’s executive body will take up the issue of controversial new amendments to Poland’s media law when it meets later this month. 2016 predictions: Can upstarts like Vice and Buzzfeed keep their cool? Guardian :: Last year saw the digital media upstarts step up a gear, and 2016 looks set to see them consolidate their place alongside established media businesses. Guardian :: Last Journalists in a Dictatorship, Anjan Sundaram recalls teaching journalists in Rwanda under the oppressive regime of President Paul Kagame, who last week announced he will stand for a third term, which could see him in power until 2034. In this extract, Sundaram describes the presidential election in 2010, a critical moment in the destruction of a free press. Huffington Post :: Harold Meyerson provided a progressive voice on The Washington Post's opinion page for nearly 13 years. But a few weeks ago, Meyerson learned from editorial page editor Fred Hiatt that his contract would not be renewed for the coming year.	http://www.nextlevelofnews.com/2016/01/
The food industry is constantly evolving. It is fast paced, with new innovations surfacing every day. For the past fifteen years, the people behind the scenes at Hakkasan have focused their attentions on these developments, embracing the furious changes within the industry while continuing to carve out a unique space for contemporary Chinese cuisine. The Only At collection is evidence of this culinary evolution, from the unusual ingredients sourced both locally and further afield to the cooking techniques inspired by centuries-old traditions using modern culinary equipment.	https://hakkasan.com/stories/innovation-within-the-only-at-collections/
In Roman times, the amphitheater in Augusta Raurica was a place of horror. Up to 13,000 spectators gathered here to watch gory entertainment, which included animal hunts, gladiatorial combat and executions. The amphitheater was the result of meticulous planning. Built around 170 CE, it was constructed in a way that the spectators could get in and out quickly. It also contained dungeons where the gladiators waited before their performances. There were also three corridors, no longer visible today, which were wide enough for whole animal herds to be driven into the arena. The eastern entrance, the "gate of death" was used to carry dead gladiators out of the arena. Those who had survived, on the other hand, left the theater through the "gate of the living," passing by a small sanctuary. Wiener, James B. "Amphitheater at Augusta Raurica." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified November 27, 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/image/9589/.	https://www.ancient.eu/image/9589/amphitheater-at-augusta-raurica/
Block copolymers of the S-B-S type and processes for their preparation are well known in art for such uses as self-curing elastomers and as modifiers for diene elastomers. These block copolymers have a central core of a polybutadiene and have a block of polystyrene on each end. However, in view of the greater insolubility or non-dispersibility of the initial polystyrene, a solvent such as an aromatic hydrocarbon or cyclohexane has been used in its preparation. This problem is recognized in British Patent No. 1,130,770 which states on page 2, lines 60-65, "In each of these processes, however, a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon is required to be first polymerized and therefore the polymerization solvent used must be wholly or mainly a naphthenic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent". Similar recognition of this solubility problem is indicated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,231,635; 3,265,765 and 3,427,364 wherein statements are made regarding the necessity to use aromatic or naphthenic solvents or mixtures of these with other solvents. British Patent No. 1,412,584 has modified the process of preparing block copolymers so that heptane may be used as the polymerization medium, by making first a block of t-butyl-styrene and describes this first block as a thermoplastic polymer of 10,000 to 100,000 molecular weight to give solubility to the growing block copolymer. The second or middle block of polybutadiene is then added and finally a block of polystyrene. The resulting block copolymer is poly(t-Bu-styrene)-polybutadiene-polystyrene. U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,139 effects polymerization of block copolymers of the S-B-S type wherein S represents a block of polystyrene and B represents a block of polybutadiene using hexane as diluent by first preparing a "foot" or small block of homopolydiene to which the initial polystyrene block is thereafter attached. This small block of homopolydiene represents no more than 12 parts, preferably no more than 10 parts by weight of homopolydiene per 100 parts by weight of the block of polystyrene to which it is attached. Generally, therefore, this block has a molecular weight of 200-5000 depending on the size of the attached polystyrene block and is not large enough to alter the properties of the resultant S-B-S block copolymers except to give the initial polystyrene block greater dispersibility in hexane. This process is entirely conducted in a hexane solvent. Because of its lower boiling point and resultant energy savings in the use of hexane as compared to benzene and cyclohexane, it is desirable to have a process for use in preparing S-B-S block copolymers wherein the final block copolymer is recoverable from a dispersing medium primarily containing low boiling alkanes such as hexane. Moreover, the use of a process primarily conducted in alkanes such as hexane makes the process adaptable for use in equipment designed for the preparation of polybutadiene in hexane.
The conversion factor from seconds to weeks is 1.6534391534392E-6, which means that 1 second is equal to 1.6534391534392E-6 weeks: 1 s = 1.6534391534392E-6 wk To convert 70 seconds into weeks we have to multiply 70 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from seconds to weeks. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result: 1 s → 1.6534391534392E-6 wk 70 s → T(wk) Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in weeks: T(wk) = 70 s × 1.6534391534392E-6 wk T(wk) = 0.00011574074074074 wk The final result is: 70 s → 0.00011574074074074 wk We conclude that 70 seconds is equivalent to 0.00011574074074074 weeks: 70 seconds = 0.00011574074074074 weeks Alternative conversion We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 week is equal to 8640 × 70 seconds. Another way is saying that 70 seconds is equal to 1 ÷ 8640 weeks. Approximate result For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that seventy seconds is approximately zero weeks: 70 s ≅ 0 wk An alternative is also that one week is approximately eight thousand six hundred forty times seventy seconds.	https://convertoctopus.com/70-seconds-to-weeks
Last week's "Half Measures" just might have been the finest hour in the shows three year run. This week's season finale, entitled "Full Measure," doubled up and blew it out of the water. Season two was a step up from season one, and now that season three has concluded, it's plain to see that it was a few steps up from season two. As always, tense moments and plot twists permeate the show. Vince Gilligan created this well-oiled machine that is being driven by Bryan Cranston (Walt) and Aaron Paul (Jesse), two actors at the very top of their game. There are not enough good things to say about these two men, and Gilligan as well for writing and directing the episode. The scene at the beginning where Walt stands up to Gus and presents him with two options (one of which was to kill him right there and now) showed a character cool under pressure with no fear, as did the scene where he makes his last-ditch attempt to save his life. You've come a long way, Walter. Jesse may have only had a minor role in the episode, but fans will not forget the final scene of the season; the emotion on his face and the tears in his eyes before pulling the trigger was one hell of a way to send off one hell of a season and keep us all counting down the days until season four premieres. On that note, it was announced just before the finale that the show has indeed been renewed by AMC for a fourth season. To Read More Click Here.	http://www.sidereel.com/posts/73609-review-review-breaking-bad-season-3-finale-full-measure-
Q: Which time period had the most dinosaurs? A: Most dinosaurs we know come from the end of the Cretaceous period. But dinosaurs probably lived in great numbers in all three periods of dinosaur time: Jurassic, Triassic, and Cretaceous. Which era is dominated by dinosaurs? The Mesozoic Era is the age of dinosaurs. These animals grew so large they dominated the planet. Dinosaurs were so dominant that it took a catastrophic, environment-changing event for mammals to be able to take over. Which came first Jurassic or Cretaceous period? The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and was succeeded by the Paleogene Period (the first of the two periods into which the Tertiary Period was divided). What periods did the dinosaurs live in? The ‘Age of Dinosaurs’ (the Mesozoic Era) included three consecutive geologic time periods (the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods). Different dinosaur species lived during each of these three periods. What era saw the rise of the dinosaurs? The Triassic Period (252-201 million years ago) began after Earth’s worst-ever extinction event devastated life. Did dinosaurs live on Pangea? Dinosaurs lived on all of the continents. At the beginning of the age of dinosaurs (during the Triassic Period, about 230 million years ago), the continents were arranged together as a single supercontinent called Pangea. During the 165 million years of dinosaur existence this supercontinent slowly broke apart. What was the first animal on earth? A comb jelly. The evolutionary history of the comb jelly has revealed surprising clues about Earth’s first animal. What came after dinosaurs? The good old days. About 60 million years ago, after ocean dinosaurs went extinct, the sea was a much safer place. Marine reptiles no longer dominated, so there was lots of food around, and birds like penguins had room to evolve and grow. Eventually, penguins morphed into tall, waddling predators. What era do humans live in? We live in the Holocene Epoch, of the Quaternary Period, in the Cenozoic Era (of the Phanerozoic Eon). What was the first dinosaur? For the past twenty years, Eoraptor has represented the beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. This controversial little creature–found in the roughly 231-million-year-old rock of Argentina–has often been cited as the earliest known dinosaur. Did dinosaurs exist in the stone age? Dinosaurs did not exist during the Stone Age. The dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago. How many dinosaurs were there on Earth? Could you please tell me how many dinosaurs in total lived on Earth during all periods? – Viren, age 6, Scotch College, Victoria. This is a really great question. The short answer is we know of about 900 valid dinosaur species that existed. What was the world like when dinosaurs lived? The Dinosaurs’ Changing World The Earth had heavy vegetation near costs, lakes, and rivers, but desert in its interior. During the Jurassic Period, the continents gradually broke apart. The world was warm, moist, and full of green plants. During the Cretaceous Period, most of the continents had separated. Did dinosaurs and humans exist at the same time? No! After the dinosaurs died out, nearly 65 million years passed before people appeared on Earth. However, small mammals (including shrew-sized primates) were alive at the time of the dinosaurs. What ended the dinosaurs dominance? Everybody knows about the K/Pg Mass Extinction. As soon as we learn about dinosaurs, and demand to know why we can’t ride to school on a Triceratops, the disappointing fact that an asteroid slammed into the Earth and ended dinosaurian dominance is disclosed. … This was the Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction. How long was the dinosaur era? Dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago (at the end of the Cretaceous Period), after living on Earth for about 165 million years.	https://shelbylanderson.com/dinosaurs/which-period-had-the-most-dinosaurs.html
This is more like a conceptual question. Wormholes are tunnels connecting two different parts of the same universe or connecting two parts in different universes. Taking the former one as an example; It makes sense to think about them if the two mouths are spacelike separated since this way it makes the interstellar travel shorter. According to Wikipedia (even though it's not a perfectly reliable source) A wormhole could connect extremely long distances such as a billion light years or more, short distances such as a few meters, different universes, or different points in time. What happens if the mouths are so close to each other like a few $mm$ even $nm$ ? If they are too close, I can't think of a configuration where it would take shorter period of time to travel a distance through a wormhole than travelling between the points. (Unfortunately, we have covered Einstein-Rosen bridges superficially so I don't have the right machinery to carry out the math) This way of thinking leads to a conclusion that there might be a lower limit to the distance between two mouths of an Einstein-Rosen bridge, I wonder what this limit is and how to find it, to be more precise is there even a lower limit? Possible Way To Resolve This Dilemma - Einstein-Rosen bridges don't necessarily make the travel time shorter between two points hence the distances shorter so it's reasonable to have as short distances as $mm$, $nm$ between the two mouths. Yet I'm not sure of whether this assumption would be correct or not.	https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/623803/lower-limit-to-the-distance-between-two-mouths-of-a-wormhole
The inter-departmental Pest Control Steering Committee (PCSC) held a meeting today (March 5) to formulate the work plans and indicators for rodent and mosquito control this year. Various departments will conduct more targeted pest control work at venues under their respective management. At the meeting today, the PCSC formulated indicators and work plan for this year to drive departments in stepping up their effort in rodent control. The plan includes the use of poison treatments of rodent infestation and rodent trappings by the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD); designation of about 80 priority estates by the Housing Authority for conducting additional preventive, promotion and education efforts; improvement works in back alleys by the Highways Department on a need basis; further deployment of thermal cameras to detect rodent activities by the FEHD in all designated target areas across the territory and survey areas where rodent infestation is more severe, with a view to making anti-rodent operations more targeted and effective; and enhancements to the Rodent Infestation Survey (RIS), including disseminating surveillance data to various departments through the Government’s Geospatial Information Hub (GIH) platform by mid-2021 to facilitate early intervention, as well as releasing the Rodent Infestation Rate (RIR) of 50 survey areas to the public in the second quarter of 2021. The FEHD has been enhancing the surveillance of rodent infestation in multiple areas. It is working with the Lands Department to prepare for the immediate dissemination of detailed information at individual surveillance locations of the RIS through the Government’s GIH platform. This arrangement will help departments conduct timely and targeted anti-rodent operations. On the other hand, further to the increase of the number of survey areas from 41 (about 2 300 baiting points) to 50 (about 2 700 baiting points) by the FEHD last year, the RIR at all 50 survey areas will be made public starting from the second quarter of this year. In respect of survey areas where rodent infestation is more severe, the FEHD will conduct re-assessments at these locations after a one-month period of mitigation measures. This mode of strengthened monitoring was proved to be effective in containing the rodent problem during the earlier pilot scheme. The FEHD will also deploy the thermal camera monitoring system for taking targeted rodent control operations at locations where the RIR remains relatively high. In addition to the aforementioned control measures targeting at rodent infestation hotspots and enhanced surveillance, various departments agreed at the meeting to step up public engagement and education to encourage citizens to keep the environment clean and eliminate food sources for rodents, thereby addressing the problem of rodent infestation at source. As regards anti-mosquito work, the Government will consolidate the progress achieved last year. Indicators for this year include eliminating mosquito breeding places; strengthening prevention and control work at survey areas recorded with Area Gravidtrap Index (AGI) exceeding 20 per cent; keeping the AGI of all survey areas below 40 per cent; and establishing a reference level for corresponding prevention and control measures for the new Density Index (DI) for Aedes albopictus, which was introduced last year, by the end of 2021. On enhancing surveillance, since April 2020, the FEHD has introduced newly designed gravidtraps to replace ovitraps previously used to directly count the number of adult mosquitoes, so as to enumerate the Gravidtrap Index and the new DI, which reflect the extensiveness of distribution and the density of Aedes albopictus respectively. To further enhance dengue vector surveillance, the FEHD has increased the number of survey areas from 62 (about 3 360 gravidtraps) to 64 (about 3 440 gravidtraps) from January 2021. The FEHD will consolidate and review the Area Density Index data collected since April 2020 and analyse the statistics in different seasons, with a view to establishing a reference level for the DI by the end of this year, thereby facilitating the timely conduct of necessary mosquito control work by relevant departments. In light of the effectiveness of the All-out Anti-mosquito Operations in suppressing mosquito proliferation over the past two years, the Government will continue to adopt the relevant modus operandi before the rainy season this year. During the cool and dry season, various departments will inspect their venues and eliminate potential breeding places early, and deploy a total of over 5 500 mosquito trapping devices for eradicating adult mosquitoes. The FEHD will closely monitor the changes in local weather and notify various departments to start the operations simultaneously prior to the rainy season, which includes fogging operations. Departments will keep eliminating breeding places throughout the operations, promptly carry out targeted mosquito prevention and control work based on the surveillance indices, and constantly update the list of mosquito infestation hotspots. Representatives from three bureaux and 20 departments/organisation attended today’s meeting.	https://www.webnewswire.com/2021/03/05/hong-kong-government-plans-ahead-for-this-years-pest-control-work/
Not all disabilities are visible – some are not immediately obvious. They include autism and learning difficulties as well as mental health conditions, mobility, speech impairments, and sensory loss such as speech, sight loss, hearing loss, or deafness. They also include respiratory conditions as well as chronic conditions such as diabetes, chronic pain, and sleep disorders when these significantly impact day-to-day life. Although you may not be able to see these invisible impairments and conditions, they’re still there. People living with these often face barriers in their daily lives including a lack of understanding and negative attitudes. So some choose to wear the Hidden Disabilities Sunflower to discreetly identify that they may need support, help, or just a little more time in shops, transport, or public spaces. You can collect your Sunflower Lanyard from Student Support and Wellbeing Services in Canterbury or Medway.	https://www.kent.ac.uk/equality-diversity-inclusivity/effective-allyship/allyshiptraininglanyards/sunflower-lanyard
Visit Savannah, Savannah’s business unit of the Chamber of Commerce, wanted to create foreign language tours for international visitors so that they could learn about and experience the wealth of history and stories that Savannah is known for. Their 7 free foreign language tours were created using the App Builder Platform and they are available through the Savannah Experiences App on iOS and Android. Users can choose their own route, or follow the recommended tour route that leads them through Savannah’s beautiful historic district, in and around famous landmarks, museums, and shopping and dining options. Users can choose from seven languages including Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Chinese and Japanese. Navigate the content through the detailed stop menu or tour map which links to a GPS tour map. The tour works offline, too, so users don’t have to worry about needing a network or wi-fi connection.	https://www.tourappbuilder.com/savannah-walking-tour-post/
Our museums, galleries and Botanic Garden will remain closed until early 2021. The health and safety of our staff and visitors is our top priority. We will only reopen when we’re sure we have all the necessary safety measures in place. We will be using the closed period to carry out improvements at all our sites. While we are closed we will continue to: - Develop new online exhibitions and learning resources for users to engage with from anywhere in the world - Catalogue and digitise more of our collections and share them online via our online database Discover - Develop and deliver university teaching programmes, adapting them to an online/blended approach - Continue to support students and community through digital volunteering opportunities and virtual placements - Support academic and community researchers worldwide using our subject expertise and knowledge of the collections Thank you for your understanding. We look forward to welcoming you back when it is possible. The Gallery Please note: The gallery is curretly closed for refurbishment. The Gallery is located within the historic buildings of Palace Green Library, in the heart of Durham city. Entry to the gallery is free. You can also explore the other exhibitions, see the historic libraries and research the collections. Plan your visit and find out about our facilities. Art on Campus As well as the regularly changing exhibitions in The Gallery, the art collection is on display in buildings around the university campus. The displays in the Palatine Centre include artworks that investigate different notions of print making by artists, including multiple works by Sandra Blow, Sonia Delauney, Andy Warhol, Barbara Hepworth, Gary Hume, Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore alongside Damien Hirst, Fay Pomerance and David Venables. Entrance is free of charge, there’s no need to book in advance. The Palatine Centre has a café and toilet facilities, but no dedicated public carpark. The address is: The Palatine Centre, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE. Art Tours of the collection are available on demand and where possible, for further information contact [email protected] Palace Green Library Gallery Opening hours \|Day\|\|Opening hours\| \| \| Monday - Sunday \| \| 10am - 5pm (last entry 4.30pm) \|Museum of Archaeology\| \|Day\|\|Opening hours\| \| \| Monday Tuesday - Sunday \| \| 12 - 5pm every Monday (Little Bookworms held at 10.30am) 10am - 5pm (last entry 4.30pm) Barker Research Library Opening Hours \|Day\|\|Opening hours\| \| \| Monday - Friday \| \| 9am - 5pm \| \| + \| \| Saturday - Sunday The Barker Research Library is normally closed at weekends. Map You can use this interactive map of the University to locate Palace Green Library and the Palatine Centre.	https://www.dur.ac.uk/art.collection/visit/
German Shepherds have a reputation for being stubborn. Their high intelligence and independent nature can sometimes lead them into conflicts with their owners, causing behaviors that are interpreted as ‘stubbornness’. German Shepherds are inclined to be stubborn if not properly trained or if they feel strongly about something, but a German Shepherd is more inclined to work with you than be stubborn if they’ve developed strong bonds and been properly socialized and trained. This article explores answers to the question ‘Are German Shepherds Stubborn?’, reasons they can be stubborn, and ways to deal with any stubborn behaviors that occur. Are German Shepherds Stubborn? There are a number of reasons that German Shepherds display signs of stubbornness. Most of them relate back to the fact that German Shepherds are highly intelligent and independent dogs, though sometimes inconsistent or improper training methods can contribute to the problem. Personality Reasons for Stubbornness Personality can be part of the reason for stubbornness or misbehavior. Some of the reasons for stubbornness include: Intelligence: German Shepherds are smart. They were originally bred as working dogs and herding dogs. They often respond to the instincts of their breeding and are intelligent enough to challenge an owner if they feel strongly enough about the matter. Independence: German Shepherds are extremely independent. Like cats and extremely independent people, they don’t like being told what to do. That’s not to say they won’t obey commands. They just need a lot of training and the right approach to convince them to do so. Protectiveness: German Shepherds are both loyal and highly protective. Sometimes, that protective streak can get the better of them. Protectiveness can turn into aggression, or the appearance of aggression if it isn’t properly channeled and controlled. Confidence and Bonding Issues: Sometimes, a German Shepherd can have issues during its puppy years that influence it later in life. Overprotective owners, improper treatment, or even a sibling relationship with another dog, can make them more inclined to stubbornness. Overprotective owners can incline a German Shepherd to laziness, whereas neglectful or harsh owners can make them unwilling to act for fear of punishment. A German Shepherd with a sibling, or a sibling relationship with another dog, may not form strong bonds with the humans in their family, which may make them stubborn or anxious. The strong bonds they form with a sibling dog may keep them from responding properly to a human companion. Training Issues That May Influence Stubbornness If a German Shepherd’s training isn’t handled properly, they may become stubborn and unwilling to behave. If you’re working with a German Shepherd, watch out for these things, and avoid them if possible. Unclear Expectations: German Shepherds prefer to have clear boundaries and expectations laid out for them. If the rules aren’t clear or change frequently, your German Shepherd may refuse to listen. If they aren’t regularly enforced, or enforced properly, your German Shepherd may start being stubborn. Delayed Training: The temperament of a German Shepherd lends itself to forming strong opinions, so the earlier you start training, the more receptive your German Shepherd will be to learning the boundaries you want to lay down for them. If possible, start their training when they’re puppies. If you start training them at an older age, then you want to remember that it may take longer to encourage them around to your way of thinking. Inconsistent Training: Even if you start young and have clear expectations if you don’t keep up a routine, your German Shepherd may become stubborn and uncooperative. German Shepherds like a consistent pattern of behavior, so if you don’t work with them regularly, they may be reluctant to work with you. Rough Training or Negative Enforcement: German Shepherds, as a rule, don’t do well with negative enforcement. Training them through punishment for misbehaviors is less likely to get good results, and may result in stubborn refusal to obey. German Shepherds also don’t tend to like rough treatment. A heavy hand will make them either stubborn or unhappy. Not Enough Exercise, Interaction, or Stimulation: German Shepherds are active and energetic dogs. They like plenty of social interactions, especially with their owners. A German Shepherd who isn’t getting enough attention or playtime may act out and become stubborn. If your German Shepherd is acting stubborn, they may just want to spend more time with you, or need more exercise and mental stimulation. What Are Stubborn Behaviors German Shepherds Exhibit? Some stubborn behaviors are obvious. Refusal to obey orders or shutting down and refusing to show any signs of attention are both signs of a stubborn German Shepherd. Other behaviors may come across as misbehaviors, when they’re actually signs of stubbornness and acting out. These behaviors include: - Barking obsessively, or at all hours - Jumping at people, or showing signs of aggression - Chewing on things inside the house - Going to the bathroom in inappropriate places, such as in the house All of these may be signs that your German Shepherd is feeling stubborn and needs some attention or encouragement. If these are signs of stubbornness or unhappiness – which is likely – then you’ll need to approach it the right way to coax them out of their stubborn mindset. How Do I Deal With A Stubborn German Shepherd? If your German Shepherd is showing signs of stubbornness, there are a few techniques you can apply to coax them out of their determined mindset. Given their independent and intelligent personalities, you’ll want to try persuasion, rather than forceful techniques. The best method is to start teaching them when they’re young. When that’s not possible, experts recommend the following tips for coaxing a stubborn German Shepherd to loosen up. Make Sure You GIve Firm, Clear Commands: German Shepherds may be stubborn and independent, but they’re also intelligent. As long as you’re giving them clear direction, they’re generally able to pick it up. Being firm, but not overly stern or critical, lets them know you’re serious. Over time, as their connection with you grows, they’re more likely to listen and follow your commands if they’re given in clear, firm terms. Be Consistent: Consistency is key. Try to maintain a routine with your German Shepherd. Stubbornness can manifest when there’s not enough structure in your German Shepherd’s life. German Shepherds were bred as working dogs who followed certain patterns of behavior. Maintaining a general pattern of routines, with regular mealtimes, playtimes, and training will help coax your German Shepherd into being less stubborn, as they get used to the patterns and routines of their life with you. Use Positive Reinforcement: German Shepherds thrive with positive reinforcement training techniques. They don’t react well to scolding or punishments, which tend to make them dig in their heels. Give them plenty of praise when they behave well, or when they follow commands. Reward good behavior with treats or extra attention. German Shepherds do best in a positive, encouraging environment. Mix The Training Techniques: Because German Shepherds are intelligent dogs, they can get bored. They do like routine, but within that routine, they like some variation. Incorporate different techniques or commands in your training process and routine. For example, you might work on obedience training, but spend one-day doing commands like ‘sit’ and ‘stay’ and another working on tricks. If you’re not sure about different training techniques or you’re looking for ideas, talk with a professional. Ask for advice from someone experienced for things they would recommend for motivating your German Shepherd to be more cooperative. Make Sure They Get Plenty of Exercise and Entertainment: German Shepherds are active and energetic dogs. They were bred for working and herding, and the energy and instincts remain, even in the most sedate of family life. German Shepherds get bored without plenty of stimulation. They need plenty of physical exercise and mental engagement. Toys they can interact with are a good idea. So is plenty of time outdoors and playing. German Shepherds need plenty of space. They may be less stubborn and more responsive if they have a yard to play and run around in. If you don’t have a big yard, then taking them on long walks or to a park where they can burn their excess energy is a good idea. Give Them Plenty of Attention: German Shepherds tend to bond strongly with their humans. If they’re feeling like they aren’t getting enough attention, they may react by being stubborn and unresponsive. If your German Shepherd seems to be getting stubborn or disobedient, try giving them some extra attention and affection to see if they’re feeling neglected. More bonding time is always beneficial, especially with a German Shepherd. Are All German Shepherds Inclined to Be Stubborn? German Shepherds, like any other breed, vary in individual temperament. Some may be incredibly strong-willed and independent, whereas some may be more calm and sociable. A German Shepherd that’s been well-socialized and trained from a young age is far less likely to be stubborn. Early influences can be the difference between a stubborn dog and a quieter one. German Shepherds, especially ones raised in a family home, can be very stubborn if it involves protecting the members of their family. They can also be very patient with members of their family, especially younger children. When you’re wondering ‘Are German Shepherds Stubborn’, you need to consider the environment and the factors involved.	https://cleverpuppies.com/are-german-shepherds-stubborn/
. Close Gear Technique Players Frets Subscribe Store Guitar Aficionado Join Gear Technique Players Frets Subscribe Store Guitar Aficionado Join Michael Molenda Articles From This Author Features Beautiful Noises Jun 21, 2018 Features A Long Time Coming… Jun 14, 2018 Features Good Vibrations: Scott Totten Details his Gigs as Musical Director for the Beach Boys May 23, 2018 Product Spotlight Shinola Canfield May 23, 2018 Features Undone: Randy Bachman Fearlessly Scrambles the Music of George Harrison May 22, 2018 Players Watch Video from GP's "Play It Forward" Benefit May 19, 2018 Features Storm Crossed: Fanny's June Millington Reclaims & Revitalizes her Musical Legacy May 17, 2018 News Happy Birthday, Robert Fripp! May 16, 2018 News Meet Your Maker: Sterling Ball Joins the Club May 15, 2018 Features Classic-Rock Tone Talk May 9, 2018 Features Angel of Havoc: The Otherworldly Truths of Sara Ardizzoni's Looping Maelstroms May 8, 2018 Features Road Doggin': James Stevenson on Negotiating Multiple Sideperson Gigs May 4, 2018 Players Heaven & Earth Premieres "Bleed Me Dry" May 4, 2018 Frets New Kate Wolf Album Planned May 4, 2018 Players Europe's Biggest Guitar Festival Sets Guinness World Record May 3, 2018 Gear Uncommon Tones May 2, 2018 Features A Change Is Gonna Come May 2, 2018 News Strings of Change May 2, 2018 Features Caribbean Blues May 1, 2018 Features "He Tricked Me!": A Bit of Misdirection Fools Adrian Belew into Joining Gizmodrome Apr 30, 2018 Players Seeking the Uni-Vibe Apr 28, 2018 News Circuit Bending: Joe Gore Talks his Boutique Pedal Designs Apr 20, 2018 News Stan Cotey Leads Fender's New Pedal Crusade Apr 20, 2018 News Jimmie Vaughan Remembers the Old Days of Hunting for Parts Apr 18, 2018 Players Peter Frampton Demos his Favorite Universal Audio Amp Plug-Ins Apr 17, 2018 Players Andy Summers Joins Guitar Stars for NorCal Fire Benefit, April 20 Apr 9, 2018 Guitar Player 101 The Effects Menu: A Newbie's Guide to Pedal Selection Apr 9, 2018 Features Technological Sorcery: Stevic MacKay Chases the Impossible Tone Apr 5, 2018 Features Signature Sound/Signature Gear Apr 5, 2018 Features Angel Vivaldi Decodes the Brain with "Synapse" Apr 3, 2018 Guitar Player 101 Committing to the Song: Ali Handal Cuts Back the Blazing Solos to Focus on Composition Mar 30, 2018 News When Pedals Bite Back Mar 30, 2018 Features Mimi Fox and the San Francisco String Trio Reimagine a Classic Mar 29, 2018 Guitar Player 101 Lyric Apps Mar 29, 2018 News Paul Reed Smith on Fighting the Good Fight Mar 28, 2018 Solidbody Electric Review: Reverend Guitars Reeves Gabrels Dirtbike Mar 27, 2018 Features One Year After "The End" Mar 26, 2018 Distortion/Overdrive/Fuzz Review: EarthQuaker Devices Westwood Translucent Drive Manipulator Mar 23, 2018 Contest NorCal Guitar Giveaway Mar 21, 2018 Event Guitar Player Announces Benefit Concert & Guitar Giveaway for Musicians Affected by the NorCal Fires Mar 21, 2018 Contest Win Tickets to Meet Andy Summers in San Francisco! Mar 19, 2018 Guitar Player 101 Gear as Inspiration Mar 16, 2018 Players Andy Summers Announces Acclaimed "Music & Photography" Concerts in April! Mar 9, 2018 Features Asha Mevlana Builds a Teeny Musical Habitat Mar 9, 2018 Players Metal Soul: A Ratt/Marvin Gaye Mash-Up Mar 7, 2018 Players James Hetfield Gives Back Mar 5, 2018 Players Brazilian Duo Rocks the Classics Mar 3, 2018 Features John 5 on Shredding, Diversity, and Keeping Audiences Engaged Feb 28, 2018 Gear Richard Fortus Takes You Through his Guns N' Roses Gear Feb 25, 2018 News Brendon Small Shares his "Nightmare"	https://www.guitarplayer.com/author/michaelmolenda
Villegas said Iran is also a possible target. He said both Obama and Republican candidate John McCain are open to a military approach toward Iran if the latter will not stop developing its nuclear program. The only difference, said Villegas, is that McCain is not open to negotiate while Obama said he will employ diplomacy. Villegas said the US is implementing a one-sided policy on nuclear development. “It should apply to themselves. The US is the number one manufacturer of nuclear weapons,” he said. He also said the US-backed Israel government is more advanced than Iran when it comes to nuclear weapons. Villegas said the US only wants to justify possible attacks on Iran and North Korea. Villegas also said the US is also interested in Central Asia. “They need the oil pipes there, such as in Georgia. They are now setting up military bases.” Casambre of ILPS maintained, “Ethnic conflicts and ‘liberation’ struggles are also used to instigate proxy wars, such as in Africa, the Balkans and in the former Soviet republics. All these can be expected to escalate and intensify with the intensification of the global economic crisis. Villegas said that China is seen by the US as an emerging military power. “The US will continue to guard East Asia, with the aim of encircling China. The US does not want to be displaced from the region.” The US will maintain their forces in Asia, especially in Japan and in the Philippines. Philippines Villegas said the Philippines is a strategic point for the US’ implementation of its policy on China. Casambre said the US crisis will intensify US military intervention in the Philippines. “The Philippines has strategic value to the US in its global geopolitical designs. It is a valuable military outpost guarding the South China Sea where more than half of world trade, including oil, passes. It is at the middle of what US strategists call the “arc of instability” which extends from Northeast Asia, down to Southeast Asia and westward to Central Asia, the Middle East and West Africa. It is also at the middle of the two potential major “theaters of war”: Northeast Asia and the Middle East. It is surrounded by states with large Muslim populations.” Casambre said that the US will remain interested in the Philippines as it is also rich in still untapped natural resources, including oil and natural gas. Contradictions, challenges Sison said, “As the crisis of the world capitalist system worsens, the contradictions among the imperialist powers will sharpen and generate conditions favorable for the rise of revolutionary movements.” He said that imperialist powers collude with each other against the oppressed peoples and nations in general but they compete with each other for sources of cheap raw materials, markets, fields of investment and spheres of influence. “As a result of the full restoration of capitalism in former revisionist-ruled countries, imperialist countries competing with each other and seeking to redivide the world have increased in number. The world has become more cramped than ever for the competitions and rivalries of the imperialist powers,” he said. Sison said further, “The US is increasingly resented by other imperialist powers for presuming to have sole hegemony over the whole world and for trying to grab the lion’s share of spoils in every continent. At the same time, it is already overextended and weakening in certain parts of the world. Contradictions are developing between the US and Russia and China jointly or separately. So are those between the US and the European Union. These contradictions involve economic, financial, political, security and other issues.” Villegas said that anti-imperialist groups must see the weakening position of the US in the economic sphere. “The workers, especially in the US and Europe should organize themselves against monopoly capitalism.” He said the US cannot control the crisis. “Despite the bailout, the US economy is going down.” He added, While the US may prop up military production, the question is how long can they keep up such wars.	https://www.bulatlat.com/2008/10/11/us-war-on-terror-intervention-in-rp-to-intensify-amid-global-economic-crisis-analysts/2/
Fire is one of the most rewarding skills to master. With it comes hard work and patience but it’s not as hard as some make it out to be. Combination of knowledge, technique and practice will develop competent skills. Students will learn the basics of fire and different methods of fire making through the ages, from the bow drill right up to more modern technology. Atlatl, or spear-throwing, is a primitive hunting technique that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity than dart-throwing and includes bearing surface which allows the user to store energy during the throw. The atlatl is a long-range hunting tool that can readily impact to projectile speeds of over 93 mph. Students will make their own atlatl and learn the basics in how an atlatl works, hunting techniques and will have time to practice on the range with their atlatl. Learn the basics of primitive survival and hunting skills, which include hunting with primitive tools, fishing basics and trapping. Copyright © 2018 WildRice Adventures - All Rights Reserved.	https://wildriceadventures.com/primitive-skills
A hostile work environment can create several challenges and prevent workers from doing their jobs. This represents a serious problem for employers since it often impacts things like productivity, worker engagement and job satisfaction. Understanding what a hostile work environment is can help employees know their rights and employers make changes to avoid expensive lawsuits and other issues. A hostile work environment occurs when the actions or words of a coworker, manager or supervisor impact another person’s ability to do their job. It’s important to note that any worker can cause a hostile work environment. Signs of a hostile work environment For a workplace to be considered to have a truly hostile environment, certain things must be present. Some of these criteria include: - Ongoing or long-lasting harassment. - Unwelcome harassment based on genetics, race, disability, sex, age, pregnancy, national origin or religion. - Conduct that is so severe the workplace has become abusive, offensive or intimidating. Your options to deal with a hostile work environment You have a few options if you believe you are working in a hostile work environment. These include: - Put an employee on notice. Request that the offending behavior be ceased. - Request assistance. If the employee (or another party) continues the hostile behavior, turn to HR, your employer or your manager. You should allow your employer to do what is right before taking additional steps. In some situations, a hostile work environment means you have legal recourse to the situation. Learning what options you have will help you take the right steps to eliminate the issue and ensure other employees don’t find themselves in the same situation.	https://www.kringandchung.com/blog/2022/07/what-is-a-hostile-work-environment/
Advocacy for changes in the laws and practices of the State as they impact the lives and livelihoods of the poor in India is a key aspect of the work of Mahatma Gandhi Seva Ashram. This advocacy takes several forms and operates at several levels: People`s advocacy, State and National advocacy and International advocacy. People’s Advocacy People’s advocacy is the effort to influence public opinion by using direct action at the grassroots level and media coverage of that grassroots action. Many forms of such grassroots action have evoked in the history of MGSA. This work begins in cadre building camps, where leaders are made aware of different advocacy techniques. Some of these include: - Collecting grievances as a way to show the quantum of landlessness and other problems in rural areas of given in public hearings. - Working with the media to communicate the appropriate messages especially in rallies, public hearings, sit-ins, and other social actions. - Sending and collecting letters to politicians at state and national level. - Sponsoring and publicizing studies which show the quantum of land being distributed, the forest land and other relevant issues. Developing people-based policies to give to the government as a basis for discussion through conferences at the state and national level. State and National Advocacy Advocacy at the State and National level builds on and continues the impetus of grassroots advocacy. Activists from MGSA engage in a number of activities to translate the grassroots` vision into the state and national discourses: - Writing directly to political leaders about needed policy initiatives. - Developing State-level consultations and encouraging dialogue about policy changes with intellectuals, politicians and government officials. - Developing National-level Policy reform: for example, having the government hold the Land Reforms Council and initiate action on land reform. - Monitoring Forest Rights Acts to ensure that distribution is taking place in a fair manner. - Developing and promoting 12 Issues corresponding to different Acts that help to promote pro-poor laws and policies. International Advocacy - Writing letters to the Prime Minister of India on supporting land reform for the poor and the non-violent social actions of MGSA. - Supporting volunteers to come to India to participate in the Jan Satyagraha 2012 March. - Working with the media and political leaders in one’s own country. - Sending financial support to the March.	https://www.mahatmagandhisevaashram.org/research-and-advocacy/
Epub 2006 Dec 13.Alison N Cernich, David M Brennana, Linsey M Barker, Joseph Bleiberg Computerized neuropsychological assessment has integrated slowly into research and practice since the introduction of the personal computer. Read full reviewEncyclopedia of information science and technologyUser Review - Not Available - Book VerdictThis massive international reference work-with contributors representing over 50 countries-has been compiled by Khosrow-Pour, the editor in Key features: Integrates knowledge from sports and exercise science with neuropsychology Includes the latest research on the role of neuroimaging and electrophysical approaches to understanding concussion Clarifies the professional training and received his Doctorate in Business Administration from the Nova Southeastern University (Florida, USA). In addition to the above psychometric concerns, there are numerous technology-based concerns regarding the equivalence of computerized testing systems when implemented across various hardware configurations and operating systems (OS).Various hardware and Development at Universities By having clinical applications, some universities develop their own packages, like University of Cambridge (CANTAB - Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery ) and Universidade Federal de São Paulo Dr. Click the View full text link to bypass dynamically loaded article content. LibonEditionillustratedPublisherOUP USA, 2013ISBN0199794308, 9780199794300Length464 pagesSubjectsLanguage Arts & Disciplines›Linguistics›PsycholinguisticsLanguage Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / PsycholinguisticsMedical / NeurologyPsychology / Clinical PsychologyPsychology / Developmental / ChildPsychology / Neuropsychology Export CitationBiBTeXEndNoteRefManAbout Google Books - Privacy Potential hardware and software conflicts are defined and potential remediation is suggested. Computerized assessment is a valuable tool for neuropsychologists as long as it is used responsibly with an understanding of the potential technical complications.KeywordsNeuropsychological assessment; Computer; Technical; Methodology1. Additionally, it is not possible to make an event coincide with a clock tick even though this could un-intentionally happen. - Bibliographic informationTitleHandbook of Neurological Sports Medicine: Concussion and Other Nervous System Injuries in the AthleteAuthorsPetraglia, Anthony, Bailes, Julian, Day, ArthurEditionillustratedPublisherHuman Kinetics, 2014ISBN1450441815, 9781450441810Length416 pagesSubjectsMedical›Physical Medicine & RehabilitationMedical / Physical Medicine & - Retrieved 2015-04-21. ^ CANTAB ^ LAACS ^ NAFW ^ UNIFESP-DIS External links Ethical issues in the use of computerized assessment Sources of error in computerized neuropsychological assessment Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computerized_neuropsychological_assessment&oldid=658796237" Categories: - Screen reader users, click the load entire article button to bypass dynamically loaded article content. All rights reserved. List of software ThoughtFlow-Sys NAFW - Neuropsychological Assessment Framework LAACS - Lateralized Attention Assessment Computerized System References ^ "Sources of error in computerized neuropsychological assessment". Citing articles (0) This article has not been cited. Epub 2006 Dec 13.Robert L Kane, Tresa Roebuck-Spencer, Paul Short, Michael Kabat, Jeffrey Wilken In this article we review studies in which Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) measures were used to In this article, user considerations are specifically addressed for resident and Internet-enabled assessment software. Bailes, Jr., MD, earned a BS from from Louisiana State University in 1978, and his MD from Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans in 1982. Libon, PhD, Professor, Department of Neurology, Drexel University School of MedicineBibliographic informationTitleThe Boston Process Approach to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Practitioner's GuideAuthorsLee Ashendorf, PhD, Rod Swenson, David J. Frank Webbe, one of the foremost leaders in the field, has compiled the most up-to-date, comprehensive volume on sport neuropsychology currently available. Most commonly used operating systems such as DOS, Windows, Linux, Unix, and MacOS, are designed to be “good enough” for the typical user (see Table 1, for available examples of display He completed his residency in neurological surgery at the University of Rochester Medical Center in 2014. By the mid-1980s, neuropsychologists had transferred paper-and-pencil measures to a personal computer platform and were exploring the equivalence of these measures to traditional tests (Eckerman et al., 1985). Petraglia was the first neurosurgery resident to complete a neurological sports medicine fellowship, and is currently an attending neurosurgeon at Unity Health System in Rochester, New York, where he is also Further, neuropsychological assessment is beginning to find Internet-based application for remote assessment. However, the commands that the user gives the OS (e.g., start program, end program) are not the only commands that the OS is receiving. The handbook is structured within a conceptual framework, which includes an overview of the field, ethical considerations, risk factors and mechanisms, diagnosis and assessment, and counseling and rehabilitation principles. The articles cover all aspects of the ever-evolving field of... Bailes was director of cerebrovascular surgery at Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh from 1988 until 1997 and later at Celebration Health Hospital in Orlando, where he also was the director of This section presents an overview of the primary components of a computer system and how they may affect timing during assessments.1.1.1. Petraglia, MD, graduated from the University of Chicago in 2002 with a BA in neuroscience and earned his medical degree from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry in The Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition is a 10-volume compilation of authoritative, research-based articles contributed by thousands of researchers and experts from all over the world. For more information, visit the cookies page.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Further, neuropsychological assessment is beginning to find Internet-based application for remote assessment. The system returned: (22) Invalid argument The remote host or network may be down. This evidence-based reference bridges the gap between principles and practice to better manage these serious injuries. ...https://books.google.com/books/about/Handbook_of_Neurological_Sports_Medicine.html?id=Q7oFBAAAQBAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareHandbook of Neurological Sports MedicineMy libraryHelpAdvanced Book SearchGet print bookNo eBook availableHuman KineticsAmazon.comBarnes&Noble.com - $56.61 Cookies help us deliver our services. Therefore, the occurrence of an event in the program or the system has a random distribution between the two clock ticks, and the interval between these clock-ticks defines the minimum accuracy This change-driven environment creates a critical need for a comprehensive, up-to-date reference encompassing the full range of concepts, issues, methods, technologies, and trends associated with the field. or its licensors or contributors. © Copyright 2017 nzbsites.com. All rights reserved.	http://nzbsites.com/sources-of/sources-of-error-in-computerized-neuropsychological-assessment.html
The Supreme Court on Wednesday extended till December 31 the deadline for filing claims and objection by around 40 lakh people who were left out of Assam’s draft National Register of Citizens (NRC). A bench of chief justice Ranjan Gogoi and justice Rohinton Fali Nariman said the issuance of notice to those who filed claims and objections will commence on February 1, 2019, and the verification would be done from February 15. “The last date for submission of claims and objections fixed on December 15 is extended to December 31. Consequently, the process of commencement of verification scheduled earlier on February 1, 2019, is shifted to February 15,” the court said in its order. Earlier, the deadline was December 15, while issuance of notice was to start on January 15, 2019, and the verification process on February 1. The court changed the deadline on an application by the Assam government which had sought a one month extension for filing claims and objections. State coordinator for NRC, Prateek Hajela told the court that initially, the pace of filing claims was slow with an average of one lakh claims being filed in a week, which he said has not picked up and more than three lakh filed claims for inclusion in the NRC. The court was told that so far, 289 objections have been filed against wrongful inclusion of names. For “facilitating the filing of the objections against wrongful inclusion” of names in the draft NRC, the court on Wednesday directed that the copies of the draft NRC be made available for inspection at convenient locations including at the office of the district magistrate/deputy commissioner, sub-divisional offices (civil), circle offices and gram panchayats. The court further directed that the filing of objections against wrongful inclusion of names in the draft NRC, the same may be filed at the district headquarters. The court ordered the availability of the copies of the draft NRC at convenient locations, after an applicant said that there were fewer objections against the wrongful inclusions as they were not aware of the names included in the draft NRC. Hajela expressed some reservations after the court initially indicated that the draft NRC be made available online. The counsel for the applicant said there were fewer objections as “nobody knows how many wrongful inclusions are there”. The court on Wednesday made it clear that “the List B documents that are found to be legally valid be accepted regardless of the date of issuance of the same”. However, the court said the “acceptance (of List B documents) would be on adequate and full satisfaction of the concerned NRC authority who will be free to act on the basis of such satisfaction”. The court ordered the acceptance of List B document without any cut-off date as senior counsel Kapil Sibal drew the attention of the court that List B documents that were issued post August 31, 2015 were not being entertained by the NRC authorities. Sibal had appeared for the All Assam Minorities Students’ Union and Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind.	https://thenewsmill.com/assam-nrc-claims-and-objections-can-be-filed-till-december-31/
Our current research addresses key questions about implementing SEL in classrooms, schools, districts, and states, including assessing students’ social and emotional competence. Helping Educators Select High-Quality Programs At the classroom level, educators want to know what programs will promote social and emotional competence in their students. To address this, CASEL develops and publishes reviews of evidence-based SEL programs, most notably the 2013 CASEL Guide: Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs — Preschool and Elementary School Edition and the 2015 CASEL Guide: Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs — Middle and High School Edition. These consumer-friendly guides identify school-based programs that incorporate SEL practices in the classroom and help teach social and emotional skills to students. Creating and Using Quality Assessments Our Assessment Work Group is a multiyear effort to make key advancements in student social and emotional (SE) competence. The work group is focused on four main goals: (1) provide practical and timely information to educators about selecting and effectively using currently available SE assessments; (2) demonstrate alignment and distinctions between existing SE frameworks; (3) identify and disseminate key design principles that guide researchers and developers in creating practical and informative SE performance measures; and (4) collaborate with, coordinate with, and learn from ongoing related efforts in the field of SE assessment in order to maximize impact and avoid duplication of efforts. CASEL is also advancing SE competence assessment in a long-term collaboration with the Washoe County School District in Reno, Nevada, which is supported by a researcher-practitioner grant from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES). Together, CASEL and Washoe County partnered to improve and validate student self-report measures of social and emotional knowledge and skills. Several other CDI districts are planning to use this new version of the student rating. The states of Alaska and Nevada also are planning to use it with students statewide. This presentation by Washoe County describes this work and initial findings. The project will culminate with innovative ways to measure students’ social and emotional competence and strategies for how districts can use this information to improve students’ performance and behavior. Collaborating with States on SEL Guidelines and Related Policies In 2016 CASEL launched a two-year Collaborating States Initiative to partner with states in developing policies, learning standards, and guidelines for statewide implementation of SEL. This work began in 2003 when CASEL collaborated with the Illinois State Board of Education, educators, researchers, and child advocates to develop the Illinois preschool to high school SEL student learning standards. In 2010 we initiated a comprehensive scan of state standards across the country. Updated findings from the CASEL State Scan and related publications are available here. These resources identify the key elements, based on research, of high-quality standards in SEL, preschool through high school, and assess progress in developing SEL standards in all 50 states. Continuing to Learn from our Collaborating Districts Quality classroom and school programming that has the best, most positive impact on students requires district support. In 2010 CASEL launched the Collaborating Districts Initiative (CDI), a partnership with eight large urban districts to implement systemic SEL, which has been evaluated by the American Institutes for Research (AIR). Findings to date demonstrate that implementation is feasible, and early student outcome data is positive. This 2015 executive summary summarizes recent findings from the AIR research. Helping Schools Implement Research-Based Practices The best way to promote students’ social and emotional learning is through comprehensive, systemic, schoolwide approaches. In partnership with several diverse, large urban districts implementing systemic SEL, CASEL has developed a Theory of Action for districts incorporating SEL into every aspect of the school day. CASEL is also developing guides for districts and schools around the theory of action. In addition, with support from the U.S. Department of Education, CASEL is testing the impact of schoolwide SEL programming. - Research in Action: Washoe County, Nev. The Reno-area school district found a 21-point difference in math scores and a 20-point difference in English-Language Arts (ELA) scores between students with low and high social and emotional competencies. Research in Action: Collaborating States Initiative Lessons learned from Illinois’ work to develop the nation’s first set of statewide K-12 SEL standards. Research in Action: Tools Staff surveys, an SEL Assessment Toolkit, and practical advice for creating a supportive school climate are among the many resources schools are using. Research in Action: Oakland, Nashville, Chicago Oakland’s model SEL board policy, Nashville’s “I Can” standards, and Chicago’s site-visit walk-through are among the tools and resources our partner districts have developed to turn research into action.	https://casel.org/from-casel/
Ever since the pandemic began, there has been a surge in the sales of pulse oximeters as low blood oxygenation is one of the major symptoms of COVID-19. However, it seems the non-invasive tool may be less accurate in darker-skinned people. The United States Food and Drug Administration issued a warning last week regarding how a person’s skin tone could affect its accuracy. According to the warning, multiple factors such as skin pigmentation, poor circulation, skin thickness, skin temperature, tobacco use and fingernail polis can affect the accuracy of a pulse oximeter reading. The FDA also notes that pulse oximeter readings should only be used as an estimate of blood oxygen saturation, and diagnosis and treatment decisions should be based on trends in pulse oximeter readings over time rather than absolute thresholds, when possible. The updated guidelines are based on a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine under the title “Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement.” The study involved adult inpatients who were receiving supplemental oxygen at the University of Michigan Hospital (from January through July 2020) and patients in intensive care units at 178 hospitals (from 2014 through 2015). The research team wanted to test if the readings taken by pulse oximeters deviated from the numbers provided by arterial blood gas tests. Interestingly, the non-invasive device registered misleading results 11.7 percent of the time in patients with darker skin than just 3.6 percent in those with fairer complexions. Meanwhile, the FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health director of the Office of Product Evaluation and Quality Dr. William Maisel said, “While pulse oximeters may be useful for estimating blood oxygen levels, these devices have limitations that can result in inaccurate readings.” The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has also updated its guidelines regarding the use of pulse oximeters, reports CNN. Data provided by the CDC also shows that Native, Latino, and Black Americans have a higher probability of being hospitalized due to complications brought about by the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV).	https://www.ibtimes.com/pulse-oximeter-readings-less-accurate-people-darker-skin-warns-fda-3149840

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